University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California EGG STATISTICS REIuATING TO THE SOUTHERN COUNTIES OF CALIFORNIA by Edwin C. Voorhies and John B, Schneider April, 1934 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No, 33 Digitized by tlie Internet Archive in 2014 littps://arcliive.org/details/eggstatisticsrel33voor eCtG statistics PvElating to the SOUTIMvN COimTIES OF CALIFOicNIA 1 P Edwin C, Voorhies and Jol-rn B, Schneider In response to the repeated requests of poultrymen in the southern section of California, compilations of important economic information relating specifical- ly to that region, ha.ve been herein compiled, Tlie larger part of the mExterial has not been compiled nor disseminated heretofore. The source of the tabular material has been given fully in order that poultrymeji and others interested can add to the data given. Considerable confusion exists in the minds of egg producers and others relative to the standards set up for eggs. In this publication various price series are given for eggs of different standards. The specifications for the different standards are given in the folloi/iiing sections I, II, and III. I SPECIFICATIONS FOR OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STiiNDARDS FOR INDIYIDU/iL EGGS Standards are provided for four qualities of clean sound shell edible eggs, namely, U. S. Special, U, S. Extra, U. S. Standard, and U, S. Trade. Specif ications for U. S. Specia3_, — The shell must be clean, sound, and normal. The air cell must not exceed l/S inch in depth and must be regular. The yolk must be v.^ell centered, its outline indistinct, and it must be free from visible germ development and other defects or blemishes. The v^rhite must be firm and clear. Specifica tion s for TJ, S, B^xtra,-- The shell must be clean, sound, and normal. The air cell must not exceed 2/8 inch in depth and must be regular except in the retail grade of U. S. Extra, when the air cell may be slightly tremulous. The yolk must be fairly v/ell centered and its outline may be moderate- ly defined. It may be slightly mobile but must be free from visible germ_ devel- opm.ent and practically free from other defects or blemishes. The ivhite must be firm and clear. Specif ic ations for U. S , Standard,-- The shell must be clean and sound but may be slightly abnormal. The air cell must not exceed s/S inch in depth and may show movement not in excess of l/2 inch. The yolk outline may be well defined. The yolk may be mobile and may show slightly visible germ development and other definite but not serious defects. The white must be reason:-bly firm and be clear . Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Economist in the Experiment Station, and Agricultural Economist on the Giannini Foundation, ^ Associate in the Experiment Station and on the Giannini Foundation, 2. S pec i fj-cat ions for U , S, Trade. — The shell must bo clean and sound but may bo abnormal. The air cell may bo over 3/8 inch in depth, may show move- ment in excess of l/2 inch, and may bo bubbly or free. The yolk may be plainly visible. It may be freely mobile and oast a dark shadow. It may show clearly visible germ development but no blood. It m.ay 3hov>; other serious defects. The virhito may be weak and watery. Standards for Eggs vvith Dirty Sound Shells Standards are provided for three qualities of dirty sound shell eggs,' namely, U, S, Extra Dirty, U. S, Standard Dirty, and U, S, Trade Dirty, The specifications for dirty shell eggs of each of these three qualities are the same as for tho corresponding quality of clean shell eggs except that the sl^ell may bo only slightly stained or slightly dirty in tho U, S. Extra Dirty and it may be stained or dirty in the U, S, Standard Dirty and tho U, S, Trade Dirty, Standards for Eggs xvith Chocked or Cracked Shells One standard is provided for eggs with checked or cracked shells,, namely, U, S, Check, Tho specification for eggs of this quality shall bo tho same as for clean sound shell eggs of the quality of IJ, S. Trade or bettor except that tho shell may be chocked or cracked but not leaking, and it may be clean, stained, or dirty. The above data are taken from U. S, Dept. Agr. Official TJiiitcd States standards for individual eggs, U. S, Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ, Report. February, 1934. Th.o weights suggested for use in connection Y/ith U, S, Grades arc: Large Extras — Average 24 oz. minimum 22 oz, per dozen Medium Extras Average 20-g- oz, -•- minijiium 19 oz, per dozen Small Extras — Average 17 oz, -- minim.TJua 15 oz, per dozen II TEE AGRICULTUTL'.L CODE (CALIFOI^IA) Tho following is taken from Calif, State Dopt, Agr. Agricultural code. Calif.- State Printing Office, Sacromonto, 1933, "ChuJ'TER 8, EGGS .MI) EGG PRODUCTS , Article 1. Standards 1101. It is unlawful to soli for human consumption any eggs unfit for human food as determined by candling, .'ny egg is unfit for human food if it is addled or moldy; if it contains black spot, black rot, white rot or blood; if it has an adher- ent yolk or a bloody or green ivhite (albu]Ti,en) ; or if it is filthy, decomposed or putrid. If'' ■r J ■J 3. "1102. is u3od in this article \vith rolr.tion to oggs: (a) 'V.ddJod" or 'Vhito rot" moans putrid or rotten. (b) "Iiloldy" mocms inold has dovolopod insido tho shell. (c) "Black spot" moans molds or bacteria have developed in isolated areas inside the shell, (d) "Black rot" moans deteriorated to such an extent that tho 7/holo interior presents a blackonod appearance. (0) "Blood" moans gorm dovolopmont has takon place to tho point that blood veins have formed or blood is diffused through the v;hitc, (f ) "Adherent yolk" moans the yolk hiis become fastened to the shell, (^) "Retailor" means any person who soils eggs to a consumer, (h) "Consuncr" moans any person purchasing oggs for his Qvm. family uso or consumption, (1) "Manufacturer" means any restaurant, hotel, boarding house, bakery, or other institution purchasing oggs for serving to guests, or patrons, or for uso in tho manufacture or propa- rrrbion of o,ny product intended for human consumption, (j) "Sggs " moans oggs in the shell, except as otherwise defined in this article, (k) "Candling" moans tho practice of examining tho interior of an egg by tho use of transmitted light, "1103, It is unlc^.^ful to soil to a consumer any oggs in- tended for human consumption, other than thoso of tho seller's ovm production sold ivithout solicitation by him and upon tho promises on \rfiich produced, without giving notice by suitable sign or label, to tho person purchasing or intending to purchase tho same, of tho quality and weight of such oggs according to the standards proscribed in this article, V'/hon so labeled, no other laboling or marking is roquirod, "1104, Every person soiling to a retailor or nr.nuf acturor oggs other than thoso of his ovjn production shall furnish an in- voice or candling certificate showing the exact quality and v/oight specifications of such eg[vs according to tho standard proscribod by this article, A copy of such invoice or candling certificate shall bo kept on file by tho sollor and by tho purchaser at thoir respective places of business for thirty days and shall be cvvailablc for inspection at all reasonable times by the Depart- ment of Public Health. Ho retailer or manufacturer shall bo prosecuted under the provisions of this article if ho can show a proper invoice or candling certificate from tho person from v/hom the oggs arc purchased, if said eggs have boon labeled by the retailor for resale in accordance with tho purchase invoice or candling certificate thorefor. No retailor or manufacturer is oxoiLpt from prosecution who may ha.vo kopt oggs, covered by an invoice or candling certificate, for such a time after purchase or under such conditions as to cause said eg;Ts to deteriorate into a lovror grade. A "1105, Quality specifications are: (a) Specials: Ep_;gG uniform, in sise; reasonably clean and sound; air cell locali.'^^ed and not over three -sixteenths of an inch in depth; clear f irra ivhitecT ; no visible germ development; iriay contain not more than two eggs per dozen of the grade of "extras . " (b) Extras: Eggs uniform in size; reasonablj^ clean ard sound; air cell not over one-fourth inch in depth; clear firm v/hites; no visible germ development; may contain not more than tv/o eggs per dozen of tho grade of "standards," (c) StJin.dards : Eggs uniform in size; reaso2?ably clean and sound; air cell not over three-eighths inch in depth. The germ development may bo slightly visible. (d) Trades: Shall apply to all edible eggs falling belov/ the quality specifications for standards, [iliaended, chapter 423, aporovcd May 16, 1933.] "1106. Weight spocif ications are: (a) Large eggs shall ivoigh not loss than 1 5/6 ounces each and shall average not ].gsg than 2d-h ounces per dozen. (b) Medium oggs shall weigh :iot less than 1 7/l2 ounces each and shall avei'ago not less tlian 20 ounces per dozen, (c) Small oggs shall weigh not less than 1:1" ounces each and shall avc3rage not less than 16 ounces per dozen. (d) Peowoo eggs shall, include all oggs weighing less than Ix ounces each, "1107. The terms "eggs," "ranch oggs," "farm eggs," or any terms similar thereto, •./hen not otherwise modified, and when used on a sign or label mean eggs of the quality and size herein defined as "largo extras" or better, and said eggs need not be otherv/ise marked as to quality or size. If eggs of a lo\/cr quality grade or of smaller size are offered for sale, the consumer must be notified by a suitable sign or label of the correct quality/ and size. Dirty oggs must be sold as such and the buyer must also be informed of the correct quality and isreight or size. Chocked or broken eggs must be sold as such and tho buyer m.ust be inform.ed of tho correct v/oight. No eggs below the quality of "standards" shall bo sold to a consumer, except as provided in section 1103, "1108, The violation of any provision of this article is a :middom.oaner and punishable by a fine of not less than ton dollars nor m.oro than fifty dollars; for the second offonso a fine of not less than ton dollars nor more than one hundred dollars; for the third and any subsequent offenses a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars. All fines riiall bo paid to tho county treasurer of tho proper county, v/ho shall remit one-half thereof to the Dopart- m.ent of Public Health for payment into tho State treasury to tho credit of the general fund. T 4 < 2 i i 5. "Article 2. Storage Eggs j^Sections 1121 to 1124, inclusive, repealed by Chanter 330, ap oroved May 15, 1933 .J "Article 3. Cold Storage Eggs [sections 1131 to 1133, inclusive, repealed by chapter 380, a :^ proved May 15, 1933 7) 1134. It is unlaivful to sell cold storage eggs as fresh eggs or to represent the same tc bo fresh eggs. "ilrticle 4. Egg Products 1141. As used in this article "egg produc':s" means "liquid eggs," "frozen eggs," "dried eggs" or otlier egg oroducts intended for human consumption. 1142.. Eg?: products shall be prepared only from eg'-^-s that are fit for human food, under sanitary conditions that meet the ap oroval of all State rules and regulations prescribed under authority of !:,he California pure food act, approved March 11, 1907, and the food sanitation act, approved March 6, 1909. Egg products prepared outside of the State but within the United States, must bear a certificate of an authorized representative of any Federal or State department that is authorized to inspect food products, which certificate shall state that the egg oroducts have been prepared from eggs fit for hum.an food and in accordance with the sanitary laws of the State or Territory of origin. 1143. No person shall sell for human consumption in the State any egg products imported into the State from without the United States until they have been inspected by the Department of Public Health and are found to be fit for human consumption and a perm.it authorizing such sale has been issued. The Depart- m.ent of Public Health shall cause an inspection of all such egg products to be made, and if the same are found to be in fit condition for human consumotion, it shall issue to the importer or consignee a permit authorizing the sale thereof for such ■Durpose, together with certificates of inspection equal in number to the number of containers in which said egsi" products are packed. Such certificates of inspection shall be in such form as the Department of Public Health deems ao -.ropriate and shall have printed upon a white background in plain black letters, not less than one inch high, "frozen eggs (or, as the case may be, liquid egp-s, dried eggs or egg products) imoorted into the State of Calif ornis from without the United States, inspected (insert- ing the date) by California Department of Public Health." Such, certificates shall be printed upon gumm.ed, adhesive labels, and the importer or consignee shall affix or cause to be affixed one such certificate to each of such containers in such manner that the inspection certificate shall be plainly visible to the buyer, zlll such egg products imoorted into the State from i,vithout the United States shall be sold only from the 'Original containers. No certificate of inspection shall be removed from t i •i 1 i 6. the container or defaced, and no container upon which such inspection certificate has been affixed shall bo uned cs a receptacle for any egg products irAportod into the Gtate fron without the United States which have not been so inspected and pronounced fit foT human consumption. The importer or consignee shall pay for such inspection an inspection foe to be fixed by the Dcpartnont of Public Health for each certificate of . inspection, "1144, All importers and wholesale distributors of egg products imported into the State from ivithout the United States, when so requested shall furnish the Departmei)t of Public Health a record of the manufacturers to whom such products are sold, "1145, The container in v/hich egg products imported into the State from v;ithout the United States are sold in the State shall have the words "frozen eggs (or liquid eggs, dried eggs, or egg products, as the case may be) imported from without the United States" displayed on said case or container in letters not less than two inches high and said container shall bear the name of the manufacturer by v;hom the product v;as prepared or manufactured and the country in which the product was pre- pared or manufactured. All retailors of egg products imported into the State from without the United States shall soil the same from the container in which the retailors received such products and shall inform each purchaser of the origin of said eggs or egg products. All restaurants, hotels, cafes, bakeries and conf octienarics using or serving egg products imported from without the United States must place a F.ign in letters not loss than four inches high in some conspicuous place in their places of business so that tho customer entering their places of business can see it, r/hich sign shall road "fro?,en eggs (or driod eggs, or liquid eggs, or egg products, as the case may be) imported from v/ithout the United States used hero," ..'i.11 food products containing egg products imported from without the United States shall have stamped on the outside of each individual package or container thereof in plain view, in letters not less than one-quarter inch in size a statement to the effect that frozen eggs (or liquid eggs, or dried eggs, or other egg products, as the case may bo) imported from without the United States have been used in the manufacture of the Every person selling food products, in the manufacture of which are used egg products imported from without the Uiiited States, whore such food products are not packed in individual packages or containers, and marked as provided herein, shall display, in a conspicuous place in the place of business v/horo such food products are sold so that a customer entering such place of business can see it, a sign in letters not less than four inches in haight to tho effect that frozen eggs (or liquid eggs, or dried eggs, or other egg products, as the case may be) are used in the manufacture of food products sold therein. product , 7, "1146, Tho violation of o.ny pro-vision of this article, or any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto by the Department of Public Health is punishable for tho first offense by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and for the second offense by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars or by imprisonment for not more than ninety days, or both. iiTticle 5, Enforcement, "1147. Tho Department of Public Health shall enforce tho provisions of this chapter and shall make all necessary rules and regulations thorofor." Ill iilffiHDED EGG GRIDES .'xND RULES PRODUCE E'XCIL'JiGE OF LOS /JJGELES RULE 14 GRiJ)ES FOR C/illDIiiD FRESH EGGS Largo Clean Extra s. — Clean extras shall be of current production and of tho natural producers run; color shall bo ccn-micrcially v;hito' shall contain no dirty eggs J size reasonably uniform. Throughout tho year they shall weigh 22 ounces and over and shall average 23-g- ounces per dozen; may contain not to exceed 15% cleaned eggs in any ono delivery. Quality shall not be less than 50% U. S. Specials, balance U, S. Extras or bettor. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average cf 6 chocked eggs per case in any one delivery, nor 12 slightly soiled eggs in any single case. Light Dirty Extras . — Light Dirty Extras shall be of current production; color shall be commercially v/hite; size roasonaQ.y uniform. Throughout tho year they shall weigh 22 ounces and over and shall average 25^ ounces per dozen. Quality shall bo U. S, Extras or better. Toloranco for this grade shall not exceed an average of 6 checked eggs per case in any one delivery. Clean Standards . — Clean Standards shall bo of current production; color may bo mixed; shall contain no dii-ty egrs; size reasonably uniform. Throughout the year they shall v/eigh 22 ounces and over and shall average 23 ounces per dozeji; may contain not to exceed 15% cleaned eggs in any one delivery. Quality shall be 100^ U» S. Standards or bettor. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average of 6 checked eggs and one light bleed spot egg per case in any one delivery, nor 12 slightly soiled eggs in any single case. Light D irty Standards . — Light Dirty Standards shall bo of current produc- tion; color my be mixed and consist of light dirty oggs; size rcasonablj^ uniform. Tliroughout the year thoy shall vroigh 22 o\mces and over and shall average 23 ounces per dozen. Quality shall be 100^ U. S. Standards or better. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average cf 6 checked oggs and 1 light blood spot egg per case in any ono delivery. T I 1 n r J r 8. Checks.-- Checks shell bo cgr.s of curront production; color my bo mixed; sizo ror.sonc'bly uniform; my contain slightly dirty eggs. Throughout the year they shall v;oigh 22 ounces and ovor and shall avurcgo 23 ounces per dozen. Quality shall bo 60% Extras or bettor, the balance U, S, Standards or better. This grade to consist of Pin Chocks, Blind Checks, Dented Shells- where mernbrano ha.s not boon broken. No leakers allowed. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average of 1 light blood spot egg per case in any one delivery, Modiujii Clean Extra s. — Cloan Extras shall be of current production and cf the natural producers run; color shall bo commercially "'./hito; shall contain no dirty oggs; size reasonably uniform. Throughout tho yoar they shall vroigh 19 ounces and over and shall average 20 oimcos per dozen; nay contain not to exceed 15% cleaned eggs in cny one delivery. Quality shall bo not loss than 50% U, S, Specials and balance U, S, Extras or better. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceod an average of 6 chocked oggs per case in any one delivery, nor 12 slightly soiled oggs in any single caso. Light Dirty Extras , — Light Dirty Extras shall bo of curront production; color shall be commercially white; sizo reasonably uniform. Throughout the year they shall weigh 19 ounces and over and shall average 20 ounces per dozen. Quality shall be U, S, Extras or better. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average of 6 chec]:ed eggs per case in any one delivery, C 1 e an Stand ar d s . — Clean Standards shall be of current production; color may be mixed; shall contain no dirty eggs; size reasonably uniform. Throughout the year they shall v;eigh 19 ounces and over and shall average 20 ounces per dozen; may contain not to exceed 15%o cleaned eggs in any one delivery. Quality shall be 100^ U, S, Standards or better. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average of 6 checked eggs and 1 light blood spot egg per case in any one delivery, nor 12 slightly soiled eggs in any single case. Light Dirty Standards , — Light Dirty Standards shall be of current production; color may be mAxed and consist of light dirty eggs; size reasonably uniform. Throughout the year they shall weigh 19 ounces and over and shall average 20 ounces per dozen. Quality shall bo lOO/'o U, S, Standards or better. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average of 6 checked eggs and 1 light blood spot egg per case in any one delivery. C hecks ,-'- Checks shall be eggs of current production; color may be mixed; size reasonably uniform; msty contain slightly dirty oggs. Throughout tho year they shall weigh 19 ounces and over and shallavoragc 20 ounces per dozen. Quality shall bo 60?o U, S, Extras or better, the balance U. S. Standards or better. This grade to consist of Pin Checks, Blind Chocks, Dented Shells viThoro membrane has not boon broken. No leakers allov/cd. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average of 1 light blood spot egg per case in any ono delivery. Small Clean Extras , — Clean Extras shall be eggs of current production; color shall bo commercially ivhite; shall contain no dirty oggs; sizo reasonably uniform. Throughout the year they shall vroigh 15 ounces and over and shall average 16 ounces per dozen; my contain not to cxcood 15?^ cleaned oggs in any ono delivery. Quality shall bo not loss than 50%= U. S, Specials and balance 9, U, S. Extras or "better « Toloranco for this grado shall not oxcood an avorago of 6 chockod og^s per caso in any dno dolivory, nor 12 slightly soiled eggs in any single caso. Light Dirty Extras .-- Light Dirty Extras shall be of current production; color shall be commeroially white; size reasonably uniform. Throughout the year they shall weigh 15 ounces and over and shall average 16 ounces per dozen. Quality shall be U, S, Extras or better. Tolerance for this grade shall not exceed an average of 6 checked eggs per case in any one delivery, NOTE 1, -~ Thirty dozen eggs constitute a case. NOTE 2, Tb.e terms Specials, Extras and Standards as used in the grades of this Exchange shall be deemed to be in conformity with definition established by California State Egg Law as applying to individual eggs, CASE COUNT Case Count eggs shall be reasona>ly clean and of good average size, may be of mixed color, and shall have a minimum v/eight of 43 pounds net to the case; may contain not to exceed 15% of medium eggs. Quality shall be 80% U, S, Standards or better; the balance, excepting tolerance, shall be U. S, Trades or better. Each case of 30 dozen eggs mo.y contain as tolerance not to exceed one dozen checked eg:;:s and a total loss of one half dozen. The container for Case Count eggs may be new or used cases, but must be soiJind and reasonably clean; may be branded. Fillers and flats shall be sound and reasonably clean. Containers not meeting specifications may be charged back to seller at 10/ per case. W Prior to February 16, 1931 wholesale quotations on the Los Angeles Wholesale Produce Exchange consisted for a long- per iod of (1) "Extras," (2) "Pullets" or "Mediums," (3) "Smalls," (4) "Firsts." These quotations are listed in tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. 10. T/^LE 1 Y'Jholcsalo Produce Exchange Quotations on "Frosh Sxbra" Eggs, Los ^.ngclos, 1920 - Fob, 14, 1931 (Cents per dozen) Year J Jan 0 Fob, Mar , Apr , May June July Aug, 1 Sept. Oct. Nov, Doc. Av . * 1920 56,5 44,0 39,2 40,3 43,8 45,0 51,3 56e3 66,3 76.5 80.6 73.0 56.1 1921 59.3 36,5 31.2 27,3 25,5 29.0 34.8 40 0 9 47,5 61.8 62.8 55,3 42.7 1922 42.0 28.0 26,1 27.0 26.8 28,8 30,5 32,6 42.8 57.2 60.3 55,8 38 ,2 1923 41,1 28,0 26.8 29.3 30.3 30.6 30,6 37,6 48.0 56.8 56.3 49,0 38.7 1924 40.0 27,5 25,9 27.2 27,8 33 ,1 34,4 37,8 45.3 54.8 56.0 48,8 38.2 1925 53.3 34.8 31.4 31.1 33.1 36,0 39.9 43,2 46.7 53,6 52.3 45,1 41.7 1926 32,4 28,4 27.5 29.3 30,2 32,6 34,2 39,2 44,3 50,8 55,0 47.8 37.6 1927 32,5 25,0 23.4 23.4 23.3 25,4 26,5 33,6 40.1 46,0 47.6 40.5 32.3 1928 33.1 24,7 35.0 25.4 25.5 27,2 31.1 36,5 42,8 48.3 50,5 43.3 35.3 1929 37,8 27,9 27,8 29,6 32,6 34.3 37.4 41,6 47.3 50,1 48,7 43.3 38,2 1930 3 6,7 26,3 26.0 25.9 25,8 24,4 27,5 30,2 36.1 38,3 34.5 26.2 29.8 1931 23.7 17,01 * Uhv/oighted aver ago, i' Average for first half of month. The last quotation for this grade was on February 14, 1931. Source of data: Computations by authors based upon the daily net quotations of eggs as published in Daily Market Reports on Butter, Choose, Eggs, and Dressed Poultry issued by the San Francisco office of the U, S, Bur, Agr, Econ. Reports vigtg not issued from Los Angojes prior to 1931. TABLE 2 11. "V^/holGsale; Produce ExchangQ Quotations on "Pullet" or "Medium" Eggs, Los i^geles, 1920— Fob, 14, 1931 (Cents per dozen) — — — . Year Jan, — . — — , Feb, f&r . 1 — ■ June A 1 ] . o * Spnt w O O 0 0f»t 1 ii V ♦ ^ 1920 51.0 41.5 34.8 36.8 39,3 39.0 45.3 48,2 57.0 63,3 70.4 67.5 49.5 1921 5S,0 34.5 28.0 24.0 20,6 26.1 29.3 35.2 36,3 44.0 48,8 50,3 36.1 1922 38.8 24.9 22.5 24.3 ■ 22.2 25.4 30,8 25,9 31.8 41,2 46.3 47.5 31.8 1923 37.8 25.0 24.0 25.1 26.1 26.8 26.5 32.4 36.8 42,4 43,8 43.8 32,5 1924 36,2 25.1 22.5 24.5 22,8 28,3 29,6 33.5 35.5 42.4 44,0 44,2 32,4 1925 51.3 33.0 27.8 27.6 30,1 32,0 33.1 34.6 36.5 39.3 42,7 38.2 35.5 1926 28,1 25,7 22,6 25.8 25.7 27.5 27,7 29,3 34.7 39.0. 43.5 43.0 31,1 1927 30.2 22.7 20.1 20,5 18.3 20.3 21,5 26,9 30.6 35.9 39.3 35,4 26,8 1928 31.3 21,8 22.0 22.4 22.4 25,0 29,0 31,8 34,9 38.7 41.5 39.6 30.0 1929 36,0 25.9 24,5 26.4 29,6 31.6 32,6 35,0 39.2 41.8 42.5 40.0 33,8 1930 35,0 23.8 22.9 22.7 22,8 21,2 21,4 23,8 28,6 28.8 26.1 26,2 25,3 1931 19.7 14. 5t i * Unweighted average, ' ^iVerago for first half of month. The last quotation for this grade -was on February 14, 1931, Source of data; Computations by authors based upon the daily net quotations of eggs as published in Daily Market Reports on Butter, Che e s e , ' Egg s , and Dressed Poultry issued by the San Francisco office of the U, S. Bur, Agr, Econ, Ife ports were not issued from Los i'lngoles prior to 1931, TABLE 3 TJliolesalo Produce Exchange Quotations on "Small" Eggs, Los Angelos, July, 1926- Pbb. 14, 1931 (Cents per dozen) Year Jan. Fob, IkxY , Apr , ivky June July Aug, Sopt • Oct. Nov. Dec . Av.* 1926 1 23.0 22,2 26.9 31,2 35.4 35.9 1927 17.0 16.1 14.7 15,7 15.2 17.4 20.3 25.2 31,5 31.7 1928 29,5 19.5 18.2 18.2 19.0 21,8 23,1 23.4 24.2 28.1 31,9 34.4 24.3 1929 33.2 24.0 20,0 20.8 23.2 23.8 24.9 25.8 26.8 30.8 34,9 33.5 26,8 1930 32.2 20.0 16.7 15.8 16.5 15.1 15.1 14.6 19.0 21,2 21,0 17.7 18,7 1931 17.2 13 .of * Unv-^e ight o d avo r ag e , Aver ?go for first half of month. The last quotation for this grade was on February 14, 1931. Source of data: Computations by authors based upon the daily net quotations of eggs as published in Daily Market Reports on Butter, Cheese, Eggs, and Dressed Poultry issued by the San Francisco office of the U. S. Bur. I'xgr . Econ. Reports wore not issued from. Los Angeles prior to 1931, 1 I" 12 TABLE 4 VlTiolesale Produce Exchange Quotations on "Firsts" Eg^_^s, Los Angeles, July 1926-Dec. 1930 (Cents per dozen) Year Jan, Feb. Mar . Apr , May June July Aug, Sept • Oct. Nov, Dec , Av , * 1926 31.3 33.6 38.7 • 4&.9 41.6 .39;o 1927 30,8 23.6 ■21.6 21.6 21,3 23.7 25.0 29.3 36.8 44.0 45.9 38.4 30.2 1928 31,7 •23.6 24.0 ■24.4 24.8 27.3 30.8 34.3 39.8 45.0 47.0 .42.4 ■32,9 1929 36.6 ■27.3 27.6 29.4 '32.4 34.1 36,6 •39.5 44.6 45.8 '46, G V43.0 37.0 1930 36.3 26,2 25,8 •25,6 25.0 '25.5 25,3 ■28.1 ■32.8 34.7 '29,2 '23.7 ;28,0 * Unweighted average. Source of data: Computations by authors based upon the daily net quotations of eggs as published in Daily Market Reports on Butter, Cheese, Eggs, and Dressed Poultry issued by the San Francisco office of the U, S', Bur. Agr, Econ. Reports v/ere not issued from Los Angeles prior to 1931, On February 16, 1931 a new series of price quotations v/as issued from the Produce Exchange of Los Angeles. The standards for those grades have already been described. The quotations follov/ in tables 5, 6 and 7. ■:i::r 13. TABLE 5 i'fholesale Produce Exchange Quotations on Candled Fresh Eggs, Large, Los Angeles Feb. 16, 1931-Apr. 1934 (Cents per dozen) Year Jan, Feb, , i.iar , Apr' . Ltay June Sept. Oct, Nov, Dec , Av,* 1. Candled Fresh Clean Extras — large 1931 1932 1933 1934 22,7 25,7 20,8 20. o1 17.5 15,8 17.8 20,1 17,2 16,0 17,5 19,3 17,0 16,3 18,5 18,7 17,0 17,8 20.0 17.2 17,2 24,5 19,7 20,6 29,2 22,1 23,7 33.0 26.7 27.1 34,9 29.6 2 9 # Q 32,9 31,2 27,8 32.1 28.8 24,8 22.2 21,9 2. Candied Fresh Light Dirty Extras — large 1931 1932 1933 1934 22,0 24,9 19.9 18.71 16,4 15,2 16,1 18.3 15,8 14,5 16,5 18.0 15,9 14,9 17,2 17.2 16,0 16.6 18,6 15,6 16,2 23,1 18,2 19.5 27,1 20,3 21,9 30.5 24,3 25,8 32,9 28.5 28,9 31,2 29,4 26,8 31,0 27,9 23,8 20,9 20.8 3, Candled Fresh Clean Standards - — large 1931 1932 1933 1934 21,5 24.7 19.8 17.91 16.5 14,8 16.5 1U,G 15.0 14.9 15.9 17,7 15,6 14.6 17.5 16.9 15.6 16.6 17.9 15,2 15,2 21,6 18,0 17,7 26,2 18,8 20,6 25,5 21.4 21.8 27,1 23,9 22,0 28.0 26,3 22,5 30.7 26,3 22,7 19,5 19,0 4. Candled Fresh Light Dirty Sto.ndards — largo 1931 19.32 1933 1934 20*5 24.6 19.1 17.01 16.0 14.5 16.1 17,6 14,9 13,5 15,0 16.7 14.8 14,0 15.6 16,4 15.0 15.8 17,4 14.6 15.1 19.8 17,0 16.5 23.1 18,1 18,0 23.0 19.0 19.8 25,0 21,1 20.0 27.0 24.8 20.7 27.0 25.7 22,0 18.5 17,9 5. Candled Fresh Checks — large 1931 1932 1933 1934 19.7 24.2 18.1 15.91 15.0 13,6 15,4 16.8 13.9 13.0 14.1 14.3 13.8 13.5 15.0 14.7 14,0 15.5 15.2 13.6 14.3 16,9 15,3 15,3 19,2 16,9 16,1 20.8 19.0 18,3 20.9 20,0 20.7 23.1 23.9 21.0 24,6 25,4 21,0 17,5 17,2 * Unweighted average, 'I' Average for February 16'?23. Source of data: Computations by authors based upon daily quotations as published in Daily Dairy and Poultry i^i^rket Pieports issued by the Los /jigelos office of the U, S, Bur. Agr. Scon, TABLE 6 1'"jholesalc Produce Exchange Quotations on Candlod Fresh Eggs, Medium. Los Angeles Fob, 16, 1951-Apr, 1934 (Cents per dozen) Year Jan, Fob. Idar , Apr, May June July Aug. ! Sept, Oct, Nov, Doc , Av,* 1, Candled Fi'esh Clean E;d:ras - - medium 1931 1932 1933 1934 20.5 24,1 18,8 16. st 15.8 14.1 15.8 16,5 14.5 14.4 15.5 16.0 15,1 14,3 16.9 15.4 15.0 15.8 17,7 14.8 15.1 20.7 16.7 17.6 24.4 18.4 19.5 27,0 21.3 22,6 27,4 22.5 27,3 26,5 23.5 29,2 26,7 22,3 19.1 18.8 2, Candled Fresh Light Dirty Extras -- modium 1931 1932 1933 1934 20,2 24,0 17.9 15, ot 15,2 14,0 15.4 15.5 13.6 14.0 14.5 15.2 14,4 13,7 15.8 14,6 14,5 14.8 17.2 13.8 14.4 19.7 15,9 16,6 23.3 17.6 18,3 25,6 21.6 25,9 22,6 21,5 26.6 25.8 22,5 28,9 25,9 21,4 18,3 18,1 3. Candlod Fresh Clnan Standards medium 1931 1932 1933 1934 19.2 23 . :■ 17.9 14. 3t 14.6 13.5 15.0 15.0 13,2 13.0 13,2 14,6 13,9 13,2 14,6 14,7 14.0 14.5 16.4 13 .4 14.2 18.8 15,5 15.4 22,5 16.7 17.5 24.0 18.9 19.9 24,0 20.6 20.0 24.9 23.7 20.8 27,3 24,3 21.4 17,3 17.2 4, Candled Fresh Light Dirty Standards — modium 1931 1932 1933 1934 19.2 23,3 17,5 13. 4^ 14.3 13.5 14.6 14,5 13,0 12,5 13,0 14.1 13.1 12.6 15.6 14.5 13 .5 13.6 16.3 13.0 14.0 17,7 14.4 14.5 21.7 16.4 15,4 22.0 IS.O 17.9 • 22.0 19.1 18.0 23,2 22.7 19.6 25.6 23.6 20.9 16,7 16.3 5 , Ca ndled Fresh Checks modium 1931 1932 1933 1934 - 17,6 23.0 16,7 12, 8f 13,4 13.1 14,0 13,0 12,1 12,3 12,1 12,3 12,0 11.3 12.4 11.8 12,0 13,6 12.8 11.4 12.1 13.5 12.8 12.5 15,2 14.3 14.1 17.9 15,0 15.0 17.9 16,9 15,4 20,0 20,7 17,0 23.0 22.6 19.2 15,1 14,9 * ■Uhvreighted average. Average for last half of month. Sow ce of data : Computations by authors based upon daily quotations as published in Daily Dairy and Poultry J/hrket Reports issued by the Los Angeles office of the U, S. Bur. Agr , Econ, Table 7 1/^[holesale Produce Exchan,e;e Quotations on Candled Fresh Eggs, Small. Los Angeles Feb. 16, 1931-Apr. 1934 (Cents per dozen) Year Jan . Feb. Mar . Apr . May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov . Dec . Av .* 1. Candled Fresh Clean Smalls 1931 1932 1933 1934 13.5 23.0 17,8 14. of 14.0 13.4 15.1 13 .9 12.5 12.5 13 .5 12.9 13 .0 11.6 14.0 12 .6 13 .0 13.1 13 .9 12.0 13.0 14.5 12 .6 13 .5 15.8 13.4 14.1 18.3 15.1 15.8 21.3 18.7 16.9 23.3 22.6 19 .7 26.7 23 .5 19 .9 15 .7 15.5 2. Candled Fresh Light Dirty Smalls 19 31 1932 1933 1934 18.4 22.7 17.8 13.21" 14.0 13.3 14.8 13.3 12.2 11.8 12.6 12.7 12.0 11.4 13.0 11.8 12.0 12.8 12.6 12 .0 12 .4 13.0 12.0 12.9 14.5 12.5 13.8 17.4 14.5 14.8 20.1 17.7 15.9 22.3 22.1 18,7 25.8 22.9 19.7 15.2 15.0 * Unweighted average. ^ Avera,p;e for last half of month. Source of data: Computations by authors based uoon daily quotations as published in Daily Dairy and Poultry Market Reports issued by the Los Angeles office of che U. S. Bur. Agr. Econ. Egg prices at San Diego are listed in table 8. These prices are not strictly comparable .vith those at Los i^jigeles. The San Diego prices represent prices for one, two or three weeks out of every month, depending upon the weeks in which prices have been published in The San Diego Poultry Journal. T/vBLE 8 Egg Prices at San Diego, 1928-1934 (Cents per dozen) 16. Year Jan. } Feb. Mar , Apr • May June July Aug. Sept . ! Oct. 1 Nov, Dec , Av.* 1, Specials 1928 31.0 25.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 37.5 43.0 49.0 51.0 43,5 35,3 1929 36.0 27,5 28.0 29.3 32.5 34.0 38.0 43.0 48.0 51.0 47.5 43.0 38,2 1930 36.0 26.0 27.0 26.5 26,0 25.0 28,0 31.0 40,0 39.0 35,0 23.0 30.2 1931 22.0 18.5 19.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 25,5 29.5 32,5 35.0 33,0 32.0 25.1 1932 24.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.7 20.0 23.0 27.0 29.0 29,3 28.0 21.8 1933 31.0 14.5 14,0 14.5 16.3 15.8 18.0 22.3 27,0 30.0 27,7 24.5 21.3 1934 21.8 17.5 16,7 17.0 18.5 2, Extras 1928 30.0 23.5 24,0 24.0 24.5 27.5 31.0 36,0 42.0 48.0 50,0 41.5 33.5 1929 35.0 27,0 26.0 28.3 31.5 33.0 37.0 42.0 47,0 50,0 46.5 41.5 37,1 1930 35.0 25.0 26.0 25.0 25.0 24.0 26.5 50.0 39,0 37.5 32.0 22.0 28.9 1931 21.0 17,5 18.0 16,5 17.0 17.5 24.5 28.5 31,5 33.0 31,0 30.0 23.8 1932 21.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.3 19.0 22,0 26.0 28.0 28,3 27.0 20.6 1933 30.0 14,0 13,5 14,0 15.8 15.3 17.5 21.3 26.0 28.0 25,7 22.5 20.3 1934 20.3 15.5 15.3 16.0 16.0 3. Extra Firsts 1928 28.0 21.5 22.0 22.0 22.5 25.5 29.0 34.0 39,5 45.5 48.0 40.5 31,5 1929 33.5 26.0 25,0 27.3 30.5 32.0 35.5 40,0 44,5 46,5 44,5 40.0 35.4 1930 33.5 23.5 25.0 24.3 24,0 22.5 24.5 28.0 35,0 33.5 25,0 21.0 26.7 1931 19.5 16.0 16.0 14.5 14.0 15.5 22.5 26.5 29,0 30,5 29.0 28.5 21.8 1932 20.0 14.0 13.3 13.5 14.0 4. Mediiims 1928 27.5 20.5 22.0 22.0 22,5 25,0 27.5 32,0 34.5 56,5 40.5 38.0 29,0 1929 33.0 25.5 23,0 25.3 29.0 30.0 32.0 35.0 38.5 41.0 41,5 37.5 32.6 1930 33.0 22.0 22,0 23.0 22.0 20.5 20.5 23.0 29.0 23.0 24,0 16.5 23.6 1931 17.5 14.3 15.0 14.0 13.0 15.5 20.0 23.0 25.0 25.5 25,5 27.5 19.7 1932 19.0 13,5 12.7 13.0 13.0 13.3 16.0 17.5 20.5 23.0 23,3 25.0 17.5 1933 29.0 12.5 11.0 12.5 13.7 13.0 14.5 17.3 21.0 21.0 20,3 20.0 17.2 < 1934 18.0 13,5 12.7 13.0 15.0 I.I," . ,, 5. PCU1,7C0G i 1928 25.5 16,0 15.5 16.0 15.0 19.0 20.5 22.0 23.0 26.0 29.5 31.5 i — 21.^ \ 1929 30.5 22,0 10.0 18.3 20.5- 22.0 23.0 25.0 25.0 27.0 • 29.5 31.0 24«<:' ! 1930 30.5 18,0 16.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.5 13.5 19.0 18.5- 17,0 15.0 16ob j 1931 15.5 11.5 11.0 9.0 8.0 10.5 13.0 ,14 .0 16.5 18,0 19,0 23.5 14 1 1932 18.0 12.0 10.0 9.5 9.0 9.3 11.5 12.0 14.6 16,0 19,7 21.5 13 . 6 1933 27.0 11.5 10.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 17.7 17.0 13.6 1934 17.0 12.5 11.0 10.0 11.0 6, Standards 1932 14,0 17.0 20.0 24.0 26,0 26.3 25.0 21.6 1933 29,0 13.2 12,0 12.5 14.3 13.3 14.5 19.3 23.5 25.0 22.0 21.0 18.3 1934 19.0 14.5 14,7 14.0 15.0 * Unweighted average. Source of data: Computations by authors based upon prices published in The San Diego Poultry Journal. V 17. Egg pricos roocivod by f armors are of intorost to producers. In tablo 9 prices roccivod by farmors in California from 1910 through April, 1934 are listed. ThcsG represent all grades of eggs and arc useful in shov/ing trends of prices. Thoy are the averages of prices received on one day (the fifteenth) of each month by farmers in all sections of the state. T;J3LE 9 Monthly Farm Prices of Eggs, California, 1910-1931 (Cents per dozen) r o u # f' nr" iipx . i'/Lvy U UliU uuiy jiUg. oep b . Nov / TT Sk irV • ^ 1910 38.0 30.0 23.0 21.0 22.0 24.0 25.0 28.0 32.0 37.0 42 ,0 41,0 28.3 1911 34.0 20,0 21.0 18,0 19.0 21.0 22.0 25.0 30.0 36,0 40.0 41.0 25.9 1912 37.0 28.0 20.0 20.0 19,0 20,0 22.0 25.0 29,0 34.0 40.0 39.0 25.8 1913 32,0 25.0 19.0 18.0 20.0 21,0 22,0 30.0 31.0 38,0 50.0 46.0 26.6 1914 43.0 29.0 18.0 20.0 20,0 25,0 25.0 30,0 34,0 40,0 44.0 41.0 28.2 1915 35.0 24.0 19,0 19.0 20.0 21.0 24,0 26,0 31,0 39,0 47.0 42.0 26.4 1916 35.0 29.0 18.0 19.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 30.0 35,0 43.0 49.0 43,0 28.3 1917 40.0 31.0 24.0 27.0 31.0 33.0 32,0 38.0 42,0 49.0 55,0. 52.0 35.1 1918 53.0 42.0 33.0 32.0 34,0 35.0 41.0 42.0 53,0 58.0 70,0 72.0 43,6 1919 62.0 38,0 35.0 40,0 43.0 44.0 46,0 50.0 56,0 64.0 73.0 76,0 48.9 1920 61,0 41.0 35.0 36,0 37,0 38.0 45.0 49.0 56.0 65,0 76.0 60,0 46.2 1921 48.0 30.0 26,0 20,0 20,0 22.0 29.0 35.0 41.0 50.0 55.0 50,0 32.1 1922 29.0 28.0 22.0 22,0 23,0 24.0 27,0 27.0 30,0 50,0 54.0 52.0 30.1 1923 41.0 29.0 21.0 23,0 25,0 27.0 29,0 33.0 36.0 47.0 53.0 40.0 31.5 1924 38.0 32.0 22.0 23,0 23.0 25.0 30.0 34.0 39.0 47,0 55.0 51.0 31.9 1925 48.0 36.0 28,0 27.0 29.0 31.0 37.0 39.0 40,0 48,0 55.0 50.0 36.4 1926 38.0 28.0 24.0 24.0 26.0 29,0 31.0 33.0 37,0 44.0 47.0 44.0 31,5 1927 37.0 26.0 21.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 23,0 27,0 33.0 39.0 44.0 42.0 27.6 1928 35,0 24,0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 29.0 31.0 34.0 39.0 42,0 44.0 29.0 1929 38,0 29.0 25.0 25,0 26.0 30.0 31,0 36.0 39.0 43.0 47.0 46.0 32.3 1930 39.0 27.0 24.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23,0 25.0 32,0 34.0 35,0 27.0 26.7 1931 23.0 17,0 15.3 15.5 16.1 16.0 10,1 23.1 26.5 30.0 29.5 29.2 20.0 1932 23.4 15.8 14.2 13.3 13,7 13.7 15.4 17.0 20.9 25.4 27.4 26.0 17.5 1933 26.0 13.4 12.7 13,0 14.6 15,1 16.3 18.9 22,0 24,5 24.5 23.0 17,4 1934 19.1 15.2 14.0 14.2 * Weighted average based upon weights calculated from por cent of rocoipts in months as follov/s: January, 7 por contj February, 9 por contj March, 13 per cent; April, 13 per cont; May, 11 por cent; June, 10 por cent; July, 8 per cent; Augusl^ 6 per cont; September, 6 por cont; October, 5 per cont; November, 5 per cont; Docombcr, 7 per cont. Source of data: 1910-1925, U. S. Dept. Agr , Bur, Agr. Econ., Pricos of farm products recoivod by producers; 4, Mountain and Pacific ctatos, U. S, Dept. Agr, Sta. Bui, 17: 147. 1926-1934. Monthly issues U, S. Dept. Agr, Crops and I'larkets, In 1920 eggs Tirero shipped into California from a relatively small n\;mber of states. The number was matarially increased in 1933, A comparison of farm prices in the more important of thcs o states shipping into California vdth comparublo farm prices in California T.dll prove to bo of intorost, Comparo tables 9 and 10. TABLE 10 Eggs: Average Prices Received by Farmers in Status Shipping Eggs into Southern California, 1933 (Cents per dozen) Year Jan, j Fob, j ;Iar . Apr , liiy ! Juno July j Aug . Sept • Oct. Nov, Doc , Colorado 1920 39.0 26,0 22.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 24.0 20.0 30,0 35.0 43.0 40.0 1929 3 5,0 32,0 28.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 25.0 28,0 31.0 37.0 46.0 49.0 1930 3 5.0 33,0 20.0 20.0 19,0 10.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 29.0 34.0 32.0 1931 21.0 14,0 15.5 15,6 11,5 12.6 14.5 17.0 10.7 23.0 20.0 31,0 1932 19.0 14.0 9.0 9,0 9.2 9.9 11.3 14.3 15.0 22.0 26.0 20,0 1933 23.0 10.2 0,7 8.3 12.0 9.0 10.5 12.0 14.1 20.4 24.2 24.1 1934 15,0 12.0 11.0 11.4 Idaho 1920 32.0 26,0 20,0 19.0 20.0 20.0 22,0 26.0 30.0 32.0 39.0 41.0 1929 33.0 33,0 26.0 20.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 26.0 29.0 30.0 42,0 42.0 1930 29.0 29,0 20.0 19.0 10.0 10.0 20,0 19.0 21.0 29.0 32,0 20.0 1931 17.0 14 ,0 11.3 11.6 10.2 10.5 11.4 15.5 17.5 22.6 27.0 20.9 1932 16,5 14.0 11.2 0.6 9.1 10,0 10.5 13.7 14.4 19.3 24.3 r>r> 7 1933 1C,1 12.0 11,0 0,7 11.3 10,7 11.1 12.7 15.9 22,2 26.6 0% A 1934 14.0 11.0 10.3 10,3 Kansas 1920 32.0 24.0 22,0 21.0 23,0 21.0 2 2.0 22.0 26.0 26.0 32,0 3 6.0 1929 27.0 29.0 23 .0 21.0 22,0 23.0 23,0 24.0 27.0 32.0 30^0 39.0 1930 33.0 27.0 19.0 19.0 16.0 15.0 13,0 14.0 20.0 10.0 25,0 10.0 1931 17,0 10.0 15.9 14,0 10.0 10.0 10.7 12.0 12.7 15.4 20,3 19.0 1932 13.0 10.0 7.4 7,0 0,4 7.1 0.0 10.7 12.7 10,0 21,4 24.5 1933 16.2 0,3 7.4 0,3 10,0 6 9.0 7.9 11.4 15.3 10,9 12 .4 1934 13.0 12,4 12.3 11,7 Nob ■>-» '1 o Irn 1920 31,0 24.0 21.0 21.0 23,0 21,0 22,0 22,0 25.0 27.0 31.0 36.0 1929 27.0 20.0 24.0 21.0 22,0 23 .0 23,0 24.0 26„0 30.0 36,0 30.0 1930 31.0 27.0 10.0 19.0 16.0 15.0 13,0 13.0 10.0 10.0 24 .0 20.0 1931 IG.O 9.0 . 1 t3 13,6 9,5 10.3 10.2 11,4 12.1 15.1 21.2 22.9 1932 14.0 10.1 7.0 7,7 0.5 6.0 0.3 10.0 12.0 10.7 21.5 24.6 1933 10.0 0,2 7.5 0,4 10,6 6.9 9.4 7.9 10.6 15.4 17,7 15.0 1954 13,0 12.2 11. G 11,0 1 • Nov; r.icxico 1920 41.0 30.0 23.0 22.0 23,0 23,0 25.0 30.0 ' ■ 33,0 37.0 46,0 50.0 1929 39,0 33.0 30.0 23.0 23,0 26,0 20.0 31,0 34.0 41,0 46,0 53,0 1930 40.0 35.0 20.0 22,0 22,0 21.0 20.0 22,0 25.0 32,0 35.0 3 7,0 1951 25,0 17.0 15.0 17,2 14,0 15.4 16.0 17.6 20.5 23,2 25,5 31,4 1932 25.0 15.9 9.0 9.0 10.2 10.5 12.9 13.1 19.3 24.0 29.4 30.0 1933 25.7 11.0 9.5 9.5 11.5 11.6 13.2 17.7 19.0 25,3 27,1 2li , 0 1934 23.9 15.5 12.6 13.1 i (Table continued on next page) 19. Table 10 continuod. Jan • Fob. liar , Apr. ' Iviiy Juncj July] Aug. Sept, Oct. Nov . Doc . Oregon 19 20 34^.0 26.0 21,0 20,0 22,0 23.0 28,0 28,0 34.0 41,0 43,0 42.0 Ivca 34.0 3 2 © 0 24.0 23.0 24.0 27.0 31.0 S4.0 36,0 43,0 51.0 45.0 1930 35.0 29,0 22.0 21.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 22,0 28,0 30,0 33.0 24.0 1931 19.0 15,0 13,0 14.0 12,0 13,0 17,0 19.0 22,0 26.0 29,0 28.0 1932 18.0 14 .0 12,3 10.8 IleO 11.9 13,3 16,8 18.7 23.7 25.3 23,3 1933 21.5 11.2 11,8 10,7 12.8 13 ,4 15.0 17.1 18.5 23,6 26.5 22.0 1934- 15,6 13.0 1 12.0 12,3 Te xa s 1928 38.0 2 2,0 19.0 19.0 ' ' ' 20,0 20,0 21.0 23.0 27,0 31.0 35.0 40.0 1929 50,0 27.0 20.0 20.0 20,0 21.0 22.0 24,0 29,0 33,0 36.0 46.0 1930 37,0 32.0 19.0 19.0 17.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 21.0 23.0 24.0 27.0 1931 18,0 10.0 14,0 12.5 10.4 11.7 11.7 12.1 14.9 18.4 21.3 27.2 1952 14.1 9.4 7.0 7.0 6.9 7,7 7.7 10.8 13.3 17.9 20.4 26,2 1933 18.4 8.4 7.0 7.4 9,1 8.1 9.6 11.4 13.2 16.6 20.3 22.2 1934 17.3 12.3 11.4 11.4 Utp.h 1928 34.0 27.0 20,0 19.0 20.0 20.0 23.0 25,0 27,0 34.0 39.0 40.0 1929 38.0 33.0 28.0 20.0 20.0 23,0 26.0 29,0 32.0 36,0 42.0 41.0 1930 32.0 29,0 21.0 20,0 19.0 19,0 18.0 20,0 26,0 28.0 30.0 24.0 1931 18.0 13.0 13.8 13,8 14,6 13,6 15,0 17,9 o o •'^ 25.0 27.0 28.0 1932 22,0 13,0 12.0 10,0 11,0 12.0 12.0 14 ,0 15,8 21,0 25,3 26.0 1933 24.6 11.4 10.7 10.7 12.0 12.3 12.4 13 ,3 16,1 21,8 22.1 22.1 1934 16.4 12,9 12.1 12,0 Washington 1928 33.0 27.0 22,0 22.0 22,0 24,0 27,0 30,0 37.0 40,0 43.0 43,0 1929 32,0 33.0 28,0 23,0 24,0 26.0 29.0 32,0 38,0 46,0 47,0 44.0 1930 35.0 31.0 125,0 24,0 24.0 22,0 22.0 23,0 29,0 31.0 34.0 22.0 1931 19,0 15,0 15,7 16.3 14.4 14,5 16,9 20.7 23.3 29.9 29,0 27.0 1932 18,1 14.5 14.0 12,0 11,6 12,7 12,9 17,0 18,8 23,5 25.3 24.5 1933 21.0 12,6 |12,8 12.5 13.5 14.6 15,5 16,5 19.7 24.5 26.1 21,4 1934 16.9 15.5 il4.5 14.5 1 1 1 Source of data: U, S. D, A. Crops and I.Iarkets, monthly issues. Truck Rates ^ I.Iost eggs consumed in the Los Angeles area are brought in by truck. The nap shows the rates of coiiLnion-carr ier trucking companies though most eggs are brought in by pick-up men, peddlers, wholesalers, and producers' cooperatives v/ith contr'-ct carriers probably next in importance. I.'any truckers hauling from outside the state take title to the eggs and receive no payment for haul- ing as such but rely on the profit made on the sale of eggs hauled. -^J L co 0 CD H- 0) W G 0 fD d- 0) b 0 H' 33 CD 6 '3 fd" 0 d- »■> CO r. • ~S 1 M 1 d- •-1 (D G) 3 I-'- ra • era 0 c<- !-b W S3 1-9 d- H- fD fD •-1 ■D M CO 0 c; O 1 t d- t— ' 51! CD [Ij '■;"! P h- ' L-J* 0 -+) d- H- 0) ?.■> Ti 'ZL CB 0 CD 1— ' H- i-j. 5:^ 1— 1 ffi p' CD d- CD o P^ H- ' Q M P O P M* 0^ tr P N o 3 3" Hj o PL. O •••J H. 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Total shioments of eggs from California reached a peak in 1928 (tj'.ble 14), This movement remained on a high level through throe years* The trend in total California shipments was decidedly downward from 1930 through 1933, Shipments of eggs from southern California points have never accounted for a large part of the staters total shipments. From 1930 through 1933 shipments to outside states from southern California points dwindled to almost nothing. 14 Carlot Shipments of Eggs from California 1925-1935 1 Q?R " 1 Q? 7 Xc)C 1 1 Q9P. Xu CaZ) 1 Q'^in ± yo u XoO X xjo c XoOO T'nH-'-'. 1 1 O bcL J. January 133 168 143 170 121 136 152 78 52 1,153 February 166 154 146 213 225 210 157 102 65 1,438 March 101 124 172 268 249 161 218 88 84 1,465 April 50 103 140 228 195 176 211 103 61 1,267 May 55 66 153 223 163 122 175 97 53 1,087 June 72 84 104 162 129 115 107 81 62 916 July 77 66 116 113 113 137 146 98 72 938 August 57 85 133 167 150 162 141 119 65 1,079 September 71 142 167 187 154 172 130 127 84 1,234 October 123 142 181 181 184 195 158 158 101 1,425 November 127 163 190 179 175 270 114 157 93 1,468 Decem.ber 163 178 162 ,147 142 190 87 122 62 1,253 Total 1,195 1,475 1,787 2,238 2,000 2,046 1,796 1,330 854 14,721 Total from Southern 31 75 51 157 97 101 29 25 3 California |_ points Sources of data: 1925-1927: i'jnerican Creamer^/" and Poultry Produce Rovie^v, B/hrch issues] tables based on statistics issued by U, S, D, A,, Bur, Agr. E]con, 1928-1933: Fedoral-State Mr.rket News Service, San Francisco office, Himeo, reports, weekly review. Dairy and Poultry Products, To.ble 15 shoT/vs not only the origin of out-of-state shipments from southern California points but the destinations as well. The larger part of the eggs shipped out have been sent from Los imgelos or Riverside, During the three years 1931-1933 the Atlantic coast states received all of the out-of-state shipments from southern California, Prior to 1931 Arizona received sizablo shipments from southern California, particularly those originating in Riverside, Ti^iBLE 15 26, Car lot Movement of Eggs from Southern California Points, Shov'ing Destination by Geographical Divisions 1929-1933 Destination Month Origin Total Atlantic Central other states states western states 1929 January -„* ■" •" "* "*■ February Los Angeles Riverside 1 3 2 3 3 March Los ^aigeles 2 —** 2 Riverside 7 7 April Los Angeles M 1 1 May MM M w June " ■* ~ July Riverside 2 2 August T A T _ Los Angeles 2 2 xiZLversiQe o c. September Los /mgelcs 3 1 4 Riverside 2 7 • 9 October Los i'oigcles 2 5 1 8 Riverside 3 8 11 November Los ^'mgeles 2 M w 2 4 Red lands 1 1 Riverside 12 2 14 San Diego 1 • 1 December Los .-Lngelos 12 2 14 Riverside 6 3 9 Los .'.ngolos 22 7 9 38 January- Redlr.nds 1 1 December Riverside 28 7 22 57 San Diego 1 1 Total, So. Calif, 50 15 32 97 1930 January Riverside 2 1 2 5 February Los ^Ingeles Riverside 1 2 1 2 March April M mm mm May June Riverside 1 1 July mm M August Los /jigclos 1 1 2 Riverside 1 1 2 September Los Angeles 1 1 San Bernardino 1 1 October Los iingeles 4 1 1 6 Riverside 3 .1 1 5 San Bernardino 1 1 2 (Table continued on next page) t i - i ■ r 27. Tablo 15 continuod. Month Or ig in Destination Total Other ^itlant ic Central western states states states November Los Angeles O Cj ? 1 t 35 Pasadena J. 1 Riverside o ? 10 San Bernardino n JL 1 DccGmbor Los ilngoles J.'x T X ± 16 Pasadena 1 1 2 River side 5 2 7 San Diego 1 1 Los Angeles 62 4 5 61 January- Pasadena 2 1 3 DocombGr River sido 21 3 8 32 San Bernardino 2 2 4 San Diego 1 1 Total, So. Calif, 78 10 13 101 1931 January Los Angolos 4 — * 1 5 Rivor sido 2 2 February March liOS i\n.geles 3 3 6 Riverside 2 2 San Diego 1 1 Apr 3.1 Los Angeles Ml WW • 1 1 May Riverside 3 3 San Gabriel 2 2 Juno Los ijagolos 1 1 July August September Los Angeles 1 1 October Los Angolos 1 1 2 River sido 3 3 November December Los Angolos 9 6 1 16 January- Riverside 10 10 December San Diego 1 1 San Gabriel 2 2 Total, Sc.- Califs 22 6 1 29 1932 t October Los Angeles 5 5 November Los Angeles 6 6 December Los amgoles 11 1 12 October- Los iJigelos Do comber 22 1 23 (Table continued on next page) Treble 15 continued. 28. Month Origin Destino.tion Total Atlantic states j Central ! states Other \vestern states 1933 ^1 June Los Angeles 1 1 October Los Angeles 2 2 June and October Los Angeles 3 i -- r-' 0 * Dashes indicate no data reported. Wo shipments prior to October for 1932, ■^Shipments for 1933 made only during June and October, (Shipments by boat included. Source of data: Federal-State Market News Service, San Francisco office, Mimeo, reports, weekly reviov/. Dairy and Poultry Products, Cold storage holdings of shell eggs at Los /jageles and San Diego are given in tables IS and 17, The peak in holdings is generally reached during July, TABLE 16 Cold Storage Holdings of Shell Eggs at Los i'mgeles, 1924-1934* (thousand cases, i,e, 000 omitted) Year Jan, Pol?, — — 1 Mar . Apr , j.iu.y June July ^iUg . Sept • Oct , Nov, Dec • 1924 27 9 4 52 — — — — — 146 203 262 275 258 198 138 " ■ '■' ".^ 77. 1925 7 0 1 38 105 170 224 245 232 190 138 80 1926 32 1 6 63 114 189 240 252 244 198 142 84 • 1927 19 1 6 68 121 174 218 228 208 171 119 48 1928 8 0 27 100 170 272 255 262 241 191 107 40 1929 5 0 4 38 91 170 213 231 222 178 115 57 1930 11 0 26 81 167 229 276 295 290 253 185 116 1931 34 5 23 86 160 201 223 217 196 148 94 55 1932 11 1 6 53 117 171 199 199 181 146 91 28 • 1933 1 0 6 72 120 178 201 198 171 124 77 24 1934 3 0 20 88 158 * Data for day nearest the first of each month. Sour CO of data: U, S, D. A,, Bur, Agr , Econ, f 29, t;.ble 17 Cold Storage Holdings of Sholl Eggs at San Diego, ' 1924-1934* (thousand cases, i.o. 000 omitted). Year Jan.* Fob. ¥nr , Apr • I'hy Juno July Aug. Sopt . Oct, Nov. Doc , 1924 10 1 0 5 13 18 20 20 19 14 11 6 1925 1 0 3 11 20 27 29 30 28 25 20 11 1926 3 1 2 11 18 23 25 25 23 17 12 4, 1927 1 0 3 10 17 26 29 30 29 24 18 15 1928 2 0 3 10 17 23 26 25 21 16 10 3 1929 0 0 0 3 8 12 14 14 11 9 4 1 1930 0 0 1 8 14 17 20 20 19 15 11 7 1931 2 2 2 7 11 15 15 15 14 9 6 2 1932 0 0 1 7 11 15 17 18 16 12 7 2 1935 0 0 1 4 8 13 15 15 13 10 5 2 1934 0 0 2 5 11 * Data for day nearost tho first of each month. Source of data: U, S, D, A, Bur, Agr, Econ, Trade Output of Eggs Information on the seasonal consumption of eggs would bo highly desirable could the data bo determined accurately. The impossibility of obtaining an accurate report on egg receipts is responsible for this situation. This is further complicated by the fact that large distributors of eggs in the Los /jigeles market may have their places of business in adjoining cities and do not report their receipts to the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, In addition there are producers and hucksters who deliver direct to the retailor and con- sumer and those v/ho produce their oxm eggs and poultry within the city limits. So many eggs are produced and marketed outside of the wholesale channels that it is a problom to v;ork out any accurato index of trade output. VII Poultrymen are interested in the relationship betv/een feed and egg prices, V/ith poultrymen in 7;idely scattered sections and with feeds bought under different conditions it is difficult to assume any set price for all poultrymen. In table 18 the feed prices used in the calculations are those published by the Poultrymen* s Cooperative Association of Southern California. Egg prices bring up even greater difficulties in making calculations. No poultryman ordinarily produces large, pullet or small eggs exclusively. Furthermore egg grades have changed. The egg prices used in m.aking the cal- culations in table 18 were taken from tablets 1 and 5. Attention is called to the change in quotations on February 16, 1931 making comparisons of the egg-feed ratio before and after this date impossible. TliG cost of 100 pounds of tho following ration: Gr 0. in 12,5 pounds ^Theat 12,5 pounds corn 12,5 pounds barloy 12,5 pounds milo 50 pounds 20 pounds bran 10 pounds corn moal 10 pounds barloy 5 pounds meat scrap 5 pounds fish scrap 50 pounds is shoivn in table 18, Tho food prices arc those charged membors of tho Poultrymcn's Cooperative Association at Los Angeles, Up to February, 1931 the number of dozen of "fresh extra eggs" vj-hich the 100 pounds of food would purchase is shov.rn, /if tor February, 1931 the number of dozen "candled frosh clean large extra" ogi;;;s is given. Data on tho cost of food and the egg-food price ratio at San Diogo arc given in table 19, The data are not comparable v/ith those at Los Angeles* The mash used in the ration is that which has been sold by San Diogo Co- operative Poultry Association and is not the same as that xvhich has boon used in tho computations for Los Angeles, Furthermore egg prices at San Diogo and Los Angelos vary, TABLE 18 (1) Cost of Poultry Ration at Los Angeles, 1923-1934* (2) Egg-Food Price Ratio at Los Angeles, 1923-1934 Year Jan, Fob. :.J>.l. 1 , Apr. I;hy June July Aug, Sopt, Oct. Nov, Dec. Av. 1. Poultry ration in dollars 1923 2,16 2,33 2.38 2.43 2.43 2,36 2.31 2,33 2.37 2.40 2.37 2.29 2.35 1924 2,29 2.32 2.29 2.28 2.29 2.44 2.66 2.72 2,69 2.70 2,71 2.78 2 .28 1925 2.97 2.99 2.80 2.57 2.66 2,71 2.65 2.71 2.60 2.47 2.46 2 .48 2.47 1926 2.45 2.38 2.25 2.20 2.22 2.22 2,26 2.26 2.23 2.25 2.22 2,19 2.08 1927 2.24 2.28 2.28 2.33 2.52 2.61 2,56 2.54 2.54 2.48 2.44 2.44 2.24 1928 2.52 2.49 2,66 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.56 2.48 2.41 2.43 2.43 2.43 2,32 1929 2,49 2.48 2.43 2.40 2.36 2.34 2,42 2.48 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.22 1930 2,34 2.30 2,24 2.24 2.26 2.25 2.19 2.19 2.15 2,01 1,92 1,86 2.01 1931 1,78 1,74 1.66 1,72 1,73 1.66 1.62 1,55 1.49 1,51 1.62 1.61 1.64 1932 1.61 1,57 1,53 1,50 1.46 1.41 1,38 1,38 1,32 1.26 1.22 1,22 1.40 1933 1,19 1,20 1.24 1.33 1.46 1,47 1,50 1,50 1,45 1,40 1.35 1,35 1,37 1934 1,50 1,45 1.45 1,49 (Table continued on next page) 31. Table 18 continued ! Year . , ., , ! Jan. Feb. Mar , Apr, Fxiy Juno July Aug, Sept • Oct. Nov, Dec » Av, 2, Egg-fccd price ratio — in dozens 1923 5.26 8,33 8,86 8,28 8.01 7.71 7,56 6.19 4,93 4,23 4.21 4 . 68 6.52 1924 5,72 8.42 8.83 8.39 8 . 23 7,36 7,72 7.19 5,94 4,92 4.83 5,70 6.94 1925 5.58 8,53 3.91 8,25 8,04 7.53 6,G4 6.28 5.57 4.60 4,71 5.49 6.68 1926 7,55 8,39 8.19 7.52 7.34 6.81 6,60 5,77 5.04 4.42 4,03 4,59 6.35 1927 6.89 9.12 9.76 9,94 10.81 10,29 9.65 7.57 6.33 5.40 5,13 6.02 0.08 7.60 10 06 1 0 64 10,51 10,30 9.51 8,23 6.80 5.62 R 04 4- 8? 5,61 7,90 1929 6.57 8,90 8.74 8.12 7.25 6,81 6.46 5,96 5.10 4,82 4,87 5,39 6.59 1930 6.37 8.73 8.62 8.65 8.74 9,21 7,95 7,25 5,95 5.24 5.55 7,09 7.45 1931 7.52 9.131 0.27 8.91 9,18 8,25 6.60 5.34 4,53 4.32 4,92 5,00 1932 7.02 9.03 0.84 0.81 8.56 8.22 6.90 6,23 4,96 4,26 3,92 4.27 6.7! 1935 4.65 7.60 7.72 8.10 8.23 8,56 7,34 6,32 5.35 4.67 4.85 5.42 6.57 1934 i 7.17 ii 8.15 8.27 8,04 * Poultry ration consists of 50 pounds mash (20 pounds bran, 10 pounds corn meal, 10 pounds ground barloy, 5 pounds meat scrap, 5 pounds fish scrap) and 50 pounds grain (equal parts of corn, barley, mile and v/heat.) ^Ratios before and after February, 1931 are not comparable because of changes in egg grades. No average for 1931 is listed because of this difference in egg grades , Source of data: Computations by authors based upon foed prices furnished by Poultry- men's Cooperative Association of Southern California, Egg quotations used in computations arc thoso issued by the Preduce Exchange of Los /ingelos. TABLE 19 (1) Cost of Poultry Ration at San Diego, 1925-1934* (2) Egg-Feed Price Ratio at San Diego, 1925-1934 Year Jan , Feb. I.fcr. Apr. Eay June July Aug. Sept, Oct* Nov, Dec • Av, 1, Poultry ration in dollars 1925 2.76 2.82 2.71 2,56 2.58 2,62 2,60 2,65 2.56 2.48 2.53 2 .43 2.61 1926 2.43 2.42 2.26 2.24 2,17 2,21 2,31 2.16 2,15 2.13 2,13 2.13 2,23 1927 2.15 0 T '- 0 , io 2.21 2.15 C .Ox 2,39 2,39 2.40 2.37 2,34 2,31 2.31 2,30 1928 2.33 2.39 2.47 2,55 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.36 2.33 2,35 2.33 2.32 2.41 1929 2.33 2,30 t— ' i— ^ f— ' i— ' '.►3 a" I— I cr, ifc^ w C3 O -o Oj w CjJ ►-^ K-J '.O fX) Oj G5 O) CD Cn if^ W fjJ (1h CD o o o o 1— ' h-" on r-j rvi O O CD O O O O ro r\3 o o H-* Cn h-" !M O O O O o o ® ® © @ @ o (8) (e) o o H-" i\D ro r\5 ;\D ^ 5 .^i 00 I— ' o Kf^ 0-1 t;^' cx) o c£) ® @ ® fe) © O o @ @ C/o o-i r>) oo CO Cj H-" t— ' O O O CD o o o o ® @ © ® ® ro CaI CaI W CjQ CO O M CO ro cn O O O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CD O O CD O CD O C CD O O O O O cn CD O O CJi o o o o CD O o o o o o o o ro O O O CD o o O ® CO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O CD O o o o o o o o o O CD C o O cn cn O CD O O CD ro cn ro 'CXI f_n ro on CD I— ' p> 1 — ' 1 — ' o CO CD 1 — ' 1 CD m '-3 o CD P ■-s H- o O CD r;3 o CD O a o b (D r:^ .rt- ?3 CD t.5 o CO 1— ' t-' o CO CO CD i — 1 ''0 03 ct* CD I—I ■ — ' CD C>3 CO 33. 1-3 34. ro ro I— ' 1— ' t— ' p r .i ro r\5 oo ro !vi I— ' CD «<; cn en oi en cn c3 i- d « ■'■o ro ro p3 [no r\5 r-o ro i— ■ i-- i— < o) ^ ^-' tr) CD iJ^^ h-' CO - O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o o o O O O CD O O O -D O O O O O O O O r-:) o o o o o o o o ro M o o CT5 'Ol M ro O o O @ ® cn i\7 i.V) oj O O O O O ! — ' ro ! — ' o o o o o r;:) o 'O O O o O O C:) CD o o o o o o o o o o o o o o H' M C>1 o o o ® ® -D o (e) © o O O O O O CD O O O O 'D CD O O n-i cn * cn h- ' I— ' 1— ' Oi hT^ o o o O O O CD O O O O O O O O CD O O D cDi O o o D o o o o o o o o ca cn O O O -O O o o ro O O O O O ;D O D o o o o o O O O O CD O O CD O O O O O O O O O CD O I--' rvi iT) ro ro O O O O CD O O -.D O O CD O O O O O O O O CD O O O O O r; O CD CD O O O CD O O O CD O O O O O O O CD O O O O CD CD O O O O O O CD CD O O O O O CD CD O Q O C:> O O O O CD O ■if- cn O 3 cn CD O O O O O O O O cn O O O O CD O O O O CD O O .,1 3 O O O O DO cn cn Cn @ ® 0 I— 1 I— ' (>o ^J ro • • CD cn O O O ooooo ooooooooo ro 35. 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TABLE 22 (l) Number of Establisliments Handling Eggs by Typerj and Kinds of Business in Los Angeles, 1930 (2) "'".liolesale Egg Trade, California and Los Angeles, 1930 1, Number of establisluiient s . bv type i '^J St and kind of business i.'Ie at Da iry Poultry aiiU. an to one closely approximating the wholesaler. He sells principally to retailers, dairies, restaurants and bakeries, disposing of his surplus to other peddlers or ^vholesalers and sup- plying his om.ergency requirements by purchase from wholesaler s . SomiO peddlers process and store eggs, M iolesal er . -- Those classifications merge into ono another as may bo expected. The chief distinctions betwoon tho poddler and the wholesaler, how- ever, are that the former usually contacts the producer and the latter seldom does. The former procures his supply locally to a larger extent than the latter ond the wholesaler usually operates on a largo scale, Tho typical v;holesaler processes for storage and often has a breaking department for canning eggs. Producer s \ Coo peratives « — These are organizations of producers formed to function on a cooperative basis. Services rendered to their members are not the same in all cases. They are distinctive eriough not to require further elaboration. In the retail survey, in-order m.eroly not to disclose confidential information, cooperatives selling direct to retailors v^ore grouped with tho wholesaler s , Brokers, — Usually bring buyer and seller together, though at times handle eggs 'on their own account, Tho buyer is typically a wholesaler and the seller is usually a cooperative or a wholesaler outside of southern California, X 42. A retail survey of egg marketing in the Los Angeles area v;as made at the request of persons interested in the distribution of eggs in that region. A total of 227 dozen eggs was purchased in Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los i^ingeles, iin attempt was made to get a fair sample of different types of stores and all types of neighborhoods. There is no definite basis for classifying neighborhoods but m this case the judgment of three persons was used. At any rate other factors r-re probably more significant. The stores v.'ere chosen at random while dri:7ing through the citi'-^s. At each store data used in this report were collected and one dozen of each variety of eggs handled was purchased. Tables 23 to 31 indicate the retailers' selling prices, purchase prices and margins by grades. Large and medium extras only were found in all three citiosc Table ■ 32 is a summary of retail prices on all eggs purchased and table 33 indicates tlie daily quotation of all grades on the Produce Exchange of Los /iiigeles during the period v;hen these eggs were purchased by the retailers. Table 34 indicates the same type of relationship for several days preceding Easter Sunday. These eggs v^rere not purchased, novifever , TABLE 23 Distribution of Retailers' Selling Prices in Riverside and San Bernardino. Wednesday, April 18, 1934 1, Large extras ! 2. { Medium extras 3, Small extras * i Cents f Cents Dozens i Cents Dozens Dozens per Loose In Total 1 per \ dozen Loose In Total per T Loose In Total dozen carton carton dozen carton 19 0 1 1 17 1 0 1 1 13 0 1 1 20 4 2 S 18 2 4 ' 6 14 1 0 1 21 4 6 10 19 2 1 3 22 4 7 11 20 1 3 4 23 2 2 4 Total 14 18 32 ... 6 8 j 14 1 1 2 * Wo sm.all extras were obtained in Riverside, Source of data: Computation by authors based upon data collected April 18, 1934, 43. cn O o ►-3 p^ o o O cn cn ro ro o ■d CD d- o d- N CD 3 o on * d- pi en cn cn CD 3 d- CD 3 1— ' 3 Cfl o o d- d- i_j CO o Tl 3 CD 1-^ o O 3' CO o CO t— ' h- ' O O o h-' p 3 g o 3^ ■x- CO a. CO 1 03 J» CD 05 1— ' d- p- CO o Ch • t— 1 o CD 3 • « ze CD d r-t- o CO o Pu p X 3 3 o o 3' 3 o d- H- 1 — ' o P o •-s o h-" O-l o cn o (— ' o d- p^ CO CO \ O CD 3 P CD CD * o CD CD o -d CO 5i CO \« p^ ^3 CO uta o fO 3 CD M CD 5= C? CO o CO o ns tr CO P o 3' CD CD 3 3 P 3 CO o Cl, o 3 o O o o I—" 1—' o o o d- p^ CO 1 3 ■-i d- * ■) CD CO c >~i H- 3 3 ro 3 3 Ch cha epo • ca To JO CO 3 3 ro d- (D d- d- a> 1—' - CO ■'J 3 CO CD CD c: 60 a 3 I—" CO o ^' o o O 3^ • o CD hased t— ' o o CO CD ! PI P C/J CD P- V* 3 ( ss O CO o • 3 o p o o 3- p: p^ OS 1—' O I-' rt PI o CO P5 CO 3 1 a w CO CD o CD 03 o p o 3 p. N I—' I-' 3 CD ' Ch 3 o CO o d 3 CO CD M P O 3^ H o CO 3 I—" P 3 d- o o o O o d- P- CO 1 3 CO 1— ' O CD P 0) p^ 3 H- Pb CO « 3 -+ 3 ro M Total CO d- 3 H- s:^ d- H- O 3 o W CD d- P H- I—' cr 3 CO H' 3 CO p 3 Ch m p 3 Sd CD 3 3 p 3 P^ H- 3 o CD P' 3 CD CO p^ p > ■-d 3 CD CD (4^ «^ CD 3 W CO H- p. CD 1-^ ro cn fV) 1—1 l_] (_j |__] l_j l_j (_. OCDCDC»CD-;i- C7i cn cn ef^ cn cn cn H-i cx> ro ro O O O O O CO ro rj) ro O Ch o O d CD N -CD 3 CD 3 d 3 CO p t-, 3 3 d- o 3 O 'd CD N 0) 3 CD 3 ct 3 CO o P 3 hH d- 3 o 3 P 3 -D (0 X d- 3 P CO C-J cd CO d- 3 H- cr" d- o 3 o CD d- P c: 3 O 3' P CO CD 3 H- C^ CD CO 3 CD 3 CO P 3 P- GO P 3 to CD 3 3 p 3 P^ 3 o CD CX, 3 CD CO p^ p < -d 00 CD 44, T.\BLE 26 Distribution of Retailers' Selling Prices in Los ilngeles Thursday-Saturday, April 19-21, 1934 1, Large specials 2, Medium specials 3, large extras Cent s Dozens Cent s Do zens Cents Dozens per Loose In Total per Loose In Total per Loose in lotal do zen carton dozen carton dozen carton 21 ]_ 0 1 20 1 0 1 18 0 1 1 22 1 0 1 18.5 1 0 1 23 0 0 0 19 1 2 3 24 1 3 4 19.5 3 0 0 25 0 2 2 20 4 10 14 26 1 o u 3 20.5 0. 0 0 21 4 11 15 22 4 16 20 ?? 5 1 0 1 Co 9 10 19 96- 2 8 10 c u 9 3 12 9P. C D 0 3 3 O J. 1 0 1 Total 4 7 11 1 0 1 64 103 . , i# Medium extras 5, Small extras vfoc extras 13.5 1 0 1 15 3 0 3 16 0 1 1 14 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 17 2 0 2 16 1 1 2 18 0 1 1 17 1 0 1 19 0 1 1 17.5 1 0 1 20 2 0 2 18 0 3 3 19 5 4 9 20 4 4 8 21 2 2 4 22 1 0 1 23 1 0 1 Total 17 14 31 7 2 9 0 1 1 7. Lar ge standards 8. Medium standards 9. Small standa r do 18 2 0 2 16 1 0 1 15 1 0 1 19 1 1 2 17 2 0 2 20 2 1 3 18 1 0 1 21 0 1 1 ■■fbtal 5 3 8 4 0 4 1 0 1 (Table continued on next page) 45, Table 26 continued 10, Large dirties 11, Large checks 1^ Medium checks Cents Dozens Cerit s Dozens Cents Dozens per Loose In Total per Loose In Total per Loose In Total dozen carton dozen carton dozen carton 16.5 1 0 1 16,5 1 0 1 14 1 0 1 17 1 0 1 17 1 0 1 18 0 1 1 18 1 0 1 19 0 0 0 20 1- 0 1 Total 3 1 4 3 0 3 1 0 1 Source oi" data: Computations by authors based upon data collected April 19-21, 1934, T.VBLS 27 Distribution of Retailers' Purchase Prices in Los ijigeles Thursday-Saturday, April 19-21, 1934 1, Large specials c • Medium specials 3. Large extras Cents Dozens Cents Dozens Cents Dozens per Loose In Total per Loose In Total per Loose In Total dozen carton dozen carton dozen carton 17.5 0 1 1 16,5 1 0 1 16 4 0 4 18,5 1 0 1 17 2 2 4 19 1 0 1 17,5 3 1 4 19.5 2 C 2 18 8 5 13 20 0 2 2 18,5 10 1 11 21,5 0 2 2 19 8 5 13 22 0 0 1 19.5 7 9 16 20 5 o 11 20.5 2 8 10 21 1 1 2 22.5 1 0 1 Total 4* 6 10* 1 0 1 51* 38* 89* 4 , Hedium extras 5, Smal 1 extras 6, Poewee extras 12 1 0 1 13 3 0 3 12,5 0 1 1 13 0 0 0 13.5 1 0 1 14 0 0 0 14 2 0 2 15 0 0 0 15 1 1 2 15.5 2 2 4 16 1 0 1 16 8 2 10 16,5 5 1 6 17 1 3 4 17,5 1 2 3 18 0 2 2 Total 13* 12 30* 8 1 9 0 1 1 (Table continued on next page) 46. Table 27 continued: 7, Large atandf'.rds 8. I. lediurn standards 9, Small standards Cents Dozens Cents Dozens Cents ■Dozens per Loose In Total per Loose In Total per Loose In T«bal dozen carton dozen carton dozen carton 15 1 0 1 13 1 0 1 13 .5 1 0 1 15.5 1 0 1 14 1 0 1 16 3 0 3 15.5 1 0 1- 16.5 0 0 0 16.5 1 0 1 17 1 1 2 17.5 0 1 1 Total 6 2 8 4 0 4 1 0 1 lO. Large dirties 11. Large checks 12. Medium checks 14 1 0 1 14.5 1 0 1 10 1 0 1 15 0 1 1 15 1 0 1 16 1 0 1 16 1 0 1 17.5 1 0 1 Total 3 1 4 3 0 3 1 0 1 * Under lage specials the purchase price Vitcs not reported for one dozen purchased loose and sold in cartons. Under large extras — the purchase price was not reported for fourteen dozen, one dozen of which was purchased loose and sold in carton and thirteen dozen purchased .in carton and sold in carton. Under m.edium extras the purchase price was not reported for one dozen eggs pur- chased loose and sold in carton. Source of data: Computations "by authors based upon data collected April 19-21, 1934, TABLE 28 Distribution of Retailers' ifcrgins in Los J^ngeles Tnur sday-Saturday, April 19-21, 1934 1. Large specials 2-, Medium specials Dozens Dozens Cents Fur- Pur- Pur- Cent s Pur- Pur- Pur- per chased. chased chased, Total per chased, chased chased, Total do zen lold loose. sold in dozen sold loose. sold in loose sold in carton loose sold in carton carton carton 2.5 2 0 1 3 3.5 1 0 0 1 3.0 0 0 1 1 3.5 0 0 1 1 4.5 1 0 0 1 6.0 0 0 2 2 6.5 0 0 1 1 7.0 1 0 0 1 Total 4 0* 6 10* 1 0 0 1 (Table continued on next page) 47. T.'iE'LE 28 continued 3. 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CP p d p N P p 3 d- co CO p 'd p P" r; !— ' p 'd CO p, CO I P P Pj p C/l h- ' P p P P d H-' P P d d- fij CO CO 1 P P P o CO p ' d d d- pj CO P P d H- p. d - o Pj P P P N P d P d d d CO h-i CO O P P h-J CO Pj P P 'X) /5 d CO I p PJ P CO t— ' p p p d o d- Pj CO P P d H- ^ d P CO p p d (-J d- Pj O d H- d P X P d CO I p P-J ►-3 P ro 50. W P d- Pj p d I-' P P P d P^ f P P d CO Cf^ M d P rf^ I— ' p CO t-3 I— • CO o il^ ■-I o CD o '-d H- O a> rh o c-t- CD Cf ' V p t— t— ' 0) w M H- J3 QD cV o -5 CD d- ch CD crq m «^ 0) cn -a o m CT) a' • CO o 5 CD H- 0 w ro ro ro ro r\5 ro ro ro ro ro r-D ro ro h- J t— ' M 1— 1 1— ' i— ' M I—" I—" 1— ' o cr, CXI ro h- ' O to CD 03 -o cn cn o fj -n CD CD cn cn cn CD cn cn cn cr. cn cn cr, cn cn en 1 "-S ts I I I ro I I I I I I lilt I l-- I ro I M I '3 I ro CnI CnI I I-- I ro I cn I ro O t^S' H-i 1— ' I I I I I I I I I I I— ' I Cni I ro ro I I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I I till I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I h-J I h- ' h- ' I I t I I I I I I I— ' I hf^ I h- ' I H-J I ro I ^o t to I— ' ro I ro I I I t I I I I I I I t I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I— ' I ro I 1— ' I I I I I I I ro I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I rj I I I I I I I I I t— ' I C>3 I M I M GO -d CD O X CO a. 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Jiccords of the grrding of all oggs pur chr.sod in the rotr.il survey r/oro classified hy the California Department of Public Health into tr;o groups, those (dozens) rriich v;ore in confom.ity v/ith the lav/ and those vj-hich -wore bolo'.v legal roqu iroMcnts , Tables 45 to 48 indicate the relationship betv/oen this classific: tion and certain factors although the number cf samples is too limited in some cases to drav; general conclusions. Ttio factors r/nich are probably significant arc the tine and environmental olomonts. Of all oggs in retail stores foiir dayu or loss, 78 dozen ijoro above legal roo^uiromont and 75 be lev; v/hilo of those in the retail store over fo\.ir days 21 dozen v.'ore above aiid 40 bolow. Of 225 dozoii purchased, only one dozen r/as l;.opt under refrigeration and a considerable number TJore in open v/iro basliets, some of Y,hich x;ere displayed on sidewalks in the h.;at of the sun. Those ore f oLind to a larger extent in the poorer districts v;horc the nuinber of dozoris bclo;v legal r eqviiremcnt s v/as considerably gr^'ator than above. In 31 stores over half of the hinds or varic^ti'.s of oggs purchased (a dozen of each varietv purchased in each store) ivcre above legal requirements. In 21 of those stores all dozens purchased vjL.ro vdthin the law. In 58 stores half of more tho.n half the samples purchased r/oro below. In 30 of those stores all dozens purchased were bolov; legal requirements. Table 45 classifies theso into types of stores, neighborhood and supplier, Eti ch dozen purchased v/as counted as a separrte variety vrhother the difference was one of grade or price. The number of varioti;js carried by each store •.■;as as follov;s: 24 stores carried 1 variety 36 stores carried 2 varieties 13 stores carried 3 varieties 6 stores carried 4 varieties 7 stores carried 5 varieties 1 store carried 9 varieties 1 store carried 10 varieties 1 store carried 12 varieties The number of official grr.des in each store was: 40 stores carried 1 grade 37 stores carried 2 grades 8 stores carried 3 grades 2 stores carried 4 grades 2 stores carried 5 grades Ege;s purchased in tlie retail survey wore placed into blanlc cartons and each dozen >/as given a lot number. The eggs were then put into cold storage until the purcliaslng was complete, after which they wore graded hy three graders working independently. One grader v/as from the United States Depart- ment of iigricultm^e, another from the California Department of Public Health, and a txiird was a coimiiercial grader. The California egg law specifications were used by all graders. A comparison between the grades as represented in the retail store and the grades found by each of the three graders is presented in tables 35 to 37 It should be noted that the siso of the sample in som.e grades is very small. Ti'^LE 35 Comparison of Sgg Grades as Represented and as Graded In Riverside and San Bernardino Retail L'hrlcets April 18, 1934 Extr as Grades 1, Lar^ -e 2. Medium according Number Per cent Number Per cent to inspection of eggs of eggs Specials: large 193.4 50,6 20.4 12.1 mediuia 3.7 1.0 76.3 45.4 small 0 0 2.0 1.2 peowee 0.3 0,1 0 0 Extras: largo 123,3 32.3 9.3 5.5 m.cdium 9.0 2.3 41.0 24.4 si: rail 0,3 0.1 0.3 0,2 Standards: large 18,0 4.7 1.0 0.6 medium 0.7 0.2 3.0 1.8 small 1.0 0.3 0 0 Trades: large 0.3 0.1 0 0 Dirties: large 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 medium 0 0 2.4 1.4 Checks: large 27.0 7.1 0,6 0.4 medium 0.3 0,1 9.7 5.8 Leakers 1,7 0.4 0.7 0.4 Blood 1.3 0.3 1.0 0.6 Totals 382,0* 100,0 168,0 100.0 * Two eggs were broken in candling and are excluded from the grading. Source of data: Records of federal, state and coimnercial egg-graders. 56, T;J3IE 3 6 Coraparison of Egg Grades as Represented and as Graded In L.OS Angeles Retail Markets April 19-21, 1934 1, Specials 2, Extras Gr ade s Laree Medium Laree Medium Small Peevje accord ing Num- Num- 1 Num- Num- I 'um- Num- to inspection ber Per ber Per ber Per ber 1 ^er 1 )er ] ^er ber Per of cent of cent of cent of c jont c )f 'c sent of cent eggs eggs eggs eggs e >ggs 5gs Specials: large 92.7 70.8 0.3 2.5 583.0 47.3 19.3 5.2 0 0 0 0 med iuui 0.3 0.2 11,4 95.0 13.3 1.1 111.1 29.9 12.7 11.8 0 0 small 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,3 2.0 30.7 28.4 0.3 2.5 peewee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.1 1.3 1.2 1.7 14.2 Extras : large 26.4 20.1 0 0 408.7 33.2 9.0 2.4 0 0 0 0 me d iuiii 0.3 0.2 0.3 2.5 9,0 0.7 125.7 33,8 4.7 4.4 0 0 sinall 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 2.0 32.0 29.6 6.0 50.0 peewee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 l.S 1.0 8.3 Standards: large 4.5 3.3 0 0 99.3 8.0 5.3 1.4 0 0 0 . 0 nie d ium 0 0 0 0 1.3 0.1 55.7 15.2 0 0 0.3 2,5 small 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 0.5 1Q.3 9.5 0.7 5.8 Deewee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.7 1.3 10,9 Tre de s : Iet r ffe 0 0 0 0 6.7 0.5 0.7 0,2 0 0 0 0' Tde d uro. 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,0 1.3 0 0 0 0 small 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,0 0,1 1.0 0,9 0 0 Dirties: large 1.0 0,8 0 0 22,0 1.8 0 0. 0 0 0 0 medium 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 0.5 1.0 0,9 0 0 sm.all 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0,1 1.3 1.2 0 0 Checks: large 6,0 4.6 0 ^0 77,3 6,5 3,7 1.0 0 0 0 0 medium 0 0 0 0 0.7 0,1 15.3 4.1 0.3 0.3 0 0 small 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.7 9.0 0.7 5.8 peewee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0 0 Blood 0 0 0 0 6.0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blood rot 0 0 0 0 1.7 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rot 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leaker 0 0 0 0 3.7 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 131.0* 100.0 12 100,0 123. 3=^ 100.0 372.0 100. c 108 100.0 12.0 100, (Table continued on next page) Table 36 continued. 3, Standards •~ ' " ■ 4. Dirties Grades J^a rge Medium Small Large according i\i um- Hum-' jM um- Num- to inspection ber Per ber Per ber Per ber Per 01 cent 01 cent 01 cent or cent eggs eggs eggs egT'^s Sne f! T n 1 s • If v P" p. 22.0 - 22.9 3.4 7.1 0 0 12.3 25.6 0,3 0.3 8.7 16 ol 0.3 2.5 0 0 f^i-nn 1 1 0 0 0 0 3.0 25.0 0 0 d w V J O v5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40,0 41.7 7.0 14,6 0 0 12.0 25.0 "nod iurnn 0.3 0.3 17,0 35.5 0,3 2.5 0 0 c;r;T~' 1 *1 0 0 0.3 0.6 4.7 39.2 0 0 ir\ o o f o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • "1 n p 24.7 25.8 0.3 0.6 0 0 6.7 14.0 Tned 1 ■nrn 0.3 0.3 6.7 14.0 0 0 0 0 small 0 0 0 0 1.7 14 . 2 0 0 peewee 0 .0 0.7 1.6 0 0 0 0 Tr a d e s • 1 ar £■ e 2.7 2.8 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.6 inedium 0 0 0.3 0.6 0 0 0 0 sma 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dirtii^S' iiOrp'o 1.1-/ _L. J. \y « X 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.6 0 0 12.4 25.8 irLed"! um 0 0 0,3 0.6 0 0 0 0 SlTiall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Checlrs • lar^'e 4.7 4.9 0.3 0,6 0 0 4.0 8.4 iiiQdium 0 0 2.4 5.0 0,7 5.8 0 0 small 0 0 0 0 1.3 10.8 0 0 peovrce 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.6 Blood 0 0 0.3 0,6 0 0 0 0 Blood rot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leaker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 96 100.0 48 100.0 12.0 100,0 48.0 ' 100.0 (Table continued on next page) • i 58. Table 36 continued. Cxr ades 5, Checks Larco Medium Total o^ccording JJum'bo'i' ' "Mumhey TvTiiTn'h) py to inspection of GPT^ Pev o ent Prv p, e"nt -L C- 1 w Oil O O Uc; V X c-t, .L o • J-cAI tLt? 0 0 0.7 5.8 733.7 34.6 0 0 1.0 8.4 159,1 7.5 crnf] "1 1 Oill^-^* J- J- 0 0 0 0 41.3 1,9 u y Vv y u 0 0 0 0 3,3 0,2 2.0 5,6 0 0 505.1 23,8 0 0 0.3 2.5 157.9 7.4 0 0 0 0 51.0 2.4 U cf W O C7 0 0 0 0 3.0 0,1 2.0 5.6 0 0 142.6 0.7 illt/U. -L U.XU 0 0 0 0 65.3 3.1 Oi lid X X 0 0 0 0 14.7 0.7 1^ ^-1 ^ V J \v o 0 0 0 0 2,7 0.1 Trades : Ic.rge 1.7 4.7 0 0 12.1 0.6 0 0 0 0 5.3 0,3 O IilCL J, U. 0 0 0 0 1.3 0.1 Tj 1 vf" 1 p ^ • 1 r" T p X-^ xi O J_ O O • -J. 0 0 0 0 36,7 1.7 me d ium 0 0 3,1 25.8 6.4 0.3 small 0 0 0 0 1.6 0.1 Checks: largo 2G.6 79.5 3.3 27.5 127.9 6,0 medium 0.7 1.9 3,3 27.5 23.4 1.1 small 0 0 0 0 11,7 0.6 peev/ee 0.7 1.9 0.3 2,5 1.6 0.1 Blood 0 0 0 0 6.3 0.3 Blood rot 0 0 0 0 1.7 0.1 Rot 0 0 0 0 0.3 Leaker 0.3 0.8 0 0 4.0 0,2 Total 36,0 100.0 12.0 100.0 2120,0 100.0 * Under eggs represented as largo specials one egg vras broken in candling and is excluded from the grading. Under eggs represented as largo extras, three eggs v/ere broken in candling and are excluded from- the grading. Source of data: Records of federal, state and com-iercial egg-graders. 59. T.-JBLE 37 Compo.rison of Egg Grades as Represented and as Graded In Los -'Ingeles, Riverside and San Bernardino Retail Markets April 18-21, 1934 Grades accord"! ng Extras 1. Large 2. Medium 3 . Small* to inspection Number of eggs Per cent Number of eggs Per cent Number of eggs Per cent Specials: large 776.4 48.1 39.7 7,4 0 0 riiedium 17.0 1.1 187.4 34.7 12.7 9,6 small 0 0 9,3 1.7 35.3 26.7 peoweo 0.3 0.3 0.1 9.7 7.3 Extras: large 532.0 32.9 18.4 3.4 0 0 medium 18,0 1,1 166,7 30,9 4.7 3.6 small 0.3 8,3 1.5 37,7 28.6 poewee 0 0 0 0 6.0 4.6 Standards: large 1 1 n A 7.0 6.0 1.2 0 0 medium 9 n U . 1 OU , / 11 1 11,1 r\ U U Siiiali 1 r\ l.U n 1 U . 1 d A 11,3 n a pooTJoe U U r\ U U U . / U • O Tr ades : large / .0 U 0 / r\ 1 0.1 U U mediura U (J 5,0 o.y 0 0 small 0 0 0,3 0.1 1.0 0.8 Dirties : large 23.7 1.5 0.3 0.1 0 0 nodium 0 0 4.3 0.8 1.0 0.8 small 0 0 0.3 0.1 1.3 1.0 pee^vee 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.2 ChecLs: large 104 .3 6.5 4.3 0.8 0 0 medium 1.0 0.1 25.0 4.6 0.3 0.2 small 0 0 0 0 9.7 7.3 peev/ce 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.2 Leaker s 5.3 0.3 0,7 0.1 0 0 Blood 7.3 0.5 1.0 0.2 0 0 Blood rots 1.7 0.1 0 0 0 0 Rot 0.3 0 0 0 0 Total 1615. of 100,0 540,0 100.0 132,0 100,0 j * No sm.all extras v;ere purchased in Riverside. '\ Five eggs v/ere broken in candling and are excluded from the grading. Source of data: Records of federal, state and commercial egg-graders. 60. The number of stores visited and the nuraber of dozen eggs purchased classified according to types of retail outlet, neighborhood, and sources of supply will be found in table 38, Stores classified as national chains were those operating on a national basis. Local chains are those having three or more units all vrithin the territory in v/hich the survey v/as made. Independents are principally one-unit stores. Table 39 shows the sources supplying these retailers. Ti'/enty- seven of the eighty-nine stores v/ere purchasing from more than one supplier. The significance of each type of retail outlet as reported by the 1929 Census of Distribution appears in table 40. The number of retailers engaged in assembling eggs in southern California is reported by counties in table 41. TABLE 38 Nmiber of Dozen Eggs Purchased and Stores Visited in Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles, Classified According to Type of Store, Neighborhood, and Supplier Wednesday- Saturday 5 April 18-21, 1934. Riverside and San Bernardino San Riverside Bernardino Total Los Angeles Total Type Dozen Num- Dozen Num- ;3ozen Num- Dozen Num- Dozen Num- eggs ber of eggs ber of eggs ber of eggs ber of eggs ber of store s store s store s stores store s Store : National chain 6 3 7 3 13 6 13 8 26 14 Local chain O 1 0 0 3 1 53 13 56 14 Independent 11 7 21 13 32 20 111 41 143 61 Total 20 'i'i ■ 28 16 48 27 177 62 225 89 Keighborhood: Business 12 6 11 6 23 12 21 5 44 17 Wealthy 1 1 0 0 1 1 5 2 6 3 Better middle class 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 8 20 8 Middle class 3 2 10 6 13 8 43 20 56 28 Lower middle class 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 12 45 12 Poor 4 2 7 4 11 6 43 15 54 21 Total 20 if 28 16 48 27 177 62 225 89 Supplier i lAOiolesaler 2 0 2 1 4 1 73 19 77 20 Peddler 1 1 2 1 3 2 100 28 103 30 Producer 17 8 24 13 41 21 1 1 42 22 Whole saler and peddler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 13 Wholesaler and producer 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 3 Not specified 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 1 Total 20 11 28 16 48 27 177 62 225 89 ■1 i TABLE 39 61, Jiurnber said Type of Sources Supplying Retailers in Los Angeles, San Bernardino and Riverside iMu-uiuer d-iiu Oj/py ox buurco Muiiiber of stores supplied Los Angeles San Bernardino j Riverside Total One source; 1 '"'hole sal er 1 Peddler 1 Producer 15 24 1 1 1 0 1 c o 16 26 19 T^'tal 40 14 7 61 Tv/o sources: 1 l(\r)i o 1 <5 P 1 r* 'lO 1 "Pi rl r 1 H V* X ivXiL' JL OCA. J. c-X dXILi X p c; U. U.J, X 1 Wholesaler and 1 producer 1 Y'.Qiolesaler and 1 not specified 2 Y,1iolesaler s 2 Producers 7 P 1 o c 4 0 0 1 u 0 0 1 0 1 U 0 1 7 2 1 o c 4 2 Total 14 2 2 18 Three sources: 1 ¥,Tiolesaler and 2 peddlers 2 Y^h.olesal er s and 1 peddler 3 Wholesalers 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Total 3 0 0 3 Four sources^ 1 '''(ill n 1 p q 1 p y« , T) H ^ "OP rl 1 1 P 't" 2 Wholesalers and 2 peddlers 3 feolesaler 3 and 1 peddler 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Totrl 4 0 0 4 More than four sources: 1 '■''hole sal er and many producers Many p r o du c e r s 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Total 0 0 2 2 Not specified 1 0 0 1 Total 62 16 11 89 Source of data; Retail survey April 18-21, 1934. TABLE 40 62. (l) Retc.il Shell Egg Distribution by V.triouc Types of Stores in California and (2) Estimated Distribution in Los iingeles Per cent of eggs Estii.iated per sold to total cent of eggs Type of stores sales of stores sold in Los selling eggs* Angeles "[* Dairy products stores (including ice oroain) 21.4 7.5 Egg and -Qoultry dealers 23.1 5.6 i-ilk deo.lors 3.1 3.3 Dcliooitessen stoias 5.7 2.1 Fruit stores and vegetable markets 1,9 2,3 Grocer'' stores (without meats) 5.7 38.8 Combino-tion stores grocery stores v/ith moats 4.3 21.7 Combination stores - meat markets with groceries 2.8 5.1 Meat m.arlcets 2.7 7.0 Department stores (idth food departments) .4 2.2 General merchandise stores (v/lth food departments) 4.3 0.3 Lunch counters 7.7 4.1 Feed stores with groceries 7.0 100.0 * Reported only for California as a whole, "t" Estimate of per cent sold by various types of stores in Los Angeles v;as ob- tained in the following manner: The net sales of the various tyocs of stores in Los imgeles were multiplied by the data in column 1 above in order to obtain the estimated dollar sales of eggs in Los Angeles. The total egg sales thus obtained v/ere then divided into the amounts of sales calculated for the different types of stores. sales direct from producers to consumers v/ere not reported. Source of data: Fifteenth Census of the United States, Census of Di stribution. Retail Dis- tribution; State Series. California ^ 1929. pp , 56-36, TABLE 41 ^ Number of Stores Reporting Assembling of Eggs in Certain California Counties - 1930 - in Small City and Rural Market Areas in all Places Outside of Cities of 10,000 Population and Over County Nurab'«.. r stores C ounty ■ ■ I\iumber storeys Madera 7 Los iingeles 4 Fresno 63 San Bernardino 9 Kings 8 Riversid-3 0 Tulare 31 San Diego 3 Kern 2 Imperial 4 S>-.n Luis Obispo 5 Total 140 Santa Barbara 1 Ventura 3 California total 323 Source of data; Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930 Census of Distribution, Agricultural Coimnodity Series, The assembling of agricultural com- modities by retailers, pp. 32-33. 63. The length of time the oggs purchased v/ere in the retailers' stock, wheth-^r kept under refrigeration, sold by hrand, purchased or sold loose, all appear in table 42. TABLE 42 Number of Dozen Eggs Purchased in Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles, April 18-21, 1934 Classified According to Specified Factors Wednesday- Saturday, April 18-21, 1934 Factor Riverside and San Bernardino Riverside San Bernardino Total Los Angelci Total Dozen Dozen Dozen Dozen Length of time in store, days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 3 5 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 6 2 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 13 12 7 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 37 34 18 10 15 5 10 0 3 6 0 1 1 Dozen 32 50 46 25 16 18 6 10 0 3 6 0 1 1 Total 19* 27* 46* 168* 214* Kept under refrigeration in store Yes No 1 19 0 28 1 47 0 177 1 224 Total 20 28 48 177 225 Sold by brand; Yes No 2 18 1 27 3 45 76 101 79 146 ^225 Total 20 28 48 177 Retailer purchased: Loose In carton 18 2 44 4 103 74 147 78 Total 20 28 48 177 225 Retailor sold: Loose In carton 7 13 14 14 21 27 85 92 106 119 Total 20 28 48 177 225 * Number of days in store not reported for 11 dozen eggs, one dozen of ¥/hich was purchased in Riverside, one dozen in San Bernardino, and nine dozen in Los Angeles. -.1 I 64. Eggs purchased in the retail survey were classified into grades as repres- ented by the retailer and according to the equivalent official grades. The number of dozen in each grade appears in table 43 and 44. TABLE 43 Distribution of Official Grades of Eggs Purchased in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Rivorside, as S old April 18-21, 1934 and as Graded Official grades Sold Total Graded according to inspection Loose In carton Dozen Dozen Dozen Dozen Per cent Specials ; Largo* 4 7 11 79.0 35.2 Medium''^ 1 0 1 8 9 Small 4.0 1.8 PcoY;oe 1,0 .5 Extras : Large 53 82 135 9"^ 7 Medium 23 22 45 17,0 7.6 Small 'i' 8 3 11 4.8 2.1 Peewee * 0 1 1 .6 .3 .^"h n rl r; T* rl • 5 3 p. xo . o P. n Medium^)' 4 0 4 5.8 2.6 Small* 1 0 1 1.4 .6 Pecivee .2 .1 1 . 1 .5 Medium .5 .2 Small .1 .1 Dirties: ^ Large* 3 1 4 3.2 1.4 Medium. .7 .0 Small .1 .1 Checks : Large* 3 0 3 13.0 5.6 Medium* 1 0 1 2.8 1.3 Small 1.0 .4 Peowee .1 a Blood .7 .3 Blood rot .2 .1 Rot^ Leakers .5 .2 Total 106 119 225 224.5 100.0 * None so represented in San Bernardino or Riverside. Dairies usually sell large specials. None v/ere purchased from them. See table 40 for the importance of this and other outlets. I None so represented in Riverside. =1= One rot and one peeTivec dirty -.^ / See section 2, California Egg Lav/. TABLE 44 65, Distribution of Grades Ropresentod by Retailers of Eggs Purchased in Los iingelos April San B 18-21, ernardino, and Riverside 1934 r ' ijo eii G-rado as sold e f 0' s P 0* p* ,T Large Extras A O Fre sh Ranch Largo Extras X Medium Extras 97 C 1 dUJJlDO Eggs X U.S, Largo Extras ± O U UIUIJU r re sn 1 X Fre sh Large 7 Large oro^jn ji/Xuras T X Large Fresh 7 Xjar go Ljxr uy o c>.-i.no.i.t.r 0. 1 X Medium a D Largo jiXora i^rosn X Large Eggs c; o rj-vUiil i\lO . X jTv.'. i.ilOIl T X Large Spocials c 0 Large E:;;tra Ranch X Small Extras rr o Large Fresh Ranch 1 Extra Largo '2 o Large Fresh Yard X Fresh Extras 6 Large Ranch Fresh X Large O Largo Strictly Fresh Ranch X Stand: .rd Medium o Large U.S. StoTidard X Brovra Larg€ Elxtras 9 Large V.rhitc Spocials X Fresh Ranch Large 9 Large I'Yliite Specials (infertile) T X Fresh .Small 9 Li ght Dirty Elxtras 1 X Large Extra Brovm 0 Cj Medium Ranch 1 J. Large Standard 9 Medium Standard 1 Large U.S. Extras 9 Selected X Select ; Eggs c Select Large Extras 1 X Standard Large 9 c Small 1 ± Standard Largo Light Dirties o c Small Fresh X U.S. Extra Largo 9 Special Fancy Chocks Brovrn Eggs Largo Standard X Special Medium Extras 1 X Brown Ranch Eggs Large Fjxtra T X Special U.S. Fresh Medium 1 X Cracked Eggs U.S. Standard T X Standard Largo Eggs 1 X Extra Large Brovm X Standard Small X Extra Large Strictly Fresh X U.S. Extra Certified Federal State X E,xtra Peev/eo X U.S. Extra Medium X Fresh Dependable Large T X U • o • Extras X Fresh Eggs C fin died - Ranch 1 X U.S. Fresh Medium Extras 1 X Fre sh Eggs Small 1 X U.S. Jumbos X Fresh from the nest Large T X U.S. Large Extra Checked T X Fresh Jumbos 1 X U.S. Largo Elxtras (fresh) X Fresh Large Brovrn T X U.S. Large Fresh 1 X Fre sh Large Extra 1 U.S. Large Specials X Fresh Largo Special n X U.S. ke diums n X Fresh Large Standard 1 U.S. ifedium Extras 1 Fresh Large Yfhite 1 U.S. Biledium Speci^xls 1 Fresh Local Ranch Medium. 1 U.S. Specials 1 Fre sh Me dim 1 Yard Eggs 1 Fresh Medium Checks 1 No Si gn 14 Fresh Ranch 1 Fresh Ranch Extra Large 1 Total 225 Source of data.: Retail survey. 66. t;^le 45 Relation Botv/een tho Nunbor of Dozon of Eggs Purchased in Riverside, San Bernardino and Los A?igelejs, April 18-21, 1934 Boloxv and Above Logal Roquir enents and Various Factors Log al Lo ga 1 requireiaonts IVpe of requirei.ionts Tov/n Above Below reti^il outlet Above Be lev- " Dozen Dozen Do z en Dozen River side 12 8 National chain 9 17 San Bernardino 11 17 Local chovin 26 30 Los Angeles 81 96 Independent 69 74 local 104 121 104 121 Tyvo of neighborhood Logal roquir enents Type of supplier Logal rcquirenents Above BoIot: Above Bolov; Dozon Do zen Do zen Do zen Business 21 23 y;liolesalor 33 44 Vfcalthy 3 3 Peddler 50 53 Better middle Producer 20 22 class 8 12 Wo invoice 1 2 Aiddle class 29 27 Lo'.Tcr niddle class 22 23 Poor 21 33 Total 104 121 104 121 T/J3LE 46 Distribution of Eggs Below and Above Logal Requircnents and Various Factors log al Legal Logal roquir cnonts Number requiroiaent s Number requirements Sold Above Be 1 ovj of Abovo Bolov; of Abovo Bolov; Dozon Dozcn"" stores Dozon Dozon stores Do zen Do zon Loose 46 60 16 0 1 10 2 0 In carton 58 61 10 0 2 3 2 1 2 0 3 2 2 2 1 0 4 2 2 3 1 0 5 1 2 8 8 1 0 3 3 0 16 1 1 2 3 1 5 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 3 1 6 3 1 1 4 1 7 5 Total 104 121 89 104 121 (Table continued on next page) o.blo 46 continued 67. Logal Log al iMuuiDcr ox roquircr.ionts rjuiTLDi- r 01 r oquir o:nw'nt s days 111 Above bo ioi/ ii.bo\ 0 .Below or 0 Do z on Dozen s"fcor 0 Do zoii Do z on 1 17 15 8 5 5 2 30 20 9 0 0 3 17 29 10 2 1 4 14 11 11 1 5 5 5 11 12 0 0 6 6 12 13 0' 1 7 2 4 14 0 1 TotrJ 99* 115* * Nuinbor of days not roportod for 5 dozon eggs above legal roquir omcnts and 6 dozen bo lev/ legal requir ononts , TiiBLE 47 Number of Stores in "j/liich Varying Proportions of the Do zone of Eggs Purchc.sod in Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles, zj.pril 18-21, 1934 Were Above and Below Legal Roquir omcnts llumbor of stores All All Over Onc- Over One- Type abovo bolo\7 ono- half one- half half abovo or more 1 be low 1 half above or mor 0 below Store cent [J ^.^ 1 cent ' . t i 0 na 1 c lia i n 2 7 3 11 21.4 78.6 Local chain 3 2 7 7 50.0 50. r- Independent 16 21 21 40 34,4 65.6 Total 21 30 31 58 34.8 65.2 Noighborhood Business 4 7 7 10 41.2 58,8 ^fealthy 1 1 1 2 33.3 66.7 Bettor middle 0 2 3 5 37,5 62.5 Middle' 7 9 10 18 35.7 64.3 Lo-vver middle 3 3 6 6 50.0 50.0 Po or 8 4 17 19,0 81,0 Total 21 30 31 58 34.8 65.2 Supplier Viholosaler 3 10 3 16 15.8 84,2 Peddler 11 8 12 18 40,0 60,0 Producer 7 8 9 14 39.1 60,9 Vfliolesaler and poddler 0 1 6 6 50.0 50,0 . Vflaolesalor and producer 0 o c 0 2 0 100,0 T ?iliolesalcr and no invoice V/holosaler, peddler and no invoice Not specified 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100.. 0 4" 0 100.0 ^ 100, oT Total 21 30 31 58 34.8 65,2 * Includes first column. Includes second column, Numbor of stores too small to bo significant. 68 The re?i.;-,tion betv/een the price pr.id for eggs and the number of dozen above and beloT/ legal requirements is shovm in table 48 by grades, TABLE 48 Distribution of the Prices Paid Retailers for Eggs Purchased in Riverside, Scm Bernardino, and Los Angeles, Classified According to L'hethor the Eggs Were A.bove or Below Legal Requirements Wednesday to Saturday, April 18-24, 1934 Largo Specials* Extras standards* Dirties* Selling L.egal Legal Selling T [ i r* a.J .., ^ al Legal pr ice requiroD.ents Selling r equir oraents reauironents Selling requirements AbovG Below price Belov/ price Above Belov: price Above Below Gent s Do son Do ;:.on Cents Dozen Dozen Cents Do zon Do zon Cents Dozen Do sen 21 1 0 18 1 0 18 1 1 16.5 0 1 22 0 1 18.5 0 1 19 2 0 17 0 1 23 0 0 19 o 2 20 2 1 18 1 0 24 0 19.5 0 3 21 1 0 19 0 0 25 0 2 20 12 8 20 1 0 23 1 2 21 13 12 22 13 18 22.5 1 0 23 14 9 O/ 5 5 25 3 9 26 0 3 31 0 1 Total 2 . . . , 1 9 j 64 71 6 2 ... 2 L„-, , , , , Largo Mediur: Chocks* Specials* Extras Sto.nd'^rds* 16.5 1 0 20 1 0 13.5 0 1 16 1 0 17 1 0 16 0 2 17 1 1' 18 0 X 17 1 T 18 0 1 J- 17.5 0 1 18 7 2 19 5 7 20 'X 8 21 3 1 22 1 0 23 1 0 Total 2 i 1 0 22 2^ 2 (Table continued on noxt page) 69. Tr. ble 43 contiiiUGd, Medium Smll Pecwec-!- Chocks* Extrc.s t Standnrds* Erfcrr.s Leg.' -.1 Logril Legal Leg al S PI T 1 1 Ti f requir orients Sp 111 "'ifj' k>0 J- J. J-^ic'-^ requir oments ?! p "1 1 1 11 f* requir emonts R n 1 1 1 n P" k-* w J- -i- J- J. requiroiTicnts pr ic© Ab ove Bel o"".v yi X ^ o Above Bo 1 OTu price >\bovn Bel OTV pr ice Above Bel ow Cent s Dozen Dozen Dozen Dozen Cents Dozen Dozon Cents Dozen Dozen 14 0 1 13 0 1 15 1 0 16 0 1 14 0 1 15 0 3 16 0 0 17 1 1 18 0 1 19 1 0 20 0 2 Total 0 ■1 2 9 1 0 0 1 * None purchased in Riverside and San Bernardino, "I" None purchased in Riverside, Source of data: Retail Survey and Records of Throe Graders, Retail eg;:; prices for the United States as a whole and for Los Angeles and San Francisco appear in table 49, The margin, by nonths, beginning January, 1931 to ^~pril, 1934 betv/een California farm prices on eggs and the Los Angeles retail price appears in table 50, Amual margins between farn prices^n the follov;ing counties and Los iingeles retail prices arc: 1931 1932 1933 Kings County 15,8 Kern County 14.6 San Luis Obispo County 10.9 Los iingoles County 11.2 7.7 8,1 Riverside County 13,6 10.9 San Bernardino County 11,9 9.9 Orange County 12,3 10.0 San Diego County 12.8 Infornation on other southern California counties is not available. Monthly data on the above counties are being tabul:.ted. si/ See table 11. 70* £3 CO o o d- ci- CD CD !3 • • CD d- O 1— ' d- (— ' 1 — 1 o cX) O CD CD ro ^^ 03 o CO in 1 1 d- H-J CD in to CX) CO [\3 • 05 0) d- CD \« • M CD • (Ji 1— ' d- tV) »5 CO H' • 1— ' CD o o c 'T3 « O •-J • d- H« O d- CD o M o a' • 50 txi -j o c; CO o < JB d- • "J • (B CD d- >— ' • 1— • d- ?» \» PT" > CD O '-a CD t3 CO •s O d- d- • O fo 1— ' d- 1 — < • 1— ' CD d- o • tx • CD SB • O I—" (— ' CD o < u> • ! oi CD t\5 ro ro ro Cai c>i M ro CTj crj cn w • «••••• t-" ] i-J ro cn O) CD c>3 ro CD ro c» c>i cXi ro ro ro ro 05 CXI ro ro M en OJ cn CO O CO O -0 -a ro ro ro CK! c>3 Cfj 03 ro cn cn -o ui CO O -o - ro c/j C/3 h^s- vfi. cn CX) -a M I-' CO o o -o i-< ^ C/a ro -0 (fi. 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CD fp^' cn CD CO CO o c>i oo C>5 05 Kf=> CD on CD ^ to CD C/5 CD I— ' CD --3 hp- C^ OO f>i OO 05 tP^ CD cn ro CO 00 H-" ro CD H-" CD cn CD 00 hP^ ro ro CXI iP^ kP' CTj - CD ro CO ro cn i-< CD SO CO 13 CD o CD > c CO CD d- O O d- O CD o CD h- ' 5B C+- H' <1 CD c; H- d- CD CO d- PJ c+ CD CO C/5 m • CO o CD 13 d- CO d- CD -d CD CD ^ d- o o N CD o d- CD (— ' SB d- H- <^ CD H' H- d- O CD CD P- CO CO d- SB SB CO d- CD CD PL, CO o ro 1— ' CD o h-> CO oa II > t— ' O C^J o CD \-> CD CO 1 ' TABLE 50 Margins Between California Farm Prices and I,os Angeles Retail Prices, January 1931 to April 1934 Cali- Lo s 0 a i 1 - Lo s Month fornia Ange 1 e s i OZ&.L Month f ornia Angeles farm r eta i 1 mar gin farm retail margin pr ice pr 1 ce pr ice pr ice 1931 1932 Jan. 23.0 32.5 9.5 Jan. 23.4 30.1 6.7 Feb. 17.0 26.6 9.6 Feb. 15.8 24.8 9.0 March 15.3 28.0 12.7 March 14.2 24.5 10.3 April 15.5 26.8 11.3 Apr il 13.3 21.8 8.5 May 16.1 26.0 9.9 May 13.7 22.7 9.0 June 16.0 28.1 12.1 June 13.7 22.6 8.9 July 18.1 30.3 12.2 July 15.4 25.0 9.6 Aug. 23.1 35.2 12.1 Aug. 17.0 26.6 9.6 Sept . 26.5 40.2 13.7 Sept . 20.9 31.2 10.3 Oct. 30.0 40.7 10.7 Oct. 25.4 35.7 10.3 Nov. 29.5 39.4 9.9 Nov. 27.4 37.2 9.8 Dec . 29.2 39.3 10.1 Dec . 26.0 34.9 8.9 1933 1934 Jan. 26.0 35.4 9.4 Jan. 19.1 27.0 7.9 Feb. 13.4 22.2 8.8 Feb. 15.2 22.9 7.7 March 12.7 22.2 9,5 March 14.0 22.5 8.5 April 13.0 21.5 8.5 April 14.2 23.1 8.9 May 14.6 23.3 8.7 June 15.1 22.6 7.5 July 16.3 25.0 8.7 Aug. 18.9 28.6 9.7 Sept . 22.0 32.7 10.7 Oct. 24.5 33.3 8.8 Nov . 24.5 3 3 • 9 9.4 Dec . 23.0 30.6 7.6 Source of data; See tables 9 and 49. 5 TABLE 51 Average of I'vlonthly Farm Prices of Eggs by Counties in Southern California, 1931-1932 Month Los San San San Luis and year Anp^e les Orange Riverside Bernardino Diego Ob i s po — — — 1931 January 20.8 23.3 20.9 20.2 19 .1 Fe bruary 16 .4 17.8 15.6 16 .0 15 .7 March 16.9 18.0 16.7 16 .1 15.5 April 16.5 17.4 15.1 15.9 15.1 May 16 .2 16 .6 14.8 14.8 14.5 June 16.6 18.3 16.1 16 .4 15.7 July 18.3 22 . 1 19 .2 19 .3 20.0 August CO ^0 CD . 0 CO ' o C'i: .1 OA Q C^ 'O September C 1 .0 O Q O CO .O CO . o o c o CO .o C 1 "^k October on c ou . y CO .D 2o.5 O ^ 9 C 1 .c November o Q c; CO »o 'Z Ci Q C I . ( C 1 .o 2y . 2 De cember 0 i . i O 1 Q C 1 >t) 9 C 1 CO ' 1 average year* 20.3 21.9 19.4 19.6 18.9 1932 " *- January 20.8 20.5 21.4 20.1 20.2 February 15.1 14.2 14.8 14.4 15.1 March 14.8 13.7 14.1 13.9 14.4 13 .2 Aoril 14.8 13 .5 14.0 13.1 14.2 12.8 May 14 .3 13 .7 14.1 13 .7 14.2 13 .4 June 14.6 16.2 14.0 13.4 14.4 13 .5 July 16 .0 17.5 15.8 16 .8 16.9 15.3 August 18.7 22.0 17.8 18.3 18.5 9,4, c. September 22.4 23 . 3 22 .1 22 .3 21.1 22.4 October 25.6 27.7 24.7 25.3 23.4 24.2 November 28.0 26.5 26.7 27.6 26 .0 28.1 December 26.8 25.2 24.2 26.0 25.4 Average year* 17.9 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.1 17.5 * Weig}ited average based upon weights of receipts in months as follows for all counties except San Diego: January, 6 per cent: February, 9; March, 12; April, 12; May, 12; June, 10; July, 9; August, 8; September, 6; October, 5; November, 5; December 6 per cent. Fo.* San Diego: January, 8 per cent; Febru- ary, 10; March, 15; April, 14; May, 11: June, 10; July, 8; August, 6; Septem- ber, 4; October, 4; November, 5; and December, 5 per cent. Source of data: Farm prices reported by producers cooperating v;ith county farm, advisors. 73. ACKNOWLEDGiraNTS The authors are indebted to Professor H. E. Erdman and Mr. F. R« '.'^[ilcox, members of the staff of the Colle,D;e of Agriculture of the University of Cali- fornia, for valuable sug,p;estions and criticisms while this study was being conducted. Mr. L. D. Sanborn and Mr. C. V. Castle, Assistant Farm Advisors of Los Angelos County, were of great assistance in collecting data in Los Angeles County. The authors are also grateful for information gathered from pro- ducers in the other southern California counties. Particular thanks are due Hr. Milton P. Duffy, Mr. Richard Addison, and Mr. Frank W. Smdth, all members of the State of California Department of Public Health, for help rendered in making the retail survey. The authors also v/ish to tliank Mr. A. G. Abell,of the United States Department of Agri- culture, and Mr. C. A. Lawler, Manager of the Egg Department of Young's Market, for their assistance in the retail survey. So many producers and egg dealers cooperated in making inform.ation available that it is impossible to mention all. Cooperatives, -wholesalers, brokers, peddlers, and pick-up men alike received the authors most courteous- ly. Special thanks, however, are due Mr. F. M. Hudson, Secretary of the Produce Exchange, for his helpfulness.