PC-NRLF *B 113 .LIBRARY OF THE NIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Received. ... . A c cessions ..-.-, 188 J~~ Shelf No. WATER AND GAS WORKS 4 APPLIANCES MANUFACTURED BY D. WOOD & CO., I ENGINEERS, FOUNDERS, AND MACHINISTS. ESTABLISHED 1811. OUR SPECIALTIES ARE: CAST-IRON WATER AND GAS PIPES, FIRE -HYDRANTS, LAMP- POSTS, STOP-VALVES FOR WATER AND GAS, TURBINES, HYDRAULIC MACHINERY. PHILADELPHIA, PA.: R. D. WOOD & CO., OFFICE: 400 CHESTNUT STREET. FOUNDBIES AND MACHINE SHOPS : Millville and Florence, N, J, 1881. COPYRIGHT. R. D. WOOD & CO. 1880. s\ PREFACE. OIX years since we issued a small pamphlet that seemed to us quite incomplete and unsystematic ; but the edition was called for more rapidly than we had anticipated, and its success indi- cated that it was acceptable, and in some measure supplied a want. We have in this pamphlet endeavored to respond more fully, and to supply some useful general information, as well as to set forth the special merits of our manufactures. By permission of the Publisher, we are enabled to insert herein for the benefit of our patrons, a considerable number ot excerpts of hydraulic tables and text explanatory thereof from the new and elaborate Treatise upon American Water Supply Engineering, by Col. J. T. Fanning, C. E., recently issued by D. Van Nostrand, Publisher of Scientific Books, N. Y, Since the issue of our previous pamphlet we have greatly en- larged our Foundry and Machine-shop facilities, and are prepared to furnish Cast-iron Gas and Water Pipes, and Plain Lamp -Posts, much more rapidly than before ; and we have also secured control of the following patented improvements in the gas and water sup- ply departments, which our expsrience confirms are of the best, each of its kind. Vi PREFACE. We therefore respectfully call attention to, and are prepared to fill very promptly the largest orders with which we may be favored, for Geyelin's Jonval Turbines, Geyelin's Duplex Turbines, Mathew's Fire Hydrants, Eddy's Stop Valve, for Water and Gas. Meter Lamp-Posts, Graham's Anti-Freezing Lamp-Posts, Gas Pipe Cap-Joint, for Cement Joints, Hydraulic Machinery, Heavy Machine Castings, Gearing and Shafting. Asking a favorable consideration, and soliciting a special examina- tion of those parts of our little book relating to our manufactures, as well as of the standard merits of those manufactures, we are, respectfully, R. D. WOOD & CO. PHILADELPHIA, 3d Mo., 1st, 1877, IN issuing this our Second Edition we have added some tables and other matter, of which we give a list below. They are not included in the general Index. PAGE Experiments on Duplex Turbines 19 Glass Suspension Bearings 21 Cement and Wooden Pipes t 35 Charges for Use of Water 69 Mathews' Double- Valve Fire Hydrant 91 Boston Eainfall 98 Flow in Channels 98 Advantage of Large Pipe 99 Data about Fire Streams 100 Discharge through Hose 101 PHILADELPHIA, 3d Mo., 1st. 1881. CONTENTS. Turbines, Geyelin's Patent 9 Hydraulic Machinery 24 Pumps, Heavy Castings 24 Cast-iron Pipes 29 Stop Valves, Eddy's Patent. 70 Fire Hydrants, Matkew's Patent 74 Lamp Posts 103 Gas Memoranda 106 Miscellaneous Memoranda ; 118 Form of Proposal for Pipes and Specials 139 Form of Contract and Specification for Pipes. 143 Form of Bond 152 INDEX. PAGE Advantages of Muthew's hydrant 78 Alloy* 131 Analyses of waters -. 1 18, 120 Bond Bond, for pipe contract Branch Brass, compound for cleaning 58 152 58 130 Cap-joint, for gas pipe? . . 45 Cir 1 > 1 1, what constitutes a 130 Casting, special 29 Cast-iron pip j < 29 Claim- of Maths ivs' patent on hydrant. 77 Classldeatlo.i of o.ir hydrants 80 Coating of pi pas 39, 62 Coefficients for a pip j form nil 48 Competition with foreign pipe founders.. 42 Conflicting power of substances ..... 115 Cont 'act for pipes, form of 143 Consti Jiption of water 07 Diameters of onr iurbines 25 DLnensijns of bolts and nuts 134 pine joints, table 50 Directions for ordering pipes 31 Di-sch-irge of g is from pipes j()8, 109 D mble Jonval turbine 15 Drowning, resuscitation from 137 PAGK Durability of our pipes 83 Economy of hydraulic power 21 Eddy's patent stop-valve 70 Elementary dimensions of pipes 95 Equivalent part of an inch aud foot 56 Expansion of air 115 Experts' tests of Geyelin's turbines 20 Flange data for pipe?, table 51 Flexible pi e-joints ... 43,44 Financial data of London Gas Go's 117 Fire hydrants 74 Forms of pipe sockets 28 Formulas for flow in pipes 47 " " shnfts 127 " " thicknesses of pipes.. .52, 53, 54 " " weights of pipes 59 Gas memoranda 106 " motion in pipes 108 u pipe joints 43,45 " " 'kept in stock 41 " , relative powers of 107 " , tests for impurities f . 106 Gears, lubricant for 130 Geyelin's duplex tuHrnes 16, 18 " Jonval turbines 11,14 Geyelin's turbine-*, expert tests of 20 Graham's anti-freezing lamp-post 105 vii vin INDEX. PAGE Heads and pressures of water and equiv- alents 124 Historical notice of cur turbine 10 Horse-powers of our turbines 25 Hydrant, advantages of Mathews' 78 " references .' 84 " testimonials 87 Hydrants, classification of our 8U *' directions lor ordering 81 'S " setting. 81 " using ... 82 " Mathews' patent 74 Hydraulic machinery 24 " proof of pipes 40 " power, ^conomy of 21 Insurance premiums, influence of water- works on 97 Invented Jonval turbine 15 Iron cement 130 Jonval turbine wheel 10 Lamp-posts 103 testimonials 105 Lead pipes, delivery from 135 " weights of 135 London pipes 56 Lubricant for gears 130 Manchester pumping machinery 23, 24 " turbines 13 Mathews' patent fire hydrant 74 Measurements of water-power 25 Meters and meter rates 136 Meter lamp-post 103 Metric weights and measures and United States equivalents 121 Opinions of experts 33 Ottawa pines 42, 43 Our facilities for manufacture 32 Perfected manufactures 36 Pipe contract, form of 143 " bond 152 " hub and spigot 49 " joints, flexible 43,44 " " table of dimensions 50 " " turned and bored 43 ' proposal, form of 140 " specifii&t.ion 143 1 moulding / 38 1 moulds 37 ' sleeves.... 49 " sockets, forms of 28 ' stock, kept on hand 29, 40 " surfaces, preservation of 63 Pipes, cast-iron 29 " directions for ordering 31 1 formulas for flow in 47 " thicknesses of, table 52, 54 " used in large cities 33 " variety of standards 29 PAGE Pipes, weights of in various cities 30 P ping in several cities 68 Pouring of pipe castings 39 Proposal for pipes, form of 139 Preservation ot pipe surfaces 63 Pumping machinery, Manchester 23, 24 Reducer 58 Relative discharging capacity of pipes.. . . 96 Relative lighting power of gas 107 Sanitary sayings 72 Shafts, forniulaw for 127 Service pipes 135 Sines, tangents, &c., table 129 Sleeves for pipes 49 Special castings 29 Specification for pipes 143 Stcck of pipes on hand 29 Stop-valves 70 Substitutes for cast-iron pipes 32 Tensile strengths of cements end mortars.. 133 Testimonials, turbine 26 Tests for impurities in gas 106 Thicknesses of pipes v 52, 54 found graphically . . 53 " in several cities... 30, 55 Trigonometrical equivalents 128 expressions 127 Turbine, double Jonval 15 Geyelin's duplex Jonval 16, 18 " Jonval 11, 14 historical notice of our lo inverted Jonval 15 testimonials 26 Turbines 9 diameters of our. 25 horse-powers of our 25 Manchester 13 value of special adaptation 12 varied slyles of our. . : 12 Turned and bored joints 43 Useful products of ccal-gas manufacture., ill Value of spechil adaptation of turbines... 12 Varied styles of our tin bines 12 Variety of standards of pipes 29 Varnishes for pipes end iron 66 Velocities that move eedimcnts in chan- nels 132 Velocity equation coefficients 43 Water pipes kept in stock 41 " power, measurements of 25 " supplied in several cities 68 Weights of cast-iron pipes, so " lead and tin-lined pipes 135 " " pipes, tables 59, 61, 6'2 " u various substances 125 " strengths, and elasticities of ma- terials 125 TURBINES, PUMPS. AND GEARING. MANUFACTURED BY H. D. WOOD & CO. Our Heavy Machinery Manufactures. We desire to respectfully call attention to the superior class or xn*. bines and Pumping Machinery now manufactured bv us. and to our extensive and excellent foundry and machine- shop facilities for the production of heavy machinery In large quantities. Our exhibits at the recent Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, including loam castings for turbines, fourteen feet in diameter, cored out into intricate shapes; large bevel-gears, with machine-shaped teeth; a variety of complete Jonval turbines : and penstock castings and water-pipes of seventy -two inches diameter, were not in their classes excelled in mechanical perfection by any other exhibits, and were by no means equalled in magnitude. TURBINES. We are making the manufacture of the Geyelin- Jonval Turbines a specialty, and have during a number of years past been enlarging and improving our facilities, and add- ing new and improved boring mills, and gear-cutting machines with capacity to shape gear-teeth with the nicest 10 TURBINES, PUMPS, AND GEARING. accuracy on bevel and spur wheels up to twelve feet diam- eter, so that we are now prepared to manufacture turbines, pumping machinery, gears, shafting, and all classes of hydraulic machinery with promptness and with superior workmanship. Historical Notice of our Turbine. The Jonval wheel was originated and manufactured in France by the distinguished inventor whose name has remained associated with it, as a successful rival of the justly celebrated, though expensive, Fourneyron turbine. Its first introduction was in the large paper-mill at Pont d'Aspach, near Mulhouse, France, where a committee of the Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse made an elaborate test of its mechanical effi- ciency. This pioneer wheel exceeded eighty per cent, in effective duty, according to the report of M. Amede Rieder, of the committee. This remarkable result, with the sim- plicity of form, fewness of parts, and perfection of design, in that early day of turbine history, at once drew to the wheel the attention of the most learned mechanicians of Europe. Soon after the Jonval wheel had established a reputation in France and Great Britain, Mr. Emile Geyelin (now asso- ciated with us), who in his profession of Mechanical Engi- neer had become familiar with their manufacture, under the direction of the inventor, introduced these wheels into America. One of the first of these wheels constructed in America was erected at the well-known powder-works of the Messrs. E. J. Dupont, de Nemours & Co., and was there subjected to a thorough scientific test by a competent committee selected from members of the Franklin Institute, who reported an efficiency of .783 per cent. After the successful introduction of this wheel in this country, the Engineer of the Philadelphia Water-works HISTORICAL NOTICE OF OUR TURBINE. H recommended that one of the Geyelin-Jonval Turbines be substituted for one of the large breast-wheels at the Fair- mount pumping-station, and subsequently the Geyelin- Jonval wheels have replaced all the large breast- wheels formerly used at the Fairmount station. A portion of the wheels, as placed by our engineer, Mr. Geyelin, are shown in the illustration Fig. 1, facing the title-page. Shortly afterwards, the iron over- shot wheels of the Montreal Water-works began to be replaced by the Geyelin Turbines, notwithstanding the original wheels were con- structed by Mr. Fairbairn, in England, the most celebrated constructor of over-shot wheels in the world. The Geyelin wheels were subsequently adopted for the Richmond and other city water- works, and in many mills in JSTew England, the Middle and Southern States. Our wheel is thus seen to have been originated by an expert mechanician, introduced here by a skilled mechan- ical engineer, tested .with successful results several times in the hands of the ablest scientific experts, and adopted by leading manufacturers and upon the recommendations of expert hydraulic engineers. It has continued to increase in favor from its lirst introduction, while its only rival at the start, the Fourneyron, now rarely finds a purchaser, because its cost is so much greater for equal efficiency. We have taken the liberty to refer thus briefly to the history of the successes, during many years, of our wheel for the information of those manufacturers who have not already adopted them, and to show their original and con- tinued superiority to the innumerable contrivances and imitations of the Jonval and Fourneyron wheels forced upon the market by extensive advertising, that depend upon cheapness, through lack of finish and lack of special 12 TURBINES, PUMPS, AND GEARING. adaptation, for their sale, rather than upon mechanical excellence, and that are to a fearful extent wasting the val- uable water-power of the land. f Value of Special Adaptation. One of the first ele- ments of success in a turbine is accuracy of proportions in its parts. It is well known that when a turbine is constructed to yield a given power under a given head and is perfectly successful in its proper place, it may not as successfully give a like power under a greater or less head, with less or more water. With each change of head, for a given power, there is change of volume of water required, and change of velocity of water through the wheel, and of velocity of wheel, and of effect of impact of water on the movable buckets, and each such change affects the breadths of the buckets of both stationary and movable wheels, the dimensions of their issues, and the relations of their curves. Turbines, for any given power, cannot be produced with universal exc3llenc3 for different heads of water from one mould, like the lamp -posts of a great city, but each one, to reach the highest success, should bo especially designed for its special work and surrounding circumstances. The success of our engineer, Mr. Gey elm, during his quarter century of experience among American water- powers, may be attributed very largely to his special studies to adapt every wheel to its particular duty under its given conditions. Varied Styles of Wheels. Following out the princi- ple of special adaptation, we are now constructing one style of wheel, with the necessarily varied proportions, for medium heads of water, varying from about six to thirty feet, which is similar in its general arrangement to the original wheel of Jonval, though improved in minor details; a second FIG. 2 MANCHESTER TURBINES. CONSTRUCTED BY R. D. WOOD & Co., 400 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA. 18 14 TUKBINES, PUMPS, AND GEARING. style of wheel for extremely high heads, in which the Jon val principle is applied to two wheels with balanced end thrusts upon a horizontal shaft ; a tliird style of inverted wheel for extremely low heads ; and a fourth style of wheel which we apply with great success to streams with variable supplies of water, or where the power used is variable. In this last wheel is embodied the advantages of the Geyelin Duplex Patent, which is secured exclusively to our use. Geyelin's Plain Joiival Turbine. Referring more in detail to these four styles of wheels which we manufac- ture, we desire to call attention to the remarkable simplicity of design and strength of the few component parts of the first, the plain Jonval wheel, for medium falls of water. .Fig. 2 shows an adaptation of a one-hundred horse-power wheel of this class for work under a forty-five feet head, for driving the pumps of the Manchester AVater- works. It is similar in general arrangement, with exception of upper part of case, to the Geyelin wheels constructed for the public water-works at Augusta, Ga. ; Lancaster, Pa. ; Cohoes, N. Y., and other cities, as well as those above men- tioned. The controlling gate is a plain section of a cylinder in one piece, easily operated or controlled by a governor, and not liable to get out of order, and is more positively tight when closed than any other class of gate. This wheel may be placed with success at a level between the surfaces of water in the fore-bay and in the tail-race, the case alone being extended beneath the lower water. The movable wheel and guides are therefore readily accessible for exam- ination at any time when the wheel is not in motion. The discharge of water through these wheels is downward, in a general vertical direction, and the bends and distortions of approach and departure of the water is less than in any other wheel. The casing below the wheel may, however, be INVERTED JONVAL TURBINE. 15 bent in any direction or continued to any distance that exi- gencies of the case may require, when there are quicksands or rocks to be avoided in the wheel-pit. Such expedient has been adopted and the water made to discharge horizon- tally for some distance, then vertically, so as riot to endan- ger foundations of a mill upon a weak or treacherous substratum. We take pleasure in referring to a series of our turbines of different diameters, recently placed in the Augusta Paper Mills, near Wilmington, Del., as specimens of this class, which are unsurpassed for efficiency or reliability. Their bevel pinions are each provided with feathers and screws, so they can be promptly put in or out of gear as the variations of the stream shall make desirable, and each turbine is suspended upon glass bearings for additional security against wear of the steps. Double Jonval Turbine. For heads of from forty- five to one or two hundred feet, our double Jonval turbine with horizontal shaft is most admirably adapted. This wheel is shown in Fig. 3. It is seen that the water is admitted between the two wheels and issues in opposite directions. By this arrangement the thrust of the high head is evenly balanced and produces no strain or friction upon the bearings. Among the earliest of the wheels of this class, designed by Mr. Geyelin, was one for a cotton- mill in Saltillo, Mexico. This double wheel is 11 inches in diameter, works under 160 feet head of water, produces 125 horse powers, and propels a cotton-mill of 10,000 spin- dles with preparation. Inverted Jonval Turbine. For low falls our inverted turbine, which introduces also the best features of the Jonval wheel, stands unrivaled. They are favorite motors where they have been used, and they have been well tested 16 TURBINES, PUMPS, AND GEAEING. in flour and saw mills in the Atlantic States. We construct them with either "damper" or " cylinder" gates, as de- sired. The flow being upward through them, the wheel runs extremely light upon the step. Gey eliii's Duplex Jonval Turbine. For streams that are variable in flow, and for work that is variable from hour to hour, or from day to day, we now offer Geyelirfs Duplex Jonval, the most perfect adjustable turbine yet GEYELIN'S DUPLEX JONVAL TURBINE. 17 devised that is free from complexity of design and intricate manipulating apparatus. This is a result of many years of study and experiment to meet a special demand, and it has recently been brought to its full perfection, and its valuable features are protected and secured to us by letters patent. Fig. 4 illustrates one form of this wheel as it is placed in a flume. The stationary and the movable wheels are each divided by a vertical partition, which gives two sepa- rate water compartments to each wheel, each having a gate that may be controlled independently. The approach of the column of water to the inner compartment is from within the inner cylindrical gate, and the approach to the outer compartment is from without the outer cylindrical gate, as indicated by the arrows in the figure. Each gate is supported by independent rods, and the gates may be operated independently or in unison. The guides and buckets of each compartment are carefully proportioned and curved for the given head and speed required, and a wheel is thus produced which is capable of yielding three distinct powers, each under favorable conditions for economy of water. The inner compartment, as a perfect wheel, yields the lesser power, and may yield it alone with economy when the outer gate is closed ; the outer compart- ment yields an increased power and may also yield it alone ; while the two compartments together yield the maximum power of the wheel, with all the advantages of the plain Jonval. We may in this wheel take advantage of the draft-tube, place the movable wheel above low water level, use the simplest and tightest cylindrical gate, have ease of control of gates by governor, and still have sim- plicity in form, strength and durability of the few parts required, unexcelled efficiency of action, and comparative economy of manufacture. We apply also to this wheel 2 IS TUKBINE8, PUMPS, AND GEARING. our improved hydraulic step, which gives lightness ol motion and reduces wear to a minimum. FIG. A. Its Superiority for Variable Streams. None of our streams are entirely free from the annoyances of back- water during times of flood, and lack of water during seasons of drought. We are now able to neutralize the disadvantages of such variability, and without the use of a series of turbines, for we can proportion the larger compart- ment of the duplex wheel to perform the ordinary work at ordinary stages of the stream, with economy, and the inner compartment to use the diminished supply with economy, and then when the floods come and back up the water in the wheel-pit more than it rises in the fore-bay, we can apply both compartments to the work, and use enough water to give the full required power from the diminished head of water. The same mechanical advantages may be availed of, by use of the Duplex Jonval in those powers, usually of great magnitude, bordering upon tide-water ACTUAL TEST. 19 where the ebb and flow in the tail-race constantly changes the available head of water, and where the work of each turbine is constant, as when driving pumping machinery for public water supplies. Actual Test of comparative results obtained by a "Geyelin Duplex Jonval Turbine" at the Social Mills, Woonsocket, R. I., made in conjunction with a double- cylinder Corliss engine, 30 inches diameter of cylinders. Date of experiment, January 20; 1880. Total area of discharge in the Turbine, . . . 453 '75 sq. in. Outer division, ...... 2S5'00 sq. in. Inner division, ...... 168'75 The condition of the steam-engine, with Turbine entirely detached. running alone, driving the whole mill, was as follows : Area of cylinders, ...... 699 3434 sq. in. Speed per minute, ...... 572*64 ft. Average pressure during the test, . . . 37 '06 Ibs. 699 343 1 X 57264 X 37'06 X 2 Thus showing - -'= 912*o2 horse-power. 33000 EXPERIMENT WITH INFER DIVISION. Condition of the steam-engine with the inner division alone open : Area of cylinders, ...... 699*3434 Speed of steam engine per minute, . . . 572*64 ft. Average pressure during the experiment . 35' 34 Ibs. Showing f Engineer Water Dept. LOCALITIES OF WORKS USING GEYELIN- JONVAL TURBINES. WATER-WORKS. Fairmonnt Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Montreal Water-works, Canada. . Cohoes Water-works, N. Y. State. Manchester Water- works, N. H. Richmond Water-works, Va. Lynchbnrg Water- works, Va. Augusta Water- works, Ga. Lancaster Water-works, Pa. Wilmington Water-works, Del. COTTON MILLS. C. A. Dresser, Southbridge, Mass. Williamsville Manufacturing Co., Wm. A. Atwood, Killingly, Conn. Wauregan Mills, J. S. Atwood, Wau- regan, Conn. Harmony Mills, Cohoes, N. Y. Lewiston Mills, Lewiston, Maine. Bates Mills, Lewiston, Maine. Green Mf'g Co., Providence, R. I. Social Mills, Woonsocket, R. I. PAPER AND OTHER MILLS. Manning & Peckham, Troy, N. Y. Jessup & Moore, Philadelphia. Franklin Manufacturing Co., W. A. Scott, Paterson, N. J. MiUville Mf'g Co., Millville, N. J. E. J. Du Pont, De Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. Underbill Edge Tool Co., Nashua, N. H. Oshawa Tool Co., Oshawa, Ont. AND MANY OTHERS. SCALE. I FORMS OF PIPE SOCKETS. 28 CAST-IRON PIPES SPECIAL CASTINGS. Stock on Hand. It is our practice and intention to carry a considerable stock of cast-iron pipes for both gas and water, of the several standards used by our regular customers, so as to be able to fill orders promptly, and were it not for the great variety in the standards adopted by the different Departments, as respects forms and dimen- sions of sockets and spigots, and thicknesses and weights of shells of plain pipes, not to mention the innumerable styles of special castings, we should be able to achieve, in this .direction, a success much more gratifying to ourselves and satisfactory to our patrons. This variety, in itself, leads to many annoyances to our customers as well as ourselves, and we are pleased to note an indication of a tendency toward uniformity in the classification of pipes, and of weights of pipe in each class. Variety of Standards. As illustrative of the variety of present requirements, we present in Fig. 6 sketches of the sockets of 6, 12, and 24 inch pipes in live cities, with memorandums of their weights and lengths, and we pre- sent also tables of the standard thicknesses and weights for different diameters of pipes used in several cities. 29 CAST-IRON PIPES. TABLE No. 2. WEIGHTS OF CAST-IRON PIPES AS USED IN SEVERAL CITIES FOR MAXIMUM PRESSURES. w < . o' P ti 8 ! . ti w 1 02 < H o j w c/5 lil o PITTSBU CINCINN COLUMB POUGHK LAWREN O P H K 1 ATLANTA TAUNTO ROCKFO SARNIA. BANGOR MlLWAU PHILADE OFTAWA K 1 Maximum Head, in feet. Q R. & S. P. R. R. D.P. R. R. R. R. D.P. D.P D.P. D.P. D.P. R. & S P. O D. P. 208 240 280 280 1 60 90 325 280 230 210 250 250 Average Weights, per lineal foot, in pounds. 24 ' 21- IQ 21 .... 25 6 39 43? 5 2 38 46; 34? 35 3 32 41 37 3 32\ 35 3* 8 S6J 56^ 68 50 sb Si 45 4 2 45 53 50 .... 45 484 So 42 46 J?r> 60 6r 60 86 12 97l ioo 117 ioo 83 8 3 i 75 75 78 94 88 90 80^ 87 7 1 16 .... 175 145 1-3.1 ISS J ioo 112 170 145 I^O 133.'; 129', 2IO ifio 206 24 3 4OO 284^ 257 .... 250 .... 266.1 37 202 o94 48 8 9 i -,775 rRr The initial R indicates a reservoir system ; the initials D. P. indicate a direct pressure ; the initials S. P. indicate stand-pipe. It will be observed that in these few cities there are twelve different standards of thickness for 6-inch pipes ; thirteen standards for 12-inch ; eight standards for 20-inch ; seven standards for 30-inch, &c. ; there is a like variety in designs of sockets ; and there are eighteen nominal diameters, from 4 to 48 inch inclusive, to which this range of variation applies. To this list we have to add the consequent variety in the ordinary specials and green-sand work, which swells greatly the total list of patterns and sweeps required for water-pipes at eacli foundry. Our customers will acknowl- edge the impossibility of our carrying a stock that will enable us to fill, at sight, orders applying at random in DIKECTIONS FOR ORDERING. 31 this great variety, and will appreciate the advisability of giving their orders early, with a fair allowance of time for their manufacture and transportation, and we shall always use our best endeavors to fill their orders promptly and with a superior quality of stock, inspected, and tested with adequate water- proof. Directions for Ordering. Inquiries for prices of pipes should state whether the pipes are required for the conveyance of gas or for water. Clear arid explicit direc- tions as to dimensions, forms, and weights of water-pipes, accompanying the original order or inquiry, will save delays in correspondence for information, and will enable us to h'll orders with the greatest promptitude. Detail drawings, to scale, and with principal dimensions figured upon them, should accompany orders for special castings of unusual forms. For the usual forms of pipe specials the following nomenclatures will usually suffice, and will be understood by the trade, and may be written and sketched off-hand in the order : 6 Branch ; Single 6" on 8" 8 ar '^' 1 g Branch ; Double G" on 10" Branch ; Double 6'' and 4" on 8" Reducer ; 10" to 8" Bend ; 6 inch \ bend Bend ; 8 inch J bend, (&c.) CAST-IRON PIPES. Our Facilities. Our extensive foundries at "both Millville and Florence have been fitted up with the most approved cupolas, power cranes, metal flasks, ovens, coat- ing baths, &c. ; and our foundrymen, through long expe- rience in our service, have become expert, each in his special work ; and we have for a long time given especial attention to the manufacture of intricate loam castings for both pipes and machinery, and have facilities for their pro- duction of unsurpassed magnitudes; hence we are fully prepared to execute promptly the largest orders, and to fill orders for the heaviest and most intricate forms of castings, and we cordially invite our patrons to inspect the appli- ances with which we are producing all classes of pipes up to 72 inches diameter inclusive, and the largest castings required by our American machinists. Substitutes. We have been enabled through our long experience, beginning with the very introduction of pipe- founding into this country, and from our frequent improve- ments in appliances, to reduce the manufacture of pipes to the most systematized methods, and to attain the most exact results in forms, and most desirable qualities of cast- ings, due to the present advanced science of mixture and treatment of metals in the cupola, and the price of iron has fallen from its inflated war rate to a legitimate basis, so there now remains no further reason for the adoption of those temporary pipe expedients of tarred paper, bored logs, laminated woods, thin sheet-iron, &c. The lesser first cost of these substitutes during the war, and the term of high price of iron following, was a great temptation to towns and villages to experiment with them, or certain of them, and a temptation to speculative inventors to push new expedients, and profit by the lack of experience of newly- appointed village committees. OPINIONS OF EXPEKT8. 33 Fortunately for the interests of the towns, and the interests of capital generally, few of these substitutes were even so far accepted as to attract any public notice, even by their failures, except in the midst of the sufferers. Even the one, among all these substitutes, that seemed to con- tain most of the elements of success, has not generally ful- filled all that was promised lor it, and its manufacturers are still experimenting with methods of making joints, espe- cially of the larger sizes, that will stand the jar of street traffic over them, and that will not continually leak in the soft grounds and in the ledge cuts, and about the hydrants, and at the dead ends, and that can successfully withstand high pressures and the frequent water-rams that occur in all pipe systems. Durability of our Pipes. The more perfect, durable and reliable cast-iron pipes might be considered as the cheapest even when iron was so expensive, since the present improved method of manufacture has increased their dura- bility to an almost indefinite extent, covering several gen- erations, at least, of the people who are to use them, while on the other hand it remains yet to be established that any one of the substitutes will not have become useless and demand replacement by cast-iron, long before the bonds issued in payment for them reach maturity. Nothing but Cast-iron used in Large Cities. Since it has been the smaller towns almost exclusively that have attempted to use the fragile pipes, they alone are suf- fering, for they are not accepted in New York, Brooklyn, Chicago, Milwaukee, Louisville, Columbus, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, Cleveland, St. Louis, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, or Toledo, where eminent hydraulic engineers have charge of the water departments. Opinions of Experts. We quote from a reply of 3 34 CAST-IRON PIPES. Hon. A. W. . Craven, who was formerly, during many years, Chief Engineer of the Croton Aqueduct Depart- ment, New York, as follows : "J)i cast-iron you are dealing with a certainty. Well authenticated cases of its durability are constantly afforded. Pipe which has been in constant use for one hundred years, and unprotected by any coating, either on its interior or exterior surfaces, has been examined, and to no appreciable extent was there any diminution in its weight or strength. It is the opinion of those engineers who have had most experience in and given most study to this subject that we have not had an opportu- nity to define the limit to the duration of cast-iron pipe used for aque- duct purposes. . . . I do not consider it true economy to use any known substitute in any portion of the distribution of a town." John H. Rhodes, Water Purveyor of Brooklyn, N. Y. (who has had many years' experience in the handling of water mains) , says : " In my opinion it is not judicious to lay a substitute for iron pipe of any size in any city, unless upon a plea of cheapness, which can only be justified by a depleted treasury." Accidents. To show the likelihood of unsuspected causes of failure in any but the stoutest pipe, we copy accounts of accidents from lightning to cement pipe, taken from the Report of the Manchester Water Company for 1878 : The number of leaks the past year was 226. Cement pipe, 207; cast iron, 19. There have been three bursts 'on the cement pipe, 2 in 'Squog, caused by lightning, and one on Canal street, with no apparent cause. And from the Water Commissioners' Report of Fitch- burg, 1878 : During a violent thunder-storm on the sixth day of June, two houses were struck by lightning, one on Burnap street and one on Milk street. The electric fluid in both cases followed the service pipes from the buildings to the 4 and inch -wrought iron cement lined main pipes, and when it reached these mains its path of ruin was fearful. In some cases a length of pipe would be split from end to end, others would be perforated with holes, which, in almost every case, indicated that the ACCIDENTS. 35 fluid passed from the outside to the inside of the pipe. Nearly every joint on the two thousand feet of its course was opened, and one gate and two hydrants were so badly damaged as to be useless. The pipe was replaced by cast iron pipe, and the gate and hydrants by new gate and hydrants, the total cost of which was nearly $1700. This loss is added to the maintenance account of the current year. Three times our main pipes have been struck by lightning, and each time is more alarmingly suggestive of what accidents may happen from the same cause. Cannot some electrician give us a plan of protection ? ROCKVILLE, CONN., Seventh Mo., 26, 1878. MESSRS. E. D. WOOD & Co. : GENTLEMEN" Please forward by Providence (Clyde's) Line 2000 feet of 3-inch coated pipe. The lightning played havoc with our cement main. Yours truly, J. C. HAMMOND, JR., Treas. R. Aqd. Co. These, it will be observed, all came to our notice in one year. Just as we are printing this edition of our Catalogue, we have received, unsolicited by us, the following letter: WARWICK, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1880. MESSRS. R. D. WOOD & Co. : GENTLEMEN About one year ago the undersigned wrote you for prices, as the Water Commissioners of this village wanted 1200 feet of 4-inch iron pipe, 22 pounds to the foot. We did our best to get them to give you the order. They ruled, and in consequence got the Elmira wood pipe ; the only difference in the cost then was the lead and work of laying. The consequence is, this wood pipe is giving a great deal of trouble it is continually bursting, We think the time is short when we will have to have iron pipe to replace it. If any of your customers are contending for wood or iron pipe you can refer them to us, or to the Water Commissioners of this village. Respectfully yours, FINCH & COLWELL. ' Also the following, which refers to a class of piping there has lately been considerable effort made to introduce. It is the wrought-iron pipe (so generally made and used for steam- and gas-fitting), in its larger sizes running up as high as twelve inches in diameter, and coated to pro- tect it from rust. It is amply strong to resist pressure when new ; but the difficulty in making a secure and safe 36 CAST-IKON PIPES. tap in so thin a pipe, and the greater facility of wrought- iron to corrode on the slightest exposure over that of cast- iron, cause it soon to rapidly rust away, and thus destroy the strength and usefulness of the pipe. The order re- ferred to in the letter below is for one mile and a half of eight and ten inch pipe. MESSRS. K. D. WOOD & Co. : GENTLEMEN Yours of the 28th at hand. Please ship the pipe as ordered by Mr. - - at the earliest possible moment. In answering yours relative to hydrants, we remarked that we did not intend in- creasing our pipe-line. The pipe ordered is to replace some already laid. We hope to receive it soon. Yours truly, , Supt. There would therefore seem to be nothing so durable and satisfactory for extended use than that which has so well and thoroughly stood the test of time extending over so many years during which substitutes have again and again come up, been experimented on, tried, found wanting, and finally always been replaced with cast-iron. No higher testimonial can be offered than this result of actual experience, and it is true economy to profit by it. Perfected Manufacture. Some of the advocates of the cheap pipes have boldly proclaimed, as an offset to the weaknesses of their pipes, all the defects that were discov- ered in the earliest iron castings, while pipe-founding was still in its experimental stage of development, both in Europe and America. Those defects in pipes have long since ceased to exist, except under the hands of inexpe- rienced founders, who have attempted to take up their manufacture from time to time. We who are experienced know how to produce a casting that will be durable, and that is accurate in form and in thickness, and that contains those qualities of strength and toughness that adapts the FIG. 7. Fro. 8. A. FLASK. B. CHILL. C. SPINDLE. D. SOCKET. E. ROPING. F. BEAD-RING. J. SAND (Baked) PIPE MOULDS. 87 38 CAST-IRON PIPES. minimum weights fully to their legitimate service, and this is knowledge that only long experience and close observa- tion can give. Pipe Moulding. While we take pleasure in explain- ing to our customers, who visit our foundries and machine shops, the appliances and methods by which we produce and finisli our castings, we have thought also that our dis- tant patrons might be interested in the sectional sketches, Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, of some of our smaller pipe moulds, illustrating the method by which accuracy of form and thickness is secured. In each sketch, C is a cylindrical spindle, about which the core is formed (one half only of each mould section is shown so as to avoid a greater reduction of scale). Around each spindle is first closely wound machine-made roping of straw, and then upon this a covering of tempered sand and clay is firmly packed. The spindle is then revolved in fixed bearings and its covering trimmed, as in a lathe, by a proper form, to the exact shape and dimension of both the interior of the pipe and its socket, and the bevel which is to center it at the bottom of the flask or in the chill. This complete core is then ready to be placed in the drying oven. The outer case, A, is the flask in which the mould is formed. Within the flask is placed and centered a man- drel, the exterior of which conforms exactly to the exterior shape and size of the pipe. Tempered sand &nd clay are then rammed around the mandrel to form the mould, and the flask is then ready for the drying oven. The metal socket ring, D, is also wound with straw roping, covered with sand, and accurately turned. The bead-ring, F, is formed in a turned iron mould and dried. When these several parts are dried and combined for COATING. 39 the casting of a pipe ; as they are shown in the sketches, the core is accurately centered by the bevel at the bottom and the bead-ring at the top, and the void between the mould and the core conforms accurately to the desired form and dimensions of the complete pipe. The importance of this nice adjustment will be appre- ciated by those who buy castings by weight, and have no spare funds for the purchase of surplus iron in badly moulded pipes. The tempering of the sand and drying of the mould, so as to withstand the trying action of the molten metal, are matters that require the utmost care to ensure perfect castings. Pouring. We place these flasks on end in the pit, preparatory to pouring, so as more certainly to secure a solid casting, cylindrical in bore, and of uniform thickness upon all sides. The castings are protected from sudden chills while cooling, and when cool are cleaned and carefully in- spected. Coating, -The pipes are then placed in an oven and heated until the pores of the iron are well opened, when they are immersed in a hot bath of Dr. Smith's Patent Coal-tar Varnish (which is deodorized coal-tar, or coal-tar with the naphtha removed), and are allowed to remain in the bath until a varnish coating has perfectly formed upon the face of the casting. This varnish preserves the interior and exterior surfaces of the pipe from corrosion, and prevents the adhesion of tubercles or other matter within. It gives also to the inte- rior of the pipe a smooth enamel that reduces the friction of the current and the power required to force it, to the minimum. 40 CAST-IRON PIPES. Hydraulic Proof. Before delivering for transporta- tion each pipe is placed in an hydraulic testing machine, and the pipes for water are subjected to a pressure test of three hundred pounds per square inch, and while under pressure carefully examined. If any indications of porous- ness or any weakness are then found the pipe is condemned and broken up. FIG. 9. The perfection of the casting is thus assured before it leaves the foundry yard, as it is in none of the cheap sub- stitutes. As to the comparative merits of cast-iron pipes, made by our perfected processes, and any one of the substitutes, we would respectfully advise any member of a committee who has doubts, to consult with one of the older hydraulic engineers of experience, say the one in charge of the water- department of the nearest large city, and accept his advice as he would that of his physician or attorney. Stock kept for Orders, in which Weights are not Given. In the following tables are given the weights per foot, thicknesses of metal, and depths of bells of pipes, which we shall endeavor to keep in stock, to fill orders in which weights and dimensions are not particularly speci- fied. These pipes, from 4 inches diameter upward, are made to lay twelve feet net. THICKNESSES AND WEIGHTS OF PIPES. 41 We also make 3 inch pipes nine and twelve feet long, and 1 J and 2 inch pipes six feet and eight feet long. TAB L E No. 3. THICKNESSES AND WEIGHTS OF GAS PIPES, KEPT IN STOCK. Diame- ter. Weight foot. Thick- ness of Metal. Depth of Bell. Diame- ter. Weight foot. Thick- ness of Metal. Depth of Bell. Inches. Pounds. Inches. Inches. /***. Pounds. Inches. Inches. 4 4i & 4 14 80 T 9 * . Q "Jfl B ffl '3 - a JJ 03 -< Turned a d bored Joints. 2 .11 % 1 1 & American. | American. 3 inches. 5 " 8 " 12 " is " 24 ll Hydrants. Specials. Total 879 6219 J 593 1020 808 16 3 195 40 30 13 5 909 6414 1633 1050 821 21 7 66 3570 522 . 103 364 1675 9984 2155 "53 1185 21 3 38 ii 6 8 2 4 2 21 8 7 95 22 7 ii i 3 i H7 17 2 i i J 4 i 2 i 2!:.... .. ii.. i ! 10535 313 10848 5325 16173 66 7 32 i 25 2 15 Calculated No. of Joints on Distribution, 18,000. Two-thirds of Pipe from Scotland, chiefly turned and bored. One-third from United States, all wide sockets (from R. D. WOOD & Co.) I GAS-PIPE JOINTS, Favorable Comments. Referring to the al Mr. Keefer, Chief Engineer, remarks : "A table appendix shows the number of failures of pipes, chiefly Scotch. No doubt all these pipes had been proved before shipment, and their defects were such as not to attract attention before they were laid. They were made by the best maker, under the best specification, and were paid for at the highest price. Many were, no doubt, injured by transportation, but others were defective castings. The American pipes are of better iron, and were less exposed in transportation hence the few failures." Flexible Joints, In Figures 10 and 11. we illustrate samples of flexible joints. The first is the well-known " Ward's Joint," and the second an improvement upon the 4 'Universal Scotch Joint," and similar in some respects to the Rhodes Joint. These joints are especially useful when pipes are to be laid in deep waters without the use of coffer dams, and in short bends. In the first joint the interior of the bell, and in the second joint the exterior of the spigot, are carefully finished in a lathe to true and smooth spherical segments, and they are, when calked with lead, capable of motion through considerable areas without causing leakage. When pipes with these joints are to be laid beneath water, the joints can be run with lead and driven above the water, and the line lowered as the joints are completed. Turned and Bored Joints. The turned and bored joints, which have been extensively used in Scotland and England, and are in use in Hamilton and Ottawa, Canada, have not as yet been favorably received by our American engineers. Gas-pipe Joints. Socket joints, with lead calkings, as shown above for water-pipes, are in general use for gas- FIG. 10. FIG. 11. 44 CAP-JOINT. 45 pipes also. In certain districts, however, cement is used for the packing in gas-pipe joints as being cheaper. It requires more calking-room, and fully five-eighths inch is allowed in the larger-sized pipes^ We have a set of gas- pipe patterns for such cement joints, and can supply them promptly to all parties who may order such. The thicknesses of gas-pipes of four inch and greater diameter may be found by the formula for thicknesses of water-pipes, given hereafter in the excerpts, by taking the value of p, the symbol for pressure at one pound, or two or three pounds per square inch, as the case may be. FIG. 12. Cap- Joint. In Fig. 12 we illustrate a patent joint for use with cement,* which is secured to our exclusive control. This joint is exceedingly simple, and can be expeditiously filled solid without air-bubbles or porousness. It gives superior facilities for the rapid laying of pipe in the trench ; and pipes laid with this joint may be readily taken up for removal or repairs. We recommend its use for sizes up to six inch diameters of pipes especially. * Roman cement, mixed with water till of the proper consistency, is found to make a good joint packing. 46 CAST-IRON PIPES. Upon one end of the pipe is cast a semi-socket, extending one-half round the pipe. The bead-ring r, com- pletes the circumference at the same end. At the other end a bead-ring, r', is cast entirely round the pipe. The remaining semi-socket AA' is cast independent of the pipe, and has projecting hook-shaped lugs, C\ adapted to pass through slotted lugs on the fixed semi-socket. The detachable socket is locked upon the fixed socket by the conical pins e. The fixed socket contains a groove, d, to receive one- half the length of the complete bead, r 1 . The detachable socket has a double groove to receive the bead r, and a like length of the bead r'. When laying the pipe in its trench, the fixed socket is placed at the bottom, and the groove filled with cement joint mortar ; then the next pipe is brought into position, and the lower half of its bead pressed into the cement in the groove d. The upper portions of the beads are then covered with joint cement, and the detachable socket put on and pressed home, and drawn snugly into place by the pins e. The joint may be easily repacked by a similar process, should occasion ever require it, very few tools being used in the operation. To our chapter treating upon pipe manufacture we append some excerpts from " Water Supply Engineering," relating to the flow of water in pipes, and to the thicknesses, weights, and preservation of pipes, and supply of water in various cities. RESULTS BY FORMULA FOR FLOW OF WATER. 47 TAB L E No. 6. RESULTS GIVEN BY VARIOUS FORMULAS FOR FLOW OF WATER IN SMOOTH PIPES, UNDER PRESSURE, COMPARED. DATA. To find the velocity, given : Head* 11 100 feet ; Diameter^ d i foot ; and Lengths, /, respectively as lollows : AUTHORITY. EQUATIONS. LENGTHS. fe 5 at so feet. 100 feet 1000 feet. io,ooa feet. Equation (n) . . Chezy ( *gff ) A Vtloc. 63.463 223.607 216.94 223.214 241.771; 67.40 246.171 218.758 213.761 62.540 294.650 214.267 244.120 223.607 223.607 62-555 Veloc. 51.111 70.710 102.918 C8.54 70.480 76.367 50.00 73-632 69.114 67.589 47080 90.263 O-7I5 77.133 70.710 70.710 47.084 Veloc. 43.111 50.000 81.510 48.446 49.792 53-9 60 40.82 5L247 48.845 47.804 38.750 63.070 47.913 54.640 50.000 50.000 38.724 Veloc. 17-386 15.810 13.662 15-258 15.641 16.975 15-427 15.232 15.384 15.114 14.780 18.917 15.140 17.279 15.810 15.810 14-797 Veloc. 5-392 5.000 3.978r. 4.770 4.842 5.2Go 4-985 4-592 4.800 4.780 4.780 5-507 4.791 5-464 5.000 5.000 4.804 v J """/"' f .... | (i 4 c) + m - r j v ( *** I* Du Buat Prony (a) " d) Eytelwein (a) . . (*).. Saint Vennant . . D'Aubuisson (a) (3) Neville (a) " 0) Blackwell D'Arcy Leslie \imlC\ "' 83. 5 r<-.o 3 $ / / \1 // \4 4 ^ 3 ' (i)*-h yP .,o S .(^,6) Z> = (9419.75^* + .0066;)* .O8l6. . . v = (3978. j6r + .02375/ .15412 v (11703.95^ + .01698) .1308 ( ' dh \\ 50 [ /+ 5 io85/ ) v = 140 (rt)' s ii (ri)* \hd\\ *=***\-J\ j * H 1* v = 100 Yrz v- 5 oc(di)* Hawksley I dh )\ K { / + 5 4^ i In which C = contour of pipe, in feet ; / = length of pipe, in feet. c unity for smooth pipes, and m = coefficient of flow. d is reduced for rough pipes. r - hyd. mean radius, in feet, = - d diam. of pipe, in feet. H = entire head, in feet. h = resistance head, in feet. 6" = sectional area of pipe, in square feet. i = sine of inclination, in feet, = -- v = velocity of flow, in feet per sec. 48 CAST-IRON PIPES. Velocity Equation Coefficients. Experiment shows the coefficient, m, to be very variable, changing with change of velocity, with sectional area of pipe, and with condition of interior pipe surface. Some of its values for smooth and rough pipes are given in the following table. TAB L E No. 7. COEFFICIENTS FOR CLEAN, SLIGHTLY TUBERCULATED, AND FOUL PIPES, OF GIVEN DIAMETERS, AND WITH A COMMON VELOCITY OF 3 FEET / 2ghd * (*gri\*\ PER SECOND* \v = \ y-__ I 1 - V I (^m) I ( \ m / Hydraulic Mean Radius, 5 d C ~~ 4 Diamete r. Clean. Slightly tuberculated. Foul. - Feet. Inches. Coef., m. Coef., in. Coef., m. r\j r)A OAI 1 I O OO7 C "? . U 1 LJ-i|. ,\jq.i f ^ 'W jo .01 ^6 062 C i OO7AC .0208 wj 08"? 4. 4 I JV ^/ T-J .007^4. 0.00982 .0312 v -"-'OT' .1250 I "2" w / OT" .00722 .00940 .0364 .1458 l| .00707 .00925 .0417 .1667 2 .00692 .00910 O.OI40O .0625 .2500 3 .00670 .00862 .01300 0833 3334 4 .00650 .00825 .OI20O .1250 .5000 6 .OO623 .00772 .OI IOO .1667 .6667 8 .OO600 00733 .00922 .2083 .8334 10 .00584 .00706 .00868 .2500 I.OOOO 12 .005IO .O0680 .00828 .2917 1.1667 14 .00554 .00657 .00792 3333 1.3333 16 .00538 .00636 .00760 375 1.5000 18 .00523 .00616 .00733 .4167 1.6667 20 .00509 .00598 .00710 .5000 2.0000 24 .00483 .00567 .00664 .5 62 5 2.2500 27 .00468 .00544 .00635 .6250 2.5000 30 .00452 .00525 .00604 .6875 2.7500 33 .0044O .00507 .00578 .7500 3.0000 36 .00424 .00490 .00554 .8333 3-3333 40 .00407 .00466 .00524 .9167 3.6667 44 .00389 .00443 .00500 1. 0000 4.0000 48 .00376 .00422 .00477 FIG. 13. FIG. 14. FIG. 15. PIPE SOCKET, AND SLEEVES, 49 50 CAST-IRON PIPES. T A B L E No. 8. DIMENSIONS OF CAST-IRON WATER-PIPES. (Fig. 14.) (Thickness of shell is herein proportioned for ico Ibs. static pressure.) 3 J d Uj | i B 3 o > o H ^2 Q* B S n 1 * * " ad ^ C, ^ / SP ai &#Z raft fc ?/ in. 4 ^ ft 12-4 A 3 A IV ij I i TV 3 T i TV i 1 2 6 124 i 3 A If ii Ij ^ A f i iV t I 2 8 12-4 H 3 TV I| il 15 i TV 1 i A i Ij <* 10 12-6 if 3 A Ij il I* i TV 8 i- A i II 2^ 12 12-6 1 31- A 2 l I- i TV f 'i TV 7 It H 14 12-5 ft 3} A' 2j if Ij -i TV i i A 1 8 1} 2i 16 12-5 ! 3V 3 2 if ifV t i 1 A 8 I Ii f 18 12-5 If 3} f 4 i| i T V 5 8 i 7 A 7 n 2f 20 12-5 8 3> a 2} i5 iTV f i 1 A f I iV 2f 22 O A f O f 7 a 31 a 8 2V IJ .A 5 J I TV 5 3 ft I i| 3 ^4 27 I2 ~5 12-6 I 4 a ^ f * i J TTT t f TV I if 3 31 3 12-6 'A 4 TV 2J ri ii ! i Ij | A Ij if 3l 33 12-6 iA 41 TV 2J 2 ii- 1 i I| t TV I| il 3t 36 12-6 iA 4} 4 2j 2 ii f i l TV i I| if 3i 40 12-6 i A 4i * 2| 2j ii t i Ij A i 1} 2 3f 44 12-6 III 4| i 2} 2j- i* f i i; TV i zi 2 31 48 12-6 5 41 i I 3 ^ z ^- f * if TV * If 2 4 DATA OF FLANGED CAST-IRON PIPES. 51 TA B L E No. 9. FLANGE DATA OF FLANGED CAST-IRON PIPES. Diam. of bore of pipe. Inches. Diameter of flange. Thick- ness of flange. Approx. weight of one flange. No. of bolts.* Diam. of bolts. Diameter of circle of bolts. Distance bet\A een centres of bolts. Com- mon diam. of valve flanges. Inches. Inches. Pounds. Inches. Decimal inches. Decimal inches. 'Inches. 3 6} H 3-45 8 A S-6 2.199 8 4 7l i 6.64 10 i 6.7 2.105 9 6 IO H 8.56 10 A 8.9 2.796 ii 8 i*t LI TA I.277S iA 36 9 6 33 tt 1.2133 'A I-3633 4 40 1-0333 'A 1.3111 A 1.4778 'B 44 1-1033 4 1.4088 rfi I.592I 'H 48 I-I733 'A 1.5066 4 1.7066 i In the following table are given the thicknesses of cast- iron pipes, as used by various water departments. THICKNESSES OF PIPES. 55 TABLE No. 11. THICKNESSES OF CAST-IRON PIPES, AS USED IN SEVERAL CITIES. t X 4 6 6 8 8 10 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24, 30 30 36 4 8 PHILADELPHIA. ' M fc BALTIMORE. BROOKLYN. 1 CHICAGO. CLEVELAND. i LOWELL. ROCHESTER. I 1 ALLEGHENY. DETROIT. i M ILWAUKEE. i 4 6 6 8 3 10 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24 30 4 8 250 He IOO ad P 218 ress 1 2O I 7 iq8 ures 130 170 for 125 whic 150 ;h P IOO MO 1 80 ipes 130 170 200 are 150 200 Clas 80 140 260 sed, 162 in fc IOO ct. 144 200 150 200 .T f TV r TV TV Thic f 4 f If jknes i f + 1- H H sses of P ipe Shells, in inel 1 T H 8 ies. TV TV i f f I f i i V TV TV f H I It H t H If if ft i *A i ~ A \ i TV | 8 + H- l if ii *A 1 8 1 1 A + i ^ f A t I f f i f f f I I f I f i f if 1 if f I f i A f i if 1 * + f i 8 H t if . 7 8 l + .... 1 1 + I f 1 i 11 i i T 1 i I H i 4 iA 'A Ii ii .... 4 . A IT> 4 i 4 ii+ .... ifV .... ii I ii iA if Tab^e of Equivalent Fractional Expressions. The following tables of equivalent expressions for fractions of an inch and of a foot, may facilitate pipe calculations : 56 EQUIVALENT FRACTIONAL EXPRESSIONS. TABLE No. 12, PARTS OF AN INCH AND A FOOT, EXPRESSED DECIMALLY. Equivalent INCHES. Dec. part of Equivalent Dec. part of an inch. a foot. 1-32 03125 . 002604 1-16 .06250 .005208 3-32 .09375 .007812 1-8 5*yfy .12500 .010416 OICX4.2O j4 3-16 7-32 1-4 .18750 21875 .25000 .015625 .018229 .020833 INCHES. Equivalent Dec. parts of a loot. Dec. parts of a foot. Equiv. inches and 32d pts., nearly. Q--72 .28125 (^001 07 y j^ 5-16 11-32 3-8 13-32 7-16 15-32 1-2 17-32 9-16 19-32 5-8 21-32 11-16 .31250 34375 37500 .40625 43750 .46875 .50000 53125 .56250 59375 .62500 .65625 .68750 .026041 .028645 .031250 033854 .036458 .039062 .041666 .044270 .046875 .049479 .052083 .054607 057291 I 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 ii 12 .0833 .1667 .2500 3333 .4167 .5000 5833 .6667 .7500 .8333 .9167 I.OOOO .1 .2 3 4 '.6 .*8 9 I.O 6 33 8 F io|f 12 OO '22 .71875 .0^080'? 3-4 / ^ / .75000 .^ov^yj .062500 25-32 .78125 .065104 13-16 .81250 .067708 27-32 84375 .070312 7-8 87500 .072916 29-32 .90625 .075520 15-16 93750 .078125 31-32 .96875 .080729 } i. .083333 Cast-iron Pipes. According to Crecy,* cast-iron pipes were first generally adopted in London very near the close of the last century. The great fire destroyed many of the lead mains in that city. These were in part replaced by wood pipes, but when water-closets were intro- duced and more pressure was demanded, the renewals were afterward wholly of iron. * Encyclopedia of Civil Engineering, p. 549. London. 1865. FORMULAS FOR THICKNESSES OF PIPES. 57 TAB.LE No. 13. FORMULAS FOR THICKNESS OF CAST-IRON PIPES COMPARED. Assumed static pressure, 75 Ibs. per square inch. Assumed tenacity of metal, 18,000 Ibs. per square inch. DlAM] STERS. AUTHORITY. EQUATIONS. 4 in. 12 in. 24 in. 4 8 in. Equation (12), 452. . M Dupuit (/ + 100) d I d\ t - ^ F + .333 I ) .4$ \ loo/ Thick- ness Inches. .4172 Thick- ness. Inches. .5850 r-66 Thick- ness. Inches. .8367 Thick- ness. Inches. 1.3400 I -3A66 J F D'Aubuisson t ~ ( 002387^) +34 ogoQ Dionysius Lardner t =s (oojnr) +38 / -S^ 15 U *L.. G. L. Molesworth. . . Wm J M Rankine ( 10 ) 25000 ( .37 for 4" to 12" } / =(.000054^) + -< .50 " 12 u 30 > ( .62 " 30 " 50 ) *- J~ 377 .4074 ^OQ_ 5794 .6121 .7242 1.1750 1.0684 \ 48- 6126 Thos. Hawkslcy t = .18 Vd whd .3600 6235 .8818 1.2470 James B. Francis. . . Thos. J. Whitman. . 28.8^ 5 t = (.000058^^) + .0152^ + .312 t (.oo45 iT J TOLEDO. ROCHESTER. OTTAWA. RICHMOND. a W D i rf Q R. 250 R. IOO R. 180 218 R. 198 Me R. 170 i;cim G.-P. um R. 180 He 200 ad, ii C.-P. 260 i feet S.-P. R.& D.-P. 200 D.-P. 250 R. 237 R. & S.-P. 2OO 1 Average Weights, per lineal foot, in pc unds .14 14 20 I 100 3 4 6 8 10 12 *4 16 CO 24 36 48 19 31 42 53 .?. 20 18* 28 1 40 56 85 18 39^ 55 90 35 24^ QQ L 50 33 1 34 49 24 87 123 i s 20 32 45 53s 75 35 50 87 4 6 "se" 86 81 85 83 S 85 85 105 307 33 j 422 S!5_ 170 235 340 405 696 124 T 74 231 337 458 606 130 200 35 208* 183 125 250 450 P 8 * 472 i8 2 J 241 i 350 412 i97^- 239 257 134 194 S "3 I6 J5 265 334 25 130 170 230 I29-J IQ4 35 1 202 257 407.; 400 692 325 The initials in the horizontal column of heads indicate the systems of pressure, viz., R., res ervoir ; S.-P., stand-pipe ; and D.-P., direct pressure. COATING OF PIPES. Favorite Process. The practice has now become almost universal to treat pipes before shipment from the foundry with a bath of hot coal-pitch varnish, substan- tially in accordance with Dr. Smith's specification. Many processes for the protection of pipes have been tested by experiment, but this simple process finds most favor at present. We refer to some of the processes that have been experimented with in Europe, as matter of interest. THE PRESERVATION OF PIPE SURFACES. 63 The Preservation of Pipe Surfaces. The un- coated iron mains first laid down in London, by the New River Company, were supposed to impart a chalybeate quality to the water, and a wash of lime-water was applied to the interiors of the pipes before laying to remedy this evil. Before iron pipes had been long in use, in the early part of the present century, in those European towns and cities supplied with soft water, it was discovered that tuberculous accretions had formed so freely upon their interiors as to seriously diminish the volume of flow through the pipes of three, four, and six-inch diameters. This difficulty, which was so serious as to necessitate the laying of larger distribution pipes than would otherwise have been necessary, engaged the attention of British and continental engineers and chemists from time to time. Many experimental coatings were applied, of silicates and oxides, and the pipes were subjected to baths of hot oil under pressure, with the hope of fully remedying the difficulty. A committee of the British Association also inquired into the matter in connection with the subject of the preservation of iron ships, and instituted valuable experiments, which are described in two reports of Robert Mallet to the Asso- ciation. A similar difficulty was experienced with the uncoated iron pipes first laid in Philadelphia and New York. In the report of the city engineer of Boston, January, 1852, mention is made of some pipes taken up at the South Boston drawbridge, which had been exposed to the flow of Cochituate water nine years. He remarks that " some of the pipes were covered inter- nally with tubercles which measured about two inches in area on their surfaces, by about three-quarters of an inch in height, while others had scarcely a lump raised in them. 64 CAST-IRON PIPES. Those which were covered with the tubercles were corroded to a depth of about one-sixteenth of an inch ; the iron to that depth cutting with the knife very much like plumbago." Mr. Slade, the engineer, expressed the opinion, after com- paring the condition of these pipes with that of pipes exam- ined in 1852, that the corrosion is very energetic at first, but that it gradually decreases in energy year by year. The process used by Mons. Le Beuffe, civil engineer of Vesoul, France, for the defence of pipes, as communicated* by him to Mr. Kirk wood, chief engineer of the Brooklyn Water- works, " consists of a mixture of linseed oil and beeswax, applied at a high temperature, the pipe being heated and dipped into the hot mixture. The varnish of M. Crouziere, tested on iron immersed in sea-water at Toulon, by the French navy, consisted of a mixture of sulphur, rosin, tar, gutta-percha, minum, blanch de ceruse, and turpentine. This protected a plate of wrought iron perfectly during the year it was immersed. A process that has proved very successful for the preser- vation of iron pipes used to convey acidulated waters from German mines, is as follows :f "The pipes to be coated are first exposed for three hours in a bath of diluted sul- phuric or hydrochloric acid, and afterward brushed with water ; they then receive an under-coating composed of 34 parts of silica, 15 of borax, and 2 of soda, and are ex- posed for ten minutes in a retort to a dull red heat. After that the upper coating, consisting of a mixture of 34 parts of feldspar, 19 of silica, 24 of borax, 16 of oxide of tin, 4 of fluorspar, 9 of soda, and 3 of saltpetre, is laid over the inte- rior surface, and the pipes are exposed to a white heat for twenty minutes in a retort, when the enamel perfectly unites * Vide Descriptive Memoir of the Brooklyn Water-works, p. 43. N. Y., 1867. f Vide " Engineering. " London, Jan. , 1872, p. 45. THE PRESERVATION OF PIPE SURFACES. 65 with the cast-iron. Before the pipes are quite cooled down, their outside is painted with coal-tar. The above ingre- dients of the upper coating are melted to a mass in a cru- cible, and afterwards with little water ground to a fine paste." Prof. Barff, M.A., proposes to preserve iron (including iron water-pipes) by converting its surfaces into. the mag- netic or black oxide of iron, which undergoes no change whatever in the presence of moisture and atmospheric oxygen. He says, "The method which long experience has taught us is the best for carrying out this process for the protection of iron articles, of common use, is to raise the temperature of those articles, in a suitable chamber, say to 500 P., and then pass steam from a suitable generator into this cham- ber, keeping these articles for five, six, or seven hours, as the case may be, at that temperature in an atmosphere of superheated steam. " At a temperature of 1200 F., and under an exposure to superheated steam for six or seven hours, the iron surface becomes so changed that it will stand the action of water for any length of time, even if that water be impregnated with the acid fumes of the laboratory." The first coated pipes used in the United States, were imported from a Glasgow foundry in 1858. These were coated by Dr. Angus Smith's patent process, which had been introduced in England about eight years earlier. Dr. Smith's Coal Pitch Varnish is distilled from coal-tar until the naphtha is entirely removed and the material deodorized, and Dr. Smith recommends the addition of five or six per cent, of linseed oil. The pitch is carefully heated in a tank that is suitable to receive the pipes to be coated, to a temperature of about 66 CAST-IRON PIPES. 800 degrees, when tlio pipes are immersed in it and allowed to remain until they attain a temperature of 300 Fall. A more satisfactory treatment is to heat the pipes in a retort or oven to a temperature of about 310 Fah. , and then immerse them in the bath of pitch, which is maintained at a temperature of not less than 210. When linseed oil 13 mixed with the pitch, it has a ten- dency at high temperature to separate and float upon the pitch. An oil derived by distillation from coal-tar i3 more frequently substituted for the linseed oil, in practice. The pipes should bo free from rust and strictly clean when they are immersed in the pitch-bath. Varnishes for Pipes and Iron -work. A good tar varnish, for covering the exteriors of pipes where they are exposed, as in pump and gate houses, and for exposed iron work generally, is mentioned by Ewing Matheson, and 13 composed as follows : 30 gallons of coal-tar fresh, with all its naphtha retained ; G Ibs. tallow ; 1^ Ibs. resin ; 3 Ibn. lampblack ; 30 Ibo. fresh slacked lime, finely sifted. These ingredients are to bo intimately mixed and applied hot. This varnish may bo covered with the ordinary lin- cocd-oil paints as occasion requires. A blacJc varnish, that has been recommended for out- door iron work, is composed as follows: 20 Ibs. tar-oil; 5 Ibs. asphaltum ; 5 Ibs. powdered rosin. Theso aro to be mixed hot in an iron kettle, with care to prevent ignition. The varnish may be applied cold. APPROXIMATE CONSUMPTION OF WATER. 67 Approximate Consumption of Water. In Amer- ican cities, having well arranged and maintained sys- tems of water supply, and furnishing good wholesome water for domestic use, and clear soft water adapted to the- uses of the. arts and for mechanical purposes, the average consumption is found to be approximately as follows, in United States gallons : (a.) For ordinary domestic use, not including hose use, 20 gallons per capita per day. (&.) For private stables, including carriage washing, when reckoned on the basis of inhabitants, 3 gallons per capita per day. (c.) For commercial and manufacturing purposes, 5 to 15 gallons per capita per day. (d.) For fountains, drinking and ornamental, 3 to 10 gallons per capita per day. (e.) For fire purposes, ^ gallon per capita per day. (/.) For private hose, sprinkling streets and yards, 10 gallons per capita per day, during the four dryest months of the year. (g.) Waste to prevent freezing of water in service-pipes and house-fixtures, in Northern cities, 10 gallons per capita per day, during the three coldest months of the year. (/.) Waste by leakage of fixtures and pipes, and use for flushing purposes, from 5 gallons per capita per day upward. The above estimates are on the basis of the total popu- lations of the municipalities. There will be variations from the above approximate general average, with increased or decreased consumption for each individual town or city, according to its social and business peculiarities. 68 CAST-IRON PIPES. in the year 1870, the average daily supply to some of the American cities was as follows, in United States gallons : TAB LE No. 16, WATER SUPPLIED AND PIPING IN SEVERAL CITIES, IN THE YEAR 1870. CITIES. POPULA- TION IN 1870. SUPPLY PER PERSON, DAILY AVERAGE SUPPLY PER FAMILY, DAILY AVERAGE. SUPPLY PER DWELLING, DAILY AVERAGE. TOTAL DAILY SUPPLY, AVERAGE. TOTAL MILES OF PIPE MAINS. MILES OF PIPE PER 1,000 INHABITANTS. Baltimore .... Boston 267,354 250,526 396,099 117,714 39,634 28,323 298,977 216,239 92,829 79,577 37,i8o 82,546 100,753 117,500 105,059 50,840 191,418 942,292 674,022 24,117 310,864 109,199 41,^05 Gallons . 52.81 60.15 47.16 58.08 43-9 43.90 62.32 40.00 33.24 64.24 65.81 83.66 28.95 49.00 20.20 59.00 30.19 90.20 55." 41.46 35.38 127.00 48.65 Gallons. 282.53 3I2. 7 8 233-44 306.08 220.38 201.94 313.47 201.60 167.53 236.98 329.7 1 414.12 *S*'99 Gallons. SS -^ 508.87 407.46 374.04 273.94 282.72 417.54 352.40 184.81 348.18 365.90 700.23 198.89 Gallons. 14,122,032 15,070,400 18,682,219 6,838,303 1,739,869 1,243,380 18,633,000 I0,8l2,6o9 3,085,559 5, II2 ,493 2,447,000 6,906,056 2,817,300 5,720,306 2,121,842 3,000,000 5,779,317 85,000,000 37^45,385 1,000,000 11,000,000 13,868,273 2,000,000 Miles. 214 I 9 4 2 5 8 56 60 25 240 I 3 2 5 129 48 70 58 96 5 2 53 58 346 488 35 I0 5 102 45 Miles. 0.80 0.78 0.65 0.48 1.64 0.90 0.8 1 0.61 o-54 1.61 1.30 0.85 0.58 0.8 1 0.50 1.04 0.30 0-37 0.71 1.04 o-34 o.93 1.09 Brooklyn .... Buffalo Cambridge . . . Charlestown. . Chicago Cincinnati . . . Cleveland Detroit Hartford . . . Jersey City . . . Louisville .... Montreal, Can. Newark. New Haven . . New Orleans . New York . . . Philadelphia . Salem 98.17 2.86.15 147-63 457.31 290.98 147.86 370.52 171.78 1,327.74 331.21 St. Louis .... Washington . . Worcester. . . . 185.04 650.24 230.60 277.38. 709.93 406.23 KATES CHARGED FOR WATER IN VARIOUS CITIES. 69 T ini Th Th Th T The ining The The Ss S ? ^, ,3 ' lllfli "5.W.B.5. * ssfsf* B B = = ' p ??;?? | ^ ^ <^ p o tnwc^w*>WM*o j*^" " J^- ji w Oi M tc H- 5: cc en to w cc cj- tc re ;?: cc tc p: Ci c? 1 u* o> S-ISS' ? 88888S8; 8SS888888888888888888888: 0S" c -?X ^u.u,o.*K;K;:o.05hi3!WM : 05ecs;wu.wWK;a=*tn*K: WWhj-j: wtn^Cfttl =5 sil* & iliSSssi iaiiisi iisililsssli^llsliiSli ll 3 ff * r- * * 1 ?g,|l J ~^ ^~^ '- ^~- " ?t5: - 5 sillls; Ij I; ';;;; Ssliii; I; siiiiii'g; ; ; 1. i f. g w - . . . H- T-~^^ ^ ~ a . r~fj fill | II; ; i|; I; I; |; : ; ISlii I'i : i ; sill; I; I; I liiil _;.__: s BS I Ililllillj : |: I888888888888888 : 88"S888 ! 3^ 9 : I : : s HI f 2 : mooooo: ^Ki "Zo8i ^ooi 8g5o. c ,gS- : "5 wo "^w Plastering g : P : P : P : : : ? < gx -, periooyds S 2 -: *| ?8j |f I ;; SSS588S8: SISSSSSSSSSS 3 - S-gTr^?^^?: Tss^^^rr; ?: sri^s^^rg 5 ^ Ips Pig I!!?! s.p85-23g.g.. | : iE.?=ai^l.; i s E| --B -|-l-- ir |-|f|;f:|---|--- r 11 p "I Nt f= lil 1 :i & n gg :?: S. ' g : r : : r STOP VALVES. EDDY'S PATENT. Previous Forms. It was not till about eleven years ago that the attention of manufacturers was successfully directed to the improvement of stop-gates. Solid Wedge Valve. The form then in use was that of a solid wedge, faced on both sides, and owing its tight- ness to being fitted exactly into its seats, and being forced down hard upon them by the pressure of the screw. Disadvantages. Its disadvantages are, that should any obstacle lodge upon either of the seats the valve could not accommodate itself to the obstruction and close tightly, which would also be the case if the screw had become bent by straining, as is often done when difficulty is experienced in opening or closing the valve, because it could not press the wedge forward in the proper line for a perfect fit. Improvements. In the efforts to overcome these diffi- culties the wedge was divided into two plates or disks, each bearing a face, and hinging them to some mover so as to allow of some play and adjustment to the seats when clos- ing, so that at least one of the faces would have, a proper bearing, and effectually close the passage. Eddy Valve. The valve which embodies these prin- 70 R. D. WOOD & CO., :.j. PHILADELPHIA, PA. EDDY STOP VALVE. Made of all sizes, from 2 to 48 inches diameter. ROTATION AND FREEDOM FROM WEAR. 71 ciples most thoroughly is the Eddy Patent Valve, Fig. 19. and it accomplishes them as follows : Complete Adjustability. 1. It will be noticed that the spreader which forces the disks down has the shape of a ball, thus allowing not only a perpendicular play as is the case with a hinge, but also and equally a sideways play, in fact a UNIVERSALITY of adjustment to any obstacle that may be on the seat. No Dragging- on the Seats. 2. The spherical form of the spreader also permits it to rise from the disks imme- diately on the beginning of opening the valve, thus relieving them from the closing pressure, and preventing completely any dragging of them on their seats. The spherical form accomplishes this much more perfectly than any wedge can. . Center Bearing. 3. The spreader has but a single point of contact with the disks and that at the center. The importance of this in preserving a perfect closure of the passages will be recognized when it is remembered that all valves are tested (or should be) to 250 pounds per square inch before shipment, causing a strain on a 20-inch valve equal to a pressure of 35 gross tons on each disk. Warping under Pressure. If the disks take their support at two points on opposite sides, or on a line drawn across their face, it will be seen that the disks will be bent backward at top and bottom, and leaks will then occur. But when the bearing is at one point at the center, the disk yields equally all around, and the tightness of its fit is not impaired, as it only requires to be driven home but a trine further. Rotation and Freedom from Wear. 4. It will be noted that the cspreader is provided with trunnions which carry the disks up when the valve is opened. The advan- 72 STOP VALVES. tage here gained is that the disks, being hung on their centers, are able to revolve while lifting and closing, thus altering every time the valve is closed their position with relation to the seats, and so avoid aggravating by constant wear any scar that may be made, but rather distributing the wear evenly over the whole face, thus materially length- ening the life of the valve. Cleansing. It will further be seen that this same cir- cular motion, while distributing the wear, also tends to cleanse the seats of any dirt that may be adhering to them. Superiority. These are the distinguishing features that give the Eddy Yalve superiority, and are not found in any of the many other valves, whose disks are forced to their seats by wedges, which cause dragging on the faces, and by unequal support at the back allow warping of the disk under pressure. Claims. We claim, therefore, for the valve as made by us 1. Perfect workmanship, every valve being tested before shipment. 2. Great ease in opening without dragging, on account of the shape of the ball. 3. Unequalled tightness of fit. 4. Long wear. Our Facilities. Being largely in the foundry busi- ness, we are in a position, and have the mechanical facilities, to make these valves with the utmost economy, and our experience in water- works at the same time gives us a knowledge of what is required. We therefore solicit trade for the future, fully believing that upon trial our valve will prove itself superior to any other that is made. SANITARY SAYINGS. 73 SANITARY SAYINGS. Dr. Chandler says: "Pure water is hardly second to pure air as a life-giving and life-protecting agent. It is the most potent servant the sanitary authorities can call to their aid." Baldwin Latham says ; " Health is the capital of the laboring man. It is better to give health than alms." "In the prosecution of sanitary works we have discov- ered the real 'philosopher's stone,' for such works have added to the average duration of life." A prominent physician remarked to us that the intro- duction of wholesome water into his city a few years since, and the consequent abandonment of the use of well water, especially in the tenement-house sections, had seriously affected medical practice in the city. The doctors have our sympathy, but we rejoice for those who have received the precious tonic, water, and are thus enabled to abandon the potions and save the fees. His remark unfolds a glorious picture of health and happiness from the dissolving view of wretchedness. The Chief Engineer of Fire Department of the same city informed us that during the four years previous to the con- struction of the new water-works, the annual losses by fire in the city averaged $4 per inhabitant, or about $125,000. per year ; but that during the four years since the intro- duction of water the annual losses had not exceeded an average of $.75 per capita. Here is an apparent annual saving which equals the operating expense of the water- works and twelve per cent interest on their cost, and the cash income from the works already exceeds four per cent interest on their cost, while the income of health and strength is hardly expressible by a gold standard. FIRE HYDRANTS MATHEWS' PATENT. Retrospective. The past twenty years has witnessed important and essential improvements in the arrangement of the parts of fire hydrants. The same twenty years has witnessed also the more general introduction of high pres- sures into public water services, and the more general con- struction of water-works in northern cities, where the hydrants are subjected to severe tests of deep penetrating frost, and the expansions of earth frozen fast to their cases. In the year 1800 we find the " lire-plug" of London, a simple branch, turned upward upon the top of the main, enlarged slightly within from the main upward, so that a stand-pipe with nozzle, which was carried by the fire- brigade, could be inserted as occasion demanded. When the stand-pipe was withdrawn, after use, a conical plug of wood, with handle extending to the surface of the ground, was inserted to keep dirt and rubbish from falling into the pipes. Water was shut off from these hydrant branches except during fires, and while the stand-pipe was in place. In 1803 Frederick Graff, Sr., designed for the then recently constructed Philadelphia water-works, a stand-pipe 74 MATHEWS' FIRE HYDRANT. EXPENSES AND ANNOYANCE. 75 intended to remain permanently in position and to be con- stantly charged with water. This was a most important advance in the design of fire- plugs, since it gave us a hydrant that in mild climates might remain ready for instant use. Its valve was placed at the bottom of the stand-pipe near the level of the top of the main pipe, and it introduced a drip, or waste, that opened by action of a spring as the main valve closed, so that all water remaining above the main valve in the stand- pipe at once drained off, provided the spring was still in order. This model of hydrant, which was admirable in many respects for use in southern cities, was for many years followed generally in the construction of similar apparatus in other of the larger American cities. The nozzles of these hydrants were generally placed about two feet above the ground surface, so that they might be above obstructions of mud, snow, and ice, and they were generally housed by a covering box of iron or wood, that was re- movable to afford access to the valve-rod key. Such was the hydrant, varying but slightly as made by different manufacturers, in general use throughout the United States, when the "Mathew's Hydrant" was first introduced. Among the many objections to the old style of hydrants, as manufactured in several cities, and the difficulties attend- ing their use, in northern and middle State cities especially, we may mention the following as inseparable from their faulty construction : Expense and Annoyance. 1. The necessity of dig- ging them up in case of accident, or for necessary repairs. This involved great expense, trouble and annoyance in the displacement of sidewalk, curbing and paving, general obstruction of the street, and, in consequence of the long 76 FIRE HYDRANTS. time required in taking them out and replacing them, causing great inconvenience to consumers from stoppage of water in the district where defective hydrants were located. Destruction by Frost. 2. The frequent breakage in consequence of the frost heaving the "boxes surrounding the hydrants, causing them to lift upon the nozzle of the hydrant where it projects through for attachment of hose, and either starting the joint or breaking the hydrant, thus causing leakage, and involving the necessity of digging up the hydrant. Exposure to Frost. 3. The liability to freeze on account of the imperfect and faulty drip or waste-valves used, and from the circulation of cold air around the body of the hydrant, which could enter freely through the large opening for the nozzle. Imperfect Waste Apparatus. 4. The excessive waste of water from waste- valves during the opening and closing of hydrants, and particularly while partially open, thus greatly increasing the liability of freezing in consequence of the saturation of the ground around the hydrant. Sat- urated ground cannot readily and quickly absorb the waste water remaining in the hydrant when the main valve is closed, but, on the contrary, prevents the rapid emptying of chamber so essential to avoid freezing. Extra Protection in Winter. 5. The necessity, on account of above faults in principles of construction, of packing and covering hydrants in winter with manure, tan- bark, straw, &c., as practised in many cities, to lessen the liability of freezing. Extra Exposure in Use. 6. The necessity for uncov- ering top of hydrant box to get at the valve rod, which was very objectionable, as it allowed cold air to fill the box OUR PERFECTED HYDRANT. 77 rapidly, and chill the pipe and valve, thus greatly increas- ing the danger of freezing when the water was shut off. Our Perfected Hydrant. In the construction of the "Mathews' Hydrant," Fig. 20, it has been the aim, while introducing many new features of usefulness, to entirely remedy or rather avoid these defects and difficulties inher- ent in the very principles of construction of the old styles of hydrants, and we can point with pride to their present use in about three hundred cities in the United States and Canada, as evidence of the successful application of this invention, and to the appreciation of its advantages as shown in the use of Mathews' Patent Fire Hydrant by more than one-half of the cities of the United States having water- works. The extensive introduction of these improved hydrants into public use, and the universal recognition of their merits has led to instances of infringement of their valuable features, and attempts to evad,e the patents by modifications of essential points. Complimentary as such imitations may appear, they are none the less annoying, and we feel it due for the protection of our customers as well as for our own security to append a copy of our patent claims : Letters Patent issued to W. RACE and S. R. C. MATHEWS, dated January 26, 1858 re-issued to S. R, C. MATHEWS, July 18, 1871 Patent extended January 26, 1872, and re-issued April 30, 1872. ( Vide Fig. 20a, page 80.) CLAIMS. 1. A protecting case or jacket (E) surrounding the body of the hydrant, and forming a separate and removable part from the elbow (D), substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 78 FIRE HYDRANTS. 2. The independent case or jacket (E) supported on the arm (D) of the main pipe at or near the junction of the hydrant stock therewith, substantially as shown and described. 3. The annular yoke (B) on the valve rod (C) for steady- ing the rod (C) and centering the valve (G), and also pre- venting any vibration of said rod or valve when the hydrant is opened, as set forth. 4. The valve (G) constructed of the two parts (N) (o) and packing (Q) in combination with the rod (C), substan- tially as and for the purpose set forth. 5. The annular valve (B) and the disk- valve (G) attached to the rod (C) in combination with the escape or leak open- ing ( J) when arranged to operate as and for the purposes set forth. ALSO Letters Patent issued to S. R. C. MATIIEWS, (Assignee of W. RACE and S. R. C. MATHEWS), Novem- ber 16, 1869. CLAIM, "The detached case (E) so combined and arranged with hydrant (A) as to have an end-play or vertical motion of several inches, to compensate for the heaving by frost, the upper part of same passing outside of main stock of hydrant, so that any change in its position can be easily ascertained and the case driven back to its place without disturbing the hydrant." Advantages of Mathews' Hydrant. We desire to call your attention particularly to the following brief summary of the advantages claimed by us in the use of these hydrants, and conceded by our customers, during the AUTOMATIC WASTE 79 most extreme weather or recent severe winters, in the coldest sections of the country. The Mathews' Patent Fire Hydrants combine all the necessary features to render them certain and reliable in their operation, at all times, for the purposes for which they are used, and particularly in cold climates. Anti-Freezing. The outer casing or frost-jacket en- closing the body of the hydrant, and making a telescopic joint therewith, forms a dead-air chamber the whole length of hydrant stock, which, acting as a non-conductor, gives great security against freezing, and obviates the necessity for packing or covering the hydrants in extreme cold weather. Sliding: Case. The case, having an end-play or vertical motion of several inches independent of hydrant proper, accommodates itself to the upheaval of ground by frost and effectually prevents the heaving and breaking of hydrant or bend so frequent in ordinary hydrants. Easily taken np. By this arrangement of casing the hydrant, containing all the working parts, can be taken up for repairs, if necessary, without excavating, the outer case at the same time remaining undisturbed in the ground, and preventing the earth from caving in, thus greatly facilitat- ing and lessening the cost of repairs. The cost and delay of taking up one ordinary hydrant in a severe winter will pay for any additional first cost of frost case many times over. Automatic Waste. The positively automatic waste- valve being attached to the valve-rod, renders it impossible to open the main valve without instantly closing the waste orifice, and as certainly opens the waste when the main valve is closed, so that no water is wasted while main valve MATHEWS' PATENT FIRE HYDRANT, MANUFACTURED BY R, D, WOOD & CO. A STOCK. B RING VALVE. D ELBOW. F STUFFING Box. G VALVE SEAT. H TOP NUT. L-CAP. O MAIN VALVE, R REVOLVING NUT. Z NOZZLE CAP. Foundries, H . ,. OrncE, No. 400 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 80 SETTING HYDRANTS. V/V 81 is open, and no water remains in stand-pipe w^" valve is closed. No Vibration. The rod and main valve are held firmly in their places, so there can be no vibration or trem- bling during the opening or closing of the hydrant. Simple, and Easily Repaired. The working parts of hydrant are few in number, simple, strong, durable, and made carefully to fixed gauges, making them interchange- able, so that all ordinary repairs can be made in a few minutes by any workman on the ground when hydrant is taken up, avoiding the delay and expense of machine-shop repairs entirely. Directions for Ordering: Hydrants. When order- ing our hydrants please designate the particular class and size required, in accordance with our classification placed with the illustration of the hydrant on the opposite page, and give us also information as follows : State depth the pipe is covered, to insure getting the right length of hydrant. Standard lengths do not exceed 5J feet to top of pipe. For additional depths an additional charge will be made. Send hose-gauge (]part of coupling will answer) so the hydrant-nozzles may be accurately fitted to it. State size and kind of pipe the hydrants are to connect with. If any other hydrants are in use, state if they open by turning to right, or left, and give size and shape of nut for wrench. Setting Hydrants. We respectfully present the fol- lowing suggestions relating to the setting, use, and repairs of hydrants : Take care that the hydrant is perpendicular, and that 82 FIRE HYDRANTS. top of frost-case (E) is not less than four nor more than eight inches above grade of side-walk. See that the hydrant is provided with perfect drainage. 4 This may be done, preferably, by connecting the waste (J) by a tile drain with the nearest sewer. In the absence of sewers, lay drain to nearest loose or sandy soil, or dig a hole a short distance from the hydrant, and fill with broken stone, so that the contents of hydrant can waste rapidly after closing main valve. When set in loose, sandy, or grav- elly soil the drain-pipe may be dispensed with, as the sur- rounding earth will readily absorb the waste water. In this case it is necessary to fill around the base of hydrant with stone to prevent the waste-orifice (J) becoming filled up or closed by the earth. The base (D) should rest firmly upon a solid foundation of stone or masonry, and be well braced against the pressure of water at the bend to obviate any danger of starting the joint. Using and Repairing Hydrants. When a hydrant is first opened, after setting, the water should be allowed to run until it becomes clear, as if closed too soon, the gravel and dirt left in pipe are likely, to become imbedded in the valve and cause leakage. To take up hydrants in case of necessary repairs, place a chain or stout rope around the body (A) of hydrant immediately below the nozzle, through which pass a couple of levers, six or eight feet long, with which the power of two men is generally sufficient to unscrew the hydrant from its base (D) leaving the case (E) undisturbed in the ground, but as we screw them down very tightly, additional power may sometimes be required. No fear of breakage need be entertained, as the hydrants are made very strong in all their parts. USING AND REPAIRING HYDRANTS. 83 If the water remaining in hydrant does not run out rapidly after closing main valve, it is evidence that the waste-orifice (J) has become filled up, or that the earth around hydrant is not properly drained. If the first, it can be remedied in a few moments by taking up the hydrant and removing the obstruction. In extreme cold weather it is not unusual for some of the upper working parts of hydrant to sticlj: together by the action of the frost, and this often gives the erroneous im- pression that ".the hydrant is frozen." In such cases a very small quantity of steam injected at the nozzle (not down to the valve) will usually remove the difficulty. The common practice of injecting large quantities of steam at a high temperature down to the valve is very objectionable and generally ruins the valves. To get at the stuffing-box (F) unscrew the nut (H) at top (which has a left-hand thread) by turning to the right, then remove revolving or sleeve-nut (R) from the rod. The cap (L) can then be removed by taking out the bolts, leaving stuffing-box exposed. In replacing pieces, put them on in reverse order, first cap, then revolving-nut, and lastly top- nut (H). The hydrants are well painted before leaving our manu- factory, but they become so marred by shipment, handling and setting, that we would advise an extra coat of paint, after setting, in every instance, as not only adding materi- ally to their neatness of appearance, but as a preservative against effects of exposure to the weather. N. B. The main valves (unless otherwise ordered) always open by turning to the left, and close by turning to the right. All screws, except top-nut, have right hand thread. 84 FIRE HYDRANTS. References. We would refer to the following places having these hydrants in use, from many of which we have testimonials of the highest character in regard to their superiority, and the advantages possessed by them over all others : Auburn, .... Maine. Northampton, Massachusetts. Bangor, Northbridge, " Portland, " Pittsfield, Maine Asylum for Insane. South Adams, " Concord, . New Hampshire. Southbridge, Nashua, S. Hadley Falls, " Amoskeag Manufacturing Co. Springfield, " Bellows Falls, Vermont. Taunton, ' Brandon, Wayland, Burlington* Westborough, Fair Haven, Westfield, Island Pond, " Worcester, Rutland, East Providence, Rhode Island. Springfield, " Auburn, .... New York. Waterbury, Binghaniton, Vermont Central R. R. Co. Brooklyn, Bethel, .... Connecticut. Clifton Springs, " Bridgeport, College Point, Danbnry, Cooperstown, Greenwich, Corning, Hartford, Danville, Meriden, Elmira, " Middletown, " Flushing, New Britain, Gouverneur, New Milford, Gloversville, Norwalk, Geneva, Rockville, " Ithaca, Shelton, Johnstown, South Norwalk, " Kingsboro, Stamford, " Le Roy, Thomaston, Lock port, Wolcottville, " Long Island City, " Cambridge, Massachusetts. Medina, Chicopee, Middletown, East Hampton, Monis, Fitchburg, " Mount Morris, Greenfield, Newburg, Leominster, Ogdensburg, Medford, Peekskill, Milford, Plattsburgh, Nan tucket, Port Jervis, New Bedford, Port Byron, North Adams, " Potsdam, " REFERENCES. 85 Poughkeepsie, New York. Koch ester, Saratoga, " Schenectady, Syracuse, Tarrytown, " Troy, Unadilla, Utica, . " Walton, Watertown, Waverly, West Troy, Yonkers, Auburn Asylum for Insane. Long Island R. R. Co. New York Central R. R. Co. Bordentown, New Jersey. Burlington, Camden, Cape May City, Elizabeth City, " Hackensack, Jersey City, Kaigbn's Point, " Larnbertville, Meadow's Station, " Morristown, Mt. Holly, Newark, New Brunswick, " Passaic, " Rahway, " Tren'on, Camden & Atlantic R. R. Co. Millville Manufacturing Co. Allentown, . Pennsylvania. Altoona, " Archbald, Berwick, " Betblehem, " Butler, " Chambersburg, Conshohocken, " Ebensburg, " Erie, Franklin, Fullerton, " Harrisburg, Johnstown, " Kennet Square, Pennsylvania. Meadville, " Media, Milford, Oil City, " Philadelphia, Piicenixville, Pittston, " Reading, " Renova, Scranton, Shamokin, " South Bethlehem, " Susq'hanna Depot, " Towanda, Tyrone, Venango, West Chester, " WUkesbarre, WilHamsport, Winterburn, Centennial Exposition Buildings, Philadelphia. Lehigh & Wilkesbarre Coal Co. Penna. Coal Co., Green Ridge. Pennsylvania R. R. Co. Wilmington, . . . Delaware. Akron, Ohio. Bellaire, Bellevue, Canton, " Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, " Elyria, " Mansfield, Massillon, " Middletown, New Lisbon, Piqua, San dusky, Tiffin, Toledo, West Cleveland, Wooster, " Youngstown, Bay City, .... Michigan. Detroit, " East Saginaw, Grand Rapids, 86 FIRE HYDRANTS. Jackson, Michigan. Kalarnazoo, Michigan Asylum for Insane. I Michigan Central R. R. Co. Attica, Indiana. Brazil, Connersville, " Fort Wayne, " Indianapolis, La Porte, " Mishawakee, " New Albany, " Peru, South Bend, " Terre Haute, Aurora, .... Illinois. Bloomington, " Blue Island, Charleston, " Decatur, Lake View, " .Lockport, Moline, " Paris, " Peoria, Quincy, Rock ford, La Crosse, . . Wisconsin. Milwaukee, " Racine, " Cumberland, . Maryland. Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co. Danville, . . . Virginia. Lynchburg, " Norfolk, " Petersburg, Richmond, Old Dom. Steamship Co. Wheeling, . West Virginia. Columbia, . South Carolina. Atlanta, .... Georgia. Augusta, , Macon, Rome, Savannah, . . . Georgia. Georgia Central R. R. Co. Jacksonville, . Alabama. Mobile, Montgomery, Selma, Chattanooga, . Tennessee. Memphis, Nashville, Anchorage, . Kentucky. Bowling Green, " Covington, Henderson, Louisville, Maysville, Los Angelos, . California. Mankato, . . . Minnesota. Minneapolis, Redwing, San Antonio, . Texas. Cedar Rapids, . Iowa. Clinton, Davenport, Lyons, Muscatine, Ottumwa, Hannibal, . . . Missouri. Kansas City, St. Joseph, " New Orleans, . Louisiana. Columbus, . . Mississippi. Omaha, .... Nebraska. Albany, .... Oregon. Kingston, . . . Canada. Montreal, Ottawa, " Port Hope, " Rockland, Sarnia, Toronto, Walkertown, " Halifax, Nova Scotia. Moncton, New Brunswick. Havana, Cuba. Commendatory Extracts. We append extracts from a few of the many letters received by us from parties using these hydrants, clearly showing the justice of our claims to \ COMMENDATORY EXTRACTS. 87 to the advantages enumerated above, and warranting our improved manufacture as "Mathews' Patent IVon-Freezing Hydrant." BKOOKLYN, N. Y., February 29, 1868. * * * Of the large number of Mathews' Patent Fire Hydrants in use in this city, not one has frozen during the very cold winter just past, or given any trouble in the way of repairs. * * * .1 deem them the best Fire Hydrants yet brought before the public. JOHN H. RHODES, Water Purveyor. LOCKPORT, N. Y., March 12, 1868. * Of all the hydrants with which I am acquainted, I should give yours the decided preference. L. W. BRISTOL, Chief Eng. Fire Dep't. CLEVELAND, O., August 5, 1872. * * * I am more than pleased with your hydrants, many of which we have in use, and believe them to be the best and most reliable Fire Hydrant yet introduced. JAMES HILL, Chief Eng. Fire Dep't. OGDENSBURG, N. Y., April 28, 1871. The performance of the Mathews' Fire Hydrants has been entirely satisfactory, as in no single instance have I found them frozen, * * * and take pleasure in recommending them to water companies as being first-class hydrants. A. H. LORD, Bup't W. W. AUBURN, N. Y., May 4, 1872. It gives us great pleasure to state that during the past severe winter with us, not one of the Mathew's Hydrants, of which we have 140, has been frozen, nor have we had any trouble in keeping them in working condition without any covering or packing. We have now had these hydrants in use six years under the fire pressure of the Holly system. * * * As now made by you they seem to be almost perfect, strong, and not at all likely to get out of order, do not freeze, and I do not see how they are to be improved. A. H. Goss, Sec'y Treas. & Sup't W. W. Co. SPRINGFIELD, MASS., June 10, 1872. * * It gives us pleasure to state that we consider your hydrants much safer than any others we have in use. During the very severe weather of the past winter, almost, if not all, of every other pattern of hydrants except yours became unserviceable in consequence of freezing. I do not recollect an instance of yours failing in this respect. C. L. COVELL, Treas. W. Co. NEWARK, N. J., May 3, 1872. The Mathews' Hydrants furnished by you for these works have given us no trouble this past winter. G. W. BAILEY, Eng. Newark Aq. Ed. 88 FIRE HYDRANTS. AUGUSTA, GA., May 9, 1872. # # * I am so much pleased with your hydrants in regard to ease of working, simplicity, and, consequently, probable durability, that I propose to use them in all future additions to our works. THOS. W. CUMMINGS, Eng. W. W. New York has had by official estimate three-fourths of all her hydrants frozen, and upwards of 300 unfit for imme- diate use, when opened at fires, during January and Feb- ruary (1875) only. BROOKLYN, N. Y., March 20, 1875. I take pleasure in stating that we have 120 of your hydrants set, and but one of them was frozen (which was attributable to carelessness). In this respect, as in all others, I deem them reliable. JOHN H. RHODES, Water Purveyor. POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y., February 18, 1875. Yours of the 15th at hand. We have set in this city 281 of your Mathews' Hydrants. The weather has been unusually severe. Three hydrants were frozen two of these had been used to fill cisterns, the water running from them for an hour or two very slowly. The other hydrant was used at a fire ; cap was put on and hydrant not turned full off. Aside from these not a single one of your hydrants has been found frozen, nor do 1 think they can be frozen, provided ordinary caution is used in the Fall to see that the valves are in order, and when put in, that branch-pipe is at sufficient depth below surface. Very respectfully, THEO. W. DAVIS, Superintendent, Boston kept fifty men constantly employed this winter in thawing hydrants. The Water Commissioners of Concord, N. II., say, in their Annual Report, they "Take pleasure in testifying to the superiority of R. D. WOOD & Go's Fire Hydrant as adapted to such unprecedentedly cold weather as they have been subjected to during the last sixty days." Philadelphia reports, through her Chief of Fire Depart- ment, " fifty per cent, of the hydrants frozen, and fifteen fires during January and February, 1875, at which delay occurred in securing a supply of water." From Camden, N. J., we receive the following: COMMENDATORY EXTRACTS. 89 CAMDEN, N. J., March 1, 1875. It affords me pleasure to certify to the very satisfactory working of the Mathews' Fire Hydrant. During the present severe winter they have con- tinued free from the effects of frost while large numbers of the other hydrants have been frozen. Yours truly, WILLIAM CALHOUN, Chief Engineer. DETROIT, MICH., February 26, 1875. In response to your inquiry regarding the test the exceptionally cold weather of the present winter has subjected your hydrants to, it gives me pleasure to state that Mr. GASCOIGNE, our Superintendent of Water, reports that not in a single instance have they failed. The only trouble given has been the slight one of occasionally pounding down the frost jacket as the frost heaves it. FRED. H. SEYMOUR, Scc'y. ROCHESTER, N. Y., February 19, 1375. We have had very little trouble with your style of hydrant during the cold weather, although we have had over 400 in use. None have frozen except where they were set in area w r alls, or near lateral sewers, or not at proper depth, and of these very few. Respectfully yours, J. NELSON TUBES, Chief Eng. Rochester W. W. CLEVELAND, O., February 23, 1875. In reply to your circular of the 15th inst., asking whether any of your hydrants have failed during the recent cold weather, I take pleasure in stating that we have had less trouble with your hydrants than with any others we have in use. Such as have been found frozen have had some obstruction in the waste, but the number found out of order has been comparatively small. Yours respectfully, JOHN WHITELAW, Supt. and Engineer. TOLEDO, 0., February 20, 1875. We have had but few hydrants frozen ; with proper drainage for carrying off drip, don't think we should have had a single one frozen. We have given them 110 artificial protection by boxing, or otherwise. Mercury ranged from zero to 18 below for past two weeks. J. D. COOK, Chief Eng and Supt. Toledo W. W. ELMIRA, N. Y., February 18, 1875. We have a number of your hydrants in use, which have given good satis- faction during the extreme cold weather ; have had a large number of fires during the winter. Have had several hydrants frozen, or broken, by frost, but none of yours among the number. Respectfully yours, ELMIRA WATER WORKS Co. (per J. M. D. AUBURN, N. Y., February 19, 1875. # * * Your hydrants as now made are unquestionably the best in use, and have stood the test of the present severe weather well. * * * They are strong in all parts, and we have no trouble from breaking. A. H. Goss, See. and Treas. 90 FIKE HYDKANTS. PLATTSBURGH, N. Y., May 7, 1872. Your hydrants give unqualified satisfaction. We have 60 Manu- facturing Co/s hydrants. The past winter has been unusually severe, and we have had to replace at least one-third of the cases on those that have been broken at the bottom flange by frost lifting them. I find the frost does not affect yours, and in any extensions which we may make, we shall use your hydrants. Yours truly, S. W. GREGORY, Supt. W. W< SYRACUSE, N. Y., March 7, 1868. Your hydrants have given entire and perfect satisfaction to our Fire De- partment since their introduction, and particularly during the recent extreme cold weather ; never having frozen, and being always in order and ready for use in case of fire. We deem these hydrants far superior to the hydrants heretofore in use in this city, and have no hesitancy in recommending them for general use. PHILIP ECKEL, Clif. Eng. Fire Dep. EDGAR S. MATHEWS, City Cleric. GREENFIELD, MASS., June 3, 1872. The Mathews' Patent Hydrant with which you furnished our District has given us entire satisfaction. We have had one of the most severe winters ever known here, frost being found here on the 29th day of April six ft. deep. Although in several instances our pipes leading from the mains have been frozen, we have in no case had our hydrants in the least damaged by frost. We consider the Mathews 1 Hydrant the best yet manufactured. Yours respectfully, JAMES PORTER, Supt. Water- Works. PITTSFIELD, MASS., May 6, 1872. * * * I am convinced that the Mathews 1 Hydrant is the best I know of, and we shall use them altogether hereafter. Yours, &c., W. R. PLTJXKETT, Cftm Water Com. ALLENTOWN, PA., May 7, 1872. In reply to your favor of 2d inst., inquiring as to how Mathews 1 Patent Fire Hydrants have stood the test of the past severe winter, I take pleasure in stating that they have given entire satisfaction; not a single one of them having frozen all winter. Yours, T. II. GOOD, Mayor. oQ-D & CO. > MATHEWS' DOUBLE-VALVE FIRE HYDRANT Mathews Double -Valve Fire Hydrant. WE invite the attention of hydraulic engineers and offi- cers in charge of water-works generally to what we have no hesitation in pronouncing the most perfect fire hy- drant yet introduced. While the hydrants heretofore manufactured by us, and now in use by about three hundred cities and water-works companies in the United States and Canada, are consid- ered the standard and, for many reasons, the best and most reliable, recent improvements and additions which have been made by our Mr. Mathews seem to warrant us in designating our new hydrant as the most perfect and complete ever brought before the public. Mr. Mathews' long experience in the manufacture of fire hydrants, and constant study and investigation as to their practical working in different cities, have convinced him that some additional improvements were desirable, to accomplish the following results : First. To obtain greater security against leakage from any cause. . Second. To allow the hydrant to be withdrawn or taken up for repairs in a safe, practicable manner without shutting the water from the district in which the hydrant is located even for a moment. 91 92 MATHEWS' DOUBLE-VALVE FIRE HYDRANT. Third. That the waste or drip orifice should be en- tirely covered before the water is let into the hydrant and not uncovered until after the main valve is closed, thus effectually preventing any waste of water while the main valve is open or partially open. Fourth. That in case of injury to the main valve, re- quiring its removal, the hydrant will still work perfectly for all purposes as usual, instead of necessitating the shutting off water from the district until the valve can be repaired or replaced, and preventing the use of the hydrant in case of fire in its vicinity. Fifth. That all these operations shall be strictly au- tomatic, and no extra manipulation or dismantling of the hydrant required to obtain access to the mechanism for shutting off the water. A few hydrants have been made with so-called supple- mentary valves for the purpose of allowing hydrants to be taken up without shutting off the water from the dis- trict by means of the ordinary stop- valves or gates, but they have been objectionable in many respects, and, con- sequently, have never been used to any extent. Some of these objections, briefly noticed, have been the trouble and necessity of dismantling or removing portions of the hydrant proper to obtain access to the mechanism used for closing the supplemental valve, the difficulty in de- taching the hydrant from the supplemental valve and in attaching it again when the hydrant is replaced, the trouble *of returning the valve to its place after replacing the hydrant, the vibration and water-ram caused by the loose motion unavoidable in all the automatic valves here- tofore used, in addition to the trouble referred to above in detaching and replacing the hydrant and valve. The necessity for some means to accomplish this re- MATHEWS' DOUBLE-VALVE FIRE HYDRANT. 93 moval of hydrant without shutting off water from the district is generally conceded by those in charge of the repairs of hydrants, and has led to the use of stop-valves or gates in the pipe leading to hydrants in many cities, involving great additional expense in the cost of stop- valves, valve-boxes, setting and keeping in order, while they simply answer the purpose of shutting off the water, and do not add in the least to the efficiency of the hydrant. In the construction of " Mathews' Double- Valve Hy- drant," all these difficulties and objections have been over- come, and we invite your careful consideration of the many advantages derived from its use. First. It has two main or induction valves, one above the other, thus giving double security against leakage from any cause. Second. The lower valve is so constructed that it acts as a supplemental or auxiliary valve, to allow the hydrant to be taken up without shutting off the water from the district, said valve being entirely separate and disconnected from upper main valve and its rod, and closing automati- cally when the upper valve is closed or hydrant removed. Third. The upper main valve, with its rod and waste- valve, move far enough to allow the waste orifice to be covered entirely before the lower valve begins to open, and in closing the reverse is the case, the lower valve closing and shutting off the water from the main before the waste orifice is uncovered. Fourth. Should the upper valve (ordinarily the main valve) be broken or injured in any way, it can be taken off for repairs for any length of time required without impairing the action of the hydrant, as the lower valve then becomes the main valve, opening and closing per- fectly in the usual manner of operating the hydrant. 94 MATHEWS' DOUBLE-VALVE FIRE HYDRANT. Fifth. The taking out and replacing of the hydrant is done in precisely the same way as with our ordinary hydrant, the lower or auxiliary valve being entirely self- acting, and requiring no attention whatever in performing its function of shutting off the water. Sixth. There is no loose motion in the supplemental valve, and, consequently, no trembling, vibration, or water- ram, so disastrous to water-pipes and joints under high heads. Seventh. All the parts are made strong, finished in the best manner, and every part accessible and easily replaced if necessary. We feel assured that a careful examination of these new features, when combined with those so well known and approved in our past manufacture, will satisfy you that we do not claim too much when we designate this as a PERFECT FIRE HYDRANT. We continue the manufacture of the original hydrant as heretofore, and would request our customers, in order- ing or in asking for quotation of prices, to designate which style they require. RELATIVE DIMENSIONS OF PIPES. 95 TABLE No. 17. ELEMENTARY DIMENSIONS OF PIPES. Diameter Diameter. Contour. Sectional area. Hydraulic j mean radius. Cubical con- tents per lineal foot. Inches. Feet. Feet. Sq.feet. Cubic feet. \ .0417 .1310 .001366 .0104 .001366 \ .0625 .1965 .003068 .0156 .003068 I .083 .26l8 .005454 .0208 005454 I* .1250 39 2 7 .01227 .0312 .OI227 If .1458 .4581 .01670 .0364 .01670 2 .1667 5235 .02232 .0418 .02232 3 .250 .7854 .04909 .0625 .04909 4 3333 1.047 .08726 0833 .08726 6 .5000 I-57I '19635 . 1250 !9635 8 .6667 2.094 3490 .1666 349 10 .8333 2.618 5454 .2083 5454 12 1. 0000 3.142 -7854 .2500 7854 14 1.1667 3-665 1.069 .2916 1.069 16 1-3333 4-189 J -397 3333 I -397 18 1.5000 4.713 1.767 375 1.767 20 1.6667 5-235 2.181 .4166 2.181 2 4 2.0000 6.283 3.142 .5000 3.142 2 7 2.25OO 7.069 3.976 5625 3-976 30 2.5000 7.854 4.909 .6250 4.909 33 2.7500 8.639 5.940 -6875 5-940 36 3.0000 9-425 7.069 .7500 7.069 40 3-3333 10.47 8.726 .8333 8.726 44 3.6667 11.52 IO-558 .9166 10.558 48 4.0000 12.56 12.567 .0000 12.567 54 4.5000 14.14 15-905 I2 5o I 5-95 60 5.0000 I5-7I !9- 6 35 .2500 19-635 72 6.0000 19.29 29.607 .'5000 29.607 84 7.0000 21.99 38.484 .7500 38.484 96 8.0000 2 5-45 50.265 2.OOOO 50.265 96 FIRE HYDRANTS. INSURANCE PREMIUMS. 97 ECONOMIC INFLUENCE OF WATER-WORKS ON INSURANCE PREMIUMS, A schedule of standard rates of insurance and deficiency charges, adopted by the National Board of Underwriters, is as follows : For standard cities, having gravity water-works, paid steam fire department, fire patrol, fire-alarm telegraph, building law, paved streets, gas for light, coal for fuel, and no inherent exposures, the minimum basis rate for a standard city, on a standard building, is 25 cents. For deficiency charges add as follows : If no water supply 15 cents. If only cisterns, or equivalent 10 " If system is other than gravity 5 " If no fire department 25 " If no volunteer department 10 " If no steam fire-engines 5 " If no hook and ladder trucks 5 " If no fire-patrol 5 " If no fire-alarm telegraph 5 " If no police department 5 " If no paved streets 5 " If no building law in force 5 " 98 FIEE HYDRANTS. KJ* U tx M M M o O invo M in ONOO vo roNO *f rONO t^. 04 NO 04 oo ** m l-^vo ON ON H \O ONOO l>. O MM' 04 O O 00 NO t-^ w O M 04 t- O 04 -<1-00 t^ O NO NO "00 11 5-8 C f > '^ c ^ -^ >v rt 13 v. o' 2 24 NCHES. in fn M in rooo 04 5-oo i? O f^- ON ro M u 04 M *^- txoo Co4ONtHino4Oin * J. s " 1 > er cent, livered. T77T^ Ph C _O i "" g & Pj.3 5 H E % X 18 INCHES. 42 -s ^ w 2 - ri ^ Rainfall. 00 t^ * ON f>. q, S, -a r | B ?&&aa?R%s SP SHIRRS- S H ^ u ^ 8 ,c SS^?f 1 TH U *JJ?SRR&SRR5g.aR W 4; P< r^ C S3 - s c'lrf P ^ 5 rt v- o & vD ON T*- irjvn 1 z u Ng B CDS J?^W^^<8.S'8'S8'&B. K? fa ^ -^ cS ~ * J ro ro t^ (N ro ^ H 04 M^-^-VO ONO 04VO jj-p. fe S* * ! S g - d Ja HYDKAU B "1 O O ON ON O ^*~ OVO -^rO *O t^ ro c>. ON M o* ro ro T*- moo ON ^ ^ M < 1 W 2f! c 8 mil 'i i B O t^^O 00 roro^uOO ONroW O W O OO ro o> N looo- tx.c^(N CJ ONO W wvo ^ Us. ,fi : 5 "* 5 M 10 t^ ro ONOO ro ON 0^ to^ g o^co^ g I 1 ^ T3 &c 11 2 M M H ro ^ I fl 005 2 1 -S 1 11 rt **y 1 S vo" Jx P 2 B B cf f^ in^ in ON rn ?> S- o" 5 LO^ O* ON *B ^ M P. OJ * *-> j> __, jj * . ^ i; rt _c -I OO urt^ d CM ^o ONOO t-^vO t^ r^.*O OO ro C4 rovd ON ro inod ro in O 06 w ro N x o _ w -g ^ M' S < C ^ hH 'S S S n y ti .j: s c o |.2.S vovcoo M\O roo O O Ocovo -^-W M COION M o lO^row M 1 oj | s ^ -s c |f *< *^% G\ ^ 5' Z ^ ? P' 3 3 f 1 p r* ^ o ? o- ^ D^ P" p "2. ofq ? I r: en ir ADVANTAGES OF LARGE-SIZED PIPE OVER SMALLER ONES. ||| CO Ha 3 _. O 0* I* I? ft_ 05 o' ET 00 2 n p* n' ro O TJ-O 00' i rh TJ- ^- vn vr> 10 ?i 2 53 ~ Kj, ONVO "-" ro rh M ON ON ONOO t^. O ~> f) M O vo O ^O i^ OO ON O M to ^* vo T3 . rt E 1|| TfNTf MM rj- \OOO MOO * O r^ M TT 1 ^^ ^^ OO M OO *O O ^" ^O^O ON M *-OOO O M ^r 1 ^O t^OO i ' ^vO t^N. O -1 .5P G ON 10 ON ON ONOO t^ vo ^ M O >-> M ro rf o^o r^oo i^ M ^O OO ON O 00 O - M CO 10 ^-s . Ill 5* M ro ON vodO 00 00 Tj- O vO VO M ON w T)- ^oo 8 ^ g> ^ 5;^ 3O O >-i fO Tj-vO a 13 & 00 Tj-vO vo rt TT ON ONOO t-vO TT M O r^ rj- t^ ON O ON t>. OO ON O O) M ro -id in 3p 00 M OO vri ro fOOO \& ^ - M^O toi-Ofod-O M'OO ro rj- vovO t^OO OO ON ON t^. vo Tj- M i- rr o 5 2 M Z> Sj^ .5PS OO M f5 ON ONOO t^ vr> M O t ro ON O ONVO M \O qou; aaunbs aed sq[ ui ajnssaad SuipuodsaiicT) rovO rovO coo ro VO fO vO -"""" ro M O ONOO >O rf vovO vO t->.OO }33J Ul uuinjoD nUHMitfrijII i FIRE STREAMS USING LEATHER HOSE. 101 O VO OO ^J ON 0*1 4* oj to ** O O O O O O EFFECTIVE PRESSURE AT ' NOZZLE. GALLONS DIS- CHARGED PER MINUTE. VO 00 2 9 4* OJ to O Oo ON OO Oi "^ Oi ON O HORIZONTAL DIS- TANCE REACHED BY JET. *4 ON 4* 00 o o OJ to O OO ON 4* ~N 1-1 Oi OO VO VO OJ OJ ON tO 4^ Oi O VO **^ ON 4* tO 4" to OO to 10 VERTICAL DIS- TANCE REACHED BY JET. ii vO * 00 OJ ^j on 4* oo to _ O VO *-J ON Oi OJ 18 PRESSURE IN POUNDS REQUIRED AT HYDRANT OR STEAMER TO MAINTAIN GIVEN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE AT NOZZLE WITH DIFFERENT LENGTHS OF HOSE. OJ -. 00 avO OJ OO ON On 4- tO O "4 On 10 VO - OJ C tO 4> OS 00 O 11 vj go v V0 O O OJ 1-1 vO ""-J On OJ O O - to OJ S 8 Oi 4* OO ON OJ tO 4>. M c I.o 1.5 2. 2.5 I. 1.5 2. 2.5 I. 1.5 2. 2.5 Discharges. Discharges. Discharges. 100 588 720 832 932 1208 1480 1708 1908 3100 4075 4700 5260 150 478 588 680 759 986 I2O8 1394 1560 2718 3329 3840 4293 2OO 416 509 590 655 853 1046 1208 1350 2350 2881 3328 3718 303 351 420 478 537 697 853 984 1103 1920 2353 2714 3037 500 263 323 372 416 540 661 762 853 1488 1823 2108 2353 750 215 263 304 340 441 540 624 697 1216 1488 1718 1920 1000 186 228 284 294 381 468 540 534 1054 1289 1488 1644 1250 i 66 204 236 263 342 419 484 540 942 1155 1332 1354 1500 152 186 215 240 312 381 442 493 859 1052 1216 1357 1750 141 172 199 223 280 353 408 457 795 974 1130 1279 2OOO 132 161 186 208 270 331 381 427 744 912 1054 1176 IM 4 IN. DIAMETER. 6 IN. DIAMETER. i!^ Pressures. Pressures. 3 -2 I. 1-5 2. 2-5 I. 1-5 2. 2.5 Discharges. Discharges. TOO 6831 8370 9658 10 800 18 820 23050 26 Coo 29 770 150 5580 6830 7888 8817 15 370 18 820 21 7OO 24 300 2OO 4829 5920 6826 7674 13 31 16 400 18 800 21 000 300 3944 4829 5577 6233 10 870 13 310 15 370 17 180 500 3055 3740 4320 4829 8418 10 310 II 940 13 310 750 2420 3055 3522 3944 6872 8418 9720 10 870 1000 2160 2646 3052 3413 5950 7290 8420 9410 1250 1932 2366 2732 3052 4340 5320 7540 8415 1500 1761 2160 2490 2789 4860 5970 6860 7672 1750 1634 2000 2310 2582 45oo 5500 6360 7115 2000 1530 1870 2150 2415 4209 5155 5970 6655 110 LAMP-POSTS. TABLE OF DISCHARGES OF GAS. (Continued}. 1 4 8 IN. DIAMETER. s ,5 W5 **T3 10 IN. DIAMETER. 5.3 Is *5 -~ c5 ri* Pressures. cj^ Pressures. j .S I. 1.5 2. 2.5 j -S I. 1-5 2. 2.5 Discharges. Discharges. IOO 38 650 47 350 54 640 61 ioo 500 30 ioo 37 ioo 42 600 47 700 150 31 550 38 640 44 600 49 940 750 2 4 650 30 190 34 800 39 ooo 2OO 27 340 33 460 38 600 43 200 IOOO 21 640 26 150 30 ioo 33 750 300 22 310 27 340 31 550 35 270 1500 17 400 21 300 24 760 27 560 500 17 280 21 170 24 400 27 340 2003 15 050 18 500 21 300 23 850 750 14 IOO 17 28O 19 8OO 22 3IO 25OO 13 175 16 136 18 632 20 880 IOOO 12 22O 14 960 17 28O 19 32O 3030 12 027 14 561 17 008 19 016 1250 10 940 13 650 15 520 17 280 4000 10413 12756 14729 16468 1500 99OO 12 2OO 14 040 15 8OO 1750 9237 II 3OO 13 040 14 6OO 2OOO 8640 10 585 12 200 13 670 *M 12 IN. DIAMETER. 14 IN. DIAMETER. x -'O F J '~' Pressures. Pressures. .s I. 1.5 2. 2-5 i. 1.5 2. 2-5 Discharges. Discharges. 500 47 600 53 320 67 200 75 240 70 ooo 85 700 98 800 no 660 750 38 880 47600 55 003 6 1 470 57 166 69 990 80 800 90352 IOOO 33660 41 2OO 47 600 53 240 49 507 60 620 70 OOO 78360 1500 27 500 33600 38 880 43 515 40 400 49 400 57 oco 63 940 2 OOO 23 800 29 250 33600 37620 35003 42 600 49 400 55 330 2500 21 igO 26 ioo 30 116 33 631 31 300 38 350 44 280 49 500 3003 19440 23 800 27 500 30740 28 580 34 990 40 400 45 170 4OOO 16 830 20 600 23 800 26 620 24750 30 310 35 ooo 39 1 80 111 f* 16 IN. DIAMETER. 20 IN. DIAMETER. Pressures. I. .1-5 2. 2.5 Pressures. I. 1-5. 2. 2.5 500 750 IOOO 1500 20DO 2500 3000 4000 Discharges. 98 O3O 1 2O 20O 138 240 154 560 79 770 97 740 113 200 128 020 69 120 84 670 98 000 109 260 56 600 69 1 20 79 800 89 230 49 ooo 60 ioo 69 1 20 77 280 43 680 53 540 61 824 69 120 39 885 48 870 56 603 64 oco 34 560 42 340 49 ooo 54 630 Discharges. 170 600 204 600 241 ooo 270 ooo 139 600 170 6co 197 600 220 400 120 744 147 900 170 600 191 ooo 98 800 120 700 139 600 155 800 85 3OO IO2 3OO 124 5OO 135 OOO 76 500 93 500 108 ooo 120 744 69 800 85 300 98 800 no 200 60 370 73 950 85 300 95 500 USEFUL PRODUCTS OF COAL-GAS MANUFACTURE. Ill TABLE OF DISCHARGES OF GAS. {Concluded?) * * *3 a|* JS s 24 IN. DIAMETER. 30 IN. DIAMETER. Pressures. I. 1-5 2. 2-5 Pressures. I. 1.5 2. 2.5 500 750 IOOO 1500 2000 25OO 3000 4000 Discharges. 271 200 326 ooo 375 ooo 425 800 217 200 271 200 310000 344000 189 2OO 233 28O 27I 2OO 3OI l6o 155 OOO 190 5OO 217 2OO 245 8OO 135 600 163 000 187 600 212 gOO 119 ooo 145 500 168 ooo 194 400 108 600 135 600 155 ooo 172 ooo 95 350 116 640 135 600 150 580 Discharges. 468 ooo 574 ooo 664 ooo 744 200 384 ooo 468 ooo 558 900 607 600 332 ooo 406 ooo 468 ooo 526 ooo 272 070 332 760 384 140 457 600 234 ooo 287 ooo 332 ooo 372 100 210 ooo 257 ooo 298 ooo 332 ooo 192 ooo 234 ooo 270 ooo 303 800 166 ooo 203 ooa 234 ooo 263 ooo - * - 36 IN. DIAMETER. c^^ i Pressures. 3 -S * i-5 2. 2.5 Discharges. 500 744000 912 ooo I 212 000 I 256 400 750 606 ooo 744000 856 ooo i 032 ooo IOOO 530 ooo 644 ooo 744 ooo 832 ooo 1500 428 500 524 880 606 ooo 677 630 2OOO 372 ooo 456 ooo 524 880 628 2OO 2503 332 ooo 408 ooo 468 ooo 530 coo 3000 303 ooo 372 oco 428 ooo 516 ooo 4OOO 265 ooo 322 ooo 372 ooo 416 oco USEFUL PRODUCTS OF COAL-GAS MANUFACTURE. The following observations by Dr. Lyon Playfair, in a lecture delivered before the society of arts, show the various purposes to which the residual products of coal-gas manu- facture may be applied. " The waste and badly-smelling products of gas-making appear almost too bad and fetid for utilization ; and yet every one of them chemistry, in its thriftiness, has made almost indispensable to human progress. FIG. 24. PLAIN LAMP-POSTS. Manufactured by R. D. WOOD & CO 112 USEFUL PRODUCTS OF COAL-GAS MANUFACTWE^ > 1 13 " The badly-smelling tar yields benzole, an ethereal body of great solvent powers, well adapted for preparing varnishes, used largely for making oil of bitter almond s, of value for removing grease-spots, and for cleansing soiled white kid gloves. " The same tar gives naphtha, so important as a solvent of India-rubber and gutta-percha. " Coal-tar furnishes the principal ingredient of printers' ink, in the form of lamp-black. "It substitutes asphalte for pavements. " It forms a charcoal when mixed with red-hot clay, that acts as a powerful disinfectant. " When the tar is mixed with coal-dust formerly wasted in mining operations, it forms by pressure an excellent and compact artificial fuel. "The water condensed with the tar contains much ammonia, readily convertible into sulphate of ammonia, a salt now recognized as being of great importance to agriculture, and employed in many of the arts. " Cyanides are also present among the products of dis- tillation, and these are readily convertible into the beautiful color known as Prussian blue. "The naphthaline (an enemy of the gas manufacturer by choking the pipes) may be made into the beautiful red coloring matter closely resembling that from madder. This, by its transformation, promises an important, though, hitherto, not realized useful product. " Coal, when distilled at a lower temperature than that required to form gas, produces an oil containing paraffine, largely used as an anti-friction oil for light machinery." Another more recent and very important use to which coal-gas tar is applied is the manufacture of what is known as " Smith's Coal-Tar Varnish," with which cast-iron water- FIG. 26. FIG. 27. 114 EXPANSION OF AIR. 115 pipes are now very generally coated before laying in the ground to prevent the formation of tubercles, to which very full reference has been made elsewhere. Tar produced by gas-works is worth from 6 cents to 15 cents per gallon, according to quality and convenience of access to market. TA B L E No. 21. COMPARATIVE POWER OF SUBSTANCES FOR CONDUCTING HEAT. Gold 1000 Silver 973 Platina 981 Copper 898.2 Iron 364.3 Zinc 363 Tin 303.9 Lead 179.6 Marble 23.6 Porcelain 12.2 Firebrick 11.4 Non-conducting substances in the order in which they resist the passage of heat. The best non-conductors being placed first and referred to slate which is 100. Plaster and Sand 18.70 Plaster of Paris 20.26 Roman Cement 20.88 Asphalte 45-19 Chalk Soft 56.38 Marble 58.27 Stock Brick 60.14 Brick (Fire)..., 61.70 Slate 100.00 Lead 521.34 TABLE No 22. EXPANSION OF AIR (DALTON) PRESSURE BEING CONSTANT. Temp. 32. . , Temp. . I OO7 80 4O. I O2 1 I e QO 1055 VJ 100 60 I 066 2OO .. 6=;. . . 70. . . . I.oSq 302.. .110 .121 132 .142 354 .376 FIG. 28. FIG. 29. TABLE OF COMPARATIVE CHARGES, ETC. 117 , o 5 reiiduQ di$ uodn uinuuv jad }SO3 aad ^gojjj }9jj 10 10 ^ \0 VO I oo vo oo * . ro t^ vo O vo . t^ . co .2 JEO3 lltD3pU9dX9 001$ AJ9 J-A9 JOJTOribtl pUB 9Z99Jy ^ 5- : SN J? : H 00 ON 00 ^ O OO OO fc 'JBX a j !O3 tuoaj sujn;a^j R 5 ' . S5 So cJ> E 'g 8 s 11 AJQ PUB }S9J3;UI JO ;U9UI 001$ Aj9A9 uodn ^yojfj 19^\I Jr 3" J? "S ON HI ^ 'lag-ji SBf) ooi f ^ ? : 'S ON ' 10 VO M t^ . O H VO ON Tt- . 00 if XJ9A9 JOJ SB) JO 1SO3 ^9^ oo c^ t>. t^ s s & ;U3-}I SBO 001$ AJ3A9 JOJ SBf) JO }S03 SSOJf) M OO " fO 10 ^ vo ON O 1 001$ AJ9A9 JOJ IUO3 JO 9AIS s^ s j '*'.! 2 S ^8 . ^ : P-< Pu -npxg s9SU9dxg iJupiJO^vv 5 IJ l. p 5 ? K S" ^> g 1 p9pnpgp spnpojj XjBnplS9J '}U9> SVf) 001$ ON ? JT C? to oo o o o . * 2 AJ9A9 JOJ IBO3 JO 1SO3 }9f>J P5 ft 3 8 ^ 10 N ON vo CO g - j S 1 W d o W - ^ M f^ :a : : : : J g ^ n :s 1 :Js : -a : >^s '- : :a :is : : < "M h O .a ."O r t- j g w " : >>*S >> >. 3 >, g : : **j o fr '^^ : *G c '3 'S -5 g-s 5 i 5 i 0' C G C c c a G c PL, g 2 2 ^ J " - 31 8 L. IH G C Ci C |^ s 2 2 2 2 ^ " g e a 2 1> (U S G g O S ^ qj- qj i j *j O O O &L d) g a s a s ess g g s s & 9 *3 5 5 -5 5 5 W- O ? ^ i E~ ^ i 'i j i- 'g '5 5 * U w o^o" S^ 8 s 8* 8" 8" OO^NONON ON * O w S ^ ^ ^^^ 2 H C/3 z o S 2 S T W oa -4 O O ? co MISCELLANEOUS From Appendix to "Treatise on Water Supply TABLE ANALYSES OF VARIOUS . g* ft J feS S *> ft ' |*i >& |3 rt d( ft. "rt - i The quantities are expressed in grains per U. S. Gallon ot 231 cubic inches, or 58,372 AJ& grains. c .n g| y necticut R Holyoke, II || if II if c ^ ^a 3 if c J2 .7 fii 3 3.3637 23795 3.7320 1-03527 03*0 9^593 75 16 2/5 H .72433 3.627) 235 74 3.4874 1.04029 .0387 .96126 74 17 2)237 .70732 3-4233 3 3 573 3-2708 1.04569 .0436 .95630 73 i3 19 3 >)02 3 2 557 6)3)3 674 f3 3-23 ' 3-0715 324)2 34433 3-0777 2.9042 1.05146 1.05762 .0489 0544 .95106 94552 72 20 21 22 1!7 37 Pi 657)7 ,6nJ3 6253) 2.9238 2 7934 2.6594 IS 2-7475 2.6051 2-4751 1.06417 1.07114 1.07853 .0603 .oC6 4 .0728 93969 93358 .92718 70 69 68 23 3),' 73 .63)2 J 25593 42 H7 2.3553 i. 08636 .0794 .92050 67 24 0? 5) 32'' 57 7 tf 2 4 -.85 38? 2.2460 1.09463 .0864 .91355 66 f e ^O 26 43337 2.23II .43773 2.0503 1.11260 .1012 '89879 i- 5 C4 27 453)? 54333 2.2326 .53952 .9^26 1.12232 .1089 .89101 (3 28 29 4^7 -43431 53 '52 2.1333 i 2.o5 2 5 ; .53171 5543 1 .8807 .8040 1.13257 I - I 4335 .1170 . -1253 .87462 62 61 3 .53333 .53333 2.0003 57735 .7320 1.15470 .1339 .8C6o 3 60 31 5 I 5't 43|-)3 I.94I6 .6oo35 .6643 1.16663 .1428 85717 59 32 5-) ) 2 .4733] 1.8870 .62487 .6003 1.17917 I 5 I 9 .84805 58 33 34 '?5)i9 45535 4P3> 1.8360 1.7882 .649 ti 67451 if 1.19236 1.20621 .1613 .83867 .82904 9 35 57353 .426 12 1.7434 .70020 .4*81 1.22077 .1808 .81915 55 36 .41221 1.7013 .72654 3764 1.23606 .1909 .80Q02 54 37 ,63i3t 393*3 I66l6 75355 .3270 1.25213 .2013 .79864 53 38 .61555 38433 1.6242 .78128 2799 1.26901 .211 ) .78801 S 2 39 .62932 37 J 7 1.5890 .80978 2349 1.28675 .2228 777 r 5 40 .6^79 .35721 1-5557 .83970 .1918 1.30540 2339 .76604 So 4 1 .65336 3439V 1-5242 .86929 .1504 1.32501 .21C2 7547 1 49 42 .65 9 i 3 33035 1.4944 .90040 1-34563 .2568 743*4 48 43 .63233 .31333 1.4662 93251 .0724 1.36732 .2686 73*35 47 44 .69465 30531 1-4395 96569 0355 1.39016 .2806 71934 46 45 .70711 .29289 14142 i. 1.41421 .2928 .70711 45 i Cosine. Versine. Secant. Cotan. Tang't. Cosec. Cover. Sine. * When the angle exceeds 45, read upward ; the number of degrees will then be found in the right-hand column, and the names of columns at the bottom. 9 130 MISCELLANEOUS MEMORANDA. IN RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLES. Base = t/Hyp 2 . - Perp\ = ^(Hyp. + Perp.) x (Hyp. - Perp.) Perpendicular = 4/Hyp. 2 Base-. = V(Hyp. + Base) x (Hyp. Base.) Hypothenuse = t/Base- + Perp 2 . What constitutes a car load (20,000 Ibs. weight) : 70 bbls. lime ; 70 bbls. cement ; 90 bbls. flour ; 6 cords of hard wood ; 7 cords of soft wood ; 18 to 20 head of cattle ; 9000 feet board measure of plank or joists; 17,000 feet siding; 1 3, 000 feet of flooring ; 40,000 shingles ; 340 bushels of wheat ; 360 bushels of corn ; 680 bushels of oats ; 360 bushels of Irish potatoes ; 121 cu. ft. of granite ; 133 cu. ft. sandstone ; 6000 bricks ; 6 perch rubble stone ; 10 tons of coal ; 10 tons of cast-iron pipes or special castings. Lubricator, for slushing heavy gears: 10 gallons, or 3^ pails of tallow ; 1 gallon, or J pail of Neat's foot-oil; 1 quart of black-lead. Melt the tallow, and as it cools, stir in the other ingredients. For cleaning brass : Use a mixture of one ounce of muriatic acid and one- half pint of water. Clean with a brush ; dry with a piece of linen ; and polish with fine wash leather and prepared hartshorn. Iron cement, for repairing cracks in castings : Mix \ Ib. of flour of sulphur and \ Ib. of powdered sal ammoniac with 25 Ibs. of clean dry and fine iron-borings, then moisten to a paste with water and mix thoroughly. ALLOYS. 131 Calk the cement into the joint from both sides until the crack is entirely filled. In heavy castings to be subjected to a great pressure of water, a groove may be cut along a transverse crack, on the side next the pressure, about one- quarter inch deep, with a chisel ^-inch wide, to facilitate the calking in of the cement. Alloys. The chemical equivalents of copper, tin, zinc, and lead bear to each other the following proportions, ac- cording to RanTcine : Copper. 31-5 Tin. 59- Zinc. 32.5 Lead. 103-5 When these metals are united in alloys their atomic pro- portions should be maintained in multiples of their respec- tive proportional numbers ; otherwise the mixture will lack uniformity and appear mottled in the fracture, and its irregular masses will differ in expansibility and elasticity, and tend to disintegration under the influence of heat and motion. TAB L E N o. 29. MATERIALS. COMPOSITION. By Equivalents. By Weight. Copper. 12 14 16 18 20 Copper. 4 2 3 4 Tin. Znc. 2 3 Copper. 6.401 6.966 8.542 9.610 10.678 Copper. 3-877 1.938 I 454 1.292 Tin. Zinc. I I I I Hard bronze for machinery bearings . . . Bronze or gun-metal, contracts T |^ in cooling Bronze somewhat softer Soft bronze for toothed wheels Malleable brass . Ordinary brass contracts * in cooling Yellow metal for sheathing ships Spelter solder, for brazing copper and iron.. Babbitt's metal consists of 50 parts of tin, I of copper, and 5 of antimony. 132 MISCELLANEOUS MEMORANDA. Aluminum bronze, containing ,95 to 90 parts of copper and 5 to 10 parts of aluminum, is an alloy much stronger than common bronze, and has a tenacity of about 22.6 tons per square inch, while the tenacity of common bronze, or gun-metal, is but about 16 tons. Manganese bronze is made by incorporating a small proportion of manganese with common bronze. This alloy can be cast, and also can be forged at a red-heat. A specimen cast at the Royal Gun Factory, AVoolwich, in 1876, showed an ultimate strength of 24.3 tons per square inch, an elastic limit of 14 tons, and an elongation of 8.75 per cent. The same quality forged had an ultimate resist- ance of 29 tons per square inch, an elastic limit of 12 tons, and an elongation of 31.8 per cent. A still harder forged specimen had an ultimate strength of 30.3 tons per square inch, elastic limit of 12 tons, and elongation of 20.75 per cent. The tough alloy, introduced by Mr. M. P. Parsons, will prove a desirable substitute for the common bronze in hy- draulic apparatus, where its superior strength and greater reliability will be especially valuable. APPROXIMATE BOTTOM VELOCITIES OF FLOW IN CHANNELS AT WHICH THE FOLLOWING MATERIALS BEGIN TO MOVE. 2.5 feet per second, microscopic sand and clay. .50 " " " fine sand, i .00 " " " coarse sand. 1-75 " " " pea gravel. 3 " smooth nut gravel. 4 " " " i J-inch pebbles. 5 2-inch square brick-bats. TENSILE STRENGTH OF CEMENTS, ETC. 133 T A B L E No. SO. TENSILE STRENGTH OF CEMENTS AND CEMENT MORTARS, WHEN 7 DAYS OLD, 6 OF WHICH THE CEMENTS WERE IN WATER. (Compiled from Gillmore.*) BY WEIGHT. BY VOLUME, LOOSELY MEASUR'D BY VOLUME, WELL SHAKEN. 3 .- -CTJ In | m OT !n rf Q - 3 S &1 .S.S.S ^ s u fl ID ir> O How MIXED. 1 cL^, 0) S of c^liX ro . ^"i^ c"5j ^5 l_i ^t/P" 1 c o | Sfo o (U^ N s If U 1 1 1 $ 5 -^~ f-^^> O ti d ~A-~ O O ^0 is |1 a . u ^S g 4) 73 d 5 "rt X3 OT .-3 f!s II I T3 sg 0-0 t/3 S (CJ 1 1 & "d 1 1 5 i Lbs ^ Like beton agglomere 25 j i .21 f5 377 * common mortar. . - 2 5 Cfc ^H il 2^9 k beton agglomere. ' 5 .42 5 320 common mortar. . .5 i4 M 222 i beton agglomere. 85 99 244 j common moriar. . il '* 197 ; boton agglomere. 33 r - T 3 \\ 3 179 common mo. tar. . 33 M* ifc 129 bjton agglomere. */ 1.9 I 3 8 2804.4 common mortar.. w ** to) 11038.0 beton agglomere. 6 5 59 _ ^ J *^ 66 259.5 common mortar.. 6 __ u ! tfc 35 beton agglomere. 8 6.8 7-8 39 259-5 common mortar.. __ 8 tfc 24 104.7 beton aiglomere. 8 ix.6 96 common mortar.. 8 il 4 beton agglomere. 2 - 1 2.0 ; 129 common mortar. . 2 , tt ^ 41 becoa agglomere. I i ' 5 1 ik .1 I 2 I 1.2 I 1.4 40 310.7 u u I 3 i i 1.8 ! I 2 33 116.4 it th I 4 i i 2.4 ' I 2.8 22 156.0 u - I 6 3.6 I Less than 10 Ibs. 52.4 k ' " I 8 i! ' 46.5 u u i ! 400 2846.7 common mortar.. i _ j 2579.3 beton agglomere.j ! .j _ 72 727-3 14 common mortar.. I 1 ! ~ 1 ~ " ~ 104.7 * Vide Treatise on Coignet Beton, p. 28, et scq. New York, 1871. 134 MISCELLANEOUS MEMORANDA. TABLE No. 31. STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF BOLTS, WITH HEXAGONAL HEADS AND NUTS. Diameter of bolt in inches. No. of V threads per in. of length. Breadth of head, in inches. Thickn'ss of head in inches. Breadth of nut in inches. Thickness of nut in inches. Weight of round rod per loot in pounds. Weight of head and nut in pounds. i 2O i j 1 TV 1653 .017 ft 18 I 2' TV i i 2583 033 i 16 1 I 1 7 .3720 .057 -ft 14 ft ft ft i 5063 .087 13 1 T^T .6613 .128 TV 12 1 "ft i 1 .8370 . 190 1 II I 1 I T .33 .267 i IO 4 1 I* It 1,488 -43 1 9 if i 4 2.025 73 I 8 T 4 I 4 iyV 2.645 I .10 I* 7 ij *l *l ifV 3.348 i .60 ij 7 if ij a ITF 4.133 2.14 I| 6 2-8 If 2 i tft 5.001 2-95 I-I 6 2i l| 2j i T 9 ^ 5-952 3.78 If 54 2 l 'f 2 4 i 6.985 4.70 Ij 5 2| ij 2 I li 8.10! 5.60 l| 5 2l I* 2-| IT! 9.3oo 7 .00 2 41 3 2 3 2 T V 10.58 8.75 2 i 44 3f 2 i 3f 2 A 13-39 12 .40 * 4 3i 2 4 3j 2 T V 16.53 17 .00 2j 4 4* 2j 4l 2yf 20. 01 22.30 3 34 44 3 44 3A 23.81 28.80 WEIGHTS OF LEAD AND TIN-LINED SERVICE-PIPES. 135 WEIGHTS OF LEAD AND TIN LINED SERVICE-PIPES. Calibre. AAA. Weight per ft. AA Weight per ft. A. Weight per ft. B. Weight per ft. C. Weight per ft. D. Weight per ft. D. Light. Weight per ft. E. Weight per ft. E. Light. Weight per ft. Inches. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 1 1-5 1-3 1. 12 I 1. 06 0.62 0-5 i 3 2 1-75 1.25 I 0.8l 0.7 0.56 f 3-5 2.75 2-5 2 1-75 i-5 1.25 I 0^75 I 4-5 3-5 3 2.25 2 i-75 1-5 1.25 i I 6 4-75 4 3-25 2-5 2 i-5 Ii 6 75 5-75 4-75 3-75 3 ,2.5 2 4 9 8 6.25 5 4-25 3-5 3-25 2 10.75 9 7 6 5-25 4 A manufacturer' s circular states that the following quanti- ties of water will be delivered through 500 feet of their pipes, of the respective sizes named, when the fall is ten feet : Calibre . f inch. A inch. |- inch. | inch. I inch. i]- inch. Gallons per minute. . . .348 .798 1.416 2.222 4.600 6.944 Gallons per 24 hours. . 576 1150 2040 32OO 6624 loooo A f-iilch clean service-pipe connected to a -J-inch tap under a hundred feet head, will deliver at the sink, through a common compression bib, ordinarily about three pails of water, or say 8.25 gallons, or 1.1 cu. ft. of water per minute. Lead is more generally used for service-pipes than any other material, but wrought-iron pipe, lined and coated with cement, or with a vulcanized rubber composition or sundry coal-tar compositions and enamels, have been used to a nearly equal extent within a few years past. Block- tin pipe, tin-lined pipe, and galvanized iron pipe, have been used also to a limited extent. 136 MISCELLANEOUS MEMORANDA. Lead pipes of weights as in class A are used ordinarily when the head. of water on them does not exceed 75 feet; class A A when the head is from 75 to 150 feet ; and class AAA when the head, or strain from water-ram, is great. The strain from water-ram, in service-pipes, is very nmch dependent on the character of the plumbing with which the services connect. METERS AND METER RATES, 1875. CITY. No. of Meters used. Rate per 100 CU. ft. Cents. Kind of Meters. Furnished by* Boston, Mass. Baltimore Md . . 974 220 22 \ 2O W. w Water-works. Bridgeport, Conn . . . Charlestovvn, Mass. . Chicago 111 i 1 80 10^0 26 i to 40 ~22'- m W. W. B. & F. W Water-works. Water-works. Cleveland O 18 13! to 2li- W. B. & F. W^attr- works Columbus O ....... 138 26 1 B. & F. E. Nav. Consumer Fitchburg, Mass Fall River, " Hartford Conn .... 25 4 6 ni to 3 7i 22|- , IS tO 22\ B. &F. B. &F. B. & F. D. Consumer. Consumer. \Vater-works Jersey City, N. J Louisville, Ky Meriden Conn . . . 208 119 Q 26| 20" 26 1 -to 40 W. W. B & F Water-works. Water-works. W^ater- works Manchester, N. H New York, N.Y New London, Conn.. New Haven, " .. New Bedford, Mass. . Providence, R. I 160 200 20 3 3 1358 15 to 30 12 26| 22| i'i" 22i tO 37i B. & F. N. W. N. N. B. &F. B. & F. W. B. & F W. Water-works. Consumer. Water-works. Consumer. Water-works. Consumer. Consumer Springfield, Mass. . . St. Paul, Minn San Francisco, Cal. . Waterbury, Conn. . . . Worcester, Mass 8 40 800 8 800 22} 40 to 64V 64^ to 133 26^ to 40 n^ toiSf W. & B. & F. B. & F. N. W. W. B. & F. B. &F. Water-works. Water- works. Water works. Water-works. Water-works. The initials refer to kinds of meters, as follows : W. Worthington. B. & F. Ball & Fit s. N. National Meter Co. (Gem.) E. Eagle. Nav. Navarro. D. Desper. * A common practice is, for the water-works to furnish the meter and main- tain and control it, and to charge the consumer from ten to fifteen per cent, on its original cost, annually, to cover the expense, in addition to the regular meter rate for water consumed. RESUSCITATION FROM DEATH BY DROWNING. 137 RESUSCITATION FROM DEATH BY DROWNING. "Persons may be restored from apparent death by drown- ing, if proper means are employed, sometimes when they have been under water, and are apparently dead, for fifteen or even thirty minutes. To this end 1. Treat the patent INSTANTLY, on the spot, in the open air, freely exposing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except in severe weather. 2. Send with all speed for medical aid, and for articles of clothing, blankets, etc. I. To CLEAR THE THROAT. 3. Place the patient gently on the face, with one wrist under the forehead. (All fluids, and the tongue itself, then fall forwards, and leave the entrance into the windpipe free. II. To EXCITE RESPIRATION. \ 4. Turn the patient slightly on his side, and (I.) Apply snuff, or other irritant, to the nostrils ; and (II.) Dash cold water on the face, previously rubbed briskly until it is warm. If there be no success, lose no time, but III. To IMITATE RESPIRATION. 5. Replace the patient on the face. 6. Turn the body gently but completely on the side, and a little beyond, and then on the face alternately, repeating these measures DELIBERATELY, EFFICIENTLY, and PERSE- VERINGLY, fifteen times in the minute only. (When the patient reposes on the chest, this cavity is 138 MISCELLANEOUS MEMORANDA. compressed by the weight of the body, and EXPIRATION takes place ; when it is turned on the side, this 'pressure is removed, and INSPIRATION occurs.) 7. When the prone position is resumed, make equable but efficient pressure along the spine, removing it immedi- ately before rotation on the side. (The first measure augments the EXPIRATION, and the second commences INSPIRATION.) IV. To INDUCE CIRCULATION AND WARMTH, CONTINUE THESE MEASURES. 8. Rub the limbs upwards, with FIRM PRESSURE and ENERGY, using handkerchiefs, etc. 9. Replace the patient's wet covering by such other cov- ering as can be instantly procured, each bystander supply- ing a coat or a waistcoat. Meantime, and from time to time, Y. AGAIN, TO EXCITE INSPIRATION, 10. Let the surface of the body be slapped briskly with the hand ; or 11. Let cold water be dashed briskly on the surface, previously rubbed dry and warm. Avoid all rough usage. Never hold up the body by the feet. Do not roll the body on casks. Do not rub the body with salts or spirits. Do not inject smoke or infusion of tobacco, though clysters of spirits and water may be used. The means employed should be persisted in for several hours, tiD there are signs of death. " FORMS OF PROPOSAL, SPECIFICATION, AND AGREEMENT, FOR PLAIN PIPES AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. OCCASIONAL applications come to us for blank Forms of Proposal, Specifications and Agreement, for Pipes and Special Castings. We have therefore thought it advisable to have prepared, for the benefit of such inquirers, forms that combine the principal points of the standard blanks of the water departments of the large cities. We trust that these forms, which we present, will be found to include the essential features of the best specifica- tions, in concise language and in systematic arrangement. We shall be pleased also if they prove suggestive and helpful in the gradual progress toward greater uniformity in the standards for pipes, in the different towns and cities, for this convergence toward uniformity, to be most fully beneficial to both founders and users of pipes, must be through the medium uniformity in specifications, and in designs. 139 140 FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR PIPES AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. Made by GENTLEMEN : We , of the in response to your notification that proposals will be received on the day of 18 .... for certain plain pipes and special castings, to be delivered at between the respective days 18 .... and 18 , have carefully examined your submitted schedule of quantities, dimensions and standard weights, and your specifications and form of agreement, and we do hereby propose and agree to enter into and complete an agree- ment with you in the form and manner indicated in your submitted blank, arid to accept and bind ourselves to fulfil each and every of the stipulations therein set forth, and to PROPOSAL. 141 manufacture and deliver the pipes and special castings therein enumerated, referred to and described, and to accept in full payment therefor the following prices, which are to be inserted in the price blanks of said agreement, to wit : for all pipes and castings in Per ton of LOJO Ibs. Size. Weight per Pipe. $ " u $ " " $ " $ " $ " " $ " " $ " " $ " " $ u u $ Special Casting*. it Cf Cj . ^p " " $ (C CC <& And we do hereby agree to complete said agreement with you, in said form, within five days after due notice that our proposal is accepted, and we do agree to com- mence the said manufacture of said pipes and special castings, and to complete the same, and their delivery, ac- cording to the provisions of said agreement; provided our proposal shall be accepted. 142 FORMS OF We do herelby declare that, if the agreement shall be executed as herein proposed, no person other than our- selves, as contracting party, shall have interest in the contract without your approval, and no other party shall have illegitimate or fraudulent interest in, or receive any perquisites or commissions in consequence of, or growing out of said contract. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals this day of. A.D. 18 [SEAL.] Signed and sealed in presence of SPECIFICATION AND AGREEMENT. 143 CONTRACT AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FURNISHING PLAIN PIPES AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. [Executed in Duplicate.'] THIS AGREEMENT, made and concluded this day of A.D. 18 by and between the of in the County of and State of by its duly authorized Board of of the first part, and of the City of Founders, of the second part ; WITNESSETH, That the said party of the second part in consideration of the payments, hereinafter mentioned, to be made to them by the said party of the first part, do for. and for assigns, covenant, promise and agree to and with said party of the first part, that the said party of the second part, shall and will at their own proper cost, manufacture according to the best art and ability of their trade, and according to the true intent and meaning of the specifica- tion herein contained, and deliver at in the of in the State of all the plain pipes and special castings enumerated in the schedule 144 FORMS OF herein contained, and does further agree that the said pipes and special castings shall conform fully and strictly with the drawings herein named, prepared to illus- trate them, and with such additional detail drawings as shall be presented to further illustrate them, and with the directions to be given explanatory thereof, and be subject to the approval of the Chief Engineer of the said Board of and does further agree that said Board of. shall be and are hereby authorized to appoint such competent person as they shall deem proper to inspect and test said pipes and special cast- ings, and that they will grant to said engineer and to said inspector at all times during the manufacture of said pipes and castings such facilities, assistance, and test samples as shall be required for full and complete inspections and tests of materials, and to enable him or them to see that said pipes and special castings and their materials and processes correspond fully with the specification herein contained, forming a part of this agreement, and with said drawings and schedules, to wit : PLAIN PIPES. . Nominal Internal Diameter. Total Lineal Feet. Thickness of Shell. Depth of Hub. Standard Weight ,12 feet per Pipe. Approximate Total Gross Weight. Inches. Feet. Inches, decimal. Inches. Pounds. Tons, 0/2000 Pounds. t SPECIFICATION AND AGREEMENT. 145 SPECIFICATION. Lengths and Forms of Plain Pipes. The plain pipes, of the several diameters named, are to be at least twelve feet in length from the bottom of the hub to the end of the spigot, straight, truly cylindrical, uniform in thickness of shell as herein specified for their respective classes, from hub to spigot, and with interior and exterior surfaces concentric. Special Castings Defined. All pipe castings ordered to differ in length from the above specified length of plain pipes, or having additional projections, bends, or variations in diameters of shells from end to end, and all flanged castings, sleeves, caps, and plugs are termed special castings. Strengths of Specials. The special pipes, of the respective diameters and classes, are to conform in safe tensile resistance to pressure, with the plain pipes they are to join, being duly thickened at flattened parts, reverse curves, and at longitudinal sides of openings, and their thicknesses are to conform with the thicknesses of p]ain pipes of like respective classes as nearly as is consistent with their safe strengths. Dimensions. All plain and special castings are to conform accurately to the forms and dimensions figured upon the general and detail drawings above enumerated and referred to, and to the instructions of said engineer, explanatory thereof. Changes in Specials. The said engineer shall have power to change from time to time, as the exigencies of his work shall require, the forms and dimensions, and pro- portionally the standard weights of the special castings ; 10 146 FORMS OF provided that when the cost of manufacture shall be in- creased by such change, said additional cost shall be certi- fied to by said engineer, and allowed by the said party of the first part. Metals. The metals of the said castings shall be poured from remelted pigs of good gray iron, such as shall give uniform granulation, and produce tough castings of the most durable character, without undue brittleness, such as may be cut, drilled, and chipped with due ease, and having a tensile strength of not less than 16,000 pounds per square inch. Character of Castings. All plain pipes shall be cast in dry sand moulds or flasks placed vertically. All cast- ings shall be sound and smooth, without cold-shuts, swells, lumps, scabs, blisters or sand holes, or other imperfections, and shall be without admixture of cinder, scoriae or sand. Cleaning: and Protection. All castings shall be thoroughly cleaned and prepared to receive their coatings without the use of acid or other liquid, and shall be pro- tected from rain and excessive moisture until they are coated. Joints. The hub and spigots shall be smooth, and shall conform with sufficiently nice accuracy to the speci- fied and figured dimensions, so that the spigots shall enter easily their full depths into the hubs without a surplus of joint room. Lugs. Lugs, of the forms and dimensions delineated, and in sucli numbers a3 said engineer shall direct, are to be cast on the ends of those branches, bends, and reducers indicated to receive them in the above schedules. SPECIFICATION AND AGREEMENT. 147 ' Limits of Variations. No payment shall be made for more than five per cent, excess of weight above the specified standards, for pipes less than twelve inch, or more than four per cent, excess of weight above the specified standards for pipes twelve or more inches diameter. No variation of thickness of the shell over one-eighth of an inch for pipe under twelve inches, and three-six- teenths above that size, will be permitted. Marks. Each pipe casting shall have raised upon it the name or initials of its maker, and, if required, figures indicating the year in which it is cast, its class letter, and its arithmetical number in its respective class and of its respective diameter. The letters and figures shall b3 cast upon the outside, uniformly in such relative positions as said engineer or inspector shall designate. The letters and figures shall have not less than one and one-half inches length or one- eighth inch relief. Test Samples. The founders shall at any time when pouring the metal of the said castings, upon his request, supply the said inspector with test samples of the metal from the ladle, in such mould as he shall present, which sanrples, if to bo removed, shall bo weighed and paid for at the lowest special casting rate. Inspection before Coating. The said inspector shall be duly notified by said party of the second part, when the process preparatory to the immediate coating of any of the castings is to commence, and each and every of the said castings shall be subject to the examination and approval of said inspector before the process of coating shall be commenced. 148 FORMS OF Each and every casting snail be free from surface defects and from rust, when placed in the bath. Coating Materials. The materials of the coal-pitcli varnish, to be used in coating the said castings, shall con- sist of a good and suitable coal-pitch, of about the con- sistency of tar, deodorized, and freed from its naphtha and volatile constituents, and an approved lixed oil derived from coal-pitch, or linseed oil, in such proportions as shall make a firm and tenacious coating. Coatings. The materials, qualities, and proportions of the said coal-pitch varnish, the temperature of the bath at times of immersion and withdrawal of said castings, and the temperature of each of the said castings at time of immersion shall be subject to the approval of said inspector. After removal from the bath the said castings shall be so dripped as to leave a coating of uniform thickness, without retained puddles or pendant drops of varnish. The said varnish coating, when cool, shall be smooth, tough, without undue brittleness, tenaciously attached to the castings, and not liable to abrasion with ordinary hand- ling. The said varnish materials in the bath shall be replenished and renewed in due proportions, as often as shall be necessary to produce on each casting a coating such as is above specified. Imperfect Coatings. An imperfect and unapproved coating shall not be covered, and shall not be replaced until it has been so fully removed that a new coating shall attach itself tenaciously to the pipe. Weights. The weights of pipes, on which payments are based, shall be made after the pipes are coated. Weighing and Testing. The said party of the second part shall provide at their own cost in their foundry -yard, SPECIFICATION AND AGREEMENT. 149 an accurate sealed weighing scale, and shall weigh said castings in the presence of, and under the direction of said inspector, and shall plainly mark the weight of each cast- ing upon it with white lead and oil paint ; and they shall also provide in their foundry-yard a hydraulic proof-press with accurate attached pressure gauge, and shall test each straight pipe in the presence of and under the direction of said inspector, under a hydraulic pressure of 300 pounds per square inch ; or in the case of large castings such given less pressure as said engineer shall designate ; and* they shall also give said inspector full opportunity and facility to test each straight pipe while under full proof pressure, by hammer test; and they shall also provide without charge such assistance and facilities as said inspector shall require for the testing of the said castings by templets, gauges, and calipers. Unapproved Castings. No casting rejected by said inspector at the foundry shall be forwarded ; but the right of appeal, by said party of the second part, to said engineer shall exist, and any rejected casting when made satisfactory to said engineer, and approved by him, may be forwarded. The standard ton, in all transactions under this agree- ment, shall equal 2000 pounds " avoirdupois." Delivery. The delivery, by the said party of the second part to the said party of the first part, of the pipes and special castings herein contracted for, at said in the shall commence on or before the : , . . I day of. A.D. 18 and shall be continued with regularity in about equal monthly quantities ; until the entire quantity and respective kinds herein described and referred to shall have been delivered, and the entire quantity shall have been delivered on the -day of 150 FORMS OF .A.D. 18 or within days next previous to said day of Order of Delivery. The pipes and special castings herein contracted for shall be cast, completed, and delivered in the order that said chief engineer shall designate in a written memorandum of instructions. Contract Untransferable. The said party of the second part shall not sublet, assign or transfer this contract, or any considerable part thereof, to any other person or persons, without the consent of the said Board of endorsed hereon. Increase or Decrease of Quantities. The said Board of reserve the right, and they hereby are confirmed in the right to increase or diminish the total number of pipes or castings named in the schedules herein inserted, or of any individual class of said pipes or castings not exceeding twenty per cent., without vitiating or changing in effect any other provision of this contract. Provided however, that any reduction or increase in any class of plain pipes or special castings desired by the said Board of shall be signified in writing to the said party of the second part, before the manufacture of the pipes or castings of said class, to be delivered, is finished. Prices. In consideration of the faithful manufacture and delivery of these said pipes and special castings herein referred to, described, and enumerated, and in consideration of the true and faithful performance and fulfillment of each and ev^ery of the provisions of this agreement and specifi- cation, the said party of the first part hereby agree to pay to the said party of the second part in good and lawful money of the United States, and the said party of the SPECIFICATION AND AGREEMENT. 151 second part agrees to receive as full compensation for all said pipes and special castings as follows : Per 2240 H,s. Pipes. Sizes. $ tranches, Reducers, Caps and Plugs. Bends and Angle Pieces. Payments. And it is hereby further agreed that the said engineer shall, on or before the tenth day of each month, during the delivery of said pipes and castings, make an estimate of the value, according to the prices stated herein, of the pipes and castings delivered and accepted, and that ninety per cent, of the amount of said estimate shall be due, and payable as a partial payment, within five days thereafter by the said party of the first part to the said party of the second part ; and also that within twenty days after the full completion of this contract by the said party of the second part, the said engineer shall make a final and complete estimate of all the pipes and castings delivered and accepted under this agreement, and the balance remaining due shall be paid by the said party of the first part to the said party of the second part. Annulment of Contract. And it is hereby further agreed that if the said party of the second part shall fail to deliver the said pipes and castings in conformity with the provision of this agreement and specification, or shall not deliver them in the full proportional monthly quantities above specified; and after due notification and remonstrance, in writing, from said engineer shall still fail to conform with the provisions of this agreement and specification, then the said Board of as agents of the said party of the first part, may, at their discretion, by due 152 FORMS OF notice served on the said party of the second part, at once suspend the execution of this agreement, and annul the same ; and may proceed at once to contract with any other party for the whole or any part or parts of pipes or castings herein enumerated, and remaining undelivered ; and such suspension and annulment of this agreement by the said Board of shall not vitiate or affect the right of said party of the first part to recoter any damage arising from the failure of the said party of the second part to fulfill this agree- ment. In witness whereof, the said party of the first part by its duly authorized agents, the Board of , . and the said party of the second part, have hereunto set their signatures on this, the day and year first above written. Board of Contractor Signed in the presence of UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY