REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES - 
 
 IN THE 
 
 LIFE OF JONAS H ANWAY, Eso^ 
 
 COMPKEHEXDING 
 
 AN ABSTRACT OF HIS TRAVELS IX RUSSIA, AND 
 PERSIA ; 
 
 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS 
 OF THE CHARITABLE AND POLITICAL 
 NSTITUTIONV. FOUNDED OR 
 SUPPORTED BY HIM; 
 
 SEVERAL ANECDOTES, 
 
 AND 
 
 AN ATTEMPT TO DELINEATE HIS CHARACTER. 
 By JOHN P U G H. 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 He that never was acquainted with Adverfity hath feen the 
 World but on one Side, and is ignorant of half the Scenes of 
 Nature. Sen. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 rP.INTED FOR THE AUTHOR BV J. DAVIS, 
 
 AND SOLD BY PAYNE AND SON, AT THE MEWSl CAT! J 
 
 CADEtL, IN THt strand; AND SEWEL, IN COKNHIr.L} 
 
 MOCC LXXXVIII.
 
 1603ii;';'
 
 TO THE 
 
 RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 THE 
 
 COUNTESS DOWAGER SPENCER. 
 
 M A D A M, 
 
 IT is with no common 
 degree of fatisfaftion, now that the 
 concurrent teftimony of all into 
 whofe hands this little Trad has 
 come hath pronounced it not quite 
 unworthy, that I can prefume to lay 
 it at your Ladyfhip's feet. 
 
 You, Madam, who aflifted Mr. Han- 
 way in carrying on many of thofe 
 
 Plans 
 
 1603iS7
 
 [ iv ] 
 
 Plans which his confined fortune 
 could not otherwife have matured ; 
 who amidft the fplendid allurements 
 of elevated life could liften to his 
 fupplications in favour of diftrefs 
 which you yourfelf had not witnefTed, 
 will not receive Vv^ith difdain this fim- 
 j^le Tribute to his Memory. 
 
 It is right the world fliould know 
 (though you, Madam, would v/ifh to 
 conceal it) how much his labours w^ere 
 indebted for their fuccefs to your be- 
 nevolence: The Great w^ould want 
 one flimulative to the pradice of vir- 
 tue, if they were not fhewn, by this 
 inflance, how confiftentafolicitous re- 
 gard for the fituation of the humble, 
 is with the moft exalted rank in life; 
 That Ilie who fet an example to the 
 Great and Affluent, is alfo a bleffing 
 to the Poor and Indigent : That the 
 
 fame
 
 t V 1 
 
 fame maternal hand which fafhioned 
 and gave to Courts a degree of ele- 
 gance, of gr^ce, and animation, with 
 which they were before unacquaint- 
 ed ; can defcend to direct the educa- 
 tion of the Poor, to the great ends 
 of private happinefs, and publick 
 utility. 
 
 Gratitude joins with felf-love in 
 acknowledging that your Ladyfhip 
 not only countenanced Mr. Hanway 
 whllft living in his benevolent pur- 
 fuits ; but likewife condefcended to 
 afTift the Author of thefe fheets in 
 this humble endeavour to extend 
 the influence of his virtues beyond 
 the limits of life. 
 
 May that good Providence which 
 hath eminently favoured your exer- 
 tions in promoting the happinefs and 
 welfare of every rank, ftill continue 
 
 its
 
 [ vi 3 
 
 its protcOilon : Your benevolent dif-* 
 polition will not ceafe, whilft it fhall 
 pleafe Heaven to preferve your life, 
 irrefiftibly to lead your heart into 
 many anxieties ; but that thefe may 
 be the only ones it will experience, 
 is the devout wifh of, 
 
 Madam, 
 
 Your Ladyfhip's 
 
 moft grateful 
 
 and obedient fervant, 
 JOHN PUGH. 
 
 Prince's Street 
 Red Lion Square, 
 ^P^i^ 30, th 1 788.
 
 R E F A C E. 
 
 1 SUBMIT the following fheets to 
 the infpedion of the public with all 
 becoming deference. They are the 
 produce of a few hours, which I have 
 been able to fpare, in broken and de- 
 tached portions, from necefTary bufinefs ; 
 and partake, I fear, very fufficiently oi 
 the diP-raflion of thought, which fuch 
 a mode of compofition always occa- 
 fions in fome degree. But whatever 
 may be their reception with the world, 
 
 they
 
 [ viii 3 
 
 they have had the effed on my own 
 mind to alleviate the forrow which I felt 
 at the lofs of a mofl: valuable patron and 
 friend, under whofe roof I refided from 
 my early youth, and by whofe counfel I 
 have efcaped many of the dangers to 
 which youth is expofed. 
 
 I have met with no other difficulties 
 in this work than fuch as I fuppofe oc- 
 cur to every one who makes a firft at- 
 tempt of this kind : The mofl trouble- 
 fome have been occafioned by the leaft 
 material parts, fuch as the afcertaining 
 of dates J and certificates, which I have 
 always taken for my guide where they 
 were attainable, were Sometimes not 
 tafily to be procured. 
 
 One
 
 [ i" ] 
 
 One difficulty, peculiar to my ftation 
 in life, and which may not be perceived 
 by the reader, was to diveft myfelf of 
 the ftyle of the profeffion I was bred to j 
 which, though well calculated to ex- 
 prefs legal certainty, would not fuit a 
 work of this nature. 
 
 Mr. Hanway's life, particularly the 
 latter years of it, was a courfe of fuch 
 noble and bevolent aftions, that it de- 
 ferved to be tranfmitted to pofterity by 
 the mod elegant pen ; but I believe no 
 perfon pofTefled fo many materials for 
 the work as myfelf, and I have, with, 
 perhaps, too much felf-complacency, 
 concluded that this would compenfate 
 for the want of adequate abilities. 
 
 I ADVER-
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 WHEN I formed the refolution of endeavour- 
 ing to preferve to future times the me- 
 mory of Mr, Hanway, I had not the fainteft ex- 
 pectation that my labour would have obtained fuch 
 diftinguifhed applaufe as it has met with: Un- 
 known among literary men, and to all thofe whofe 
 opinions are fuppofed to flamp the charafter of 
 Works of this kind, the extent even of my hopes 
 was no further than that the goodnefs of the man, 
 whofe life I defcribed, might incline the reader to 
 pafs over the defefts of the performance. — It was 
 therefore peculiarly flattering to me, that in the 
 fpacc of a few months after the publication of the firfl: 
 impreffion, a number of copies equal to two com- 
 mon editions had been fold; and received, as far 
 as has come to my knowledge, with univerfal ap- 
 probation. 
 
 The prefent Edition will, I truft, be found lefs in- 
 coned in language and fads than the former; 
 feme redundancies are left out, and it has fuch addi- 
 tions as a further refledion fuggefled to be neceflhry. 
 Thefe are for the moft part in the defcription of the 
 Rife and Progrefs of the Charitable Inftitutions, and 
 the Anecdotes and Charader of Mr. Hanway.
 
 ART L 
 
 REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES 
 
 I N T H E 
 
 LIFE 
 
 O F 
 
 JONAS HANWAY, Esq^ 
 
 TH E life of a man eminent for 
 difintereftednefs in his own private 
 concerns, and an unremitted attention to 
 the welfare and happinefs of others^ who 
 devoted his time, his labour, andhisfor- 
 B tunc
 
 2 Remarkahle Occurrences in the 
 
 tune to the fervice of his fellow crea- 
 tures, and made univerfal philanthropy 
 the ruling principle of his aftion, can- 
 not but be acceptable to all; becaufe it 
 holds up, for innitation, an example of 
 virtues, which all efteem, and which all 
 may attain if they refolve to take the 
 means. 
 
 But Mr. Hanway's life was not con- 
 fined merely to a round of anions, which, 
 though excellent in themfelves, are per- 
 haps not the mod interefting in the re- 
 cital : Some years of the early part of \i 
 were fpent in a country but imperfedly 
 known to the Englifh before his time : 
 Perfia, when he was there, was the the- 
 atre of the mofl: remarkable tranfact ions; 
 and the contemplative reader will not 
 fail to compare in his mind the events of 
 the prefent age, with thofe of the times 
 X)f Cyrus and Darius, and feel an addi- 
 tional motive to revere that Providence 
 in whofe hand is the fate of miighty em- 
 pires* 
 
 JONA-S-
 
 Life of Jonas Hanway, Efq. 3 
 
 Jonas Hanway, Efq. was born at 
 Portfmouth, in Hampfhire, on the 
 twelfth dayof Auguft 1712. His f.ither, 
 Mr. Thomas Hanway, was an officer in 
 the naval line, and for fome years Agent 
 Vi«5tualler at Portfmouth. He loft his 
 life by an accident, and left his widow 
 with four children, Jonas, William, 
 Thomas, and Elizabeth, all of a very 
 tender age. 
 
 Mrs. Hanway, thus deprived of her 
 protestor and fupport, and left to rear up 
 a young family by her own exertions, 
 removed with her children to London ; 
 ■and fuch was her maternal care and 
 aflfedion for them, that Mr. Hanway 
 never fpokeor wrote of his mother, but 
 in terms of the higheft reverence and 
 gratitude. 
 
 William, in the early part of his life, 
 had an appointment in the Navy-office, 
 but now lives retired from dl bufinefs, 
 on an eafy independency equal to all his 
 wants. Thomas purfuing his father's 
 B 2 pro-
 
 4 Rmarkahle Occurrences lYk the 
 
 profeffion, in 1742 obtained a captain's 
 commifllon, and diftinguiihed himfelf 
 in fome engagenaents on the coaft of 
 Scotland in i745> and in the two prin- 
 cipal engagements of the fucceeding war 
 with France and Spain. He married the 
 beautiful Mifs Ann Stowe, of a very re- 
 fpeftable family in the north of England, 
 In 1756, he was appointed comimander 
 in chief of his Majefty's Ihips at Ply- 
 mouth, and in 17 61 commiflloner of the 
 dock-yard at Chatham, which poll he 
 retained till 177 1, when finding his health 
 to decline, he refigned his truft, and 
 came with his lady to his brother Jonas's 
 houfe in Red-Lion- Square, v/here he 
 died the next year, leaving his widow, 
 beautiful even at the age of fixty, be- 
 hind him. She died about eight years 
 after her hufband of the fmall pox. Eli • 
 zabeth was married, firft to Captain 
 Worledge, and, after his death, to Mr. 
 Townfend, and died in 1770. 
 Of Mr. Hanway's anceftors there is 
 
 but
 
 Life^ of Jonas Hanway^ Efq, 5 
 
 but little remarkable: They were of 
 moderate fortune, refpedableprofeffions, 
 and fair chara6ler. His grandfather. 
 Sir Jonas Moore, had an appointment in 
 the Tower. He wrote a very elaborate 
 treatife on Mathematics, which I have 
 feen,and was then highly efteemed. His 
 uncle, by the father's fide. Major John 
 Han way, was a man of wit and gallantry : 
 He tranQated feveral of the odes, fatires, 
 and epiftles of Horace^ and the works 
 of other Latin poets; and was the author 
 of fome orio;inal verfes in that lano;uage. 
 I feleft the following fpecimen from his 
 book, dedicated to Thomas Vifcounc 
 Windfor, of which I have feen but one 
 copy. 
 
 In plam JMcmoriam cajla i^ amahilis puella baud ita 
 pridim defun^a, 
 
 [miss MILDRED HANWAY.] 
 
 Siile gradum, terramque levi pede tange, Viator ; 
 
 Namque mcam haec condit cefpite terra rofam ; 
 Quae quondam hortorum & ridentis gloria prati, 
 
 Ornatis niuiit confpicienda comis : 
 
 B 3 Spargite
 
 6 Remarkable Occurrences in the 
 
 Spargite humum foliis, tumuloque imponite flores, 
 
 Spargite purpureis lilia mifta rofis : 
 Nam viget hasc nullo, ncque vere puella vigebit ; 
 
 Nee fiiiet banc tencram Parca redire rofam. 
 
 Another uncle. Captain James Han- 
 way, was in the army, and remarkable 
 for his fuperior fkill as an engineer. 
 
 Jonas, the fubjedl of thefe fheets, was 
 pnt to fchool by his mother, in London, 
 where he learned writing and accompts, 
 and m.ade fom.e proficiency in Latin. 
 At the age of feventeen he went over to 
 Lifbon, where he arrived in June, 1 729, 
 and was bound apprentice to a merchant 
 ip that city. 
 
 His early life was marked with that 
 difcreet attention to bufinefs, and love of 
 neatnefs and regularity, which diftin- 
 guiflied his future charafter. At Lifbon 
 his afFeftions were captivated by a lady, 
 then celebrated for her beauty and men- 
 tal accomplifl:iments ; but fhe preferring 
 another for her hufband, returned to 
 England, and fpent the latter part of her 
 
 life
 
 Life of Jonai Hanwayj Efq. 7 
 
 life in London with her family, on terms 
 of frienddiip with Mr. Hanway. 
 
 On the expiration of Mr. Hanway's 
 apprenticefhip, he entered into bufinefs 
 at Lifbon as a merchant or faclor j but 
 did not remain there long before he re- 
 turned to London. From the time of 
 his arrival in London, to the year 174J, 
 when he weiitover with intention to fet' 
 tie at St. Peterfburgh, nothing remark- 
 able happened. He was not indeed in 
 this period, nor in any other part of his 
 long life, inadive : As commerce was 
 his profelTion, he purfued it with an ar- 
 duous and indefatigable attention, and 
 the ftri6teft regard to honour and inte- 
 grity j but in 1743, he entered into an 
 engagement which totally changed the 
 courfe of his life j and was attended with 
 occurrences truly remarkable. He had 
 hitherto appeared only in the familiar 
 light of a merchant ; but we are now to 
 view him in a new fituation and a new 
 character ; to fee with what perfeverance 
 B 4 and
 
 8 Remarkable Occurrences in the 
 
 and addrefs he condufts himfelf amidfl: 
 dangers and difficulties, not only new to 
 himrelf, but fuch as fall to the lot of very- 
 few to encounter. 
 
 It is at this period that his " Travels" 
 commence ; and I flatter myfelf the re- 
 lation of this part of his life will be 
 particularly acceptable, even to thofe 
 who were not acquainted with him. 
 Thefe Travels, although they went 
 through four editions, have been 
 long out of print. It has been in con- 
 templation to reprint them ; but the 
 worn out condition of the plates, and 
 the expence of two large quarto volumes, 
 have been formidable obftacles. I fhall 
 therefore endeavour to give a plain nar- 
 rative of the moft material occurrences, 
 omitting thofe parts of the work whicli 
 do not immediately relate to himfelf: 
 and as the fcene of thefe tranfa<5lions was 
 principally on the Cafpian Sea, and the 
 borders thereof, a chart is annexed of that 
 vaft lake^ reduced from the original chart 
 
 pre-
 
 Life of Jonas Hanwayy Efq, 9 
 
 prefented to Mr. Hanway by Captain 
 Woodrooffe, his fellow traveller, which 
 was taken by order of Nadir Shah, the 
 Perfian monarch : And to render the 
 relation yet more intelligible, there is 
 traced thereon the rout from Yerkie, at 
 the north-weR end of the Cafpian, to 
 Langarood, at the oppoiite extremity ; 
 from thence to Aftrabad, at the fouth- 
 eaft corner, the place where his misfor- 
 tunes began, and from thence towards 
 the camp of the Shah, and his return to 
 Yerkie. 
 
 In February, 1743, Mr. Hanway ac- 
 cepted the offer of a partnerfhip in the 
 houfe of Mr. Dingley, a merchant, at 
 St. Peterfburgh ; and embarking in the 
 river Thames in the April following, he 
 arrived at St. Peterfburgh the tenth of 
 June, riere he firfl; became acquainted 
 v.itii the Cafpian trade, then in its infan- 
 cy, and entertained an ardent defire to 
 fee Perfia, a country fo renowned for 
 
 extra'
 
 3 o Travels into Perfta, 
 
 extraordinary events in ancient and 
 modern times. 
 
 As tlic trade to Perfia has been at- 
 tended with circunnftances fomewhat 
 remarkable, and is connedled with the 
 fubjefl of Mr. Planway's adventures in 
 ■ that country, fome account of it is ne- 
 cefiary. 
 
 The opening a trade through RufTia 
 into Perfia had, ever fince the difcovery 
 of Archangel by the Englifh, been con- 
 fidercd as capable of procuring many 
 advantages to this country j and attempts 
 \vere made very early to effedt it, but 
 without any confiderable progrefs. In 
 1738, John Elton, an Englifh feaman, 
 of a moft enterprifing genius, and who 
 had fpent four years among the roving 
 Tartars, who inhabit the vad and un- 
 cultivated countries which lie between 
 Bokhara, and the weftern boundaries 
 of Siberia, made a propofal to fome 
 Britiih fa6lors at St. Peterfburgh, to 
 introduce a trade through RufTia into 
 
 4 Perfia,
 
 Travels into Perfta. 1 1 
 
 Perfia, by way of the Cafpian fea, and 
 reprefented that the pnly tolerable fafe 
 way was down the river Volga, and along 
 the Cafpian to Aftrabad, or fome other 
 port near the fouth-eaft extremity of that 
 fea, and from thence to Mefched, the 
 then favourite city of the Perfian mo- 
 narch ; from which place he conceived it 
 praflicable to extend it to the northern 
 cities of the Mogul's empire. 
 
 Mr. Elton's propofal being accepted 
 by the faflors, in the beginning of the 
 year 1 7 3 9 he fct out from St. Peterfburgh 
 with a cargo of goods, and, after en- 
 countering many difficulties, arrived at 
 Refhd, a city or principal town near the 
 fouth-weft extremity of the Cafpian, 
 where, finding protedion from the 
 Shah's regent, he fold his cargo at a 
 good price, without proceeding to Mef- 
 ched as he originally intended ; and 
 after having obtained a decree of the 
 regent in favour of the new trade, he 
 returned to St. Peterfburgh. 
 
 In
 
 12 Travels into Perfta. 
 
 In 1 741, an aft of the Britiih par- 
 liament palled in favour of the trade, 
 obtained in a great meafure by the re- 
 prefentations made by Mr. Elton to the 
 honourable Mr, Fynch, at that time his 
 Brltannick Majefty's minlfter at St. 
 Peterfburghi and in 1742 Mr. Elton 
 went again into PerfiajCommander of one 
 of two fhips built by the fadtors for the 
 inore efFe<5lually carrying into execution 
 their plan ; but aftuated by ambition, 
 or difgufted at fome part of his prin- 
 cipals' conduct, he deferted the caufe 
 he was engaged in, and entered into the 
 fervice of the ufurper Nadir Shah, as 
 *^ Superintendant of the Perfian coaft of 
 " the Cafpian," with defign to build fhips 
 in the European manner, for the navi- 
 gation of that fea. 
 
 This defertion of the principal agent 
 in the defign gave great offence to the 
 Ruffian court, and alarmed the fadtors 
 fo much, that they determined to fend 
 one of their company into Perfia, to 
 
 fuper-
 
 travels into Terjla, 13 
 
 fuperlntend the trade j and Mr. Han- 
 way, on his own voluntary offer, was 
 agreed on as the perfon. His known 
 integrity and perfeverance, joined to the 
 intereft he had in the trade, gave the 
 other fadors great hopes of fuccefs 
 through his means j and they trufted their 
 enterprife to his condud with implicit 
 confidence. 
 
 On the tenth of September, 1743, 
 after making the neceffary difpofition 
 for his journey, he fet out from St. 
 Peterfburgh, with an interpreter, who 
 liad been before in that part of Perfia 
 into which he was going, a clerk, a 
 Ruffian menial fervant, a Tartar boy, 
 and a guard i having under his care a 
 caravan of thirty-feven bales of Englilh 
 cloth, making twenty carriage loads, 
 and arrived at IMofcow, then but lately 
 the capital of Ruffia, in ten days from his 
 departure, thediftance being 7 34 werfts, 
 or 487 Englifli miles. At Mofcow he 
 faw the famous bell, which when hung, 
 
 for
 
 14 Travels into PerJIa* 
 
 for it is now broken, required 24 men 
 to move the clapper from one fide to the 
 other, weighed 336000 lbs, and was 64 
 feet in circumference. 
 
 " It is too much the cuftom in Ruflia 
 ** for officers, or perfons who travel with 
 ** fervants or foldiers, to treat the pea- 
 *' fants with infolences" but the firft 
 charge Mr. Hanway gave his attendants 
 was, to avoid every occafion of difpute, 
 andftill more of oppreffion ; and that if 
 any infult was offered to them, they 
 fhould inform him, that he might judge 
 in what manner it ought to be refented. 
 
 On the twenty-fourth of September, 
 having repaired his waggons, and provid- 
 ed necefiaries, he left Mofcow ; and on 
 the feventh day after, he entered the 
 Step, the common name in Ruffia for a 
 defert, and arrived, Odlober the ninth, 
 at Zaritzen, a city on the weftern banks 
 of the Volga, 688 Englilli miles diftant 
 from Mofcow. On his arrival at this 
 place, he endeavoured to procure a vef- 
 
 fel
 
 Travels into Perf.a, j^ 
 
 fel which Ihould carry his caravan down 
 the Volga to Aftrachan, the metropolis 
 of a province fituate on the other fide 
 the river, within the limits of Afia, at 
 the diftance of fixty Englifh miles from 
 its difemboguement into the Cafpian 
 fea ; and having hired a veflfcl of the 
 kind in life on that river, with proper 
 perfons to navigate her, he left Zaritzen 
 the eighth of November, and proceeded 
 on his voyage. 
 
 *' The river Volga (anciently called the 
 « Rha) is," fays Mr. Hanway, « for 
 *' extent one of the noblefl in the world : 
 " it derives its fource from the lake 
 " FernofF, in the province of Refl<ofF, 
 '* running, according to general com- 
 ** putation, near 3000 Englifh miles 
 " before it empties itfelf into the Caf- 
 *^ pian. The imrnenfe quantities of 
 *' water which this river receives from 
 " others, and from many hilly countries^ 
 *' from whence defcend great torrents, 
 '* particularly when the fnow melts in 
 
 " the
 
 i6 Travels into Perjia. 
 
 " the Spring, are the caufe of its fwel- 
 " ling at different times and places. 
 " The faiiors who navigate this river, 
 «' are remarkable for their dexterity in 
 <« warping. They have three boats to 
 *' carry out the warps, which they take 
 " in forward, and at the fame time they 
 " coil the warp from the ftern into the 
 " boat, while the other two boats are , 
 " a-head laying frefli warps. The vef- 
 *« fels fometimes carry from 150 to 200 
 «« men; and as their bignefs prevents 
 « their failing, except the wind be very 
 " fair, they warp thirty miles a day 
 <f againft the ft ream, which is very 
 " rapid." 
 
 The danger of this voyage down the 
 Volga will appear, when the nature of 
 the country, and the ftruflure of the 
 velTels are known. The Ruffian govern- 
 ment authorizing vaffallage, and giv- 
 ing one man a property in th» perfon 
 and labour of another, no vaffal can leave 
 the dominions of his lord without his 
 
 per-
 
 travels into Perfia, 17 
 
 permifTion, and muft return home, 
 no matter how far off, or how^ difficult 
 the journey, by the time limited : Thofe 
 who fail, dreading the fevere punifhment 
 which awaits them, frequently turn pi- 
 rates ; and, joining themfelves to the 
 Khalmuck Tartars 3 rob on the river. 
 They go in gangs of thirty, forty, or 
 even eighty perfons, in row-boats, equip- 
 ped with fire arms j and their piracy 
 is commonly attended with the murder 
 of the unfortunate who fall into their 
 hands. The punifhment inflifled on, 
 thefe wretches, when taken, is fuitablc 
 to the cruelties they pra6tife on others : 
 A float is built, with a gallows erefted 
 thereon, and they are ftripped naked, 
 and with their hands pinioned behind, 
 hung up by the ribs on hooks, and fee 
 afloat on the river i and it is a capital 
 offence for any pcrfon to relieve or put 
 an end, by death, to their tortures. 
 They remain alive, in this dreadful fitua- 
 tion, three, four, and fometimes five 
 C days,
 
 I S Travels inlo Perfia, 
 
 days, imploring water with the greateft 
 earnellnefsj and appear to die in a raging 
 fever. 
 
 The Khalmucks do not fow or reap, 
 or make hay for their cattle, which are 
 horfes, camels, cows, and Hieep. Their 
 food is flefh, that of horfes being pre- 
 ferred, fifh, wild fowl, and venifon, with 
 milk, preferved in various ways ^ but 
 mare's milk is moft efteemed among 
 them, and from it they extrad a ftrong 
 fpirit of which they are exceeding fond. 
 They are low of flature, with broad 
 faces, flat nofes, and fmall black eyes. 
 In adion their head is defended by a 
 piece of very flexible iron net- work. 
 Every winter they come in the number 
 of 100,000 perfons to the plains of 
 Aflrachan, and receive a prefcnt, or ra- 
 ther tribute, of food from that city, 
 which ferves them till fpring, all at once^ 
 after the melting of thefnow, unlocks the 
 treafures of the earth and waters. 
 
 With refpe6l: to the veflels in ufe on 
 
 this-
 
 Travels into "Perfid. 19 
 
 this river, they are without knees, have 
 but few beams, and their decks are only 
 loofe pieces of bark. In place of tar, 
 flips of bark are nailed over the feams, 
 to prevent the caulking from falling out. 
 On board one of thefe fragile vcflfels, 
 on the fourteenth of Oftober, Mr. Han- 
 way embarked on this vaft river. He 
 was furprifed to fee the banks marked 
 in fome places twenty feet above the 
 water ; but was told by the boatmen that 
 the river rofe in fpring to that height. 
 On the nineteenth he arrived at Aftra- 
 chan, where he was courteoufly received 
 by Mr. Thompfon, agent at that place 
 to theBritifh merchants trading to Perfia; 
 and after remaining about three weeks> 
 and procuring all the information he 
 could of the voyage along the Cafpian, 
 he left Aftrachan, and fell down to 
 Yerkie, at the mouth of the Volga, the 
 place where all vefTels take their depar- 
 ture from, and which they endeavour to 
 make on their return. 
 
 c 2 The
 
 ao 'Travels info Perja, 
 
 The Cafpian fea, at which he was 
 now arrived, extends (from Yaeck, in 
 46 deg. 15 min. north latitude, to Aftra- 
 bad, which is in 36 deg. 50 min.) 9 deg. 
 25 min. or 646 Englilh miles ; its 
 breadth is very various^ and its circum- 
 ference has been meafured to 3525 
 werfts. The water of the Cafpian is as 
 fait as that of the ocean ; but as the 
 moon muft have its influence, on awater 
 comparatively fo fmall as this, equally 
 on all its parts at the fame time, there is 
 no tide. At Derbend, on the weitcrn 
 fide, there was formerly a watering 
 place ; but it has fince been inundated. 
 Shamakie is the moft populous city in 
 thefe parts, having fadories from the 
 caftern nations, which occafions it to be 
 much reforted to. 
 
 From the coafl: on this fide the Caf- 
 pian may be plainly feen the high moun- 
 tains of Caucafus. The mountains of 
 Taurus and Ararat are fo contiguous, as 
 to appear like a continuation of the fame 
 
 moun-
 
 Travels into Perfta. 21 
 
 mountain ; but Ararat is one vaft rock, 
 exceeding Caucafus in height : Its top 
 is covered with fnow throughout the 
 year. The Armenians, who call it 
 Meffina, pretend that there are ftill fome 
 remains of the Ark, which they fay refted 
 here after the deluge ; but that by the 
 length of time they are become petrified. 
 At Derbend Peter the Great, when he 
 went with his army to avenge the fup- 
 pofed infults of the Perfians in 1722, 
 was met by an ambalTador from the 
 Turks, and required to proceed no fur- 
 ther, which he complied with, and pru- 
 dently, for, as it was, he loft one third of 
 his army on the return, by the attack of 
 the Dagheftan Tartars, accidents, and 
 ficknefs. 
 
 At Baku is feen, what the Perfians 
 call ^^ The Everlafting Fire," an objedt 
 of their devotion, and a phoenomenon 
 of a very furprifing nature : About ten 
 miles from the city are feveral ancient 
 Tmall temples, about fifteen feet high ; in 
 c ^ one
 
 22 Travels into Perfia^ 
 
 one of thefe, where the Indians now 
 worfliip, is a large cane fixed in the earth, 
 about three feet remaining in fight, from 
 the end of which iflues a blue flame, 
 not unlike that of a lamp burning with 
 fpiritSj but feemingly more pure. Here 
 are generally forty or fifty poor devotees, 
 who come on a pilgrimage, to make ex- 
 piation for their own fins, and the fins 
 of their countrymen, and they continue 
 the longer according to the number of 
 perfons for whom they have engaged 
 to pray. 
 
 A little way from the temple is a cleft 
 in the rock, about fix feet long and three 
 broad, out of which ilTues a conftant pure 
 flame j when the wind blows it rifes 
 fometimes eight feet high, but is much 
 lower in flill weather. 
 
 " The earth for above two miles 
 •' round this place, has this furprifing 
 " property, that by taking up two or 
 *' three inches of the furface, and ap- 
 plying a live coal, the part which is fo 
 
 " unco- 
 
 <f
 
 Ty^'vels into Perfm, 23 
 
 *« uncovered immediately takes fire 
 " If a cane or tube, even of paper, be 
 " fet about two inches in the ground, 
 ^' and the top of it touched with fire, 
 " immediately a flame ifliies without 
 " hurting the ':ane or paper.". 
 
 The river Kura or Cyrus, which is 
 joined by the river Araxis, is the mofl 
 confiderable river on the weftern coaft. 
 Not far from Keflar ftands the mountain 
 Barmach, remarkable for the oil called 
 Niotha, which iflues from it into thirty 
 different pits, all within the compafs of a 
 mufquet fhot of each other. The river 
 Oxus, on the oppoUte fhore, is now about 
 a mufquet (hot broad at its mouth. The 
 lake or gulph Karabogaflci is about twQ 
 werfts broad at its inlet : Some peo- 
 ple concluded, as the Cafpian is never 
 found to rife, notwithftanding the im- 
 menfe quantities of water that fall into 
 it from the rivers and hills at the melt- 
 ing of the fnow, that the water had an 
 outlet in this gulph j but the gulph is 
 c 4. as
 
 24 travels into Perfia, 
 
 as calm as any part of the fea. The 
 country near this coaft from near ^-^ra- 
 bad to Kulalie, the boundary of Turku- 
 mania, is inhabited by rude and inhof- 
 pitable Tartars, with whom no com- 
 merce has been had. From the pro- 
 vince of Aftrabad to the mouth of the 
 Volga, along the eaftern coaft of the 
 Cafpian, a trad of 1200 miles, not a 
 houfe is found except only at Yaeck. 
 The river Yaeck is about 100 fathoms 
 broad. The fliore from this river to 
 Yerkie is very (hallow and over-grown 
 with reeds for fome miles into the fea. 
 In thefe reeds are bred an innumerable 
 quantity of water fowls of various de- 
 fcriptions. 
 
 November the twenty-fecond, Mr. 
 Hanway embarked on board the Ewprefs 
 ef RuJJia, one of the two fhips built by 
 the faftors, commanded by Capt. Wood- 
 rooff'e, and was much pieafed to find 
 himfelf in a good veflel, regularly built, 
 andj probably, the firfl complete fhip 
 
 which
 
 'travels into Perfia, 25 
 
 -which had appeared on the Cafpian. 
 They failed from Yerkie, and traverfing 
 the whole length of the fea from north 
 to fouth, arrived, December the third, 
 at Langarood, a bay at the fouth-weft 
 extremity of the Cafpian, the then refi- 
 dence of Captain Elton, by whom he was 
 kindly received; and after having re- 
 mained feven days with him, he fet fail 
 for Aftrabad, in the fouth-eafl: corner 
 of the Cafpian. As they fleered eaft- 
 ward, the flcy brightened, and the air, 
 which had before been cold and wet, 
 became gentle and warm. They were 
 four days in fight of the great Peak or 
 mountain Demoan -, which, although 
 faid to be thirty leagues within land, they 
 could diftinguiili very plain at the dif- 
 tance of four or five leagues from the 
 jTiore. 
 
 On the eighteenth of December they 
 arrived in the bay of Aflrabad. Here, as 
 in other parts of the Cafpian, the fea had 
 made great inroads ; Many trunks of 
 
 trees
 
 ^6 Travels info Terfta. 
 
 trees lay on the fhore, and made it dif- 
 ficult of accefs. They anchored at half 
 a league diflance from the land, and Mr, 
 Hanway difpatched the Armenian, to 
 inquire if the goods might be landed 
 with fafety ; but he returned unable to 
 procure any information. The people 
 on the coafl having been frequently 
 plundered by the Ogurtjoy and Ruffian 
 pirates, and feeing fo large a vefiel in 
 their road, were under great apprehen* 
 fions for their own fafety. 
 
 On the twentieth, however, Mr, Han- 
 way went on fhore. The flumps of the 
 trees and fhallows made it difficult for 
 a long-boat to land nearer than twenty 
 yards. Having fatisfied the people that 
 they were friends, he was received by 
 them on the fhore, and conduced, by 
 many crooked paths through a thick 
 wood, to a fmall village. He fent the 
 interpreter to the city, which was about 
 eight hours diftant, to pay his refpedls 
 to Mahommed Zamon Beg, the gover- 
 4 nor
 
 Travels into Perfia* 27 
 
 nor of Aftrabad, and to requeft his pro- 
 ted:ion. In the evening the melTenger 
 returned : The governor promifed his 
 proteflion ; but charged Mr. Hanway, 
 in a very particular manner, not to re- 
 pofe any confidence in the peafants on 
 the coaft. 
 
 Whilft the Ihip remained in the bay, 
 fhe was in fome danger of being burned : 
 A quantity of raw cotton which lay in 
 the fteerage, and was intended for the 
 repackage of the bales of cloth in a pro- 
 per manner for camel and horfe carriage, 
 was fet on fire by the carelefsnefs of one 
 of the feamen ; but was with fome dif- 
 ficulty extinguifhed before the fire reach- 
 ed the powder cheft. 
 
 At night the woods on the mountains 
 took fire, and the wind feeding the flame, 
 made a dreadful blaze, which extended 
 feveral miles, and by its heat made the 
 butter on board the fhip run like oil : 
 The accident proved to have been occa- 
 fioned by burning rufhes on the coaft, 
 
 to
 
 aS Travels into Perfia. 
 
 to deftroy the infefts which breed in 
 them. 
 
 And now having accompanied Mr. 
 Hanway till his fafe arrival in Perfia, it 
 will not be improper to inquire into the 
 flate of that kingdom. 
 
 Perfia is bounded by the mountains of 
 Ararat on the north-wefl j by the Caf- 
 pian fea, which divides it from Ruflia, 
 on the north ; by the river Oxus, which 
 divides it from Ufbeck Tartary, on the 
 north eaft J by India on the eaflj and by 
 the Indian ocean^ and the gulphs of Perfia 
 and Ormus on the fouth, and by Arabia 
 and Turkey on the weft. 
 
 In the year 1402, Tamerlane, the 
 Tartar chief, havirrg fubdued Perfia, 
 died, leaving a fucceffion of kings till 
 150O3 after which the family of the 
 Sefiies poffefled th6 throne for the fpace 
 of about 220 years, until iVIaghmud, an 
 Afghan chief, taking advantage of the 
 indolence and timidity of Shah Sultan 
 Huffein, the laft prince of that family, 
 
 pro.
 
 'Travels into V erf id, 29 
 
 procured himfelf to be feated on the 
 throne. 
 
 Magh mud reigned until 1725, when he 
 was in his turn depofed and nnurdered by 
 AfhrefF, who fucceeded him in the dia- 
 dem ; and on the fifteenth of January, 
 1730, Alhreff was defeated in a pitched 
 battle by the famous Tehmas Nadir 
 Kouli, who had been raifed to the rank 
 of general to the legitimate heir of Huf- 
 fein. In 1736 Nadir procured himfelf 
 to be crowned Shah or king, under the 
 title of Nadir Shah. 
 
 The father of this fajuous i}.furper ^\'as 
 an obfcure Tarta^^^o^ddiii^^ fcanty 
 fubfiftence by i"^^6g.;ilieey^kih coats ; 
 and when he die^K-^Hadir-^as ufed to 
 gather flicks in the woods, and cany 
 tiiem to market on an afs, and a camel, 
 which were his only patrimony. He 
 was afterwards a robber j then a courier 
 in the fervice of a Beg ; and by the mod 
 enormous ambition, treachery, and mur- 
 ders, obtained the diadem and the com- 
 plete
 
 30 Travels into P^rfia* 
 
 plete conqiieft of the Perfians, whom 
 he ruled with the greateft rigour, oppref- 
 fion, and cruelty ; depriving them of 
 their poffefBons, and even lives, with 
 unexampled wantonnefs, and fpreading 
 defolation and mifery all around him. 
 
 Such was the ftate of this fruitful, and 
 once fplendid country, when Mr. Han- 
 way arrived with his caravan in the city 
 of Aftrabad. Whilft he was employed 
 in repacking his goods in a way proper 
 for land carriage, he had opportunities 
 of converfing with the inhabitants on the 
 diftrcfled ftate of the country, and the 
 profped before him. The Armenian 
 interpreter, who had before been robbed 
 near Mefched, now began to exprefs 
 fears of the danger they Ihould be ex- 
 pofed to in the journey to that city; but 
 as he had before been filent, and did not 
 now point out any particular danger, 
 Mr. Hanway did not think it neceflary 
 to pay great attention to his reprefen- 
 tations. 
 
 On
 
 travels into Perjia, |f 
 
 On the fifth he prepared to wait on the 
 governor J and having no equipage to 
 make a proper appearance, Nafeer Aga, 
 in whofe houfe he was lodged, lent him 
 a horfe handfomely caparifoned, and in- 
 fifted on his taking his fervants to attend 
 him as well as his own. The prefent to 
 the governor, confifting of feveral cuts 
 of fine cloth, and fome loaves of fugar, 
 was carried in before him. On his en- 
 trance, he found the governor attend- 
 ed by many perfons of the firft diftinc- 
 tion in the city, among whom were 
 Mahommed HaiTan Beg, fon of the late 
 Fately Ali Khan Khajar, who had been 
 put to death by Nadir, Mahommed 
 Klian Beg, and Sadoc Aga, the two laft 
 the fons of Khans in high favour with 
 the Shah. They all rofe up at his com- 
 ing in, and the governor bade him wel- 
 come to Perfia, adding, in the true eafi:- 
 ern ftyle of compliment, " that the city 
 ** of Aftrabad was now his to do what 
 *» he pleafcd with it." To this a fuita- 
 
 ble
 
 32 Travels into Perfta. 
 
 blc anfwer was made on the part of Mr, 
 Hanway, who requelled his afliftance 
 and prote6lion ; and after fume further 
 difcourfe, in which the governor aflured 
 him the pafTage to Mefched from thence 
 was perfectly fafe, and promifed to fend 
 fome of his foldiers to efcort him thither, 
 Mr. Hanway took his leave. 
 
 Nafeer Aga, of whofe humanity and 
 politenefs he had received fuch fignal 
 proof, was now a venerable old man, 
 of a ferious but inviting afpe6l. He had 
 been the companion of Nadir, when he 
 was the chief of a band of robbers in the 
 neighbouring mountains -, but he was too 
 good a man for Nadir's purpofe ; and the 
 mediocrity of his fortune, and his want 
 of ambition, had fecured him from the 
 calamities which ufually fell on fuch of 
 Nadir's favourites, as profefTed any re- 
 gard to juftice or confcience. 
 
 Having agreed for camels and horfes 
 to carry his merchandife, with fome dif- 
 ficulty on account of the mercenary and 
 
 deceitful
 
 Travels into "Perfia, 53 
 
 deceitful temper of the natives, he pre- 
 pared to fet forward on his journey to 
 Mefchedj but the drivers, feme days 
 after their agreement, reprefented that, 
 as the camels could not keep pace with 
 the horfes, it would be advifable to load 
 and fend them off fome days before he 
 departed himfelf with the horfes. It was 
 with great reludance that he confent- 
 ed to the feparation of his company, ef- 
 pecially as the behaviour of the drivers 
 gave him no very favourable idea of 
 their fidelity j but, urged by the necef- 
 fity of the cafe, and the reprefentations 
 of his new friend Nafeer Aga, he con« 
 fented to load forty bales on ten camels, 
 and fent them forward, fixing four days 
 after for his own departure with the reft 
 of the merchandize on the horfes. 
 
 He then made another vifit to the go- 
 vernor, who, to his great mortification, 
 behaved to him in a very diftant manner, 
 and acquainted him that he could fpare 
 but one foldier to efcort him : His mind 
 D ap-
 
 ^4> travels into Perjia, 
 
 appeared to be clouded with fome great 
 perplexity, which as Mr. Hanway could 
 not develope, he took his leave, with- 
 out thinking very deeply about it. 
 
 The day after that on which the forty 
 bales of cloth had been fent away, the 
 city of Aftrabad was alarmed with the 
 rumour of an infurreftion of the neigh- 
 bouring people : Signals were made to 
 call the inhabitants and their cattle 
 within the walls ; the lliops were fhut, 
 and the men prepared for defence. It 
 was found that Mahommed Haflan Beg 
 had left the city in fecret> and now ap- 
 peared in arms at the head of a party of 
 the provincials, with an auxiliary body 
 of Turkuman Tartars, declaring that they 
 meant to poflefs themfelves of the Shah's 
 treafure, which was then lodged in the 
 city, and of the European goods j and, 
 to further their rafh defigns, they gave 
 out that the Shah was dead. 
 
 A city befieged and incapable of de- 
 fence, a weak and faithlefs garrifon, and 
 
 the
 
 ^rnvels into Perjia. 2$ 
 
 the general report that the Turkuman 
 Tartars were the moft favao-e of the human 
 race, and would, in all probability, put 
 Mr. Hanway to the Iword, were circuin- 
 ftances of no common apprehenfion. His 
 attendants advifed him to difguife him- 
 felf in a Perfian habitj and efcape from 
 the city ; but as he was at a diftance 
 from the bay, and if he fliould be able ta 
 reach it, the fhip would probably have 
 failed, he determined to remain with his 
 m^erchandize in the city, in his proper 
 charadber, which he was befl; able to 
 fupport, and in which, if it Ihould be fo 
 decreed, he thought it moft honourable 
 to die. 
 
 The daftardly governor had already 
 fled from the city, difguifed like a pea- 
 fant, and mounted behind a real peafant, 
 Thofe among the inhabitants who were 
 not inclined to commotion, now curfed 
 Mr. Hanway as the caufe of their mif- 
 fortune, by bringing fo valuable a cara- 
 P 2. v^
 
 3^ Travels into Verfia, 
 
 van into the city, to attradl the avarice 
 of the rebels. 
 
 Nothing can difplay a man's charafter 
 for courage and addrefs more truly than - 
 his behaviour in a fituation like this, be- 
 caufe it has danger enough to prevent 
 every kind of artificial deportment ; and 
 Mr. Hanway's conduft at this jun6lure 
 Was fuch as he could always after refledt 
 on with pleafure and fatisfadbion. After 
 making, with great deliberation, thebeft 
 difpofition of his fervants and effefts to 
 receive the invaders, whom he faw it 
 "•^yas impoffible to refift, he direfted a 
 ■watch to be kept all night, that he might 
 not be furprifed. In the evening he re- 
 tired to his apartment, to prepare his 
 own mind for any event that might hap- 
 pen • and, as it was his ufual practice to 
 commit all his material thoughts to writ- 
 ing, he entered in his journal a prayer 
 to this efFe6l : 
 
 ^' O God, thou haft been my fuc- 
 ^' cour through all the perils and vicifll- 
 
 *' tudes
 
 "Travels info Perfia, 37 
 
 *^ tudes of my life : If it is thy good 
 '* pleafure yet to preferve that life, let 
 " all my future hopes, and all my wiflies, 
 '' centre in thee alone. Let the re- 
 '* membrance of thy mercies infpire my" 
 *' mind with the moft ardent love, the 
 *' moft exalted gratitude. Let the ten- 
 " der laws of humanity ever polTefs my 
 *^ foul. But if it is thy will that I now 
 *' render back this vital heat which 
 ^^ fprang from thee : if thy gracious pro- 
 " vidence has ordained that my life 
 *' be now brought to an end by thcfe 
 *^ unthinking men j thy will be done : 
 *' Avdrt, O Lord, the deftrudlion that 
 " threatens them, and lay not my blood 
 " to their charge ! Succour me in the 
 <' fecret paths of death, and receive me 
 " into the glory, which thou haft pre- 
 " pared for thy fervants." 
 
 With thefe meditations he retired to 
 reft, and was awaked at four in the morn- 
 ing, after a fleep of five hours, by a fmart 
 but irregular fire of mufquetry. A filence 
 D 2 enfued,
 
 38 travels into Perfia. 
 
 enfued, and the city was given up to 
 Mahommed Hafian Beg. Noife and 
 merriment Teemed neceflfary to fupport 
 thefpirits of the infurgents : They feized 
 the city drums -, and a large party went 
 about beating them, and hallooing. 
 Zadoc Aga, who was now appointed a 
 Sirdar or general, with Mahommed 
 IChan Beg, both young men of. more fire 
 than judgment, headed a party of men, 
 and came to the houfe in which Mr.' 
 Hanway refided. He had collefled his 
 attendants in a room together, from 
 whence he fent the Tartar boy to condufl 
 thefe hoftile vifitors to him. He en- 
 treated them that, :3 he was now at 
 their mercy, they would behave to him 
 with humanity. They declared they did 
 not mean to hurt his perfon; but on 
 the contrary, as foon as ever their go- 
 vernment was eftabliihed, they would pay 
 for the goods which they then feized j 
 and informed him the forty bales, fent 
 out laden on the camels, were already 
 in their p^flfeflion. 
 
 " As
 
 Travels into Per/ia. 39 
 
 • " As gold/' fays Mr. Hanway on 
 this occafion, *' can purchafc every 
 *' thing, except virtue and wealth., un- 
 *^ derilanding and beauty ; when my 
 " money was demanded, I referved a 
 " purfe of 1 60 crowns in gold, think- 
 *^ ingic might adminiftertoour fafety ;'' 
 but he foon found that his fecurity was 
 in his fuppofed poverty j for in three 
 weeks diftrefs which fucceeded, he durfl 
 not fhev/ a fingle piece of gold. 
 
 Some days after, twoTurkuman chiefs 
 were introduced to him by the newly 
 made governor Baba Zadoc, who afked 
 the Perfians in his hearing : " You 
 *' give us the merchandize of the Ruf- 
 ** fians, will you not give us the Ruf-- 
 <^ fiansalfo ? They will do well to tend 
 " our IKeep!" They were pacified by 
 the natives ; but the knowledge this 
 gave Mr. Hanway of their difpofition, 
 determined him to quit the place as foon 
 as any opportunity Ihould prefent itfelf. 
 Several of the Turkumans, at different 
 D 4 tinres,
 
 •40 'Travels into Verfia, 
 
 times, intruded themfelvcs into his houfe 
 pretending a curiofity to fee him j but he 
 afterwards learned, their real intention 
 was to confult by what means they might 
 carry him off. 
 
 The perplexity he obferved in the 
 councils and condu6l of the infurgents, 
 joined to the knowledge he had of the 
 force and difpofition of the Shah, gave 
 him very unfavourable prefages of their 
 approaching fate ; and he was firmly of 
 opinion their reign could continue but 
 a very Taort time. Every way, how- 
 ever, he faw danger threatening himfelf : 
 Xl they retreated from the city, they 
 might carry him with them into the in- 
 hofpitable deferts of Turkumania, or de- 
 llroy him for their own convenience or 
 fafety 3 and if they fucceeded, the Tur- 
 kuman party would increafe, and he 
 mightbecarried a flaveintotheircountry . 
 But even in thefe perturbed times, 
 there were not wanting fom.e among the 
 inhabitants of Aftrabad, whofe love of 
 
 juftice
 
 travels into Perfta. 41 
 
 jufticc and humanity convinced them 
 thatj whatever motives they might have 
 to rebel againft the Shah, they had no 
 right to rob a ftranger ; and fome of 
 thefe gave him information, and even 
 afTifted, as far as was fafe, in his pre- 
 fer vation. 
 
 After experiencing much of theinfults, 
 and wanton cruelty, of the rebels, he de- 
 termined to leave Aftrabad at all events, 
 althouah its environs were infefted with 
 flying parties of the Tartars, and feek 
 the proteftion of the Shah, who was re- 
 ported to be near Ghilan with his army. 
 This intention he thought it advifable to 
 conceal with the utmoft precaution ; but 
 he direfled his interpreter to deliver to 
 Mahommed Haffun Beg, an account of 
 the value of the goods, and to demand a 
 bill for the amount J which he obtained 
 of him, and an engagement to provide 
 ten armed men to efcort him to Ghilan. 
 
 On the twenty-fourth of January he 
 left Aftrabad under convoy of a Hahd- 
 
 gee
 
 i^i. travels into Perfia, 
 
 gee \_d general title bejlowed on all whi 
 have made a pilgrimage to Mecca]y Vv'ho 
 had been introduced to him by Nafeer 
 Aga on his firfl arrival, his brother and 
 two Tons, and about twenty armed vil- 
 lagers ; and arrived, after a few days 
 journey, at a fmall town belonging to 
 the Hahdgee. His brother, whofe cha- 
 racter did not appe.ar to be very amiable, 
 woiild have conduced him to his houfe, 
 -r/hich he faid was in the adjacent moun- 
 tains i but he had experienced too much 
 of Perfian infidelity to truft himfelf in 
 fuch a fituation. The Hahdgee, who 
 had been acquainted with the circum- 
 ilances of the rebellion at the time 
 of Mr. Hanway's firfl: arrival, and fe- 
 duced him to remain in th« city, merely 
 that he might partake in the fpoil of his 
 effedls, fuppofing that he was yet pof- 
 fefied of fome things of value, thought 
 it would be inconfiftent with his intereft 
 to fufi'er him to carry them ofFj and he 
 exerted all the cunning of his country 
 
 to
 
 Travels into Perjia. 4J 
 
 to obtain them. He even declared the 
 carriers fhould not proceed, unlefs Mr. 
 Hanway left his baggage with him i and 
 he was conftrained to deliver up the 
 grofs thereof, taking care to conceal 
 about his perfon as much of value as was 
 pofllble. 
 
 They then proceeded on their jour- 
 ney, through pathlefs woods, over 
 ditches and hills, taking care to keep the 
 lead frequented way, and lying in the 
 open fields. In their way they paffed 
 by the ruins of the palace of Farabad, 
 once famous for the refidence of the Per- 
 fian kings. The carriers had engaged 
 to condufl him to Balfrufli, the capital 
 of the province of Mefanderan ; but 
 hearing that the Shah's admiral was 
 levying forces to oppofe the Aftrabad 
 rebels, they refufed to proceed any fur- 
 ther. He requefted they would at lead 
 convey him to a place where horfes or 
 fome other cattle might be procured ; 
 
 but
 
 44 Travels into Perfia, 
 
 but this alfo they refufed, alledging that 
 he was near the coaft, and naight go by 
 fea. Accordinglyj they conduced him 
 and his attendants to a filherman's hut, 
 on the fea coaft : The poor man had only 
 an open boat, like a canoe, very leaky, 
 and barely large enough to admit fix 
 perfons ; befides it could be navigated 
 only with oars or paddles near the 
 fhore, where the furf then ran very high ; 
 and the fand banks forming breakers, 
 made the fea ftill more dangerous. He, 
 therefore, again imiplored the carriers 
 to furnifh horfes according to their en- 
 gagement, but they treated his requeft 
 with contempt. He threatened to ufe 
 force ; whereupon two of them, being 
 armed with matchlocks, lighted their 
 matches, two others had bows and arrows, 
 and all of them, being fix in number, 
 had fabres. Mr. Hanway colledted his 
 company, among whom were four muf- 
 quets, a blunderbufs, and a pair of pif- 
 
 tols ;
 
 travels into Perfia. ' 45 
 
 tols : but as he could not depend on 
 more than two of his fervants, after a 
 fhort parley, he fubnnitted to run the 
 rifk of being drowned, rather than en* 
 gage in a fray, where no other advantage 
 could be obtained, than the precarious 
 ufeof horfes, through a country utterly 
 unknown to him ; and if he (hould fall, 
 the caufe in which he had embarked 
 muft fall with him. 
 
 Trufting, therefore, to Providence, he 
 embarked in the boat with his fervants ; 
 and with much fatigue and danger, fa- 
 voured by the winds, he arrived, fafe at 
 Tcfchidezar, in the next province ; and 
 learning that the Shah's ofRcers were 
 there colleifting their forces, he begged 
 their protedion : The chief fcnt him 
 ahorfehandfomelycaparifoned, with four 
 mules for his fervants ; and on the thir- 
 tieth he arrived at Balfrufh, where he 
 was afTured by the Perfian merchants, 
 that the Shah would certainly make 
 
 gQod
 
 .46 Travels itiio Verfm* 
 
 good his lofs.* Mahommed Khdn^ 
 the admiral, told him he might think 
 himfelf fortunate in having efcaped with 
 life J and recommended to him to con- 
 tinue his rout by water to Ghilan j and, 
 indeed, fo unable was the force at that 
 time with the admiral to oppofe the 
 Tartars, who were then in the neigh- 
 bourhood, that they all prepared for 
 flight, and Mr. Hanway faw that he 
 had no alternative but to wait and receive 
 his conquerors a fecond time, or to de- 
 part unprote6bed, without guides or at- 
 tendants. Fie applied to Mahommed 
 Khan for horfes, who promifed to fup- 
 ply him, but, after many prevarications, 
 fent him one mortally diftempered, and 
 
 ex- 
 
 * It was this efcape which gave Mr. Hanway 
 the firft idea of his motto. When he returned to 
 England, he had painted on his chariot, a man 
 drefled in the Perfian habit, juft landed in a ftorm 
 on a rude coaft, and leaning on his fword, his coun- 
 tenance calm and refigned. In the back ground 
 was depifted a boat, beat about by the billows : 
 in front, a fhield charged with his arms leaning 
 againft a tree, and underneath, the motto in Eiig- 
 
 liih; " NEVER DESPAIR.'
 
 Travels into Perjia^ 47 
 
 exceedingly poor in fiefh. He was in 
 feme doubt whether he Ihonld ac- 
 cept the beaftj but at length he de- 
 termined on his nmode of proceeding.* 
 He took an afFe6lionate leave of his in- 
 terpreter and fervants ; and leaving with 
 them the. rebels' pafTport, and what 
 money he could fpare, he recommended 
 them to the protedlion of Providence, 
 and fet out alone on his journey- The 
 Tartars were entering the city at one 
 gate, when he went out at the other. 
 After fome time, he fell in with a party, 
 who conduced the baggage of the ad- 
 miral, and himfelffoon followed; but 
 it was not poflible for him to keep pace 
 with them. The poor Tartar boy, 
 attached to him with more fincerity 
 than his other fervants, had followed him 
 on foot; and when he fainted, Mr. H.m- 
 way took him up behind him ; but be- 
 fore they had rode fix miles, the horfc's 
 hind quarters gave way, and they were 
 both obliged to difmount. 
 
 In
 
 4S travels Into Per/id. 
 
 In this fituation, without guide, and 
 underflanding but little of the language, 
 it was with great difficulty he explored 
 his way to the coaft once more. He 
 now found it neceflary to put on the 
 meaneft appearance pofiible : His clothes 
 were worn out and in tatters. They 
 had feveral rivers to pafs ; but pleading 
 poverty, they were carried over gratis. 
 He had retained the greatefl: part of the 
 nioney he had concealed at Aftrabad, 
 but dared not to fhew h. At length 
 the adnniral's company halting, he got 
 up with them again, and was joined 
 by his clerk and fervant, who had for- 
 tunately procured horfes. 
 
 The next day he fent to the admiral 
 for other cattle, who ordered them ; 
 but demanding more than five times 
 their value, he refufed to take them, and 
 procured fome of another perfon. The 
 admiral now made a feint, as if he 
 meant to flop the progrefs of the infur- 
 gents, who were advancing in purfult 
 S of
 
 Travels into Verfia. /\ 9 
 
 of him, and ordered all the avenues to be 
 guarded. Mr. Hanway had then not 
 eaten any thing for near forty hours, ex- 
 cept a few parched peafe, which he had 
 by chance in his pocket -, and was driven 
 to beg of the peafants, what he dared not 
 buy, for fear of exciting their avarice, 
 by a fhew of his money. 
 
 In the night, although the admiral had 
 promifed not to march without him, he 
 quitted the place v/ith all his baggage, 
 leaving Mr. Hanway and his fervants 
 behind, without the leafl provifion, and 
 unprotected. Trufting to Providence, 
 he again determined to follow the ad- 
 miral, whom, fortunately, he overtook. 
 In a dark and tempeftuous night, in 
 which, however, he had, with great diffi- 
 culty, been able to keep pace with the 
 baggage horfcs, until he was quite fpent; 
 urged by defpair, he feized the bridle 
 of the horfe on which the admiral him- 
 felf was mounted, and pronounced the 
 word Sbab with the utmoft emphafis. 
 E Xl?£
 
 50 Travels into Terfta, 
 
 The determined ferioufnefs of this a6lioil 
 brought the Perfian to that fenfe of duty, 
 ■which his promife, or the diftates of 
 humanity, had not efFe6led : He halted, 
 and ordered his Yifier to take him up 
 behind him, till he afterwards procured 
 a horfe for himfelf ; and one of the car- 
 riers had compafTion on the faithful Tar- 
 tar boy, and took him up. The clerk 
 and fervant had yet ftrength to walk > 
 but the former, after a few miles, not 
 able to proceed, begged Mr. Hanway 
 to relieve him with the ufe of his horfe, 
 to which he confented, till his own fa- 
 tip^ue oblio-edhim to difmount his fellow 
 traveller ; and from that time he faw no 
 more of his clerk till fome days after his 
 arrival in Ghilan. 
 
 The apprehenfions of the admiral, 
 "who knew the cruel difpoiition of the 
 Turkuman Tartars, hurried him on from 
 {fivtn in the evening till the fame hour 
 next morning ; and, after a Ihort refrefh- 
 ment, till four in the afternoon, amidft 
 
 a con-
 
 Travels into Perfia. 5 1 
 
 a continued rain and tempeft. Mr. 
 Hanway was more than once overcome 
 with deep and fatigue ; but ftill it was 
 his good fortune to get up with his com- 
 pany again. 
 
 On the morning of the 4th of Febru- 
 ary, intelligence was received that a body 
 uf Tartars had been at the houfe the 
 admiral had (lept at j and in the rout be- 
 tween the confines of a wood and the 
 Tea fhore, the advanced guard gave the 
 alarm, as if a body of Tartars had been 
 polled in the wood ; the courageous 
 admiral immediately changed his clothes 
 for mean ones j and preparing for battle, 
 gave orders to fire in upon them. When 
 Mr. Hanway came up, he found five 
 miferable Afghan recruits, who had been 
 travelling towards the Shah's camp, wel- 
 tering in their blood, and expiring of 
 the wounds they had received. The 
 next day and night rhey travelled twenty 
 hours. The inroads of the Cafpian> 
 and the torrents from the mountains, 
 E 3 had
 
 i;-a travels into Perjia, 
 
 had formed many channels, fome of which 
 were hardly fordable ; and the furge on 
 the fea fliore, near which they were 
 fometimes obliged to pafs, threw down 
 feveral of the horfes, and their riders 
 were in danger of being drowned. On 
 the 7th the admiral thought himfelf 
 out of danger, and relaxed a little in his 
 pace. 
 
 It is not the cuftom in eaftern coun- 
 tries for any man to come near the 
 women, except their lord j but circum- 
 ftances had happened in this expedition 
 which prevented a ftridt regard to dif- 
 tindions ; and Mr. Hanway had more 
 than once the office (not a very dignified 
 one in Perfia) of guarding the admiral's 
 women, who accompanied him in this 
 expedition. 
 
 He had now pafled through the whole 
 province of Mefanderan ; but fuch had 
 been his diftrefs, and the inclemency 
 of the weather, that in twenty-three days 
 he had not enjoyed an hour of fecurity 
 
 ©r
 
 Travels into Perfia. ^t^ 
 
 or unbroken fleep. He was drawing near 
 to Langarood, which he had left fe- 
 ven weeks before ; and Captain Elton 
 hearing that he was on the road, fent a 
 fervant with horfes to meet him, and 
 received him with open arms, congratu- 
 lated him on his having efcaped with 
 his life, and confidently affured him that 
 the Shah would caufe juftice to be done 
 him. 
 
 After a few days his clerk and fervant, 
 who had been left behind, were brought 
 in by Captain Elton's fervants: The 
 c^crk appeared as a man expiring in a 
 lingering confumption ; he had been 
 two days and three nights expofed to 
 the weather without Ihelter or food, 
 and five times robbed, till he was left 
 nearly naked. The interpreter arrived 
 about three weeks after: He had ob- 
 tained a paflport from Sadoc Aga, under 
 his feal, the flyle of which, confidering 
 all circumftances, conveys a curious 
 E 3 idea
 
 54 Travels into Perfia, 
 
 idea of Perfian folly. It was in thefc 
 words : 
 
 *' To THE VICTORIOUS ARMIES BE IT 
 *' KNOWN, THAT MATTEUSE, THE AR- 
 '^ MENIAN, IS here: LET HIM NOT BE 
 " MOLESTED, BUT LIVE UNDER OUR 
 <f SHADOW." 
 
 When Mr. Hanway arrived at Langa- 
 rood, his feet and legs were much 
 fwelled J his clothes had not been put 
 off for a long time, and having no op- 
 portunity of attending to the natural de^ 
 licacy of his conftitution, he found his 
 health much impaired. After (laying 
 fome days with Captain Elton, to refrefh 
 his wearied fpirits, he took his leave, and 
 fet out for Reflid, where he arrived on 
 the 19th, and with difficulty procured 
 an interview with the governor of the 
 province, who informed him the Shah 
 was expected to be in Turkey, or near 
 the borders of Syria, in a Ihort time ; 
 on which he determined to continue hi? 
 journey in fearch of him : and having 
 
 provided
 
 Travels into Perfia, 55 
 
 provided freOi clothes, horfes, and tents, 
 and firelocks and fabres for his five at- 
 tendants, he fct out from Relhd, and 
 on the 2d of March arrived, very near 
 blind with the refledion of the fhow 
 which lay on the ground, at Cafbin, 
 where was a new palace built by Nadir 
 Shah. 
 
 This city is famous for having been 
 the refidence of many of the ancientkings 
 of Pcrfia : It was one of the chief cities 
 of Parthia, and the burial place of 
 Hepheftion, the favourite of Alexander 
 the Great ; but it was now almoft ruined, 
 and the inhabitants were reduced to dif- 
 trefs by the cruel opprefTion of Nadir, 
 
 March nth, the weather having be- 
 come mild, and the fnow being in a 
 great meafure diflTolved, Mr. Hanway 
 joined a company going to the camp of 
 the Shah, who was reported to be march- 
 ing towards Hamadan. On the road 
 they paflfed by the fkelctons of feveral 
 camels, whofe fiefh had been devoured 
 E4 by
 
 50 'Travels into Perfta. 
 
 by wolves, and faw all the way the mi- 
 ferable effefts of Nadir's tyranny, in the 
 extreme diftrefsof the inhabitants. The 
 whole appeared a fcene of defolation ; 
 and the people taking them for robbers, 
 or foldiers, which were as bad, fled to 
 the mountains, and left them to provide 
 for themfelves. 
 
 Mr. Hanway now discovered that all 
 his Perfian fellow travellers were in the 
 cuftody ofa meflenger, who was conduc- 
 ing them to the camp j and fuch was the 
 terror which Nadir's cruelty had excited, 
 that this fingle perfon kept eight or ten 
 officers of diftinflion, v/ith all their fer- 
 vants, prifoners. 
 
 On the 2oth they arrived at the Shah's 
 camp, and Mr. Hanway pitched his tent 
 near the royal ftandard, which was no 
 fooner done, than'an accident happened 
 that was very near preventing him from 
 ever telling his adventures. He had 
 ordered the fire arms to be placed round 
 the infide of the tent j and while he was 
 
 {landing
 
 travels into Ferfia. 57 
 
 ftanding up, one of the firelocks, which 
 in Perfia have no guard to the trigger, 
 went ofF, and carried two flugs through 
 the top of the tent, juft over his head. 
 The tent being of cotton was fet on fire, 
 but no notice was taken of the accident. 
 
 Mr. Hanway, immediately on his ar- 
 rival in the camp, delivered into the 
 chancery, his petition, praying to be re- 
 imburfed the value of his caravan -, and 
 whilft he waited to receive an anfwer, 
 he had leifure to make obfervations on 
 the objetfls before him. He vifited every 
 part of the Shah's camp, informed him- 
 felf of the manner of conducing his 
 wars, tranfa6ling the bufinefs of ftate, of 
 his force, amufements, and charader. 
 
 Such was the difguft which the tyranny 
 of Nadir had excited in the breafts of the 
 Perfians, and fo many rebellions againfl 
 his government were on foot, that the 
 utmoft exertion was neceffary on his part 
 to counteraft them. He was in his tent 
 of audience from feven in tlie morning 
 a cill
 
 5 3 Travels into Perfia, 
 
 till ten at night, except retiring for very 
 ihort intervals. 
 
 In placing the camp, the tents of the 
 minifters and principa'l officers were in 
 the front, or to the right and left of the 
 Shah's quarters, that fome of them might 
 be always near him. The circuit of the 
 Shah's own tents was very large ; the en- 
 trance confifted on one fide of a line of 
 uniform tents, ferving for guard-rooms, 
 and on the other of the tents in which 
 the affairs of the chancery, and the like 
 public concerns^ were tranfadled. About 
 two hundred yards beyond this avenue 
 %vas the pavilion in which the Shah ufual- 
 ly fat to give audience, and tranfa6l 
 bufinefs ^ the front was always open, 
 even in the worft weather -, but when 
 it was extremely cold, feveral pots of 
 charcoal were fet in the middle. Behind 
 the pavilion were placed the Shah's pri- 
 vate tents, to which were admitted only 
 his fecret emiflaries, when they had any 
 remarkable intelligence to communicate. 
 
 Near
 
 Travels into Perfia, 59 
 
 Near thefe were the tents of the Shah's 
 ladies; and the whole was furrounded by 
 a fence, round which the night guard 
 patrolled, and feverely puniihed any who 
 were found near the quarter of the women. 
 None but the officers in immediate wait- 
 ing were admitted into the royal pa- 
 vilion : The officers of ftate and people 
 of bulinefs flood in the open air in all 
 weathers^ forming a femicircle in front of 
 the tenr. 
 
 The market, which was well fupplied 
 with provifions, apparel, horfe furniture, 
 and other neceflaries, was about half a 
 mile long, confiding of tents on each 
 fide like a flreet. The fhopkeeper^ of 
 confequence were generally under the 
 protection of fome of the principal cour- 
 tiers, who took care to be interefled in 
 the profits, particularly of flour and rice, 
 of which there was always a great con- 
 fumption. The Shah often inquired 
 into the prices of provifions, and re- 
 duced them as he thought proper, fin- 
 ing
 
 €o Travels into Perjia. 
 
 ing the market people upon every tranf- 
 greffion. 
 
 The two imperial flandards, although 
 it required twelve men to move them, 
 were lengthened in the flaffs by Nadir, 
 and made ftill heavier, to prevent their 
 being carried off by the enemy, except 
 in an entire defeat. The Shah had 
 about fixty women, and nearly the fame 
 number of eunuchs, who, in a journey, 
 generally rode near his perfon ; before 
 him were his running footmen and body 
 guards, fpreading a mile or two : Thefe 
 gave notice of his approach, and cleared 
 the way. When he travelled with his 
 women, the army was kept at almoft a 
 mile diftance. 
 
 Nadir's {landing forces were computed 
 at 200,000 men J to fupport which, 
 Perfia had been ruined, and India fpoil- 
 ed of one hundred and feventy millions 
 fterL g, and near three hundred thou- 
 fand fouls. He thought a foldier always 
 fought better when he had fomething to 
 
 lofe.
 
 Travels into Perfia. 6i 
 
 lofe, therefore encouraged the wearing of 
 coftly furniture, particularly for the 
 horfe. He himfelf had four complete 
 fets, one mounted with pearls, another 
 with rubies, a third with emeralds, and 
 the laft with diamonds, moft of which 
 were of a prodigious fize ; but let in a 
 barbarous tafte, feveral being bored 
 through. 
 
 Cofmin Khan, the chancellor, was , 
 employed, whilft: Mr. Hanway was in 
 Perfia, in writing the hiftory of Nadir's 
 wars ; but no account of the completion 
 of the work has appeared : which is not, 
 perhaps, much to be regretted, as Nadir 
 had a fight of it from time to time in its 
 progrefs. 
 
 The Turkifh language is the moft 
 common in Perfia. In matters of learn- 
 ing they ufe the Arabian, in which is 
 preferved the greateft: part of that know- 
 ledge for which the Perfians were once 
 diftinguifhed. As time feems to have 
 made litrle change in the cullomsof Afia, 
 
 the
 
 6i Travels into Per/id. 
 
 the fame manners remain as are read of 
 two thoiifand years ago ; and the lan^ 
 guage retains the fame idiom and fub- 
 limity of exprefTion. 
 
 The Perfians write like the Hebrews, 
 from the right to the left, but their 
 writers,who are exceedingly expert, fome^ 
 times range their lines in an arbitrary 
 manner, fo that on one leaf the writing 
 fhall have ten different directions, all 
 in exaft proportion, as to diftanqe and 
 the number of words and lines in each. 
 
 While Mr. Hanway remained in the 
 camp, he was witnefs to feveral aCbs of 
 cruelty, committed by Nadir. He had 
 appointed a certain general, governor of 
 a province, on which an exorbitant tax 
 had been impofed, to be levied in fix 
 months : At the expiration of the ten"n> 
 the governor was fent for to the camp, 
 and required to produce his account : 
 He did fo ; but it amounted to only 
 half the fum demanded. The Shah 
 told him he had embezzled the other half 
 
 of
 
 Travels into Perfia, 6 j 
 
 of the money, and ordered the execu- 
 tioners to bailinado him to death. His 
 ellace, when confifcated, fell very fhorc 
 of the demand, and his fervants v»'ere 
 ordered to come into the Shah's prefence. 
 He inquired of them if there was any- 
 thing left, belonging to their late mafter. 
 They anfwered, '* only a dog j" which 
 being brought before Nadir, he ob- 
 ferved that the animal appeared to be 
 much honefter than his m.after, and di- 
 re<5bed that he fhould be led through the 
 camp, from tent to tent, and beaten with 
 fticks J and wherever he expired, the 
 mafter of the tent Hiould pay the money 
 deficient. The dog was accordingly 
 carried to the tents of the minifters (uc- 
 celTively, who immediately gave fums of 
 money, according to their refpeclive 
 abilities, to procure his removal i and 
 the whole fum demanded was raifed in a 
 few hours. 
 
 Soon after a man was executed with 
 circumRances, which gave Mr. Han- 
 way
 
 ^4 'Travels info Perfta, 
 
 way a yet ftronger imprefTion of the 
 Shah's cruel difpofition. The man was 
 accufed of having made greater ex- 
 adlions in his employment of a tax-ga- 
 therer, than he had accounted for to 
 the Shah. Being condemned to death. 
 Nadir faid to him, *' I underftand you 
 " can dance well ; dance, and I will 
 'f fave your life." The man began im- 
 mediately to dance, in tranfports of joy 5 
 but the Shah ordered the executioner to 
 ftrike him on the legs, which preventing 
 his performance, the tyrant cried, " the 
 «* rafcal dances ill ; kill him." 
 
 In a little time Mr. Hanway ob- 
 tained a decree of the Shah, that " the 
 «' particulars of his lofs Ihould be de- 
 '^ livered to Behbud Khan, the Shah's 
 'f general, now at Aftrabad, who was 
 *' to return fuch parts of the goods as 
 *' could be recovered, and make up the 
 *^ deficiency out of tlie fequeflered 
 *^ eftates of the rebels." This decree, 
 although a fignal mark of the juftice of 
 
 Nadir,
 
 Travels into Perfici. 65 
 
 Nadir, was yet ungrateful to our travel- 
 ler, becaufe it made it necefTary for 
 him to return again to Aftrabad, the 
 fcene of his former troubles ; but his 
 zeal for the caufe in which he had em- 
 barked overcame every obflacle. 
 
 The 27th of March he fet off from 
 the camp. The fpring being already 
 advanced, the brightnefs of the fky, the 
 falls of water from the rocks, the ftupen- 
 dous mountains, far higher than any he 
 had ^ttn in Europe, rifing gradually 
 one above another, fome with their fum- 
 mits covered with fnow, and others con- 
 cealing their heads in the clouds, form- 
 ed a delightful fcene. The vines were 
 full of foliage; the orange groves perfum- 
 ed the air with their fragrance, and the 
 gardens were in fullblolTom. Where pof- 
 fclTion is infecure, and the hufbandman 
 knows not that he (hall be permitted to 
 reap the fruit of what he fows, the hand 
 of induftry is never very confpicuous; 
 " but here," fays Mr. Hanway, " na- 
 F "^ ture.
 
 66 'Travels into Terfid* 
 
 <' ture, with a little labour, feemed io 
 *f furnilh all that was needful or plea-^ 
 ** fant." The return of fpring naturally 
 cheers the mind : but muft have been 
 particularly delightful to one whofe win- 
 ter had been attended with fuch cir- 
 cumftances of diftrefs. 
 
 April the 5 th he arrived at Langa- 
 iood, where he was again kindly received 
 by Mr. Elton, and remained with him till 
 the firfl: of May, when he left that placed 
 to travel by land through the province 
 ©f Mefanderan to Aftrabad. There were 
 in all in his company fix perfons well 
 armed. The firft evening, they were 
 benighted and loft their way in a wood 5 
 but at length, difcovering a light, they 
 made towards the place, and found the 
 houfe barricadoed with trees. They 
 ufed every entreaty to perfuade the maf- 
 x.tv of it to condud them on their jour- 
 ney ; but their rhetoric not having the 
 defired effedt, they proceeded, like true 
 Perfians, to break into his houfe, apd 
 tying a rope to one of his arms compelled 
 2 him
 
 T'favels info Perjia, 67 
 
 him to fhew them the way ; but this 
 outrage being the effect of mere necel- 
 fity, Mr. Han way took care to reward 
 him well for his trouble, and fent him 
 home again when they had regained their 
 path. 
 
 They had not proceeded far before 
 two of the men hired to conduct the 
 baeo-aore, through fear or fome worfe 
 caufcj left their loads and their company 
 \n a very abrupt manner. The next 
 nisht, v/hile the horfcs and mules were 
 at pafture, a wolf of a very extraordi- 
 tiary fize, of which there are many in the 
 neighbouring mountains, made his ap- 
 pearance ; but being driven off by the 
 guard, he contented himfelfwith killing 
 a cow. In the morning they came up 
 with a detachment of fifty foldiers, the 
 commander of which very courteoully 
 offered his fervice as a convoy, which 
 Mr. Hanway was very ready to acccpr, 
 and purfucd his journey in their com- 
 pany. 
 
 F 2 As
 
 68 "Travels into Ferfia. 
 
 As they advanced further in the pro- 
 vince, the peafants grew more infolent. 
 Mr. Han way had feparated from the 
 officer, and had obtained of him ten of 
 his company as a guard : and now the 
 villagers, many of whom had been en- 
 gaged in the late infurre6tion, apprehen- 
 five that the foldiers had orders to arreft 
 them, took to their arms, and refufed 
 to fupply them with any provifions. 
 He, however, procured fome food, on 
 condition that the foldiers fhould remain 
 all night underarms in the field, where 
 he himfelf pitched his tent ; but the 
 guards left their convoy in the night, 
 contrary to their engagement, and pro- 
 ceeded to take care of themfelves. 
 
 Early in the morning they ftruck their 
 tents, and, to avoid the exceffive heats, 
 determined to travel only in the morn- 
 ings and evenings. At Amul, a city 
 fituate at the foot of that part of mount 
 Taurus, where Alexander is faid to have 
 encamped and refreflied his army, they 
 
 faw
 
 Travels into Perfta. d^ 
 
 iliw the ruins of one of the cities of an- 
 cient Perfia, and a palace of ftone, which 
 Shah Abas the Great often nnade his re- 
 fidence. Nadir Shah had eftablifhed a 
 manufaflory at this place for horfe (hoes, 
 and other works in iron. 
 
 Here Mr. Hanway met with a writer 
 who had retreated with him before the 
 Turkuman Tartars from Aftrabad, from 
 whom he learned that Sadoc Aga and 
 his troops, when they came into this 
 place, were not above one hundred and 
 fifty in number j but as the admiral had 
 but fixty fighting mei^ with him, they 
 would certainly have attacked him if the 
 town's people had not magnified his force. 
 That Sadoc Aga, to give a formidable 
 impreffion of the numbers in his army, 
 had demanded of the city fifty thoufand 
 pairs of horfe fhoes ; but that, notwith- 
 llanding their bravadoes, the rebels 
 were entirely defeated. 
 
 On the 9th Mr. Hanway arrived at 
 
 Balfrufh, v/here this news was confirm- 
 
 F 3 ed,
 
 yo Travels into Perfta, 
 
 cd, and he was further informed that the 
 people of Aftrabad had fubmitted very 
 quietly to Sadoc Aga^the rebel governor, 
 while he was in ibength ; but that he 
 having left Ifmael Beg, a perfon of 
 diftijiction, as their governor, upon the 
 news of the rebels being defeated, they 
 had feized their new governor, and cut- 
 ting hoks in his fi-^'dij thty fct lighted 
 candles in thern, and in that ftate led him 
 naked about the market place, until he 
 dropped down dead, with fatigue and 
 lofs of blood. Cruel treatment of a man 
 whom their own aflions, but a fev/ v/eeks 
 before, had tefliiiied tlity thought v/as 
 guilty of no crime ! 
 
 On the 13th of May, leaving Balfrufli, 
 Mr. Hanway proceeded on his journey, 
 and travelled forne miles on the great 
 Caufevvay, made by Shah Abas the 
 Great, which runs near three hundred 
 I.nglifh miles. Thev nafRd by feveral 
 teiviplcs Q^ the ancient Gtbres, or v,'.or- 
 fiiipuers of lire ^' where at cne time pofu- 
 
 was
 
 Travels into Perfia. 7 r 
 
 bly was the fame phsenomenon as at Ba- 
 ku), and alfo the ruins of a palace built 
 by Shah Abas, far exceeding in grandeur 
 any other on the coaft of the Cafpian fea. 
 On the fixteenth they reached Aftrabad. 
 As they approached, they met feveral 
 horlemen carrying home the captured 
 peafants, whofe eyes had been cut out"; 
 the blood yet running down their faces. 
 Near the entrance into the city were two 
 pyramids of flone, each of forty feet 
 high, built by Nadir, in which were 
 niches, the greater number having hu- 
 man heads placed in them, being the 
 heads of people who had offended the 
 Shah, and had been executed by him or 
 his officers. 
 
 On his arrival this fecond time at Aftra- 
 bad, Mr. Hanway v/aited on Behbud 
 Khan, the general, to whom he prefent- 
 ed the decree he had obtained of the 
 Shah, who promifed him that he would 
 caufe it to be executed with the utmoft 
 cffeft. He was feated in his aivan or 
 F 4 tenr^
 
 72 travels into Verfta. 
 
 tent, with a femicircle of foldiers drawn 
 np below him, judging and executing, 
 in a very fiimmary way, the rebels who 
 were brought before him, one or two at 
 a time. After a fhort repaft, a prifoner 
 was brought v;ho had two large logs 
 of wood riveted to the fmall of his legs, 
 and a iieavy triangular collar of wood 
 about his neck ; one of the angles being 
 longer than the others^ ferved as a hand- 
 cuff to his left wrift, fo that if he at- 
 tempted to reft his arm, it muft prefs 
 on his neck. After being queftioned 
 for fome time about the caravan of 
 European cloths, of which it appeared 
 he knew very little j the general ordered 
 him to be beaten with fticks, which was 
 immediately performed by the execu- 
 tioners with the utmoft feverity, as if it 
 was intended to kill him, and the fcene 
 was doled with an order to cut out his 
 eyes. - Sadoc Aga was then produced. 
 In the hour of his fhort-lived profperity, 
 while he was a general of the rebel troops, 
 
 he
 
 Travels into Per/ia, 73 
 
 he had treated Mr. Hanway with an 
 unbecoming infolence ; but how changed 
 was his appearance ! When Mr. Hanway 
 faw hinn laft, he was a youth of uncom- 
 mon vivacity, richly drefied, and ful 
 of .mirth j but now his garb was mean, 
 his voice funk, and his eyes cut out of 
 their fockets. He exprefied his inabi- 
 lity to make any reftitution of the pro- 
 perty ; " for he had been deprived of 
 ^* every thing." This anfwer the general 
 returned, by an order to ftrike him on 
 the mouth, which was done with fuch 
 violence that the blood gufhed out. 
 
 Mr. Hanway might have now retorted 
 on fome of thefe wretched men, the 
 taunts they had bellowed on him, while 
 he was in their powers but refentment 
 was not a prevailing pafTion in his com- 
 pofition : His humanity led him to 
 confider that there is never a proper time 
 to infult the wretched ; and he took his 
 leave in filence, having his heart too 
 full to enjoy this kind of entertainment, 
 
 although
 
 74 ' Travels into Tsrfia, 
 
 although he could perceive the general, 
 judging of his difpofition by his own, 
 imagined the fcene would have afforded 
 him pleafure. 
 
 Whilfl he was waiting to receive the 
 remains of the cloths as they were found, 
 he was witnefs to feveral executions of 
 the unfortunate rebels, which were con- 
 du6led with very little ceremony : 
 They were led to a field near the refi- 
 dence of the military judge, and being 
 made to kneel, blind-folded, and pro- 
 nounce the creedj " There is but one 
 ** God J Mahomet is his prophet, and 
 /* Ali his friend," the head was taken 
 off with the motion of a fabre in a 
 thrufting cut, which in drawing back 
 completed the operation. 
 
 The payment for the reR of the va- 
 lue of the goods, over and above what 
 had been recovered, being made very 
 flowly, Mr. Hanway reprcfented to the 
 general the inconveniency he fuffered 
 by the delay. Tiie officer acknow- 
 ledged
 
 travels into Per/la, ^5 
 
 iedged that a part of the money had been 
 appropriated to the Shah's ufe; but 
 proffered him fome of the women pri- 
 ibners, who might be fold as flaves, in 
 part of payment; and upon his refufal 
 to accept this kind of compenfation, 
 the general endeavoured to procure of 
 him a receipt for the amount, and to 
 give his bill payable in fifteen days 5 
 but Mr. Hanway had experienced too 
 much of Perfian infidelity, to fign an 
 infbrument which might be produced 
 againft him as evidence of his having 
 received complete fatisfadion. 
 
 On the 29th of June, having obtained 
 in goods and money eighty-five per 
 centum of the original value of his 
 caravan ; and Capt. WoodroofFe having 
 informed him he v/as arrived in the bay 
 with the fhip, he left Aftrabad. and em- 
 barked on his return. 
 
 In their voyage along the fouthern 
 
 coaft of the Cafpian, they were attacked 
 
 by kv^n of the Ogurtjoy pirate boats. 
 
 . His
 
 ^6 'Travels into Perfia, 
 
 His commilTion from his Ruffian part- 
 ners prohibited him from interfering in 
 any thing military ; but fome fhot 
 being fired gave the pirates fuch an 
 idea of their great guns, that they de- 
 fifted and fled. 
 
 When Mr. Hanway arrived at Lan- 
 garood on the 23d of July, he found 
 Captain Elton in a very bad ftate of 
 health. He ftaid with him a week, and 
 then fetofFfor Refhd j but the feafon 
 being very unhealthy, he was feized 
 himfelf with a dangerous and uncom- 
 mon ficknefs, which detained him till 
 the thirteenth of September, when he 
 Jeft Relhd, and embarked at Perebezar. 
 He had invefted the whole fum reco- 
 vered by virtue of the Shah's decree, in 
 raw filk, which he had now the fatif- 
 faftion to fee fafe on board in the Caf- < 
 pian; and after a paffage of 13 days 
 he arrived at Yerkie. Here he was 
 vifited by the commander of the guard- 
 Ihip, who informed him that if he had 
 
 any
 
 Travds into Perfia, ^-j 
 
 any other goods on board, but fuch as 
 were the produce of Ghilan, and did not 
 declare it, the law made it death to 
 the offender. The governor of Aftra- 
 chan had been informed that there was 
 a plague at Caflian, from whence manu- 
 factured Perfian goods were wont to be 
 brought into RufTia ; and to pre^^ent 
 infection, the commander required the 
 fhip's crew to come on Giore on a fmall 
 uninhabited illand on the eaft fide of 
 the Volga, and a fire being made, the 
 furgeon and his attendants took the 
 windward fide of them, and demanded 
 to fee their breafts: When he was fatif- 
 fied they had no infetflion, their letters 
 were delivered to him, being firft dip- 
 ped in vinegar, and dried in the fmoke ; 
 but after waiting till the nth of OtScO- 
 ber in very cold and dangerous wea- 
 ther, they had the mortification to leara 
 that they were ordered to perform a 
 quarantine of fix weeks on the ifland 
 
 Caraza,
 
 7 8 Travels into Verfia* 
 
 Caraza, fituate a little way up a branch 
 of the Volga, towards the eaft. 
 
 The quarantine being expired, they 
 were required to ftrip themfelves en- 
 tirely naked in the open air, and go 
 through the unpleafant ceremony of 
 having each a large pail of warm water 
 thrown over them, before they were 
 permitted to depart : But what gave 
 Mr. Hanway the moft uneafinefs was, 
 to hear that the difpatches, which he 
 had fent forward in one of the Emprefs's 
 boats, had been taken by the Khalmuck 
 pirates, and twelve foldiers, who were 
 the guard, put to death. 
 
 The 22nd of November, he depart- 
 ed from Aftrachan for St. Peterfl^urgh. 
 The Volga was covered with ice, fo that 
 the paffage to Zaritzen by water was 
 now obftrudled. He determined, there* 
 fore, to travel by land on the weftern 
 fide of the river, and reaching Zaritzen 
 on the eleventh day after, arrived at 
 Mofcow the twenty-fecond of Decem- 
 ber.
 
 Travels into Perfia. 79 
 
 ber. Here he received letters, acquaint- 
 ing him of the death of a relation, by 
 which he reaped certain pecuniary ad- 
 vantages, much exceeding any he 
 could expc6t from his engagement in 
 the Cafpian affairs : " Providence was 
 " thus indulgent to me," fays he, " as 
 ** if it meant to reward me for the 
 ** flncerity of my endeavours." The 
 diftance between IVIofcow and St. Peterf- 
 burgh, as already mentioned, is 487 
 Englifh miles i yet he arrived there in 
 three days, drawn in a fledge over the 
 frozen fnow. The road is marked by 
 rows of trees, planted about twenty 
 yards afunder, and the conveyance is 
 fo eafy to the traveller, that he flept 
 whilft they travelled near feventy miles. 
 On the firft of January, 1745, he ar- 
 rived at St. Peterfburgh, after an ab- 
 fence of a year and fixteen weeks, in 
 which time he had travelled about five 
 thoufand four hundred Englifli miles. 
 At this place he had {oinc di/Tcrcnccs 
 
 wJt!^
 
 St5 Travels into Perfia. 
 
 with the perfons who had been intereftect 
 in the Cafpian trade ; but they were 
 fuch as a failure of fuccefs was likely-, to 
 produce, and being referred to arbitra- 
 tion were amicably adjulled, and he re« 
 fided at St. Peterfburgh five years. 
 
 During this period, the Ruffian fac- 
 tors ufed all their endeavours to induce 
 Captain Elton to leave the fervice of the 
 Shah, and return to his original alliance i 
 but in vain, he continued inflexible. 
 It appeared, indeed, that at one tinnej 
 when an honourable appointment in 
 England wasioffered to him, that he had 
 requefted the Shah to permit him to fail 
 to Aftrachan in one of his own fliips *, 
 but his requefb was refufed by the Shah 
 a tranflation of v/hofe decree was tranf- 
 mitted to London, by Elton, and is as 
 follows : 
 
 " BY merits of the Almighty God^ 
 " our commands are obeyed. The pro- 
 " pereft of the Chriftians, Gemel Beg'* 
 [The name given by the Sbak to Elton, 
 
 f'i-
 
 ^rdvels into Perfta. 8 1 
 
 «'c ftgnifying The Lord of Beauty']y com- 
 ^^ miflioner of our royal navy on the Caf- 
 « pian fea, is by our imperial and mod 
 <' gracious favour exalted, and given 
 <f to know that his petition, with regard 
 " to his finifhing one large fhip, and 
 *' defiring leave to go with fuch Ihip to 
 " Aftrachan ; and concerning feveral 
 *« other points; is come to our moll 
 *^ facred prefence, and the meaning 
 <* thereof underflood. But as our im- 
 *' perial defign is to call the properefl; of 
 '^ the Chriftians, at new year, to our 
 ■" viftorious ftirrup, and to fettle our 
 " naval affairs on a right foundation : 
 <' Therefore, the properefl of the Chrif- 
 « tians muft defer going to Aftrachan 
 *' himfelf, but fend fuch failors as he 
 *' has with him, who underftand navi- 
 «' gation, to take care of the Ihip to that 
 '^ porti and the properefl of the Chrif- 
 *' tians muft remain where he is, and 
 ** finifh the other fhips ordered, give 
 ^' full diredlions concerning them, and 
 G " not
 
 §2 Travels info Perfta. 
 
 " not exclude himfelf; but, on the coii- 
 <' trary, make the beauty of his fervice 
 " appear in the prefence of our univer- 
 " fal glory j taking this as a command, 
 " and to remain in his duty. Dated 
 " the 26th of the moon Sheval, 11 58,'* 
 After Mr. Hanway left Perfia, Nadir 
 Shah, whofe cruelty had continued to 
 increafe with his years, was befet with 
 rebellions in every quarter of his domi- 
 nions ; his own relations, to whom he 
 intrufted his armies, deferted his caufe, 
 and his fituation became truly dangerous. 
 At this crifis he called before him fome 
 of the Oufbeg and Turkuman Tartars, 
 who compofed part of his army, and hav- 
 ing fworn them to fecrecy and obedi- 
 ence, hedifciofed hisdefign of putting to 
 the fword all the Perfians in his camp 
 the following night. 
 
 A Georgian flave, in Nadir's tent, 
 overheard fome part of the conference^ 
 and difcovered it to fome of the princi- 
 pal
 
 Travels into Perfia. 83 
 
 pal Pcrfian officers. In Tuch an extre- 
 mity, the only refolution to be taken was 
 that Nadir fhould die : Salib Beg, an 
 officer of great intrepidity, connmander 
 of the body guard of AfQiars, offered 
 his fervice, and demanded only four 
 chofen men to affift. A few hours be- 
 fore the fignal was to be given for the in- 
 tended maflacrej Salib Beg and his fol- 
 lowers, under pretence of urgent bufi- 
 nefs, pafTed the guard, and rufhed into 
 Nadir's tent. When they approached, 
 he drew his fabre, and demanded what 
 bufinefs they had. Salib Beg made no 
 anfwer, but ftruck him with his fabre : 
 The blow was aimed at his head, buc 
 fell on the flioulder. Nadir killed two 
 of the foldiers, and was retiring out of 
 the tent when he fell over the cords. The 
 tyrant cried, " Have mercy, and I will 
 *' forgive you all j" to which the officer 
 replied, " You have fliewn no mercy to 
 *' others, therefore merit none yourfelf ;" 
 and gave him a mortal wound, 
 
 G 2 The
 
 84 Travels into Perfta. 
 
 The Tartars, to whom Nadir had 
 always been partial, no fooner heard of 
 his death, than they made a general at^ 
 tack on the Perfians : before day-light 
 five thouf^nd m.en were deftroyed ; and 
 the army feparated, after a continued 
 campaign of eighteen years. 
 
 It is a curiofity natural to the mind to 
 Jnquire the fate of Elton, who preceded 
 Mr Hanway in the voyage to Perfia, 
 and, by his abilities, obtained the con- 
 fidence and fupport of the Shah. 
 
 Nadir's death did not quite quafh the 
 hopes of Captain Elton ; altho' his being 
 a favourite, had created him many ene- 
 mies. The peafants of Ghilan attempt- 
 ed to aflrafTinate him, and a ball, fired 
 from a fecret hand, pafled through his 
 coat , but he efcaped, and furvived, un* 
 der the protedlion which his abilities 
 procured him from AH Kouii, Nadir's 
 nephev/ and fucceflbr. After his death, 
 the Perfians having no king whom they 
 thought f)roper to obey, the elders of 
 
 Ghilan
 
 Travels itito Perfia. 8^ 
 
 Ghilan took the people under their care, 
 in form of an ariilocracy. Captain El- 
 ton, who knew thefe men meant no good 
 to him, refufed to obey them, and, (liut- 
 ting himfelf up in his houfe^ determined 
 to oppofe them ; but, not having fuffi- 
 cient ftrength, he capitulated with Hahd^ 
 gee Gemalj their chief, for the fafety of 
 his perfon and efFedls j but the faithlefa 
 Hahdgee, like a genuine Perfian, regard- 
 lefs of his word, feized his effeds, and 
 condemned him to be hanged. He was 
 leading to execution, when news arrived 
 that one of the chief captains in the el- 
 ders' army was gone over to Mahommed 
 HafTan their enemy. This threw every 
 thing into confufion; the elders were ob- 
 liged to fly, and they carried Elton along 
 with them. It was hoped this change in 
 their affairs would have awakened fome 
 pity in the breads of the elders, and thai 
 Captain Elton would have efcaped -, but 
 they were incapable of commiferation, 
 and he was fhot by their prders in April, 
 
 G 3 Thus
 
 86 'Travels into Perfia, 
 
 Thus fell this enterprifing EnglifniTian, 
 whofe whole life was a fcene of ftrange 
 adventures, and whofe extenfive mind 
 had formed a plan, and even proceeded 
 to execute it, for introducing the manu- 
 fa(5lures of England into the furtheft 
 pkrts of Perfia ; a country fo remote, fo 
 difficult of accefs, and at that time lb 
 Ihook and difturbed by inteftine war and 
 commotion ! 
 
 It comes not within the limits of this 
 defign, intended to convey to pofterity 
 fome idea of the intrepidity, perfeverance 
 and addrefs of Mr. Hanway, to defcribe 
 more minutely the prefent ftate of the 
 empire of Perfia, and the manners of 
 the inhabitants. If what is here men- 
 tioned fhall awake the curiofity of the 
 reader, he may find it agreeably fatif- 
 fied by recurring to the travels them- 
 felves 3 and the learned fludent will ac- 
 company him with peculiar pleafure in 
 his journey over this truly clafTic ground, 
 the feat of arts, of arms, and the theatre 
 of noble events, from the earlieil traces 
 
 of
 
 'Travels into Perfia, 87 
 
 of time. However, as Nadir Shah 
 makes a principal figure in this relation, 
 I have here added feme of the leading 
 features of his chara6ler, in Mr. Han- 
 way's own words ; which may ferve as a 
 fpecimen of his flyle in this difficult fpe- 
 cies of compofition. 
 
 " Nadir was an Affliar ; his face was 
 " rounder, and his nofe lefs inclined to 
 " the Roman, than the Perfians gene- 
 " rally are. His hair was black j his 
 *^ eyes large and exprefllve i hisforehead 
 " high i and his complexion fwarthy. 
 '' His body was robuft ; and his ftature 
 *f about fix feeti his flioulders were 
 " round. His whole countenance and 
 «^ perfon were awful, particularly when 
 « he fpoke. 
 
 " His voice was fo rtrong and fono- 
 ** rous, as to be audible to an incredible 
 *« diftance ; and the effed it had upon 
 *' his own loldiers, as well as an enemy, 
 " when he gave his commands in the 
 " field of battle, proved one great ftep 
 04 "to
 
 8 S Travels into Perjta, 
 
 '^ to his advancement to the regal 
 *^ power. 
 
 " His corporal ftrength was not lefs 
 ?< inflrumental to his fortune. The 
 " extreme indulgence which had been 
 " fliewn him by nature, in the vigour 
 " of his conftitution, received an accu- 
 " mulated force by the habit of his life. 
 
 " The battle-ax is one of the moft 
 " ancientweapons among the Orientals ; 
 *' but it had been for fome years much 
 " neglefled in Perfia j Nadir reftored 
 *' the ufe of it, in a more particular 
 " manner j it was his favourite weapon, 
 " infomuch, that before heaflumed the 
 " diadem, he was generally flyled the 
 *' Ax-Khan. Afterwards he was often 
 *^ feen with a batcle-ax in his hand, play- 
 " ing with it in his tent of audience. 
 " His blows with this weapon carried 
 *' with them inevitable death, of which 
 " he gave many proofs. His memory 
 " was as remarkable, as his perfe6t 
 '* knowledge of the genius and temper
 
 Itravels into Perjia, Sg 
 
 « of the Perfians. As he had no turn 
 " to contemplation, his fpirits were free 
 " and untired by any refleflions but 
 *' what immediately arofe from his em- 
 *' ployments in the field. He was far 
 *' advanced in life before he had learnt 
 " to read; nor did any part of his know- 
 pledge depend the lead on books. His 
 '' prefence of mind was very remarka- 
 <* ble ; and his refolutions were almofl 
 *' as quick as his thoughts j hence he 
 *' did many things extravagant and ab- 
 *^ furd. 
 
 " Some inftances of Nadir's cruelty 
 *< were the effeds of policy. Upon oc- 
 <« cafion of his memorable exploit of 
 ** driving the Afghans out of Perfia, 
 « when he entered Isfahan in triumph, 
 " one of his foldiers violated the wife 
 " of a Perfian of diftiniftion. The man 
 *' complained to Nadir, that he could 
 " not live after fo great an indignity : 
 * No,' fays Nadir, * I think you can- 
 < noti' and immediately ordered him to 
 
 f' be
 
 9© travels into PerJIa. 
 
 *' be flrangled. He then explained to 
 " his officers the reafon of his condudl, 
 " in thefe terms : * A viftorious army 
 ' cannot always be reflrained. Had I 
 « redrefled this man's wrongs, I Ihould 
 « have a hundred fuch complaints made 
 
 * to me, and my time would have been 
 
 < taken up in chaftizingmy foldiers, in- 
 « ftead of employing them to conquer 
 
 * the enemies of our country.' 
 
 « He fuffered feveral to pafs with im- 
 ^' punity, though he knew they gave 
 '« him no lefs harfh an appellation than 
 ** villain ; but towards thofe who ex- 
 «' ercifed their wit in keen fatire, he 
 *^ was inexorable. It is a compliment 
 <« amongft the Perfians, to fay, upon 
 <^ the entrance of a gueit, ' Your place 
 
 < was very void.' In the maufoleum 
 *« which Nadir caufed to be built at 
 *' Mefched, for his reception after death, 
 " fomebody wrote on the walls, in very 
 " pathetic terms -, * O Nadir ! how full 
 
 * of thy renown is every corner of the 
 
 * earth :
 
 'Travels into Perfia* 51 
 
 ' earth: Thy name indeed is very great, 
 * but thy place here is very void.' Se- 
 *' vcre inquifition was made for the au- 
 '* thor of this writing ; it was concluded 
 *' to be done by fome man of letters ; 
 '' and many Mullahs were brought to a 
 *' trial ; to compel them to a difcovery, 
 *^ fome were whipt to fuch an extremity, 
 *' that they expired under the lafh. 
 
 " In allufion to Nadir's exaltation, a 
 *' certain perfon obferved of a fountain 
 " in Isfahan, that the higher the water 
 ** was thrown up, the greater was the 
 ** velocity of its fall. Nadir never 
 <f v/anted the bafe inftruments of tyranny 
 " to acquaint him of the minuteft ac- 
 <' tions ; and this man gratified his 
 " wit at no lefs an expence than his 
 " life. 
 
 " H* treated common men, and de- 
 <^ linquents of the highefl rank, without 
 *^ much diftinflion of perfons. It was no 
 <* unufual fight in the chancery, to fee 
 ** thofe who had been the day before 
 
 '' baf-
 
 92 Travels into Perfia. 
 
 *f baftinadoed almofl; to death, whofe 
 " eyes had been put out, or their nofe 
 " cut off, yet brought before him to be 
 *' further queftioned. Upon thefe oc- 
 *' cafions, they have often funk down 
 " through pain or want of reft j and 
 *^ thefe miferable obje6ls have been alfo 
 *' obliged to travel vv^ith the camp. 
 
 " The avarice of this tyrant was no 
 *^ lefs remarkable than his cruelty. It 
 " was his cuftom, according to the 
 " practice of former kings, to fend for 
 " the governors of the provinces, how- 
 " ever remote from his camp, to appear 
 *' before him every new-year's day. His 
 " intention in this very frequently was 
 *f to mul<5l them, or put them to death. 
 ^'^ His ordinary method was to interro- 
 " gate them concerning the ftate and 
 *' condition of theprovince, and of their 
 *' own behaviour in particular. From 
 " thence he proceeded to trifling and 
 «' fuperfluous queftions, concluding that 
 " he fuppoR^d they had defrauded liim 
 
 *' of
 
 Travels mto VerfiA. ^% 
 
 <^ of large fums. Thefe queftions were 
 *^ ordinarily followed by the baftinadd, 
 " to induce them to condemn themfelves^ 
 -^ or to accufe other people of being de- 
 " pofitaries of confiderable fums. IC 
 " frequently happened that thefe per- 
 " fons, either to avoid the pain of cor* 
 " poral punifiiments, or with the hopes 
 " ofbeingreftored to their governments, 
 " have given in a fiditious lift of per- 
 " fons as their debtors, with the fum^ 
 " due from each, and alfo of efFed:s 
 " depofited in their hands. They evert 
 ** took this occafion to gratify their pri- 
 " vate refentments, by mentioning thofe 
 " as their debtors, who had given them 
 " any offence. The confequence of 
 " thefe declarations v/as the ifTuing a 
 " decree, ordering the collection of 
 " fuch fums and efFefts, by the fevered 
 " executions of military law, without 
 " any liberty of appeal previous to the 
 *' paymc nt. If thefe pretended debtors, 
 " after a fevere beating, were found in- 
 
 '' capable
 
 ^4 'Travels into Perftd, 
 
 « capable of payment, orders were ofteti 
 
 < given to colled fuch fums from the 
 ' province. 
 
 " When he found himfelf bound in 
 « honour to difapprove of the behaviour 
 
 * of his governors, of whofe unjuft con- 
 
 < dud all pofTible evidence had been 
 ' given, his decrees for reftitution to 
 f the complainants were generally ex- 
 ' prefled in fuch ambiguous terms, as 
 ' rendered the applications for juflice 
 « vexatious, and the iflue of them often- 
 « times unfuccefsful. Senfible of his 
 ^ predominant vice, his greateft officers 
 « greedily amalTed riches, as the fureft 
 ' means of their prefervation j though 
 ' it frequently happened, thofe very 
 ' riches were the caufe of their deftruc- 
 ' tion. Having been often challenged 
 ^ to anfwer for their corruption, feveral 
 « of the mod confiderable amongft them 
 ' at length refolved to keep a regular 
 
 * account of all prefents they received, 
 that in cafe of need they might pro- 
 
 " duce
 
 Travels Into Verfia. 95 
 
 " duce it ; but ftill it was a misfortune 
 " to poITefs any money ; for Nadir fei- 
 *' dom thought he had got their all. 
 ** Shew and equipage is a favourite paf- 
 '^ Hon among the Perfians, yet I ob- 
 •* ferved the governors who came to 
 *^ anfwer for their condu6l, and other 
 " great ofEcers, chofe to walk on foot 
 ** in the camp, rather than appear in 
 " any circumftances of affluence. As 
 " ^o the officers of rank, they imagined 
 " their fecurity confiited in refufing pre- 
 " fents. 
 
 " Avarice, the peculiar weaknefs of 
 " old age, increafed on Nadir with his 
 " years; yet his rapacioufnefs might 
 " not be entirely an effefl of this paf-« 
 " fion. If we confider the vaft expence 
 ^* of his army j the impoffibility of raif- 
 ** ing taxes upon his people, in the lat- 
 " ler part of his reign j and that his 
 *' fafety depended on the military power 
 *' with which he was furrounded ; his 
 *' Indian treafure, though reputed very 
 
 ** large.
 
 9^ 'Travels into Perjtd, 
 
 " large, was not fufficient to check hi§ 
 " apprehenfions of want. 
 
 " Much may be alledged for the fufpi- 
 ^' cious turn which he took ; for the 
 ** Perfians are as gentle, foft, and per- 
 
 -£* fuafive in their manners, as they are 
 <* full of cunning and deceit. They are 
 
 -?« polite, and affeil condefcenfion to 
 " ftrangers or guefts ; but where they 
 <^ have any power or authority, theif 
 «' deportment is felfiflij haughty, and 
 *' infolent : To this we may add a ftrong 
 f' propenfity to rebellion. From his 
 *' earlieft life Nadir had an experimen- 
 *' tal knowledge of them, in all theii- 
 " feveral ranks and conditions ; and 
 ** feemed now to have adopted as an in- 
 " variable maxim, that they could be 
 " ruled only with a rod of iron. 
 
 " A certain foldier had often diftin- 
 *' guifhed himfelf in the field of battle : 
 " His fkill in the ufe of the fabre was not 
 " lefs extraordinary than his corporal 
 " ftrengthj and he was at length mad6 
 
 «' a Khan.
 
 Travels into Terfia, gy 
 
 ^^ a Khan. The Perfians, in their hy- 
 ''* perbolical manner of fpeaking, fay, 
 " that this man could cut a mule, with 
 " a pack-faddle on her back, through 
 " at one ftroke. It is hardly credible 
 ** how much the Perfians efleem bodily 
 " ftrength, and military abilities : Nadir 
 " call a jealous eye on this perfon ; as if 
 " he meant to try his virtue, he gave 
 " him the charge of a beautiful girl, to 
 '^ be carried to his brother Ibrahim Khan. 
 " On the way he debauched her ; and 
 " Ibrahim difcovering the indignitv, 
 '' fent her back to his brother. It is 
 *' eafy to imagine that Nadir would re- 
 *^ fent the affront alfo j in fhort, he 
 ^' vowed to fhed the blood of the offend- 
 *' er. Riza Kouli Myrza, then in high 
 *' favour with his father, had a very 
 '' particular regard for this officer; he 
 " attended the prifoner before the Shah's 
 '^ pavilion, pleaded his caufe, and ob- 
 " tained iiis pardon. Nadir, for the 
 " fake of his vow, ordered a bit of the. 
 H <'■ offcnd«
 
 93 'Travels into Perfia. 
 
 '^ offender's ear to be cut ofF. This, 
 «* however, was but a temporary re- 
 " prieve : Soon after he was fent to burn 
 " a Turkilh village j but before it was 
 " poffible for him to arrive there, he 
 " was recalled, and queftioned why he 
 'f had not performed his orders j and 
 ^^ after feveral imperious infults. Nadir 
 *' commanded that he fhould be ftran- 
 '* gled. Beforethe bow-ftring was thrown 
 " about his neck, he made a fign, as if 
 " he had fomething of importance to 
 " communicate J and, as is ufual in fuch 
 ** cafes, a fufpenfion was permitted. 
 *« The Khan availed himfelf of this in- 
 ** terval, to plunge out of the hands of 
 *' the executioners ; and, feizing the 
 " fabre of one near him, rufhed forward 
 " towards the Shah, who rofe from his 
 " fear, and retired before his enemy, 
 " The attendants near the royal pavilion 
 '* interpofed, and killed the delinquent, 
 " but not before he had ilain three of 
 *^ them. 
 
 " The
 
 gravels into Perfia, 9^ 
 
 *'' The natural pride of the human 
 " heart is flattered, when our fuperiors 
 *^ bring themfelves down to our level. 
 *•' The general v/ho is not ov6r tender of 
 '' his perfon, becomes the minion of the 
 *^ common foldiers; but if to courage 
 " he adds liberality, he fubdues their 
 *^ hearts. Nadir was a mailer of every 
 *' art of this fort, and in his firft appear- 
 '* ances of life, gained the univerfal af- 
 " fedion of the army. He was no 
 " fooner veiled with a command, than 
 " he became afliduous to ingratiate him- 
 *^ felf with the foldiers, not only by 
 '^ procuring them their pay in due time, 
 ** but alfo good clothing at an eafy price, 
 *' with the addition of occafional gifts. 
 " He was not ignorant of the ufe of 
 " clemency, in circumftances of great 
 *' importance : A party of Oufbegs, 
 " who had done him fignal fervice in 
 *' battle, afterwards deftrted from him ; 
 *' he fent a body of troops, and brought 
 '' them to his camp as prifoners j they 
 H J '' ex-
 
 ioo Travels into Perfta. 
 
 " expefted death ; but he bid them con- 
 *' tinue to ferve him faithfully, as they 
 *^ had already done, and made every 
 *' private man a prefent of fifty crownSi 
 " and gave five hundred to each ofE- 
 ** cer. 
 
 " No part of Nadir's charader was 
 *' more diftinguiflied, than that of a 
 " general ; he lived in the field in the 
 '• feveral charafters of a peafant, a 
 " captive, a lervant, a robber, a fol- 
 *' dier, a general, and a king. Bred 
 " up in all the arts and fubtleties of the 
 " Tartars, he acquired a great profi- 
 " ciency in the pradlical knowledge 
 " of robbery. Hence it is eafy to 
 " imagine, that a perfon of his extra- 
 '^ ordinary natural talents and perfonal 
 " flrength, fhould become forward, 
 " bold, and enterprizing. Enured to 
 *f a military life, he acquired a ftrong 
 '^ inclination for that variety which a 
 " continued change of place is apt to 
 *' create. The intrepidity which he 
 
 '' pof-
 
 Travels into Perfia, i o r 
 
 " poffefled in fo eminent a degree, is a 
 ^^ dazzling quality among men profef- 
 " fing arms ; but fuccefs eftablifhed his 
 *' charadler as an able and fortunate ge- 
 '^ neral. 
 
 " His quicknefs of obfervation where 
 " his forces were weakeft, and his pre- 
 " fence of mind in fuccouring: them, 
 " ever gave him a wonderful fuperiority 
 " over his enemies. His refolution 
 " feemed to infpire his people with a 
 " determined purpofe to conquer or die ; 
 " nor did his officers ever behave ill 
 " with impunity. In action, he gene- 
 *' rally tired many horfes, being never 
 " long miffing where his prefence was 
 '^ needful. Upon thefeoccafions he was 
 *' wont to addrefs his men in fuch fami- 
 *' liar terms, as feemed to demonftrate 
 '* an opinion that a foldier will not per- 
 " form his duty well, when he has no 
 " regard for his general. He found it 
 " indifpenfably necefTary to keep his 
 *' army in motion, to prevent thofe con- 
 n ^ '* fpiracics,
 
 102 Travels into Perjia, 
 
 '^ fpiraciesj for which a great part of 
 '^ his foldiers were always ripe ; by this 
 " means alfo, the people in the remote 
 ** parts of the empire were kept in awe, 
 " and he was ready to oppofe the inva- 
 '^ fion of his neighbours, or to make 
 ^' conquefts. 
 
 " As he enjoyed great health, and was 
 *' enured to exercife, his aftivity wa§ 
 " hardly to be exceeded. He feldom 
 *' placed a confidence that was unne- 
 " cefiary, or expofed himfelf to a dan> 
 " ger that was avoidable. In the con- 
 '' du6t of his wars, he ever preferred 
 ^' ftratagems to force. His marches 
 '* were always amazingly rapid, and 
 ** his progrefs fo irregular, and contrary 
 '' to the ordinary rules of war, that he 
 ** confounded his enemies. In the 
 «f height of his grandeur he would, upon 
 *' any emergency, out march his bag- 
 '' g^g^j ^nd fuffer any hardfhip incident 
 *f to a common foldier. Thus he often 
 f defeated the beft laid fchemes of his 
 
 " enemies.
 
 Travels into Perfia, 103 
 
 '* enemies, and attacked them where 
 '' they were leaft able to defend them- 
 " felves. Yet in matters of the greateft 
 ** moment, his refolutions were gene- 
 " rally fo quick, and furpaffing ordinary 
 *' apprehenfions, that it fsemed doubt- 
 " fill whether they were the efFedls of a 
 '^ folid judgment, or a blind temerity. 
 *' Under the difficulties in which he was 
 *' often involved, irrefolution Teemed 
 *' to be what he dreaded mofl j nor 
 " did he dare to afic advice, left he 
 *^ fhould weaken the fuperiority by 
 " which he governed." 
 
 Such is our traveller's charac5ler of this 
 extraordinary tyrant. The plunder ta- 
 ken by his troops in 1739, when the ge- 
 neral Nizam al Muloch invited him to 
 invade Indoftan, was eftimated at the 
 amazing fum of one hundred and feventy 
 one millions fterling. See the London 
 Gazette, wherein this eflimate is authen- 
 ticated. 
 
 IT was Mr. Hanway'swifh to quit S,r:. 
 H 4 Pe-
 
 1 04 travels into Perfta^ 
 
 Peterfburgh,and come to England niuch 
 fooner than he did j and the frequent dif- 
 appointmcnts that happened to prevent 
 his returning to his native country in- 
 creafed his defire of feeing^ it. 
 
 The 9th of July, 1750, he left St. 
 Peterfburgh, and pafled by PeterhofF, a 
 palace built by Peter the Great, on an 
 eminence on the fouth fide of the Gulph 
 of Finland, thirty five werfts from St. Pe-^ 
 terfburgh. It was then not uncommon 
 for the Ruffians to compare the water- 
 works of this place with thofe of Ver- 
 failles, with this diftinftion in their 
 favour, <' that the waters of PeterhofF 
 ** are fweet.'* 
 
 Paffing the gulph he had an oppor- 
 tunity of viewing the dry-dock, contrived 
 by Peter, at Cronfladt, fo large as to 
 receive fourteen fhips of the line, to build 
 or repair in the dry, and afterwards to 
 float them by letting in the water. 
 
 On the 15th he embarked in ^ yacht 
 belonging to Dantzig, and in three days 
 arrived at Revel, the capital of Eflonia. 
 
 When
 
 travels into Perjia, lor 
 
 When this place furrendered to Peter in 
 1 710, the plague had raged with fuch 
 fury, that, of fifty thoufand inhabitants, 
 not four thoufand remained alive to re- 
 ceive their conquerors. 
 
 On the 24th he arrived at Dantzig, 
 where he was very politely received by 
 Mr. Gibfon, who was then refident from 
 the king of Great Britain ; and procured 
 a copy of the celebrated painting of 
 Van Eyck, reprefenting the bleflings of 
 the virtuousj and the torments of the 
 wicked, which he brought with him to 
 England. 
 
 He flaid a week at Dantzig, and, 
 having bought a chariot, palled through 
 PrufTian Pomerania, taking in his way 
 Stolpe, Neugerten, Koeningfburg, Ber-» 
 nau, and came to Berlin, Here were 
 feveral perfons of learning and abilities, 
 particularly Voltaire ; Baron Polnitz, 
 author of the Memoirs known by his 
 name i Pillotier, author of the Hiftory 
 
 of
 
 1 06 gravels into Ferjia, 
 
 of the Celts ; and Lieberkyn, phyfician 
 to the king of PrufTia. 
 
 Lieberkyn was a man after Mr Han- 
 way's own heart: His great abilities 
 and difinterefted pratbice, his humanity 
 to his patients, and his great charity to 
 the poor, had made him iiniverfally re- 
 fpefted. Thefe good qualities naturally 
 led Mr. Hanvvay to feek the Dodor's 
 friendfliip, which he attained. Here 
 was alfo Mr. Schmidt, the engraver, a 
 fubje6l of the king ' of Pruflia, wliom 
 he brought with him to Berlin from 
 Paris, and who in his art had hardly a 
 fuperior. 
 
 Mr. Hanway was at Berlin at the time 
 of the Caroufal, a fcafon devoted to 
 pleafure, and diffipation of thought. 
 One part of the entertainment was a pro- 
 ceflion of four parties or companies, in 
 the proper habiliments of Romans, Car- 
 thagenians, Grecians, and Perfians, all 
 mounted on horfes richly caparifoned in 
 like manner. A rnock battle was after- 
 2 wards
 
 travels into Perjia, ' 107 
 
 wards fought, which was a much more 
 fplendid entertainment. " Four thou- 
 " fand men having marched out in the 
 *' morning early, about a German mile 
 ** from the city, were followed by ano- 
 ^* ther detachment of the fame number. 
 '* Both armies plied their artillery 
 *« warmly. A rivulet was paflfed, a 
 ^' wood was attacked, and the enemy 
 *' driven from it to a village, which was 
 " carried fword in hand. After this 
 *' they went through all the evolutions, 
 *« and exercifes, of both cavalry and in- 
 *' fantry. At this Ihow almoft the whole 
 ** city of Berlin was prefent.'* 
 
 Whilft Mr. Hanway remained here. 
 Lord Malton, afterwards Marquis of 
 Rockingham, arrived, to whom Mr. 
 Hanway paid his refpefts j and when he 
 had viewed the curiofities of Berlin, went 
 to Charlottenberg, and Potfdam, and 
 faw the gardens and apartments of Sans 
 Souci, a fmall palace, then the favourite 
 retreat of the king. 
 
 The
 
 io8 'travels into Verfia. 
 
 The 23 d of Auguft he left Potfdam 
 and came to Wittenburg, in the Elec- 
 torate of Saxony, famous for its manu- 
 fadory of coarfe cloths ; and pafTing 
 through Annaburgh, and Grofshagn, 
 came to Drefden, the metropolis of the 
 Ele6torate, where he was introduced to 
 feveral perfonsofdiftin6lion, particularly 
 the young Count Buenau, and M. de 
 Veith, mafter of the ceremonies to the 
 "king of Poland, by the latter of whom 
 he was attended to the Grune Gewolbe, 
 a part of the palace which is a repofitory 
 of great riches, as well as curiofities. 
 Among the curiofities fhewn him here, 
 was a fet of large bells made of Drefden 
 porcelaine. 
 
 From Drefden he came to the caflle of 
 MeilTen, in which is the porcelaine ma- 
 nufa£tory. The workmen, who arc 
 about feven thoufand, are all confined as 
 prifoners. The caflle is impenetrable to 
 any but the perfons immediately em- 
 ployed, and the fecretof mixing and pre- 
 paring
 
 Tfavels into Perfia. #09 
 
 paring the ingredients is known to buc' 
 very few even of thefe. This article 
 was importable, only under an oath of 
 its being for private ufe, and not for 
 fiile, although the (hops of London were 
 in general fupplied with it. 
 
 Faffing through Leipfig, he came to 
 Magdeburg ; he was yet in the domi- 
 nions of the king of Pruffia, The poils 
 are under the direftion of the govern- 
 ment, and one-third part of the hire 
 goes to the crown : Near Helmftet the 
 poftillion attempted to pafs through a 
 bye- way to avoid payment of a fmall 
 duty ; an officer who was polled at an 
 avenue to prevent this pradice, rode up, 
 flopped the chariot, and feized one of 
 the horfes as forfeited, and would not 
 defift till Mr. Planway alighted, with 
 a pifliol in his hand, and acquainted 
 him that, whatever fault the poftillion 
 had committed, he himfelf had paid for 
 the horfes according to the laws, there- 
 fore if he prefumed to detain him, he 
 
 would
 
 lid travels into Perfta. 
 
 would refifl: hini as a robber ; upon 
 which the officer thought proper to let 
 him pafs. 
 
 From Helmftet he came to 'Wolfen- 
 buttle, the next day to Brunfwick, and 
 from thence to Hanover, where he was 
 vifited by Count William Bentinck, who 
 happened to be in the fam^e inn. The 
 palace of Herenhaufen, which is com- 
 monly recommended to the attention of 
 travellers, he found very fliort of his 
 cxpeftation. The building is by no 
 means grand i but the garden may be 
 admired. In it is a jet d'eau, erefbed by 
 an Englifhman, which throws the water 
 feventy feet high. 
 
 September the 13th he left Hanover, 
 and paffing through Zell, WeiflendorfF, 
 and Zoehrendorff, came to Hamburgh* 
 where he met with many fadors with 
 whom he had been conne6led in a mer- 
 cantile line, particularly Mr. Bofanquet, 
 Mr. Hanbury, and Mr. Thornton, 
 
 deputy
 
 'Travels into Verfia, \ 1 1 
 
 deputy governor of the Britifh com- 
 pany. 
 
 After flaying at Hamburgh about 
 three weeks, he went to Bremen, in- 
 tendintT to 2:0 on to Embden ; but the 
 weather being unfavourable for travel- 
 ling, he determined to make the beft of 
 his way to Amfterdasn, where his cor- 
 refpondency as a merchant procured him 
 acquaintances ; of the want of which, 
 forcisiners not interefted in commerce 
 generally complain when they come to 
 this place. 
 
 O6lober the i6th he left Amfterdam, 
 and went by water from Haerlem to Ley- 
 den, and from Leyden to the Hague ; 
 pairing through Rotterdam, he went in 
 a yacht to Helvoet, and, after a paflage 
 of twenty-two hours from Helvoetfluys, 
 landed at Harwich the 28 th of 06lober, 
 1750, after an abfence from his native 
 country of near eight years. 
 
 IT was Mr, Hanway's conftant prac* 
 tice, from his early youth, to commie 
 
 to
 
 1 1 2 Travels into Perfur. 
 
 to writing not only every occurrence of 
 moment, but his thoughts on it at the 
 time : In the rough journal of his tra- 
 vels there is a fhort refle6lion on the plea- 
 fure he felt in being once more fafe land- 
 ed on his native fhore -, and in a fair 
 tranfcript of the journal, feemingly made 
 with intention to be printed, this reflec- 
 tion is m^uch amplified, and concluded 
 with fome flanzas of the Ode written by 
 Mr. Addifon, on his return from his 
 travels, which I cannot forbear adding 
 here, although fo well known. 
 
 How are thy fervants blefl-, O Lord ! 
 
 How fure is their defence ! 
 Eternal Wifdom is their guide, 
 
 Their help, Omnipotence. 
 
 In foreign realms, and lands remote, 
 
 Supported by thy care ; 
 Through burning climes I pafs'd unhurt, 
 
 And breath'd in tainted air. 
 
 : Thy
 
 Travels into Perfta. 1 1 3 
 
 Thy mercy fweeten'd ev'ry foil, 
 
 Made ev'ry region pleafe : 
 The hoary Alpine hills it warm'd. 
 
 And fmooth'd the Tyrrhene feas. 
 
 In niidil of dangers, fears, and death, 
 
 Thy goodnefs I'll adore. 
 And praife thee for thy mercies pa ft, 
 
 And humbly hope for more. 
 
 My life, if thou preferv'ft my life, 
 
 Thy facrifice fhall be ; 
 And death, if death muft be my doom, 
 
 Shall join my foul to thee. 
 
 PART
 
 P A R r 11. 
 
 ;^C:^::>C>i■::•C^^:•:::;•:•J^<5< 
 
 REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES 
 
 I N T H E 
 
 LIFE 
 
 O F 
 
 JONAS HANWAY, Es(u 
 
 THERE never was a truer patriot 
 than Mr. Hanway : The love of 
 his native country he carried with him 
 wherever he went j and he omitted no 
 I 2 oppor-
 
 1 1 6 Remarkable Occurrences in the 
 
 opportmity of informing himfelf of the 
 events which paflcd in it. Nothing that 
 happened among his friends was indif- 
 ferent to him ; and he atlaft relinqiiifhed 
 a lucrative line of trade, to return to 
 England, that he might ^ conjult his own 
 
 * healthy and do as much good to himfelf 
 ' and others as he was able.' ' You know, 
 
 * my dear r * fays he, in a letter. 
 
 vritten from Peterfburgh to a mod in- 
 
 ' imate friend in London, ' that it is only 
 
 * the defire of gaining fomewhat, to 
 ' make the evening of my life comfort- 
 
 * able, in my natrve land, which keeps 
 
 * me here. I have loft one partner (he 
 
 * was old, and his death to be expeftcd), 
 f and I muft ft ay fome time longer to 
 
 * inform my nevv^ one, who is young, 
 ' and has all the fanguine expe(flations 
 
 * of a young man ; but I covet no more 
 
 * than I can enjoy : What fhould detain 
 
 * me an eager votary of fortune, who 
 
 * ain drooping under ill health, languifli- 
 
 * ing for a life of reafon, and wifhing to 
 
 « lay
 
 Life of Jonas Hanw ay ^ Efq. 117 
 
 *" lay down my head in peace whenever 
 ' my hour fhall come ? It is not to play 
 
 * at cards, to flatter, to dance, and to 
 
 * drink, that I defire to return to you, 
 ' though I can bear all thefe, except 
 
 * drinking : your " Radchffe's library^ 
 ** and fireworks y and q'liet evening ajjem- 
 " ^/)'," I confidcr as Milton's dt Icription 
 
 * of Heaven j and if I am not deftined 
 
 * to die a martyr here to tiie Perfian trade, 
 
 * I will fetofFfoon for my dear country, 
 
 * and my much-loved friends/ 
 
 He had now attained liis wifli, and 
 the reader miuft take his leave of him as 
 a traveller. The reft of his lift', with the 
 exception of two fhort intervals, was 
 fpent in England, in a continued courfc 
 of good adions, purfued with furh afTi- 
 duity, that this latter part of it was hardly 
 iefs adlive, though certainly lefs expoled 
 to danger, than the farmer. 
 
 When Mr. Hanway arrived in Lon- 
 don, he went to live at the houfe of 
 hii fifter, :hen Mrs. Townfcnd, in the 
 \ 3 Strand,
 
 1 1 8 Remarkable Occurrences in the 
 
 Strand, where proper apartments had 
 been prepared for him ; and his mercan- 
 tile affairs being finally clofed, except 
 only fome remittances which he received 
 afterwards from his partner at St. Peterf- 
 burgh, he lived here as a private gen^ 
 tleman. His fortune was fmall ; but it 
 was fiifficient to fatisfy all his wants, and 
 afford a portion to alleviate real diftrefs, 
 when it came to his notice. His car- 
 riage, which was of the kind called a 
 Soloj from its holding but one perfon, 
 was ornamented with his motto, " never 
 " dejpair" and the device of a man jufl; 
 efcaped from a ftorm at fea, on a dcfolate 
 coaft, as defcribed in page (46.) His 
 time was paffed inarranging the materials 
 for a publication of his Travels ; in 
 tranfadting the bufinefs of his brother 
 Thomas (who was now Captain of the 
 Windfor, and had diftinguifhed him- 
 felf in feveral engagements), and in a(5bs 
 of kindnefs and beneficence fuited to his 
 income. 
 
 He
 
 Life ofjonai Hanivay, Efq. 119 
 
 He chofc to print his Travels at his 
 own expence, that he might not lead a 
 bookfeller into an engagement to his 
 lofs, and engaged fome of the befl artifts 
 of the time to engrave the charts and 
 maps, which he had procured abroad, 
 and to defign and engrave fome of the 
 principal events that happened to him 
 in the courfe of his travels. The print- 
 ing and engraving coft him feven hun- 
 dred pounds. The firft edition of twelve 
 hundred copies, in four quarto volumes, 
 was publilTied in January, 1753, and 
 received with univerfal approbation ; 
 and when the concurrent teftimony of 
 men of tafte and learning had given 
 the work the ftamp of merit, he clofed 
 with an offer made him by Mr. A. Mil- 
 lar, the bookfeller, for the fule of the 
 copy-right. Mr. Millar publifhed a 
 fecond edition in two large quarto 
 volumes, and after that a third and 
 fourth editions were printed and fold. 
 Lady Germain, to whom he dedicated 
 1 4 this
 
 1 10 Remarkahle Occurrences, t^c, 
 
 this work, prefented hirn with fifty gui- 
 nea?, as a dedication fee. 
 
 The clofe application he had bcflowed 
 on this favourite objeft having confider^ 
 ably impaired his health, which at the 
 bed was but indifferent, and made fome 
 relaxation neceflfary ; as foon as he had 
 difpofed of his intercft in his book, and 
 fent copies to fome of his friends abroad, 
 he went to pafs a few weeks at Tun- 
 bridge Wells. The waters, and the 
 amufements of the place, were of great 
 fervice to him ; and his health being 
 confiderably recruited, in the beginning 
 of September he fet out on a journey to 
 Paris. He ftaid at Paris about a month, 
 and having viewed the curiofities of that 
 city, and the neighbouring palaces, re- 
 turned leifurely to London, by way of 
 Lifle, Bruflels, Antwerp, and thence tQ 
 Amfterdam. 
 
 KATW-
 
 ( 12' ) 
 
 s«i>s:>:;>r>::>::>:::!..,>c::-::s-iaH:>< 
 NATURALIZATION OF THE JEWS, 
 
 WHILST he was on this tour of 
 amufement and information, the great 
 qiieftion relative to the expediency of 
 naturalizing the Jews came to be agitated : 
 A bill was brought into the houfe for the 
 purpofe : It became the reigning fub- 
 jedt of converfation in all parties ; the 
 public prints were full of arguments on 
 one fide or the other, and the clamour 
 fpread itfelf abroad wherever Jews were 
 permitted to refide or to trade. Mr. 
 Hanway thought it a duty to take a part 
 in this popular qucflion ; and having re- 
 duced his arguments againft: the bill for 
 naturalization into writing, he fent the 
 manufcript to London to be printed. 
 The difpute continuing to increafe, he 
 
 fent
 
 Naturalization of the Jews. 
 
 fent over a fecond edition, with fome 
 fmall additions made to it at Annfter- 
 dam, which alfo was printed here. 
 
 In Odlober he arrived in England, 
 and went again toTunbridge Wells, the 
 waters of which had done him fuch fer- 
 vice. At this place he prepared for the 
 prefs his ^^ Review of the prcpqfed Natu- 
 « ralization of the Jeivs," in which he 
 endeavours to prove, from fcripture, 
 from the ancient and modern eftablifli- 
 ment of that people, and the commercial 
 fyftem between this kingdom and foreign 
 nations; that to give the Jews the right 
 of natural born fubje(5ls, would be highly 
 impolitic : And this afterwards proved 
 to be the opinion of the legiflature ; for 
 though the bill pafled into an adl, 26 
 Geo. II, cap. 26, it lived only a few 
 months, being repealed the very next 
 fcffion. 
 
 The queftion is now almoft forgotten ; 
 but it may be worthy the confideration 
 of the ferious, and perhaps an argument 
 
 in
 
 Naturalization of the Jews, 123 
 
 in favour of the truth of our holy religion, 
 that the Jews have never, in any part of 
 the world where they have been difperfed, 
 been incorporated with the natives ; but 
 remain to this day, however feparated 
 from their brethren, a diftind and pecu- 
 liar people. The fentence originally 
 denounced againft them, that they fhould 
 " he removed to all the kingdoms of the 
 <* earthy and become anajioniffjmenty apro- 
 *f verb, and a bye-word amongfl all na- 
 <' tions,'' ftill remains in its fulleft force. 
 It was this fpirited oppofition to an 
 impolitic law, which even the moft 
 intelligent annong the Jews themfelves 
 thought inexpedient, that laid the foun- 
 da;ion of Mr. Hanway's celebrity as a 
 public fpirited man : His writings on 
 thefubjed were eagerly read by perfons 
 of both parties, and he is fuppofed to be 
 a principal means of caufing the repeal 
 of the a(5l. 
 
 VI Mi
 
 1 24 Plan for an uniform 
 
 ::.<>t.\yf.-.:.-::.:<T-''-Sr'-\\l< 
 
 PLAN FOR AN UNIFORM PAVEMENT 
 OF THE STREETS. 
 
 ABOUT this time (1754), Mr. 
 John Spranger, a gentleman of Co- 
 vent Garden, formed the outline of a 
 plan for Paving the Streets of the City 
 and Liberty of Wefimittfler in an uniform 
 manner, which he publifli^^d. 
 
 Some regulation of the pavements 
 throughout the metropolis had long been 
 thought abfolutely necelTary ; for the 
 form, and level, and the quality of the 
 materials within every parifh or diftrift, 
 were left to the difcretion of a few in^ 
 habitants, who took the lead in their re* 
 fpeftive diftridls, and in fome places all 
 form and regularity were loll, by neg- 
 
 leding
 
 Pavement of the Streets. 125 
 
 lefting to repair the defedls as they were 
 occafioned, or by repairing them in an 
 improper manner. 
 
 Ev^er attentive to the public intereft, 
 in December 1754, Mr. Hanway pub- 
 lidied his " j?;y? Letter to Mr. Stranger ^ 
 ** on his excellent Propofals for Paving, 
 " Cleanfingy and Lighting the Streets of 
 *' IVefiminJler^ &c." in which, after 
 making obfervations on the good effedts 
 likely to accrue from fuch a plan, drawn 
 from experience in other countries -, he 
 proceeds to recommend the writing up 
 the names of (Ireets, — the removal of 
 bulks, and other obftrudlions, — fixing 
 water-trunks againfl: the houfes — and 
 points out the manner of conftrufting 
 kennels, — the formation of footways, — 
 rcguLition of Hgns, &c. 
 
 There were many propofals made 
 about this time for amending the ftreets^ 
 and among the reft, one of Lord Bur- 
 lington was to pave the carriage-ways 
 throughout, with the largeft fize, un- 
 
 fquared
 
 126 Plan for an uniform 
 
 fquared ftones, fuch as are yet feen td 
 form a few old caufeways : The expence 
 of paving the city of Weftminfter in this 
 manner, was eftimated at two millions 
 fterling. 
 
 It is not very eafy to convey to a per- 
 j(bn who has not feen the ftreets of this 
 metropolis before they were uniformly 
 paved, a tolerable idea of their incon- 
 venience and unfeemlinefs : The car- 
 riage-ways were full of cavities, which 
 harboured water and filth. The figns 
 extending on both fides the way into the 
 ftreets, at unequal diftances from the 
 houfes, that they might not intercept 
 each other, greatly obfl:ru(5led the view, 
 and, which is of much more confequencc 
 in a crowded city, prevented the free 
 circulation of the air. The foot-paths 
 were univerfally incommoded, even 
 where they were fo narrow as only to 
 admit of one perfon pafling at a time, 
 by a row of polls, fet on the edge next 
 the carriage way. He whofe urgenc 
 7 _ bufinefi
 
 Pavement of the Streets, ii-j 
 
 bufinefs would not admit of his keeping 
 pace with the gentleman of leifure be- 
 fore him, turned out between the two 
 pofts before the door of fome large houfe 
 into the carriage-way : "When he per- 
 ceived danger moving towards him, he 
 wiflied to return within the protection of 
 the row of polls j but there was com- 
 monly a rail continued from the top of 
 one poft to that of another, fometimes 
 for Icveral houfes together: in which 
 cafe he was obliged to run back to the 
 firft inlet, or climb over, or creep under 
 the railing, in attempting which he 
 might think himfelf fortunate if he 
 cfcaped with no other injury than what 
 proceeded from dirt : If, intimidated by 
 the danger he efcaped, he afterwards 
 kept within the boundary of the pofts 
 and railing, he was obliged to put afide 
 the travellers before him, whofe hafte 
 was lefs urgent than his j and thefe re- 
 fifting, made his journey truly a warfare. 
 The French arc reproached, even to 
 
 a pro-
 
 ^-128 Plan for an umform 
 
 a proverb, for their negle6l of the cpri- 
 veniency of foot-paffengers in their me- 
 tropolis, by not providing a feparatc path 
 for them i but great as is theexpofure to 
 dirt in Paris for want of a foot- way 
 (which their many fortes-cochers fcem 
 likely for ever to prevent) in the more 
 important article of danger, the city of 
 London was, at this period, at leaft on 
 a par. How comfortlefs mull be the 
 fenfations of an unfortunate female, flop- 
 ped in the ftreet on a windy day, under 
 a large old fign, loaded with lead and 
 iron, in full fwing over her head, and 
 perhaps a torrent of dirty water falling 
 near her, from a proje6ling fpout orna- 
 mented with the moCfth and teeth of a 
 dragon 1 Thefe dangers and dillreffes 
 are now at an end, and we may think 
 of them as the failor does of the 
 dorm which has fubfidedj but the ad- 
 vantages derived from the prefent uni- 
 formity and cleanlinefs of our ftreets, 
 can be known in their full extent, only 
 
 by
 
 Pavement of the Streets, 129 
 
 by comparing them with the former 
 inconveniencies. 
 
 But however neceflary fome alteration 
 was thought, no effeiSlual fleps were 
 taken at this time ; and perhaps the 
 bufinefs was at laft haftened by an acci- 
 dent which happened, fix years after, to 
 the Speaker's carriage, in palTing through 
 the narrow entrance near Craig's Court, 
 
 In 1762, an aft paiTed, appointing 
 CommifTioners, and veiling authority in 
 them to " order any of the public ftreets, 
 *' within the city and liberty of Weft- 
 *' minfter, and certain parts adjacent, 
 '^ to be paved, raifed, altered, cleanfed, 
 " and lighted, when, and in fuch man- 
 " ner as they Ihould think fit ;" and to 
 enter into contrafls for paving all or any 
 of fuch ftreets. By this aft ^.5,000 was 
 direfted to be iffued to the commiflion- 
 crs, out of the fupplies granted for the 
 fcrvice of the year, towards enabling 
 them to carry the purpofes of their com- 
 mifllon into execution j and they were 
 ■ K further
 
 1 30 Plan for an uniform 
 
 further authorized to make a rate, not 
 excee^ding eighteen pence in the pound, 
 of the yearly value of the houfes before 
 which their paving (hould extend. Their 
 powers being found incomplete, the next 
 year this ad: was '* explained, amended, 
 *f and rendered more effedlual" by ano- 
 ther J and both thefe a6ts «' explained 
 '* and amended" by a third, pafTed the 
 year after. 
 
 Hitherto the commiflioners had pur- 
 fued their plan without obftru6lion. 
 The benefits of the new paving were fet 
 in the mod confpicuous point of view, 
 by comparifon with the inconveniencies 
 of the places not paved j and fuch con- 
 fidence had the inhabitants of feveral 
 large and opulent ftreets, in the conduft 
 of the commilTioners, that they petitioned 
 them to new pave their ftreets, and prof- 
 ferred to advance or raife money on the 
 credit of the rates to be made on them- 
 felves, to defray the expence, and pay 
 the fame to the commiffioners ; who were 
 6 to
 
 pavement of the Streets, 1 3 1 
 
 to ifTue the fame as the work advanced, 
 and lay fuch further rate on the inhabit- 
 tants, as might be neceffary. To this 
 the commifTioners acceded, and in 1765 
 an a6t pafled to eftablifh and complete 
 the agreement. But whatever might 
 be the advantages, the inhabitants of 
 thefe ftreets, now called " optional 
 " Jireets,^' expefted to derive from fuch 
 a humiliating treaty with the com.mif- 
 fioners, their fucceflbrshave no great rea- 
 fon to venerate their wifdom aid fore- 
 fight : They find themfelves burthentd 
 with a debt im.mcnfely large, and rates 
 proportionably high ; and have the mor- 
 tification to fee, that if they had waited 
 fome months longer, and purfued the 
 plan of the pariflies, they would have 
 obtained the fubftantial advantages of 
 tranfading their own bufinefs, and had 
 the difpofiiofthat money which. now they 
 have only the credit of having raifcd, 
 
 The year after, an aft pafled to put 
 under the direftion of the commifTioners, 
 K 2 fuch
 
 132- Plan for an uniform 
 
 fuch parts of the road leading from the 
 weft end of the town as the new paving 
 was propofed to extend to, and granting 
 them one thoufand pounds per annum, 
 to be paid by the truftees of the Kenfing- 
 ton road, with authority to raife money 
 on the grant. 
 
 But the whole of this bufinefs, which 
 is become, by the debt, an objedl of the 
 moft ferious confequence to the inhabi- 
 tants, will be beft feen in the abftradl : 
 The commiffioners began their 
 work with a grant from par- 
 liament, as already men- 
 tioned, of - ' £' 5000 
 To which was added a private 
 
 grant of - - - 15000 
 
 Parliament gave them from 
 
 the duty on coals - - 20000 
 
 £, 40000 
 This fum of 40000I. being free 
 grants, was charged with no 
 intereft. 
 
 When
 
 Pavement of the Streets, 133 
 
 When the work began to ad- 
 vance, parliament granted 
 the commifTioners an addi- 
 tion to the Sunday tolls col- 
 lefted at the weftern turn- 
 pikes, which they mortgaged 
 for - - - - ^.25000 
 
 The annuity of loool. paya- 
 ble from the Kenfington 
 trufl:, they mortgaged for - 20000 
 
 The money raifed and paid to 
 them, to pave the optional 
 ftreets, was , - - 53000 
 
 I' 138000 
 
 In 1769, the commifTioners applied to 
 parliament for flill further authorities j 
 and ftated " that they had completed 
 " one fixth part of their bufinefs, in 
 « which they had expended all their 
 '^ money:" 
 
 J^l 
 
 To
 
 1 34 Plan for an uniform 
 
 To execute the remainder, 
 then, they muft borrow 
 more " ' ' £' 690000 
 
 Their debt already amounted 
 
 to, as above flated, - 98000 
 
 If Marybone fhould be under 
 their care, as they now re- 
 quired, this being about 
 one- fourth partof the whole, 
 will coft - - 276000 
 
 Which will create a debt of ^. 1064000 
 
 But the knowledge of the commif- 
 fioners in the bufinefs of paving began 
 now to be thought not fo complete as 
 was at firft imagined -, and it was fuf- 
 pecled that advantages had been taken 
 of them by fome of their contraftors. 
 The parifh of Marybone would not en- 
 lift under their banner j but applied to 
 parliament, and obtained a local aft^ by 
 which they were paved under commif- 
 fioners of their own nominating, and re- 
 Tiding within their own diftridii and in
 
 Pavement of the Streets, 135 
 
 177 1 the feveral parifhcs within the city 
 and liberty of Weftminfter, and parts 
 adjacent, after an arduous ftruggle, ob- 
 tained an adt, under which they have 
 completed what the commiflioners had 
 begun, and have in no inftance exceeded 
 the rate of eighteen pence in the pound 
 on the rent of the inhabitants, to anfwcr 
 the joint purpofcs of paving and re- 
 pairing. 
 
 This well-planned aft, which is in 
 reality an alteration of a bill prefented 
 to parliament by the commiflioners, 
 and which leflens, without annihilating, 
 their authority, authorizes each parifh to 
 clefb three commiflioners to reprefent it 
 in the general commifllon, — to appoint 
 a committee to fuperintend its own bufi- 
 nefs, — to borrow money for themfelve* 
 at as low a rate of intereft: as they can,— • 
 and to make a rate, five-fixth parts 
 whereof to be appropriated to pay the 
 intereft of the money borrowed, and the 
 remaining fixth part to lie by, and accu- 
 mulate towards paying oflF the principal, 
 K 4 which.
 
 136 Plan for an uniform Ta'oement, i^c, 
 
 which, in thofe parifhes that have been 
 well managed, they will be able com- 
 pletely to do in a few years. I com- 
 pute the expence of paving the cities 
 of London and Weflminfter, and the 
 environs, from papers in my hands, at 
 /.T, 321, 500, and the annual repairs at 
 1,16, sio. 
 
 This is the fl-.ort hiftory of an under- 
 taking, which has introduced a degree 
 of elegance and fymmetry into the ftreets 
 of the metropolis, that is the admiration 
 of all Europe, and far exceeds any thing 
 of the kind in the modern v;orld. Mr, 
 Hanway, whofe hints and obfervations 
 on the original plan were almofl all adopts 
 ed, attended clofely to the bufinefs un- 
 til the plan was formed, and in fome 
 meafure carried into execution j but 
 when he faw that the great objeds of 
 health, cleanlinefs, and fafety, were pro- 
 vided for, and that the citizens of Lon- 
 don had come to a refolution to adopt 
 the new mode of paving ; he direfted 
 his humane attention where he thought 
 it would be of more general fervice. 
 
 EARLY
 
 Invafion. 137 
 
 EARLY in the fpring of this year, 
 1755, intelligence was received that the 
 French, with whom the war was now 
 grown ferious, were fitting out a for- 
 midable fquadron of fliips at Bred, and 
 had adlually begun to aflemble a body 
 of forces, with intention to make a de- 
 fcent on this kingdom. This filled peo- 
 ple's minds with confternation. The 
 fix thoufand men ftipulated to be fur- 
 nifhed by the States General, whenever 
 England Ihould be threatened with in- 
 vafion, were demanded and refufed, and 
 the panick increafed. At this period 
 Mr. Hanway publiflied his " 'Thoughts 
 " on In-vafion,'' a work well calculated 
 to quiet the minds of the people, as to the 
 probability of the event taking place, 
 and the means which they had, if exerted 
 properly, to repel their enemies if they 
 (hould dare to land on our coaft. 
 
 MARINE
 
 13 ' Marine Society, 
 
 x;;m:>k:x:;>;;::'::::o::>j:>:;x:x::mc 
 
 MARINE SOCIETY. 
 
 TFIE next obje6l of general benevo- 
 lence, which engaged his attention, was 
 the encouragement of the breed of fea- 
 men. The aft of the fecond of Queen 
 Anne, which direfts every mafler of a 
 vefTel of thirty tons burthen and upwards, 
 to take one or more apprentice or ap- 
 prentices from the parifli, was fo much 
 neglected as to be of little ufe, and the 
 war, which had now commenced, made 
 it apparent that fome effectual regulation 
 was neceffary. He at firft endeavour- 
 ed, by fundry printed letters, addrefled 
 to the mafters in the merchants fervice, 
 to perfuade them to comply with the di- 
 rections of the a£t ; but the fingle voice of 
 
 an
 
 Marine Society, 139 
 
 an individual was too feeble to be heard 
 where intereft was concerned. When 
 once, however, he had engaged in any 
 thing he thought right, he never remit- 
 ted in his exertions till he had carried his 
 point : Oppofition ferved but to increafe 
 his induftry ; and his zealous application 
 to remedy this negle6t of a wife and con- 
 fiderate aft of parliament, produced in 
 the end the marine society, an infti- 
 tution not to be equalled for fubftantial 
 utility, and real national advantage, 
 by any undertaking in any age or c^tf^- '■ 
 
 In March 1756, Fowler WalHfcj^^ BlJ 
 Efq. a barrifter at law, firft propofed to 
 the late Sir John Fielding, then John 
 Fielding^ Efq. to coUeft fuch vagabond 
 boys as either were brought before him 
 in his capacity of a magiftrate, charged 
 with petty offences, or were found wan- 
 dering and begging in the ftreets, and 
 folicit a fubfcription for fitting them out 
 to ferveat feaj and Mr. Fielding, with 
 
 tlic
 
 140 Marine Society. 
 
 the affiftance of Mr Walker, fucceedea 
 To far as to obtain fufficient to clothe 
 and fit out about four hundred poor 
 boys. 
 
 Mr. Hanway confidering that the war 
 would call for a greater number of fea- 
 men than at that time exifted, and that 
 fbmething was necefTary to be done, be- 
 fore the boys could attain the age and 
 ftrength of manhood, fummoned a 
 meeting of merchants, and owners of 
 Ihips, to be held at a coffee-houfe near 
 the Royal Exchange, and there propofed 
 to them to form themfelves into a fociety 
 for fitting out landmen-volunteers and 
 boys, to ferve on board the king's Ihips. 
 The propofal was eagerly embraced ; a 
 regular fociety was formed, and a com- 
 mittee and proper officers appointed. 
 July the 15th following, the firft ten 
 landmen weredelivered properly clothed 
 on board a king's (hip, and the fociety, 
 under the diredion of Mr. Hanway, 
 
 pro-
 
 Marine Society. 141 
 
 proceeded in their enterprize with great 
 vigour and perfeverancc. 
 
 " We found," fays he, in his addrefs 
 to the public in favour of the defign, 
 " a great number of young fellows, in 
 '^ danger of becoming a prey to vice 
 " through idlenefs, who, as foon as the 
 '* garb offeamen was prefented to them 
 " gratis, gladly entered into the fervice ; 
 «* and a number of boys loitering in filth 
 " and rags, and as the forlorn hope of 
 " human nature, ready for any enter- 
 " prize ; and we confidered that the 
 " preferving fuch perfons, and render- 
 "^ ing diem ufeful, promoted the great 
 " end of government and true policy, 
 <f in a double view." 
 
 In December 1757, a filver anchor 
 . was voted to Mr. Walker, and another 
 to Mr. Hanway, by the fociety -, the 
 latter infcribed, " Js a token of the high 
 " Jenjewe entertain of his public fprty in 
 <* prcpofiKg, and his unwearied ajfidnhy 
 'f in methodifmg and carrytji^^ our deftgn 
 
 *' int»
 
 I4i Marine Society. 
 
 " into execution ;" and the plan was found 
 fo beneficial, that it met with general 
 
 encouragement. 
 
 The King gave - - £. looo 
 His prefent Majefty, then Prince 
 
 of Wales - - 400 
 
 The Princefs Dowager of Wales 200 
 The corporation of London 500 
 
 The city companies - 2000 
 
 Merchants and corporation of Briftol 315 
 Corporation and gentry of York 300 
 Eafl India Company - - 200 
 City of Leeds - _ _ 200 
 City of Norwich - - 23a 
 
 Ruflia company - - 100 
 
 The feveral fettlements in the 
 Eail Indies - - - 12 10 
 
 The managers of the theatres, Mr. 
 Garrick, and Mr. Rich, and the pro- 
 prietors of Ranelagh, contributed, by 
 giving nights of Entertainment for the 
 benefit of the fociety -, and fuch was the 
 high opinion, which the public enter- 
 tained of the utility of this fociety, that 
 
 peo-
 
 Marine Society. 14J 
 
 people of all ranks and conditions con- 
 tributed with a generofity fuited to their 
 refpedlive abilities. 
 
 When the idle boys and men in and 
 near the metropolis were fent to fea, the 
 fociety direfted their atte-.tion to Scot- 
 land and Ireland, and in 1762, fix years 
 after its commencement, the governors 
 had fitted out. 
 
 Boys - - - 5451 
 
 Landmeji Volunteers 47^7 
 
 In all 10238 
 
 The navy regulations require that, 
 for every hundred men employed in ac- 
 tual fervice, four boys fhall be entered, 
 and very near all this proportion of boys 
 were clothed and fent by the Marine 
 Society, 
 
 Towards the end of the war, the fo- 
 ciety, fearing that many of the boys fit- 
 ted out by them, might be turned loofe 
 on the world again, and fall into mif- 
 
 chief;
 
 144 Marine Society. 
 
 chief J applied to the Lords of the 
 Admiralty, and obtained of them an 
 order, that each boy difcharged fliould 
 be victualled on board a fhip in ordinary 
 for a time not exceeding three months, 
 and in his difcharge have a certificate 
 from the commander under whom he 
 ferved ; but it appeared that fo many of 
 them had become feamen, and procured 
 employment on board merchant fhips, 
 or had obtained work on (hore, that 
 when the fociety offered relief to all who 
 had been fitted out by them, and might 
 be in wanr, only about four hundred 
 applied for alTi fiance. 
 
 In 1763, Mr. William Hicks, a 
 merchant of Hamburgh, who had no 
 near relation, and who had fhewn a 
 friendfhip for Mr. Hanway while he was 
 at that place, left in his will the fum of 
 twenty- two thoufand pounds to the 
 fociety ] but direded that in times of 
 peace half of the produce of his bequeft 
 
 fliould
 
 Marine Society, 14^ 
 
 (hould be appropriated in placing out 
 poor girls apprentice. 
 
 By the words of Mr. Hicks's will, 
 the money bequeathed was direded to 
 be '* laid out in fecure land, the produce 
 *' to be applied to the ufe of the Marine 
 *' Society in London." This wording 
 was fuppofed, by fome lawyers, to bring 
 the bequeft within the ftatute of Mort- 
 main, although the teftator lived out of 
 the jurifdiftion of the realms. The heir 
 at law was a butcher's daughter in Hert- 
 fordlhire, of very remote relationfhip; 
 and although a deed of compromife was 
 offered by the fociety to take eight- 
 twentieths of the bequeft immediately, 
 and three-twentieths more at the death 
 of the heir at law, it was not till 
 May, 1769, that the final divifion of 
 the legacy was made. 
 
 In 1772, an a6t of parliament pafied 
 to make the governors a body corporate, 
 under the ftyle of the " Marine Society ,'* 
 and appointing Robert Lord Romney, 
 Prefidenc ; John Thornton Efq. Trea- 
 L furer i
 
 I4D Marine Society. 
 
 furer j and a certain number of the go- 
 vernors, a comnaittee for tranfa6ting the 
 general bufinefs ; a donation of twelve 
 guineas to qualify the donor to be eleded 
 a governor for life, and a fubfcription of 
 two guineas for one year. 
 
 The office rented by the governors 
 over part of the Royal Exchange being 
 found inconvenient, in 1774 a fubfcrip- 
 tion was entered into for building a 
 houfe with apartments for their bufinefs ; 
 a piece of ground adjoining St. Ethel- 
 burga's church in Bifliopfgate-ftreet, 
 was taken on a building leafe of the 
 committee for city lands, and a very 
 ample and proper houfe was eredled, 
 where the bufinefs of the fociety has ever 
 fince been carried on. This houfe coft 
 near four thoufand pounds. The court 
 room is fitted up, and decorated in a 
 very elegant manner. Captain Thomas 
 Hanway, having in his life time been 
 one of the earlieft fupporters, his brother 
 eave a chamber maufoleum eredled to 
 
 his
 
 Marine Society. 147 
 
 his memory to the fociety, and it now 
 forms a diflinguiflied part of the orna- 
 ments of this court room. 
 
 I cannot take my leave of this excel- 
 lent and truly patriotic inftitution, with- 
 out expreffing my approbation, however 
 unimportant, of the principle on which 
 it is founded, and my fincerell wifh that 
 it may ftill increafe in fplendour, and be 
 as a fountain, from whence fhall flow 
 the bleflings of induftry, emulation, and 
 true Chriftian bravery, to all parts of the 
 Britifh empire. Againft every infl:iru- 
 tion of a charitable nature, except this, ' 
 at fome time or other objedions have 
 been made; but the Marine Society has 
 the peculiar felicity to receive the con- 
 current applaufe of all mankind. The 
 invifible link with which, for wife pur- 
 pofes. Heaven attaches the parent to its 
 own offspring, is here not weakened ; 
 the child is not feparated from his natural 
 parents till the time, when nature fcems 
 to decree, that he fhould labour for his 
 h 2 own
 
 148 Marina Society. 
 
 own fupport, and aflume a difllnft cha- 
 rader, dependant on his own exertions 
 and reflitude of condudl. What plan 
 can be poflfibly devifed more fubftantially 
 beneficial than that which relieves dif- 
 trefs, without encouraging idlenefs; 
 which checks the career of dilTipation 
 and vice, without facrificing the agent, 
 and transforms the moft ufelefs and dan- 
 gerous part of the community into the 
 moil ufeful and truly refpeftable ? 
 
 Mr. Hanway had not only the merit of 
 being the original propofer of this de- 
 fign ; but by the moft judicious and un- 
 ceafing attention to its intereft, and the 
 management of its finances, deferved 
 the title of its guardian alfo : He led it 
 as it v/ere by the hand, during its infant 
 ftate ; and prote6led and watched over 
 it, Vv'ith the care of a parent, till it arrived 
 by degrees to the ftrength and maturity 
 it at prefent enjoys. 
 
 IN
 
 Effay on Tea 'Drinking, 149^. 
 
 >C:':;>'::';:::OU>::>">:;>tn:'C;:":i::': 
 
 IN 1757, Mr. Hanway piiblifhed his 
 " Journey frcin Poitfinouth to King- 
 ■*' fton," which running through two edi- 
 tions, in the laft he animadverted on the 
 pernicious cuftom of tea-drinking, and 
 the expence it created to the lower clafTes 
 of the people. Do6lor Johnfon, to 
 whom this liquor was extremely grate- 
 ful, and who applied to it when his fpi- 
 rits wanted recruit, as others apply to a 
 cordial, was at that time engaged in a 
 periodical work, called " The Literary 
 " Magazine.'* Stirred up by this attack 
 on his favourite beverage, the Doflor 
 condefcended to floop from that dignity 
 of charafter, which he was fo peculiarly 
 qualified to fupport, and in an ancjiymous 
 effliy inferted in his work, without an- 
 fwering the remarks made by our author, 
 attacked him in his perfonai charafter, 
 L 3 in
 
 150 Foundling Ho/piial. 
 
 in a ftyle between irony and ill-nature. 
 The Do61;or, in his warmth, perceived 
 not that Mr. Hanway's remarks were not 
 intended for people in his line of life, 
 and by this efifay convinced their mutual 
 friends, that he was not more fuperior ta 
 his adverfary in learning, than inferior 
 to him in affability and fociai benevo- 
 lence. 
 
 >.i>r.:<>-:::<> 
 
 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. 
 
 IN 1758, Mr. Hanway paid fifty 
 pounds to qualify him as a governor of 
 the Foundling Hofpital for life, and with 
 his ufual earneftnefs fet himfelf to ac- 
 quire a knowledge of the ftate of the 
 inftitution, and to confider how his af- 
 fiflance and advice might be beftdirefted 
 fqr its advancement. Of the- rife and 
 
 pro-
 
 Foundling HoJfitaL 151 
 
 progrefs of this houfe of refuge for de- 
 ferred children, the following is the bcft 
 account I have been able to procure. 
 
 In 1708, fonne merchants of London 
 afibciated themfelves togethef, and pro- 
 pofed to open a fubfcription, and eredl a 
 houfe for the reception oijuch infants as 
 the misfortunes or inhumanity of their pa- 
 rents fJ.wuld leave dejlitute of fupport ; for 
 it was found that *' the officers, whom 
 *• the laws had charged with the care of 
 *' the poor, had been fo negligent, that 
 " fome infants had been fuffered to 
 « perifh with cold and hunger in the 
 " flreets, without any attempt for their 
 <' relief." 
 
 This humane propofal was not, how- 
 ever, carried into execution at this time; 
 the reafon affigned, being the fear " that 
 ■" // might feem to encourage vice, hy mak- 
 " ing too eafy a provifion for illegitimate 
 " children.'' But though the merchants 
 proceeded no further, yet tlicir publica- 
 tions feeha to have evinced the neceffity 
 
 L 4 of
 
 T_52 roimdling Ho/pita! . 
 
 of a Foundling Hofpital ; and the idea 
 was fo warmly cherillied, that feveral 
 perfons left money, by will to be appro- 
 priated to fuch an hofpital when it 
 fhould be eredled. 
 
 The firft man who took up the bufi- 
 nefsin a regular manner, was Mr. Thomas 
 Coram, commander of a veflel in the 
 merchants fervice. In his introduftory 
 addrefs, he faid, " he had been a wit- 
 " nefs to the Ihocking fpedacle of inno- 
 *' cent children, who had been mur- 
 " dered and thrown upon dunghills.'* 
 His firfl intention was to crcd huts in 
 Lamb's Conduit fields, for the reception 
 and nourifhment of deferted infants; 
 but meeting with greater encouragement 
 than he expe61:ed, he applied to fome 
 perfons of diilinftion of the fofter fex, 
 by whom he judicioully concluded his 
 reprefentation would be moil fenfibly 
 felt, and obtained a declaration figned 
 by twenty-one noble ladies, of which the 
 following is an abllra(5t ; 
 
 a Whereas
 
 Foundling HofpitaL 153 
 
 " Whereas among the inftitutions of 
 " charity, which this nation, and efpe- 
 '' cially the city of London, has hitherto 
 *' eftabl fhed, no expedient has yet been 
 '^ found out for preventing the frequent 
 ** murdsrs of poor infants at their birth ; 
 *' or for fupprefTing the inhuman cuftom 
 " of expcfing new-born infants to perifli 
 " in the ftreets : For a beginning to re- 
 '^ drefs fo deplorable a grievance. We, 
 " whofe names are underwritten, being 
 *' deeply touched with companion, for 
 ^' the fufferings and lamentable condi- 
 *' tion of fuch poor, abandoned, helplefs 
 " infants, and in order to fupply the 
 '^ government with ufeful hands, and 
 «^ for the better producing of good and 
 " faithful fervants from amongfl the 
 " poor ; are defirous to encourage, and 
 «« willing to contribute towards eredbing 
 " an hofpital for infants, whom their 
 " parents are not alleto maintain^ which 
 *' we conceive will not only prevent 
 ** many horrid murders, cruelties^ and 
 
 *' other
 
 154 Foundling HofpitaL 
 
 ** other mifchiefs, and be greatly bene- 
 *' ficial to the public j but will alfo be 
 ** acceptable to God Almighty, as being 
 <* the only remedy of fuch great evils, 
 «f which have been To long neglected, 
 *^ though always complained of: Pro- 
 '^ vided a Royal Charter be granted by 
 *' the King, to fuch perfons as fhall be 
 *' willing to become bcnefaftors for the 
 " ere6linor and endowino- fuch an hof- 
 " pital, and managing the affairs thereof 
 «' gratis ; under fuch regulations as his 
 ** Majefty, in his great wifdom, fhall 
 *• judge moft proper, for attaining 
 " the defired effed; of our good inten- 
 " tions." 
 
 Charlotte Somerfet. J. Mancheder. 
 S. Richmond. F. Hartford. 
 
 H. Bolton. M. Harold. 
 
 Ann Bolton. F. Wa. and Not- 
 
 J. Leeds. tingham. 
 
 A. Bedford. S. Huntington. 
 
 M. Cavendifli Port- E. Cardigan. 
 
 land. Dorothy Burlington.
 
 Foundling HofptaL 1 5 5 
 
 F. Litchfield. A. Torrlngton. 
 
 A. Albemarle. E. Onflow. 
 
 F. Biron. A. King. 
 
 A. Trevor. 
 
 Names like thefe could not fail of fuc- 
 ceeding. The addrefs was annexed to 
 the petition to the king for a charter, 
 which was immediately granted, and 
 bears date the 17th of Oftober, 1739. 
 The next year an a6t of parliamentpafled 
 to confirm and enlarge the powers granted 
 by the charter, and the guardians pur- 
 chafed land of the Earl of Salifbury, in 
 Lamb's Conduit fields, whereon to ered: 
 the propofed hofpital. But willing to 
 attempt fomething before the building 
 could be completed, they hired a houfe 
 in Hatton Garden, and in March, 1741, 
 the firfl thirty children were admitted. 
 During that year one hundred and thirty 
 fix were received under the care of the 
 guardians, of whom fixty-fix died, which 
 determined the governors to fend their 
 
 chi'l-
 
 1^6 Foundling Hof pit al. -' 
 
 children to be nurfed out of the impure 
 air of the metropolis. 
 
 On the 1 6th of September, 1742, tlie 
 firft (tone of the prefent building was 
 laid J but it was three years before one 
 wing was ready to be inhabited, and 
 then the houfe in Hatton Garden was 
 given up. 
 
 The next ftep was to folicit an exclufive 
 fubfcription to defray the expence of 
 building a chapel, which was begun to 
 be erefted in May, 174.7, and two years 
 afterwards the other wing was added. 
 Such v/as the zeal which influenced the 
 minds of perfons for this favourite objed, 
 that perhaps no inilitution merely of a 
 charitable nature v/as ever more muni- 
 ficently fupported. 
 
 The King gave two thoufand pounds, 
 and one thoufand more towards eftablifli- 
 ing a preacher. The Prtncefs Dowager 
 of Wales, fevcn hundred and forty 
 pounds ; and before 1769, upwards of 
 ten thoiifand pounds had been collcded
 
 FGiindlbig Hcfpital. 157 
 
 at mufical performances in the chapel 
 under the dire6lion of Mr. Handel, who 
 gave an organ for the chapel, and the 
 fcore of his MefTiah to the guardians. 
 
 Hitherto tlie plan had been fupported 
 by the contribucions of individuals, but 
 in 1755, '■^^ Houfe of Commons took 
 up the caufe of the hofpital, and, at the 
 folicitation of the guardians, Refolved 
 that, ** to render the hofpital of general 
 " utility, all the children which fliould 
 " be offered under a certain age fhould 
 " be admitted, and proper places 
 *' opened in all the counties of the 
 " kingdom for the reception of expofed 
 « and deferted young children." 
 
 In June following, the guardians hav- 
 ing received their firft grant from par- 
 liament of ^^T. 10,000, opened their 
 doors to receive " all children not ex- 
 ** ceeding two months old, which fliould 
 " be offered." • The firfl: day of this 
 indifcriminate admiffion, one hunJred 
 and Icventeen children were admitted. 
 2 The
 
 I^S Foundling Ho/pi tal. 
 
 The next year £. 30,000 more was 
 granted, and the guardians extended 
 the age of admiflion from two to fix 
 months. At the end of 1757, 5618 
 infants had been received, of whom had 
 died 23 1 1, Parliament continued their 
 afiiftance with a moft liberal hand -, the 
 money granted between the year 1755, 
 and 177 1, when all public fupport was 
 withdrawn, being upwards of five hun- 
 dred and feventy thoufand pounds — thirty 
 three thoufand five hundred and thirty 
 pounds per ann. on an average ! 
 
 A receptacle fo fupported, with its 
 doors continually open, and governed 
 by perfons of fentiment, could not want 
 applications, too many of which were 
 didtated ^rather by a want of feeling 
 in the parent for its offspring, than 
 of the means of rearing it j and in a lit- 
 tle while the governors found it necef- 
 fary to advertife, that they " would pro- 
 " fecute all perfonSj as well parijh offi- 
 «^ cevs as others y who pout d forcibly or 
 
 *' frau^
 
 Foundling Hcfp'tal, 159 
 
 " fraudulently Jend to the hcfpital any 
 " children 'ujithout the conjent of their fa- 
 ** rents,'' and attuaily to profccute in 
 feveral inftances. 
 
 It was fuppofed by fome of the moft 
 fangiiine of the guardians, that the hof- 
 pital would in time fuperfede the necef- 
 fity of the poor laws ; but others were 
 not deceived by this torrent of apparent 
 humanity : Thefe faw that the univerfal 
 admiffion had a tendency to promote 
 licentioufnefs, by weal-cening the force 
 of tliat firft paflion of nature, the at- 
 tachment of the parent to her own off- 
 fpring. The foremoft of thefe advocates 
 for morality was Mr. Hanway: Fie ob- 
 fcrved that the Foundling children, con- 
 trary to expeftation, were not lefs viciouf- 
 ly inclined^ than thofe bred in a populous 
 city, and that to take infartts from their 
 parents, and fend them into a world, i« 
 which there was not one perfon to whom 
 they owed a particular obedience, or 
 whole opinion or cenfure it was incum- 
 bent
 
 i6o Foundling Hqfpiial. 
 
 bent on them to regard, was not the way 
 to promote virtue, and the harmony of 
 fociety. In 1759, he publifhed a 
 pamphlet exprefsly to point out to the 
 guardians and the world, the evil ten- 
 dency which the practice muft have, 
 efpecially as thefe children were not in- 
 tended to ferve the king, in the capacity 
 of foldiers, or failors, as in France, and 
 fome other countries having foundling 
 hofpitals. The wealth, however, which 
 rolled in from government every fefllon, 
 carried every thing before it, and the 
 indifcriminate admifTion of all children, 
 without queftion, continued fome years 
 longer; but Mr. Hanway was not daz- 
 zled by this falfe fplendour, nor intimi- 
 dated by the oppofition of thofe who, 
 benefited by the plan, or fond of the 
 difpofal of public money, took up its 
 defence. lie never quitted the fubjefl 
 till he had gained his point ; and time 
 has Ihewn mankind that he was right. 
 In 1771, parliament not perceiving 
 
 fuch
 
 Pdiaidllng Hofpiial. 1 6 r 
 
 flich great public benefit to arife from 
 the hofpital as had been expefted, with- 
 drew all fupport, and the governors, 
 whofe private contributions had almoft 
 ceafed when the objefl was taken under 
 the protc6lion of the legiflature, came to 
 a refolution to admit only fuch a number 
 of children as their finances were ade- 
 quate to the maintenance of, and thefe 
 monthly by ballot. 
 
 WHETHER a foundling hofpital is 
 an inftitution proper for this kingdom, 
 the only one in the world where there is 
 an univerfal tax for the fupport of the 
 indigent, is not for me to determine j 
 but I Ihould conceive that fome falu- 
 tary regulations might have been bor- 
 rowed from the foundling hofpitals of 
 other countries. Among the rules of 
 L.'Hopital des Enfans-Trouves of Paris^ 
 I find the following : " Les autres En- 
 *^ fans (thofe not intended for the king's 
 '' fervice), lorfqu'ils auront atteint I'age 
 ** d« fix ans, Icront confies aux Bour- 
 M *' geois,
 
 j6i Foundling Ho/pit at, 
 
 " geois, Laboureiirs, Marchands, on 
 ** ArtifanSj qui les demanderont pour 
 *' les elever jufqu'a I'age de vingt-cinq 
 *' ans. II fera paye par an, par forme 
 " de penfion, pour chaque Enfant j 
 '* fcavoir, pour les Gar9ons 40 livres 
 *' jufqu'a douze ans, et 30 livres depuis 
 *^ I'age de douze jufqu'a quatorze ac- 
 *^ complis : et a I'egard des Filles, il 
 " fera aufll paye 40 livres par an 
 ^^ jufqu'a I'age de feize ans accomplis ; 
 ^^ etant prefumable que les Gar^ons 
 *^ parvenus a quatorze ans, ct les Filles 
 *^ a fcize ans, feront alors en etat 
 *' d'etre utiles a ceux qui s'en charge- 
 *^ ront etaufquels tous lefdits F.nfans fe- 
 " ront foumis, et rendront robeiffance, 
 '' comme les Enfans la doivent a leurs 
 " Peres et Meres." — The other chil- 
 dren, as foon as they attain the age of 
 fix years, are placed with labourers, 
 tradfemen, or handicrafts, who apply 
 for them, to be brought up till they 
 arrive at the age of twenty- five. The 
 
 mailers
 
 FGHudllng Hofpitat. _ 163 
 rnafters are paid an annual fum, by way 
 of penfion, for each child, viz. For 
 the boys, forty livrcs till they are twelve 
 years old, and thirty livres from twelve 
 to fourteen j for the girls, forty livres 
 per ann. till they reach fixteen years ; 
 it being prefumed that the boys at 
 fourteen, and the girls at fixteen, will 
 be ufeful to thofe who have the charge 
 of them, to whom they are required to 
 be obedient as to their parents. — Would 
 not fuch a mode have been of fervice 
 here, when the guardians of this hof- 
 pital were fo able to adopt and fup- 
 port it ? 
 
 Lord Kaimes, in the violence of his 
 refentment, would have every foun- 
 dation of the kind '* rafed to the 
 ground," and proceeds fo far as to re- 
 probate our poor laws in toto -, but then 
 he is conftrained to leave the diftrefled 
 to the uncertain alTiftance of voluntary 
 compafTion j a precarious fupporr, more 
 frequently extorted by the clamorous, 
 M 2 than '
 
 164 'Foundling Hofpital. 
 
 thiin bedowcd on the meek and defcrv- 
 ing. 
 
 With refpeft to the hofpital receiving 
 parifh infants to be paid for j this was 
 a favourite obje6l of Mr. Hanway, and 
 promoted at firft with all his might i but 
 the reafon on which he founded its pro- 
 priety is now done away, and the prac- 
 tice is almoft at an end. The hofpital 
 nurfes certainly preferved the lives of 
 many infants, who, if a judgment is to 
 be drawn from general experience, would 
 have died in the workhoufes; but, thanks 
 to this generous and penetrating friend 
 of mankind, parifh poor infants in the 
 metropolis are no longer the vidlims 
 of the foul air of a workhoufe ; for 
 they are all obliged to be nurfed out of 
 town, as I fhall have occafion to mention 
 particularly hereafter. 
 
 MAG-
 
 ( i65 ) 
 
 
 MAGDALENE HOSPITAL. 
 
 THE next obje6t of Mr. Hanway's 
 philanthropy, was to provide an afyluin 
 for the women of the town. In all the 
 countries through which he had travelled, 
 the promifcuous commerce of the fexes 
 was either exprefsly or tacitly allowed j 
 but then it was confined to particular 
 quarters of the city, and was therefore 
 lefs open to general obfervation than 
 here. His feeling heart could not but 
 deplore the wretched fituation of fo many- 
 beautiful females, who wandered pub- 
 licly whitherfoever inclination or necef- 
 fity led them, and obtruded their mi- 
 fery and their vice on his eye in every 
 ilreet. 
 
 H 3 As
 
 1 66 Magdalene llojfital. 
 
 As early as 1 750, when he firft arrived 
 from St. Peterfburgh, Mr. Robert 
 Dingley communicated to him his plan 
 for a Mao-dalene houfe ; but Mr. Han- 
 way advifed him not to make it public 
 till Tome previous obfcrvations had more 
 fully evinced the ufefulnefs of fuch a 
 defign. 
 
 One of the firft appeals to the humani- 
 ty of the public in behalf of thefe mifer- 
 able beings, was made by Dr. Samuel 
 Johnfon. Struck with the fight of the 
 hofpital for the reception of deferted 
 infants, a natural train of fentiment led 
 him to refle6l on the fate of their mo- 
 thers ; whom he thus recommends to a 
 place in the heart of the benevolent. 
 
 *' Thefe were all once, if not virtuous, 
 '^ at leaft innocent, and rj;iight ftill have 
 " continued blamelefs and eafy, but 
 ** for the arts and infinuations of thofe 
 " whofe rank, fortune, or education 
 <f furniflied them with means to corrupt 
 «? or to delude them. Let the libertine 
 
 " refleb
 
 Magdalene Hcfptal. 1 6 7 
 
 ^^ refle6b one moment on the fituationof 
 " that woman, who, being forfaken by 
 *' her betrayer, is reduced to the necef- 
 ** fity of turning proftitute for bread, 
 " and judge of the enormity of his 
 " guilt, by the evils which it produces. 
 
 " It cannot be doubted but that 
 '^ numbers follow this dreadful courfe 
 '^ of life with fhame, horror, and regret ; 
 " but where can they hope for refuge ? 
 'f The "jjorld is not their friend^ nor the 
 " world's law. Their fighs, and tears, 
 " and groans, are criminal in the eye of 
 " their tyrants, the bully and the bawd, 
 " who fatten on their mifery, and 
 " threaten them with v/ant or a gaol, if 
 " they fhew the leaft dcfign of efcaping 
 " from their bondage. 
 
 " How frequendy have the gay and 
 *' thoughtlefs, in their evening frolicks, 
 " feen a band of thefe miferable females 
 " covered with rags, fhivering with 
 " cold, and pining with hunger, and 
 f' without either pitying theircalamities, 
 M 4 ^' or
 
 1 68 M-agdalene Ilojfital. 
 
 ' or refle6ling upon the cruelty of thofp 
 ^ who perhaps firft feduced them by 
 ' carefles- of fondnefsj or magnificencp 
 
 * of prpmifcs, go on to reduce others 
 ^ to the fame wretchednefs by the fame 
 ' means ! 
 
 " To ftop the increafe of this deplpra- 
 
 * ble multitude, is un^^.oubtedly the 
 ^ firft and moft preffing confideration. 
 ' To prevent tvil is the great end of 
 ^ government, the end for which vigi- 
 ^ lance and fcverity are properly em- 
 ' ployed. But furely thoiV, whom paf- 
 ^ fionor intereft have already depraved, 
 ^ have fome claim to compalTion, from 
 ', beings equally frail and fallible with 
 
 * themfeives ; nor v.'ill rliey long groan 
 
 * in their prcfcnt afilicftions, if non? 
 ' were to rcfufe them relief, but thofe 
 ' that owe their exemption from the 
 ^ fame diftrefs only to their wifdom ^n^ 
 
 i* their virtue. 
 
 \\ JVlarch 26, 1751." 
 
 Several
 
 Magdalene Hvfp'iaJ, 169 
 
 Several other perfons, particularly 
 Mr. John Fielding, and Mr. Saunders 
 Welchj endeavoured to excite the com- 
 miferation of the public for thcfe pitir 
 able objedls ; but it was not till the 
 year 1758, that any regular propofal 
 was made for their relief. In this year 
 Mr. Dingley firfl: offered to the public 
 his '' Propofal for efiahlifloing a Place of 
 ^.^ Reception for penitent Proflitutesf* 
 which he prefaced with an addrefs feel- 
 ingly defcriptive of their mifery, and 
 their incapacity to extricate themfelves 
 from it by any efforts of their own. 
 This propofal Mr. Hanway recom- 
 mended by a pamphlet and feveral let- 
 ters, previoufly prepared i and it met 
 with the approbation of many refpeft- 
 able characters. The plan, as originally 
 concerted, was intended to include or- 
 phan girls of a tender age j but this 
 part was abandoned for the prefent, 
 though it now makes a diftinguifhed 
 figure anaong our charitable inftitutions, 
 
 coun-
 
 170 Magdalene HoJptaU 
 
 countenanced and protedled by a mo- 
 ther, whofe conjugal and maternal af- 
 fedion adds dignity even to her moft 
 exalted {lation. 
 
 Encouraged by the lupport they had 
 experienced, a committee was form.ed 
 of the follov/ing perlbns : 
 
 Robert Dingley. Jonas Hanway. 
 
 Charles Dingley. John Thornton. 
 
 Robert Nettleton George Wombwell. 
 
 Thomas Prefton. John Dorrien. 
 Who undertook to account for the fub- 
 fcriptions, which in a few v/eeks amount- 
 ed to three thoufand pounds. They 
 took a houfe in Prefcot- Street, Good- 
 man's Fields, and on the loth of Auguft, 
 1758, the firfi: eight women were re- 
 ceived. 
 
 Mr. Hanv/ay continued to recom- 
 mend the defign by all the means in his 
 power, and procured the beft accounts 
 he could of the inftitutions of a fimilar 
 kind in other countries, particularly that 
 of Rome, founded fo early as the year 
 
 626.
 
 Magdalene Ho/pit al. i y | 
 
 626, dedicated to Mary Magdalene j 
 that of Naples, in 1324 ; of Seville, in 
 1550 i and of Amfterdam, in 1596. 
 After a trial of fome years, the gover- 
 nors built their prefenr holpital in St. 
 George's Fields. 
 
 Her Majefty condefcended to be 
 the patronefs, and gave three hundred 
 pounds. 
 
 The number of women admitted from 
 its commencement to the year 1786, ic 
 two thoufand four hundred and fifteenj,, 
 of whom one thoufand five hundred 
 and feventy-one have been reconciled to 
 their friends, or placed out infervice; 
 rnany of thefe have fmce married, and 
 are mothers of families; the reft have 
 died, proved refraftory, or been dif- 
 charged at their own defire, unable to 
 bear the reftraint. 
 
 It is an unfavourable circumilance to 
 this inftitution, that for obvious reafons 
 the governors cannot make public the 
 
 par-
 
 1 ) 2 Magdalene HofptaL 
 
 particular inftances in which their en- 
 deavours have been attended with the 
 defired fuccefs j and many perfons, 
 feeing the numbers of the women of the 
 town ftill fo prodigious, are led from 
 thence to think lefs highly of the hofpital 
 than it deferves. The governors never 
 hoped to be able completely to eradi- 
 cate vice; but they have been the means 
 of refloring many to virtue, happinefs, 
 and health, who muft, without their af- 
 fiftance, have been loft. 
 
 Mr. Hanway took great delight in 
 entertaining the women who had left the 
 hofpital and fettled in life, at his own 
 houfe ; he encouraged their vifits, in- 
 quired their manner of life, and gave 
 them his good advice, and, to fhew his 
 fincerity, always accompanied it with ^ 
 fmall prefent. 
 
 IN
 
 Increafe of Seamen* 713 
 
 r.<>s::':::>iS'S::'C::-::::'::::<>s>c>« 
 
 IN 1759, Mr. Hanway publiihed his 
 ^^ Rea/ons for an additional Number of 
 *' tzvelve thoufand Seamen to be employed 
 '' in Time of Peace, in the Merchants Ser~ 
 " viceJ" The defign of this work, 
 which was promoted by Admiral Bofca- 
 wen, and other perfons of diftinflion in 
 the maritime line, was to prove that as 
 a commercial and military nation, hav- 
 ing fuch remote and extended domini- 
 ons, our trade ought to contribute more 
 to its own exiftence and fupport j and 
 that to have a refource of feamen always 
 ready to aft, whenever our enemies 
 fhould make it neccflary, would prevent 
 the expence and inconvenience of pref- 
 fing, and fet us on equal terms with our 
 foes, even on tlie firfl: breaking out of 
 hollilities. The manner in which he 
 
 pro-
 
 i 74 increafe of teamen. 
 
 propofed to form and fupport this aug- 
 mentation of fcamen, wa^ by compelling 
 tnafters in the merchants fervice to take 
 an additional number of Tailors, in pro- 
 portion to the tonnage of their veffelsj 
 and allowing bounties on certain articles 
 of commerce, as' an equivalent to the 
 additional number of hands. 
 
 The encouragement of feamen was 
 always a favourite objed of our author's 
 attention ; and he knew from experience 
 as well as obfervation, how much the fafe-- 
 ty and profperity of our country depend 
 on this ufeful body of men. He faw 
 likewife that it required a long time to 
 convert a mere landman into a tolerable 
 mariner; and fuch was his attachment 
 to this favourite plan, and his confidence 
 of its expediency, that he never loft 
 fight of it: In 1770, he publiflied a 
 fecond edition of the above work : At 
 the clofe of the laft war he endeavoured 
 to make the marine fociety contribute 
 towards the breed of feamen, by educa- 
 tion
 
 Increafe of Seamen, i y ^ 
 
 tion as well as clothing ; and I have 
 
 heard him fay, with great regret, " I 
 
 ' fear I fhall not carry my objeft, and 
 
 f yet the moll popular objedion I find 
 
 * isj that the praftice is an imitation of 
 
 * our neighbours the French ; as if 
 ' we were bound to imitate them only 
 ' in the cut of a coat, or the fhape of a 
 
 hat!" 
 
 STEPNEY SOCIETY. 
 
 IN 1758, Mr. Hanway entered his 
 name as afubfcriber to the Stepney Society, 
 an inftitution calculated to prevent mi- 
 fery, and encourage m.aritime employ- 
 ment ; and which, though it has lately 
 declined, deferves well to be recorded. 
 
 In the year 1674, at the conclufion of 
 
 the war with Holland, a few mafters of 
 
 4 fl^ips
 
 176 'Stepney Society. 
 
 ^ips in the merchants fervice eritefed 
 into a fmall fLibfcriptidh to be appropri- 
 ated for the '^ J f-p rent icing out Orphans, 
 " and the Children of the Poor^ to Marine 
 " Trades ;" but either for want of a 
 perfon at their head, who had abilities 
 to condudt a plan of the kind, or fome 
 other caufe not now to be eafily traced 
 out, very little was done ; and the fociety 
 was not much known till the year 1729, 
 when Sir Charles Wager accepted the 
 office of fteward. The patronage of 
 this brave and benevolent man greatly 
 afilfted the fociety, and afterwards per- 
 fons of the highefb rank and fortune 
 were Rewards. The lords of the Ad- 
 miralty, commilTioners of the NaVy 
 and Vidualling, and other departments 
 of the marine, gave their countenance 
 and fupport to it. 
 
 Previous to the year 1758, the fociety 
 had iifually placed out fixtecn boys as 
 apprentices, chiefly to water-borne bufi- 
 neffes, every ye;jr, v/ith each of whom 
 
 they
 
 Stepney Society. 177 
 
 they gave five pounds apprentice, fee; 
 but their finances were too {lender to en- 
 able them to do any thing for the inftruc- 
 tion or connfort of the lads in their ap- 
 prenticefhip. It is remarkable that from 
 the commencement of this fraternity to 
 the time when Mr. Hanway became a 
 ftev/ard, almoft their whole fund had been 
 collecfted at their annual feafts* The 
 mailers, probably, ftruck out the idea 
 originally at a dinner, and in the bene- 
 volence of their hearts, continued to dine 
 and to contribute once in the courfe of 
 every year for fo long a period. Their 
 names, I believe, never appeared ; the 
 ftewards were annually appointed to 
 provide the dinner, and fee to the dif- 
 tribution of the money coUeflcd. In 
 had been ufual to appropriate a pare 
 of their lictle fund to the clothing a few 
 boys to ferve as volunteers on board the 
 king's fhipsj but Mr. Hanway per- 
 ceiving that the marine fociety made 
 fuch ample provifion for all boys in- 
 N clined
 
 17 S Stepney Socle fy. 
 
 dined to ferve in the navy, prevailed 
 on his colleagues to appropriate the 
 whole to the original purpofe of appren- 
 ticing out boys in the mercantile and 
 trading departments. He likewife ob- 
 tained a preference to be given to the 
 parent who was burthened with a large 
 family : The Jus trium Liberorum of 
 the Romans (which I apprehend was 
 originally a Lacedasmonian inftitution) 
 was always a favourite law with him; 
 although he himfelf had never any chil- 
 dren 
 
 >::n<2<;;-::;>::a<>:;::<::>j:*«S'::>::::'t; 
 
 IN this fame year, 1759, he promoted 
 a fubfcription for furnilhing the Britifh 
 troops ferving in Germany and America 
 with ufeful articles of clothing, &c. fuit- 
 able to the climates they were in. A 
 plrt of the fubfcription, which amounted 
 in the whole to feven thoufand four 
 hundred and fix pounds, was referved 
 
 3 foj'
 
 Vails Giving, 17^ 
 
 for the relief of the widows and orphans 
 of fuch as were Gain or died in the fer- 
 vicej and this kind token of the atten- 
 tion, which their countrymen paid to 
 the foldiers, contributed much to ani- 
 mate them in the tranfadlions of this 
 year, fo glorious to the Englifli nation. 
 
 VAILS GIVING, 
 
 ABOUT this time Mr. Hanway fet 
 himfelf to oppofe the abfurd cuftom of 
 Vails Giving^ which had arrived at a very 
 extravagant pitch, efpecially among the 
 fervants of the great. This cuftom was 
 detrimental to the true interefts of the 
 rich as well as the poor ; for the man 
 of wealth muft lofe much of the plea- 
 fure of life, if he is deprived of the fo- 
 ciety of thofe whofe fcience enables them 
 to inftruft or amufe, but whofe circum- 
 N 2 fiances
 
 iSo Vails Giving. 
 
 fiances prevent thena from communicaf- 
 ing their knowledge at a repeated ex- 
 pence to themfelves. It was Mr. Han- 
 way who anfwered the kind reproach of 
 a friend in a high ftation for not coming 
 oftcnef to dine with him, by faying, 
 *^ Indeed I cannot afford it." 
 
 In 1762, he publifhed " Eight Let- 
 
 ** ters to the Duke of — ," on this 
 
 cuftom. The nobleman here meant 
 was the Duke of Newcaftle. The let- 
 ters are written in that humorous ftyle, 
 which is moft attradlive of general no- 
 tice, and was bed adapted to rhe fubjed. 
 If I am not miftaken, it was Sir Timo- 
 thy Waldo that firft put him on ihis 
 plan : Sir Timothy had dined with the 
 
 Duke of N , and on his leaving 
 
 the houfe, was contributing to the fup- 
 port and infolence of a train of fervants 
 who lined the hall ; and at laft put a 
 crown into the hand of the Cook, who 
 returned it, faying, " Sir, I do not take 
 ^' filver"— P(?»V you indeed? faid the 
 
 worth)?
 
 l^aHs Giving iSi 
 
 worthy Knight, putting it in his pocket, 
 then I do not give gold. Among the ludi- 
 crous circumftances in Mr. Hanway's 
 letters, is one which happened to him- 
 felf. He was paying the fcrvants of a 
 refpedtable friend for a dinner, which 
 their matter had invited him to, one by 
 one 23 they appeared : *' Sir, your great 
 'f coat :" a fhilling—"^ Your hat :" a 
 fiilling-^'' Stick;" jIMing--'' Urn- 
 «« brella -:' flnlling — *' Sir, your gloves :'* 
 Why^ friend, yon may keep the gloves ; they 
 are not worth a Jhilling. 
 
 By degrees this odious cuflom became 
 lefs fafhionable, and it received its laft 
 ftroke from Mr. Garrick's excellent 
 farce of High Life below Stairs, which 
 expofed to the opulent, a part of their 
 domeftic oeconomy that they had not be- 
 fore examined. But, banillied from the 
 manfions of the great, it feems to be 
 gaining ground among the middling 
 clafies ; and the married wil], I hope, not 
 thinkthemfelvesnegle(5lcd by their fingle 
 N 3 acquaint-
 
 1 8 2 Prefervation of the Lives of 
 
 acquaintances, vvhilfl thefe can dine at 
 the coffee-houfe, at a cheaper rate than 
 with their friends, and at the fame tinrie 
 have the privilege of confulting their 
 own appetites. 
 
 s>::;:-::i<:;'::n:::>::::>::>::>r::>::x::-:::>n 
 
 / 
 
 PRESERVATION OF INFANT PARISH 
 POOR. 
 
 THE progreflion that I had laid dowii 
 for myfelf in this relation, and v^^hich, 
 though irregular, was the mofl: intelli- 
 gible that I could form, now brings me 
 to an inftance of Mr. Hanway's per- 
 feverance and philanthropy, the mod ar- 
 duous and fplendid of all his public un- 
 dertakings. I mean the Prefervation of 
 the Lives of the Infant Parifh Poor, with- 
 in the Bills of Mortality, It was not fup- 
 
 ported
 
 the Infant Tarijlo Poor, 183 
 
 ported by a fubfcription, the publication 
 of which encourasres an increafe of 
 benefadtors, and adds to the felf-com- 
 placency attendant on a charitable ad", 
 the juftifiable reflexion that it will be 
 made known. Alone and unafTiftedj he 
 explored the then miferable and unheal- 
 thy habitations of the parifli poor in thefe 
 crowded cities, expofed his tender lungs 
 to the peftilential air of the workhoufe 
 fick-wards^ and procured a complete 
 account of the interior management of 
 every workhoufe in and near the metro- 
 polis. I feel myfelf incapable not only 
 of doing juftice to his labours in this 
 work, but of exprcfling my own ideas of 
 its excellence j they only can form an 
 adequate idea of it, who have had op- 
 portunities of knowing what devaftation 
 was made in the lives of parifh infants 
 before he exerted himfelf in their behalf, 
 and comparing it with the prefent im- 
 proved prafticc. 
 
 In the journey which he had taken to 
 
 |?ariSj and through Holland, he had vifit- 
 
 N 4 ed
 
 184 Prejervation of the Lives of 
 
 ed all the houfcs for the reception of the 
 poor, particularly thofe of Paris, and the 
 foundling hofpitals of France, and noted 
 whatever he thought might be adopted 
 here with advantage. From the year 
 1757 to 1762, his principal employ- 
 ment v/as vifiting the workhoufes in 
 thefe cities; and as he found it impolTible 
 to work a complete reform all at once, 
 he confined his attention to infants. He 
 publifhed his obfervations as they were 
 made, in the hope of engaging his fellow 
 citizens in the caufe ; but his accounts 
 were fo melancholy, that they were ge- 
 nerally difbelieved : To enforce credit 
 he hazarded making a hofi: of enemies, 
 and publifhed all the particulars of the 
 facls he had Rat-rd, giving the names of 
 every parifli officer, whatever was his 
 rank in life, under whofe hands many 
 infants had died by negleft. 
 
 During the year 1765, in the work- 
 houfe of St. Clement Danes, one nurfe, 
 Mary Poole, had twenty-three children 
 committed to hf " '""•° and on the twen- 
 ty-
 
 the Infant Parijh Poor, 185 
 
 ty-fifth of January 1766, eighteen were 
 dead, two had been difcharged, and 
 three only rennained alive. 
 
 Of feventy-eight children received 
 into the workhoufe of the united parifhes 
 of St. Andrew, and St. George, Hol- 
 born, in the year 1765, fixty- four were 
 dead before 1766. 
 
 Of forty- eight received into the work- 
 houfe of St. Luke, Middlefex, in 1764, 
 for nurture, died within the year, thirty- 
 feven. 
 
 Of nineteen received into the work- 
 houfe of St. George, Middlefex, in 1765, 
 died before 1766, fixteen. 
 
 In fome populous parifhes, not one 
 child was living, of all that were receiv- 
 ed, in the courfe of twelve months. 
 
 Thefe are a few of the alarming in- 
 ftances of the mortality of infants, which 
 Mr. Hanway traced out« Wherever 
 his general ftatements were difputed, he 
 publifhed a certificate figned with his 
 j;ame, mentioning the name of each 
 
 par-
 
 i86 Prefervation of the Lives of 
 
 particular infant, the day of its birth or 
 admiffion, the time it lived, and the 
 name of its nurfe. 
 
 He likewife made a journey through 
 the greateft part of England, to com- 
 pare the mortality in the country work- 
 hoiifes with that of the metropolis, and 
 was convinced that the great difpropor- 
 tion of deaths in thefe cities, was owing 
 to the air of the v/orkhoufes being too 
 confined and impure for the lungs of 
 new-born infcints. His next effort was 
 to get all parifh infants fent to the 
 Foundling Hofpital, and a great many 
 were put under the care of the guardians, 
 and preferved. He had obtained an adc 
 of parliament in 1761, obliging every 
 London parifn to keep an annual regifter 
 of all the infants received, difcharged, 
 and dead ; and from thefe regifters, 
 which were direfled to be publifhed 
 yearly by the company of parifh clerks, 
 he feleded, from time to time, every 
 
 thing
 
 the Infant PariJJj Poor. 187 
 
 thing that could tend to convince the 
 public of the neceflity of an alteration. 
 He ftemmed every oppofition by ftacing 
 fa^ls, and at length in 1766, after a per- 
 feverance hardly to be equalled, by his 
 own exertions, and at his own fole ex- 
 pence, he obtained an a6l, 7. Geo. ITT. 
 cap. 39, which direds, that, all Parijb 
 Infants belonging to the Parifhes within the 
 Bills of Mortality y fhaJl not he nurfed in 
 the Workhoujesy hut be Jen t to nurje a cer~ 
 tain Number of Miles out of Town, until 
 they are fix Years old, under the Care of 
 Guardians^ to he elected triennially^ for 
 the exprefs Purpofe of taking Care of them. 
 This ftatute Hkewife authorizes parifh 
 officers within the bills of mortality, to 
 bind their male apprentices till they at- 
 tain the age of twenty-one years, inftead 
 of twenty-four, as required by the former 
 laws, a privilege which has been fince 
 extended to the kingdom at large. 
 
 If I were to ftate the number of in- 
 fants, whofe lives appeared, by the regif- 
 
 ters
 
 1 88 Trejervation of the Lives of 
 
 ters of the next five years, to have been 
 preferved by this a<5t, or which are now 
 preferved annually by it, 1 fliould, moft 
 probably, be difbelieved. The poor 
 called it " the afb for keeping children 
 «' alive j" and thoufands now living may 
 impute their exiftence to the judicious 
 interference of this good and fenfible 
 man. I think I now fee him going from 
 one workhoufe to another in the morn- 
 ing, and from one member of parliament 
 to another in the afternoon, for day after 
 day, and year after year, with fteady 
 and unwearied patience, enduring every 
 rebuff, anfwering every objeftion, and 
 accommodating himfelf to every hu- 
 mour for the furtherance of his bene- 
 volent defign, which he eftabliihed at 
 laft, almoft without afiiftance, and in- 
 tirely at his own expence. Among 
 the various inftances of negle6V, which 
 came to his notice in the courfe of this 
 enterprize, I cannot but mention one : 
 He obferved that a certain overfeer re- 
 fufed to allow the mother of a new-born 
 
 infant
 
 ihe Infant Parijh Poor, 189 
 
 infant more than one fhilling and fix- 
 pence a week for nurfing it, andrenaark- 
 cd to him, that this pittance was lefs 
 than he gave to ftrange nurfes. " Yes/* 
 fays the confcientious officer, " but you 
 ** don't confider that this woman wiil 
 ** take care of her own child, and k 
 *' may be on our hands a long time, 
 " whereas we fhall, perhaps, hear no 
 " more of the other !" 
 
 The many ufeful and public fpirited 
 plans which Mr. Hanway had promoted, 
 for the welfare of his fellow creatures, 
 had now rendered his character moll re- 
 fpeftably popular. His dihntereftednefs, 
 and the fincerity of his intentions were 
 confpicuous to all. His name appeared 
 to every propofal for the benefit of man- 
 kind, and brought with it more than his 
 own benefaction ; for people were alTured 
 that at lead their bounty would be faith- 
 fully
 
 ipo RemarkaMe Occurrences in the 
 
 fully and carefully expended. He made 
 his appearance at Court fometimes ; but 
 I have not heard, that either openly or 
 privately he folicited a reward for his 
 fervices, although he was now acquainted 
 with fome of thofe who had the difpenfa- 
 tion of court favours. He was not how- 
 ever fuffered to walte his little fortune 
 entirely in the fcrvice of others : Five 
 citizens of London, of whom the late 
 Mr. Hoare, the banker, was one, waited 
 on Lord Bute, the then minifler, in a 
 body J and in their own names, and the 
 names of their fellow citizens, requefled 
 fome notice might be taken of him ;: and 
 on the 17th of July, 1762, he was ap- 
 pointed, by patent, one of the commif- 
 fioners for viflualling the navy. 
 
 With the increafe of income, which 
 this appointment produced, he thought 
 he might extend his acquaintance, and 
 took a houTe in Red Lion Square, the 
 principal roomxS of which he furnifhed, 
 and decorated with paintings and ein- 
 
 hle-
 
 Life of Jonas Hanway^ Efq. 191 
 
 blematical devices, in a ftyle peculiar to 
 himfelf. " I found," he was ufed to fuy, 
 when fpeaking of thefe ornaments, *' that 
 my countrymen and women were not 
 au fait in the art of converfation, and 
 that inftead of recurrin;^ to their cards, 
 when the difcourfe began to flag, the 
 minutes between the time of alTem- 
 bling, and the placing the card tables, 
 are fpent in an irkfome fufpenfe ; for 
 converfation has no charms when the 
 mind is not engaged in it. To re- 
 lieve this vacuum in focial intercourfe, 
 and prevent cards from engrofljng the 
 whole of my vifitors minds, I have 
 prefented them with objects the mod 
 attraftive that I could imagine, and 
 fuch as cannot eafily be examined with - 
 out exciting amufing and inftruftivc 
 difcourfe — and when that fails, there 
 are the cards." 
 
 THOUGHTS
 
 ( m ) 
 
 
 THOUGHTS ON MUSIC. 
 
 IN 1765, Mr. Hanway publiftied his 
 '' 'Thoughts on Muficy' a work which He 
 was induced to undertake, by his fre- 
 quent attendance at the performances of 
 the Academy of Ancient Mufic. It mufl 
 be confeffed that he was entirely unac- 
 quainted with his fubjeft: He had not 
 even a diftant idea of harmony -, and, as 
 is the cafe, I believe, with all perfons 
 who have not the rudiments of the art, 
 or at lead that faculty which we call a 
 good ear, he felt no mufic until, by 
 hearing it feveral tiirics, it became, in 
 fonhe meafure, familiar to him. Speak- 
 ing of this fcience fome years after the 
 publication of his work, I endeavoured 
 
 by
 
 thoughts on Mufic. 193 
 
 by means of a harpfichord to defcribe the 
 odtave, the manner in which concords 
 are produced by the vibration of firings 
 of different lengths, the change which 
 is made in the ftyle and effed of the fame 
 air, when tranfpofed into a different 
 key, &c. but I found myfelf unintelligi- 
 ble. Mere found, however, or amufe- 
 ment, was not his objedt. In his book 
 he does not profefs to fpeak much or 
 learnedly on the theory of the art ; but 
 confines himfelf in a great meafure to 
 pointing out how it might be bed con- 
 duced to encourage virtuous prin- 
 ciples, and affift the fervour of religious 
 worfhip. 
 
 ::-;;::<>=::•::>::::•:::•::>::>::>;;>::::•:; 
 
 ON Saturday the i8th of May 1765, 
 
 a fire happened at Montreal, in the pro- 
 
 •. incc of Quebec, which, in three hours, 
 
 O con-
 
 194 Fire at Montreal. 
 
 confumed a fourth part of the city ; one 
 hundred and eight principal houfes, in- 
 habited by two hundred and fifteen fami- 
 lies, with their merchandize, furniture, 
 and apparel, to the amount of eighty- 
 feven thoufand five hundred and eighty 
 pounds. The fufferers were a loyal, 
 obedient, and laborious people, and be- 
 fore this accident were recovering from 
 the calamities of war. Mr. Thornton, 
 Mr. Hanway, and Mr. Fowler Walker,, 
 as agents for the fufferers, petitioned 
 the king in council for a brief, which 
 they obtained, and collefled thereon 
 eight thoufand four hundred and fifteen 
 pounds.. 
 
 In the " Cafe of the Canadians at Mon- 
 " treat,'' Mr. Hanway thus endeavours 
 to excite the compaffion of his fellow 
 citizens. *^ Of all the calamities inci- 
 " dent to human life, none are more 
 *^ dreadful than fire. Scarce was the 
 <^ fvvord well fheathed, and the widow's. 
 '* tears dried up, when this conflagration 
 
 " hap-
 
 Fire ai Montreal. 1 9 c 
 
 *' happened. Under their former go- 
 *' vernors grown defperate by repeated 
 " defeats, thefe people had experienced 
 *' the calamities of war, not wich us 
 ^' only, but alfo with the favage Indians. 
 *f They had likewife felt the affliction 
 " of famine, and the interruption of 
 *^ their trade, and they dreaded the fame 
 " hard fate from us ; but tliey were 
 " agreeably furprifed by a different rule 
 " of condudl. The remains of their 
 *' fubftance was improving when this 
 *f melancholy event fell upon them. 
 " Many efcaped from the fire, who 
 " have no food to fatisfy their hunger, 
 *f no raiment to cover their nakednefs, 
 *' no houfe to guard them from the 
 " inclemency of the fky ; and fhall not 
 " thefe various diftrefles move our com- 
 " palTion ? Let us not think they have 
 " no claim upon us ; but flretch forth 
 f* our arms to relieve them i in hopes, 
 " one day, to receive the mercy which 
 *' the great Parent of mankind will cx- 
 02 " tend
 
 196 Fire at Montreal, 
 
 « tend to all his obedient children, wheTi 
 «' the whole earth fhall be diflfolved by 
 « fire." 
 
 A fubfcription was immediately be- 
 gun, exclufive of the brief, and the 
 amount tranfmitted to Montreal, chiefly 
 in filver, with two fire engines, and a 
 marble buft of his prefentMajefty, to be 
 fet up in the town. 
 
 The very next year a dreadful fire 
 broke out in Bridge Town in Barbadoes, 
 which confumed buildings and property 
 to the amount of near one hundred 
 thoufand pounds. A fubfcription was 
 opened, in which Mr. Hanway was a 
 principal ador, and fourteen thoufand 
 eight hundred and eighty-fix pounds 
 were collefted, and tranfmitted to a 
 committee appointed at Barbadoes tc^ 
 diftribute it to the unfortunate fufFerers» 
 
 CHIM-
 
 C ^91 ) 
 
 Miwis-^'i-.o^r.Hftoir^rtKK;: 
 
 CHIMNEY SWEEPERS. '' -^ ' 
 
 t. 
 
 FROM the year 1766 to 1772, ^c 
 was engaged in his ofEcial bufinefs, and 
 in fupporting the charitable inftitutions 
 which he had founded or interefted him- 
 lelf in, without attempting any new plan 
 of confequence. In this year he firft 
 endeavoured to do fomething towards 
 alleviating the miferies of young chimney 
 /weepers. Befides the diftrefles of thefe 
 helplefs beings, which are open to gene- 
 ral obfervation, fuch as a contortion of 
 the limbs, and the prevention of their 
 growth, they are liable to a difeafe pecu- 
 liar to their occupation, now known by 
 the name of the chimney /weeper s cancer. 
 Four cliildren have been brought toge- 
 o 3 thgr
 
 198 Attempt to alleviate the Mijery " 
 
 ther into a workhoufe, all afflifted with 
 this dreadful and incurable difeafe. 
 
 The great difficulty in this humane 
 undertaking was, what kind of relief 
 could be afforded them. Mr. Hanway 
 knew well that there muft be fome to 
 .perform the loweft offices of life, whofe 
 drudgery fhould contribute to the gene- 
 ral conveniency J -and that to give them 
 even a tolerable education, inftead of 
 alleviating their rriifery, would add to 
 its poignancy ; but he confidered that, 
 however abjeft, they were ftill human 
 beings, and intitled as fuch to the privi- 
 leges of humanity. His firft attempt 
 was, by binding them regularly as ap- 
 prentices, to place them more efFec- 
 tualiy under the cognizance of the magi- 
 ftrate ; and a fubfcription was promoted 
 to defray the expence, and furnifh them 
 with clothes. A great many were 
 bound, fome mafters were profecuted 
 for cruel behaviour to their boys; and no 
 
 in-
 
 cf Chining Sweepers Apprentices. 1 99 
 
 inconfiderable portion of mifery was 
 prevented. 
 
 In the year 1783 he renewed his re« 
 prefentations in behalf of thefe miferable 
 beings, and leave was given to bring in 
 a bill for the future regulation of chim- 
 ney fweepers young apprentices i but 
 death put an end to his exertions in their 
 behalf, and they mull now look for re- 
 lief from other hands. 
 
 Thefe little urchins, unfortunately for 
 themfelves, perform their Mork many 
 hours earlier than thofe v/ho have the 
 means of relieving them^ are awake to 
 witnefs their miferies. The men whom 
 we fee accompanying them are ufually 
 no: regular chimney fweepersj but either 
 procure the boys of indigent or unfeel- 
 ing parents, or hire them by the day, and 
 return them in the evening to their maf- 
 ters. The ufual price is fixpence for a 
 morning's work ; the boy*s food is com- 
 monly given him by the fervants of the 
 employers. This is the way the bufinefs 
 04 oi
 
 200 JJftzed Bread. 
 
 of chimncy-fweeping is performed in 
 general i but there are fome exceptions: 
 The good fenfe, the humanity, the inte- 
 grity, and the politenefs of Mr. Porter, 
 "who, bred a chimney fweeper himfelf, 
 can feel for the diftrefifes of the poor 
 boys, although poflelTed of an indepen- 
 dency, would do credit to any profelTion, 
 or any fituation in life. 
 
 A part of the money fubfcribed to 
 procure fome alleviation of the miferies 
 of the climbing boys, is yet unexpended ; 
 but the perfons, who took up the caufe 
 after Mr. Hanway, have not ufed any 
 very laudable exertions in the bufinefs. 
 
 
 ' IN 1773, he engaged in the queflion 
 
 relative to the moji proper bread to be af- 
 
 fizedfor general iije. He was the com- 
 
 miflloner fuperintending the baking for 
 
 the
 
 Jljfized Bread. 201 
 
 the fleet ; and his chief end was to con- 
 vince the public that the whiteft bread 
 was not the moft nutritive. He proved 
 that the whole produce of the grain, ex- 
 cept only the outfide hull, made the bed 
 food J and that the London bread owed 
 its colour not to nature, but to an artifi- 
 cial mixture. The late Dr. Fothergill 
 gave his afTiftance, byaTreatife, tending 
 to prove that the fafbionahle bread was 
 an article of difficult digeftion. But 
 their labours have not fucceeded : The 
 fafl has been univerfally allowed, and 
 univerfally neglected, although of fuch 
 confequence. 
 
 <\if^^yxi 
 
 I N the year 1774, young Calas, fon 
 of the unfortunate merchant, who had 
 been unjuftly broke on the wheel at 
 Touloufe, for the fuppofed murder of his 
 ion, came to England to folicit the con- 
 
 tribu-
 
 20 2 Calas Family, 
 
 tributions of men of property and com- 
 panion, for the fupport of the remains of 
 his family. I had read Mr. Voltaire's 
 Memoire of the tranfadion j and, when 
 he waited on Mr. Hanway for his fub- 
 fcription, with the curiofity and warmth 
 of a young mind, inquired of Monfieur 
 Calas feme particulars, which Mr. Vol- 
 taire had not mentioned. He was at 
 that time a tall thin young man, with 
 iharp features, and a fettled melancholy 
 on his countenance. He anfwered my 
 queftions with patience, but very fliort- 
 ly J fpoke with reverence of Mr. Voltaire 
 as the faviour of his mother, his brother, 
 and himfelf ; but feemed unwilling to 
 enter into particulars of an event, which 
 he could not refiefl on without forrow. 
 He underftood no Englifli, and never 
 %oke but to anfvver fome queflion. 
 
 IN
 
 ( 203 ) 
 
 >::>:::«;:;<>wj>::U'Cx>s>s::<;i<: 
 
 IN 1775, ^^^'' Han way endeavoured 
 to procure Tome alteration in the police 
 of thefe cities. His favourite plan was 
 Solitude in Imprifonment^ on the principle 
 that the prifoner might become better by 
 reflection, and could not grow worfe 
 by converfation with more experienced 
 malefaftors. This principle feems to 
 meet the ideas of magiflrates in general; 
 it is adopted in many prifons with fuc- 
 cefs ; and it may be hoped that the time 
 is not far off, when the extreme feverity 
 of our criminal lawsfhall no long'-r ren- 
 der it impoQible to execute them i v/hen 
 rewards fliall be offered to thofe who, 
 by exerting themfelves in punuliing 
 fmall offences, fliall find it their intereft 
 to prevent, not encourage, the com- 
 miffion of capital crimes j and when it 
 fluU not be neceffary for profecutors or 
 
 juries
 
 204 Solitude in Imprijonmenf, 
 
 juries to render the laws uncertain, by a 
 humane but capricious lenity. 
 
 S>!:5<;-!:::.:;j<:t.:::;<>:;:x:::.::>i:;:<S«; 
 
 FEBRUARY 1776, Mr. Matthias, 
 the Britifh refident at Hamburgh, ac- 
 quainted the Earl of Suffolk, fecretary 
 of ftate, that there were feveral lliips at 
 that place, whofe owners were willing 
 to let them as tranfports, to be ufed in 
 the war with Am.erica -, and the lords of 
 the Admiralty diredted the Victualling 
 Board to fend one of their commilTion- 
 ers to contrail for the fupply of pro- 
 vifions for the troops. Mr. Han way 
 was now in his fixty-fourth year j yet 
 he engaged himfelf to condud this bufi- 
 nefs, and went to Hamburgh, and com-, 
 pleted his embafly with the adivity of 3, 
 young man. 
 
 MISERI-
 
 ( 205 ) 
 
 t^:;::•:;;!•^.^oo:;^•".••c:':;^•<;:■::;:•!^>c 
 
 MISERICORDIA HOSPITAL. 
 
 About this time he formed a plan for 
 an hofpital, in the eaft end of the town, 
 for the relief of perfons afflided with the 
 venereal difeafe. A fubfcription was 
 opened, and a houfe in Goodman's 
 Fields taken. The inftitution continu- 
 ed fome years under the name of th& 
 Mifericordia Hofpital; bur, the fubfcrip- 
 tions decreafing, the defign was laid 
 afide. He computed that one third of 
 the number of thofe who, in the biiU 
 of mortality, are faid to die of confump- 
 tions, fall vicflims in reality to the ra- 
 vages of this loathfome difeafe, and the 
 more deadly effects of ignorant and wick- 
 ed perfons to cure it. 
 
 MA-
 
 ( 2o6 ) 
 
 !N',:x>tts--:>«:>:nw: ::<;>:: s-rn^ii-tix 
 
 MARITIME SCHOOL. 
 
 THE encouragement of feamen was 
 an objed never fronn Mr. Hanway^s 
 heart. Having by his conftant atten- 
 tion brought the Marine Society to a 
 refpedable and permanent condition, he 
 thought he fhould ftill add to the bene- 
 fit of the fervice, by procuring a naval 
 education for the fons of thofe brave 
 ofBcers, who might fall in defence of their 
 country. To this end he framed the 
 plan of the Maritime School ^ which he 
 fubmitted to the late Earl Spencer, the 
 Duke of Bolton, Lord Hawke, and 
 Sir George Pococke, who approving 
 the defign, a fubfcription was opened, 
 a houfe taken at Chelfea, and in March 
 1779 eleven fcholars v/ere admitted. 
 The annual fubfcription rofe to eight 
 
 hun-
 
 Maritime School at Chel-fea, 207 
 
 Jiundred pounds. In 1782, the govern- 
 ment of Bombay fent over a fubfcription 
 €olle6led there, amounting to one thou- 
 fand and feventy pounds. His Royal 
 Highnefs the Duke of Cunnberland ac- 
 cepted the office of Prefident on the 
 death of Lord Hawke : the orphans of 
 many deferving officers, particularly the 
 gallant but unfortunate Captain Macart- 
 ney, were received, and the inftitution, 
 with an income equal to its expence, 
 feemed likely to increafe in fplendour, 
 and acquire liability j when an unlucky 
 event took place, v/hich, by fowing the 
 feeds of animofity annong fome of the 
 governors, in a few years greatly lefTened 
 the finances of the fociety. A certain 
 perfonage, one of the governors, on the 
 requefl: of a committee of governors, ap- 
 pointed for the purpofe, of whom Mr. 
 Hanway was one, had condefcended to 
 promife his affiftance in procuring the 
 time the fcholars might remain in the 
 fchool, to be allowed as part of the fix 
 7 years
 
 2o3 Alaritime School at Qjelfea, 
 
 years necefiary for a lieutenant's qualifi- 
 cation. Mr. Hanv/ay, innpatient of the 
 lead delay, applied feparately to the firfl 
 lord of the Admiralty, for the fame pur- 
 pofe, which interference not only gave 
 offence to the nobleman, but being de- 
 fended by fome of the governors, and 
 complained of by the reft,' difturbed 
 that harmony which had before reigned, 
 and is fo neceffary to the fuccefs of every 
 undertaking of this kind. A variety of 
 circumftances concurring with this, the 
 fubfcriptions decreafed j and the fchool 
 was difcontinued. 
 
 >:;;:•!;;:•::;:•; ;:• 
 
 NAVAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 ON the failure of this attempt, Mr, 
 f Tanway endeavoured to incorporate a 
 feminarv for naval inftrudtion, with the 
 
 plan
 
 Naval SchocU. 209 
 
 plan of the Marine Society, which he 
 hoped would in time be adopted byevery 
 county in the kingdom. He was To 
 fully perfuaded of the expediency of this 
 defign, that he tried every means to 
 eflabliOi it j but the generality of the 
 governors, although convinced that 
 fomething might be done by the fociety 
 in time of peace, towards preparing for 
 war when it fliould happen, thought Mr. 
 Hanway's plan too extenfive to be adopt- 
 ed, and the bufinefs ended in fitting up 
 a fbip to lie on the Thames, Vv^here boys 
 are harboured and taught the rudiments 
 of Navigation, and are ready for any 
 commander who demands them. 
 
 In 1783, finding his health decline, he 
 determined to refign his office at the vic- 
 tualling board, which he did on the 2d of 
 Oiflober that year, and immediately re- 
 ceived a grant of his whole falary by way 
 of a penfion, to continue for life. This 
 favour he owed to the eftcem which his 
 Majffty, to whom he was perfonally 
 P known.
 
 2 1 o Plan for the Relief 
 
 known, entertained of him ; excited by 
 his various exertions in behalf of his 
 country and mankind. 
 
 He was now releafed from his moft 
 material bufinefs ; but did not think it 
 would conduce to his happinefs to lead 
 an idle life : He engaged again in behalf 
 of the chimney fweepers boys, and pro- 
 moted, by every means in his power, the 
 eftablifhment of Sunday fchools, which 
 are now in a fair way to be adopted in 
 every county in England. 
 
 He likewife promoted a fubfcription 
 for the relief of the many black poor 
 people, who wandered about the metro- 
 polis in extreme diftrefs, and the lords 
 of tne Treafury feconded the defign, by 
 direfting money, as far as ^. 14 a head, 
 to be ifiiied to the committee, to enable 
 them to fend the blacks to fuch places 
 abroad as might be fixed on. After en- 
 countering many obftacles, about 300 
 Negroes were fent, properly accommo- 
 dated with provifions and necelTaries, to 
 6 Africa;,
 
 of the Black Poor. 1 1 1 
 
 Africa, under the conduvft of a perfon 
 approved for that ftation. If this plaa 
 is executed faithfully, it muft tend to 
 relieve the mifery of thefe poor people, 
 and may pofTibly in time prevent the un- 
 natural connexions between black per- 
 fons and white ; the difagreeable confe- 
 quences of which make their appearance 
 but too frequently in our ftreets. 
 
 In the Summer of 1786, his health de- 
 clined fo vifibly, that he thought it ne- 
 ceffary to attend only to that. He had 
 long felt the approach of a diforder in the 
 bladder, which, increafing by degrees, 
 caufed a ftrangury, and at length, on the 
 fifth of September, 1786, put a period to 
 a life fpent almoft entirely in the fervice 
 of his fellow creatures. 
 
 It may truly be faid of this good man, 
 that nothing in his life became him bet- 
 ter than his dying : During the progrefs 
 of a tedious, and fometimes painful ill- 
 ncfs, he never once exprefied the lead 
 impatience i but faw the approach of his 
 P 2 dif-
 
 2 1 2 Remarkable Occurrences In the 
 
 diffolution without regret. When he 
 grew fo weak as to be confined to his bed, 
 he reqiicfted his phyficians to fpeak 
 frankly, and without referve of his dif- 
 order •, and when convinced that he could 
 not recover, he fent and paid all his 
 tradefnien ; took leave of his moll intimate 
 friends ; diftated fome letters to abfent 
 acquaintances: had the facrament ad- 
 miniftered to him, and difcourfed, with 
 the mod cheerful compofure, of his af- 
 fairs. His lungs, of which he had al- 
 ways been particularly careful, perhaps 
 becaiife they were originally weak, re- 
 mained perfe<5b to the laft moments and 
 he exprelTed his fatisfaftion that his 
 mind had never wandered or been per- 
 plexed throughout the whole of his illnefs. 
 In the morning previous to his death, he 
 faid to an intimate friend, " I have no 
 " uncomfortable reflexions concerning 
 *' my approaching end j but I find the 
 " vis vit£ fo ftrong, that I think I ihall 
 " not take my leave of the world without 
 
 "a fliarp
 
 Life of Jonas Hanway^ 'Efq . 213 
 
 " a fharp ftruggle." To Mr. Blizard, his 
 furgeon, who attended his diforder with 
 tinceafing anxiety, he faid ^* If you think 
 '^ it will be of fervice in your practice, 
 " or to any one who may come after me, 
 '* I beg you v/ill have my body opened : 
 *^ I am willing to do as much good as 
 " is poffible." 
 
 The evening; of the night on which 
 he died, he defired to pur on a fine ruf- 
 fled fhirt; gave up his keys ; difpofed of 
 fome trinkets, and had his will read to 
 him. About midnight a coldnefs feized 
 the extremities, which, however, waa 
 removed feveral times, and the circula- 
 tion reftored, by fridions, which he him- 
 felf diredled. The laft time he bade his 
 attendant rub his leg, on which the fatal 
 chilnefs had feized, he uttered a figh, 
 which alarming the perfon, 'he ceafed the 
 friftion a few moments ; the cold in- 
 creafed j he was fenfible of the imme- 
 diate approach of his death: His lungs 
 yet played with freedom : The laft breath 
 p 2 efcaped
 
 214 Remarkable Occurrences in the 
 
 efcaped him in the midft of a fentence, 
 which began with the word *' Chrift 1" 
 
 Such were the lad moments of Jonas 
 Hanway, Efq. and fiich, if the intellec- 
 tual faculties are prefcrved, may be thofe 
 of all who live like him. He prepared 
 for death with as much cheerfulnefs as he 
 would have prepared for a journey. It 
 was his ftudy to be always ready for 
 the event, whenever it fliould happen, 
 and he was carelefs about the time. 
 About twelve months before his death, 
 whilll he was {landing in his ftudy read- 
 ing a paper, he fell down as fuddenly as 
 if he had been ftruck by lightning. His 
 clerk was near and raifed hicn up, and 
 placed him in a chair. After a few mi- 
 nutes he recovered, and faid, " This is 
 " by no means an unpleafant way of 
 ** taking one's departure ^ but I may as 
 *' well keep the lamp of life burning 
 " as long as I can ; at Icaft I will inquire 
 " of my medical friends the nature and 
 " caufe of this attack." The caufe of 
 
 his
 
 Life of Jonas Hanway, E/q. 2 1 5 
 
 his death appeared to be an induration 
 of the proftate gland. 
 
 The attention which the gentlemen of 
 the faculty paid to him in his laft illnefs, 
 deferves the moft honourable mention, 
 and fliewed that they knew the value of 
 the life they endeavoured to preferve: 
 To the duty of a careful phyfician, they 
 added the anxious wifh of private friend- 
 fhip, and teftified the fenfe they enter- 
 tained of their lofs, by the moft un- 
 feigned forrow. 
 
 p 4 p A R r
 
 PART III. 
 
 
 REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES 
 
 I N T H E 
 
 LIFE 
 
 O F 
 
 JONAS HANWAY, Esq^ 
 
 FROM the preceding narrative, the 
 intelligent reader will, I conceive, 
 be able to form a tolerably correct idea of 
 the charader of Mr. Hanway, He will 
 
 fee
 
 21 8 Anecdotes^ Charaufer, ^c. 
 
 fee that the love of human kind was the 
 prevailing palTion in his bread, and that 
 when once he had engaged in any office of 
 general benevolence, no obftacles could 
 ftand before his a6live perfeverance ; but 
 fuch was the efteem which the public 
 entertained of him, that I trufl: I fhall 
 be excufed in attempting to defcribe him 
 in the line of domeftic life, and at thofe 
 hours (they were very few) when public 
 concerns did not engage his attention. 
 The curiofity of future times may defire 
 to know every circumftance relating to 
 a man, to whom poftericy will acknow- 
 ledge itfelf fo much indebted. 
 
 Mr. Hanway in his perfon was of the 
 middle fize, of a thin fpare habit, but 
 well fliaped ; his limbs were fafhioncd 
 with the niceft fymmetry. In the latter 
 years of his life he ilooped very much, 
 and when he walked, found it conduce 
 to eafe to let his head incline towards 
 one fide; but when he went hrft to 
 RuiTia at the age of thirty, his face was 
 
 full
 
 Anecdotes^ QharaBer^ ^c. 219 
 
 full and comely, and his perfon altoge- 
 ther fuch as obtained for him the appel- 
 lation of the *' liandjome Englijljman.'* 
 
 His features were fmall, but without 
 the infignificance which commonly at- 
 tends fmall features. His countenance 
 was interefting, fenfible, and calculated 
 to infpire reverence. Plis blue eyes had 
 never been brilliant ; but they exprefled 
 the utmoft humanity and benevolence; 
 and when he fpoke, the animation of his 
 countenance and the tone of his voice 
 were fuch as feemed to carry conviflion 
 with them even to the mind of a ftranger. 
 When he endeavoured to foothe diftrefs, 
 or point out to any wretch who had 
 ftrayed, the comforts of a virtuous life, 
 he was peculiarly imprefTivej and every 
 thing that he faid had an air of con- 
 fideration and fincerity. 
 
 In his drefs, as far as was confiftent 
 with his ideas of health and eafe, he ac- 
 commodated himfelf to the prevailing 
 
 fafhion
 
 fafliion. As it was frequently neceflary 
 for hiin to appear in polite circles, on 
 unexpedled occafions, he ufually wore 
 drefs clothes, with a large French bag: 
 His hat, ornamented with a gold buttQn, 
 "was of a fize and fafliion to be worn as 
 well under tlie arm as on the head. 
 When it rained, a fmall parapluie de- 
 fended his face and wig. Thus he was 
 always prepared to enter into any com- 
 pany, without impropriety, or the ap- 
 pc^arance of negligence. Flis drefs for 
 fet public occafions was a fuit of rich 
 dark brown ; rhe coat and waiftcoat lined 
 throughout with ermine, which juft ap- 
 peared at the edges ; and a fmall gold 
 hiked fword. As he was extremely fuf- 
 ceptible of cold, be wore flannel under 
 the linings of all his clothes, and ufually 
 three pair of (lockings. He was the 
 fiiil man who ventured to v;alk the 
 ftreets of London with an umbrella over 
 his head : After carrying one near thirty 
 years, he faw them come into general ufe. 
 
 The
 
 Anecdotes i Character^ He. 221 
 
 The precarious ftate of his health 
 when he arrived in England froni Ruffia, 
 made it necelTary for him to ufe the ut- 
 moft caution -, and his perfeverance in 
 following the advice of the inedical 
 pradlitioners was remarkable. After Dr. 
 Lieberkyn, phyTician to the king of 
 Pruflia, had recommended milk as a 
 proper diet to reftore his ftrength, he 
 made it the chief part of his food for 
 tiiirty years j and though it at firft dif- 
 agreed with him, he perfifled in trying it 
 under every preparation that it v/as ca- 
 pable of, till it agreed with his ftomach. 
 Ey this rigid attention and care, .his 
 health was eftablifhed, his lungs ac- 
 quired ftrength and elafticity ; and it is 
 probable he would have lived feveral 
 years longer, if the diforder which was 
 , the immediate caufe of his death had left 
 him to the gradual decay of nature. 
 
 He knew that exercife was necelTary to 
 him, and he loved it. He was not one 
 
 of
 
 22 2 Anecdotes i CharoMer^ ^c. 
 
 of thofe who had rather take a dofe than 
 a walk ; and though he had commonly 
 his carriage with him when he went 
 abroad, he yet walked nearly as much as 
 he rode, and with fuch a pace, that he 
 ufed to fay he was always more incom- 
 moded in the ftreets by thofe he pafTed, 
 than by them who overtook him. 
 
 His mind was the moft adive that it 
 is pofTible to conceive ; always on the 
 wing, and never appearing to be weary. 
 To fit ftill, and endeavour to give reft 
 to the thought, was a luxury to which he 
 was a perfe(5t Itranger : he dreaded no- 
 thing fo much as inaftivity, and that 
 modern diforder which the French, who 
 perhaps feel it not fo much as ourfelves, 
 diftinguifh by the name o^ ennui. 
 
 He rofe in the fummer at four or five, 
 and in the winter at feven : Having al- 
 ways bufinefs before him, he was every 
 day employed till the time of retiring to 
 reft, and, when in health, was commonly 
 
 aileep
 
 Anecdotes i Chara5ier, i^c, 223 
 
 afleep within two minutes after his lying 
 down in bed. 
 
 Writing was his favourite employ- 
 ment, or rather amufement ; and when 
 the number of his literary works is con- 
 fidered, and that they were the produce 
 only of thofe hours, which he was able 
 to fnatch from public bufinefs, an idea 
 may be formed of his application. He 
 wrote a fine flowing hand to the laft, 
 when he pleafed, without fpedacles; 
 and he had always one or two of the 
 clerks belonging to his office, or to fome 
 of the charitable inftitutions in which 
 he was engaged, to live in his houfe and 
 affifthim. When Do6lor Goldfmith, to 
 relieve himfelf from the labour of writing, 
 engao-ed an amanuenfis, he found him- 
 
 O CD 
 
 fclf incapable of diftation ; and after 
 eying each other fome time, unable to 
 proceed, the Do<5lor put a guinea in his 
 hand, and fent him away : but it was not 
 fo with Mr. Hanway ; he could compofe 
 fader than any perfon could write. His 
 
 mode
 
 224 AnecdoteSj CharaBerj &c, 
 
 mode was to di6late for as many hours 
 together as he could fpare, and afterwards 
 correft the copy, which was again wrote 
 out and corrected, perhaps feveral times. 
 To write a fine hand very fall is a qua- 
 lification which many perfons, not de- 
 fedtive in abilities, do not attain j but to 
 write very well, and with ftrift ortho- 
 graphy from the verbal diftation of ano- 
 ther perfon, without hefitation, will 
 be found difficult by every perfon who 
 tries it. Yet all this Mr. Han way re- 
 quired, and with it the utmoll difpatch. 
 This made it neceflary for him to choofe 
 his affiftants, at an early age, whilft the 
 mind is flexible, and to have them live in 
 his houfe, and take pains to inflrufl them. 
 He had a happy method of conveying 
 inftru6tionj but the clofe application 
 which he required at all hours, his im- 
 patience, and the natural turn of his 
 temper, feldom fatisfied, not infrequent- 
 ly petulant, and expreffing his difappro- 
 bation fometimes in terms which had the 
 
 ap-
 
 Anecdotes y Chara^ler, tSc. 225 
 
 appearance of ill nature, were the caufe 
 that but few of the youths he took under 
 his care remained with him any length 
 of time. If by attention, adlivity, and 
 perfeverance, and a judicious felf-com- 
 » mendation, not too frequently affumed, 
 they could go on till they gained his 
 confidence, he feldom failed to make 
 them alert, ready at figures and writing, 
 and honeft men. One of the two 
 pamphlets on bread, which contains 
 ninety foolfcap pages, 200 law flieets, 
 I wrote from his dilation, in one day 
 before dinner, although there are feveral 
 calculations in it of the proportionate 
 produce of grain, when ground, drefled, 
 and baked. 
 
 By leaving his work to tranfacb his or- 
 dinary bufintfs, and afterwards recur- 
 ring to it with new ideas, all his literary 
 labours are defeflive in the arrangement 
 of the matter, and appear to have too 
 much of the mifcellancoi s in their com- 
 pofition. The original idea is fome* 
 Q^ time?;
 
 226 Jnec dotes i Character, ^c. 
 
 times left for the purfuit of one newiy 
 ftarted, and either taken up again, when 
 the mind of the reader has ahnoft loft 
 it, or it is totally deferted. Yet thofe 
 who are judges of literary compofition, 
 fay that his language is well calculated 
 to have the effe6b he defired on the 
 reader, and imprefs him with the idea 
 that the author was a man of inflexible 
 integrity, and wrote from the pure dic- 
 tates of the heart. It is plain and un- 
 ornamented, without the appearance of 
 art, or the affedlation of Angularity. Its 
 greateft defedl (fay they), is a want of 
 concifenefs ; its greateft beauty, an un- 
 afFeded and genuine fimplicity. He 
 fpoke French and Portuguefe, and un- 
 derftood the Rus and modern Perfic 
 imperfeflly : Latin he had been taught 
 at fchool J but had not much occafion 
 (o cultivate it after he entered into life. 
 In his natural difpofition he was cheer- 
 ful but ferene. He enjoyed his own 
 joke, and applauded the wit of another; 
 
 but
 
 Anecdotes J CharaSfer^ ^c. 227 
 
 but never defcended from a certain dig- 
 nity which he thought indifpenfably ne> 
 ceflary. His experience furnifhed hin:i 
 with fome anecdote or adventure, fuit- 
 able to every turn the difcourfe coukl 
 take J and he was always willing to com- 
 municate it. If in the hour of convivi- 
 ality the difcourfe took a turn, not con- 
 fident with the moil rigid chaftity, he 
 was not the firft to reprove or take of- 
 fence J but any attack on religion, 
 efpecially in the company of young 
 people, was fure to meet his moft point- 
 ed difapprobation. 
 
 In converfation he was eafy of accefs, 
 and gave readily to every one the befl 
 anfwer which occurred : But not fond 
 of much fpeaking himfelf, he did not 
 always bear with patience, though com- 
 monly with filence, the forward and im- 
 portunate ; them with whom every man, 
 and every thing, is either the very befl; 
 or the very worftpoflible; who exemplify, 
 for the inftruttion of their auditors, 
 Q^ 2 thofe
 
 228 AhecdoieSy Chara5ferj &c, 
 
 thofe common ideas which it is not pof- 
 fible could efcape them ; and think loud- 
 nefs, and the gefticulation of unnecef- 
 fary warmth, can fupply the place of 
 argument and politenefs. If the mirth 
 degenerated into boifterous laughter, he 
 took his leave : *' My companions," he 
 would fay, ^^ were too merry to be hap- 
 '* py, or to let me be happy, fo I left 
 ** them." He fpoke better in public 
 than was to be expe6led of one who 
 wrote fo much, and kept pointedly to his 
 fubjeft ; though he v/as fometimes fe- 
 duced into an eulogium on the ufeful- 
 nefs of the merchantj a chara6ter for 
 which he entertained great reverence. 
 
 Although he hitnfelf never drank wine 
 undiluted with water, he partook will- 
 ingly of the joys of the table, and that 
 felicity of converfation, which a moderate 
 application to the bottle excites among 
 men of parts ; but he knew the juft value 
 of this conviviality^ and how apt the 
 
 love
 
 Anecdotes y CharaSfer, &c. 229 
 
 love of company is to infatuate young 
 people. 
 
 Mr. Hanway, altho' never married 
 himfelf, was yet an advocate for mar- 
 riage, and recommended it to all young 
 people. He thought it the mofl effec- 
 tual reftraint on licentioufnefs ^ and that 
 an increafe of unhappinefs was by no 
 means the natural confequenceof an in- 
 creafe of domeftic cares. A " local 
 '^ habitation" with the fociety of a fen- 
 fible woman, the choice of unbiaffed af- 
 fe6lion, he efteemed as the moll engag- 
 ing perfuafive to the love of order and 
 ceconomy j without which he thought 
 life, in whatever ftation, muft be disjoint- 
 ed, and perturbed, and unhappy. The 
 lady who engaged his firft affection was 
 uncommonly handfome ; and it is proba- 
 ble he was prevented from marrying 
 only by his failing to obtain her, and the 
 unfettled manner in which the firfl: years 
 of his life were fpent ; for he loved the 
 fociety of women, and in the parties 
 Q_^3 which
 
 230 Anecdotes^ Cbara^er, (sc, 
 
 which frequently breakfafted at his houfe, 
 the ladies ufually made the greater por- 
 tion of the company. 
 
 In his tranfadions with the world, he 
 was always open, candid, and fincere : 
 Whatever he faid might be depended on 
 with implicit confidence. He adhered 
 to the flri(5b truth, even in the manner of 
 his relation, and no brilliancy of thought 
 could induce him to vary from the faft ; 
 but although fo frank in his own pro- 
 ceedings, he had feen top much of life 
 to be eafily deceived by others; and 
 he did not often place a confidence that 
 was betrayed. He did not, however, 
 think the world fo degenerate as is com- 
 monly imagined ; " And if I did," he 
 ufed to fay, " I would not let it appear ; 
 'f for p-othing can tend {o efFeftually to 
 " make a man wicked, or to keep him 
 *' fo, as a marked fufpicion. Confi- 
 ** dence is the reward of truth and fide- 
 " lity, and thefe fhould never be exerted 
 " in vain." 
 
 U
 
 Anecdotes y Chara^er, i^c. 231 
 
 In his department of commifTioner for 
 viftualling the navy, he was uncommonly 
 afTiduous and attentive, and kept the 
 contradors, and perfons who had deal- 
 ings with the office, at a great diftance. 
 He would not even accept a hare or 
 pheafant, or the fmalleft prefent from 
 any of them ; and when any v/ere fent 
 him he always returned them, not in a 
 morofe manner, as if he affedled the ex- 
 cefs of difintereftednefs, but with fome 
 mild anfwer, fuch as, '' Mr, Hanway re- 
 
 ** turns many thanks to Mr. — — . 
 
 *^ for the prefent he intended him ; but 
 *' he has made it a rule not to accept 
 " any thing from any perfon engaged 
 " with the office. A rule, which, whilft 
 
 " he acknowledges Mr. 's good 
 
 ** intentions, he hopes he will not ex- 
 " pe(5t him to break through." 
 
 "With all this goodnefs Mr. Hanway 
 
 had a certain Angularity of thought and 
 
 manners, which was, perhaps, the con- 
 
 fequence of his living the greater part 
 
 0^4 of
 
 232 Anecdotes y CharoMer^ l^c. 
 
 of his life in foreign couiatries, and nevel^ 
 having been married. He was not by 
 any means an inattentive obferver of the 
 little forms of politenefs; but as he had 
 ftudied them in various realms, fekding 
 thofe which he approved, his politenefs 
 differed from that of other people. His 
 converfation had an air of originality 
 in it that was very pleafing, far different 
 from that of fome very polite circles, in 
 wliich a whole evening may be pafTed 
 in perpetual chat, without a fingle idea 
 being darted that has not had its round 
 before. 
 
 There is, perhaps, moire originality of 
 exprefTion among the lower orders of 
 men than in polite cycles, where every 
 fentence is weighed in the mind be- 
 fore utterance is given to it j and anew 
 thought never efcaped Mr. Hanway. \n 
 cne of his walks, in the neighbourhood of 
 Park- lane, he v\''as met by a man much 
 inebriated, who approached him in fo 
 irregular a direflion, that it might have 
 
 been
 
 Anecdotes y CharaBeVy iBc, 23 j 
 
 "been coneludecThe had bufinefs on both 
 fides the way. Mr. Hanway flopped 
 when he came up to him to give him his 
 choice which he would take j but the 
 man flood as ftill as his intoxication 
 would permit him, without attempting 
 to pafs on either fide. After viewing 
 each other a moment, fays Mr. H. 
 *^ My friend, you feem as if you had 
 " drank rather too much :" to which the 
 man replied, '* Toujeem as if you had eat 
 *• rather too little.'" 
 
 He never took any of his fervants 
 from the recommiendation of his friends, 
 but commonly advertifed for them, ap- 
 pointing their applications to be left at 
 fome tavern. One advertifement for a 
 cook was anfwered by more than a hun- 
 dred letters, and he direfted his clerk to 
 requefl the attendance of about a fourth 
 part of this number at different hours 
 of the next day, whicli he dedicated to 
 this bufinefs ; but by an unlucky miflake 
 they were all appointed to come at the 
 
 fannc
 
 2J4 Anecdotes, Chara^er, ^c, 
 
 fame hour j and at noon, on a hot day, 
 in the midft of Sumnner, were feen up- 
 wards of twenty cooks parading the 
 fquare, broiling in the fun, inquiring 
 for Mr. A. B. and attended by feveral 
 hundred fpeflators. 
 
 Mr. Hanway, at another time, had 
 hired a coachman, and was telling him 
 the duty he required, concluding, *'you 
 " will attend with the reft of my family 
 '« every evening at prayers." — ^^ PrayerSy 
 '' SlrV fays the defcendant .of Jehu. 
 " Why, did you never fay your prayer s ?" 
 afl^ed Mr. Hanway. " 1 have nevey' 
 '^ lived in a -praying family .^^ " But have 
 *' you any objedlion to fay your pray- 
 ** ers ?" '* Noy Sir, I've r>o cbje5ficn — / 
 " hope y OIL il ccnfider it in my wages." 
 
 During the progrefs of Mr. Hanway's 
 exertions in favour of chimney fweepers, 
 he addreffed a little urchin, after he had 
 fwept a chimney in his own houfe ; 
 *' Suppofe now I give you a fhilling." 
 " God Almighty hlejs your honour, and 
 
 '■'■ thank
 
 Anecdotes, Character, ^c. 23; 
 
 " thank you!" ^' And what if I give you 
 " a fine tie-wig to wear on May-day, 
 *f which is juft at hand ?" Ah, hlejs your 
 " honour ! my mafter ijoon''t let nie go out 
 " on May-day." — '* No : v/hy not ?" 
 " He Jays its low life" 
 
 Mr. Hanway was mentioning this an- 
 fwer, I think, to Mr. George Keate, 
 when that gentleman gave him a fimilar 
 anecdote. He was riding in the country 
 on horfe-back, and came to a place 
 where fome gypfieswere regaling them- 
 felves under a hedge with tea, and jufl 
 as he palTed, a {trapping girl, one of the 
 fifterhood, was emptying the tea leaves 
 out of the pot on the ground, when her 
 companion thus rebuked her ; " Lord, 
 *f Sal ! why dont you lay them by on a 
 " leaf? Jome poor body might be glad of 
 " them." 
 
 Among the ornaments of his with- 
 drawing room, were fome which deferve 
 to be mentioned, bccaufe they help to 
 illuftrate his characler. He had pro- 
 cured
 
 236 Anec dotes y Chara5fet'y &e. 
 
 cured portraits 'of fix of the moft cele- 
 brated beauties, one of which was of 
 the aftrefs Adrienne le Couvrcur, who 
 died in the arms of Voltaire. Thefe 
 portraits, being all of the fame fize, he 
 employed an ingenious workman to at- 
 tach together, by a ribbon curioufly 
 carved and gilded, which extended 
 feveral feet, fo as to admit of their hang- 
 ing in an uniform manner. On the 
 fmootb parts of this ribbon, which were 
 glazed, were written fome lines in praife 
 of beauty ; and over all was a flatue re- 
 prefenting humility. At the bottom 
 hung a mirror, juft fufficiently convex 
 to rcflecl: a lady who looked in it of the 
 fize of the portraits. Round the frame 
 of the mirror v/as painted, 
 
 *' Weit thou, my daughter, fairefl: of ihe/e-ven ; 
 " Think on the progrefs of devouring Time, 
 '' And pay thy tribute to Humihty." 
 
 On the oppofite fide of the room/ was 
 a pidlure, reprefenting the tomb of 
 
 Pierre
 
 AnecdoteSy Chara5ler^ ^c. 237 
 
 Pierre Mignard, painter to the king of 
 France j and underneath a drawing of a 
 country church yard, with a venerable old 
 man feemingly in difcourfe with a young 
 one. At a diilance a young woman was 
 feen praying near a grave ; and on the 
 fide of a tonib, on which the old man's 
 hand was laid, the following lines were 
 infcribed. 
 
 BEHOLD, my fon, this namelefs monurrvent ; 
 Inihuclive latire on our fond conceits. 
 'Tis not a name, but wifdom's chara^er. 
 Can raife and fire the immoital part of man. 
 Wiihin yon ftately temple thou may'll fee 
 The fculptur'd marble in its highefl: pomp; 
 The curious workman's elevated art. 
 Pride ftill deludes us, with her foolifa hopes 
 Cf fame, from tott'ring bufts and empty urn?. 
 When thou hall run thy courfe doft thou cxped 
 Efteem and love will croud about thy hearfe ? 
 So great is man's forgetfulnefs of man, 
 And gratitude, like thought, fo quickly dies j 
 'Tis equal all, the peafant and the pi ince. 
 No record can avail but that of heaven. 
 Thy faithful homage at religion's flirine 
 Will heal all wounds thy virtue can receive : 
 
 Wine
 
 ajS Anecdotes y Chara^er, (^c. 
 
 What greater blifs can we require, or God 
 
 Bellow on beings fo impure and frail ! 
 
 The daughter's tears flied o'er her father's grave, 
 
 Claim the fweet homage of humanity. 
 
 Tiiy forrows fliewn for I'uch unfeign'd diftref?, 
 
 Are tributes which than pay'ft at mercy's feat. 
 
 But mark me well, my fnn 
 
 True wifdoni's children learn her pleafant ways, 
 
 And ftiU rejoice amid their fufferings: 
 
 Their calling is to praftife what they preach • 
 
 Secure in pious conqiieft o'er the world, 
 
 They feek and find the golden key of life, 
 
 Which opes the portal to eternal i^lifs. 
 
 O, may'ft thou leain to think, and realon rigju, 
 
 And juftly count upon eternity! 
 
 That, whether thy fh^rt life fhall end to day. 
 
 Or lait a number of progreflive years : 
 
 Whether rich trophies fhall adorn thy tomb. 
 
 Or like this monument, thy name fliall ceafc; 
 
 Let this day pafs in happy, glad prefage, 
 
 Of thofe rewards that wait on virtue's deeds, 
 
 Mr. Hanway appeared to have in 
 every action of his life, the idea of his 
 end. He examined his own condudl 
 with the fame degree of feverity, which 
 men too often adopt in their fcrutiny 
 into the condu6t of others, and always 
 I con-
 
 Anecdotes^ Chamber, (^c. 230 
 
 confidered that the time would come, 
 and might not be far olF, when he 
 fhould refleft with forrow on every bad 
 a6lion of his life. There are many very 
 good men, who, knowing that death is 
 inevitable, endeavour to banifh from 
 their mind the awful thought ; but Mr. 
 Hanway feemed to derive a melancholy 
 pleafure in indulging the idea. Of the 
 cffedbs of this I proceed to a remarkable 
 inftance : He caufed the following words 
 to be infcribed on a large plate of brafs 
 enamelled, fo contrived as to Aide on 
 rollers, and form the back of a wardrobe^ 
 and lock in_ a fecret manner. At the 
 top of the plate was painted, on the left 
 fide, himfelfin an infant (late, and on 
 the right on a death bed, and under- 
 neath the lines; 
 
 I BE-
 
 ^40 Anecdotes y CharaEfer, ^c. 
 
 I RELIEVE THAT MY REDEEMER LIYETK> 
 
 AND THAT I AL50SHALL RISE EROM 
 
 THE CRAVE, 
 
 JONAS HANWAY, Esot 
 
 WHO, TRUSTINtf IN THAT GOOD PROVIDENCE, 
 
 WHICH SOVISIBI.Y GOVERNS THE WORLD, 
 
 rASSEO THROUGH A VARIETY OF FORTUNES WITH 
 
 PATIENCE. 
 
 LIVING THE GREATEST PART OF HIS DAYS 
 
 IN FOREIGN LANDS, RULED BY ARBITRARY POWER, 
 
 HE RECEIVED THE DEEPER IMPRESSION 
 
 «r THE HAPPY CONSTITUTION OF HIS OWN COUNTRY ^ 
 
 WHILST 
 
 THE PERSUASIVE LAWS CONTAINED IN TH« 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT, 
 
 *ND THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF HIS OWN DEFRAVITy, 
 
 SOFTENED HIS HEART TO A SENSE 
 
 OF THE VARIOUS WANTS OF HIS 
 
 FELLOW CREATURES. 
 
 READERy 
 
 <> inqjjirenofurther; 
 
 THE LORD HAVE MERCY ON HIS SOUL AND THINe! 
 ATPREHENSIVE of the too PARTIAL REGARD OF HI* 
 
 friends;and esteeming plain truth above the 
 
 PROUDEST TROjenlESOF MONUMENTAL FLATTERY} 
 AT THE ACE OF FIFTY-ONE HE CAUSED THIS PLATS 
 *>!DIN5CRirXICN TO BS MADS. 
 
 His
 
 JnecdoteSi CharaSle)\ ^c. 241 
 
 His religion was pure, rational, fer- 
 vent, and fincere ; equally diftant from 
 a cold inanimate languor, and the phan- 
 tafies of fupernatural intelligence : It 
 was his refource conilantly in trouble, as 
 was writing at the moiicnt of imagina- 
 tion. He believed t!ie truths revealed 
 in the gofpel, with the mod unvarying 
 confidence j but (hewed no aufterity to 
 perfons who aff:6ted to fet the diiflates 
 of nature and experience in oppofition 
 to them, if they appeared to doubt with 
 a willingnefs to be convinced. He con- 
 fidered religion as the mod: efFeftual re- 
 ftraint on bad aflions : In his writings 
 on the fubjed:, he endeavours to inculcate 
 the neceflity of attending at the public 
 offices, particularly that of the Lord's 
 Supper i but carefully avoids entering 
 into controverfies on matters not necef- 
 fary to faivation. The only religious 
 argument that he engaged in, was to 
 convince the common people that they 
 ought not to be deterred from partak- 
 R ing
 
 £42- Anecdotes^ CharaEfer^ l^c, 
 
 ing of the facrament, by St. Paul's cau* 
 tion to the Corinthians, and that the 
 word ufed by the apoftle defcriptive of 
 the punilhment of thofe who partook 
 wantonly, could not be applied to them 
 in the vulgar tranflation, of " eating 
 and drinking damnation i' but meant a 
 temporary and expiable punifliment j 
 and the learned, J believe, agree that 
 this conftrudlion of the text is the true 
 one. * 
 
 He knew well how much the happi* 
 nefs of mankind is dependant on honeft 
 induflry, and received a pleafure, but 
 faintly defcribed in words, when any of 
 the objefts of his charity cleanly appa- 
 relled, and with cheerful and contented 
 countenances, came to pay their refpe6ls 
 to him. He treated them as his ac- 
 
 *0'')'ap Icr^'iuy y.xi 7r)iiuv arafiw?, KPIMA latri tc-9iJ' 
 Hc.) Truss, [jiyh oKzy.flvuv ro cuii^.a, Toti K'jpiov. 
 
 Nam edens et bibens ind'igne, Judicium iibi ipfi 
 mftnducat et bibit, non dijiidicans corpus Domini, 
 
 quaint-
 
 AnecdoteSy Chara5Ier, ^c. 243 
 
 quaintances, entered into their concerns 
 with a paternal afFeftion, and let them 
 know that on any real emergency they 
 might apply with confidence to him. It 
 was this, rather than the largenefsof his 
 gifts, that endeared him fo much to the 
 common people : He never walked out 
 but was followed by the good wilhes, 
 filent or exprefled, of fome to whom he 
 had afforded relief. To meet the eye of 
 the perfon he had ferved, was to him the 
 highefl: luxury ; and no man enjoyed it 
 oftener. His own misfortunes I believe 
 never caufed him to Hied tears j and if 
 the miferies of others had that efFe<5t, 
 which was very rare indeed, he was par- 
 ticularly careful to conceal it : Yet the 
 fight of a regiment of foldiers under ex 
 ercife, of the charity children in their 
 annual afTembly at St. Paul's, the Ma* 
 rine Society's boys marching to join their 
 Ihips, orin procefTion, wereobjeds which 
 he could not refill. 
 
 R 2 Of
 
 244 Anecdotes J CharaHer, i^c. 
 
 Of his charity, it is not eafy to con- 
 vey an adequate idea ; It was of that 
 prudent and confiderate kind, which is 
 of the moft fubftahtial benefit. It did 
 not confift merely in giving j for though 
 his heart was ever open to the complaint 
 of the unfortunate, it required fomething 
 more than mere fupplication to obtain 
 his afiiftance. He was particularly 
 careful to difcountenance the fafhionable 
 way of begging by letter, in which ta- 
 lents, capable of procuring fupport, are 
 held out as excufes for diftrefs. To him 
 that had once deceived him by fiditious 
 diftrefs he W'^s inexorable \ but when 
 real mifery, the effedl: Oi accident or in- 
 evitable misfortune, came in his way, he 
 feldom failed to afford fubftantial relief, 
 which he was enabled to do j for he had 
 the diftribution every year of more than 
 his own whole income amounted to. 
 
 It is not the love of money, fo much 
 as the love of eafe, which keeps clofe the 
 coffers of the wealthy : Several years 
 
 ago
 
 Anej:doteSy Character, i^c. i.\c^ 
 
 ago Mr. Hanway commifTioned the 
 writer of thefe flieets to diftribute a 
 fum of money, as far as fifty pounds, 
 the gift of a lady, among the really de- 
 ferving prifoners at that time confined 
 in the prifons of the metropolis. How 
 did I figure to myfelf the pleafure I 
 Hiould experience in relieving the dif- 
 treffes of the wretched, in fetting the 
 hand of the induftrious to work, and giv- 
 ing food and vigour to hFm who droop- 
 ed under the gloom of defpair ! but I 
 foon found that there was not the diftrefs 
 in our prifons which I had conceived ; 
 and that where it really was, there was 
 not the greatefl: appearance of it. Great 
 part of the money was brought back \ 
 and although the precaution of buying 
 and diftributing the neceflaries of life was 
 tv^ken, yet fome of thofe neceflaries were 
 bartered for the means of intoxication ; 
 and I was invited to drink brandy, the 
 produce of the miOney I had beflowed in 
 coals and candles, in a prifon, whence 
 11 3 all
 
 246 AnecdoteSi Chara^fer, lie, 
 
 all fpirituous liquors are fuppofed to be 
 banifhed by the ftridleft of our laws. 
 
 But a few unworthy objefts never 
 alienated Mr. Hanway's afFeclion for the 
 really deferving. Thefe he endeavoured 
 to find out in their folitary habitations, 
 with a mod laborious prefeverance, 
 ftudied their wants, and contrived the 
 method of giving the moft effedual re- 
 lief. In one of his fearches among the 
 manfions of the poor, he found a man 
 of the name of Bermingham in extreme 
 diftrefs ; and which he foon perceived to 
 be the effect of his ingenuity and fimpli- 
 city. He was an engraver, a painter on 
 glafs, a modeller, a carver, the inven- 
 torof piercing fan-fticks, a turner in me- 
 tals i and worked with fuch an enthufiafm 
 of zeal, that he would have flarved 
 amidft v.'eakh, rather than leave his in- 
 ventions to provide food. His goods, 
 even his bed, were feized for rent ; but 
 he cared not if they left him the materi- 
 als of his lad difcovery. Hrs talents, 
 n and
 
 Anecdotes y Chara^er, ^c. lAfj 
 and native fimplicity, had recommended 
 him to Frederick Prince of Wales, who 
 appointed him his engraver, with an an- 
 nual penfion ; but when this failed, with 
 the death of his patron, he was reduced 
 to the extreme of mifery. Mr. Hanway 
 at firft endeavoured to confine his inge- 
 nuity to one line, and make it tend to 
 his pecuniary advantage; but finding 
 this impoffible, he applied for, and pro- 
 cured, a penfion of forty pounds a year 
 from his Majefty. On this the poor 
 artift was perfuaded to retire from his 
 labours into the country; but before he 
 had enjoyed, or rather fufFered the 
 leifure of retirement one year, he was 
 found drowned in a water near his refi- 
 dence. 
 
 When once Mr. Hanway had engaged 
 in a public charitable undertaking, he 
 omitted nothing that could polTibly tend 
 to its promotion ; no department was 
 beneath him ; his eye pervaded the 
 whole fyftem, and, like that of Provi- 
 K 4 dcnce,
 
 443 Jmcdoies^ Character j ^c. 
 
 dence, never flept whilft any thing re- 
 mained to be done to further his benevo- 
 lent defigns. He thought every thing 
 great which concerned the caufe of hu- 
 manity. The love of his fellow crea- 
 tures ihewed itfelf in every action of his 
 life. Bleflfed with an elegant fufiiciency, 
 he feparated what was within his idea of 
 enough, and looked upon the reft as ap- 
 propriated, as a referve to fatisfy de- 
 mands whenever they fhould be properly 
 made. Diftrefs, not incurred by pro- 
 fligacy, was to his heart a claim of re- 
 lationfhip; and he feenned to efteemhim- 
 felf, what he moft emphatically was, 
 one of the chief inftruments of Provi- 
 dence, to affifl: the indigent, inftruft the 
 ignorant, to reclaim the guilty, and 
 keep the good from being difcontented 
 with their ftation in life. 
 
 He loved to indulge that pleafing 
 fenfation which every good man feels, 
 when, retired from the bufy world into 
 the fieldsj refigned and alone he can con- 
 
 tem-
 
 AnecdoteSy CharaSicr, ^c, 249 
 
 template the bounty of the Creator in his 
 furrounding works, and pour forth his 
 heart, undifturbed, and unnoticed, fave 
 by that Power which he with reafon con- 
 ceives to be prefent and attending to this 
 grateful effufion of the foul. The fen- 
 fation I endeavour to defcribe is beft 
 excited by refledion on fon[ie good ac- 
 tion lately done ; and furely no one ever 
 experienced it more frequently or more 
 ardently than this benevolent man, who 
 literally went about doing good. 
 
 With fuch a character as this he could 
 not fail of acquiring refpefl j and indeed 
 nothing can more clearly evince the 
 efteem which men entertained for him, 
 than the forrow they exprefled at his 
 death. A long; train of friends followed 
 his hearfe, and affifted in paying the lafb 
 mournful duties to the remains of a man 
 they fo tenderly loved v/hilft living. Dr. 
 Glafle, one of his executors, read a part 
 of the burial fervice over the corpfe, aS 
 great a part as his grief would permit 
 
 him i
 
 ±^o Anecdotes, Chara5ler, &'c, 
 
 him ; and Dr. Markham, with whom he 
 had lived in friendfhip for a long feries 
 of years, in a very pathetic difcourfe re- 
 called to the minds of their mutual 
 friends aflembled on this folemn occafion, 
 in the church of Hanwell, the virtues 
 of the benevolent man they had loft. 
 Alas! fo uncertain is every thing hu- 
 man : In a few days the reverend gentle- 
 man's death infpired his furviving friends 
 with fentiments fimilar to thofe he fel: 
 on being deprived of Mr. Hanway ! 
 
 His remains, at his own defire, were 
 buried in the vault under the new church 
 at Hanwell, the firft depofited there. 
 The property he left at his death, which 
 did not amount to two thoufand pounds, 
 as he had no relation who wanted it, he 
 bequeathed, except a few legacies as 
 tokens of remembrance, to fundry or- 
 phans and poor perfons, whom he had 
 befriended in his lifetime ; among thefe 
 is Mercy Draper, whofe mufical powers 
 had oft excited his tendereft thoughts 
 
 whilft
 
 Anecdotes y CharaSier, t^c, 251 
 
 whilft fhe was at the Foundling, and 
 whofe prefent unfortunate ftate of mind 
 a^vakened his warmeft friendfhip. 
 
 Such is the feeble attempt which I 
 have made to delineate the charadler of 
 him whom I revered as a patron, and 
 efleemed as the friend and advifer of my 
 early youth j and I hope it will be read 
 with a portion of that fpirit which has 
 actuated my mind from the hour when I 
 firft took up my pen. 
 
 The following verfes were fent me by 
 a lady, who had frequent opportunities 
 of feeing inftances of Mr. Hanway's 
 benevolence, and whofe own heart taught 
 hex how to value his. 
 
 ODE TO PITY. 
 
 INSCRIBED TO JONAS HANWAY, ESQ. 
 
 GOOD mer> fliall blefs the gentle name, 
 
 And angels celebrate the fame 
 Of him, whom tender pity moves. 
 Who ev'ry ad of mercy loves. 
 
 Calm
 
 2 55 y^necdotesy CharaEler^ ^c* 
 
 Calm is the heart where pity reigns, 
 It feels alone for others' pains ; 
 And ever finds a ftveet relief, 
 In eafing pain, and Ibft'ning grief. 
 
 Come, balmy foother of the foul, 
 And ftern feverity control ; 
 Thy heav'nly inftnence flied around. 
 And let nor woe, nor grief be found. 
 
 Oh ! feek the cot where forrows dwell, 
 Nor pafs the captive's gloomy cell : 
 Ev'n finners, who their crimes deplore, 
 Cheer'd by thy fmiles, fliall fin no more. 
 
 The favage breaft thy pow*r fliall own. 
 And tribute pay to Pity's throne : 
 The fophifl fliall no more contend. 
 But to thy foft perfuafion bend. 
 
 MESSIAH thus with pow'r array'd, 
 His pity to the world difplay'd ; 
 And Hanway, to his SAVIOUR true. 
 Thus fliews what pitying man can do. 
 
 The
 
 Anecdotes, Char a Her, 6?r. 253 
 The following lines are by Mr, Hay lock. 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 JONAS H A N W A Y, Esq^ 
 
 IF patriot virtues eminently prove 
 
 The great, firft title to a People's love, 
 
 Superior far to every louder claim— 
 
 —The (latefman's policy, — the hero's fame— 
 
 Hanway, be thine the palm i thy deeds fliall fliinc 
 
 *♦ To the laft moment of recorded time." 
 
 When fome bright cherub, wing'd, by HeavVa 
 command. 
 The harbinger of judgment, o'er our land. 
 Shall aflc of Charity, who foremoft flood, 
 And oft'neft facrific'd to public good ? 
 Who fliun'd the lofty fcencs of polifh'd flrife, 
 To cultivate the humbler walks of life ? 
 
 Who, moft inclin'd the wretched to deplore, 
 Th' unceafing friend, the patron of the poor? 
 Who wip'd from mis'ry's cheek the tear of woe. 
 And made chill penury with rapture glow ? 
 Who, of loft youth, obnoxious to the laws, 
 Made nobleft champions in their country's caufe? 
 
 When the laft awful trumpet fwells aloud. 
 And modeft Hanway mingles in the crowd. 
 Millions of fouls* — emerging from the fea, 
 Shall with one voice exclaim This, t'.iis is he! 
 
 * Alluding to the objcfti of the Marine Society. 
 
 The
 
 254 Anecdotes, Chara5fer, &c. 
 
 The following ftanzas are written by 
 the ingenious and truly poetical author 
 of the *^ Triumph of Benevolence,'' a poem 
 addrelTed to the humane Mr. Howard, 
 and are inferted here with the permiflion 
 of the author; a pernniflion which I 
 avail myfelf of with the moft grateful 
 readinefs. 
 
 AND thou, blefl: Hanway ! long thy country's prayer, 
 Exulting now in kindred worlds above, 
 
 Co-heir of Howar d ! deign the Mufe to hear, 
 Though Angels greet thee with a Brother's love. 
 
 Far though remov'd from this diminifh'd earth, 
 A Crown of Glory beaming on thy brow. 
 
 The God who fix'd it there — to note thy worth, 
 Bids the rapt lyre with all thy fpirit glow. 
 
 Warm in the way, behold what myriads come. 
 While tears of ecilafy and anguifli flow ; 
 
 Their blended incenfe pouring on thy tomb, 
 To mark an Empire's joy, an Empire's woe. 
 
 Clofe to thy Howard — O congenial fliade I 
 On the pure Column fliall t/:>j bufl be plac'd ; 
 
 Though deep in ev'ry bofom is pourtray'd 
 Thofe holy records Time fliall ne'er eraze. 
 
 Thj
 
 Anecdotes i Chamber, £f?r. 255 
 
 The generous plan that Public Virtue draws. 
 The fair defign that Charity imparts. 
 
 The Genius kindling in Religion's caufe, 
 Cherifh their Champion in our faithful hearts. 
 
 At Hanwat's buft the Magdalene ftiall kneel» 
 A chaften'd votary of Compaffion*s dome*. 
 
 With pious awe the hoHeft ardours feel, 
 
 And blefs the Founder of her peaceful home. 
 
 And oh, Philanthropy ! thy hearen-rearM fane* 
 Shall oft avow the good man's zeal divine. 
 
 When bounty leads a poor and orphan train 
 
 To clafp their little arras round Hanway's flirinc. 
 
 Tranfcendent energies of grace fubllme, 
 
 Whofe magic goodnefs work'd with double power. 
 
 Cradled the outcaft babe who knew not crime. 
 And bade the finner turn and blufli no more. 
 
 Ah, full of honours as of years, farewell ! 
 
 Thus o'er thy aflies fliall Britannia figh ; 
 JEach age, each fex, thy excellence fliall tell. 
 
 Which taught the young to live, the old to die! 
 
 • The Magdalene Houfe and Foundling Hofpital. 
 
 COPY
 
 C ^56 ] 
 
 COPY OF Mr. HANWAY's WILU 
 
 THAT by the mercies of the Great 
 Lord of Heaven and Earth I may have 
 nothing to do when I die but to die, 1 
 make this my laft will and teftament, re- 
 voking all others. Happily my worldly 
 goods are no incumbrance to me being 
 at this time only [here follows a dejcrip- 
 tion of his ejlafe^ which ccnftfied of f^. 400 
 three -per cents reduced, the inter efi for life 
 of ^.5000 on a mortgage at 4 fer. cent, 
 the inter eft ^/ jT. 748, -pay able hy the Ac- 
 comptant General of the Court of Chancery j 
 half the produce of a farm in EJfeXy and a 
 Jmall annuity payable hy a farmer at New- 
 bury.'] All which may perchance reach 
 to and allow of my giving, as I hereby 
 do give and bequeath. To my great 
 Nephew Hanway Hanway f^. 100. To 
 my Godfonjonas Hanway Edwards ^.70. 
 To my Godfon John Lrindegren^.50. 
 
 " To
 
 IVill of Mr. Hanway, 257 
 
 To Mercy Draper, the poor foundling 
 under the care of my Friends of the 
 Foundling Hofpital, and towards her fup- 
 port ^. 40. To my friend and neighbour 
 Mr. Fowle £, 20. To my two fervants 
 £.10. each, if the fame are living with 
 me as I now have. And if my property 
 renders more than the £. 280 above 
 mentioned, with ^^.30 to lay my body de- 
 cently in the earth at Hanwell, then I 
 give to Mary Hanway, a Foundling, 
 lately married £-2'^. To Charlotte 
 Conway a Foundling^. 20. To Thomas 
 Hanway a foundling, if alive (he »vas 
 placed out in Yorkfhire) £. 20. To 
 Mr. John Pugh twenty pounds. To 
 Mifs Martha Hough, niece to the late 
 Mrs. Butler £. 50. And to my friend 
 William Blizard £'1^; orfuch a propor- 
 tion to each as the money or produce of 
 property may amount to. If there fhould 
 be any overplus or refiduc to my Brother 
 and Heir at Law William Hanway — I 
 requeft my friends, the Rev. Dr. Samuel, 
 S GhfTe,
 
 258 IVilt of Mr. Hamvay. 
 
 Glafle, George Peters Efq. and John 
 Blackburn Efq. to be my executors ; and 
 I leave them my Furniture— With the 
 beft willies for the happinefs of my 
 friends, my country and mankind, 1 com- 
 mend my foul to God, through the merits 
 of the great Redeemer of the World. 
 London the third of December 1785. 
 
 JONAS HANWAY. 
 
 Since his death, a fubfcription has been 
 opened to defray the expence of a monu- 
 ment to his memory, to be eredted in 
 Weflminfter Abbey, which is now in the 
 hands of the fculotor. 
 
 A COR-
 
 CORRECT LIST 
 
 OF ALL THE 
 
 WRITINGS OF JONAS HANWAY, Es<^ 
 Arranged in the order in which they were publiflied. 
 
 1753 An Hiilorical Account of the Britifli Trade 
 over the Cafpian Sea, with the Author's 
 Journal of his Travels. 4vol. 4to. 4 edi- 
 tions. 
 
 — — A Letter againfl: the propofed Naturalization 
 of the Jews. 8vo. pani. 2 editions. 
 
 A Review of the propofed Naturalization of 
 
 the Jews. 8vo. ^ 
 
 S 2 1753 Let
 
 26o Literary IVorks, 
 
 1763 Letters, Admonitory and Argnmcntative, on 
 the fame Subjeft. 8vo« pam. 
 
 1754 A Letter to Mr. John Spranger, on his ex- 
 
 cellent Propofal for Paving, Cleanfing 
 and Lighting the Streets of Weftmin- 
 fter. 8vo. 
 
 1755 A Morning's Thought on the Pamphlet en« 
 
 titled Teil: and Conteft. 8vo. pam. 
 
 Thoughts on Invafion. 8vo. pam. 
 
 1756 A Journal of Eight Days Journey from Portf- 
 
 mouth to Kingfton upon Thames. 4to. 
 
 1757 A fecond Edition, to Vv'hich is added an Eflay 
 
 on Tea. z vol. 8vo. 
 ■ An Account of the Marine Society, izmo. 
 
 (This was calculated to folicirSubfcriptiohi 
 to the Inftituiion then in its Infancy ; and 
 before 1759, feven Editions were printed 
 and difperfed, all of which had Alterations 
 to accommodate them to the progrefs mad© 
 by the Society.) 
 
 1758 Firft Thoughts in Relation to the Means of 
 
 Augm.enting the Number of Mariners. 4to« 
 pam. 
 
 Five Letters to Robert Dingley Efq. being a 
 
 Propofal for the Relief and Employment 
 of friendlefs Girls, and repenting Profli- 
 tiites. 4to. pam. 
 . A Candid and Hiftorical Account of the Ho- 
 
 fpital for the Reception of expofed and de-^ 
 ferted young Children. 8vo. 
 
 1759 Rea-
 
 Literary Works. 261 
 
 1759 Reafons for an additional Nunnber of Twelve 
 Thoufand Seamen, to be employed in 
 Time of Peace in the Merchants Service. 
 4to. 
 Republiflied with Alterations in 1770. 
 
 — — ' Rules and Orders of the Stepney Society, with 
 an Account of the End and Defign of this 
 Benevolent and Politic Inftitution. 4to, 
 pam. 
 
 ' Inftructions to Apprentices placed out by 
 
 the Stepney Society to Marine Trades. 
 i2mo. 
 ' Thoughts on the IMagdalene Charity. 4to. 
 pam. 
 
 The Genuine Sentiments of an Englifli Coun- 
 
 try Gentleman upon the prefent Plan of 
 the Foundling Hofpital. 8vo. pam, 
 
 An Account of the Society for the Encoii- 
 
 ragement of Britifli Troops. 8vo. 
 1760 A Reply to the Author of the candid Re- 
 marks on Mr. Hanway's Hiftorical Ac- 
 count of the Foundling Hofpital. 8vo. pam. 
 
 Eight Letters to his Grace the Duke o f 
 
 on the Cuflom of Vails Giving. 8vo. pam. 
 The Sentiments of Tho. Trueman, a Ser- 
 vant, to his Brother Jonathan, on taking of 
 Vails. 8vo. pam, 
 '■ Propofals for a faving to the Public, by giv- 
 
 ing Apprentice Fees with Foundlings. 8vo. 
 pam, 
 
 S3 1762 Ef-
 
 262 Literary Works, 
 
 1762 EfTays and Meditations on Life, and prafttcal 
 Religion, with Inftru£lions and Admoni- 
 tions for promoting true Subjedion to 
 Laws divine and human. 8vo. 2 editions. 
 
 — — Serious Confiderations on the falutary De- 
 lign of the A6t of Parliament, for a Regif- 
 ter of the Parifli Poor within the Bills of 
 Mortality. 8vo, 
 
 ■ - Letters written on the Ciiftoms of foreign 
 Nations in regard to Harlots, the lawlefs 
 Commerce of the Sexes, and the Humanity 
 and beneficial EfFe6ls of the Magdalene 
 Charity. 8vo. para. 
 
 -T Reafons for ferious Candour, in relation to 
 
 Vulgar Decifions concerning Peace and 
 War. 8vo. pam. • 
 
 1764 A Propofal for faving Seventy Thoufand 
 
 Pounds to the Public, and rendering Five 
 Thotifand Perfons more happy and ufeful, 
 than if fo much Money were expended on 
 their Account. £vo. 
 
 1 765 Thoughts on the Ufes and Advantages of 
 
 Mufic, in Nine Letters. 8vo. pam. 
 ' The Cafe of the Canadians at Montreal, dif- 
 
 trefTed by Fire. 8vo. pam. 
 1766 The Soldier's Faithful Friend, being Moral 
 
 and Religious Advice to private Men in 
 
 the Army and Militia. 8vo. 
 
 1766 At\
 
 Literary PForks. 263 
 
 1766 An Earneft Appeal for Mercy to the Children 
 
 of the Poor, belonging to the Pariflies 
 within the Bills of INIortality. 4to. 
 
 Letters on the Importance of prcferving the 
 
 riling Generation of the labouring Part of 
 our Fellow Subjefls. 8vo. 2 vol. 
 
 The Chriftian Officer, addrefied to the Offi- 
 
 cers of his Majefty's Forces, including the 
 Militia. 8vo. 
 
 1767 Moral and Religious Inftruftions to young 
 
 Perfons, with Prayers for various Occafions, 
 8vo. pam. 
 T- Moral and Religious Inftruftion?, intended 
 for Apprentices amo"hg the lower Clafles 
 of the People. lamo. 
 
 Letters to the Guardians of the Infant Poor, 
 
 to be appointed by the Aft of the laft 
 Seffion of Parliament. Bvo. 
 
 1768 Rules and Regulations of the Magdalene 
 
 Hofpital, with Prayers fuited to the Condi- 
 tion of the Women. 8vo. 
 
 1769 Advice to a Daughter on her going to Ser- 
 
 vice. 8vo. 
 
 1770 Advice from a Farmer to his daughter, in a 
 
 Series of Difcourles calculated to promote 
 the Welfare and true Intercft of Servants. 
 3 vol. fmall 8vo, 
 1772 Obfervations on the Caufes of the DilToUite- 
 ncfs which reigns among the lower Clallcs 
 of the People. 410. p.im. 
 
 1773 The
 
 / 
 
 a 64 Literary V/orks. 
 
 J 773 The State of Chimney Sweepers' young 
 Apprentices, Jhewing their wretched Con- 
 dition, 8vo. pam. 
 
 ' A Letter on Occafion of the Public Enquiry 
 
 concerning the mofl proper Bread to be 
 affized for general Vlt. 8vo. pam. 
 
 1774. Virtue in Humble Life, containing Reflexions 
 on the reciprocal Duties of the Wealthy 
 and Indigent, the Mafler and the Servan^. 
 8vo. 2 vol. 
 (This Work was tranflated into the German 
 Language.) 
 
 . The Great Advantage of eating pure and 
 
 genuine Bread. 8vo. pam. 
 
 ^77 5 The Defects of Police the Caufe of Immo- 
 rahty, and the continual Robberies ccmh- 
 initted, particularly in and about the M.e- 
 tropolis. 4to, 
 (I efleem this as the beil of all his literary 
 Works : The Propofitions here laid down 
 have been in 3 great meafure adopted, not 
 only in the Metropolis, but in many Cities 
 and Country Towns, and their good efFecls 
 are already felt.) 
 
 — — Common Senfe. Nine Dialogues on the Ame- 
 rican War. Reprinied at Keu'-York. 
 
 1776 Solitude in Imprifonment, with proper 
 Labour, the moil; humane and etfectnal 
 Means of bringing Malefaclors to a right 
 Stnle of their Condition. 8.0. pam, 
 
 77; I The
 
 Literary Works. ^6§ 
 
 1777 The Commemorative Sacrifice of our Lord's 
 Supper, confidered as a Prefervative againft 
 fupefftitious Fears, and immoral Prac- 
 tices. i2mo. 
 
 Virtue in Humble Life. 2 vol.' quarto. Second 
 
 edition. 
 
 177S Earneft Advice, particularly to Peribns who 
 live in an habitual Negled of oyr Lord's 
 Slipper. 8vG. 
 
 1779 An Account of the Maritime School at Chel- 
 fea. 8vo. 
 
 1782 The Importance of our Lord's Supper, and the 
 
 dangerous Confequences of negleding it ; 
 in fixty-eight Letters, addrefled to the 
 Countefs Spencer, fmall 8vo. 
 1 7 S3 Propofal for Country Naval Free-Schools, to 
 be built on wafte Lands, fol. with plate?. 
 A Second Edition of the fame Work, in 3 vol. 
 
 i2mo. 
 An Abridgment of the fame, in one vol. i2mo. 
 
 1783 A Let fir to the Governors of the Maritime 
 
 School, recommending a Mode of prcfcrv- 
 ing their Objcd to Pofterity. i2mo. pam. 
 
 1784 Reafons for purfuing the Plan propofed by the 
 
 Marine Society for the Eftabliflimcnt of 
 County Free-Schools. 8vo. pam. 
 The Plan, with the Rules and Regulations of 
 the JiTaritime School at Chelfca. 8vo. 
 ■* ■ Oblcrvations, Moial and Political, particuhirly 
 refpecling the NcccfTity of good Older and
 
 266 Literary Works, 
 
 religious Q2conomy in our Prifons. Svo. 
 pam. 
 
 1784 The Negleil of the effedual Separation of 
 
 Prifoners, the chief Caufe of the frequent 
 Thefts and Violences committed. Svo. 
 
 — — Midnight the Signal {intended to promote 
 ferious Amufements. and dlfplay the Ef- 
 feifVs of crowded Aflemblies, and late 
 Hours, on the Health, particularly of 
 Females.) i2mo. 2 vol. 
 
 — — A New Year's Gift to the People of Great 
 Britain, pleading for a more vigorous and 
 confiftent Police. Svo. pam, 
 
 — — The Sea Lad's Trufty Companion. i2mo. 
 
 1785 A Sentimental Hiftory of Chimney Sweepers 
 
 In London and We'llminfter ; fliewing the 
 Ncceffity of putting them under Regula- 
 tions to prevent Inhumanity to the climb- 
 ing Boys. i2mOi 
 
 1786 A Comprehenfive View of Sunday Schools, 
 
 for the ufe of the more indigent Inhabi* 
 tant? of Cities, Towns, and Villages 
 through England and Wales. 13 mo. 
 
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