3 ■ M 3 3 1j . ^ "^r> ^ ^^>V ■: D > Uf. GIFT OF Felix Flggel iS^mi^^imti^A 1^4,i<. THE HISTORY AND DEVSLO?I^.HT OF PACIFIC COAST MAIIUFACTURINO . by Frank C. Doty. To Prof. E.A. Roaa, For the Koonomio Seminary. Stanford University, May, 1896. ^^i\Co y^r. IMTRODUCTiON, Tho tom *Paoiflo Coa^t* as used in this paper applies generally to California, Washington, and Oregon. Sometimes it also inoludes Utah, beot^use there is the birth plaoe of the aanufftotures of the Paoifio Coast in its broadest sense. Sofnetirnea its applieation is restricted to California, beoauae there is a lack of definite and aoourate information from the other states. The paper haa been divided into three parts. In the first, 'Origin of P'aoifio Coast Mtmufaotures* the aim has been to point out the conditions giving rise to Coast Manu- facturing. In the eeoond, 'Selected Industries', five of the chief industries were selected for a soii»what detail study. The production of the raw material ia touched upon, as well aj the general account of the industry in its manufactured side; together with some account of individual establishment or factories. The five industries chosen are Woolen, Cotton, Iron, Beet Sugar and Flour. In third part are brought together those factors that have worked for the development, both ia a posi- tive and negative manner, of the Coast's industries. Only a general account is here given. ••^fT -,>nfi^j -tr C0RT23TS. Introdootion Chapter I . "^ri^in 6f Paoif lo Coast Hanvt aotiir inc • Paoifio Slope Industries 1 Gold 1)1 soo very, 3£feot 2 Population bofore Gold discovery* 3-4 Immediate effect of Di soovery 5 Character of Populiition after Discovery 6 Ralfition of Mining to M&nuf aotvires of Coast 6-3 Manufacturing tenporarily impossible. . 3-9 Production of mines. ..... 10-13 Agriculture 10 In 1353 11 Its growth, wJiuat 11 Number of f anr.s and acreage l'^-13 SuBfanary , 13-15 Chapter II. Selected Industries. 1. Woolen Industry 16-27 Production of wool; Missions 17 The Aaerioan ©ngagees in wool production 17 Wool proddotion in 1854, in 1876 17 Conditions for sheep husbandry 18 Change in 167G ; deoreaso in wool olip Table of wool olip f ror. 1864 to 18U5 19 Reason for decline in xool produotlon 20 Wool in Oregon and Washington 20-21 Woolen Mills - . 21-27 In the Missions and the first mill 21 In Oregon; the Willanette Mills 22-23 In California; The Pioneer Mills 24-26 Tablo showin^j situation from 10C0-18U0 26-27 In Washington 25-27 2. Cotton Induatrj' 28-33 a) Production of Cotton ... 28 Reason of selecting this industry 28 Beginnlnss of cotton produotlon 28 Later Results and Prizes 29-30 b ) Cotton Manuf ao ture , 31 First mill, Oakland Cotton Manuf aoturing Co... 31 California Cotton Mills 32-33 3 Iron Industry 33-39 a) Iron Production 33-35 Iron deposits j|3 4 First Coast Iron In Utah 53*34 Oregon, Washington and California 34-35 b) Iron Uantaf aoture 35-31^ Charaoter of products • ..••., 35*36 Development tf Uaniif actures 36 In San Franolsoo an important Industry 36-37 First foundries 33 Union Iron Works 3d-39 4. The Manufacture of Beet Sugar 39-43 Importance of this Industry 39 Sugar Import of Uni ted States 40 Home production 40 Pacific Coast refineries 41 Cultivation of beet has improved its qualities 41-42 Further history of the sugar beet 42-43 Beet sugar Production in France 43-44 In Germany 44 Austria, Russia, Belgium and United States 45 California , 46-47 Table showing product ion 46 Alvarado factory 46 Wetsonville factory and at Ckino 47 5 . Manufacture of Flour* 48-53 Wheat Culture on the Coast 48 In the Mission period • • 48-49 ?irst attempts at Flour making SO Table showing aoreage and yield from 1866 to 1B90 50*51 The Golden Gate Mill 61 Other mills 51-52 Table showing rooeipts of Flour at San Franoisoo from.. 1356-56 to 1892-93 52-53 Chapter III. Factors in Paoifio Coast's Manufaoturing Development. The Paoifio Coast's manufaoturing faoilities 54 1. Enterprise ... 54-56 Charge that enterprise is laoking... 54 Unprofitableness of California factories 55 Charaoteristio feature of Paoifio Coast's undertakings... 55-56 Results of California enterprise 56 2. Labor. The Ciiinaman and his status. 56 3. Wages. Comparison of Coast wages with those of other states in Woolen and Cotton Manufactures 57-53 4. Interest. Comparison of Coast interest with Eastern interest 58 no <*'-iC' 9 • •• • i»m M«l .III 'V • •>»*7«« miT i i d;tni ■^0 5. Fuel. High prlod for fuel on Coast , 58 Petroleum and Eleotriolty 50 6. Taxes. California taxes everything 59 7. Railroads. Their influence on manuf aoturoa GO Bibliography , 61-65 iJI/'? .ci -i ««e Chapter I. ORIGIN OP PACIFIC COAST I4ANUFACTURIHG • Mining, Agrioulture and Manuf aoturing aro the three great industries of the Paoiflo Slope. Mining, ohronoloeioally considered, ocoupies the first place. But it is not so easy to say positively which of these is first, Agrioulture or Mining; because when mining began to lose its prestige as a controlling industry and therefore of the mining period attention was turn- ed to each of these industries about the same titne.^ Agrioulture, however, deserves the second place, because its development has been more steady and constant. Mining was predominant, Agrioulture was predominate, and now the question, Is there any reason to think that Manufacturing will become predominate? presents itself. Mining, as stated above, was the first great industry of the Coast. It has hud a more direct bearing upon and con- ^ Cal. Agri. Society Report, 1888, p. 450-451. ■ ViJXi. fjll o stitutQ« a greater part in th© devolopment of Coast nanuf «o- turos than has been ordinarily assigned to it. What a power has been the stream of influence that has flowed through the door I, opened by John 'Aarshell, when he pioKed up the golden Icey in the "beautiful vale** on the twenty-fourth of January,' eighteen hvmdred and forty eight, 1 ^ It will be appropriate, therefore, to follow for a dis- tanoe this wonderful stream, whioh has ever increased in vol- ume. The faot of the gold discovery took a trip around the world. It left its impression upon the dweller of the Middle States, upon the resident of How England, upon the inhabitant of the Southern section. It crossed the ocean , toured Europe add visited various parts of the Orient,- The effect of this journey was to lead hither men in various degrees of mental and moral development. Hence the ^ Bancroft, Hist, of California, VI, 28V "it is the dawn of history in these parts." "All along the centuries California had lain slumbering, wrapped in ob- scurity, and lulled by tho monotone of the ocean. But finally "came the awakening impelled by a ruder invasion of soldiers and land greedy backwoodsmen, the premonitory ripple of inter- national interest i^nd world absorbing excitement. ; Slialer, Hist, of U.S., I, 346. iQ^m^' 3. notloy aspoot of the population. A clearer idea of the population question vill be gained If heed to a few statements in roferenoe to it before the gold disoovory is taicen. li^Tiat wore the elements In the population of that time and what of its numerioan strength? Aooording to Mr. Bancroft , there were the Hispano-Calif ornians, who controlled affairs in the south; while in the north men from the United States were in the ascendency. "These latter (i*e* U.S. men) are (1'348) already nearly equal to the former » numbering some- what over six thousand, while the HAspano-Californi^^ns may be placed at one thousand more. The ex-neophyte natives in and about the ranches and towns are estimated at from three thous- and to four thovisand, with twice as many among the gentile tribes. The new element classed as foreign before the conquest of eighteen hundred and forty six, had from one hundred and fifty in eighteen hundred and thirty grown slowly till eighteen 1 Hiimanity here is varied*. This refers* to California previous to 1348 but' is just as applicable later. B^moroft, Hist of Californic,, VI, 2. "From Mexico, from iSurope, from the Atlantic States, from South America and from China there came pouring into the port of San Francisco and down the western slope of the Sierras in wagons and on foot such a mixed and heterogeneous mass of ener- getic, daring j nd reckless men as had never before invaded any part of the continent." Cal. Agr. Society Re-^ort, 1888, p. 449. 4. hundred and forty five; after which it took a bound assisted by oyer two thousand who oame as soldieris in the regular and vol- unteer corps, not included in the muster rolls The first steady stream of immigrants is oomposed of stalwart, restless backwoodsmen from the western frontier of the United States; self reliant and of ready resource in building homes, even if less enterprising and broadly utilitarian than those who fol- lowed them from the eastern states." Another aloment is the Kn^lish representative, "burly of mind and body, full of animal energy, marked by f.ggreasive stubbornness, tinctured with brusQueness and conceit,* In this list a place Is given to the "omnipresent, quick wit ted" Celt, who is^more sympathetic and silf adaptive than the arrogant and prejudiced Snglishman or the coldly cal- culating Soot.* And to the ""easy going, plodding German, with his love of knowledge and deep solidity of mind." Other component parts may be added to the number cci- ready mentioned, as for example, the Italians.* It may assist to oloamose, if the facts just stated are kept in mind, on passing across the line of "forty eight" '^ Bancroft, Hist, of Cal., VI, 3-4; Shaler, Hist, of U.S., I, 345. >'Wl *I®Vi 5. Into *for^y nine*. The immodiate offeot of the discovery incident on Cal- ifornia was abandonment of farms | closing of stores and set- ting off every man to the gold field. But the ten thousand gold seekers of early *forty nine* inoreased to more than one liunderd thousand by the olose of "forty nine*. This fact raised California from an insignificant colony into a busy and thriving Commonwealth; and lifted her metropolis from a hamlet to a commercial center* As a oonse- quenoe of these oiroumstancos, the period of probation, com- mon to all territories before admission to statehood, was ob- viated. California became a state of the Union the next year. From the preceding paragraphs it becomes clear that the discovery of gold was not only the beginning of the early mining era of the Pacific Coast, but it also was the direct influence that increased the population to more than one hun- dred thousand souls, from a number less than fifteen thousand or twenty thousand perhaps. A pertinent question at this p6int is. What was the character of the majority of this one hundred thousand? One Bancroft, Hist, of C-al., VI, • ; Shftler, Hist, of U.S., I, 346. ."^Shaler, Hist, of U.S., I, 340. i ©f« '> t'^t 6, author aayS) *lt is probable that no better oXaas of immi- grants was ever assembled on these western shores^ than that which oonsisted the California pioneers. The very poor were deterred by the distance and the cost of the Journey; the in- dolent and timidi the aged and infirm^ by its hardships* nor for such did the life in the far westy its privations and vloissitudesi present any stronger attraction. From all the nationalities came their chosen manhood • Not the least noticeable features* of this group of new arrivals "were the youthfulness and vigor, the energy, fortitude, and manly self reliance of its members"*'. The majority were "full of latent vivacity; of strong intellect, here quickening under electric air and new environment; high strung^ attenuated^ grave^ shrewd, and practical and with impressive positiveness. Here the query, What has the gold discovery in con- nection with the manufacturing industries of the Coast? may present itself. There is a very important connection* On the one hand, the situation of "forty eight" and the years im- mediately following made manufacturing impossible.* On the -.) .) .) .) .) .) 4 .) -) .) .) 4 4 .) -) 4 4 .) -) -) .) 4 .) -) .) 4 .).).. -^ Shaler, Hist, of U.S.^ I, 346-347. " Ibid. I i Bancroft, Hist, of Gal., VI, 3. 4 This I shall attempt to show in a subseouent oerafrra P ■t ?■ ?• other hand, however i the very phase of the Coast Industries in quostion has its origin here. How? By giving to the Coast, the necessary personal element. This Is the most important factor in the successful building up of all such onterprises/ To this era is due the credit of attracting to this ^ Coast a sufficient number of men, who knew how to adapt thoa- selves to their environment, and who knew also how to iaake that environraont minister to their wants and needs. It drew here those who could manufacture, the American from the Kast and middle west; the ISnglishmon, from a manufacturing ooun- try. These, with the Oej?man, had far more to do with the be- ginning and carrying on of Pacific Coast manufactures than V at first sight appears. We have had pointed out to us recently, the unfavorabie' environment for manufactures in Mexico; and in addition a more Important fact of the unfitness for and the indifferent disposition of the people themselves to manufacturing enter- prises. It is true that the necessary qualifications for mi nufaoturing were possessed by some of the Goi^st's inhabit- ants prior to the great rush for gold, but there was not a Sheldon, Industrial Development of Mexico*, San Fran- cisco Chronicle, December 30, 18U4. suffloient numbor to oarry on oxtonslve undert aiding a. But had the inunlgratlon to the Coast oontinuod at the sane rato of Inorease as previous to the discovery. I am inolioed to thin!< that California, Oregon and Washington would soarooly be worthy of notice, so far as this side of their development is oonoemed. Surely progress under present conditions is slow enough."" Having now given some account of the most important element contributed by the mining era of the Pacific Coast, and which made manufacturing subsequently possible | we come next to note the condition which made m^tnufaoturing tempo- im rarily^possible "At one breath, gold cleared a wilderness and trt^ns* planted thither the politics and institutions of the most ad* vanoed civilization in the world.* Bancroft, Hist, of Cal., VI, 42C. There is an interesting contrast in the manner of Immigration before and after "forty eight". Preceding '43, it was done "quietly with deferential air, they drop in asic- ing hospitality; first as way- worn stragglers, from trapping expeditions, or as deserting sailors from vessels prowling along the coast in quest of trade od secrets. The compact bands of restless, frontirr settlers slip over the border, followed by the firmer tread ofl determined pioneers, who ■ wait for strength and opportunity. Bancroft, Hist, of Cal,, VI, 2. After *43 we get a glimpse by noting the fact that within twelve months more than one thousand vessels entered San Francisco port. Imnigri tion was sudden, lively, rushing. Shaler, Hist, of U.S. I, 346. S l.,oi wi An examination of the prioos of the period will sxif- ficiently indicate the situation. In eighteen hundred and forty nine, and fifty common labor ooinmanded from eight to ten dollars a day. Moohanioal labor, however, demanded muoh more. Could any one afford to engage in manufacturing? This is not all, no . Through the whole period in mind the situation remained the Qime , "There were few articles of general consumption that could not be imported for the merest fraction of what would then be the cost of local production. All that man needed for daily use was imported by sea, from the miner's shovel to tlie ready m^da storehouse of the merchant. In March "forty eight* flour was selling in San Francisco at five dollars per hundred weight; a month or two later, at fifteen dollars, while later still, in some of the ninint; canps it sold for two h\?ndrod dollars and more. In the winter of "forty nine* a pair of blankets or boots in Goloma wore worth from sixty to seventy dollars; on the north forK of the American river, whore were some of the richer placers, five dollars a pound was the usual price of provisions, and at the southern mines a bottle of liquor could not be had for less than twenty dollars. At many points there were no ostablished rates, goods of whatever descriptiof| selling at whatever the conscience of the shopkeeper permit* ted him to oharge.* 10. 1 Fortunate, however, for the Paoiflo Coast this intensi** fled oondition did not long continue • for aeveral years It is true the mines gave agenarous yield to the labors of the gold digger* In "forty nine", forty millions of dollars were obtain- ed; but the maximun yield of sixty five millions of dollars was 2 reached in eighteen hundred and fifty three, y Thenoe began the decline. The great period of inflation was gone and with it went many a valuable cargo of goods, which clearly indicated a "woful lack of business judgment,* TTius departed the great era that initiatdd California into the mys- teries of the Union, and which gave rise to those industries upon which the coast must and has since depended. *The good old days of*forty nine" were gone* never more to return. We turn now to agriculture, the hand maid of manufactur- ing. Necessity gave rise to this great branch of the Coast's industries. Shaler, Hist, of U.S. I, 340. ^ Ibid. 3 « Modem agriculture, as we know It on this coast today was bom of the necessity of those- early years.* - Transactions of Gal. St. Agri. Soc, 1881, p 27. 11. *rhe falling off in the yield of the r.inea compelled men to seek other fields of labor* They must live and many of those who were possessed of sufficient foresight concluded that they could do as well here rs elsewhere. Consequently they turned to the valley » and began to plant and cultivate. The extent to which this has been carried will appear from a few historical statements. In eighteen hundred and fifty three, the year of the greatest annual product of the mines, agriculture was still in "swaddling clothes/ But slowly and stirely agriculture became so large that it had to lay aside its once neces- sary dress and don that belonging to a higher station. Tlius implying that it had grown to sufficient size to be able to satisfy the wants and needs of the Coast population. Grain and stoclcraising were the principal elements of the o»rlior period.*" But later, cultivation of fruits of all varieties assumed an important place. A few figures will g2ve a clearer idea of the growth of agriculture. Take wheat. In eighteen hundred and seventy seven aiid seventy eight, California alone had one million Scientific American, December 26, 1891. ^ Shaler, Mist, of U.S., I, 349. 3 Internal Commerce Report, 1390, p 295. [S td 12. EIGHT HUNDRED THOUSAMd wheat acreage, yielding sixteen mil- lion oentals; in eighteen hundred and ninety and ninety one, three million acres were sown to wheat, producing thirty million cantals. This shows an inorec.se of rr^re than fifty per cent in thirteen years* The price of the same at tide water in eighteen hundred and eight was one dollar and seventy cents; in eighteen hundred and ninety one, it was two dollars two and one-half oents. As to other grains, the barley product was one fourth of the entire supply of the Union. Taking a soujewhat broader view we learn from the cen- sus reports that California, Oregon and Washington had in eighteen hundred and fifty, two thousand and thirty six farms, cultivating one hundred and sixty five tliousand three- hundred and eleven aoros.' In eigl^teen hundred and sixty, twenty five thousand eight hundred and fifty two farms till- 3 ed two million four hundred and forty six thousand acres. In eighteen hundred and seventy, thirty four thousand four hxmdred and thirty eig- t fcinns cultivated seven million Soiontifio American, April 2, 1802, p. 213. 2 Census Report, 1860. 'Agriculture*. Ibid. ^>lS 13. five hiindrod and twenty six thousand four hundred and twenty nine aores. In eighteen hundred and eighty, fifty eight thousand six hundred and eighty farms included twenty two million two hundred and seventeen thousand eight hund- ' ft red and seventy five acres. *^ These figures give us the /A growth of agriculture. A few words by way of summary from the conclusion of this chapter. *The American conquest of California made an industrial revoliition on the Pacific Coast, unpi^ralleled in its oom* pleteness, its suddenness and its vfide* reaching influences. Census Report, 137 0. 'Wealth and Industry. 2 Census Report, 1880. This is the latest report giv- ing figures desired. The following table presents this matter in these figures: Kiunber of Farms. State 1050 13G0 1870 ir.co Sal. Oregon Wash. 872 1164 18,716 5,806 1,330 23,724 7,687 3.127 35,934 16,217 6,52S Totil 2,030 Number of 25,852 34,436 Acres under Gultivtition. 3S,680 St hidden from the new population of the coast. Out of these has ooiae the third groat Induotrj^ of the Paoifio Cotst, namely Manufacturing. X Soientifio Amor loan, Deoomber' 20, 1891. - See Overlf^nd Montlily, Vol. II, p. 230 ff. :?2dT;Ti le. Chapter II. SELECTED IHDUSTi.xi2.o . Having oonwidored in part the conditions that e^ve rise to the m< nuf aoturln^ industries of the Paoifio Coast, wet oome now to examine oeptain of these industriesi which are regarded as representative, and as possesalnc sreat possibilities and importance for the future. 1. \Voolen Industry. 1 One of the eirrliest founded branches of Paoifio Coast industry is the mc^nufaotvire of woolon fabrics, since shoop husbandry forms one eleinent in the basis of this business end which also gave groat encouragement to this line of manu- faoturjn£s» wo may state in a ftw paragraphs the situation of this aspect of our subject. The rearing of sheep and the production of wool has witnessed many fluctuations during the forty five years that have elapsed sinoe the Amerioans began to devote their 1 Croniso, Wealth of Cal., 602. SOfTI 17. attention to It. During the prosperous period of the Missions many shdep wyre raised* But abandonment of the lUssions o<:-532» 66, »650, 63 ,110, 40 ,862, 46 ,903, 46 ,074, 42 ,076, 40 40 ,848, 37 ,415, 36, ,561, 38, ,509, 31, ,564, 32, ,569, 36, ,760, 34, ,854, 33, ,000, 32, ,000, Interna^l Commoroe Report, 1890, p. 333. The i*mQurit !s.nd 1894 were obti^ined froK different iiouroes. / A.J4.,'.L .. ^ 20 largely due to Improved methods of carirs: for sheep. The breaking up of the esi*eat range h* s produced an opposite effect to that anticipated by those who were con- nected with it. The best grades have been introduced, so that the business, to the extent of this phase | has b«en plaoed on a firm bc^sis of prosperity.*" Such is In outline the production of wool in California. In Oregon, however, as it ir today this branch of live stock raising constitutes one of the great staples in product. Still its history is O sir.ilc;r to that of California. IJothing was done of any note The effect of these methods are seen in tlie follow- ing statements. Careful husbandry has supplanted nomadie practices. The annual clip In U.S. has, therefore, increased three fold in last 50 years. In Australia, ten fold. In South America nine fold. In British po'saosaions of South Africa the increase has been five fold. This outside wool haaforoed dovoi the price of the best American wool. Ko tar- iff has or oan stay this cause and effect. From within the influence is exerted hy the clips of nomadie flocks west of 141 as. -Hivcr because the owners of sheep pay little or no rental. Oalifornla has not been able to hold her own against this conpotition and her clip has /gradually fallen froci 36,550,000 poinds in 1376 to 33,000,000 pounds today. (Jan. 26, 1594) At about this amount it has stood for the last seven years. Wool and Ilam.facture, 1GG4, p 6. "^ San I^rancisoo Chronicle, January 1, 18^2. 1360 Oregon produced 200,000 pounds of wool. 1870 • *• 1,500,000 • - «« 1880 More than eight millions pounds were exported. Bancroft, Hist, of Cal. , VII, bi) - 61. International Com- merce Report, p. 621^-33. on until the Americans took hold of the business. V/cshington BeQms to havQ had moro favorable olroiimstanoes under which to begin this phase of her stoci: raising. b« Woolen Mills, In the seotion Just prooedine the condition of the source from which the Paoific Coi^st drav/s its raw neterial in woolen manufacture is stated, wo now turn to the naking of this Into fabrics. The first textile fabrics made in California, or on the coast as to that, wore the coarse rough blankets, at the missions. Those tooK the place of the scanty fibre weft of the unconverted Indians. For nearly fifty years, while the missions wore prosperous under the dominion of Sp«in and the manaQomont of the Franciscan Friars, wool was thus utilized. But on the fall of those institutions this manu- o facturo disappeared.*^ However, the first mill establisled for making woolen fabrics is due to Ilom on enterprise. In Utah, then, P^hoifio Internal Commerce Heport, p y05,. The acoompan- ins tablu shows the amounts of wool produoed. 1007 2,230,415 1888 4,700,314 188'a 4,513,267 ISeO 4,385^,480. 18C3 83 83,326 1375 3^6,567 1880 ^,117,064 1885 6,402,563 1886 5,t38,220 oo Coast nftnufi^oturos take? their be ;inninc. There they had a good supply of skilful ancl steady letborors. Bein^, protected felso by the £;reat oost of exporting wool fend importing oloth- ins over on© thouoand miles of wacon road, tho Mormons built t. mill fct West Jordao in eighteen hundred and fifty three. But for the first ventures in voolen manufacturing in the three states here in r.ind we rrazst ^o tp, Oregon*. The flr^st steps in this direction vfsre taken in eigJiteen hundred and fifty fouri when u carding mt^ohine was erected at Albany ^^ In the early spring of the next year machinery was erected In i-'olk county for 37 inning, weaving, dyeing and dressing woolen cloths. It was not, however, until April, eighteen hundred «nu i iity six that an association was formed at Salem for the purpose of erecting a woolen manufactory. page 21. San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 1, 1BC2, p 5. Bancroft, Hist, of Cal., VII, 83. It is '.vorthy to note, however, that Utah had one es- tablishment in ISGO! with 70 spindles; '3 in 1870, with 1020 spindles; one in ISSO with 432 spindles. The number of looms in 1870 was 11; in 1800, 14. The number of employees in 1360 was 7; in 1670, 16; in 1300, 29. They were as regards sex; Male iM2 im^ imi Males 4 10 10 Females 3 2 8 Youths and - 4 5 Children. Census Report, 1680. 23. This was known as the Willamette Woolon Tiills and was the first mill of any importanoo of the Paoifio Co"st. Othar mills were, from time to time, founded. But many have boon foroed to abandon f\irther operation. The 'iriTillamette liilla bogan oporatlon in 1657 with t'rfo seta ofi woolen maohinory* T"^© prime noveir of this enter- prise was James Watt, William Reotor, superintendent of con- . strjotion, was sent East to puroh^ise the requisite maohiner^.f The company purchased the right of way to bring the water of the Santian iUvor to i>i»lem. This they did by moans of a can- al, which makes th** snot one of the best water powers on the P^^oifio Coast. In the last months of tho year the fi^o- torj' was ready for business tmd the completion was celebrat- ed by the firing of u cannon. <;.75,000 wf.s thus 'invested. For some time the mill returned little or no profit. It was, ho'.fever, i- subject of nuch ridicule on the part of the sur- rounfling oom^nunity and a source of vexation to the stock- holders. But perseverance f^nd skilful management made the enterprise a success in a few years. Then the oompi-ny's stock rose from a heavy discount to 1100 per cent premium. In IGOO tJie capacity of the mills was doubled, but after Sttveral years more of prosperity the mills burned to the ground in May,- 187G. Ilittell, Commerce and Industries, 445. Bancroft, Hist, of Ori^'gon, I; II, 335, 731-732. The- goods mi^^nufac lured were flannels, blankets and oassimeros. Other important mills were established at Oregon City in 18o4; at Brownsville In 1875, still others, but of minor import- ance **t Ashland, and Dayton in 1072. How many mills in Ore- gon today I cannot say. The only report accessible is the IvUh Report of Chamber of Commerce of Portland. This is for 1892 and gives the following. • IBUO 360 ^^80,000 1391 397 3 865,000 1892 31^5 ^880, 000. Chronoloisiocilly, California oomoa next. In ei£^htcen hundred iut soon after it was inctcasad to v^00,000. The ne^' mill began operation in 'June, 1862 with ii sets of cards, 31 looms and 2,800 spind- les. For sonetinc the entire oapacity of tl^e mills was need- ed to supply the den«^nd on the coast. In a few years this mill with the Ilission woolen rJlls drove out of the markut all those goods manufactured else- where,, of the kind they r»ade. The homo demand was good and it was a proaporous day for the mills. In 1681 the mills occupied ^ four story brick building CO feet by 400 ft. They had 30 sets of cards, 130 looms, and 12,000 spindles. The mills manufactured blankets, tweeds, oassimeres, dorskins and other woolen ^oods. 'S, 26 manufaoturc^ after Oro^on and California, Their product in lOOC was oO,000 paira of blanKots, 60,000 yards of bro&doloth, twoodo, oassimeres, 375,000 yards 6f flannel. Tho r.ills oonsumod 1,500,000 pounds of finu wool. In 1067 40,000 pairs of blankets were made, 100,000 yards of brohdoloth, tweeds and oassimeroo. 300,000 yirrds of flannel. Consumed 1,600,000 pounds of wool. But later it is found that the average yearly oonsumption vas about 3,500,000 pounds of wool find 100,000 pounds of cotton. The ne^terial cost about 5600,000 wliile tho value of their product was aoou-t $1,500, 0^0. Coal cost about r^70 a day, vjater .)700 u month. Employ about 800 hands, of whom 500 were white. The history of oaoh wcolen mill is not very different from this, but whether or not the mill is now in operation I oftnnot tell. Cronise, V/oalth of Cal. , 440; Hit tell, I\^o. Coast Ind., 440-441; Baneroft, Hist, of Cal,, VII, 88. The fnliowine t£ible will give the situation in refer- ence to the industry fron lOuO to 1C0O-. Kunbor of e:^tt blishnonts. 3tiit£ 18ii0 16212 i^m iQyo Oregon Cal. JO 6 15 ToV-3. Jl 20 oo Statp Number of employees - am 1820 1880 3,9 ^0 Cal. Oregon GO :5o G50 173 823 216 1,379 412 mt f;iYpn> lokJL a TO _IO£B JL.JPI. ^iUL JJ^iilL.^ JLQ2!1 lano • JMjl Jt< t o Cal. Oroijon 40 ?/: 5C4 31 JLLi, *•?< 108 103 ICC 33 Tot^a] , IlL .25 70v ^S ^V2 149 SlmlML Sl^fitftt X87 P IS^ 3l8 i>9 Cal. Oregon yinOjOOO vl, 735, 000 70,000 380,500 1,^76,500 566,800 40 ,000 2,CSp;5,y50 1,350,585 ? . Totcl .^170,000 2,1C5,500 J83,300 4,346,535. a I 27. The legislature of the Territory passed an aot, Jan- uary eighteen hundred and sixty incorporating the Puget Sound Woolen Manufacturing Company, of Tunwater, but nothing over osirr.e of it except the name. This was suggestive of what ought to be done if no wore. Again, five Jrears later, the Washing- ton Woolen Manufacturing Company of Thurston county was in* oorporated with results as in the other instance. Other at- tempts wer^j made but all equally unsuccessful.-^ ^c^M. M€§i3jL. 1360 ■ ^^70 11 I^VQ Cf-l. Oregon C 33, COO i6,rJoo ^230,200 112,113 ^334,316 00,088 ^331,710 175,313 iQlLL a^-^QpQ. 31IL ^^ ( ^^ f p w Li £(^07,031 >t^<-t^> g,Q3t^ of H£iter4t4r lliiio .1870 .]J3ar). l^M. Cal . Oregon 550,000 37, coo ;} GOB, 141 221,045 il}S?,53Q ,52.000 62n,771 327,252 laiiJc .Q7,,v09 ^0;3V ,78^> vl ,277 ,, 2 4> . wl >l&0^O2?, Statfi. iraIi?j£^fii:.J?i!Oilllcit^. 1^ n IQYP 18^ i^yo Cal. 0150,090 ^;;l,102,751^ 51, 034,863 ^1,4^8,203 :)rGgon B5,000 402,857 541?, 030 014,932 Wft ffh* „, nrir rur __VO^no rrr. T9tf^3, v":^v^,QQP v X >^;^^, CX Q v 2, 2 53 , 88 ^ ■v^',043a?§ Bth Census - Manufiietures. Vth * Ind. i^nd VTciilth, Woolen end Manuf cloture - 13i;4. p. 52-55. B<-ncroft, Hist, of Wash, Idaho, Mont., p. 350 - 351. There is ut least one woolen mill in Waahington today, which employs 75 men. Sjattly Pcst-Intelligonce, Sept. 27, IBDo. 28. 2. Cotton Industry. a) Produotion of Cotton. This industry is soleoted beoar.so It is one that is llkoly to booome a very important one for the Coast, It is olained by one party that the soil is not boooninc exhausted of those olcnjents that produoo good and abundant wheat. By another party it is oontended that exhaustion is talcing plaoe by the oontinuous oropping of the land to whuat, and in or- der to secure tho best restilta in wheat grofins, sor'io altern- ative crop roust be planted. Cotton, it is said, is one of the most important substitutes. Cotton wtjs indicenous to Mexioo, or at Ica^t culti- vated by the Aztecs before the Spanish Conquest. It is still extensively srovni there, but is of tho same kind that it was four centuries ago.^ It is due to the Spaniards, however, that it 'j?as introduced into California, where one of the mis- sion fathers cultivated it to some extent and for a short tir; 3 ftt Paula. But subsequent r)ianters brought their knowledge to Karlier attitude-s on this point are expressed in Transactions of- Cal. Agri^ Society, 167^. Later, in Tobin's Labor Report, p. 24, "increased attention is being ^iven to tris staple in Cal," Gonunercial Herc-ld, Ji^n* 13, 1681, p. 8, Hit tell, Pi^G. Coast Ind. 2G3 - 2G4< ^ Respecting special agriculture products it appears that only cotton raising was attempted without success at San Gabriel in 1808. Bancroft, Hist, of Cal., II, 177. n»'D ltd r,' *^ ■» omoc i to rilJe e t« ai -J 29. 1 bear upon the Industry and proved beyond a doubt th&t ootton oould be suooossfully and profitably produced in California.^ As early as eighteen himdrod and fifty six it was dononst rat- ed by growors th*it oottnn was a thrifty growing plant in this State. In that year the California State Agricultural Society 3 offered prizes for the best ootton produced. During the Civil War when ootton oopsnc^nded a high price tlie State Legislature offered prer.iui.os for the production of cotton i^a follows: For the first one liundred belles , each wei^'hing throe hundred '"^^T-nds, three thousand dollars; for tiie same quantity produc- ed the first, second and third succeeding years, two thousand, 4 one thousand and five hundred respectively. This niove on the part of the state stiioulated and encouraged the £;rowins of cotton, thus oavising a Ir.r^e acroage to be planted in the Bancroft, Mist, of Oal,, VII, 30 • 31. To bin. Labor Report, p. 22. "' Tffie 5rd fair of the Cal. Agri. Soc, was held at San Jose, Oct., 1350. "^rcir^iuns offered for cotton were, *For the best acre of ootton, v75; for the ^^nd best acre of cotton, .^25.* Tri.nsactions of Cal. St. A^ri. Soc, 1072, n. 240. 4 Bancroft, Hist, of Cal., II, 177; Overland Monthly, Vi, o2e - 336; XIII, 13-23. .ii 30. various interior valloys of the state. The first prizo vront to Los Angolos for 10b acres of cotton. The oVnor prizos were divided ftr.onc Fresno, Kern, and Meroed ooimties. In ei^htoen hundred and seventy three, twenty two thousand eight hundred t^nd eighty six pounds of California ootton wore shipped to Liverpool and found ready sale. In eiijhteen hundred and seventy four one hundred and sixty acres alon(5 the Saoramento River bottom yielded thirty six thous- and pounds. Besides this there vure several other tracts plants. Thejy ctstir-u^ated nearly six hundred aoros. The orop from this land proved a success. The acreage in eighte^^n hund- red t^au iii^venty fiVc; ^4*0 still larger. At that tine there v*a3 a lull in enthusiasm for ootton production. There was no ready r^^ rhet for ootton, and storage, inouranoe, cormnission and other incidental expenses ate up the producer's profits* WT-^eat was then oomi^^.andnig a hi^h price cind ready money, thus the farmer naturally turned attention to wheat growing. This was the sitiuitlon until ei£;hteen hundred <^nd eighty nine ^ San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 1, 18S2; Internal Com- merce Report, 18l;0, p. 330. 31. when interest in ootton produotion vas rotrived, and rr.ioh in- terest is at presunt manifeyted in the possibilities of cot- rv ton culture in California, lixoapt the oornnetition with Japan~ thu outlooK is fairly brigl.t . b. Cotton Mttnufaoturo, The first mill for tbo manufaoturo of ootton fa brio s on the Pacific Coast was erected by .-.Il.Keotor «: nd Son ^t Clinton station, East Oakland, California, in eighteen hund- red and sixty five." Kost of the r&w material usedi however, was irqported fron the iiast by ateciners at twenty five ocnts, in gold> a pound. In February, eighteen hundred and sixty seven the nill was cnlapt^ ed c\nd the products diversified. But the proprietors found little or no prof it in. the enterprise, 4 oonaequantly in u'ii^iteen hrvadred and sixty eight a proposl- Tobin, :ic.bor .^^ rt, pp. .j-j-'M. Tried as a c.^^tter of curiosity by American fan.aers in Cal . between Ic'oO and 1370 but not as enoouragino; as mieht be, but it is now on the riso.| Hittell, Pac. Coast Ind-, '"64. San Francisco Call, Jan. 24, 16S6. ^ Organized Aug., loub , Capital, vlt)0,000. Bancroft , Hist, of Ca]., Vil, 88-S9; Tobin, Labor Report, 18. "^ To Jan. 1868 the mill made shirting, sheeting, ftnd drills with a species of wool and ootton tweeds. In the same month of tliat year the capital was increased to §200, 000- with the intention to procure machinery for making; grain bags. The buildings of the Oakland Cotton ^vlanufacturing Company were two story brick, 90 by 48, two wings 20 by 30 each, contained 32. tlon was aooeptyd to convert the mill into a jute manufaotury, whioh has recently h&d to close its doors. For f if ten years no iittQrr»pt was made to revive this im- portant industry in Oalifornia. But in eighteen hundred c.nd oighty three, an entorprisAns Sootohraan, Mr. William Ruther- ford, undertook the vrorfi of starting a ootton mill in the im- mediate vioinity of the one whioh had failed. He knew the busi- ness of ootton manufiioturine thoroughly, having been brought up to it from his early years. Ho also posi;t»ssed capital whioh ho was willing to venture in the enterprise. The success of the California Cotton Tillls is due in the main, to three fao- tors, namely, si:ill, experionco, capital." Tlio mills have been 35 looms, employed 100 men and women. Cronise, ^flTcalth of Cal,, p 151-152, 605. ^ San Franoinoo Call, Deo. 17, 1B95, pl3. ~ Tobin, Labor Report, p 19. The 8 buildings cover 6 acres of ground, £*nd are of brick, one story high. They were pli^nned hi' Mr. Kutherford himself. The mills were set in mo- tion in 1306, t^nd are o^^nned and controlled by a joint stook company having a capital of ^600, 000 of whioh §350,000 is paid up. The number of ootton spindles operated is 4000 and Jute spindles 1,020. All the machinery is of the latest and most improved pattern and cost about y200,000. The i^.ills manufacture cotton »sail, sewing seine, and wrapping twines, carpets, horse blankets, sail cloth and var- ious kinds of rope. In 1889 manufactured 200 tons of small twine. Supply market with its specialties for all states and territories along the coast. Total amount of production for the year ending ^uly 5, . J iO^ 33. a suooess from the first. 3. Iron Industry. a) Iron production. California, Oregon and Washington contain deposits of iron of sufficient qu^sntity to make its mining and prepara- tion for use a very important branch of tho iron business of this Coast. Washington is perhaps the leading state of the Pacific Slope in this respect. Already is Seattle, witli her nine ac- 2 tive foundries called the Pittsburg of the West. As in the woolen and other industries, so in tho smelt- ing of iron * re does Utah receive the credit of having taken the first step. High cost of transportation, tho small value of iron in proportion to its weight, and the straitened cir- cumstances of the Mormons led them to attempt to obtain at home tho needed supply. Numerous furnaces were oi'eoted, but generally without satisfactory results. But v/hen the Union Pacific railroad reached them in eighteen hundred and sixty 188y was sf23C,e5-5.18. Raw material in cotton cost $1^:5,701 .47-. Jute, $2i;,G75.05. Coal and oil, i;16,891.51. VTages, 471^004.02. The production in 188C was iil26,i>0a.25 . Comparing with 1889 we see an inor still the delay in opening and working of them has been a m&ttor of dollars and cents. As long as the consumer of pig iron could obtain it cheaper from abroad than It could be produced at home he did it. But in spite of 1 Tlittell, ~*ao. Coast Industries, p 310. Banoroft, Hist, of Oregon, II , 733-735; Rittell, Pao. Co^ist Ind . 311; Int. Con. 401. ^' ^ittell, Pao. Coast Ind. 311; Int. Com., 401. iiiU n in iZV 35. thie situation the California and Steel Company, was inoorpo- rfctecl in eigl.tean hundred and eighty one. For a few years it worked the iron ore into iron, but the deoline of mining wee a pi.rtiti.1 ot.use of its cessation. The qviestion vHiy the deoline of iron production in Cc/lifornia? suggests itnolf . Althouch Iron ore exists in many of the counties of the State | and sometimes in ox tensive deposits, yut the i*bi;enoe of a suitable ooal for bli«st furni-oo work prevents its being utilized. In eighteen hundred and ninety four only a small qviantity was shipped to San Franoisoo, and so far no rcsoord is made of any 2 worked in the last year. b) Iron Manufacture. The principal prooesses ia use ape the casting and roll- ing of iron; the const jn.iot ion of stamp mills, hoisting works Capital, y2, 675,000' in 26,750 shares. Subscribed and paid up capital, ^1,001,000. Destroyed by fire, but inrncdiate- ly rebuilt. It did not prove a great auocess. It prociuced in 1832, iOOO tons- of iron; 1003, 5000 tons; 1684, 2,200 -tons; 1G35, 1760 tons. For the twenty-five years, ending Deo. 31, 1880 the inports of pig iron at San Francisco amounted to 348,112 tons. Of this, 20,U71 tons were from Furope, 2165 tons from the Atlantic States. See Hit tell, Pao . Coast Ind., pp. 310- 314; Bancroft, Hist, of Gal., VII, U4; Int. Com., 401-402. ^ San Francisco Call, Deo. 25, 1805, p 28. Production of iron ore in 1394 \as 200 tons, valued at ^.1, 500, 000; in *03, 12,000,000. >38aQ0 5G. and pur^ps for mines, of steam engines and boilers for nines, faotories, and steamships; of locomotives for r^iilrorids; of castings for houses, fagrioultiiral and other machinery, and kitchen furniture; the making of wire, wire rope, wire cloth, other wjre wares, saws, edged tools and cutlery. Notwithstanding the higli price of labor, d arnoss of ooal and the fact that until recently most of the naterial vised in the- ^lonuf r.oture of iron iuj been imported, the growth of this branch of industry' hiis been remarkable. Including all its departmifnts th .;s value for ei(j;liteen hundred and QxiZ^ty one wi s near twenty million dollars as against about six millions jr\ eighteen hundred c.nd ticventy one. As no fig- ures for the Coast for* a later period have been obtained, a statement relative to an estimate in San Francisco will suf- flOQ. In Aehteen hundred and ninety four manufacture amounted to about five million dollars . It may be said that the iron working trade has long boon an important and prominent industry of Si^n Francisco. There are several reasons for it, and probably chief among them is the fact thet San Francisco's isolation from the great manu- facturing centres of the country for so mctny years threw the ^ Hittell, Pao. Coast lad., pp 652-C54 i ' 37. people l^.rgely upan their ovrn resources. This same cause may bo asaiened as the motive which occasioned the establishment of many of the extensive mach the Union Iron Works have grown to their present dimensions. In 1365 the name of tho firm changed from Donahue to Prcsoott, Scott and Company. In lo35 business demanded larger quartars and the es- tablishmentwas moved to i^etrero, or what is also sometimes called South San Francisco. Thoy f^re oom'0.oto in their appoint- ment; and are said to be as well, if not better, equipped, as f . ■ + .to noli lo 38. history which shows enl^erpr^.^^ ^^nd sound business judgment on the part of its managers. 4. The Me*nuf cloture of Beet Sueur. One of the most ir.portant industries today id the produotio of sugar beets and the m&nufaoture of sugar therefron. VHie raver the proper conditions exist this is apt tp be Jntroduoed. But howover that may bci it is a fact that the raising of the sugar beet ixnd the extraction of sugar is beconing i% very ir.portint fiotor in California's agricultural prosperity; no less can bo isaid with reference to her msnuf aoturing ph^^se of this industry any iron worics in the United States. These mills manufc.oture miningi milling and metallurgical machinery. The principal mills of tho VJTcst are b\-.ilt huro. They have also done consider- able for the United States government. They built the Charles- ton, ori'iser; San Francisco, cruiser; Monterey, coast defense Vdssel; Olympia, cruiser; and the Oregon, line of battle ship, which is now in the course of oonstn^otion. Tliey have at present .-.bout 1500 men **t work; when run- ning at full capacity they or.iploy 2500. Int. Con., 400-401; San Francisco Journal of Commerce, Oct, 31, 1395, p 5; Manu- fao. and Producers 'Monthly . Kov., 181)5, pp lC-17. Another largo concern is the Pacific Rolling Mills, es- tablished in San Francisco in 13C5 with a ca.^ita] of ^I-^00-,*^00 In 1G90 their capital stocl: was doubled for the purpose of en- larging the mills. This laill likewise shows enterprise dn mana- gement. I'ade the first steel rails used on S.F. streets. Many other mills might be montic^ned, sone of Hiarger operation but of a Gpccial corporation, as Central Pacific R.n. shops at Sacra- mento . ^ San Francesco C:all, fs^:^TM 12, 13<;(3. 00 to 40. This is an ©xoollent illiistr^.tion of inutual relations between agrloultural and F.^nuf acturing interests. ITie existence of one mesun^ ; the development of the other. Take away one and both are destroyed. Before ticking up this industry on the Paoifio Slope it will add to our interest if we give attention to a few oompare- tive statoments. The Report of the United States Treasury Dep- arrnont for the fiscal year ending Jiine thirty, eighteen hund* red cmd eif^hty nine gives the duticible sugar imy^ort of this country to be more than two and one half billion pounds, which was valued at m.^re than suventy eii^iit and a half million dol- Ir-rs. Adding to these sums tvo million more pounds wiiioh fire duty free, and which are valued at more tiian ten million dol- we lars^get a grand total of nearly thre^j billion pounds which hid a value of about ninety million dollars . The amount of home production '^aa two hundred and fifty four thousand five hundred r.nd ei^ht tons. Of this amount the southern states furnished two hundred and twenty four thousand five hundred < nd ei,^ht tons. The romainin^ thir ty thousand was composed of sugar mndt= from beets, sorghum, and maple, grown ^ 2,700,547,<5G7 lbs. dutiable sugar. ;73,5'J6,779.06 value " 228,540,513 lbs. fi'oe from duty. |10,2C0,04.'3 value of free of duty sugar. ;ip93, 079,325 value of whole import. Tobin, Labor Report, p 46 . 41. in the western states. The part that tho Pfcoifio Co&st had in this production was played by her two sugar refineries, Tliey supplied tho whole Coast witl) their output -' ht\d oonsiderfc^ble export tri.de. Pass now to the consideration of the beet sugar question. Richard Gird says that "wo are filled wit <. ic^zement when wo oonsider" that at the beginning the criginial plant was gro^yn only for food and carried not moro than five or six per oent of sugar, out by careful selection and cultivation for a period of years, less than one hundredj^ tho au^' r content has increased to four- teen and fifteen per oent, or more than double; that the chemist and mcohanioal engineer he ve during the saino time discovered methods and plans whereby tho viaoid, sticky, bad tasting and bad smelling juices are extracted froni the root, and by one continuous process, partly ohemioal and partly neohanical, can within twenty four hours, and without touching the beets with the hand, change them into the puront and whitest of sugar; that at the rate of ci^^t hundred to one tliousand tons per day, The value of their total product in 1 60 was ^3, COO, 000; In 1870, $4,000,000; in ii>00, ^7,000,000; in 1S94, $18,000,' 000. From this wq get a gi.in of loo;: between loo0-1870; 75;^ be- tween 1370-1330; 300;;^ between lOGO-1330; ISO/'^ between 1330-1304. This due to the development of the Hawaiian plantations. Hit- tell, Pao. Coast Ind., 346-347; San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 30, 1394 . dl 42, the beets are r.anuf ftcturcd into one hundred tons or nora of sugt^r; i*nd that by the Joint efforts of the tiller of the soil, the chemist in his laboratory, the meohcinio in his shop, this npt-lon^;- since plebian root has become the source from vrhioh three fifths of the world's supply of sug?r is produced. Fron another writer ^c Qet a few more facts regarding the history of this root. He Scys thtt "it is difrioult to trace the c»xao^ origin of thl(5^ plant, ^hich has become of so much in- terest and value in Iilurope, imd a 3 not of national, but i0.so of continental iF.i^ortc.noe to • ' ^'Oople of tho othjr side c^ ^J*f , Atlantic.* Its antiquity finds evidence in tjje fact that Theo- phrastus*' describes two varieties; tlie deep rod fncl the white beet. Olivett de Sorres mentions in fifteen hundred and ninety nine only tie red beet and says t.hct it i boet does not seem to pres- ent itself until seventeen hundred and forty seven. At that San Franoiaco Call, Dec. 25, 1805. ~ A Grcel: scholar. Lived about 372 B.C. 'O/I ' ■ ■:i 43. time Margraff , a momber of the Berlin Academy of Soienoes, and believing that sugar was c. reguli-r oonstituant of plants other than sugar cane, nade an examinrtion of different varieties of vegetables and succeeded in sepi. rating from several kinds, varj^- ing quantities of ori'stallized su^ar. He annoinood the results in a paper before the academy. Me pronounced the beet the rich- est in suc^-f ^nd believed that Europe would find it the bi*sis of a groat industry, and urged the Aoadcmy to consider the im- portance of the discovery and ^ped to see steps taj-en leading to practical, results. But death came too soon. However, Karl Franz Aohard, his deoiple, ^fas the first to extract sugar from the beet on a li.rge scale. But the announcement of his results fell on cold ears and nothing was done in a practical vay for lon^; tiBie tc come. Interesting as is the history of this root, we must leav it here in order to r^ivo attention to 3 >ma facts of its manu- facture in France, uermany, Austria Hungary and tlie United States. Under pressure of national emergency Napoleon III re- solved to make Fri^noe independent of sugar yu.-^^^ly from foreign countries. This opened the ^^ay for the manufacture of sugar from beets in .... . itry. His measures of encouragem.cnt were IT, 44. to exempt from taxation for four years the prodviot of every man who made a ton of :>ugar in Franco; also proraised an exten- sion of license to those who disoovered improved methods. Ho further, established four imperial sugar factories with a cap- acity to produce two hundred tons per annum. In eighteen hund- red and thirty seven, forty nine thousand tons were produced, end in eigliteen hundred and eighty nine the a?;iount put out was ijoven hundred thousand tons. The ten year periods from the be- ginning show amounts varying between the two above given. The total value of the beet sugar product in France for eacji of the tliree years eighteen hundred and seventy three, seventy four, and seventy five was over fifty four million dol- lars. This reciiiired more than sixty thousand persons exclusive of those employed in the field. In Germany a liberal policy was likewise pursued. And thC' latest figures consulted showed Germany's production in eighty nine to be one million two hundred and twenty thousand tons of beet sugar. 1 Tobin, Labor Report, p 47. The following table shows the arr.ounts produced in France from 1637 to 1687 and 1689 in ten year periods. In 1637. 41^,000 tons In 1677 243,000 tons " 1647 C4,000 " " 1887 465,000 " 1057 151,000 " " 186U 700,000 * " 16C7 224,7000 " vj--. : M^- » I, l\ unoj hai^Hrc ,s ■ ^^ mils 03 Tc 45. Austria also he*d a liberal polioy in this matter and produoed in eighteen hundi'wd «nd oi(;iity nine seven ivindred nn^ thirty thousnnd tons. Russia in the same year produoed four hundred and eighty thousand tons. Eslijium one hundred and ninety five thousand tons. In the United States there .^'as in eighteen Imndred and eighty Gcvon, a produotion oT two hundred tons of i>-t',ar from beets; in eighty eight, ei^^hteen hundred tons; in eighty nine about thro' ti,ou3and; in liinoty, about twelve th.H'.sand tons;*" . . ' 3 in ninvty two more than thirteen tliousand tons. ^ The fo'llo'^ing table shows produotion of Germany, Aus- tria and Russia. In 1877 Gorniany 00 tens 1388 2,704,457 ** 188U 3,445,000 " Tobin, Labor i^viport, p 48. *" Tobin, Labor Report, p 46. *^ Report of Sec. of A^ri . of U.S. 1302, p 4G8. 46. California produooa more beet sugar than any other state in the Union. The manufacture of this kind of sugar oomnonoed twenty five years ago vhon a faotorj^ was established at Alva- rado with a o&paoity of three hundred tons daily. Subsequently other faotorios were founded, but have not maintained them- selves any length of time. There are two exceptions. Sinoe eighteen hundred and eighty r>evon a new ctart seems to have been taken. Then the Paoifio Coast Sugar Company was organized; soon after.fard the Western Beet Sugar Company. There are now throe large beet sugar refineries in the ;?tate; <: t Alvarado, Watson- ville and Chlno, all are in full operation and turn out largo quantities of sugar each year."*- Here is a table which shows oomparatively the produce of each of the California fact:)rio3; that of the Nebraska fao- torios and of Utah as w^ll. Utah Sugar Co. (Deo.lC, 16i;2) 1,473,500 lbs. Alameda I Cal) Sugar Go. (Deo. 8, 16^2) 2,606,860 " Western Beet Sugar Co. (Ja.n.JV, iai'3) 11,3£0,1,'21 * Chino Valley Beet Sugar Co.- (Oct ,£8, 92) 7,ii03,541 " Oxnard (Keb.) Beet Si^gar Co. (Kov .li;,'j2) 2,110,110 " Norfciic " *• (Kov.t. But frr»r. the. ti*n^ vrhen the first pioneers left the rocker, tho sluice box and the pan, for the lev, tho })r.rrow and the r^'; -- ,lown to thu pre:ient r.oment, the reduction of wheat has boon one of the most prominent and fav Qv- 7 iirsults of the Gal if omit. a>jTioulti;rist .*" Keeping this fact in mind then, 'o fovr historical para- ,t:rap:-!s vfil"! be of intoroLJt. nndo^ibtedly the cultivation of beat has the honor of being the oldest a^jricultural industry on the Goa^t. It nay bj assuned that this oviltjvation is a lit- tle more than a hr ndrod years old. It dates back to that pio- neer wheat field planted on the shores of the San Diego Bay by the hardy hond of the explorers, who first set up there the cross of the church and the Spanish standard. It was the policy of these Franciscan fathers to make the Missions S3lf-support- San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 30, 10^^/5 Int. Com. p 535. 41/. 1 in£. Tlonoe we find that in ovury mission from San Diego up, wheat wt;i> sown cu> .< food iivij-ply, Kore '.ve soo th^^ oxtension of the industry alonis the sane lines as the oxtension of civili- zcition through tho influence of thti foi-ndors of tho nissions.*" Fron the first Calif ornian vfhoat f iold situatod on tho sunny shcr^.i of tho southern Iiarbor down through the years to the present tine have oonc reports of x'er.arkablo harvests gar- nered. ' ... 'Oriod bet'joei. ^^..^..tjcn hundred and eleven, and eifjihteen iiundred and txonty the average yield of wheat > .ixt^ seven thousand three hundred « nd eighty bushels for the miss- ions i.lone. But Just previous to this the export trade sprang into existence. And '^fhi^n Hoxico beocj^.e independent of Spc.jn tho production of v/heat declined. At tho same time the export trr.de waa confined to the Hudson Bc,y Co!npany's posts, to the Russian possessions and tc Honolulu . During this time Oregon was talcing her first stops to'tard wheat production. In eighteen hundred and fifty four California produced t^^o million bushels of wheat'and four years later she entered the list as a large ex- porter of breadstuff s. Bet-/aen the years eigliteen hr^ndred and sixty and eigliteen hv^ndrad i«n-i seventy the production of wheat ■1 Manufacturers* and Producers' Monthly, Nov. 18C5, p 5. 2 San Francisco Clirnnicle, Dec. 30, 1G04. 50 bog^n to move to the interior valleys where it was found that the wheat was brighter, drier and was less oxpocod to injury during; transportation. Thu next ten years was a prosperous per- iod and with the extension of railroads went the increase in wheat fiorea{;e. But during the ten follo'^ing years not only was the maximum, but also the ninimum y4eTd reached. This was due, says Horaoe Davis to heavy rainfall in the one oaso and light rainfall in the other. The first attempt c«t flour making was in seventeen hund- red and eighty two <.t the Missions. Tiiere were no flour mills but wheat was ground in the most primitive faslUon. In seven- teen hurtdred und eighty six Lc Perouse gave the Camel Mission to IBvO . laea 136C 1B70 1871 1B72 1373 1874 1375 1B76 1377 187B 187C 1880 1331 1882 18B3 1B64 The following t< Lie given yield and acreage from. 1308 ll ^050, ,000 1 0'' \^ ,i;oi 746, »052 1 ,523, ,3C3 o -^1 ,198, ,360 o ► 51-2, ,3'Ji^ 2, ,150, ,000 o ,163, ,636 n ,307, ,6y2 ft ,:^15, ,780 2 ^470, ,000 2 ,500, ,00r. o ,117, ,:"so n ,3G7, ,200 o .767 ,000 r\ ,794 ,000 3 ,360, ,0r»0 bpsht )V^ 21,000, ,000 20,000, ,000 14,175, ,000 10,757, ,000 25,600, ,000 21,504, ,000 28,380, ,000 23,300, >000 30,^^00, ,o^.n 22,000, ,n,:o 41,i;90, ,000 35,000, ,000 33,377, ,000 31,406, ,000 36,046, ,000 36,322, ,000 44,320, ,000 :j 51. a handmill, wliioh r^erformed the vrnrl' of four women in the old way. In seventeen hundred and ninotj^ «ix & flour mill was erect- ed «t Sant£i Cruz which was followed by two or throe nore later on. Those nills were run by water power and operated c. single pair of stones. By eichteon hundred ind forty eight the picnoor st&te (Oregon) in the manufuoture cf flour had nine mills which wore noVe in accordance ^ith our Idea of a flouring, mill. One of tiie e<4rlioGt e sterol iGl^irx-nts in California v/os the Golden Oiite Mill, biiilt in eif^htoon hundred and fifty two. The If^rg- est mill" in the state is at Vallejo. There are, however, about 18G5 2,^22,400 20,592,000 1336 3,104,040 36,105,000 1387 2, VCr, 235 :'.0,42G,000 1038 2,351,300 28,451,000 ICCO 3,291,820 43,781,000 1890 2,420,730 29,121,000 Int. Con:., p 304. This mill w-as est&blibi •^».i. by Couro and Co. It had a oap&oity of 300 bbls. a day. In loCO it passed into the poss- ession of Horace Davis, who still owns it. The mill no\f has a oapacity of 1000 bbls. a day. Int. Cor:, p 403. 2 SDiis mill started with a oc-paoity of 150 bbls. a day. in 1864 inoreaacd to 650. In 1874 anadditional mill was built, with 800 bbl. capacity. In 138^ the mills were enlarged and in- troduced the French roller process; these two mills oonbined have a capacity of 2200 bbls. per day. Later the business was inoorporatyd and now with a new mill in Contra Costa Co. of more than 4200 bbls. a day. Tlio followinti are the lanjest ;'-il3s in the State. \UiXr.c qX ;;ill Location P^-4].y yapag^ty Starr Mill Port Costa 2000 bbls. Starr 'A* Valleio 1400 52. fifty first olasa nilla in California with a tot?*! capacity of about twenty thousand barrels ti d than t'^o r.illion barrels. But thi: by no means represents the highest ever reached which was nore than five nillion barrels in the crop year of eighteen hund- red and ninety and ninety one. This was due to ^reat demands for Coast flour. Stockton City Gtookton 1201? bbls. Crown Stockton 1000 " Golden Gate San Francisco 1000 " The* other mills range from GOO bbls to 150 bbls. daily oapaoi Int. Con. p 40'J; Walts, Labor Report, p 16-17. 1 This tabic represents receipts of f 1 n^r at Sir: Frc,n- oisoo by orop years. ty 18G5 - 1357 - 1659 - Ibbl - 13C3 - 13C5 - 13C7 - 5G 170, 5U1 bbls. ja 127,312 uO 370,870 62 46o,07a CA 31;7,lo2 Co 607,374 oa 824, 6U6 1856 laso 1300 loG2 inC4 18C6 1863 57 Si) CI 63 C5 C7 01 131,350 bbls. 226,614 491,237 Siy'JpoOO 24t;,6C3 l,201,5a5 331,i:-20 .3. 18C9 - 70 664,453 bblo lavi - 72 63G,ti?a 1873 - ' *74 5C5,730 tt 1875 - i\, 473,503 w 1377 - '78 37^,450 li 107^^ - ' -vn 2,712,U92 M 1881 - 'e2 3,227,242 « 1833 - ' r.4 5,091,272 «» iao5 - •r>c 4,031,154 • - •■ 'V^-' 732,052 If lar/j - 'to l,4C3,lC-4 N IBi^l - '02 1,415,902 It lac:. - 'J4 1,055,824 n 107^ - ' 71 433, ,053 bbls 1872 - ' 73 iil5j >ceo a 1B74 - ' 75 44;"- ,411; ti 1::>7G - 77 515 ^014 • 1B7C - ' 70 2,51/0. >B08 If 1830 - 81 2,716, i445 H 18C2 - 6r 4,028 ,8;0G If 10^4 - 5,215 »502 It lar-G " '87 4,4o:; , 302 ft 1D8.^ - ' 81 1,190 »021 It lol;0 - ' 'il 5,703 ,57B w 18U2 - '93 1 ,280 ,324 H So.n Francisco Chroniolu, Dec. '•.o I3i;4. -ii Cluster III. Factors in the Pacific Coast's Manuff^oti^rinc Developmont. It is intended in this chapter to tivc^ ^n account of some of tho nost inportant fi-otora, that hJ.ve entered into the dovclov'r.ont of the ni.^nia'c.vttui'ir ^Ji lu^iu^>\,: ±^^ of ihc i-aoii'ic Oohat. For this purpose the industj'iea of California will from ti;j.. L-*ij^iiy beo^.uwu information of c vory rclitible character has not yet cone in from other sections of the Coact. That the Pacific Coast has fron l ^oo{;;rapliic<-l position groat facilities for manufacturing; is an obvious fact. It poss- osser> un imrenr.e water power that is not utilized at all. V7>iat oan and will bo done with this power is hard to definitely determine, other factors, ho.fovor, that have a closer connec- tion for our nurposQ are (l) Enterprise, ('-) Labor, (3) Fuel, (4) Wages, (G) Interest, (6) Inaurc^nca, (7) Taxes, ( •) The rail- road, (l) Enter /rise. It h«4S been and is a frequent charge today that the oapitalista of the Pacific Coast are void of enterprise. That they wraild not venture their capital in certain kinds of under- 55. takin(js, lu UUs charge tnu? Probably not. It \vas this groat enterprising; spirit that started and still keeps up tho mt-nu» faoturos of thu Coast. Tlio fact that tho re arf) too small a mir.^ bor of faotories, that there Is a doclino in woolen mills, aa of otii€ ufacturirig industries is not due tc lack of antor- priso on t}ie part of man with money. But high wagesi the inde- pendont i^pirit c.rni c-ondition of rianyi J5f the poor people, ti.xos, high pricse for fuol t^nd the neooosity of importing supplies or manj' l.ind6, 1) hc^va disorii unc^tec ciQ^ainst mt-nufac taring in- du&trieb oi' oi.r coast, /.. . iA.ltjr of fuct mi.ny Calif oriiia faotories have bcon unprofitable; this is espeolaily true as to the earlier ven- turou i-. V. i'l ^v^ ut^u-nehOij of industry. Many of then '.fore pro- ma ture an! \ * ye< r» ocjmi b?^-'^'- D/ Another factor is wages, the Paoifio Coast pays higher « wages in general than any other saotion of the Union. Calif- ornia, however, pays the highest wages to the employeasofof the woolen mahufaoture. She following comparison shows the wages of Adult Mfle, Adult Female and Youth in the different states «f the Union. Uaine $1.42 |0.&6 Kew Hampshire 1.61 1.15 Vermont 1.31 1.11 isass. 1.35 1'.03 Ct. 1.46 '•96 H.Y'. 1.38 .94 H.J.' 1.21 .83 Penn. 1'.65 1.10 Del, 1.63 1.27 Md. 1.47 .93 R.C. 1.07 .70 Ky.- 1'.69 .79 Ind, 1.42 .97 111. 1.65 .80 la. ^^ 1.81 .. Cal. 2.45 »m. §0.71 .59 ,69 .54 .61 .50 .70 .61 .50 .43 .60 ••62 ••52 .67 .75 In the ootton mills the wages of men run from $1.65 to $3.50 a day; of women, fror. $1.00 to |l.80; of boys and girls, • > < > from .50 to |l«00. The hours oonstitutlng a day's work are ten. That whioh the ootton industry has to oontend with is long hours and low wages in southern states* In Korth Carolina the wages are the lowest. There formen reoeive from |l.25 to $2 per day; weavers, from il.50 to $2.25. lyton get from .50 to fl e^dw J^>^^1 £8. woment from .40 to .60 a day. The aamo contrast is seen in i-l- Kost every industry. In some oaaes it dood not work &a a hind* r«&noe, for the high wagos attraot the bast ffiechanioa or work- iBon. (4) Interest. The manufaoturors are plaoed at a decided disadvantage in their effort to oompete with those of the states east of the Hooky mountains .He re in many industries the owners have to oar* ry large amounts of stock all the time, but isuat sell on thr©# or four month's oredit. Raw material must be paid for on de- livery, and the hands must bo paid weekly or monthly. Honoe larger amounta of money muat be kept on hand to keep the siill in operation, and to do this money mt-st be borrowed. In the East the manufaeturer ean obtain money from four to fiver par oent interest, payable semi-annually; here ha must pay from seven to eight per oent interest payable monthly. Fuel : (5) Fuel is about three tines higher here than in the East. There coal is obtained for less than three dollars a ton. While on this coast with one or two exoeptions, coal coats from seven and one half to eight and one halfi dollars* The extent, however, of the development of the oil lo *1 i;tAiie 5&. wells ^^ aufflolent nov to have sorae influenoe. PetroletMn has been found to be an »dnlrfable svbstltiite for oofel and is fur- nished at a muoh less cost, tliis Is a nevf factor and only thei" future will develop its importnnoe in mftnufaoturine industries af the Paoifio Coast. Another very important aspeot of the fuel question is the transmission of propelling foroe in the form of eleotrioity. This is deatine^^ to revoluti rsnizo the manufao- turlng industries. Already are r.any of Sacramento's establish- ments runninfl tholr machinery by power Generated by the water away. force fourteen milos^^ Other placos are putting in plants to utilize their waste power. (6) Taxes. Many states in the Union exempt manufactures from tax- ation. Those industries that need enoouraeiemBt^j in m^ny places have to bear no tax until sufficiently woll established to do I but California taxes everything about a factory that oan be taxed at all. Many instances might be cited but one will suffice 9 in eighteen hundred and eighty nine the Pioneer Wool- en Mills had to pay seven thousand dollars in taxes. Does this encourage and rovive a declining industry? Certainly not. mi 8 <--; <^W rtt 60. (7) Railroads. Finally, we com© to the railroad. Before the ooming of the railroad the Paoiflo Coast manufaoturer were protected from the oowpetition of the Sastem manufacturer. Those things nade at home found a home aerket so long as there was any de- mand at all. But Itis impossible to estimate just what and how much influenoe the factor has had in the coast's nanufaeturlng development. For when it oamo in and began to grow it opened up the great area lying to the east of the Sierras to the Caii> fomia and Oregon manufacturer. But at the same t >me it Placed a cheek upon production here ainee oonanoditiea fron this quar* ter net those from the east in the new area. This factor con«* i stitutes an element of many sides and they all ean only be show / by the study of the development of the Pacific railroads on the Coast. ^SjjL 3< 00-^ r^n amsXo rr i as.i'jiii ii, BIBLIdGRAPTfY, Allan y A. a. Water Powers of Vestem States. Engineering Mag- azine, April, 1895. Alta California Almanac, 1877-78. Bancroft, H.H. History of Oalifomia, 7 vols. San Francisco, 1890. Bancroft, H.H. History of Oregon. 2 vols, San Francisco, 1886. Bancroft, H.H. Hlatorj' of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. San Francisco, 1890 Beard, Jno. In Chit Chat Club of San Francisco, 1880, Bowles, Samuel. Our New West. Kew York, 1869. Census Reports for 1660, 1870, 1800, and 1890. Cronise, T.F. The Natural Wealth of California. San Francisco, 1868. Culaer, H.L.A. The Besouroes and Attractions of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1894. Bwinell, Rev. J.E. The Higher Reaches of the Great Continen- tal Railway. A Highway for our God. A sermon; Sacra- mento, May 9, 1869. Eddy, J.M. In »>mbolt Co. Chamber of Ooimnerce, S.F., 1893. i9 ^S •»© ^t0^iiT.' T , 4\S^ I f: I '^.i -.rY^A? i ^, ;*-. ? !A ... jlCOmlf/O ' I 1 . r : ■ ■ 'I • to "tddmia/iO .oO ^locfniJ-H nl .M.L ^\ 62.- Evolution of Shipping and Ship building. Overland Monthly , Feb. and Maroh, 1&Q5. History of Napa and Lake Counties, California. Sen Frfanoisco, 1881. History of Saoramanto County ^ California. Oakland, 1680 History of Santa Clara County, California. San Franoi«oo, 1881. History of Sutter County, California, Oakland, 1879. Hlttell, J.S. The Coimnoroe f»nd Industry of the Paoifio Coast. San Franoisoo, 1882. Hittell, J.S. the Resouroes of California. San Franoisoo, 1869. Industry. A Magazine. San Franoisoo. Journal of 31eetrioity. San Franoisoo, September, 1895. Journal of the Proceedings of the Calif omii% Stt^te Grange, 13&C Long Distance Power Transmission by Iileotrioity at Portlttnd, Oregon. ^Engineering News, Oot. 10, 1805. * Uanufaoturers' and Produoars* Monthly, Hov. and Deo., 1395. Meyriok, H. Santa Cruz and Monterey. San Franoisoo, 1880. Xi rrr*Tri'*M ■r f J V* .63- North, S.D. Wool Uanufaotures of the United States. Monograph in llth Census. Pamona Board of Trade » Oot.| 1891. Powell » J.J. The Golden State and Its Resoureea. San Franoisoo^ 1074. Report, Internal Cowneroe of United States, 1884, 1885, 1090. Report, San Franoisoo Ohajnter of Commeroe, 1882. Report, Eighteenth Annual of Portland, Oregon, Chamber of Commerce, Portland, 1692. Salt Laice City Tribune, Jixne 1, lOQl. San Franoisoo Call, Deoombor 25, 1895. The Call in general for the past six months. San Franolsoo Chronicle, Jan. 1, 1892; Dec. 30, 18S4; June 1, 1892. San Franoisoo Journal of Onmrieroe, Sept. 22, 1892. Oot 51, 1895 San Francisco and its Resources. San Francisco, 1394. Santa Clara Clunty, California, and its Resources, San Jose, 1895. Sacramento County i nd its Ha sources. Saoramento, 1394. Soientifie American, June - Deo. 1891; April, 1892. Supple- ment. Kov. 9, 1895. i^:.. : ' ^O^mtUi^A iQO'fi ,(1.8 < Uw ~^/ IX /Ji vjwnaocr 64'; , Seattle Post Intelliienod^ Sept« 27« IdQS. Sootti JDrvine M. In Chit Chet Club, Sen Franoisoo, Kov.l4| 1881 ShaldFf H.S. The United States of Amerloa. 2 voldi. Hew York, 1894. Smalleyi S.V, In Century Magazine i 1883. The West Trade. Taooma, 1396. The State Rocister and Year Book of Faots. San Franoiaoo, 1857, 1859. Tinkham, O.H. A History of Stockton. San Frf^noisoo, 1330 Thompson, S, A. Possibilities of the Great Korthwest. Review of Reviews, Kov., 1693. Tobin, J.«J. In Bureau of Labor Statistics of California, 1869 - 90. Two Yoars of Progress, lS94-'95. Ijos Angeles, 1895. Transaotions of California Agrioultural Society. Utah: Abet^unt of agrioultural Stookraising and Mineral Re- sources , St. Louis, 1094 • Walker, D.H. Pioneers of Prosperity. San Francisco, 1395. Walts, O.W. In Bureau of Labor Statistics of California, 1891 - '92. .!*/*» 1 .L -in^u^i 131 i '. yn. >'i 'i. i ; ■:5<.;, .aoyi; 65. These referenooa by no means exliauat the Xist| but they are sitff loient to show the oharaoter of the material that rm»t be used in a work of this kind. Some of these have the ring of the r*eal estate off ioe; some oonstitute excellent material from original souroos; and somt^ ^'^ of secondary value i beoause second hand. Besides these i personal talks with those actively engaged in the various industries huve thrown some light upon the subject. A special note in the case of one reference in foot-note is needed. Mr. K.l>. Sheldon gf^ve a report of his thesis in the Scononio Seminary in Maroh| 1806 and can not be seen as yet in print. No .section of the Union has a greater variety of topics for historical and eoononic students than the Pacific Co^ st. Many valuable phases are yet practically unknown. One of these phases Is stated by the subject of this paper, but as yet no adequate treatment has been made. Tho material is apparently abund£.nt and with patient and careful toil it may be put into an accessible fonn, A reliable and tinsistworthy account of Pa- cific Coast Manufactures is demanded. But whore is the nan to do the work? Is he forth coming? It is hoped that he is. i »3i^ idtet«»^ •d^ ev«if »a »d «i on *rr .1) AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS I WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN I THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY I WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH a DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE, NOV 14 iS46 Ui.4vl5J953Ly 29Sep'64SW tt; JAN 23 '65 -10 AM 3Uur65CH Jtfl-99'65-4PM TO P^ ' 1 LD 21-100OT-12, '43 (8796s) yF. 15680 IW303491 H1)972? THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 'i>J> 3) f<«^ ^c ^Xf l^m ^^^^^^M^ rc<: (^t.^ ^rc^-- (y,.,, 1^: ^9p,c::