J f -'" J- ■ J. y ^_.-^ i THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID University of California • Berkeley ^^' ^ \ ^v. ^ '1W rj f^ / x/ /y^ o %? ./ //. / 4/ ./ar . /,v uy f //, r/,^^ f ■ ' ^^ ,M z^c.:^ / :■ '^ / ,.^ ^, /^ \ THE EDINBURGH NEW DISPENSATORYs CONTAINING I. THE ELEMENTS OF PHARMA- CEUTICAL CHEMISTRY. JI. THE MATERIA MEDICA; OR, THE NATURAL, PHARMACEU- TICAL AND MEDICAL HISTORY OF THE DIFFERENT SUBSTAN- CES EMPLOYED, IN MEDICINE. III. THE PHARMACEUTICAL PRE- PARATIONS AND COMPOSr- TIONS. INCLUDING Complete and Accurate Translations of the Octavo Edition of the Lon- don Pharmacopoeia, published in 1791 i Dublin Pharmacopoeia, pub- lished in 1794; and of the New Edition of tlie Edinburgh Pharraa- copoeia, published in 1803. Illustrated and explained in the Language, and according to the Principles^ of Modern Chemistry. WITH MANT NEW AND USEFUL TABLES, And feveral Copperplates, explaining the new Syflem of Chemical Charujfters, and reprefenting the mofl ufeful Pharmaceutical Apparatus. % ANDREW DUNCJM, Jun, M,D, FELLOW OP THE ROTAL COLLEGE OF PUTSICIAN5 AND ROYAL SOCIETT OF * EDINBURGH, AND ASSOCIATE OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Second edition, enlarged and much improved. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR BELL & BRADFUTE. SOtD BY GUTHRIE & TAIT, AND W. BLACKWOOD, EDINBURGH J G. & J. ROBINSON, AND J. MURRAY, LONDON J AND GILBERT & HODGES, DUBLIN. 6tttettii in &tuiimtt» CpaH, Edinburgh: Printed by Mundell and Son. TO AT^DREW DUNCAN, M. D. PROFESSOR OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF MEDICINfi IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, THIS WORK IS JVIOST DUTIFULLY AND AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED? BY HIS SON. n^^zo? PREFACE. 'r^R. LEWIS publifhed the firft edition of his New Bifpenfa^ ^^ tory in 1753. The principal part of the work was a Commentary upon the London and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias, of both of which it contained a complete and accurate tranflation. A concife fyftem of the Theory and Pradice of Pharmacy was prefixed, as an introdu£lion ; and directions for extemporaneous prefcription, with many elegant examples, and a colle£lion of efficacious but cheap remedies, for the ufe of the poor, were added as an Appendix. The manner in which the whole was executed, placed Dr.LEWi$ at the head of the reformers of Chemical Pharmacy ; for he con- tributed more than any of his predeceflbrs to improve that fcience, both by the judicious criticifm with which he combated the erro- neous opinions prevalent in his time, and by the adtual and im- portant additions he made to that branch of oiir knowledge. He was juftly rewarded by the decided approbation of the public. During the Author's lifetime many editions were publiflied, each fucceeding one receiving the improvements which the advancement of the fciences connected with Pharmacy fuggefled. After the death of Dr. Lewis ; Dr. Webster, Dr. Duncan, and Dr. Rotheram, fucceffively contributed to maintain the reputation of the work, by taking advantage of the difcoveries made in Natural Hiftory and Chemiftry, and by making thofe alterations which new editions of the Pharmacopoeias, on which it was founded, rendered neceflary. From the place of their publica- tion, and to diftinguifti them from the original work of Dr. Lewis, which was ftill reprinted without alteration in London, thefe im- proved editions were entitled, The EdinburgiI New Difpenfatory, When the Edinburgh College fome time ago determined to publifh a new edition of their Pharmacopoeia, the bookfellers who purchafed the copy-right of that work being defirous that it fhould be accompanied by a correfponding edition of the Edinburgh New Difpenfatory, applied to the prefent Editor to make the neceflary alterations^ This he readily undertook, and vi PREFACE. the number of the alterations made will fliew, that if he has net fulfilled what was expe£lcd from him, it has been owing to want of ability, and not to want of exertion. The general plan of the work remains the fame. It is divided into three parts. The firfl; contains Elements of Pharmacy ; the fecond, the Materia Medica j and the laft, the Preparations and Compofitions. Thtjirjf of thefe is entirely new, nothing^ being retained but the title. It is divided into two fe£lions. The firft contains a very concife account of fome of the general do£l:rines of Chemijlry^ and of the properties of all fimple bodies, and the generic charac- ters of compound bodies. In the fecond part, the Operations of PJmrmacyt and the neceffary apparatus, are defcribed ; and an Appendix is added, containing many very ufeful Tables, and the Explanation of the Plates» We no\y poflefs fo many excellent elementary works on Che- miftry, both tranflations, and original works, fuch as thofe of Dr. Thomson, Mr. Murray, and Mr. Nicholson, that it is perhaps necelTary to explain why an Epitome of Chemillry has been introduced into this work. Not only is its introduftion authorifed by the example of former editions, but in attempting to explain in a fcientific manner the operations of Pharmacy, we found ourfelves fo frequently obliged to mention the general principles and fa6ts of Ghemiftry, that, to avoid tedious repeti- tions, it became necelTary either to refer to forae elementary book already publifhed, or to prefix to this work a fliort abftradt of Chemical Science. The latter alternative was preferred, as it would form a bond of connexion between the detached fubjedls treated of in the other parts of the work, and as it appeared, that, by means of a due attention to arrangement, and by rejedling hy- pothetical reafoning, a very few pages would be fufficient to con- tain a valuable collection of the fads afcertained with regard to the fimple bodiCvS and the generic charadters of compound, which would enable us to explain the properties of the fpecies employed in medicine^ with more facility to ourfelves, and with greater ad- vantage to our readers. Long after this part was ready for the prefs, Mr. Davy's Syllahus was publifhed, and we were agreeably flattered to find, that befides the fame general arrangement, we had often taken the fame view of the fame fubjedts. This fimi- PREFACE. vii larity enabled us on feveral occafions to profit by Mr. Davy's Syllabus during the printing of the ftieets. The principal addition to tl.e fecond and third parts of this work, is the introdudion of a complete tranflation of the excel- lent Pharmacopoeia of the Dublin College, which has never, wc believe, appeared before in the Englifh language. We therefore truft, that it vviil be found an important and valu ible addition. In Ireland, in particular, it muil give the Edinburgh New Difpen- fatory an intereft which it did not formerly pofTefs. The feco fid pari contains the Materia Medica, arranged in al- phabetical order. The alterations in this part are aifo very con- liderable. We have adopted the Nomenchuure of the Edinburgh College, or rather of Natural Hiitory, in preference to the ofBci- nal names hitherto employed. To the fyilematic name of each article, are fubjoined its fynonymes in the different Pharmaco- poeias, and the defignations of the parts ufed in medicine; then the clafs and order of natural bodies to which it belongs, and if a vegetable, the exad number of its genus and fpecies, according to the excellent edition of Linn/eus's Species Plantaruviy now publifliing at Berlin by FrofefTor Willdenow. The ancient pra£lice of naming medicines from their inven- tors, or fuppofed virtues, has been for fome time exploded from our Pharmacopoeias ; but it has been long cuftomary to defcribc both fimple fubftances and their preparations or compofitions by what are generally termed Officinal Names, in contradi(lin6lion to the prefent fyilematic names of the fame fubftances. But their ofiicinal names are in fadl the old fyftematic names, which were unaccountably retained for the denomination of medicinal fub- ftances, after the improvements in Natural Hiftory and Chemiftry rendered the introdu^ion of a new nomenclature into thefe fciences necefTary. Attempts have been nade, both, in this country and ifi Ger- many, to introduce the language of Chemiftry into Pharmacy •, but thefe attempts, however ufeful, were but feeble and incom- plete. The honour of being the firft to compofe a Pharmacopoeia in the pure and unmixed language of Science, belongs indifput- ably to the Royal College of Phyficians of Edinburgh, in the be- ginning of the nineteenth century. It is extremely probable that to this innovation many objections may be made -, but it is pro- vUi PREFACE. bablc that they will rather apply to the neceflary imperfe6lIons of a firft attempt, than to the principle itfelf, the propriety of which can fcarcely be doubted, when we confider, that Materia Medica and Pharmacy are but an application of Natural Hiftory and Chemiflry to a particular purpofe. If the general principle be admitted, it naturally follows, that the names of all Subftances employed in Medicine, (hould be the fame with the names of the fame fubflances, according to the moil approved fyftems of Na- tural Hiftory and Chemiftry, and that the titles of Compound Bodies (hould exprefs as accurately as poffible the nature of their compofition. Confiderable difficulties, however, occur, in attempting to form a nomenclature in ftri<^ conformity with thefe principles. The moft apparent of thefe is, that the titles of the more compounded medicines would become too verbofe and inconvenient, if they were to exprefs every ingredient, although of little importance. The College, fully aware of this difficulty, have therefore con- tented themfelves with indicating in the titles the principal ingre- dients only, on which their powers and ufes feem to depend. For the fame reafon, they have prefcribed fome well-known fimples in very frequent ufe, by their common names, fuch as Opiunty MofchuSy Cajloreuniy Crocus Ariglkus, thinking it fufficient to have pointed out in the catalogue of the Materia Medica the animals and vegetables from which they are obtained. In moft cafes it is proper to mention both the Generic and Specific names of fimples ; but where it is neceflary to point out even the Variety employed, it will be in general more convenient to oiTiit the fpecific name, and to retain thofe of the genus and variety, as Aloes Socotorina for Aloes perfoliata Socotorinay Crocus Angl'uus for Crocus fativis Atiglicus. Alfo when any fubftance is obtained indifcriminately from feveral fpecies of the fame genus, the fpecific name may be omitted with propriety. Thus, it is fufficient to fay, Reftna piniy Oleum volatile pint y &c. Another difficulty arifcs from the Reformers of Chemical No- menclature not having pointed out the manner of exprcffing cer- tain, and thefe very common, forms of combination, without em- ploying a pcriphrafis totally incompatible with the brevity of a name. Pharmaceutifts have therefore been obliged to fupply this deficiency from their own ftpre. PREFACE. in The Edinburgh College have accordingly retained fome titles, fuch as TinBure and Spirit^ which, although not ftrl6lly chemical, have been long received in Pharmacy, and are fo well underflood and defined that they can lead to no error or ambiguity. The principles, therefore, upon which the Edinburgh College have eft abl idled the new nomenclature which they have introduced into Materia Medica and Pharmacy, appear to be To rational and fcientific, that it can fcarcely fail to be generally adopted. As fcience advances, its imperfe£lions will be remedied, and its de- ficiencies fupplied j for, befides other advantages, it facilitates re- remarkably the application of difcoveries and improvements in Natural Hiftory and Chemiftry, to the purpofes of medicine. In other particulars, confiderablc additions have been made to the Natural Hiftory of the different articles, to the means of dif- tinguiftiing them from other fubftances with which they are apt to be confounded, and of' detCiSling frauds and adulterations* Almoft every thing which regards their Chemiftry is entirely new. As from the principal lift every article has been excluded which is not contained in the Materia Medica of at leaft one of the Brit- Ifli Colleges, we have given in an Appendix a very concife ac- count of fuch other articles as poffefs a place in fome refpe^^ablc foreign Pharmacopoeias. We have alfo added lifts of the Medicinal Simples, arranged according to the beft fyftems of Natural Hiftory. The third part contains the Preparations and Compofttions, In our general arrangement of thefe, we have not followed any of the Colleges exa£lly, although we have not deviated much from that of the Dublin Pharmacopoeia. It is not of very great im- portance in what order the clafTes or chapters be arranged ; but thefe claffes fhould be natural, and, if poflible, eftabliftied on one general principle. Unfortunately, however, in moft Pharmaco- poeias, fome of the claffes are founded on Chemical Analogy, and others on the fimilarity of form, or mode of preparation ; and what is ftill worfe, fome are entirely anomalous and unnatural. The laft error we have carefully endeavoured to avoid, but we have not attempted, and, indeed, it feems fcarcely poffible, to form an ufeful arrangement, on a fingle principle. The analogous pre- parations in the different Pharmacopoeias, are always placed im- mediately next each other, which renders it eafy to compare them, and to difcover at once the circumftances in which they refemble or differ from each other. X PREFACE. The Commentaries upon this part, are more or lefs full, as the fubje6t feemed to be more or lefs important. There was little op- portunity for improvements in the obfervations upon their medi- cal powers, becaufe thefe were generally the refult of much prac- tical experience, becaufe our plan confiiied us to the fimple itate- ment of fa£hs, and becaufe this Difpenfatory is to be confidered rather as a pharmaceutical than a pra£tical expofition of the Britilh Pharmacopoeias. It mull not, however, be fuppofed that thefe have been neglecled. Every part of them has been carefully ex- amined *, what had become obfolete, or uninterefting, has been rejected ; whatever later experience has proved to be erroneous, has been corrected ; and the difcoveries made fince the edition of 1789 have been added. At one time it was alfo intended to have inferted examples of extemporaneous prefcription, with obfervations ; but it would have extended the work too much beyond its ufual limits ; and fortunately the deficiency is well fupplied by the Thefaurus Medicaminum. During the progrefs of this publication, all the bed journals and fyftems of Chemiftry particularly Eourcroy's SyJIeme des Connaijfances ChimiqueSy have been occafionally confulted, for che- mical information. But we lie under more immediate obligations to fome of the German writers on Pharmacy, fuch as Hagen, Hermbstaedt, Gottling, Gren, and Westrumb. A FEW months only elapfed after the publication of the former edition of this Work, until a very large impreffion was exhaufted, and it became again neceflary to put it to the prefs. The fhort interval has not allowed the Editor to make all thofe alterations and improvements which he had projected ; but every part of the work has been revifed with care, and, although he is perfectly fenfible that many errors have yet efcaped him, which ought to have been avoided, yet he trulls that they are very few when compared to the mafs of fa£ls crowded into one volume. The principal alterations and additions which have been made, confift in the charaders which falts derive from their bafes in the Epi- tome of Chemiftry; the account of the general properties of common and mineral waters, charcoal, and a few other articles. PREFACE. xi in the Materia Medica, with a fhort notice of every article con- tained in the Pharmacopoeia- Boruffica, Formulario Pharmaceutico of the hofpital of Genoa ; MarrabelU's Apparatus medicaminum. Van Mons's Pharmacopoeia, and that of La Grange, which had not been previoufly mentioned ; a Hft of the Genera of Medical Plants, according to the natural fyftem of Juflleu, as improved by Ventenat, while the natural orders of Murray are retained, in the Materia Medica •, and a Pofological and Profodial Table, which cannot fail to be acceptable ; befidcs the introdudkion of every Pharmaceutical improvement which has come to the Author's knowledge during the interval which has elapfed between the publication of the two editions. Edinburgh, jfl QSi, 1804, CONTENTS, PART I. Elements of Pharmacy, Page Ohjeci and divjfion of Pharmacy^ ' ^ - I SECTION I. Epitome of Chemistry, AttraBion atid Rep/l/isn, . * . 2 Aggregation^ - - - 3 Affinity, - - - lb. Clqffification offimplefuhjlancesy . _ 4 Light, - . - ^ Caloric, - ' - ' . , 5 Eledirieity, - - - o G-alvanifm, - - ■ jq Magnetifin, - - " ib. Salifiable hafes, - - - 1 1 Earths^ - - - ib. Alkalies y - « . j^ 0^;?^^«, , - . ,. j^ Nitrogen, . , _ jg Hydrogen, - , ^ jp Carbon, - , - 20 Sulphur, - . . 2^ Phofphorus,' - « . 23 Metals and metallic okides, « - 24 -^i^/Vj-, nvithfimple bafes, , - qo Compound oxides, - , , «- 7>r;/^ry oxides {Vegetable fubjiances), - 3(5 xir CONTENTS. Page ^aternary oxides {Animal fubflances\ - 42 Compound acids y - - - .4^ ternary acidsy - - - ib. ^aternary acids y - « 49 CharaBers of f alts derived from their bafeSy - 50 SECTION II. Pharmaceutical Operations. C9lleBton and prefervation offtrnples^ - 53 Mechanical operations of pharmacy ^ - 50 Weighing and meafuringy - ib. Mechanical divifon, by pulveri%atiofiy iriturationy levigationy and granulation y - - 58 Mechanical feparationy hy fftingy elutriation, decantationy filtra- tiony exprej/iony and defpumationy - 6q Mechanical mixture hy agitationy iriturationy and kneading^ 6a Apparatus^ - - ib» Vejfelsy - - - 63 Lutesy » - , 64 Heat andfuelp - - 67 Furnaces y - - - 68 Chemical operationsy - - 70 A. changing the form of aggregation y - ib. a. Fuftony - . ib. b. LiquefaBiony - - ib. c. Vitrificati$ny - - ib. d. Vaporizationy - - *jz 1. UJlulatwny - ^3 2. Charring y - - ib. 3. Evaporation y - ib. 4. Concentration i - 74 5. Infpiffationy ^ - ib. 6. Exftccationy •> ib. c. Condenfationy - - ib- 1. Di/lillationy - 75 2. Circulation y - 77 3. Reilification^ - - 80 CONTENTS. XV Page Chemical operations* 4. Sublimation^ - 80 f. Congelation y - ib. g. Coagulation^ , 8 1 B. effecting combination^ - - ib. a. Solution^ - - 82 b. ExtraBion, - - 83 c. Abforptiony - - 84 d. Confoiidationy - - 85 C. effeBing deccmpoftiionf - ib. a. Dijfolutiony - - ib. b. Precipitation, - - ib. c. Cry/}al/ization, - - 86 d. Oxygenizementf - - 88 e. Difoxygenizementy - ^i f. Fermentation, - » 92 APPENDIX. Tables offimple affnity, - - 95 Cafes of mutual decompofition, ^ - 1 00 ^'(^jr of difpoftng affinity, - - ib. FormuU for comparing ihefcales of different thermometers with each other, - - - loi Table of the thermometric degrees, at which fome remarkable chemical phenomena occur, - - 102 Table of freezing mixtures, - - 1 06 Table of galvanic circles, - - 107 Weights and meafures, " - ic8 Tables of fpecific gravities,' - - Iio Table of the folubility of different fubjlances in nvaiet, 1 14 Table of the folubility of different fubflances in alcohol y 1 16 Table of the weight of gafes abforbed by water, 1 17 Explanation of the plates, - ii8 xvi V- CONTENTS. PART 11. Materia Medica. Page General ohfervationsj - - 129 Naturaly Medical^ and Pharmaceutical Hijiory of the different j4rticles contained in the Pharmacopoeias of London^ Dublin^ and Edinburgh y arranged according to the mmenchture of the Edinburgh College ^ - - 1 30 APPENDIX. No. I. Conctfe account of fome fuhjlances contained in fame of * the bejl foreign Pharmacopoeias y but not received into the lifls ef any of the Britijh Colleges y - 359 No. II. Lijl (f animals which furnijh articles of the Materia Medicay arranged according to Cuvier' s fyflemy -t-,y',3-W/ No. III. Lifl of the genera of medicinal plants y arranged accord'^ \ ^^' ' ing to LinnauSy - - -. 376 No. IV. LiJl of officinal generay arranged according to th^ natural fyftem of Juffieuy improved by Ventenaty 33 ? No. V. Lift of officinal fubjlances belonging to the mineral kingdom ,386 PART III. Preparations and Compositions. Ghap. I. Sulphury - . - - 387 II. Acids, - - - 388 III. Alkalies and alkaline fait Sy - 403 IV. Faarths and earthy fait Sy - 439 V, Antimony y - - 451 VI. Silvery ' ' 467 VII. Copper, " - 470 VIII. Irony - - 474 IX. ^(ickfilvei'y ' - 483 X. Lead^ ' - 504 CONTENTS. xvU Chap. XL 71r'//, - - - 3^7 XII. Zinc, - - - 508 XIII. Alcohol, ether, and ethereal /pints , - 513 XIV. Dryingof flowers and berhst - 522 XV. Exprejfed juices, - - 5^4 XVI. Infpijjated juices, •. ,^ - 527 XVII. Fixed oils, . . 531 XVIII. Oily preparations, - - ^33 XIX. Diflilled tuaters, - -< "53^ XX. Volatile oils, - , ^42 XXI. Empyrtiiihatic volatile oils, ' - 548 'yi%i\. Diflilled/pirits, - . 551 XXllt. Infiiftons, - . ^^5 XXIV. Decoaiofis, . . 560 XXV. Maciia^es^ - . r^y XXVI. Syrups f - . ^6(^ XXVn. Medicated honeys, - , 580 XXVIII. Emulftons and minture*, - 583 XXIX. Medicated vinegars, - 587 XXX. TinElures, - ^ ^90 'S:lLl^,TinBuresnmdewithHhcrealfpiriiSy 611 XXXll. Jmmoniiited or volatile tin^ures, - 613 XXXIII. Medicated wines, - , 618 XXXIV. Extracts and refins, ^ 621 XXXV. I'ozvders, ^ ^ (532 XXXVI. Conferves, . . 640 XXXVII. EleEiuaries andconfe&icns^ - 643 XXXVIII. rr..;&,x, - - 649 XXXIX. Pi//,, . . 653 XL. Cataplafms, - - 660 XLI. Liniments^ oirifments, ceraies, and plajers, 662 TJBL£S,fljewing the proportion of antimony, opium, and mer- cury, contained in different compofttions, - 686 Pofelogical and profodial table, - - 690 Index of names that have been changed in the lafl editions of the London and Edinburgh Pharmacop Ammonia r. AsnmonK the body is Tijimplefubjiance, 9. But the integrant particles of mod bodies can be fubdivided into other particles, differing in their nature from each other, and from the body of which they are parts, Thefe bodies are called Compotmd bodies^ ' 10. If the particles, of which the integrant particles of any compound body are compofed, a* admit of no further divifion^^ the body is a primary cont' pound; b, but if they be alfo compound, and admit of ftlll further fub- divifion, they are called Intermediate particles, and the body is a fecondary compound, 11. Therefore the integrant particles a, of fimple fubftances are alfo their elementary particles ; b» of primary compounds are compofed of elementary par- ticles *, . r. of fecondary compounds are cprnpofed of inter naediate particles. 1 2. The phenomeria of matter are regulated by attsaiSlIon and Tepyirioo-% Attraction. 13. Attraction comprehends thofe forces which caufe bodies to approach towards ea.ch other. 14. Ittpperates a* at fenfible diftances, as in the attraftions of grarity, elec- tricity, and magnetifm ; b, at infenfibk diftances ; a a, between particles of the fame fpecies, conftituting the attra£lion of cohefion or aggregation ; b b, between particles of different fpecies, the attraction of compofition or affinity. ■ Repulsion. 15. Repulfion *-nds to feparate bgdiesfirom each other. 1 6. It alfo operates either a, at fenfible diflanceSi as in the repullion of eleCtricity and magnetifoi; or, h, at infetifible diftances, as in the repulfton of the matter of heat or caloric. 17. The phenomena refulting from the operation of the fccond clifs of attractions, (14. b,) and fecond clafs of repulfions, (15. b.) Gonftitute the proper objects of chemiftry. 3 Aect. 1 . Epitome of CkemistrT/. 1 8. B<5dkJS cjfift under drfFerent forms of aj(grcgatioi> : a* Solid, in which the attraflion of cdhefion refills relative motion among the particles, either a a. perfectly, as in hard bodies ; or if b, imperfectly, as in foft, malleable, du6lile, and claftic bodies. h. Fluid, in which it admits relative motioti among the par- ticles, either with facility, as in perfed fluids j ordifiicuk- ly, as in vifcid fltiids. c. Gafeous, in which the particles repel each other. Affinity. 19. Affinity is regulated by the following laws : a. It does not a£l at fenfible diftances. b. It is exerted only between particles of diflterent fpccies. ic, and may be vaporized, bitC is perfedly incombuftible ; it is capable of cryllallizing into very lonig quadrangular, compreEed prifms, terminated by fharp pyramid* ; it changes vegetable blues to green, and combines witli. ail the adds, oils, lulphur, futphoretted hydro* gen, and the earths. It is obtained from the aihcs of vegetables, and exifts in fome minerals. Officinal. 118. Amimnia is always claffed with the alkalies, from the analogy of its tafte, eanftictty, combinations- with the acids, and efie£i:s upon vegetable blues ; but as it differs in many particulars, being extremely volatile, and a compound fubftance, readily de- compofed, and formed m many chemical operations^ and its com po6tion Weil known> we have ventured to feparate ft from the al- kalies, and refer it to that place, whicli, in all probability, it will always retain, aasd to which the other alkalies will, perhaps, be re- fetred^. whenj their compofitioa fliall be detected. Officinal. PftlMARY CoMPOrNIDS aT THE SALIFIABLE BaSES. A. With eacli other ; earthen-ware ; glafs, B. With fulphur \ alkaline and earthy fulplmrets* C With' phofphorus *, alkaline and earthy phofphurets. 119. The fubilances of this clafs exert a confiderable action on each other. Potafs was long believed to be the only folvent of filica y and it is now further proved, that the whole of this clafs are capable of combining, when prelented to each other in a ftate of fqlution ; and on toxides< 3. Gafeous oxide of carbon (carbonic oxide gas.) J 4. Carbonic acid. b. With metals ; carburets. B. T«rnary with oxygen and hydrogen : I. Oxides. a, Hydro-carbonous. b, Refins. b. Alcohol. 1. Camphor. r. Ether. i. Starch* d. Fixed oil and fats. /. Sugar. e. Wax. m. Jelly. /. Adipocerc. n. Tannin. g. Volatile oils. a. Acids. «. Acetic. h, Mucic. h. Oxalic. i. Benzoic. c. Tartaric, i. Succinic. d. Citric. /. Camphoric. e. Malic. m. Suberic. /. Laftic. n. Laccic. g. Gallic. 0. Sebacic. C. Quaternary with nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon. I. Oxides. a. Gum. /. Indigo. 3. Tragacanth. i. Lignin. c. Extractive. /. Suber. d. Gum refm. m. Caoutchouc. e. Bitter principle. ;;. Gelatin. /. Narcotic principle. 0. Albumen. g. Acrid principle. p. Fibrin. h, Cinchonin. q. Urea. a. Acids. a. Pruflic. c. Amnic. h. Uric. 146. Plumbago and incombujiible coal contain carbon in the firft degree of oxygcnizement. The moft remarkable known property B3 22 Elements of Pharmacy, Parti. of this oxide, Is the very high temperature neceffary for its com- buftion. 147. Common charcoal oi wood (carbonous oxide) Is carbon in the fecond degree of oxygenizement, confiding of 63. 86 of carbon, and 36.14 of oxygen. It is obtained in the form of folid mafles of a black colour. It has neither fmell nor tafte. It is brittle and never cryftallized. It abforbs light ftrongly, is perfectly refrac- tory in the fire, infoluble in water, and a bad condu6tor of caloric, but an excellent one of eledricity. At a red heat, it burns rapid- ly in oxygen gas, 28 of charcoal and 6a of oxygen forming 100 of carbonic acid gas. It alfo burns in atmofpheric air, but lefs vi- vidly. 148. Gafeous oxide of carbon (carbonic oxide gas) is carbon in its third degree of oxygenizement. It is invifible and elaftic ; fpecific gravity 0,001167. It does not fupport combuftion or rcfpiration. With oxygen gas it burns with a lambent blue flame, and is convert- ed entirely into carbonic acid without producing any moifturc. It has no affinity for lime. It confifts of 25.99 oarbon, and 74.li oxygen ; or"40.4i charcoal, and 59.59 oxygen. Sulphur. 149. Sulphur is a cryftallizable folid ; of a yellow colour ; little fenfible tafte; particular fmell ; fpecific gravity 1.9907; brittle; eledric ; fufible at 234° ; burning with a pale blue flame at 302° ; and with a bright white flame at 570** ; and capable of combining with different proportions of oxygen. It is found pure in the neighbourhood of volcanoes, and exifts in many minerals, and in animal fubftances. Officinal. Primary Compounds of Sulphulr. a. With oxygen : 1. Protoxide of fulphur, 2. Peroxide of fulphur. 3. Sulphureous acid. 4. Sulphuric acid. h. With nitrogen. Sulphuretted nitrogen gas. c. With hydrogen. Sulphuretted hydrogen. d. With phofphoriis. Sulphuretted phofphorus. €, With falifiable bafes. Earthy and alkaline fulphurets. f With nietals. Metallic fulphurets. 150. Oxide of Sulphur is of a dark violet colour, and an auftere tafte, fradvire fibrous, fp. gr. 2.325 ; confiftence tough. It con- tains 2.4 per cent of oxygen. It is formed on the furface of melt- ed fulphur. Sect. 1. Epitome of Ckemistry, 23 151. Peroxide of Sulphur contains 6.2 per cent of oxygen, and was procured by Dr. Thomfon by pafling a current of oxy-murlati.c acid gas through flowers of fulphur. It is in this date tliat he fup- pofes fulphur to exift in fulphurcttcd hydrogen gas, and the hydro- lulphurets. 1 52. Sulphuretted Nitrogen Gas is only known to have a fetid odour. 155. Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas confifts of 71 fulphur, and 29 hydrogen ; fpecific gravity 0.000135. It has the odour of rotten eggS 5 is not refpirable ; burns with oxygen gas without explod- ing, and fulphur is depofited 5 is readily abforbed by water,' and is the mode in which fulphur exifts in mineral waters *, reddens vegetable blues ; and in its aflfinities, and the cryftallizabiiity of its compounds, it refembles the acids. Officinal, Hydro-fulphuret of ammonia. 154. Hydroguretted Sulphur is fulphuretted hydrogen combined with an additional dofe of fulphur. It has the appearance of a yellow oil. 155. Sulphurets are folid opaque bodies, of confiderable fpecific gravity, decompofible by heat, water, and the acids. a. The alkaline and earthy fulphurets have a red or brownifli- red colour, and by folution in water are immediately con- verted into hydroguretted fulphurets. Sulphuret of potafs is oflicinal. b. The metallic fulphurets have neither taftc nor fmell, arc often poflefled of metallic brilHancy, and are conductors of eledricity. Offici?ial. The Sulphurets of antimony, of mercury, of iron. Phosphorus, 156. Phofphorm is a femi-tranfparent folid, flightly brilliant, and of a waxy coniiftence ; fpecific gravity 1.770; tafte in fome de- gree acrid and difagreeable ; fmell alliaceous. It is brittle under 3 2° *, its fradure is vitreous, brilliant, and fometimes lamellated ; above 32° it foftens a little, becomes ductile about 90°, melts at 99°, becoming tranfpareal? like a white oil ; at 180'' begins to be vaporized, and at 554° boils. It is cryftallizable into prifmatic needles or long oCtohedrons. It exifts in many minerals, and is obtained from bones and other animal fubftances. Primary Compounds of Phosphoru^. . a. With oxygen : 1. Oxide of phofphorus. 2. Phofphorous acid. 3. Phofphoric acid. ^4 Elements of Pharmacy. Part I. L With nitrogen. Phofphuretted nitrogen gas. r. With hydrogen. Phofphuretted hydrogen gas. d. With fulphur. Phofphuretof fulphur. e. With metals. Metallic phofphurets. f. With falifiable bafes. Alkaline and earthy phofphurets. 157. In its folld ftate, phofphorus is not afted upon by pure oxygen gas, but when melted, burns in it at 8o* with a dazzling fplendour, abforbing about half its weight of oxygen, and forming phofphoric acid. In atmofphcric air, it undergoes a flow combuf- tion at 43**, emitting light in the dark, but without the produ6i:ion of fenfible heat j abforbing a portion of oxygen, and forming phof- phorous acid; at 148° it burns rapidly, but Icfs brilliantly than in oxygen gas, forming phofphoric acid. It is tliereforc always kept immerfed in boiled water ; but even there its furface is oxi- dized, becoming white and opaque. 158. Hydrogureited phofphorus pofTeffes a peculiar odour, and the property of becoming luminous when mixed with oxygen gas. It may be combined with a much larger proportion of phofphorus, acquiring then a fetid alliaceous odour, a confiderable increafe of fpecific gravity, and the property of burning by the fimple con- tact of oxygen, or of the atmofphere, with a very brilliant white flame. 159. Sulphuretted phofphorus y and phofphuretted fulphur, arc of a yellowifh colour, more fufiblc than either of the components, and exceedingly inflammable. 160. Nitrogen gas diflblves phofphorus, forming a fetid gas, which inflames at a low temperature. 161. Phofphuret of lime is infoluble in water 5 but when thrown into it, decompofes it, and produces phofphuretted hydrogen gas, •whofe bubbles catch fire when they burft on the furface of the water, Phofphuret of baryta is a brown mafs ; of a metallic ap- pearance } very fufible ; luminous in the dark ; decompofed by expofure to air \ emitting an alliaceous fmell when moiftened j and decompofed by water, furnifhing phofphuretted hydrogen gas. The phofphuret of ftrontia is very fimilar. MpTALs, and Metallic Oxides. 162. Metals are cryftallizable 5 their form depends on the re- gular tetrahedron or cube ; their furface is fpecular ; they arc per^ fc£tly opaque, even when melted ; their colour is various ; their luftre peculiar and fhining, or fplendent ; their hardnefs various, but at leaft confiderable j many of them are brittle, others poflTefs malleability and ductility in a furprifing degree, and fome are fciflile, ^exilci or claftic 5, their fradlure in general is hackly » th?ir Sect. 1 . Epitome of Chemistry, ^5 texture compa£^, fibrous or foliated •, many of them are remarkably fonorous ; their fpecific gravity greater than 5 •, they poflefs no fmell or tafte, unlefs when heated or rubbed ; they are the bed condudors of caloric and ele£l:ricity ; are powerful agents in producing the galvanic phenomena, and a few of tliem are the only fubflances which exhibit the phenomena of magnetifm. By the adion of ca- loric they are melted, but with different degrees of facility, and fome of them may be vaporized. Except iron and platinum, they melt fuddenly, without undergoing any intermediate Hate of foft- nefs-, and when melted, their furface is convex and globular. They are infoluble in water, but fome of them decompofe it, and are oxidized by it. Primary Compounds of the Metals. a. With oxygen : 1 . Metallic oxides. 2. Acids of arfenic, tungften, molybdenum, chrome, and columbium* b. With hydrogen. Hydrogurets. c. With carbon. Carburets, d. With phofphorus. Phofphurets. e. With fulphur. Sulphurets. f. With each other. Alloys and amalgami. 163. They are oxidized with different degrees of facility, fome by mere expofure to air, and others feem almoft to refill the a6kion of heat and air. Their oxidizability is always increafed by increafc of temperature. Their oxides are in the form of powder, laminae, or friable fragments j fometimes cryftalline ; of various colours, determinate with regard to each metal ; poffefs greater abfolutc weight J are refraftory, or fufible into glafs ; infipid, or acrid, and ftyptic J in general infoluble in water ; and combine cither with acids and alkalies, or only with acids. Some of thofe are difoxy- genlzed by light alone, others by caloric, and others require hy- drogen, carbon, &,c. 164. Moll of them are capable of combining with different pro- . portions of oxygen. Dr. Thomfon propofes to call the oxides with a minimum of oxygen Protoxides, and with additional dofes Dcut- oxides, Tritoxides, &c. in fucceffion, and the oxides with a maximum of oxygen Peroxides. 165. Hydrogen gas is capable of holding arfenic, zinc, and iron, in folution. 1 66. Carbon unites only with iron, 167. The metallic phofphurets are fufible, brilliant, brittle, gra- nulated, lamellated, fcarcely combuftible, and permanent. 26 Elements of Pharmacy, Parti. 168. The fulphurets are brittle ; cryftallizable in large brilliant and metallic laminae, more eafily fufiblc than the refractory me- tals, but lefs eafily than the very fufible metals ; decompofable by heat, humidity, and the acids. 169. The mixtures of the metals with each other are termed al- loys : thofe in which mercury is contained are amalgams. They acquire by mixture new properties, and are in general more fufible than their components. The reguline metals are not foluble in the acids J but when aded upon by them, are firft oxidized, and then diflblved. The metallic oxides, by fufion, colour glafles and enamels. OxiDizABLE Metals. 170. Gold IS oi a brilliant, yellow colour, inCpid, inodorous; fpecific gravity between 19.258 and 19.300 ; foft and flexible ; lit- tle elafticity or fonoroufnefs ; fo dudiile, that its furface may be extended more than 650.000 times ; of very great tenacity ; eafily hammer-hardened ; a good condu£l:or of caloric, electricity, and galvanifm ; fufing at 32° of Wedgewood j brittle when cooled too quickly ; cryftallizing in oClohcdrons ; unalterable in the air ; con- verted, by a long and violent heat, into a vitrified, violet oxide ; oxidized and difperfed by eleftricity ; foluble in alkaline fulphu- rets ; rendered brittle by phofphorus, arfenic, blfmuth, tin, and antimony ; lefs brittle by lead ; foluble in mercury ; hardened by zinc, copper, iron, ftecl, and filver-, oxidizable, of a purple colour, and flightly foluble, in nitrous acid ; very oxidizable, of a fawn or. yellow colour by the nitro, or oxy-muriatic acids. Its oxide is eafily reduced by light and heat ; colours glafles purple or topaze- yellow, and forms a fulminating compound with ammonia. 171. Platinum. Of a grey, white colour, almoft black when pohfhed, infipid, inodorous; fpecific gravity 20.850 to 21.061 ; fofter only than iron, and lefs dudlile only than gold ; mod difli- cult of fufion, above 160° of Wedgewood ; a good conductor of electricity and galvanifm ; unalterable by air and heat ; converted into a grey powder, its firfl: degree of oxidization, by eleClricity ; unites with phofphorus ; forms alloys with arfenic, bifmuth, anti- mony, mercury, zinc, tin, lead, caft-iron, copper, filver, and gold. It is oxidized and diflblved by the oxy-muriatic acid, and more readily by the nitro-muriatic. Oxide grey. 172. Silver, Very briUiant, white, infipid, inodorous; fpecific gravity 10.474 to 11.091 ; hardnefs between iron and gold; elafti- city between gold and copper ; ftrong acute found ; confiderable ductility and tenacity ; hardening much under the hammer ; a good conductor of electricity, caloric,and galvanifm; fufible at 28** Wedge- wood; cryftallizable by cooling ; unalterable in the air ; changed into a greenifh oxide by long and violent heat, burning with a greenifli / Sect, i . Epitome of Chemistry, Vf flame, an^ inftantly by the ele£lric fhock. Its phofphuret is granu- lated, brittle and fufible ; its fulphuret grey, black, lamcllatcd, or ftriated and fufible ; it unites but flightly with the acidifiable metals and iron ; is hardened by gold, bifmuth, antimony, tin, lead, and copper, and amalgamates with mercury. It is oxidized, and dif- folved by the fulphuric, fulphurous, nitric, and oxy-muriatic acids. Its oxide isgreenifli j reducible by light and heat, hydrogen, and the other metals ; colours fome glafles of an olive green, and is very foluble in ammonia. OffcinetL 1']'^. Copper. Bright red ; difagreeable tafte and fmcll when rubbed or heated 5 fp. gr. y-'jc^', ductile ; of great tenacity ; fonorous ; fufible at 27° Wedge wood ; granulated texture, and fubjc6t to blifters ; a good conductor of caloric, ele6lricity, and galvanifm ; becomes brown, and at lad green in the air 5 when heated, turns blue, yel- low, violet, deep brown ; when ignited and plu'^ged into water, forms brown, brittle fcales of oxide. Its phofphuret is brilliant, brittle, hard, and fumble ; its fulphuret brown, fufible, and very phofphoric ; its alloy with arfenic is white, with bifmuth reddifh, with antimony violet, mercury deep red, with zinc forms brafs, and with tin is orange ; it is oxidized and diflblved by the fulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids ; Its oxide is brown, brittle, and foluble in ammonia, producing a beautiful blue. Officinal. 174. Irofi is of a bluifh-grey colour ; texture either fine grained, fibrous or denfe plates •, fapid and odorous ; fpecific gravity 7.600 ; the hardeft; and moft elaltic and moft tenacious metal ; very duc- tile ; fufmg at 158" Wedgewood, fufion at firft clammy, after- wards very fluid ; ignating by llrong percufTion, and inflaming by the collifion of flint ; magnetic. It is oxidized flowly in the air, efpecially when moift ; when heated in contaft with air, it is changed to a black oxide, containing 20 to 27 of oxygen ; fufible, hard, brittle, lamellated, ftill attra£^ed by the magnet j afterwards into a brown, red, fine pulverulent oxide, not attracted by the magnet, containing 0.40 to 49 of oxygen. It burns with fplendour and deflagration in oxygen' gas, and is converted into a fufed, black oxide ; it decompofes water flowly, and when ignited, very rapidly. In fome inftances it is diffolved in hydrogen gas. Car- bon united to iron, converts it into fteel. Officinal, 175. Steel is of a grey colour, brilliant and granular in its frafture; fpecific gravity 7.795 *, harder than any of the metals, and more elaftic, dudile, malleable, and fufible at a lower tem- perature than pure iron. Its chara^leriftic property is, that after being heated, if fuddenly plunged into cold water, it becomes harder, more elaftic, lefs pHable and brittle ; but by being again heated and cooled flowly, it acquires its former foftnefs, pliability and dudility. Steel contains only fome hundredth parts of car- 28 Elements of Pharmacj/, Part L bon, and is known chemically, by letting a drop of acid fall upon it, which produces a grey or black fpot. 176. Plumbago confifts of about o.i of iron, combined with car- bon in its firft degree of oxidizement. The phofphuret of iron is white, granulated, brittle, permanent in the air. Its fulpheret is yellow, hard brittle, and very fufible, oxidizing flowly in a humid atmofphere. Iron forms alloys with arfenic, cobalt, manganefe, bifmuth, antimony, zinc, and tin. Iron is oxidized and diflblved by almoft all the acids ; oxides, black, brown, red. It gives glafles a brown, ffnoky, deep green, or black colour. 177. Lcod is of a grey, blue, livid colour, ftreak grey, difagrcc- able tafte and odour; fpecific gravityji 1.352 ; foft ; very lamin- able i hardens little under the hammer ; very flexible ; flightly tenacious ; fufible at 612® Fahrenheit ; volatile at a red heat ; tar- nilhed in the air ; flightly oxidized by air and water ; by heat and air it forms a grey, then a yellow, and laftly, a red oxide, which is vitrifiable. Its phofphuret and fulphuret are brittle ; it forms al- loys with arfenic, bifmuth, antimony, mercury, zinc, and tin ; it is oxidized by, and combines with, the fulphuric, nitric, muriatic, phofphoric, and other acids. Its oxides impart to glafs a uniform denfity, and ftrong refracting power. Officinal. 178. Ti?i is pure, brilliant, white, fapid, and odorous ; fpecific gravity 7.291 to 7.500, foft, flexible, and emitting a crackling noife when bent j fufing at 442* Fahrenheit; oxidizes flowly in the air ; is converted, when fufed, into a grey oxide ; when red hot it burns vividly. Its fulphuret and phofphuret are lamellated and brittle ; it forms alloys with arfenic, bifmuth, antimony, mercury, and zinc ; it is oxidized by many acids, and combines with the muriatic, fluoric, boracic, and carbonic acids. Its oxide is grey or white, unites readily with fulphur, and renders glaflfes opaque. Officinal 179. 7jinc is bluifh- white, lamellated, fapid, and odorous ; fpeci- fic gravity 7.190; laminable, foft, clogging the file; fufible at 700** ; vaporizible ; a powerful agent in the phenomena of galvan- ifm i oxidized by fufion ; at a red heat it catches fire, and emits white films of oxide, which contain about 0.33 oxygen ; it is foluble in hydrogen ; it combines with phofphorus, fulphur, arfenic, anti- mony, and mercury ; it eafily decompofes water; it is oxidized and diflblved by aimoft all the acids. Oxide, white films. Officinal. 180. Mercury. Very bright white; fpecific gravity 13.568; freezing at — 39 ; boiling at 660° , partly ductile and malleable ; oxidizible by trituration in the air, and in a farther degree by the ^dion of the air and heat ; does not decompofe water ; forms amalgams with many metals ; and is oxidized and diflblved by the fulphuric, nitric, and oxy-muriatic acids. Oxides, black, yellow, red. Officinal 3 Sect. 1. Epitome of Chemistry, 2© i8i. Tellurium, White, lead grey, very bright ; harfli and brit- tle ; lamellated ; cryftallizablc ; fpecific gravity 6. 115; very fuf- ible and volatile -, burns with a blue and greeniih flame, and a white fmoke, having the odour of radifli ; oxide very fufible into a ftraw-coloured radiated glafs j foluble in fulphuric, nitric and nitro- muriatic acids ; unites with fulphur. Oxides, black, white. 182. Antimony, White, very brilliant, lamellated ; fpecific gra- vity (^.702 5 moderately hard; pulverizable ; fufible at 809** ; vo» Jatile when highly ignited ; fenfible tafte and fmell ; unalterable in cold air ; oxidizible by air and heat ; oxide fufible into a yellow brown glafs ; decompofes water when ignited ; oxidized by the fulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids ; combines with phofphorus and fulphur. Oxides, black, brown, orange, yellow, white 9 and colour glafs yellow or hyacinthinc. OJisinaL iS;^, Bifmut/j, White, flightly yellow, in large fpecular plates j pulverizable ; fpecific gravity 9.822 ; moderately hard ; fenfible odour and taile; fufible at 460**, and volatile at a high temperature j oxidizible by heat and air ; oxide vitrifiabls into a grecnifli yel- low glafs; oxidizible by boiling fulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids ; unites with fulphur. Oxides grey, yellow, dirty green, and colour glafs of a greenifii yellow. 184. Maiigaticfc. Small whitifli grey globules } fpecific gravity 6.850-, very hard and very brittle ; very diilicult of fufion ; v^ry oxidizible by expofure to air \ decompofes water ftron^ly j is oxi- dized by the fulphuric, nitric, muriatic acids j combines with many metals. Oxides white, red, brown and black ; colour brown, vio- let, or red ; difcolour glafs coloured by iron. 185. Nickel. Yellow or reddifti-white, granulated; fpecific gravity nearly 9. •, very difficult of fufion, and of oxidization in the air ; oxidizible by moft of the acids, which it colours of a brilliant green ; combines with phofphorus, fulphur, and the me- tals. Oxide light clear greeu, colouring ghii's brown, orange, red. 186. Cobalt. Reddifli-grey, fine grained, pulverizable ; fpecific gravity between 7700 and 7.800; very diflicult of fufion ; oxidi- zible before fufion ; unalterable by water ; attacked by all the acids ; combines with phofphorus and fulphur ; its alloys are gra- nulated, rigid, and brittle. Oxide dee*p blue or black, and colours glafl"es of a fine blue. 187. Uranium. An Incoherent mafs of fmall agglutinated glo- bules, of a' deep grey and pale brown ; fpecific gravity 6.440 ; very hard ; very difficult of fufion, even by long continued heat ; is attacked by feveral of the acids; combines with phofphorus. Oxide foluble in the alkalies, and very foluble in their carbonates. Oxide yellow, colouring glafs of a greeniih yellow, emerald green, or various brown. 188. Titanium. Agglutinated, hard. Friable mafles, cryflallized. 30 Elements of Pharmacy. Part I. internally of a brilliant red ; infufible ; unalterable by water ; oxi- dizible by boiling fulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids. Oxides, blue, deep red, white. AciDiFiABLE Metals. 1 89. Ckromum. Agglutinated mafles of a whitlfli grey colour ; very hard, very brittle, and very infufible ; appears to be difficult to oxidize and eafy to difoxidize •, does not appear to decompofe water ; not attacked by the fulphuric or muriatic acids •, changed into a green oxide, and afterwards into a red acid, by the nitric acid diftilled from it. Oxide of a beautiful emerald green ; acid a red or orange yellow powder. 190. Molybdeiwm. In black powder, or agglutinated, blackifli, friable mafles, having little metallic brilliance ; fpecific gravity 6 ; by a ftrong heat changes into a white brilliant oxide in needles, and very acidifiable; oxidizible by boiling fulphuric acid, and acidifiable by the nitric acid. It forms a fulphuret ; and its alloys are granulated and friable j acid white, pulverulent, ftyptic, fpeci- fic gravity 8.400. 191. Tungjien, Small flightly adherent globules of a flate-grey ; fpecific gravity 17.5 ; very infufible ; oxidizible in the air by heat, and afterwards acidifiable. Oxide yellow, pulverulent, colouring glafs of a blue or brown colour j and a white harfli powder ; fpe- cific gravity 6.12. 192. Arfenic. Grey plates of a lively brightnefs ; friable ; fpe- cific gravity between 8.310 and 5.703 ; vaporizable at 540° 5 emit- ting a fmell like garlic ; cryftallizable •, oxidizible in the cold air ; inflammable at a red heat, and fublimed in the form of the white oxide or acid ; farther oxidizible by the nitric and nitrous acids j combines with phofphorus, fulphur, and many of the metals ; fo- luble in hydrogen gas. 193. Columhium has hitherto been examined only in the ftate of colurabic acid, which is a white powder infoluble in water. Acids with Simple Bases, and their Compounds. 194. The Ample fubfl:ances, in their extreme fl.ates of oxygcnize- ment, conftitute a ftrongly marked clafs of bodies termed acids, which are dift:inguiflied by the following properties : a. Their tafle is four ; h. They change vegetable blues to red ; c. They combine with water in almoft: any proportion, without fuffering any change in their properties, except what depend on dilution. 3ect. 1. Epitome of Chemistry. 31 d. They unite with alkalies, earths, metallic oxides ; forming compounds with them, pofleffed of new properties, and com- monly known by the names of Neutral and Metallic falts. 195. Bcfides fome of the metals, hydrogen is the only fimple fubftance which does not feem to be capable of acidification ; and, on the other hand, there are three acids, the muriatic, boracic, and fluoric, with whofe compofition we are ftill unacquainted. 196. Carbonic add gas IS tY?in(pzxenty colourlefs, without fmell, irrefpirable, and incapable of fupporting inftammation ; its fpecific gravity is 0.0018. Water abfords an equal bulk of it at 41", ac- quiring a fpecific gravity of 1,0015, and an agreeable acidity and fparkling appearance, efpecially if heated to 88^. It is feparated from water by freezing or boiling. It is alfo abforbed by alcohol, oil of turpentine, and olive oil. It contains 17.88 carbon, and 82.12 oxygen, or 28 charcoal and 72 oxygen. Its compounds are denominated Carbonates. Officinal. 197. The carbonates always preferve their alkaline properties in fome flight degree. They are decompofed by all the acids, form- ing a briflc efl^ervefccnce, which is colourlefs. The carbonates of the metals very much refenitle their oxides. Officinal.^ Carbonates of baryta, of lime, of nwgnefia, of potafs, of foda, of ammonia, of zinc, of iron. 198. Nitrous acid is of a brown or red colour, exceedingly vola- tile and emitting an intolerable and fuflfocating odour. By the ad- dition of water, its colour is fucceflively changed to blue, green, and yellow. In the ftate of vapour, it is abforbed by water, oil, and fulphuric acid. It con fills of about 70 parts of oxygen, and 30 of nitrogen, or rather of nitric acid and nitric oxide. It forms Nitrites. Officival. 199. The nitrites are characterized by their emitting the nitrous acid in orange fumes, on the addition of fulphuric acid. 200. Nitric acid confifts of nitrogen combined with oxygen. It is liquid, colourlefs, and tranfparent. It Is very corrofive, and tinges the flcin of a yellow colour. It has a ftrong affinity for wa- ter, and abforbs it from the atmofpliere. When moft concentrat- ed, its fpecific gravity is 1.504. It produces heat when mixed with water. It is decompofed by many fubftances. Light con- verts it in part into nitrous acid. When entirely deprived of water, it fets fire to oils, to fulphuretted hydrogen gas, to iron filings, when perfe6lly dry ; and to zinc, bifmuth, and tin, when poured on them in a ftate of fufion. It oxygenizes all the metals, except gold, platinum, and titanium. It confifts of 70.50 by weight, of oxygen, and 29.50 of nitrogen. Officinal. 201. The nitrates y by the ai^tion of fire, furnllh Impure oxygen gas, mixed with nitrogen, and are reduced to their balls. By the action of concentrated fulphuric acid, they emit a white vapour. 32 Elements of Pharmacy, Part I. and they are capable of fupporting combuftion. OfficmaU Nitrates of potafs, and of filver. J02. Sulphurous acid gas \^ c<^QMx\thy incapable of maintaining combuftion, and deleterious when refpired. It has a ftrong fufFo- cating odour ; its fpecific gravity is 0.00246, or 0.00251. Water at 54® rapidly abforbs one-fourth of its weight of this gas, and when faturated, acquires the fpecific gravity of 1.040. It is again expelled from it by heat, but not by freezing. It is alfo abforbed by fulphuric acid, to which it imparts the property of cryftallizing, forming what is called glacial fulphuric acid ; oils and ether. When water is prefent, it is converted by oxygen gas into fulphuric acid. It is decompofed by hydrogen, carbon, and fulphuretted hydrogen gas, when alhfted by heat. It oxidizes iron, zinc, and manganefe. It confifts of 85 fulphur, and 15 oxygen. 203. T\it fulphitesi by the adtion of heat, furnifii fulphur, and become fulphates. They are alfo converted into fulphates, with cffervefcence, and exlialation of fulphurous vapours, by the fulphu- ric, nitric, muriatic, and other acids, and gradually, by expofure to the atmofphere when dry, and very quickly when diflblved. 204. Sulphuric acid is alfo compofed of fulphur and oxygen. It may be obtained in a cryflallized or glacial form, but generally exilts as adenfe liquid ; fpecific gravity 1,85 ; flightly vifcid ; tran- fparent and colourlefs \ without fmell ; of a ftrong acid tafte. At 360 it freezes •, it boils at 590° . It has a ftrong attra£tion for wa- ter, abforbing it rapidly ^rom the atmtofphere, and producing con- fiderable heat when mixed with it. It is decompofed by moft in- flammable fubftances. It does not oxidize gold, platinum, tung- tten, or titanium. It decompofes the alkaline and earthy fulphu- rets, and reduces all Organic fubftances to charcoal. In medicine it is a powerful refrigerent and antifeptic^ It contains 56 fulphur, and 44 oxygen. Officinal. ■' '^ ' -' ^^.^^/^ z- *■ 205. Tht fulphates form fuTjihiirets,' wKcn heated to rednefs with charcoal, and furnilh copious precipitates with folutions of baryta, Officinah Sulphates of baryta, potafs, foda, zinc, copper, iron, mercury. 206. Fhofphorous acid is a white fluid of an oily appearance. It has a fetid odour, and difagreeable tafte 5 and gives out a thick white fmoke and vivid flame when ftrongly heated. It is decom- pofed by ignited charcoal. The proportions of phofphorus and oxygen have not been afcertained. 207. Iht phofphites are fufible, and when heated in clofe veffels furnifh a little phofphorus, and become phofphates. When heated in the open air, they emit a phofphorefcent light, and often flafties of flame, accompanied by a ftrong fmell of garlic, and a thick white vapour, and are converted into phofphates. 208. Fhofphoric acid is compofed of phofphorous acid ajid oxygen. Sect. 1 . Epitome of Chemistry, 33 It is cryftailizable, fufible, and vitrcfcent. Its fpec'ific gravity is 2.687. I^ readily attracts moiflure from the atmofphcre, and then its fpecific gravity becomes 1.417. Its mixture with water pro- daces little'increafe of teniperature. It is decompofed at a high. temperature by hydrogen and carbon, and by feveral of the rfetals. It confifts of 40 phofphorus and 60 oxygen. 209. The phofphates are cryftalHzable, fixed, fufible, vitriGable, and phofphorefcent. They are not decompofed by charcoal. They are foluble' in nitric acid without efFervefcence, and precipitablc from that folution by lime water. OJidnaL Phofphatc of foda. Metallic Acids and their Compounds. 2 10. Arfenious acid is of a white colour ; has a fharp acrid tafte, and an alliaceous fmell; fpecific gravity 3.706; is folublein 80 times its weight of water at 6d°, and in 15 at 212°. At 283^^ it fubhmes ; if heated in clofe veflels is vitrified, and its fpecific gravity becomes 5.000. It confifts of 75 of arfenic, and 25 of oxygen, and is a moft virulent poifon. Officinal. 211. The arfenites are fcarcely known ; but their acid is driven off by heat, and is precipitated by all the acids. 212. Arfenic acid confills of arfenious acid and oxygen. It is not cryftailizable ; has an acid cauftic tafte, and is not volatile, but very fixed and vitrifiable. ^s fpecific gravity is 3.391. It attrads moifture from the atmofphere, and is foluble in two thirds of its v/eight of water. By a red heat it lofes part of its oxygen, and be- comes arfenious acid. It confifts of 8 parts of arfenious acid, and I of oxygen, or of 65 arfenic, and 35 oxygen. 213. The arfeniates are decompofed by charcoal at a high tem- perature. 214. Tiingstic acid is a white powder of a rough, metallic, and feebly acid tafte. Its fpecific gravity is 3.600, It is foluble at 212° in twenty waters. Expofed to heat it becomes yellow, brown, and laftly black ; emits no fmoke, and is not fufed ; but lofes its folubility in water. The fulphuric acid changes its colour to blue, and the nitric and muriatic acids to a fine yellow. 215. The tungstates are little known. 216. Molybdic acid is a white powder of an acid but metallic tafte. Its fpecific gravity is 3.400. It is not altered in the air. It is melted, and is fixed in a covered crucible ; but when the co- ver is removed, it fubiimes in a white fmoke, which condenfes in brilliant yellow fcales. It diflblves at 212° in 960 waters. By heat it forms a blue folution in fulphuric acid. It is alfo folubk i'n the muriatic, but not in the nitric acid. 217. The molybdates are fcarcely known. 218. Chromic acid 13 a red or yellow orange powder, of a parti* C 3i Elements of Pharmacif, Parti. cular, rough, metallic tafte. It is foluble in water, and may be obtained in riiby-eoloured cryftals. It is deeompofable by heat and light, paffinp: to the (late of green oxide. It is reduced by heat and charcoal. It oxygenizes the muriatic acid^ 219. The chromates »re of a yellow or orange colour, 220. Columbic ncid is a white powder, which reddens litmus paper, although it feems infoluble in water. It is foluble in boil- ing fulphuric '^r\d. muriatic acids, but not in the nitric. It is pre- cipitated from its folutions by water, potafs, and foda. With prufliate of potafs it forms an olive green precipitate, and with tin£lure of galls, a deep orange precipitate. It combines with pot- afs and foda, and expels carbonic acid. It does not unite with am- monia. 221. Columbaie of potafs refembles boracic acid in its appear- ance. "^■ 222^ Other metallic oxides feem capable of acidification j but our information refpecting them is not yet fufHcient to enable us to enumerate their properties. Undecomposed Acids and their Compounds. 223. Muriatic acid gas is tranfparent and colourlefs. It deHroys life, and extinguifhes flame. Its fpecific gravity is 0.002315. Water is capable of diflblving about ^n equal weight of it. Its fpecific gravity is then 1.500 ; it is generally of a pale yellow col- our ; is very volatile, and emits white fumes of a peculiar unplea- fant odour. The gas decompofes alcohol and oil, and deftroys putrid exhalations. It is farther oxygenized by the nitric acid. Oficinal. Muriatic acid. 224. The muriates have a more or lefs pure fait tafte. They are not a(Sted upon by any combuftible body. They are all fol- uble in water, and are the moft voJatile and moft difiicultly decom- pofed by heat of the neutral falts. They emit white fumes with the fulphuric acid, and oxy-muriatic acid gas with the nitric. Offi^ cinaL Muriates of foda, ammonia, baryta, lime, mercury, antimony. 225. Ox'^genized muriatic acid (or by contraction, oxy-muriatic acid) gas is compofed of muriatic acid 84 and oxygen 16. it is of a yellow colour, and very pungent fmell, and acrid tafte. It fup- ports flame, but is deleterious when refpired. It»deftroys the veget- able colours. It oxygenizes all oxygenizable fubftances, (14. B. h ^.), and repaflcs to the Itate of muriatic acid. It is decompofed by light. It does not unite readily with water. Water when fa- turated with it weighs 1.003. 226. The oxy-muriates have lately had their exiftence rendered do^ubtful by Mr. Chenevix. Sect. 1. Epitome of Chemistry . 33 227. Hyper'Oxygenized muriatic acid confifts of muriatic acid 35, and oxygen 65. It has not been obtained in a feparate ftate. 228. Hyper- oxy 'muriates give out very pure oxygen gas by the a£tion of caloric, and become muriates. Their acid is expelled from them with noife, bjr the (Ironger acids ; and they inflame combuftible bodies, even fpontaneoufly, and with detonation. 229. Fluoric aci(f gas \%m\\^i\My irrefpirable, and extinguifhcs ilame. It has a pungent fmell, approaching to that of muriatic acid. It is heavier than common air. It corrodes the fkin. It is abforbed by water. Its moft remarkable property is that of difibl- ving filica. Its compofition is unknown. 230. Fluates afford, when treated with concentrated fulphuric acid, a vapour which corrodes glafs, and from which the filica is afterwards precipitated by water. 231. Boracic acid exifts in the form of fmall, fliinin^, laminated cryftals. Specific gravity is 1.479. ^^ *3 ^y-^A and vitrifiable in the fire. It is foluble in fifty parts of boiling water. It is alfo foluble in alcohol, to which it imparts the property of burning with a yellow flame. It oxidizes only iron and zinc. 232. Borates are vitrifiable ; and their concentrated folutions af- ford, when heated with the fkrong fulphuric acid, brilhant, lamel- lated cryftals. Officinal, Sub-borate of foda. Of Compound Oxides and Acids. 233. We have already noticed all the binary combinations which oxygenizable fubftances form with oxygen. Thefe in general have confiderable permanence in their characters, and admit of few variations in the proportions of their, conftituent principles. But oxygen is capable of entering into combination at the fame time with more than one of thefe fimple oxygenizable fubftances, form- ing oxides and acids, with double or triple bafes, which, in confe- quence of the increafed number of principles, are fubjeft to greater variations in the proportion of thefe, and are lefs permanent in their characters. Thefe are, however, the fubftances in which pharmacy is chiefly engaged, as they comprehend the whole of the vegetable and animal kingdoms. Chemifts borrowing their arrangement from natural hiitory, have almoft always confidered them under the title of Vegetable and of Animal Subftances. But fuchan arrange- ment is fo totally unconnedted with the principles of chemiftry, that the imperfect ftate of our knowledge is the only apology that can be oflered for its continuance ; and imperfetl as that know- ledge is, we are perfuaded, that even a very imperfeCl attempt, at a chemical claflification of thefe bodies, is to be preferred. 1 C 2 36 Elements of Pharmacy, Part I. Compound Oxides. 254. The compound oxides are characterized by their great al- tcrabiiity, and by their affording, when burnt with a fufficient quantity of oxygen, both water and carbonic acid. They may be divided into ' " ' a. Ternary oxides (145 B.) containing various proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. b* Quaternary oxides (145 C.) conlifting of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • "•:23r. The ternary oxides coincide nearly with the clafs of veget-. able fubftances, and are. charaderized a. By their being converted entirely into water and carbonic acid gas, when completely decompofed by oxygen, b. By their undergoing the acid fermentation, from the afc- tion of air and water. c. And by their furnilhing nitrous gas and carbonic acid, when treated with nitric acid. 236. The quaternary oxides coincide nearly with animal fub- ftances, and are charatlerized, a. By their furnifhing, when decompofed by oxygen, ammo- nia as well as water and carbonic acid gas. b. By their becoming putrid from the a6tion of air and water. c. And by their furnifhing nitrogen gas when treated with nitric acid. Ternary Oxides. 237. The ternary oxides (235.) may be fubdivided into ^2- feous, fluid, or eafily fufible, and folid infufible. In general the gaf ous and volatile compound oxides, contain the largeft propor- tion of hydrogen, and the infufible denfe oxides the largeft propor- tion of carboiv i ,-u 238. Hydro'carhmmis oxides (h^AtOfCTixhonzXts) are invifible elaftic gafes of a ftrong difagreeable fmell, irrefpirabie and incapable of fupporting combultion, infoluble in water, burning with oxygen with a blue lambent flame, and producing carbonic acid gas and water. From their furnifliing charcoal, when decompofed by melt- ed fulphur, and from the products of their combuftion, they evi- dently contain oxygen. There are diflPerent fpecies of hydro-car- bonates depending on the proportion of their conftituents, which, from their fpecific gravities, are commonly diftinguiftied into heavy and light hydro-carbonates. , r; 239. The light hydro-carbonous oxides are obtained by the dif- Sect. 1. Epitome of Cliemistry, 37 tillation of wet charcoal, or by tranfmitting the vapour of alcohol through an ignited tube : fpecific gravity 0.00059 to 0.00064. The heavy hydro-carbonous oxides are obtained, by dilliilation from camphor, ether, animal and vegetable fubftances, and by coile6bing the gas of marflies : fpecific gravity 0.00080 to 0.00082. The latter contain more carbon, require more oxygen for their decom- pofition, and furnifli a larger proportion of carbonic acid gas, and lefs water than the former. 240, Alcohol is a tranfparent colourlefs liquid, of an agreeable penetrating fmell, and pungent burning talle : fpecific gravity o.8. It remains fluid in the greateft natural or artificial cold. It boils at 176°, and in vacuum at ^6\ Alcohol unites with water in every proportion. During the combination, caloric is evolved, and the fpecific gravity of the compound is greater than the mean of thofe of the components. Alcohol difiblves about 60 of fulphur, when they are prefented to each other in the (late of vapour. It alfo difiblves a little phofphorus. Thefe folutions are decompofed by water. It difiblves the boracic and carbonic acids, ammonia, foda, and potafs, and is the means employed to obtain the two laft in a fi:ate of purity. Its adlion on the falts is various. It difiblves the volatile oils, refins, foaps, balfam*?, camphor, fugar, tannin, ex- tradlive, and in part the gummy refins. Alcoliol is very inflam- mable, and when kindled it burns entirely away with a blue flame without fmoke. The pfodu£ls of its combuftion are carbonic acid and water. It is alfo decompofed by being tranfmitted in the ftate of vapour through a red-hot porcelain tube j by bsing heated with the fixed alkalies ; and by ihe action of the fulphuric, nitric, oxy- muriatic and acetic acids. From Lavoifier's experiment on the combuilion of alcohol, it was found by calculation to confifi of 51.73 oxygen, 29.88 charcoal, and 18.40 hydrogen ; but by cor- re6ling the crdculation according to Morveau's experiments, proving the compofition of charcoal, from the fame experiment al- cohol would feem to confift of 65 05 oxygen, 18.22 carbon, and 16.73 hydrogen. OJ/icinal. 241. Ether is a tranfparent colourlefs 'fluid, of a very fragrant odour, and hot pungent tafl:e : fpecific gravity 0.758. It freezes and cryflallizes at — 46^. It boils' at 98°, and in vacuum at — 20°. It is very foluble in air, and during its evaporation it produces an intenfe degree of cold. It is foluble in ten parts of water, and in alcohol in every proportion. It difiblves a fmall portion of phof- phorus, and the folution is decompofed by alcohol. It abforbs ni- trous gas, combines with ammonia, and difiblves the volatile oils, refins, and caoutchouc. Ether is extremely inflammable, and burns with a white flame. Its vapour explodes when kindled in contact with oxygen gas. It is decompofed by fulphuric acid, oxy-muriatic acid gas, and by being tranfmitted through a red-hot 3 *'.'>)iii>D-01fc>yijf .>rii^ 3;i.s 3d Elements of Pharmacy, Part I. porcelain tqber Its conftituents are oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, the proportions not afcertained. Officinal, 242. Fixed oils are tranfparent, more or lefs coloured, fomewhat vifcid, inodorous fluids, having a mild tafte and unctuous feel. In the different fpecies the fpecific gravity varies from 0.9403,10 0.9153. The point of congelation alfo differs confiderably, but in general it is within the range of the ordinary temperatures of the atmofphere. Their boiling point exceeds 6oo<*, and by being con- verted into vapour, they become empyreumatic. Fixed oils do not feem capable of combining v/ith charcoal, but are freed from im- purities, by being filtered through hot charcoal. When affifted by heat, they diflblve fulphur and phofphorus. They may be blended with fugar and gum by trituration as in emulfions, and they dif- folvc the volatile oils, and refins, and gummy refms. With the alkalies and earths they form foaps, and with metallic oxides plaf- ters. They are not foluble in water or in alcohol. They unite leadily with oxygen, which renders them concrefcible. Thofe oils which dry without lofmg their tranfparency, as iinfeed oil, are termed drying oils, in contradiftin£lion to the fat oils which from expofure become white, opaque and thick, and remain greafy, fuch as oil of olives or of almonds. When they become rancid, they undergo a farther degree of decornpofition, and are found to con- tain febacic acid. Oil in the ftate of vapour is inflammable, and burns with a white flame. When the . combuftion is complete, the products are carbonic acid gas and water, but in general foot is depofited. The fulphuric acid renders the fixed oils brown and thick, and converts them into water and charcoal. The nitric acid oxygenizes them. The oxygenized muriatic acid blanches them, and renders them concrete like tallow or wax. The oils oxidize feveral of the metals, and are oxidized by feyeral of their oxides. From Lavoifier's experiment on the combuftion of olive oil, its conftituent principles were eftimated at 79 charcoal and 21 hydro- gen ; but by correction they appear to be 50.39 carbon, 20.23 hy- drogen, and 29.38 oxygen. OfficinaL Oil of almonds, of caftor, of Iinfeed, of olives, of muftard, cacoa butter. 243. Fat and tallonv fcarcely difi^er from the fixed oils, except in being more concrete and more difpofed to rancidity. Fat melts between 92® and 127°. Tallow is ftill lefs fufible. They cannot be converted into vapour without fuiFering decornpofition, and, when melted, leave, like oil, a greafy ftain on paper. Officinal. Mutton fuet, axui^ge. 344. Wax is a folid, of confiderable confidence, granulated and cryftalline in its fracture, of a white colour, and without any re- markable odour or tafte. It foftens and becomes plaftic when very flightly heated ; at 142° it melts ; at a higher temperature it is in part vaporized and de^ompofed, and its vapour is inflammable* Sect. 1. Epitome of Chemhtry , Zg It rcfifts in a remarkable degree the a£lion of the acids ; but in ir.oll of its other properties it refembles the fixed oils. From its ccjn'.uftlon it appears to confill of carbon 53-1 2j hydrogen 16.91, and oxycjen 29.97 j or, according to the former calculation, of 82.^8 charcoaij and 17.72 hydrogen. OfficmaL 245. Spermaceti may be obtained crylVaillzcd in white argentine plates, of an undluous feel and tafle, and a vapid fmell. It melts between 90° and 95°, and at a higher temperature may be fub- limcd aknoft unchanged. Its vapour is inflammable, and its flame is bright, clear, and without fmell. By erxpofure to air it becomes rancid. It is foluble, efpecially by the afiiftance of heat, in alcohol and in ether. In its other properties it agrees with the fixed oils, with which it unites very readily by fufion. Mufcular flefli by long maceration in water is converted into a fuhftance very analogous to fpermacetij but more fufible, melting at 82^ ; and biliary calculi often confift. of another, which is much lefs fufible, requiring a heat of 192* for its fufion. For all thefe varieties, Fourcroy has propofcd th^ generic name Adipocere. Officinal. Spermaceti. 246. Soapi are combinations of the fluid or concrete fixed oils with alkalies, earths, or metallic oxides. The alkaline fpaps have an unpleafant tafte and peculiar fmell, form a rallky folution with water, and a tranfparent one with alcohol, and are powerfully de- tergent. White (bap is made of ibda and olive oil or tallow. Brown foap contains aifo refin. Soft foap confifts of potafs and -whale oil ; The white fpots in it are from the addition of a little •vfallow. The volatile liniment of the pharmacopeias is a foap of ^■Jftmmonia and olive oil. The alkaline foaps are dccompofed by all the earthy falts. The alkali of the foap combines with the acid of the falts, and an earthy foap is formed from the union of the earth and oil. The earthy foaps are infoluble in water. The alkaline foaps are dccompofed in the fame way by the metallic fairs. The ^ metallic foaps are alfo infoluble in water: many of them are foluble .?« oil, and fome of them in alcohol. Officinal. Soaps of foda and ammonia. 247. Plajltrs are alfo combinations of oU with metallic oxides! They are prepared by their immediate adion on each other. Olive oil and litharge are mofl: commonly employed. Officinal. Litharge plafter. 248. Volatile oils differ from the fixed oils mod remarkably in being vaporized unchanged by a heat under 212° ; by evaporating completely without leaving a (tain on paper ; by being fapid, often pungent, and odorous ; and by being fbluble in alcohol, and to a certain degree in water. They are more inflammable than the fixed oils, and burn with a large white flame, emit a great deal of fmoke, and require more oxygen for their combuftion. By expo- sure to air they become coloured and thick, and are at laft convert* C4 ■40 Elements of Pharmacy. Parti. ed Into an almofl: Inodorous refin. They are alfo oxidized and con- verted into refins by muriate of mercury, and muriate of antimony ; the acids a£t on them with great violence, and are even capable of inflaming them. On the other hand, they refift confiderably the action of the alkalie?. In their other general properties they agree with the fixed oils, from which they feem to differ in compofition, only in containing a larger proportion of hydrogen. In other re- fpeds, thefe oils are infinitely varied, efpecially in their tafte and odour. Some are as limped as water, others are vifcid, others con- geal on a flight diminution of temperature, and are even naturally- concrete, and others are capable of forming cryftallizations. Their predominant colours are the different (hades of yellow and red, but there are alio blue, green, and glaucous efTential oils. Their fpecific gravity varies from 0.8697 to 1.0439, Officinal. Oil of anife, cajcput, caraway, fennel, juniper, lavender, mace, origanum, pennyroyal, peppermint, pimento, rofemary, rue, fafl'afras, favin, fpearmint, turpentine, cloves, and all aromatic or odorous fub- ftances. Empyreumatic oi/s^ oil of amber, of hartfhorn, of petroleum. 249. Refills are concrete fubflances, pofTefTrng a certain degree of tranfparency, and arc generally of an amber or brownifh-red colour. Their texture is homogenous, and their fra£lure vitreous. They are eafily reduced to powder, which readily agglutinates. Their fpecl fie gravity varies from 1.0452101.22^^9. They have little tafte or fmell. They are eleftrics. Expofed to a certain de- gree of heat, they melt without fuffering alteration, but they are decompofed when converted into vapour. Their vapour is inflam- mable, and burns with a large flrong flame and a great deal of foot, Reflns unite by fufion with fulphur, difficultly with phof- phorus. They are foluble in alcohol, the fixed and the volatile oils, alkalies, and in nitric acid with evolution of nitric oxide gas. They are infoluble in water, and are not aCied upon by metallic oxides. Officinal. Pine refins, dragons blood, guaiac, balfams of Peru, Tolu, Gilead, and Canada, turpentine, benzoin, ftorax, oli- banam, tacamahac, maftiche, fandarac, elemi. Amber, copal, and about one fifth of fandarac differ from the refins in not being foluble in alcohol without particular management. 350. Camphsr is a concrete friable fubfcance, of a white colour, with a confiderable degree of tranfparency, and a cryftalline ap- pearance, fpecific gravity 0.9887. Its tafte is bitter and acrid, and its fmell penetrating and peculiar. It is evaporated unchanged by a heat of 145**, but may be melted by fuddenly expofing it to 302 o» The vapour when condenfed cryftaUizes in hexagonal plates. Its vapour is exceedingly inflammable, and when kindled it burns with a very white flame and a great deal of fmoke, and leaves no refiduum. The products of its combuftion are carbonic acid gas, charcoal, and water. Camphor, is folubl^ in alcohol and Sect. 1. Epitome of Owmistrij, 41 in the acids. From thefe folutions it is precipitated by water. It is alfo foluble in hot oils, both vohtile and fixed, but on cooling feparates from them in plumofe cryitals. It is infoluble in water, and is not acfVcd on by the alkalies, metals or metallic oxides. By repeated diftillation with nitric acid, it is converted into a peculiar acid. It exifts in many vegetables, but is chiefly procured from tlie IrtUrus camphora. Officinal, 25 1. Starch is a fine white powder, generally concreted in friable hexagonal columns, fmooth to the feel, and emitting a particular found when comprefled. It has neither tafte nor fmell. It is decompofed by heat. It is not foluble in cold water or in alcohol. Warn! water converts it into a kind of pafte, which on cooHng af- fumes a gelatinous form. This jelly when dried by heat becomes tranfparent and brittle like gum, but is not foluble in cold water. Starch, after being thus diflblvcd in hot water, cannot be reduced to its original ftate. It is precipitated by infufion of galls, (Dr. Thomfon.) OfficinaL Wheat, Itarch, flour, barley, oats. 252. Sugar is a hard, but brittle fubltance, of a white colour, difpofed to form femi- tranfparent cryftaliizations, of a fwcet tafte, and without, fmell. When heated fuf&ciently it melts, is decom- pofed, emits a peculiar fmell (caromel), and becomes inflamed. Sugar at 40° is foluble in its own weight of water, and in ftill lefs at 21 2°. It is alfo foluble in about four parts of boiling alco- hol. It combines with volatile oils, and renders them mifcible with water. It alfo unites with potafs and lime. It is decompofed by the concentrated fulphuric and nitric acid?. According to Lavoi- fier's experiments, it confiUs of 71.76 oxygen, 17.89 carbon, and 10.35 hydrogen; or, according to the original calculation, of 64 oxygen, 28 charcoal, and 8 hydrogen. Officinal. Sugar, honey, manna. Subftances containing fugar, Uquoiice, farcocoU, log- wood, figs, raifins, currants, caflia filtula, prunes, 253. y^//y is contained in the juices of acid fruits. It is depo- fited from them in the form of a foft tremulous mafs, almoft co- iourlefs, and agreeable to the tafte. It is fcarcely foluble in cold water, but very foluble in hot water ; and when the folution cools, it again afllimes a gletanious form. With fugar its com- bination is well known, iiy long boiling it lofes this property of congealing. When dried, it becomes tranfparent, hard, and brit- tle, refembling gum. It combines with the alkalies, and is con- verted by the nitric acid into oxaHc acid. OJffcinaL Acidulous fruits. ;;.;.; . c , .;. c 254. Tannin, when completely driedj,;!** 2r\mti\t fubftance, ^f a black colour, and vitreous fradlure ; it is foluble in rlcohol ; it is much more foluble in hot than in cold water. The folution has a dark-brown colour, aftringent tafte, and peculiar fmell ; it is precipitated by acids, in the form of a vifcid fluid, like pitch ; it 42 Bletnents of Pharmacy. Parti. is alfo precipitated by carbonate of potafs in yellow flakes ; it forms an infoluble elaftic precipitate with gelatin, and dark blue or black precipitates with iron. Officinal. Galls, uva urfi, tormentil, rhubarb, farfaparilla, St. Lucie cinchona, fwietenia, fimarouba, £Ux cpas, kino, catechu, falix. Quaternary Oxides, (236). 255. Gumy when pure, is tranfparent and colourlefs, eafily re^ duced to povv'dcr ; without fmell, and of a flightly-fweetilh tafte. It is very foluble in water, and its folution is glutinous. The fo- iution of gum in water conftitutes mucilage ; it is thick and ad- hefive, and foon dries when expofed to the air. Gum is alfo fo- luble in the weak acids *, but is totally infoluble in alcohol, which even precipitates it from mucilage. When triturated with a fmall \}uantity of oil or refin, it renders them mifcible with water. Gum is very little difpofed to fpontaneous decompofition : even mucil- age may be kept for many years without change ; but it is decom- pofed by the flrong acids, and is precipitated by fiHcigid potafs. By oxygenizement with nitric acid, it forms fuccefsively, mucous, •malic, and oxalic, acid ; with oxy-muriatic acid it forms citric acid. When expofed to heat, it does not melt, but foftens, fwells, and becomes charred and incinerated. Its produdls are carbonic acid, and carburettcd hydrogen gas, empyreumatic oil, and a confider- able quantity of acetous acid, combined with a little ammoni?i. Fourcroy and Vauquelin fay it confifts of 65.38 oxygen, 23.08 carbon, and 11.54 hydrogen. Cruickfhanks has however demon- ilratcd, that it contains nitrogen and lime, and has rendered it probable that it differs from fugar in containing more carbon and Icfs oxygen. Officinal. Gum Arabic, linfeed, quincefeed. 256. Tragacanth is opaque and white, difficultly pulverizable, not fweetifh, very fparingly foluble in water, but abforbing and forming a pafte with a large quantity. Its folution is adhefive, but cannot be drawn out into threads. It moulds readily and acquires a fetid fmell. It is precipitated by nitrate of mercury. It is in- foluble in alcohol, and feems to contain more nitrogen and lime than gum doss. O^cinal. Tragacanth. ' 257. ExtraBive is foluble in water, efpecially when hot, and in alcohol 5 it is alfo foluble in the weak acids, but is infoluble in ether. It attra£ls moifture from the atmofphere •, and when dif- iblved in water, it abforbs oxygen, and becomes infoluble in water j it is alfo altered and precipitated by oxy-muriatic acid \ it has a Ibrong affinity for alumina, and decompofes feveral metallic falts. It is found in alml^ all plants, but can fcarccly be procured fe- paratc, fo that its characters are no^ well afcertained. OJicina!. Saffron, aloes. Sect. 1 . Epitome of Chemisiry, 43 < 258. Gum-reJinSy m fl:ri£t propriety, ihould not be noticed here, as they are fecondary compounds, and probably vary much in their nature. They Teem to be compounds of refin with extractive and eflential oil, and perhaps other immediate principles, not yet afcer- tained. Officinal. Gum Ammoniac, galbanum, fcammony, aiTa- foetida, gamboge, myrrh, fagapenum, olibanum. 239. Bitter principle, (Thomfon), intenfcly bitter, of a yellowifti colour, ductile while foft, brittle when dry, not fufible, foluble in alcohol and in water, not cryftallizable, precipitated by nitrate of filver, acetate of lead. OfficinaL Q^aflia, gentian, colocynth, broom, fimarouba, dandelion, colomba, marih trefoil, lefler cen- taury, blefTed thiftle, different fpecies of artemifia, cinchona ji- maicenfis. 260. Narcotic principle, cryftallizable, fo'uble in about 403 parts of boiling water, foluble in cold water, foluble in 24 parta of boiling alcohol, foluble in hot ether, in all acids, and in hot vofetilc oils, fufible, not volatile, highly narcotic. OfficinaU Opium, laduca, bellodonna, hyofciamus, hemlock, ftramonium. 2^1. Acrid principle, foluble in alcohol, water, acids and alkalies, rifes in diftillation with water and alcohol, volatile, not neutralized by alkalies or acids. Officinal. Squils, garlic, colchiaum, afc- rum, arum, hellebore, bryony, iris, ranunculus, dig itiijisviola, fcurvygrafs, muftard. 262. Chinconin, not acrid, foluble in alcohol and in water, pre- cipitated by infufion of galls. Officinal. Chinchona officinalis, Co- lomba, Anguftura, Ipecacuan. Dr. Thomfon difcovered a prin- ciple, poffefling fimilar chemical properties in black pepper. I have fince found it in capficum, and it probably exifts in other peppers. 263. indigo has a deep blue colour, is light and friable, without tafte orfmell, infoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and oils, forming a deep blue folution with fulphuric acid when precipitated from acids ; foluble in alkalies, becoming green. It is obtained from the indigofera tin£loria, and ioatis tindlorla. 264. Caoutchouc, when imoke has not been employed in drying it, is of a white colour, foft, pliable, extremely elaftic, and diffi- cultly torn; fpecific gravity 0.9335-, inalterable by expofure to air ; infoluble in water, but foftened, fo that its edges may be made to adhere to each other ; infoluble in alcohol ; foluble, without alteration, in ether wafhed with water, and in re£l:ified petroleum j foluble in volatile oils ; and fuiible by heat, but altered, fo that it remains glutinous after evaporation 21,:: cooling; inflammable; infoluble in alkalies, and dccompofed by the ftroRg acids. Its dc- compofition proves thit it confifts of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, ^nd oxygen. It is obtained principally firom Haevea caoutchoue 44 Elemeiits of Pharmacy. Parti. and Jatropha elaftica in South America, and the Ficus Indica, Ar- tocarpus integrifolia, and Urceola elaftica in the Eaft Indies. 265. Siiber conftltutes the epidermis of all vegetables. On the quercus fuber it is thickened by art in a furprifing degree, and iorms common cork. It is a light elaftic fubftance, very inflam- mable, burning vtith a bright white flame, and leaving a very fpongy charcoal ; it is not foluble in any menftruum •, it is decom- pofed by nitric acid, and is converted into a peculiar acid, and an un£tucus fubftance. 166. Wood, (Llgnin ?) when feparated from all the other mat- ters with which it is combined in vegetables, is a pulverulent, fi- brous, or lamellated body, more or lefs coloured, of confiderable weight, without tafte or fmell, and infoluble in water or alcohol. When expofed to fufficient heat, it is decompofed without melt- ing or fwelling, and is converted into charcoal without any change of form. Its products, by combuftion, are carbonic acid, and car- buretted hydrogen gas, water, empyreumatic oil, and acetous acid. By nitric acid, it is changed into the malic, oxalic, and acetous acids. It forms, as it were, the ficeleton of all vegetables. ' 267. Gelatin, when exficcated, is a hard, elaftic, femi-tranfpa- rent fubftance, refembhng horn, having a vitreous fracture : inal- terable in the air, foluble in boiling water, and forming with it a gelatinous mafs on cooling ; it is alfo foluble, but lefs readily, io cold water. It is completely infoluble in alcohol, and is even pre- cipitated by it from its folution in water ; it is foluble in acids, even when much diluted, and alfo in the alkalies j but its mofh charii6keriftic property is its affinity for tannin, with which it forms -a thick, yellow precipitate, which foon concretes into an adhefive, elaftic mafs, readily drying in the air, and forming a brittle fub- ftance, of a refinous appearance, exa£tly refembling overtanned leather. It is alfo precipitated copioufly by carbonate of potafs. The folution of gelatin in water, firll becomes acid, and afterwards putrid. When decompofed by nitric acid or heat, its products fhew that it contains only a fmall proportion of nitrogen. It is principally contained in the cellular, membranous, and tendinous parts of animals, and forms an important article of nourifliment. Glue and iftnglals, which are much employed in the arts, are al- moft pure gelatin. OJfichiaL Ifmglafs, Cornu cervj, 268 Aihumen is a brittle, tranfparent fubftance, of a pale yellow colour, and glutinous tafte, without fmell, readily foluble in cold water, infoluble in boiling water, but foftened and rendered opaque and white when thrown into it ; infoluble, and retaining its tran- fparency in alcohol ; fwelling ; becoming brown, and decrepitating when fuddenly expofed to heat. It generally exifts in the form of u vifcid, tranfparent fluid, having little tafte or fmell, and readily Sect. 1 . Epitome of Chemistry^, '■ 45 foluble in cold water. When expofed to a temperature of 165°, it coagulates into a white opaque mafs, of confiderable confiftency ; it is alfo coagulated by alcohol and acids. Albumen forms with tannin a yellow precipitate, infoluble in water. Coagulated albu- men is not foluble either in cold or in boiling v/ater. It is foluble, but with decompofition, in the alkalies and alkaline earth?. It 13 alfo foluble in the acids, greatly diluted, but may be precipitated frorri them by tannin. When llowly dried, it becomes brittle, tranfparent and of a yellow colour, refembling amber. When de- compofed by nitric acid or heat, it Is found to contain more nitro- gen than gelatin does. White of Qgg confifts of albumen, com- bined with a very little foda, fulphur, and phofphate of lime. Al- bumen alfo forms a large proportion of th- ferum of the blood, and is found in the fap cf vegetables. It is highly nutritious. 269. Fibrin is of a white colour, without taltc or fmell, tough and claftic, but when dried, hard and almoit brittle. It is not fol- uble in water or in alcohol. The concentrated cauftic alkalies form witlv it a kind of fluid vifcid foap. It is dlflblved even by the weak and diluted acids; but it undergoes fome change, by which it acquires the properties of jellying, and being foluble in hot wa- ter. By maceration in water, it becomes putrid, and is converted into adipocere (242). By long boiling in water, it is rendered tough and corneous. When dccompofed by heat or nitric acid, it is found to contain a large proportion of nitrogen. It forms the bafis of the mufcular fibre,, and is contained in fmall quantity hi the blood. The gluten of wheat does not feeni to differ from it in any important property. It is eminently nutritious, 27c. Urea is obtained in tlie form of brilliant micaceous cry- flals, in groups, forming a mats of a yellow! fii white colour, adher- ing to the veflel containing it ; difficult to cut or break j hard and granulated in its centre, gradually becoming fofr, and of the con- iiftence of honey on its furfacc ; of a (Irong, difguftlng, alliaceous "bdour; of an acrid, pungenr, dif.igreeable talle. - It is deliquefcent ; its folution caufes a fenfible diminution of temperature ; it is alfo foluble in alcohol, efpccially when aflified by heat. On cooling, the alcoholic folution depoHts cryllals of pare urea. By the ap- plication of heat it melts, fwells rapidly, and a^t the fame time be- gins to be decompoied ; emitting an infupportably fetid odour, and is converted into carbonate of ammonia, and carburettcd hy- drogen gas. Urea is charred by concentrated fulphuric acid ; di- luted fulphuric acid sided by heat, is capable of converting it en- tirely into acetous acid and ammonia j^ concentrated nitrous-fed ^^decompofes it with rapidity ; diluted nitric acid aided by heat, ''changes it almofl: entirely ifuo carbonic acid gas and nitrogen gas •, muriatic acid diiTolves and preferves it ; ^xy-muriati3 54 Elements of Pharmacy. Part I. where they are hidigenous ; and thofe which grow wild, in dry foils, and high fituations, fully cxpofed to the air and fun, are in jijcncral to. be preferred to thofe which are cultivated, or which grow in moift, low, fliady, or confined places. 314. Roots which are annual, Ihould be colieded before they fiioot out their ftalks or flowers; biennial roots in the harvefi: of the firfl, or fpring of the fecond year ; perennial roots cither in fpri ng. before the fap, has begun to mount, or in harveft, after it has returned. 3 1 5. Thofe which are worm-eaten, except feme refinous roots, or which are decayed, are to be reje(?led. The others are imme- diately to be cleaned with a brufh and cold water, letting them lie in it as fliort time as poflible ; and the fibres and little roots, when not eflential, are to be cut away. 316. Roots which confift principally of fibresj and have but a fmall tap, may be immediately dried. If they be juicy, and not aromatic, tins may be done by beat, not exceeding 100'' of Fahren- heit; but if aromatic, by fimply expofing them, and frequently turning them xn, h current of cold dry air: if very thick and ftrong, they are to be fplit or cut into flices, and ftrung upon threads ; if covered with a tough bark, they may be peeled frefli, and then dried. Such as lofe their virtues by drying, or are di- reded to be preferved in a frcfh ftate, are to be kept buried in dry fand. 317. No very general rule can be given for the collection of herbs and leaves, fome of them acquiring activity from their age, and others, as the mucilaginous leaves, from the fame caufe, lofing the property for which they are oflicinal. Ar#matics are to be coi* levied after the flower-buds are formed ; annuals, not aromatic, when they are about to flower, or when in flower ; biennials, be- fore they (lioot ; and perennials, before they flower, efpecially if their fibres become woody. 31S. They are to be gathered in dry weather, after the dew Is ofi- them, or in the evening before it falls, andare to be freed from decayed, withered, or foreign leaves. They are ufually tied in bundles, and hung up in a fliady, warm, and airy place;. or fpread upon the floor, and frequently turned. If very juicy, they are laid upon a fieve, and dried by a gentle degree of artificial warmth. 319. Sprouts are coUcded before tlie buds open; and Italks are gathered in autumn. 32c. Barks and woods are coTlecled when the mofl adive part of the vegetables are concentrated in them, which happens in fpring and in autumn. Spring is preferred for refinous barks, and autumn for the others which are not refinous, but rather gummy. Sect. 2. Pharmaceutical Operations. 55 Barks (hould be taken from young trees, and freed from decayed parts, and all impurities. • • 321. The fame rules direct the colle£lion of woods ; but they muft not be taken from very young trees. Among the refinous woods, the heavieft, which fink in water, are fele we muft carefully keep it applied to the upper part of the retort, that the drop hanging from it may not touch the infide of the neck. In fome cafes, where a mixture of difl^erent fubftances is to be dif- tilled, it is convenient and neceflary to have the whole apparatus properly adjufted before the mixture is made, and we muft there- fore employ a tubulated retort, or a retort furniflied with an aper« ture, accurately clofed with a ground ftopper. 449. The tubulature fhould be placed on the upper convex part of the retort before it bends to form the neck, fo that a fluid poured through it may fall diredly into the body without foiling the neck. 450. Retorts are made of various materials. Flint-glafs is com- monly ufed when the heat is not fo great as to melt it. For diftil- lations which require exceffive degrees of heat, retorts of earthen- ware, or coated (376. d.) glafs retorts are employed. Quick- filver is diftilled in iron-retorts. 451. The fimpleft condenfing apparatus ufed with the retort, is the common glafs-receiver ; which is a veflel of a conical or glo- bular form, having a neck fufficiently wide to admit of the neck of the retort being introduced within it. To prevent the lofs and fliiFipaticn of the vapourt to be ^oftdenfed, the retort and receiver 78 Elements of Pharmacy. Part I. may be accurately ground to each other, or fecured by fome proper lute. To prevent the receiver from being heated by the caloric evolved during the condenfation of vapours in it, we muft employ fome means to keep it cool. It is cither immerfed in cold water, or covered with fnow, or pounded ice, or a conftant evaporation is fupported from its furface, by covering it with a cloth, which is kept moift by means of the defcent of water, from a veflcl placed above it, through minute fyphons or fpongy worded threads. But as, during the procefs of diftillation, permanently elaftic fluids are often produced, which would endanger the breaking of the veflels, thefe are* permitted to efcape either through a tubulature, or hole in the fide of the receiver, or rather through a hole made in the luting C380.). Receivers having a fpout ifluing from their fide, are ufed when we wifh to keep feparate the produds obtained at different periods of any diftillation. For condenfing very vola- tile vapours, a feries of receivers, communicating with each other, termed Adopters, w^re formerly ufed j but thefe arc now entirely fuperfeded by Woulfe's apparatus. 452. This apparatus confifts of a tubulated retort, adapted to a tubulated receiver. With the tubulature of the receiver, a three- necked bottle is conne6led by means of a bent tube, the further extremity of which is immerfed, one or more inches, in fome fluid contained in the bottle. A feries of two or three fimilar bottles are connedled with this firft bottle in the fame way. In the middle tubulature of each bottle, a glafs tube is fixed, having its lower extremity immerfed about a quarter of an inch in the flui Copper, SULPHUR. Benzoic, Mercury, Tellurium, PHOSPHORUS ? Sulphurous, Silver, Platinum, Acetic, Arfenious aeid, Mercury, Potafs, Mucic, Nitric oxide, Silver, Soda, Boracic, Gold, Gold. Iron, Nitrous, Platinum, Carbonic oxide, Copper, Tin, Pruffic, Muriatic acid. CARBON. Lead, Oil, White oxide of Silver, Water, Manganefe, Oxygen, Bifmuth, Sulphur. White oxide of Iron, Antimony, Lead. Hydrogen. Mercury, a, Vauquelin's Table of the affinity of the metal* for oxygen, according to the difficulty with which their oxides are dccompofcd by heat. 96 Elements of Pharmacy, Part I. TABLES OF SIMPLE AFFINITY CONTINUED, BARYTA. Acids. Sulphuric, Oxalic, Succinic, Fluoric, Phofphoric, Mucic, Nitric, Muriatic, — — Suberic, — Citric, Tartaric, Arfenic, Laftic, Benzoic, Acetic, Boracic, — Sulphurous, Nitrous, — Carbonic, Pruffic, Sulphur, Phofphorus, Water, Fixed oil. STRONTIA. Acids. Sulphuric» Phofphoric, — Oxalic, — Tartaric, — Fluoric, — Nitric, — Muriatic, Acids . Succinic, — Acetic, Arfenic, — . Boracic, Carbonic, Water. LIME. Acids. Oxalic, Sulphuric, Tartaric, Succinic, Phofphoric, Mucic, Nitric, Muriatic, Suberic, Fluoric, Arfenic, La6tic, Citric, Malic, Benzoic, Acetic, Boracic, Sulphurous, Nitrous, Carbonic, Pruffic, Sulphur, Phofphorus, Water, Fixed oil. MAGNESIA. Acids. Oxalic, Phofphoric, Sulphuric, Fluoric, Arfenic, Mucic, Succinic, Nitric, Muriatic, Tartaric, Citric, Malic ? La6tic, Benzoic, Acetic, Boracic, Sulphurous, Nitrous, Carbonic, Pruffic, Sulphur. ALUMINA. Acids. Sulphuric, — Nitric, — Muriatic, — Oxalic, — Arfenic, — Fluoric, — Tartaric, — Succinic^ — Mucic, — Citric, Acids. Phofphoric, La£^ic, Benzoic, Acetic, Boracic, Sulphurous, Nitrous, Carbonic, — Pruffic. SILICA. Fluoric acid, Potafs. ox. OF PLATINUM — GOLD. a. Gallic acid. Muriatic, Nitric, Sulphuric, Arfenic, Fluoric, Tartaric, * Phofphoric, Oxalic, Citric, Acetic, Succinic, Pruffic, Carbonic, Ammonia. a. Omitting the oxalic, citric, fucciaic, cn4 carbonic, and adding fulphurettcd hydrogen after ammonia. App. Affinities, 97 TABLES OP SIMPLE AFFINITY CONTINUED. Boracic, Phofphoric, Muriatic, Oxide of Silver . Pruflic, Succinic, Nitric, Carbonic. Fluoric, Phofphoric, Gallic acid. Muriatic, Citric, Arfenic, Fluoric, "Laftic, Oxalic, Oxide of Lead. Acetic, Succinic, Sulphuric, Boracic, Citric, Mucic, Gallic, Pruflic, Laaic, Phofphoric, Sulphuric, Carbonic, Acetic, Sulphurous, Mucic, Fixed alkalies. Boracic, Nitric, Oxalic, Ammonia, Prufljc, Arfenic, Arfenic, Fixed oils. Carbonic. y Fluoric, Tartaric, Tartaric, Phofphoric, 1 Citric, Muriatic, OxideofArsenic 'Oxide of Tin <7. Laftic, Sulphurous, Succinic, Suberic, Gallic, Gallic, Acetic, Nitric, Muriatic, Muriatic, Pruflic, Fluoric, Oxalic, Sulphuric, ' Carbonic, Citric, Sulphuric, lOxalic, Ammonia, Malic, Nitric, Tartaric, ' Succinic, Laaic, Tartaric, Phofphoric, Arfenic, Phofphoric, Oxide of Mer. Acetic, Fluoric, Nitric, CURY. Benzoic, Succinic, Succinic, Boracic, Citric, Fluoric, Gallic acid. Pruffic, Acetic, Mucic, Muriatic, Carbonic, Pruflic, Citric, Oxalic, Fixed oils, Fixed alkalies, ' Lactic, Succinic, Ammonia. ■ Ammonia, Acetic, Arfenic, Phofphoric, Fixed oils, i Water. ' Boracic, Pruflic, Sulphqric, Mucic, Tartaric, Oxide of Copper. Gallic, i Ammonia. 1 Oxide of Iron. Citric, Jxalic, Oxide of Zinc. Malic, Fartaric, Gallic, Sulphurous, Muriatic, Dxalic, Gallic, Nitric, ' Sulphuric, Tartaric, Dxalic, Fluoric, VTucic, Camphoric, Sulphuric, Acetic, J Mitric, Sulphuric, Muriatic, Benzoic, i Arfenic, VTucic, Mucic, «' i&crgmwj plates the tartaric before the muriatic. 93 Elements of Pharmacy. Part L TABLED gF SjIM^^ ^JI^I^^-^^-^ COJ^J^WEI?. Nitric, ., „ ro-d^,-^ rartacic, Sulphuric AeiD^ ?HosPHORic Acxp. Strontia, Phofphoric, Prussi'c. a. Carbonic, a Lime, Citric, Magnefia, Succinic, Baryta, Baryta, Ammonia, fluoric. Strontia, Strontia, Glucina, Arfenic, Potafs, Lime, Alumina, Ladic, Soda, Potafs, Zirconia, Acetic, Lime, ■>oda, Metallic oxideg. Boracic, Magnefia, \mmonia. Pruffic, Ammonia, Magneiia, Carbonic, ^lucina. glucina. Fluoric Acid. fixed alkalies, Gadolina, Uumina, Boracic — — ■ e.. T Ammonia. Alumina, Zirconia, Arsenic — - — fi V Zircon; q, Metallic oxides. Metallic oxides. Silica. TUNGSTIC- Ox. OF Antimony. Lime, Baryta, Gallic, Sulphurous Acid. PllOSPHOROUsAciI> ^.trontia. iVIuriatic, Succinic, b. Magnefia, Benzoic, Lime, IJotafs, Oxalic, Baryta, Baryta, Soda, Sulphuric, Lime, Strontia, Ammonia, - Nitric, ' Potafs, Potafs, Glucina, Tartaric, Soda, Soda, Alumina, Mucic, Strontia, Ammonia, Zirconia, Phofphoric, iVIagnefia, Glucina, Silica. i Citric, Succinic, Ammonia, Glucina, Alumina, 2iirconia, Fluoric, Alumina, Metallic oxides. Acetic Acid. Arfenic> Zirconia, Laftic, ■ Metallic oxides. Suberic ^ g» Acetic, Nitric Acij). Boracic, Muriatic d. Baryta, Pruffic, Potafs, Fixed alkalies, Baryta, Soda, > Ammonia. Potafs, Strontia, • /'/-<• ,J7. With the omifiion of all after ammonia. *. Ammonia fliould come before magnefia, apd ftrontia, glucina and zirconia fhoul^ b^, emitted. c- Magnefia ftould ftand above ammonia, and alumina and fiUca fhoul^ be omitted. d. Ammonia fhoulcl Hand above magnefia. f . SHica fhould be omitted, and inflead of it water and alcohol be inferted, /. Except filica. 'l- With the cmiffion of ftrontia, metallic oxides, glucina and zirconia. App. Affinities. 99 TABLES OF SIMPLE AFFINITY CONTINUED. Lime, \ — J Ammonia, Benzoic Acid. Fixed Oil. Sulphuretted Magnefia, Hydrogen. Metallic oxides, White oxide of Lime, Gliicina, Arfenic, Baryta, Baryta, A-lumina, Potafs, Potafs, Potafs, Zirconia. Soda, Soda, Soda, Ammonia^ Baryta, MagJiefia, Oxide of Mercu- Lime, Ammonia, Oxalic Acid. Lime, '*^' Magnefia, Tartaric — ^— Magnefia, Other metallic Zirconia. Citric ^a Alumina, oxides. Lime, Baryta, Alumina. Camphoric Acid. Strontia, Alcohol. Magnefia, Ciime, Potafs, Potafs, Water, Soda, Soda, Ether, Ammonia, 3arytaj Volatile oil. Alumina, Ammonia, Alkaline Sulphu- Metallic oxides. Alumina, rets. Water, VTagneiia. \lcohol. . ,. ' 112 45 40 122 i^ 42 1^7 l^ i,?44.. r^ 130 54 Us 140 ./^ 49 i^X ^61 50 145 63 55 '^^ 79 1^ 165 17c 74 77 M v^?^ r -^'^ 9*. .^35 1 16 "■4. 'u I V: Jili 8o 2f!j U;?^^ . 83 219 104 88 230 110 89 234 III 93 242 116 . 96 248 126 l^herTfiorheters, ^ Gil of anife frbezes, to 133, F. Animal putrefaflion, 7010 panary fermentation. Camphor evaporates, (Fourcroy).' Siimmel: heat iat Edinburgh. Vinolis fermfentation rapid, (Four- croy). Acetous ditto begins. PhofphOrus biirns in oxygen gas. 104 txoettling. The adipoccre of niufcle rtielts. -^ Acetous fermdntation ceafes, (Fourc.) Phbfphorus is dudile. - F. to too, animal heat A^ilnge meltsj (Nicholfon). Eth<5r boils. Phbfphorus mblts, (Peltetier). Refill of bile raefts. Feverifh heat. Myrtle wax melts (Cadet). Speirtllaceti melts (Boftock). Phofphorus biirns vividly, (Fourcroy), 148, (Thomfon). Tallow melts, (Nicholfon.) Aftimonia is feparated from water. Ainiiiorlia boils, (Dalton.) Sees wAx melts, (Irvine.) Camphor fublimes, (Venturi). Am- bergris melts, (La Grange.^ Bleached wax melts, (Nicholfon). AHiumen coagulates. 156 (Black). Sulphur evaporatesj (Kirwim). Alcohol boils, 174 (Black). Adipocdre of biliary calculi tnelts. (Foui-croy). ■^ate;r ind volatile oils boi?. rfifmuth 5 purts, tin 3, and lead, 2 melt. Phofphorus begins to diflii, (Pelletier). Muriate of Hriie boils, (Dklton). Sulphur melts, Hope. (21 z''. Four- croy Jl. (185^. Kir wan): Nitroiis acid boils. Nitric a;cid boils. G4 104 Elements of Pliarmacy. Part L Fahr. 283 334 46c 54c 59c 60c 612 669 70.0 '750 800 Cent. 140 I\0 168 ..238 , . 248 282 290 ,:294 310 '315 }£:>■•) M ' 3^5 ' 335 V • 35.0 384 427 802 428 809 ! 432 884 • 475 1050 560 1C77 577 1300 705 1807 986 2897 18x4 3807 ' 2100 4587 •^s^^ 4717 2602 4847 2700 5^37 2780 Wed. [.7 + 6 >4 21 27 28 29 32 White oxide of arfenic fiiblitnes. AII07 of equal parts of tin and bifmutli melts. Sulphur burns flpwly, and cam- phor melts, (Venturi). x^llojs, tin 3, and lead 2 and tin 2, bifmuth i, melt. Tin melts Crichtbn. (413, Ir- vine). Tin I, and lead 4, melt. Bifmuth melts, (Irvine). Arfenic fublimcs. Phofphorus boils, (Pelletier). - Oil of turpentine. b9ils. Sulphuric acid boils, (Dalton). 346, Black. 540, Bergm. Linfeed oil boils. Sulphur fub- limes, (Davy).' 570, Thom- ,,.,fon, ^ . i^'^"^ Lead melts, Cnchton. Cs9^» Irvine). 585, Secundat. (540, Newton). Loweft ignition of iron in the dark. Mercury boils, (DaJton). 644, Secundat. 600, Black. Zinc melts. Iron bright red in the dark. Hydrogen gas burns. 1000, Thomfon. Charcoal burns, (Thomfon). Antimony melts. ^ Iron red in the twilight. Iron red hot in a common fire. Red heat in day light. Azotic gas burns. En^el colours burnt. ; Diamond burns, i, Sii" G. M'^Kenzie. 50C0> Mocveau. Erafs melts. Copper melts. Silver melts. Settling heat of pTate giafs* Gold me7c^. App. Reau. Fahr. Cent. iWed Thermometers, 105 2880 3750 4450 537c 5800 627c 6520 6925 7025 *7ioc 7460 7650 7975 825c 9^3 9323 • r 9602 9708 10286 moo 6307 848c 10177 f2257 13^97 14337 14727 '5^37 15897 16007 16807 17327 17977 18627 20377 21C97 21637 21877 »3i77 3580 4680 5610 6770 733^ 7850- 8150 8650 8770 8880 9320 9600 9850 10320 11414 1 1680 ■'•7 12001 12136 12857 25127 1390a 40 57 70 86 94 02 05 112 114 121 t»3 124 r25 130 150 154 158 160 170 + T85 Delft ware fired. Working heat of plate glafs. Flint glafs furnace. Cream coloured Hone ware fired» Worcefter china vitrified. Stoneware fired. ^ Chelfea china vitrifitd. Derby. Flint glafs furnace greateft heat. Bow china vitrified. Equal parts of chalk and clay melt. Plate glafs furnace ftrongeft heat. Smith's forge. " '^ — Cobalt melts. Call iron melts. Briftol china no vitrification at Nickel melts. Heffian crucible melted. Soft iron nails melted with the crucible. Iron melts. Manganefe me^ts. Air furnace. Platinum, tungftcn, molybde- num, uranium, and titaaium. melt. Greateft heat obferved. N. B. As many of tWe higher numbers were calculated frOm Wedgewood*S, by the Aiding rule, the two or three firft figures only can be depended upon as corre£l. They will be found however to be. fuficiently accurate for mod purpofes. 106 Elements of Pharmacy, Paiif. TABLti OF Freezing Mixtures. During the folution of many faline bodies, a vtry conftderabic reduaion oi temperature takes place. We (hall extraA ftom Mr Walker's paper a few of the moll: convenient mixtures employed for this purpofe. » : . ' A mixture of^ , t''^^^^^^ M^^ teht- _u^ perature. Muriate of ammonia. Nitrate of potafs. Water, Sulphate of foda, 8 1 ^ Muriatic acid, 5 j ^^''^ 5°° '" °''' > froni 32^ to o°. Snow, Muriate of foda, I I Snow, Muriate of foda, 2 I i from 0° to— 50. Snow, I -1 Muriate of foda, c / ^ „ « Miiriate of ammonia, and :> \ ixov^S ^ to- 1 8°. Muriate of ammonia, and *) Nitrate of potafs, 5 Snow, 1 2 Muriate of foda, 5 [• from — 18° to — 25°. Nitrate of ammonia, 5 1 TTTTT Snow, 1 Diluted Sulphuric acid, i from 20° to— r6c°. Snow, Muriate of lime, 2 3 > from 32° to — 500. Snow, Muriate of lime. I 3 t from — 40° *-o — 730. Snow, Diluted fulphuric acid. 8 10 > from — 68<* — 91°. The falls ought to be recently cryftallized, and reduced to a very fine powder, and the mixture fhould be made as quickly as poffible. To produce a very great degree of cold, the materials muft be previouily cooled down by means of other mixtures. App. Freezing Mixtures, \Ot Table of fome Galvanic Circles, compofed of two Perfe£t Conductors, and one Imperfect Condiw^or, (Davy). o c a a V 'c M O Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, Copper, Silver, 'ATitU gold, charcoal, filver, copper ^ tin, iron, mer- cury. gold, charcoal, filver, copper, tin. gold, filver, charcoal. gold, filver. gold, filver. gold. 3 c 'n *£ «j biO >> K o Solutions of nitric acid in crater, of muriatic acid, ful- phuric acid, &c. Water, holding in folution oxygen, at- mofpheric air. Solution of nitrates of filver, and mer- cury. Nitric acid,aeetous acid. Nitric acid. Table of fome Galvanic Circles, compofed of two Imperfcdl Conductors, and one PerfeCt Conductor. Charcoal, Copper, Silver, Lead, Tin, fron, Zinc, Solutions of hydrogu- retted alkaline ful- phurets, capable of £"ting on the firfl three metals, but not on the laft three. Solutions of nitrous icid, oxygenized mu- riatic acid, &c. capa- ble of aCting on all che metals. JOS Elements of Pharmacy » Part;!^ Weights and Measures. ► " To employ, as the fundamental unity of all meafures, a type ** taken from nature itfelf, a type as unchangeable as the globe •' on which we dwell, — to propofe a metrical fyflem, of which all; ^ the parts are intimately connected together, and of which the ^\ multiples and fubdivifioris follow a natural progreflion, which ** is fimple, eafy to comprehend : — this is mod afTuredly a beauti- *' ful, great, and fublime idea, wortjiy of the enlightened age in ** which we live." Such were the ideas which influenced the French National In- ftitute, when they chofe as the bafe of the whole metrical fyftem, tht fourth part of the terreftrial meridian between the equator and the north pole. They adopted the ten millionth part of this art for the unity of meafure, which they denominated metre^ and ap- plied it equally to fuperficial and folid meafures, taking for tlie unity of the former the fquare of the decuple, and for that of the latter the cube of the tenth part of the metre. They chofe for the unity of weight, the quantity of dillilled water which the fame cube contains when reduced to a conftant ftate prefented by nature itfelf; and, lallly, they decided, that the multiples and fub-multi- ples of each kind of meafure, whether of weight, capacity, fur- face, or length, ihould be always taken in the decimal progreflion, ns being the moll Ample, the moft natural, and the moft eafy, for calculation, according to the fyftem of numeration which all Eu- rope has employed for centuries ► - By a careful meafurement of the arc between Dunkirk and Mountjouy, they found the length of the metre to be equal to 443.296 lines of the toife of Peru. The cubic decimetre of dif- tilled water, taken at its maximum of denfity and weight in vacuo, that is the unity of weight, was found to be 18827.15 grains of the pile of Charlemagne. By actual comparifon, the metre was found to be equal to 39.371 Englilh inches at 62°, the tempera- ture univerfally employed in the comparifon of Englifli ftandards : and upon thefe data the following tables have been conftruficd. App/ tPeigkts and Measures* 109 Tables of Weights and Measures. Troy Weight, •ound. Ounces. Drachms. ScrHples. Grains. Grammet. 1 =12 =96 =288 = 5760 = 372.9<^ I = 8 = 24 = 480 =: 31.08 I = 3 = 60 = 3.885 I = 20 = 1-29^ I = 0.06475 Avoirdupois Weight. Pound. Ounces. Drachms. Grains. Gramme*. I = 16 = 256 = 7000 = 453-25 I = 16 => 437.5 = 28.32 = I = 27.975 = I.8l Measures. Gallon. Pints. Ounces. Drachtns. Cub. Inch. Litre*. I s= 8 = 128 = 1024 = 231 :i=. 3-78515 I = 16 = 128 = 28.875 = 0.47398 1 :^ 8 = 1.8047 = 0.02957 X :=: 0.2256 == 0.00396 uo Elements of Fharmae^. Vml. Meafures cf Length ; the Metre being o^ 320, and the foot at 62°, Engliih inches. Millimetre r: •^3937 Centimetre =; •39371 Decimetre =r 3-93710 Metre =: 39.37100) Mil. Fur. Yds. Feet. Inch. Decametre =: 393.71000 = 10 2 9.7 Hecatometre zz. 3937.1000* = 109. I I Chilioinetre =:^ 393:71,0000a =r 4 213: I 10.2 Myriometre = 393.7 10 ^QCOOO- = 6 I 156 o- 6 Millilitre Centilitre Decilitce Litre Decalitre Hecatolitre Chiliolitre Myriolitre Meafures of Capacity Cubic inches. . 061-0^5 .6io2*8 6. £02 80 6-1.0280© 610.28000- 6i>02.8oooo 61028.00000 610280. OGOOO Engliflj. 'Vom. Hogf. Wine Gall. Pints; = o o o. 2.11^33 =' o o 2. 5'13?2 = 00 26.419 = 10 12.19 = 10 I 58.9 Milligramme Centigramme Decigramme Gramme Decigramme Hecatogramme Chiliogramme Myriogramme Meafures of Weight » Inglilh grains .oi-;54j .115441 1-5444 15.4440 1:54.4402 1544.4023 15444.0234 154440.2344 Avoirdupois* Poun. Oun. Dram, o o 5.65 o 3 8.5 a 3 5 22 z 2 Table of Specific Gravities correfponding to the degrees of Baume*. hydrometers for fpirits and f alts at ^^° Fahrenheit, BaumPs Hydrometers at sy SPIRITS. SP. GR. 40 = 817 35 * 842 Fahrenheit, 30 25 = 867 ^ 897 App, Measure., Ill SPIRITS. SP. GR. I2«0 = 24 30 = 928 1261 = 30 15. = 9^5 1333 = 36 1373 = 39 ' FOK &Ai1S., 1455 = 45 IQ = lOCO- =: ■'.■'■ ' , '. . 1547 = 5' 1040 :=: 6 1594 = 54 O = 1C72 ^Su 10 1717 = 60 1089 =: 12 1848 = 66 III4 =^ »5 1920 = 69 II70 = 21 2000 = 7^ Comparative Weights qfGflfspus Fluids. 100 CUBIC I nch.es. SPECIFIC GAAViTTv ?rcRch, in French grains. JEnglift , in Troy Standard, ' grains. Water. Air. Water 37419.8. 1000. 813.5, Ditto 25 242.2 1000. 814.3 Atmofpheric ail- 46. 1.2293 I. Ditto 3^- 1.2279 I. Oxygeo 51- 1.365 l.PI Ditto. > . 34- ^'J5 I.C9 DittQ, ^ . , Si-'^P 1-39 1.13 Vitrogen 44-4:4 .1.19 0.965 Ditto ^^'S?.S 1.21 0.985 Ditto 3P-45 J. 20 0.98 Arapip.niji 18.16 0.715 0.585 Ditto ' 18. 0-713 0.58. Hydrogen 3r5 ^'Og^s 0.076. Ditto 2.613 0.1031 0.084 Hydrocarbonous oxides 1 14-5 ■ 0-573 0.467 t 16. 0.632 0.516 ( 20. 0.78 0.645 J 21. a.83 0.677 Carbonic oxido 30* 1. 185 0.965 Carbonic acid 46.5 1.84 1-5 45-J. i.8oz 1.47 Nitrons oxi de 5Q-I' i>9?5 1-615 Nitric bxide 37r 1.465, ^'^93 Ditto 34-3 1.36- 1. 105 Nitric acid 76. ^ 3. 2.425 Sulphuretted hydrogen 34.2B6 1.36 1.205 Sulphurous acid 70.215 2.75 2.24 Muriatic acid 66. 1.765 1-43 s. L S.K, t. K. IX L. K. D. D, F. K. C. C. C. C. C. R. D; D. R. D. D. K, K. B. L. Lavoifier. S. Shuckburgh. K. Kirwan. Cruikiliaiik. 15. Briflbn. ^ D.Davie. C. 112 Elements of Pharmaaj^ Solids. Diamond Native fulphur Melted do. Phofphorus, Platinum rolled, Gold hammered, Tungften, Mercury, Sulphuret of do. Lead melted, Silver hammered, Bifmuth melted, Nickel do. Copper wire. Cobalt, Arfenic, JVrfenious acid, Bar iron, Cad iron, Steel hardened. Molybdenum, Tin hardened, Zinc, Manga nefe, Antimony, Solphuret of do. Glafs of do. Uranium, - - Tellurium, Collumbium, *Soda, *Strontia, *Sulphate of foda, * — — magnefia, *Muriate of lime, * baryta. 3.5212 2.0332 1.9907 1.7140 22.0(590 19.3617 17.6 13.5681 10. 10.5107 9.8227 9- 8.8785 8.5384 8,31 3.706 7.733 7.207 7.8404 7-5 7-30^5 7.1908 7- 6.89 4.0643 4.9464 6.44 6.115 5.918 1-336 1.647 1-4457 1.6603 1.7603 2.8257 * mercury, 5.1398 *S«b-muriateofmercury,7.l758 *Tartrate of potafs, 1.5567 *—- foda, 1 . 743 7 2.109 ■=•345 1.398 *Acetate of foda, *^ lead, — — iron. *Carbonate of foda, magnefia, *^ Thofphatc of foda, Ambergris, Tallow, Hogs lard. Yellow wax, White do. Spermaceti, Rofin, Sandarac, Maftich, Copal, Amber, Elemi, Labdanum, ' Refin of Guaiac, Refin of jalap, Dragons' blood, Tacamahaca, Benzoin, Storax, Gum ammoniac, Gamboge, Olibanum, Myrrh, Scammony, Galbanum, Sagapenum, •» Opoponax, Aflafoetida, Hepatic aloes, Socotorine aloes, Opium, Gum arabic, tragacanth, Extra(3: of liquorice, catechu, SarcocoJl, • - Camphor, Caoutchouc, Indigo, Arnotto, Cork, 1-7377 0.294 0.9263 0.9419 0.9478- 0.9648 0.9686 0.9433 1.0727 1.0920 1.0742 1.0452 1.0780 .0682 .1862 .2289 .2185 .2045 ,0463 0924 1098 1. 2071 1.22l6 1.1732 1.3600 1.2354 1. 2120 1.2008 1.6226 1-3275 ^'3795 1.3366 1.4523 1.3161 1.7228 1-4573 ' 1.2684 0.9887 0-9335 0,7090 •595^ 0.240a ApPi Specific Gravities, 113 Fluids. Water, ^ ^ - Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid. Muriatic acid, Acetic do. Strong acetic do. Carbonic acid, Water faturated ammonia, Alcohol, with i.oooo a. 1250 1.5800 I. 1940 1.0135 1.0626 1.0015 0.8970 0.8293 Sulphuric ether, 0-7394 Nitrous ether, - 0.9088 Oil of turpentine, 0.8697 Volatile oil of lavender, 0,8938 cloves, 1.0363 cinnamon, i .0439 Oil of olives, - 0.9 1 53 -almonds, - 0.917a Linfeed oil, - 0-9403 Whale oil, - ©-9^33 Salts, H. K. M. N. Potafs, 1.7085 4.6215 Lime, Magnefia, Alumina, 1-5^33 0.3460 0.8200 2.3908 2.3298 2.0000 2.3700 Baryta, Sulphate of potafs, alumina, 2.3740 a.4073 1.7109 1.91*20 1.8399 4.0000 2.636 2.398 1.7260 T f» 1.714 1.712 2.23 1.933 1.88 copper. Nitrate of potafs, Muriate of foda, 2.1943 1.9369 a. 2001 1,901 2.0835 1.900 2.143 Acetate of lead. Super tartrate of potafs, Sub-borate of foda, Carbonate of potafs, foda. ammonia, 2-3450 1.9153 1.7230 a.oi2o 1.3591 0.9660 1.421 1.8245 2.3953 1.8745 1.7170 ^•749 1.5026 1.714 H. Haflenfratz, K. Kirwan, M. Mufchenbroek, N. Newton. The very great diffimilarity of thefe eftimations, Ihew how diffi- cult it is to afcertain the fpecific gravity of foluble fubftances. Haflenfratz is the laft who has paid particular attention to this fub- je6l ; and as he is followed in the beft fyftems of chemiftry, we have inferted in the general table the falts marked with an afterilk examin- ed by him only, although we muft confefs, that we have no confi- dence in his refults, as they are frequently contradicted by obvious fa6ts. For example, according to him magnefiais not half the weight of fulphuric ether, and yet it is ceytain, that it finks in water, 4 H 114 EieftienU of PKavmacy. Vu%X Tableo/ tie SoLVBiLiTY of Saline and other Suh/Iances^ in lOO parts of Water i at the Temperature of 60" a}jd 212° Acids. Sulphuric, unlimited. unlimited. Nitric, do. do. Acetic, do. do. Pruffic, do. do. Phofphoric, "] Acetic, j Tartaric, I very foluble, proportion Malic, r not determined. Laaic, Laccic, J Arfenic, 150 Arfenious acid. 1.25 6.6 Citric, 133 200 Oxalic, - * - 50 100 Gallic, 8.3 66 Boracic, 2 Mucic, 0.84 1.25 Supcinic, 1 1.04 50 Suberic, 0.69 50 Camphoric, 1.C4 8-3 Benzoic, 0.208 4.17 Molybdic, - 0.1 Chromic, unknown. Tungftic, infoluble. Salifiable Bafes. Potafs, 5® Soda, very foluble, proportion not known. Baryta, 5 50 cryftallized. 57 any quantity. Strontia, 0.6 1.9 50 Lime, 0.2 ! Salts. Sulphate of potafs, .-;:.otf}25f^'' iirr i'> a^iT-'i'. Super- ftilphate of potafs. 50- ■ loioo-f ' Sulphate of foda, 37-4 '>.,.vll25 50 .H< Ic BOO App. "Specific Gravities. 115 Temperatures y 60^ Sulphate of magnefia, - ioq alumina, very foluble, pro- portion unknown. Super- fulphate of alumina and potafs,7 ^ ammoiua, I Nitrate of baryta, - - 8 . potafs, - 14-25 — foda, - - 33 — ftrontia, - 100 — T^-^lime, - - 400 ■■■ uM i v. ammonia, - 50 niagnefia, - - 100 Muriate of baryta, - 20 poiafs, - "33 foda, - * 35.42 -■ ftrontia, - - 150 --. — r-^ — lime, - - 200 ammonia, - 33 —r^ magneCa, - - 100 Oxy-muriate of potafs, - 6 Phofphate of potafs very foluble. ^ foda, - - 25 ammonia, - 25 — ^— magnefia, - 6.6 Sub-borate of foda, - 8.4 Carbonate of potafs, •• " 25 ,, foda, - - 50 magnefia, - 2 ammonia, 50 + Acetate of potafs, i» - 100 foda, - - 35 ammonia very foluble. ' magnefia, do. : — ftrontia, Super»tartrate of potafs, 1. 67 Tartrate of potafs, • 2 5 .-^ potafs and foda, Super-oxalate of potafs, Citrate of potafs very foluble. Prufliate of potafs and iron. Nitrate of filver very foluble. Muriate of mercury (corrofive fublimate) Sulphate of copper. Acetate of copper very foluble. Sulphate of iron, - ♦ 50 Muriate of irou very foluble* | 3 ' Jia 25 S 25 212° '33 133 25 ICO looH. 200 any quantity. 200 IQO-f 36.16 any quantity- 100 40 25 + 16.8 83-3 100 + 100 40.8 3-3 19 50 133 116 Elements of Pharmacy, Part L Temperatures, 60° Tartrate of iron and potafs. Acetates of lead, and of mercury, Sulphate of zinc, - - 44 Acetate of zinc very foluble. Tartrate of antimony and potafs, • 1.25 by my experiments, - 6.6 Alkaline foaps very foluble. Sugar, - - 100 Gum very foluble. Starch, - - o Jelly, - - fparingly, Gelatin, - foluble. Urea very foluble, Cinchonin. 2I2<* 44 + 2-5 33 any quantity. very foluble. abundantly, more fo. Salts not foluble in 100 times their weight of water Sulphates of baryta, ftrontia, and lime, and fub-fulphate of mer- cury. Phofphates of baryta, ftrontia, lime, magnefia, and mercury. Fluate of lime. Carbonates of baryta, ftrontia^ and lime. Muriates of lead, and filver, and fub-muriate of mercury, (Calo- mel.) Sub-acetate of copper. Solubility of Saline and other Suhjlances in 100 parts of AlcohU at the Temperature of All the Acids, except the fulphuric, nitric, and oxy-muriatic, which decompofe it and the phofphoric and metallic acids. Potafs, foda, and ammonia, very foluble. Red fulphate of iron, Miiriate of iron. 176° lime, Nitrate of ammonia, Muriate of mercury. Camphor, - - Nitrate of filver, Refined Sugar, Muriate of ammonia, Arfeniate of potafs. Nitrate of potafs, Arfeniate of foda. Muriate of foda (Mr. Chenevix). . Alkaline foaps do. Extra^ive. Tannin. Volatile oils. Adipocere. fins. Urea. Cinchonin. 100 100 89.2 88.3 75 41.7 24.6 7-1 3-75 2.9 1-7 Magnefian ^ Re- App, Specific Gravities. 117 Buhjlances infoluhle in Alcohol* Earths. Phofphoric and Metallic acids. Almofl all the fulphates and carbonates. The nitrates of lead and mercury. The muriates of lead, filvcr, and foda. The fub-borate of foda. The tartrate of foda and potafs, and the fuper-tartrate pf potafs. Fixed oils, wax, and ftarch. Gum, caoutchouc, fuber, lignin, gelatin, albumen, and fibrin. Table of the Weight of the different Gases abforbed by loo parts of Water at 60^ F. Carbonic acid. 108. Muriatic acid. 100. Sulphuretted hydrogen Nitrous oxide, 85. 54. Ammonia, 34' Sulphurous acid, Fourc. 33.3, Nitric oxide, Thorn. 9.75, Dr. Prieftljr. 3.9^ J. Oxygen, Phofphuretted hydrogen Carbonic oxide. 3-7 2.14 2.01 Hydrogen, Carburetted hydrogen. Nitrogen, Oxy-muriatic acid. 1.61 1.40 1.53 0.43 H3 118 Elements of Pharmacy, jPart I. EXPLANATION OF THE PLAT£S. Fig. I. 2. 3. Mortars of metal, marble, and earthen ware, with ^heir refpertive peftles, (336.) Fig. 4. A levigating ftone and muller. a. The table of polifhed porphyry or other filiceous ftonc. b. The muller of the fame fubitance. Fig. 5. A compound fieve. a. The iid. c. The body containing the fieve* b. The receiver. Fig. 6. A funnel Fig. 7. A hooked glafs rod. Several of which may be hun^ round the edge of the funnel, to prevent the filtering fubftancci from adhering too clofely to its fides. Figv 8. A compound fyphon. a. b. c. The fyphon. J. g. The mouth piece* d. e, A board for fupporting it. When we infert the upper orifice a, into any liquid, and clofc the lower orifice c. with the finger, by fucking through /I the fluid will rife from a, to b» and proceed to g. towards^. As foon 38 it has pafled g. the finger is to be removed, and the fluid will iniir;ivf909t gi bar ^HiJ' - itm ■;." •r1' :n- of Q-- : * ,. . ■ ■.ii:j Oql App. Explanation of the Plates, 121 ^ therefore the vapours which efcape from the head of the ftill enter it, and are condenfed in their pafTage towards f. the lower termination of the pipe from which the diftilled fluid runs, and is received into proper veflels. As the wa- ter in the vefTel a, b. c. d. continually abftradls caloric from the vapours, it is apt to become too warm to condenfe them. As fooh, therefore, as any fleam efcapes by the fpouty. the water mull be drawn off^ by the cock g» and its place fupplied by cold water. Fig. 43. A vefl'el for boiling inflammable fluids. a, b. c, d. The body of the kettle. d. e,f. A long fpout proceeding from it, for preventing any rifle of boiling over. g. A (hort fpout for pouring out. The vefl'el (hould not be filled above /j. f, and the long fpout d. e, f. fhould be placed fo as to be as little heated as poflible. When the fluid begins to fwell and boil up, both from the great in- creafe of furface, and from part of it running up the cooler fpout d. e. f, the ebullition will be checked, and all danger of running over be prevented. Fig. 44. A body with a bent tube. a, b. The body. b, c. A figmoid tube accurately ground to it. When any permanently elaftic fluid is generated within the body a, b. it efcapes by the extremity of the tube, and may be collected by introducing it under a jar filled with water or mercury in the pneumatic ciftern. This fimple apparatus can only be ufed conveniently when the production of the gas is not rapid, or requires the application of heat. Fig. 45. A Woulfe's apparatus, a. b. r. r. d. e. A tubulated retort and receiver. f'f'^f-' Three three- necked bottles. The firft /. is com- monly filled with water, and the two others with alkaline folutions. d. g, d: g: dr gr dr gr Bent tubes conneaing the differ- ent parts of the apparatus, fo that when any vapour efcapes from the receiver c. d, e, it paflies along the tube d. g. and rifes through the fluid contained in the bottle /. where it remains in contaft with the furface, and under confider- able preflTure, until the expanfion of the vapour, not condenf- ible iny. overcomes the column of fluid %. gJ in the bottle /.' and efcapes into the upper part of/.* In the fame man- ner the uncondenfed vapours proceed to /." and it lafl: to the pneumatic apparatus. 122 Elemmts ofPlmrmacy. Part I. But, as in proceflcs of this Idnd, diminution of temperature and other caiifes, frequently produce fuddcn condenfations of the gafes, contained in the different parts of the apparatus, efpecially in the retort and receiver, any fuch occurrence would caufe the fluids to move through the connecting tubes in a retrograde direction. This accident is prevented, by inferting through the third neck of each bottle a fmall tube L L having its lower extremity /, im- merfed in the fluid contained in the bottle. By this contrivance no fluid can poflibly pafs from one bottle into another, becaufe the columns g. m. &c. which refift the abforption, are much highT than the colums h. L which oppofe the admiflion of external air. While, on the contrary, no gas can efcape through thefe tubes, be- caufe the columns h. k, which oppofe their efcape, are higher than the columns g^ h, which refift its progrefs to the next bottle. From their ufe thefe tubes have got the name of Tubes of Safety. Another contrivance for the fame purpofe, the invention of C. Welter, feems now to be much ufed in France. It is fixed to the connecting tubes as at «. Fig. 46. To explain it more fully, we have given a feparate view, taken in an oblique direction. When the apparatus is ad- jufted, a fmall quantity of water is poured through the funnel /». until it rifes to about the centre of the ball 0. Now, on any ab- forption taking place, the fluid rifes in the ball 0, until the column g. n, be annihilated, when a quantity of air will immediately rufh m through f, g. «, 0, &c., and the water will regain its former equilibrium. On the other hand, no gas can efcape by this tube, becaufe the whole fluid contained in the ball and tube muft pre- vioufly enter the portion of the tube «. p. where it would form a column of fuch a height that its prefliirc could not be overcome. Fig. 47. A vertical fcCtion of a pneumatic ciftern. a. b, c. d. The whole cavity cJ the ciftern. e.f. A fhelf for holding the jars. €. L c. The well for filling the jars. g. h. The furface of the fluid contained In the ciftern, which muft always be higher than the furface of the fhelf. Fig, 48. 49. 50. 51. Pneumatic jars of different fhapes. Fig. 48. A jar in the fituation in which it is filled with gas. Fig. 49. A jar fitted with a ftop cock. Fig. 50. A jar placed upon a tray fbr removing it from the pneumatic ciftern. Fig. 51. A graduated jar, commoniy called a Eudiometer. Fig. 52. A hydroftatic funnel, fw pouring fluids gradually into air-tight veffels, efpeciatly when attended with the formation of gas. It is evident, that any portion of fluid, poured into the funr TV.X. /U./e /fl. 3> ^: ^ 1 0!S in': * : 31 915X1 ApP' Explanation of the Plates, 123 nel X. more than fuflicient to fill the two firft parts of the •bent tube up to the level z. will efcape by the lower extremity k At the fame time, no gas can return through this funnel, unlefs its prclTure be able to overcome the refiftance of a column of fluid of the height of x. y. Fig. 53. Another contrivance for the fame purpofe. It confifls of a common funnel ; in the throat of which is inferted a rod with a conical point, which regulates the paflage of the fluid through the funnel, according to the firmnefswith which it is fcrewed in. Fig. 54. Nooth*s apparatus for promoting the abforption of ga- fecus fluids by liquids. It confifls of three principal pieces ; a lower piece a. b, a middle piece a. c, and an upper pieced. €, \ all of which are accurately ground to each other. The fubftances from which the gas is to be extricated are put into the lower piece. The middle piece is filled with the fluid with which the gas is to be combined, and the upper piece is left empty. As foon as a fuflficient quantity of gas is formed to overcome the preflure, it pafl^s through the valvey. g. and rifes through the fluid to the up- per part of the middle piece. At the fame time it forces a quan- tity of fluid into the upper piece through its lower aperture d. As foon as fo much of the fluid has been forced from the middle piece, as to bring its furface down to the level of the lower aper- ture of the upper piece, a portion of gas efcapes into the upper piece, and the fluid rifes a little in the middle piece. The upper piece is clofed with a conical ftopper e. which yields, and permits the efcape of a portion of gas, as foon as its preflTure in the upper piece becomes cofinderable. h. Is a glafs cock for drawing off the fluid. Fig. 55. The valve of Nooth's apparatus. It confifts of an in- ternal tube g, of fmall caliber, but pretty ftout in fubftance, and ground into an external tube^i clofed at the upper end, but per- forated with fmall holes, to allow the gas to pafs. After the in- ternal tube is fitted to the external, a portion of it is cut out as at h, fuflicient to receive a fmall hemifphere of glafs, and to allow the hemifphere to rife a lirtle in its chamber, but not to tiiTn over in it. The upper piece of the internal tube is then thrufc home into the place where it is to remain, and the glafs hemifphere in- troduced with its plane recumbent on the upper end of the low- er piece of the tube, which is ground perfectly fiat, as is alfo tht plane of the hemifphere. From this conftru/ jEth. fulph. cum alcohole, E. L. D. Oleum vini, L. Spiritus kth. ni- trof. E. L. D. It alfo enters into the preparation of all tinCturfes' and diftilled fpirits. It is ufed undiluted in tinCt. affse foetid, E. L, D, T. Bilfami Peruviani, L. T. Benzoes comp. L. E. T. las Materia Medica, Part II; Camph. E. L. D. T. Guaiaci, E. T. Mofchi, D. T. Myrrhaj, D. T. Saponis, E. T. Toluiferae balfam, E. L. D. Spt. lavand. E. L. D. Spt. Rorifmar. E. L. ALCOHOL DILUTUM. {Ed.) Spiritus vinofiis tcnuior. (^LofidS) Spiritus vini tenuior. [Dub.) Diluted alcohol. Spirit of wine. Proof fpirit. Alcohol mixed with an equal quantity ol' water, being fome- what weaker than proof fpirit ; its fpccific gravity is to that of diftilled water, as 935 to i 000. [Ed.) The London and Dublin Colleges order it of the fpecific gravity of 930, which according to the former contains 5 5 parts of pure alcohol, and 45 of water. Although it be defirable that diluted alcohol fhould always be prepared, by mixing re£l:ified fpirit with water, inftead of em- ploying an impure fpirit of the requifite ftrength, it is hardly to be expected that apothecaries will either be at the trouble or ex- pence. The diluted alcohol of the Edinburgh college is fomewhat weaker than that of the other two colleges •, but befides that it is more convenient for their mode of preparing it, this will be attend- ed with no difadvantage, as it is ftill fufHciently ftrong for any pur- pofe to which it may be apphed. Officinal preparations. — Alcohol ammon. E. L. D. and all the tinftures and diftilled fpirits, except thofe made with alcohol. It is alfo ufed fomewhat extravagantly in the preparation of various extracts. Table of the Specific Gravities according to Gilpin, and degrees according to Baume's hydrometer of various mixtures of Alcohol and Water. ^ATER. Alcohol. Specific Gravities. Degrees. 60° SS"" 55° 100 .825 .82736 38 10 100 .84568 .84802 34 + 20 100 .86208 .86441 30— 30 100 .87569 .87796 29 + 40 100 .88720 88945 27 + 50 100 .89707 •S9933 25 + 60 100 .90549 90768 23— 70 100 .91287 91502 22 80 100 .91933 .92145 21 — 93 100 .92499 .92707 20 — 100 100 .93002 .93208 19— 100 90 •93493 •93696 19 + 100 80 .94018 .94213 18 100 70 •94579 .94767 17— n. Materia Medica. 1 V^ATER. Alcohol, Specific Gravities. DccKcca 6o« 55° 55° lOO 6o .95181 .95357 16— 100 50 .95804 .95966 16 + 100 40 .96437 .96575 15 + 100 30 .97074 .97181 14 + 100 2. V\i\\\ cum canella, Lend. — cum Guaiaco, Lond. — cum kxroi LoMd. — Scam. cdmp. cum aloe, Lofid. Pilulae, £d. Lond.Duh.-^znm afTafoet. ii^.— cum colocynth, £^/.— cum myrrha, Lond. Ed. Pil. rhoei comp. iiU Extraa, i)«^. Extraft coloc. comp. Lond. Tin£i. Ed. Lond. Duh.— cum myrrha, Ed. Tin£V. benz. comp. Lond, Ed^ T. rhei cum, A. Ed. T. A. aether, Ed, Vinum, Ed. Lond, Dub* ALTH^A OFFICINALIS. Radix, Folia. {Ed,) Alt had. Radix, Folium, (Lsnd.) Marfh-mallow. The root and leaves. Wild. g. 1289. fp. 1 — '-Monadelphia Folyandria, — Nat. ord. Co' lujnnare<£. The marlh-mallow is a perennial) indigenous plant, which is found commonly on the banks of rivers, and in fait marlhes. Tlie whole plant, but efpecially the root, abounds with muci- lage. The roots are about the thicknefs of a finger, long and fi- brous. They are peeled and dried, andthen are perfectly white. From 960 parts of the dry root, Neumann extracted by water 650, and afterwards with alcohol 41 ; by alcohol applied firfl 3O0, and afterwards by water 348. Lewis extraded by alcohol only 120, and he obferved that the alcoholic extract was fweeter than thp •watery, and had the fmell peculiar to the root. The fubftance foluble in this inftance, both in alcohol and water, is probably faccharine. From 960 parts of the dry leaves Neumann extra£bed by water 340, asd then by alcohol. 2 13 ; by alcohol, firft 280, and then by water 218. The refiduumJ of the root was only one fourth of the leaves, one half of the whole. The root is therefore the moft mucilaginous. The decodlion of the root reddens turnfol, and ge- latinizes filicized potafs. . Med. life. — it is ufed as an emollient and demulcent, in difeafes at- tended with irritation and pain, as in various pulmonary complaints, and in afFe6lions of the alimentary canal and urinary organs 5 and itis applied externally in emollient fomentations, gargles, and clyfters* Off, prep.DtcQa. Ed. Syr. Ed, Lond. AMMONIACUM. Gummi-Refma, [Lond, Dub. Ed.) Ammoniacum. A gum-refin. Ammontacum is a concrete, gummy-refinous juice, brought from the Eaft Indies, ufually in large mafles, compofed of little Jumps or tears, of a milky colour, but foon changing, upon being cxpofed to the air, to a yellowiih hue. We have no certain ac- count of the plant which affords this juice ; the feeds ufually found among the t^ars refemble tbofe of the umbelliferous clafs. It has been alfo alleged, and not without fome degree of probability, that tt is an exudation from a'fpeeies of the ferula, another fpecies of K 146 Materm Medica, Part 11. which produces the afla fcetida. The plant producing it is faid to grow in Nubia, AbyfTinia, and the interior parts of Egypt. Such tears as are large, dry, free from little (tones, feeds, or other im- purities, fhould be picked out and preferred for internal ufe ; the coarfer kind is purified by folution, colature, and careful infpiffa- tion ; but unlefs this be artfully managed, the gum will lofe a con- fiderable deal of its more volatile parts. There is often vended in the {hops, under the name of ftrained gum ammoniacum, a com- pofition of ingredients much inferior in virtue. Ammoniacum has a naufeous fwcet tafte, followed by a bitter one ; and a peculiar fmell, fomewhat like that of galbanum, but more grateful i it foftens in the mouth, and grows of a white colour upon being chewed. It foftens by heat, but is not fufible ; when thrown upon live coals, it burns away in flame ; it is in fome degree foluble in water and in vinegar, with which it aflumes the appearance of milk ; but the refinous part, amounting to about one half, fubfides on ftanding. Neumann extra6ted from 480 parts, 360 by alcohol, and then by water 105 j by water applied firlt4io, and then by alcohol 60. Alcohol diltilled from it arofe unchanged, but water acquired a fweetiili tafte, and the fmell of the ammoniac. The folution in alcohol is tranfparent ; but on the addition of water becomes milky. It therefore feems to confift principally of a fubflance fol- uble both in water and in alcohol, combined with fome volatile matter. Medical ufe. — The general action of gum-ammoniac is ftimulant. On many occafions, in dofes of fro^ji ten to thirty grains, it proves a valuable antifpafmodic, deobftruent, or expectorant. In large dofes it purges gently, excites perfpiration, and increafes the flow of urine. It is ufed with advantage to promote expe6toration in fome pulmonary difeafcs •, in dropfical afi^edtions, to augment the flow of urine, and to fupport the falivation in fmall pox. It isalfo an ufeful deobftruent ; and is frequently prefcribed for removing obftru6tions of the abdominal vifcera, and in hyfterical diforders occafioned by a deficiency of the menftrual evacuations. In long and obltinute colics, proceeding from vifcid matter lodged in the inteftines, this gummy-refm has produced happy efi'edts, after pur- ges and the common carminatives had been uled in vain. Exter- nally, it is fuppofed to foften and ripen hard tumours. A folution of it in vinegar has been recommended by fome for refolving even fcirrhous fweilings. It is exhibited internally, a. In folution, combined with vinegar, vinegar of fquills, afla fcetida, &C' r //. In pills, Willi bitter extradls, myrrh, aflTa fcetida. Part II. Materia Medica. 147 t. And externally combined with vinegar, turpentine, common plafter, &c. Off", prep. Ammon. purif. Lond* Lac. am. Loud. Dub. Pil. fcill. Ed, Lond. Dub. Emp. gum. Ed. Empl. A cum hydrafg. Lond, AMOMUM. . Wilid. g. 4. — Monandria Momgynia. — Nat. ord. Scitaminea. Sp. I. Amomum Zingiber. Radix Jiccata, ct radix condita ex India allata. (Ed.) Zingiber. Radix. [Lond.) Radix ^ Radix condita. {Dub.) Ginger. The root, and the candied root brought from India. Ginger is a perennial plant, indigenous in the Eaft Indies, but now cultivated in the Weft-India iflatids. It is cuhivated there very much in the fame manner as potatoes are here, and is fit for digging once a year, unlefs for preferving in fyrup, when it Ihould be dug at the end of three or four months, at which time it is ten- der and full of fap. Ginger is diftinguiflicd into two forts, the black and the white. The former is rendered fit for prefervation by means of boiling water, the latter by infolation ; and as it is neceflary to fele6l the faireft and roundeft forts for expofure to the fun, white ginger is commonly one third dearer than black. Black ginger confifts of thick and knotty roots, internally of an orange or brownilh colour, externally of a yellow-grey. White ginger is lefs thick and knotty, internally of a reddifh yellow, and externally of a whitifii-grey or yellow. It is firm and refinous, and more pungent than the black. Pieces which are worm-eaten, light, friable, or foft, and very fibrous, are to be rejecled. Candied ginger Ihould be prepared in India from the young and fucculent roots. When genuine, it is almoft tranfparent. That manufactured in Europe is opaque and fibrous. Ginger has a fragrant fmell, and a hot, biting, aromatic, tafte. Neumann obtained by diftillation with water from 7680 parts of white ginger, about 60 of an eflential oil, having the fmell and diftinguilhing flavour of the ginger, but none of its pungency. The watery extra6l was confiderably pungent, and amounted to 2720, after which, alcohol extradbed 192 of a very pungent refin. Alcohol applied firft extracted 660 of pungent refin, and water afterwards 2160 of a mucilaginous extract with little tafte and difticultly exficcated. The black ginger contained lefs foluble mat- ter than the white. Medical ufe. — Ginger is a very ufeful fpice in cold flatulent colics, and in laxity and debility of the inteltines : it does not heat fo much as thofe of the pepper kind, but Its efl^eCts are more durable* K2 148 Materia Medica. Part II. It may alfo be applied externally as a rubefacient. Off. prep. Syr. Ed. Tin£l. JLond. It is alio an ingredient in pulv. arom. Lond. Dub, Ed. Pulv. fcam. comp. Lofid. Dub. Pulv. learn, c. cum aloe, Lotid. Pulv. fennx comp. Lond, Eleensis. Re/ma: (Ed,) Balfajnum Gi* leadenfe, t - ." ; Balfam of Gilead. A rcfin. This article, which has alfo had the name of Balfamum Judai- tum, Syriacum, de Mecca, Opo-balfamum, &c. is a refinous juice, obtained from an evergreen tree, growing fpontaneoufly, particu- larly near to Mecca, on the A-fiatic tide of the Red fea. The befi: fort of it is a fpontaneous exudation from the tree ; and is held in {o high efleem by the Turks, who are in po{r:;{Iion of the country where it is produced, that it is rarely, if ever, to be met with ge- nuine among us. From the high price (tt upon it, many adulte- rations are praftifed. The true opo-balfamum, according to Alpi- nus, is at firft turbid and white, of a very ftrong pungent fmell, like that of turpentine, but much fweeter ; and of a bitter, acrid, afiringent tafte : upon being kept for fome time, it becomes thin, Jimpid, of a grecnifh hue, then of a gold yellow, and at length of the colour of honey. This balfam is in high efteem among the eaftern nations, both as a medicine, and as an odoriferous unguent and cofmetic. It has been recommended in a variety of complaints. But in Europe it is never obtained genuine ; and as all the figns of its goodnefs are fallacious, it has been very rarely employed. Nor need we regret It ; for any of the other refinous fluids, fuch as the balfam of Cana- da or Capaiba will anfwer every purpofe full as well. The dried berries of this tree were formerly kept under the title of Carpo-balfamum, and the dried twigs under that of Xylo-balfa- mum. Although Willdenow has inferted the amyris opo-balfa- mum as a diftirid fpecies, he thinks they are the fame. ANASANSER. Adeps Anferwus, (Dub.) The goofe. The fat. The fpecific properties of the different kinds of fat are now very generally difbelieved : and therefore almoft the only kinds iu ufe are fhofe of the domsftic animals, which are eafily procured. Part H. Materia Medica. 153 Goofe fat is foft and very greafy. It is very rarely ufe^ in medi- cine, as it pofleffes no advantage over axunge. ANCHUSA TINCTORIA. Radix. {Ed.) Anchufa, Radix, {Dub,) Alkanet. The root. WWd. g. 2jy. Jp. 7. Pentatidria Momgynia, — Nat. ord. Afperi' foliae. This plant is a native of Europe : it i. Anthbmis PYRETHRtJM. Radix. (^Ed.) Fyrethrum. Radix. {Land. Dub J) Pellitory of Spain. The root. This plant, though a native of warm climates, as Barbary^ bears the ordinary winters of this country, and often flowers fuc- ceflively from Chriftmas to May : the roots alfo grow larger with us than thofe with which the fhops are ufually fupplied from abroad. They are feldom fo big as the little finger, and the belt are dry, compa£l, of a brown colour, and not eafily cut with a knife. Pellitory root has no fenfible fmell ; its tafte is very hot and acrid, but lefs fo than that of arum ; the juice cxprefled from it has fcarce any acrimony, nor is the root itfelf fo pungent when frefli as after it has been dried. Neumann obtained from 960 parts of the dry root only 40 of alcoholic extraft, and afterwards 570 of watery, and by a reverfe procedure, 600 of watery, and 20 of alcoholic extraft. Both the alcoholic extrads were exceflively pungent^ Its acrimony, therefore, is derived from a refin. Medical Ufe. — ^The principal ufe of pyrethrum in the prcfent pra6^ice is as a mafticatory, for promoting the falival flux, and eva- cuating the vifcid humours from the head and neighbouring parts ; by this means it often relieves the toothach, fome kinds of pains of the head, and lethargic complaints. A vinous infufion is alfo itle* ful in debility of the tongue. ANTIMONIUM. Sftbium. Antimony. 158 Mater lu Medica. Part II. The phyfical and chemical properties of this metal have been already defcribed. . .j» Antimony is found, I. In its metallic (late, at Sahlberg in Sweden, and Alle- mont in France. II. Mineralized with fulphur. I. Grey antimony. a. Compact. b. Foliated. c. Striated (74 antimony, 29 fulphur, Bergmann). d. Plumofe (fulphuret of antimony with arfenic and iron, Berg.) 1. Red antimony (hydroguri^tted Xujphuret of antimony). III. Oxidized. Mongez. .- --vc -^ IV. Acidified. I. Muriated. ^ a. Phofphated. Yellow ore of antimony, Razumoufky. The grey ore of antimony is the ftate in which it is of&einal, and alfo that in which it is mod commonly found. SULPHURETUM Antimonii. (£^.) Antimonium. {Loud,) Sti- hitwj. {Bub.) Sulphuret of Antimony. "Whatever opinion may be formed of the nomenclature adopted by the Edinburgh college in general, the propriety of the change which they have introduced in this and fimilar inftances cannot be difputed ; for while chemids, according to rational principles, de- fignated fimple fubftances by fim.ple names, the fame names conti- nued to be given by pharmaceutical writers to compound ftates of thefe bodies. To have eftablifhed, therefore, an uniformity of nomenclature in fciences fo intimately allied, cannot fail to be con* fidered as an improvement of the greateft importance. Although fulphuretted antimony be a natural production, yet it is commonly fold in the form of loaves, which have been feparat- ed from the ftony, and other impurities of the ore by fufion, and a fpecies of filtration. For the ore is melted in conical well-bak- ed earthen pots, having one or more fmall holes in their apices. The fire is applied around and above thefe pots \ and as foon as the fulphuretted antimony melts, it drops through the holes into veflels placed beneath to receive it, while the ftony and other im- puriticT-rcmain behind. As antimony is very volatile, the mouths and joinings of the pots muft be clofed and luted. The upper part of the leaves thus obtained is more fpongyj lighter, and im- pure than the lower, which is therefore always to -be preferred. Part II. Materia Medica, 1 59 Thefe loaves have a dark grey colour externally, but on being broken, they appear to be compofed of radiated ftrise, of a metal- lic luftre, having the colour of lead. The goodnefs of the loaves is eftimated from their compadnefs and weight, from the largenefs and diftindnefs of the ftrise, and from their being entirely vapor- izable by heat. Lead has been fold for antimony j but its texture is rather foliated than ftriated, and it is not vaporizable. The prefence of arfenic, which renders the antimony ufelefs for medi- cal purpofes, is known by its emitting the fmell of garlic when thrown upon live coals, and by other tefts mentioned under arfe- nic. The prefence of manganefe or iron is known by their not being volatilized by a red heat. Antimony is obtained from its ores by gradually detonating in a large crucible four parts of fulphuretted antimony, three of crude tartar, and one and a half of dry nitrate of potafs •, reduced to a fine powder, and intimately mixed. The detonated mafs is then to be fufed and poured into a heated mould, greafed with a little fat, in which it is allowed to confolidate. It is then turned out, and the fcoriae are feparated from the antimony, which will weigh about one fourth part of the fulphuret employed. The fco- rix are a mixture of fulphuret of potafs and of antimony, and may be prefcrved for other purpofes. Another method of obtaining antimony, is by melting three parts of fulphuretted antimony with one of iron. The fulphur quits the antimony, and combines with the iron. Formerly antimony was given internally ; but as its a6lion de- pended entirely on the acid it met with in the ftomach, its effects were very uncertain, and often violent. Cups were alfo made of antimony, which imparted to wine that ilood in them for fome time an emetic quality. But both thefe improper exhibitions of this metal are now laid alide. Med, ufe, — Sulphuretted antimony was employed by the ancients in collyria againft inflammations of the eyes ; and for ftaining the eye- brows black. Its internal ufe does not feem to have been eftablifhed till towards the end of the fifteenth century ; and even at that time it was by many looked upon as poifonous. But experience has now fully evinced, that has no noxious quality, being often ufed, parti- cularly in chronic eruptions ; that fome of the preparations of it are medicines of great efficacy ; and that though many of them are mod violently emetic and cathartic, yet even thefe, by a flight alteration or addition, lofe their virulence, apd become mild in their operation. O^. prep, — Antimony is at prefent the bafis of many officinal pre- parations, to be afterwards mentioned. But befides thofe ftill retain- ed, many others have been formerly in ufe, and are 'ftill employed by l6o Materia Medica. Part IL different practitioners. The following table, dra'Oirn up by Dr. Black, exhibits a diftindt view of the whole. Dr. Black*s Table of the Preparations of Antimony. Medicines are prepared either from crude antimony, or from the- pure metallic part of it, called regulus. From Crfde Antimony* I. Bj trituration. Antimonium prseparatum. Lond; IL By the adtion of heat and air. Floras antimonii fine addito. Vitrum antimonii. Ed, Antitnonium vitrijicatum. Lend. Vitrum antirtionii ceratum. Ed. III. By the a6lion of alkalies. Hepar antimonii mitiffimum Regulus antimonii medicinalis. Hepar ad kermes minerale. Geoffroi* Hepar ad tin6l. antimonii; Kermes minerale. Sulphur antimonii |)raecipitatum. Ed. et Lond^ I V. By the allien of nitre. Crocus antim. mitiffiihus, vnlgOy Regulus a?itim, inedl(^7ictlis» Crocus ahtimdnii. Ed. et Lend. Antimonii emeticum mitius. Bderh. Antim. uiturh culii hitro, vulgo, Calx antimonii niittata, Ed. Antimonium calcinatum. Lond. vulgOy Antitnonium diapharet, Antim. calcareo-phofphoratum, five pulvis autimoniaiis. Exi. Piilvis antimomalis, Lond. V* By* the a£lion of acids. Antim. vitriolat. Klaunig. Antim. cathartic. Wilfon. Antirtiotiium muriatum, vulgOy Butyrum antim. Ed. Aritifnomum muriatum, Lond. Pulvis algarothi, five Mercurias Vitii* Bezoardicum minerale. Antimonium tartarifatum^ vulgo, Tartarws cmeticus. Ed. Antimonium tartar ifatumt Lond, Part II. Materia Medica. lOl Vinum antimonii tartarifati. Ed. et Lond. Vinum antimonii. Lond. From the Regulus. This metal, feparated froin the fulphur by different proceffes, is called Regulus antimonii ftmplex^ Regu/us tnartialis, Ragulus jovi» alis, &c. From it were prepared, I. By the aftion of heat and air, Flores argentei, live nix antim. II. Bj the adtion of nitre, Ceruffa antimonii. Stomachicum Poterii. ^ Antihedticum Poterii* Cardiacum Poterii. Preparations which have their name from Antimont, b^t fcarcely contain any of it. Cinnabaris antimonii, Tindura antimonii. To this table of Dr Black's, which is left unaltered, I fhall add another, not taken from the mode of preparation, but from the nature of the produft. Antimony has been exhibited, I. In its metallic ftate. ' a, Antlmonium. Regulus antimonii. h. Alloyed, I. With iron; Regulus antimonii martialis. t. With tin, Regulus antimonii jovialis. 3. With tin and copper. Regulus metallorum. #. Combined with fulphur. I. Sulphurctum antimonii. (Ed.) Antimonium. (Lond.) Stibium. (Dub.) Sulph, ant. ppt. E. L. D. a. Regulus antimonii mediciaalis. (Maet.) Febri- fugum Craanii. II. Oxidized, M. Protoxide. u Calx antimonii /^r fe, CInis antimonii, L ife Materia Medtca. Part If. 2. Flores antimonll argentini. 3. Calx ftibii prsscip. D. Pulvis algarothi. 4. Combined with fulphuret of antimony. Oxidum an- timonii cum ful|)hure vitrificatum, E. Antim. vitrif. L. Vitrum antlmonii. Melted ivith tuasi^ Oxidum an timonii vitrif. cum cera, E. Oxidum antimonii cum fulph. per nitrat potaflae, E. Sti- bium nitro calin. at D. Crocus antimonii. Crocua metallorum. Hepar antim. 5. Combined with fulphuretted hydrogen. Sulphuret. ant. praecip. E. Sulph. ant. praecip. L. Sulph. Itibi- as rufam, D. Sulphur auratum antimonii. 6. With hydroguretted fulphur. Sulphur itibiat fufcum D. Kermes minerale. *], With muriatic acid. Murias antim. E. Ant. mur. L. Stib. muriat. caufl. D. Butyrum antimonii. 8. With tartaric acid and potafs. Tartris antimonii, E. Ant. Tart. L. Tart, ftibiat, D. Tartarus emeticus. Dijfolved in wine. Vinum tart. ant. E. Vin. tart. (lib. D. Vin. ant. tart. L. Vin. ant. L. Vinum antimo- niale. 9. With phofphate of lime. Oxidum antimonii cum phofphate calcis, E. Pulv. ant. L. Pulv. ftib. IX. James's powders. b. Peroxide. Antimonium calcinatum. Lend; Thefe are the principal preparations of antimony. In eftimat- ing their comparative value, we may attend to the following ob- fervations. All the metalhc preparations are uncertain, as it en- tirely depends on the Hate of the ftomach, whether they have no adtion at all, or operate with dangerous violence. The fulphuret is expofed, though in a lefs degree, to the fame objections. The preparations in which antimony is in the Hate of per- oxide, are perfectly infoluble in any vegetable or animal acid, and arc alfo found to be perfectly inert when taken into the ftomach. The remaining preparations of antimony, or thofe in which it is in the Hate of protoxide, are readily foluble in the juices of the ftomach, and alls are not very permanent, and its ftimulus is weak. It is recommended in febrile difeafes depending on the ftimulus of preternatural heat, and in thofe attended with laborious refpiration, and in the par- oxyfms of hedic fever. As the tepid bath and aiFuffion produce effe^Vs intermediate between thofe of warm and cold water, it is unncceflary to enu- merate them. The cold bath produces the fenfarion of cold, which gradually ceafes, and is fucceeded by numbnefs. It excites tremors in the ikin, and Unvering. The Ikin becomes pale, contra£l:ed, and ac- quires the appearance termed cutis anferina. The fluids are di- miniCned in volume j the folids are contracted, the caliber of the .velTels iskflened, and therefore numbnefs and palenefs are induced, and the vifible cutaneous veins become fmaller. There is a fenfe of drowfinefs and ina£livity, the joints become rigid and inflexible, and the limbs are affected with pains and fpafmodic contractions. The refpiration is rendered quick and irregular 5 the pulfe flow, firm, regular, and fmall 9 the internal heat is at firft diminifhed, but gradually and irregularly returns nearly to its natural flandard, the extremities, however, continue cold and numb, or fwoUen and ]ivid ; the perfpiration is fupprefl^ed, and the difcharge of urine is rendered more frequent and copious. If the cold be excefliive on its application, long continued violent (hiverings are induced, the pulfe ceafes at the wrifl:, th€ motion of the lieart becomes feeble and languid, there is a fenfation of coldnefs and falntnefs at tlie ftomach, and a rapid diminution of animal hpat j and at laft deli- rium, torpor, and death, are the confequences. If the application of the cold bath be' not carried to an exceflive length, on emerging from the water, the whole body is pervaded by an agreeable fenfa- tion of warmth, and the patient feels refreftied and invigorated,. The primary a under the pains of military puiiiihment. 3 Piu-tll. Materia Medica. 177 ARTEMISIA. — Syngenefta Polygamiafuperflua. — Nat. ord. Csnt' poftta difcoidea. Sp. Artemisia Abrotanum. Ahrotanum, Folunn, {Lond,') Southernwood. The leaves. This is a perennial (lirub, which grows readily in our gardens, though a native of the fouth of Europe. Southernwood has a ftrong fmell, which, to moft people, is not difagreeable ; it has a pungent, bitter, and fomewhat naufeous, tafie. Thefe qualities are very completely extra«Sled by alcohol, and the tin£ture is of a beautiful green colour. They are lefs perfe6tly extra6led by watery liquors, the infuHon being of a light brown colour. Medical ufe. — Southernwood, as well as other fpecles of the fame genus, particularly the abfinthium and fantonica, has been recom- mended as an anthelmintic ; and it has alfo been fometimes ufed as a ftimulant, detergent, and fudorific. Externally, it has been em- ployed in difcutient and antifeptic fomentations ; and under the form of lotion and ointment for cutaneous eruptions, and for pre- venting the hair from falling oflF. . But it is at prefcnt very rarely ufed in any way. Off. prep. — Deco£t. pro foment. Lond. Sp. Artemisia Maritima. Abftnthium Mantimum, Cacumhia. (Lwd. Duh.) Sea Wormwood. The tops. This fpecies of artemefia is perennial and herbaceous. It grows wild in fait marOies, and in feveral parts about the fea-coafts. In taite and fmell it is weaker and lefs unpleafant than the commoil wormwood. The tops of fea wormwood formerly entered fome of the compound diftilled waters -, but they are now rejected from thefe, and are very little employed in practice. 0^. prep, Deco£l. pro foment. Lond. Conferv. Lond. .*i^. Artemisia Santonica. Cacumen. {Ed,) SantGnicum. Cacumen. {Lond^ Semina. (^Dub*) Wormfeed. The tops. The feeds. All the BritiOi colleges have given this fpecies as the plant which produces thefe feeds, but it is by no means afcertained. They have been afcribed by different writers to other fpecies of the fame genus, the Judaica, the Contra, and the Auflriaca, and are even faid by Saunders to be the produce of a fpecies of Chenopo- dium. The feeds themfelves are fmall, oblong, fmooth, and of a green- ifli or greyifh yellow colour. As the whole head is gapkered after the feeds are ripe, they are mixed with the fcales of the calices and 4 M 17 S Materia Medica. Part II. bits of ftalks. Their taile is bitter, and fomewhat acrid ; their fmell ftrong and difagreeable. Thofe which come from Aleppo are ef- teemed the beft, and thofe from Barbary the worft. When they have no fmell, and a lefs intenfely bitter tafte, and are difcoloured, and mixed with a longer kind of feed, they are to be rejected. They are alfo adulterated with the feeds of tanfy and wormwood. The latter are eafily known, by having a light yellow colour, and refembling powdered hay more than feeds. Neumann obtained from 480 parts 213 of alcoholic extradt, and no watery, and in- verfely 260 watery, and 28 alcoholic. It gave a flight flavour to water diftilled from it, but no oil. Medical ufe. — Wormfeed is one of the oldeft and moft common anthelmintics, efpecially in the lumbrici of children. On account of their cffential oil, they are heating and ftimulating. They are given to children 1. In fubftance, to the extent of ten grains, or half a drachm, finely powdered, and ftrewed on bread and butter j or made into an ele£luary with honey or treacle ; or candied with fugarj or diiFufed through milk, and taken in the morning when the ftomach is empty. 2. In infufion or deco6lion,, but to thefe forms their bittcrnefs is a ftrong objection. After they have been ufed for fome days, it is cuftomary to give a cathartic, or they are combined from the beginning with rhubarb, jalap, calomel, fulphate of iron, or muriate of ammonia. 5)&. Artemisia Absinthium. Folia et fummit ate s florentes. {Ed.) Ahjtnthium vulgar e, Hcrha. {Lond.^ Foliay cucumina, (Dub.) Common wormwood. The herb, leaves, and flowering heads. This perennial herb grows by the road-fides and on rubbifn in many parts of Britain ; and about London it is cultivated for me- dical ufe. Its fmell is ftrong and difagreeable ; its tafte intenfely bitter. Its aftive conftituents are bitter extraftive and eflential oil. It is ufed in ftomach complaints, and is of great fervice to hypochondrifts. It is alfo employed in intermittent fevers, in cach- ectic and hydropic afl'edlions, in jaundice, and againft worms. Many perfons cannot fufFer the difagreeable fmell of wormwood, which is apt to occafion headach, but it may be freed from it in a great meafure by decodVion. The extra£l is a pure and fimple bitter. The efl'ential oil is of a dark green colour, and contains the whole sntial oil 1! of the pi flavour of The plant. It is ftimulating, and is fuppofed to be a Part II. Materia Medica, 179 powerful antifpafmodic and anthelmintic. It was formerly much ufed for the preparation of medicated wines and ales. ARUM MACULATUM. Arum. Radix recens. (Lond. Dub.) Wake-robin. The recent root. Gynandria. Polyandria. — Nat. ord. Piperita, This is a perennial folid bulbous rooted plant, which grows wild in fhady fituations, and by the fides of banks, in many parts of Britain. The root is knotty, roundifti and white. When colled^- ed in fpring before the leaves (hoot, or in autumn after flowering, it contains a milky juice of very great acrimony. Applied to the tongue, it caufes a burning heat, which lafts for many hours, and excites confiderable thirft. Thefe difagreeable fymptoms may be relieved by butter-milk or oily fluids. Rubbed between the fingers, it blifters and excoriates them ; it is therefore a corrofive vegetable poifon. By drying, it lofes the greateft part of its acri- mony, and becomes (imply amylaceous. It is alfo rendered per- fe6tly mild by frequent waihing with water. Its acrimony is therefore eafily de{lru. 4. Mineral Pitch ; maltha. Brittle in cold weather ; of 3 dark colour; opaque. Specific gravity probably 1.07. Sp. 5. Asphaltum. Very brittle; fracture conchoi^al; glaffy luftre; no fmell, unlefs when melted or heated- Specific gravity 1.07 to 1.65. Fufible and inflammable. According to Mr. Kirwan and Mr. Hatchett, the firfl fpecies, by expofure to the air, and gradual decompofition, paflss fuccef- Part II. Materia Medica. J 85 fively tKrougli the intermediate ftates, till at lafl it is converted in- to afphaltum. When partially decompofed, the remaining naph- tha may be feparated by diftillation from the fuperabundant char- coah From the different pjiarmacopoeias having been- pubUfhed before the fpecific charadkers were properly afcertained, there is fome confufion with regard to the fpecies which is officinal. The Lon- don college name the fi^cond, and the Dubhn college the third ; but the latter err greatly in calling it a refm ; while the Edinburgh college incorrc6tly give petroleum Barbadenfe, which belongs to the third fpecies, as a fynonime of bitumen petroleum, which is the fecond. The firll fpecies is found abundantly in Perfia ; but what we receive conies from the duchy of Modena in Italy. It is very rarely met with in the lliops ; the fecond, mixed with a little of the third, and fome fubtile oil, is ufually fent us inftead of it. Aledical life. — Petroleum is at prefent very rarely employed as a medicine, though if the finer kinds could be procured genuine, they fcem to deferve fome notice : they are more agreeable than the oil of amber, and milder than that of turpentine ; of the vir- tues of both of which they participate. They are principally re- commended by authors for external purpofes, againll pains and aches, in paralytic complaints, and for preventing chilblains. For thefe intentions, fome of the more common mineral oils have been made ufe of with good fuccefs; an oil extraiited from a kind of flone-coal has been extolled among the common people, under the name of Britifh oil, for rheumatic pains, &c. ; even this is often counterfeited by a fmall portion of oil of amber added to the com- mon exprefied oils. The Barbadoes tar is found in feveral of the Weft-India iflands, where it is efteemed by the inhabitants of great fervice as a fudo- rific, and in diforders of the breaft and lungs; though in cafes of tliis kind, attended with inflammation, it is certainly improper ; they likewife apply it externally as a difcijtient, and for prevent- ing paralytic dilorders. Of. prep.-^0\, petr6lei, Lend. Petrol, fulph. Lond. BOLETUS IGNIARIUS. (^Ed.) Agaticus chirurgonwu Of. Female agaric, or agaric of the oak, called, from its being very pafy inflammable, Teuchwood, or Spunk. Cryptogamia Fungi. — Nat. ord. Fungi. This fungus is frequently met with, on different kinds of trees, in Britain, efpecially the cherry and plumb \ and is faid to have been fometimes brought into the fhops mixed with the true agaric of the larch : from this it is eafily diflinguifliable by its greater weight, duflcy colour, and mucilaginous tafte void of bitternefs. 186 Materia Medica, Part IL The meduUaty part of this fungus, beaten foft, and applied exter- nally, has been much celebrated as a ftyptic ; and faid to reftrain not only venal but arterial hicmorrhagies, without the ufe of liga- tures. It does not appear, however, to have any real flyptic power, or to aft any otherwife than dry lint, fponge, or other foft fungous applications. It is bell when gathered in Auguft or Sep- tember. ! BOLUS GALLICUS. {Lond.) French bole. BoLEfi arc earthy aggregates, confiding chiefly of filiceous and argillaceous earths. They are lefs coherent and more friable than pure flay, more eafily diffufed through water, and more freely fubfiding from it. They feel greafy to the touch, adhere llightly to the tongue, and break down in the mouth, impreffing a light fenfe of aftringency. A great variety of thefe fubilances were formerly ufed in medicine, but the French bole alone is now re- tained in the London pharmacopoeia. It is of a pale red colour, variegated with irregular fpecks or veins of white and yellow. Thefe earths have been recommended as aftringent, fudorific, and alexlpharnuc \ and they have been ufed in diarrhoeas, dyfen- teries, haemorrhagies, and in malignant and peftilential diftempers. In inteftinal fluxes and complaints in the firft paflages, from thm acrimonious humours, they may doubtlefs be of fome ufe : but the virtues afcribed to them in the other cafes appear to have no foundation. BRYONIA ALBA. {B. dioka^ Jacquin, Withering,) Bry^oma, Radix, {Dub.) Bryony ; wild vine. The root. Jldoncecia Syngenejia, — Nat. ord. Cucurbitaca, This is an indigenous perennial plant, growing on dry banks, under hedges, and climbing upon the bufhes. The roots are large, lometimes as thick as a man's thigh ; their fmell, when frefli, is itrong and difagreeable ; the tafte naufeoufly bitter, acrid, and biting; the juice is fo fliarp as in a Httle time to excoriate the ikin : in drying they lofe great part of their acrimony, and almoft the whole of their fmell. Neumann obtained by expreflion from a pound of the frefh root nearly fix ounces of juice, retaining a great deal of the naufeous fmell and tafte of the root, and depofiting, on ftanding, a white powdery amylaceous matter, (Fecula bryonise) recommended as a milder purgative than the root. 960 parts of the dry root yielded to water 606, and afterwards to alcohol 23. Alcohol, when ap- plied firft, extrafted 170, and water afterwards 250. Aledical ufe,— V>xvox\y root 15 a ftrong irritating cathartic ; and Part 11. Materia Medica, 187 as fucli has fometimes been faccefsfully exhibited in maniacal cafes» in fome kinds of dropfies, and in feveral chronical diforders. An cxtraft prepared by water ads more mildly, and with ^^reater fafe- ty, than the root in fubftance ; ^iven from half a drachm to a drachm, it Is faid to prove a gentle purgative, and llkewife to oper- ate powerfully by urine. The frefh root, applied externally, is faid to be a powerful difcutient in oedematous fwellings. BUBON GALBANUM Gummi-i'eftna, {Ed.) Galhanum, Gummi-rejirm. {Land. Dub.) Galbanum. A gum-refin. Willd. g. S^6./p. 2. — Pentafidria Bigynia — Nat. ord. JJmhellata. This plant is perennial, and grows in Africa. It abounds with a milky juice, which fometimes exudes from the joints of the old plants, but is more frequently obtained by cutting them acrofs fome mches above the root. The juice which flows from the wound foon hardens, and is the galbanum which is brought^to us from Syria and the Levant. ' The belt fort of galbanum confifts of pale-coloured pieces, about the fize of a hazel nut, which, on being broken, appear to becom- pofed of clear white tears, of a hitterilh acrid tafte, and a ftrong peculiar fmell. But it mod commonly occurs in agglutinated mafles, compofed of yellowifh or reddifh and clear white tears, which may be eafily torn afunder, mixed with feeds and leaves, of the confidence of firm wax, foftening by heat, and becoming brittle by cold. What is mixed with fand, earth, and other im- purities, and is of a brown or blackifb colour, interfperfed with no white grains, of a weak fmell, and of a confidence always foft, is bad. Galbanum is almofl: entirely foluble in water, but the folution is milky ; neither do wine nor vinegar diflblve it perfedlly. Alcohol^ according to Hagen, has very little action upon it. It is not fuf- ible; but furniflies a confiderable proportion of eflential oil whea diftilled with water. Neumann obtained by diftillation with wa- ter fix drachms of oil, befides what was diflblved in the water. The watery extradt amounted to about three ounces. It had fome- what of a naufeous relifh, but could not have been recognized as l preparation of galbanum. From the fame quantity alcohol ex- tracted upwards of nine ounces and a half of a hard brittle infipid inodorous fubftance (refm ?) Medical ufe. — Galbanum agrees in virtue with gum ammonia- cum ; but is generally accounted lefs proper in afthmas, and more fo in hyfterical complaints. It is exhibited in the form of pills or emulfion, to the extent of about a drachm. Applied externally, it is fuppofed to refolve and difcufs tumours, and to promote fuppu- ration. 188 Materia Medica. Part II. Off. prep, — Galb. purif. Pil. g. comp. Lond. Pil. aflae feet, comp. Ed. T'lnOi, galb, Lond, Emplaft. picis burgund. Dub* E. aflse foetid. Ed* E. gummos, Ed, E. lith, comp. Lond. CALX. [Lond.) Calx viva, Ed, Calx recens ufta, (Dub,) a. Ex lapide calcareo. h. Ex teflis conchyliorum. Quicklime recently burnt. Lime is a fimple fubftance, the properties of which have been already enumerated. It is fcarcely found in nature uncombined, but is eafily prepared from any of its carbonates, either mi- neral or animal, by the 2i€t\Qf\. of lire, which firft expels the water, and then deftroys any animal matters which may be prefent, and, laflly, expels the carbonic acid. This procefs is improperly term- ed the burning of lime. The product is lime, or, as it is com- monly called, quicklime. If about half its weight of water be poured upon lime, a great increafe of temperature takes place, fleam is produced, and the lime crumbles down into a dry powder, fomewhat incrcafed in weight by the prefence of part of the water, which has been folid- ified by the lime : and to the caloric of fluidity, which is expelled during the converfion of the water into a folid, the great increafe of th--, temperature is owing. Lime in this Hate is faid to be flak- ed. If more water be poured upon flaked lime, there is no new evolution of caloric ; but if the water amount to 700 times the weight of the lime, the lime is completely diflblved. This folutiori is termed Lime-water. As lime quickly attracts raoiflure and carbonic acid from the atmofphere, it fliould be always recently prepared •, and when kept, it fnould be preferved in very clofe bottles. Lime fliould not ef- fervefce with acids, and fliould be entirely folublc in water. Medical ufii. — On the living body lime a£l:s as an efcharotic, and as fuch it was formerly applied to ill-conditioned and obfti- nate fores. Diflblved in water, it is fometimes given internally as a tonic or afl:ringent in fcrophula and various fluxes, and formerly it enjoyed confiderablc reputation as a lithontriptic. Off, prep. — Aqua calcis, Ed. Lond, Dub. Aqua potafi'se, Ed, Lond. Dub. Aqua ammoniae, Ed. Lond. Dub, CANCER. CheU. {Lond.) Calculi oculi diai; Chela. {Dub,) The crab. A genus of cruftaceous infe£ls. iS/>. Cancer Astacus. LapilH. Ed. The craw-fifli Crabs ftones, vulgarly called Crabs eyes. Crabs ftones are generally about the fize of psas, or larget ; of Part II. Materia Medica, J 89 a fpherical fliape, but a little flatted on one fide ; of a white co- lour •, but fometimes with a reddifli or bluifli cuit, and internally of a laminated ftrudture. Thefe concretions are found in the ftomach, one on each fide, at the time when the crab changes its (hell, and alfo renews the inner membrane of the ftomach, which commonly happens in the month of Auguft. They afterwards gradually difappear, and no ftones are found after the new fhell has acquired its full degree of firmnefs. They therefore feem to furnilh the materials for the in- duration of the new (hell. They are brought in great numbers from Poland and Ruflia, efpecially from the province of Aftracan, where the craw-fifh are either bruifed with wooden mallets, or laid up in heaps to putrefy, when the ile(h is walhed away with water, and the ftones picked out. They confift of carbonate of lime, combined with a little phof- phate of lime and gelatine. The quantity of the two laft is too fmall, and their a£tion on the living body too inconfiderable to make any confiderable difference in medical properties, between thefe concretions and foft carbonate of lime, as it occurs in the mi- neral kingdom. Crab ftones are faid by moft writers on the materia medica to be frequently counterfeited with tobacco-pipe clay, or compofi- tions of chalk with mucilaginous fubftances. This piece of fraud, if really pra£lifed, may be very eafily difcovercd ; the counter- feits wanting the leafy texture which is obferved upon breaking the genuine ; more readily imbibing water ; adhering to the tongue ; and diflblving in vinegar, or the ftronger acids, diluted with water, either entirely, or not at all, or by piecemeal ; whilft the true crabs ftones, digefted in thefe liquors, become foft and tranfparent, their original form remaining the fame, as the organization of the gela- tine is not altered by the acid. Qjf- P^^P' — Cancrorum lapilli praeparati. Ed. Sp, Cancer Pagurus. Che/a. (Ed.) The black-clawed crab. The claws. This fpecies of crab inhabits the fea, and is found efpecially in the North fea. Its claws are yellow, tipt with black, and in every e fped they refemble the former article. ^ Of. prep, — Cancrorum chelae ppt. Lond. Dub. Trochifci cre- tx, Lond. Pulv. chel. cane. comp. Lond, CANELLA ALBA. Cortex. {Lond. Ed. Dub.) Canella alba. The bark. raceme TFi//d, g, ^^2. fp. I. Dodecandria Momgynia. — Nat. ord. Ole- ece. The CaneUa alba, or, as the Dublin college name it, the Win- igO Materia Medica, Part II. terania caneiia, is a tall tree, which is very common in Jamaica, and other Weil-India iflands. The canella is the interior bark, freed from an outward thin rough one, and dried in the (hade. The fhops diftinguifli two forts of canella, differing from each other in the length and thick- nefs of the quills : they are both the bark of the fame tree, the thicker being taken from the trunk, and the thinner from the branches. It is brought to us rolled up in long quills, thicker than cinna- mon, and both outwardly and inwardly of a whitifh colour, light- ly inclining to yellow. It is a warm pungent aromatic, not of the moft agreeable kind ; nor are any of the preparations of it very grateful. Infufions of it in water are of a yellowifh colour, and fmell of the canella *, but they are rather bitter than aromatic. Tin6lures in redtified fpirit have the warmth of the bark, but little of its fmell. Proof fpirit difTolves the aromatic as well as the bitter matter of the canella, and is therefore the beft men- ftruum. It muft not be confounded with the bark of the wintera aromatica. Medical ufe. — Canella alba is often employed where a warm ftimulant to the ftomach is neceiTary, and as a corrigent of other articles. It is ufeful as covering the tafle of fome other articles. Off. prep* — Tind. gent. comp. Ed. CAPSICUM ANNUUM. FruBus. {Ed.') Piper Indicum. Cap- fuU, {Lond, Dub,) Cockfpur pepper. The pod. Willd. g. 384.7^. I. Pontandria Monogyma. — Nat. ord. Sohna- cea. This is an annual plant, a native of South America, but culti- vated in large quantities in our Weft-India iiVands *, and it will «ven ripen its fruit in this climate. The pods of this fpecies are long, pointed, and pendulous, at firfl of a green colour, and afterwards of a bright orange red. They are filled with a dry loofe pulp, and contain many fmall, flat, kidney- fhaped feeds. The tafte of capficum is extremely pun- gent and acrimonious, fetting the mouth as it were on fire. The pungency of cayenne pepper, I find, is foluble in water and in alcohol, is not volatile, reddens infufions of turnlble, and is pre- cipitated by infufion of galls, nitrate of mercury, muriate of mer- cury, nitrate of lilver, fulphate of copper, fulphate of zinc, red ful- phate of iron, (but not blue or green) ammonia, carbonate of pot- afs, alum, but not by fulphuric, nitric, or muriatic, acid, or filicized potafs. Cayenne pepper is an indifcriminate mixture of the powder of the dried pods of many fpecies of capficum, but efpecially of the Part II. Materia Meclica. IQT capficum frutefcens or bird pepper, which is the hotted of all. Cayenne pepper, as it comes to us from the Weft-Indies, changes infufion of turnfole to a beautiful green, probably owing; to the muriate of foda, which is always added to it, and red oxide of lead, with which it is faid to be mixed. Medical ufe. — Thefe peppers have been chiefly ufed as a condi- ment. They prevent flatulence from vegetable food, and have a warm and kindly efi^e£l in the ftomach, poflTeflTinjT all the virtues of the oriental fpices, without, according to Dr. Wright, producing thofe complaints of the head which the latter are apt to occafion. An abufe of them, however, gives rife to vifceral obftru6tions, efpecially of the liver. But of late they have been employed alfo in the prarf/>.— Emplaft. lad. comp. Land* E. picis burgund. Lorfd* CITRUS. Polyadelphia Icofandria,-^^^?A, o'rd. Pomacea. Sp. Citrus Aurantium. Folia, fioresy aqua Jlillatitia et olmm volatile Jlorunty fruBiis fuccusy fruBus immaturuSy et cortex exterior y {Ed.) Aurantium Hifpalenfe, Folium y Jlos y fru&us fuccuSy et cortex exterior. [Lond.) Fruiius fuccus et cortex exterior y fruEius immatu-^ rusyjlorum aqua Jlillatitia. {Dub.) Seville orange. The leaves, flowers, diftilled water, and effen- tial oil of the flowers, the juice and outer rind of the fruit, and the unripe fruit. The orange tree is a beautiful evergreen, a native of Afia, but tiow abundantly cultivated in the fouthern parts of Europe and in the "Weft-India jflands. There are feveral varieties of this fpecies, t>ut they may be all referred to the bitter or Seville orange, and the fwect or China orange. The leaves are neither fo aromatic nor fo bitter as the rind of the fruit. The flowers (flores naphae) are highly odoriferous, and have been for fome time paft in great eftcem as a perfume ; their tafte is fome what warm^ sM^companied with a degree of bitternefs. They art II. Materia Medica, 2ty«' yield their flavour by infufion to re£kified fpirit, and in diftillatioa both to fpirit and water, (aqua florum naphse) : the bitter matter is diflblved by water, and, on evaporating the decoffcion, remains entire in the extract. A very fragrant red-coloured oil, diftilled from thefe flowers, is brought from Italy under the name of oleum or ejfentia neroli ; but oil of behen, in which orange flowers have been digefted, is frequently fubftituted for it. The fraud, however, is eafily de- tected, as the real oil is entirely volatile, and the adulterated is not. The juice of oranges is a grateful acid liquor, confifting princi- pally of citric acid, fyrup, extractive, and mucilage. The outer yellow rind of the fruit is a grateful aromatic bitter. The unripe fruit dried are called Cura9oa oranges. They rary in fize from that of a pea to that of a cherry. They are bitterer than the rind of ripe oranges, but not fo aromatic, and are ufed as a ftomachic. Medical ufe. — The leaves have been celebrated by eminent phy- ficians as a powerful antifpafmodic in convulfive diforders, and cf- pecially in cpilepfy *, with others they have entirely failed. Orange flowers were at one time faid to be an ufeful remedy in convulfive and epileptic cafes ; but experience has not confirmed the virtues attributed to them. As by drying they lofe their virtues, they may- be preferved for this purpofe by packing them clofely in earthen veflels, with half their weight of muriate of foda. The juice is of confiderable ufe in febrile or inflammatory difl:empers, for allaying heat, quenching thirft, and promoting the falutary excretions : it is likewife of ufe in genuine fcorbutus, or fea-fcurvy. Although the Seville, or hitter orange as it is called, has alone a place in our pharmacopoeias, yet the juice of the China, or fweet orange, is much more employed. It is more mild, and lefs acid ; and it is ufed in its molt fimple ftate with great advantage, both as a cooling medicine, and as an ufeful antifeptic in fevers of the worft kinds, as well as in ni^ny other acute difeafes, being highly bene- ficial as alleviating thirft. Dr. Wright applied the roafted pulp of oranges as a poultiqe to fetid fores in the Weil Indies, with very great fuccefs. The rind proves an excellent ftomachic and carminative, promo- ting appetite, warming the habit, and ftrengthening the tone of the vifcera. Orange-peel appears to be confiderably warmer than that of lemons, and to abound more with eflential oil : to this circum- ftance, therefore, due regard ought to be had in the ufe of thefe medicines. The flavour of the firft is likewife fuppofed to be lefs perifiiable than that of the other. Off. prep, of the rind. — Syr. cort. aurantii, Lond. Dub, Aq. deftil. Ed, Spiritus raph. comp. Lond, Dub, TinClura cort. A. Lond, 218 Materia Medica. Part II, Duh. Tin<^. cinch, comp. Zond. Dub. Tin£l:. gent. comp. Ed, Conferva cort. A. Ed, Lmd, Dub, Of the juke, — Succ. coch. comp. Lond, Ed, Sp, Citrus Medica. FruSIus, cortex fruBuSy et ejus oleum w- latile. {Ed.) Limon, Succ us y cortex exterior y et oleum ejfentia dic- tum, (^LoTid.) SuccuSy cortex exterior y ejufdemque oleum ejfentiale. QDub,) Lemon tree. The juice and outer rind, and its eflential oil, of the fruit. The juice of lemons is fimilar in quality to that of oranges, from which it differs little otherwife than in containing more citric acid and lefs fyrup. The quantity of the former is indeed fo great, that the acid has been named from this fruit, Acid of Lemons, and is commonly prepared from it. The (imple exprefled juice will not keep, on account of the fyrup, extraftive, and muci- lage, and quantity of water which it contains, which caufes it to ferment. It was therefore extremely defirable that an eafy method Ihould be difcovercd of reducing it to fuch a ftate that it would not fpoil by keeping, and would be lefs bulky. Various means have been propofed and pra£lifed with this view. The juice has been evaporated to the confiftence of rob; but this always gives an empyreumatic tafte, and does not feparate the ex- tra£live or mucilage, fo that it is ftill apt to ferment when agitat- ed on board of fhip in tropical climates. It has been expofed to froft, and part of the water been removed under the form of ice ; but this is liable to all the former objections, and befides, where the lemons are produced in fufficient quantity, there is not a fuffi- cient degree of cold. The addition of a quantity of alcohol to the infpiflated juice feparates the mucilage, but not the extraftive or fugar. By means, however, of Scheele's procefs, as reduced to de- terminate quantities by Prouft, we can obtain the acid perfe£lly pur« and cryftallized. To 94 parts of lemon juice, 4 parts of carbonate of lime are to be added : the carbonic acid is feparated by efFervefcence, and a quantity of infoluble citrate of lime is precipitated. By evaporat- ing the fupernatant liquor, another portion of citrate of lime is ob- tained. Thefe added together amount to about 7f parts, and re- quire, 20 parts of fulphuric acid, of the fpecific gravity of 1.15, to decompofe them. The fulphate of lime, being nearly infoluble, is precipitated, while the citric acid remains in folution, and is to be feparated by wafliing, and cryftallized by evaporation. If too much fulphuric acid be added, when the liquor is much concen- trated, it readts upon the citric acid, and chars a portipn of it. When this is the cafe, a little chalk muft be added. Part II. Materia Medica. tZlQ By this, or fome fimilar procefs, it is now manufa£lurcd in this country, in large quantities, and fold under the name of Coxwell's Concrete Salt of Lemons. The yellow peel is an elegant aromatic, and is frequently em. ployed in ftomachic tinctures and infufions : it is confiderably lefj hot than orange-peel, and yields in diftillation with water a lefs quantity of eflential oil : its flavour is neverthelefs more periftiablc, yet does not arifc fo readily with fpirit of wine ; for a fpiritous extract made from lemon-peel poflefles the aromatic tafte and fmell of the fubje£t in much greater perfection than an extraiSi prepared in the fame manner from the peels of oranges. Citric acid is a powerful and agreeable antifeptic. Its powers are much increafed, according to Dr. Wright, by faturating it with muriate of foda. The mixture he recommends as pofleffing very great efficacy in dyfentery, remittent fever, the belly-ach, putrid fore throat, and as being perfe£tly fpecific in diabetes and lienteria. Citric acid is often ufed with great fuccefs for allaying vomiting : with this intention it is mixed with carbonate of potafs, from which it expels the carbonic acid with effervefcence. This mixture fhould be drunk as foon it is made : or the carbonic acid gas, on which actually the anti-emetic powers of this mixture depends, may be extricated in the ftomach itfelf, by firft fwallowing the carbonate of potafs diflblved in water, and drinking immediately afterwards the citric acid properly fweetened. The dofes are about a fcrupic of the carbonate diflblved in eight or ten drachms of water, and an ounce of lemon juice, or an equivalent quantity of citric acid. Lemon juice is alfo an ingredient in many pleafant refrigerant drinks, which are of very great ufe in allaying febrile heat and thirft. Of thefe, the moft: generally ufeful is lemonade, or diluted lemon-juice, properly fweetened. Lemonade, with the addition of a certain quantity of any good ardent fpirit, forms the well-known beverage punch, which is fometimes given as a cordial to the fick. The German writers order it to be made with airack, as rum and brandy, they fay, are apt to occafion headach. But the fa£t is di- red^ly the reverfe, for, of all fpirits, arrack is moft apt to produce headach. The lighteft and fafeft fpirits are thofe which contain leaft eflTential oil, or other foreign matters, and which have been kept the longeft time after their diftillation. Of. prep, of the rind, — Aq. deft. Ed, Spt. ammon. comp. Ed, Lond, Dub, Of the juice. — Syr. citr. med. Ed, Lond. Dub, Succ- fpiflat. Lond, Of the w7.— Ungt. fulph. Ed. Ungt. helleb. alb. Lond. Dub, COCCUS CACTI. {Ed.) Coccinella. (Lond.) * Cochineal. Cochineal is the dried body of the female of a hemipteroys CLW Materia Medico. Part tL inkO:. It IS found only in Mexico, and is nouriflied entirely on the leaves of the opurttia or nopal, (ca6lus coccinelliferus). The "wild cochineal, which is covered with a filky envelope, is lefs valu- able than the cultivated cochineal, which is without that covering, but grows to a larger fize, and furnifnes a finer and more perma- nent colour. The Spaniards endeavour to confine both the infeft and the plant on which it feeds to Mexico. But this attempt at monopoly will, we hope, be fruftrated by the exertions of fome gentlemen in the Eaft-Indies. The male only is furnifhed with wings, the female has none, and remains conftantly attached to the leaf of the caftus. During winter, the Mexicans preferve thefe infe£ls, with the fucculent leaves to which they are attached, in their houfes. In fpring, after the rainy feafon is over, they arc transferred to the Hving plants, and in a few days they lay innu- merable eggs, arid die. They are colle6led three times in the year : firft the dead mothers are gathered as foon as they have laid their eggs ; in three or four months, the young which have grown to a fufficient fize are colle£l:ed ; and in three or four months more, all the young are colle£led, large and fmall indifcriminately, ex- cept thofe which they preferve for breeding next year. They are killed by inclofing them in a bag and dipping them in hot water, and by expofmg them on iron plates to the heat of the fire. 8oo,oco pounds are brought annually to Europe ; and each pound contains at leaft 70,000 infe£ls. From their appearance, when brought to us, they were long fuppofed to be the feed of fome plant. They are fmall, irregular, roundifh bodies, of a blackifh-red colour on the outfide, and a bright purple red within. Their tafte is acrid, bitterifh, and aftringent. They 'arc ufed only for the fake of the fine colour which they produce, and they are principally confumed by the fcarlet dyers. In pharmacy they are employed to give a beautiful red to fome tinftures. Their colour is eafily ex- tracted, both by alcohol, water, and water of ammonia -, and in the dried infeO: it is not impaired by keeping for any length of time. Neumann got from 1920 grains 1440 watery extraft, and in another experiment from the fame quantity 1430 alcoholic. The former was extremely gelatinous. Of. prep. — Tin61^. card. comp. Lond. Dub. Tinft. arift. ferp. Ed, Tind. cinchon. comp. Lond. Tin£l:. gent. comp. £d. Tintl. helleb. Ed. Lond. Dub. Tina, canth. Lond. COCHLEARIA. Willd. g. 1228. Tetradynamia Sillculofa. — Nat. ord. SUiqusft. 5/». I. CocHLEARTA Officinalis. Herba. (^Ed>) Cochlearia^ fierha. [Dub.) Cochlearia hortenftu Herba, {Lond.) Part IL Materia Medica. 221 Garden fcurvy-grafs. The plant. This is an annual plant, which grows on the fea-fhore of the northern countries of Europe, and is fometimes cultivated in gar- dens. As long as it is frelh it has a peculiar fmell, cfpecially when bruifed, and a kind of faline acrid tafte, which it lofcs com- pletely by drying, but which it imparts by diftillation to water or alcohol. It alfo furnifties an eflential oil, the fmell of which is fo flrong as to make the eyes water. Med. ufe. — The frefh plant is a gentle flimulant and diuretic, and is chiefly ufed for the cure of fea-fcurvy. It is employed ex- ternally as a gargle in fore throat, and fcorbutic afFedlions of the gums and mouth. It may be eaten in fubftance in any quantity, or the juice may be expiefled from it, or it may be infufed in wine or water, or its virtues may be extracted by diftillation. Off", prep, — Succus coch. comp. Land. £d. Spirit raph. comp. JLofid. Dub, Sp. 8. CoCHLEARlA Armoracia. Radix, {Ed,) Raj>hanus ru/iicanus. Radix, [Lond. Dub.) Horfe-radi{h. The root. This perennial plant is fometimes found wild about river- fides, and other moifl: places: for medicinal and culinary ufes, it "is cul- tivated in gardens ; it flowers in June, but rarely perfects its feeds in this country. Horfe-radifh root has a quick pungent fmell, and a penetrating acrid tade ; it neverthelefs contains in certain vef- fels a fweet juice, which fometimes exudes upon the furface. By drying, it lofes all its acrimony, becoming firft fweetifh, and after- wards almoft infipid : if kept in a cool place, covered with fand, it retains its qualities for a con fiderable 'time. Jlfedical ufe.— This root is an extremely-penetrating ftimulus. Jt excites the folids, and promotes the fluid fecretions ; it feems to extend its a£li,on through the whole habit, and afredls the minuted glands. It has frequently done fervice in fome kinds of fcurvies and other chronic diforders, proceeding from a vifcidity of the juices, or obftruflions of the excretory du6ls. Sydenham recom- ;nends it likewife in dropfies, particularly thofe which fometimes follow intermittent fevers. Both water and re£tified fpirit extraft the virtues of this root by infufion, and elevate them in diftillation r along with the aqueous fluid, an efl^ential oil arifes, poflefllng the whole tafte and pungency of the horfe-radiili. 3840 parts, according to Neumann, were reduced by drying to 1 000, and gave of watery extract 480, and 15 of alcoholic, and in- verfely 420 alcoholic, and 480 watery ; all thefe extracts were fweet- |fli, without pungency. About 15 of volatile oil, extremely pungent, »nd heavier than water, arofe in diftillation with water. Oj^.prtp. — Spirit, raph. comp. Lond. Hub, 222 Materia Medica. Part 11. COCOS BUTYRACEA. Oleum nucisfixum. {Ed,) The mackavv tree. The fixed oil of the nut, commonly called Palm Oil. Palma. — Nat. ord. Palm;. {Lond. Dub.) Eleutheria or Cafcarilla. The bark. Moncecea Adelphia, — Nat. ord. Tricqcca, This bark is imported into Europe from the Bahama iflands, and particularly from one of them of the name of Eleutheria ; from >vhich circumftance it was long known by the title of Eleu- theria. But Dr. Wright alfo found the tree on the fea-fhorein Ja- maica, where it is common, and rifes to about twenty feet. It is the Clutia eluteria of Linnseus : the bark of whofe Croton cafca- rilla has none of the fenfible qualities of the cafcarilla of the (hops. The cafcarilla is in general brought to us either in curled pieces or rolled up into fhort quills, about an inch in width, fomewhat refembling in appearance the Peruvian bark. It is covered with a rough whitifti epidermis \ and in the infide it is of a brownifh caft. When broken, it exhibits a. fmooth, clofe, dark-brown furface. This bark, when freed from the epidermis, which is infipid and inodorous, has a light agreeable fmell, and a moderately bitter tafte, accompanied with a confiderable aromatic warmth. It is eafily in- flammable, and yields, when burning, a very fragrant fmell, refem- bling that of mufk ; a property, which diftinguifhes the cafcarilla from all other barks. Its aftiye conftituents are aromatic eflential oil and bitter ex- tra£live. Its virtues are partially extracted by water, and totally by re£lified fpirit j but it is mod effe6lual when given in fubftance. Med, ufe.- — It produces a fenfe of hpat, and excites the a6lion of the ftomach ; and it is therefore a good and pleafant ftomachic, and jnay be employed with advantage in flatulent colics, internal hse- morrhagies, dyfenteries, diarrhoeas, and fimilar diforders. As the efliential oil is diffipated in making the extra£t, this pre- paration adls as a fimple bitter. It was much employed by the Stahlians in intermittent fever, from their fear of ufmg Cinchona bark, to which, however, it is much inferior in efficacy. Off. prep, — Tindl. Lond. Dub, Extraft, Lond. CUCUMIS COLOCYNTHIS. Fruausy cortica feminibufque abjeBis. {Ed.) Colocynihis Fru^us medulla. {Lond. Dub.) Coloquintida, or bitter apple. The medullary part of the fruit. Momecla Syngenefia. — Nat. ord. Cucurbitacea. This is an annual plant of the gourd kind, a native of Turkey. The fruit is about the fize of an orange ; its medullary part, freed from the rind and feeds, is alone made ufe of in medicine 5 this is Part 11, Materia Medica . 23 J very light, white, fpongy, compofed of membranous leaves, of au extremely bitter, naufeous, acrimonious tafte. It is gathered in autumn when it begins to turn yellow, and is then peeled and dried quickly, either in a ftove or in the fun. In the latter cafe it ftiould be covered with paper. Neumann got from 768© parts 1680 alcoholic extra£i:, and then 2160 watery; and inverfcly, 3600 watery and 224 alcoholic. Med, /^.-— Colocynth is one of the moll powerful and mofl vio- knt cathartics. Many eminent phyficians condemn it as danger- ous, and even deleterious : others recommend it not only as ari ef- ficacious purgative, but likewife as an alterative in obllinate chro- nical diforders. This much is certain, that colocynth, in the dofe of a few grains, a6ls with great vehemence, diforders the body, and fometimes occafions a difcharge of blood. Many attempts have been made to correal its virulence by the addition of acids, aftringents, and the like : thefe may leflcn the force of the colo- cynth, but no otherwife than might be equally done by a reduc- tion of the dofe. The beft method of abating its virulence, with- out diminiftiing its purgative virtue, feems to be by triturating it with gummy farinaceous fubftances, or the oily feeds. Off. prep — Extra£t col. comp. Lond. Pil. aloes cum colocynth Ed, CUMINUM CYMINUM. Cumimtn. Semen. (Lond.) Cummin. The feeds. Willd, g. S41'/p' I- — Pentandria Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Umbel- lata. The cummin is an annual umbelliferous plant, in appearance refembling fennel, but much fmaller. It is a native of Egypt ; but the feeds ufed in Britain are brought chiefly from Sicily and Mal- ta. Cummin feeds have a bitterifh warm tafte, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, not of the moft agreeable kind, refiding in ^ volatile oil. Off. prep. — Cataplafm cum. Lond. Emplaft. cum. Lond, CUPRUM. {Loud. Dub. Ed.) Copper. Copper is found in many countries, a. In its metallic ftate : 1. Cryftallized. 2. Alloyed with arfenic and iron. 3. Sulphuretted. k* Oxidized: 4. Uncombincd. 232 Materia Medica. Part II. 5. Combined with carbonic acid. 6. fulphuric acid. y. . . arfenic acid. The general properties of copper have been already enumer- ated. Copper has a more perceptible fmell and tafte than almofl any other metal. Its efFeds when taken into the ftomach are highly deleterious, and often fatal. It particularly affe£ls the prim^ vise, exciting exceflive naufca, vomiting, colic pains, and purging, fome- times of blood, or, though more rarely, obftinate conftipation. It alfo produces agitation of the mind, headach, vertigo, delirium j renders the pulfe fmall and weak, the countenance pale, and caufes fainting, convulfions, paralyfis, and apoplexy. When anyofthefe fymptoms occur, we muft endeavour to obviate the aOion of the poifon by large and copious draughts of oily and mucilaginous li- quors, or to deflroy its virulence by folutions of potafs, or fulphu- ret of potafs. Poifoning from ' copper is molt commonly the efFe(Sl of igno- rance, accident, or careleflhefs ; and too many examples are met with of fatal confequences enfuing upon eating food which had been drefled in copper veflels not well cleaned from the ruft which they had contra61:ed by lying in the air ; or pickles, to which a beautiful green colour had been given, according to the murder- ous dire<£lions of the moft popular cookery books, by boiling them with halfpence, or allowing them to Jftand in a brafs pan until a fufficient quantity of verdegris was formed. Great care ought to be taken that acid liquors, or even water, defigned for internal ufe, be not fufFered to Hand long in veflels made of copper, otherwife they will diflqlve fo much of the metal as will give them dangerous properties. But the fure prevent- ative of thefe accidents is to banilh copper utenfils from the kitchen and laboratory. The prefence of copper in any fufpe£led hquor is eafiiy detected by inferting into it a piece of polilhed fleel, which will foon be coated with copper, or by dropping into it fome carbonate of ammonia, which will produce a beautiful blue colour if any copper be prefent. But although copper be thus dangerous, fome preparations of it are in certain cafes ufed with great advantage both externally and internally. The chief of thefe are, 1. The fub-acetite of copper. 2. The fulphate of copper. 3. The fub-fulphate of copper and ammonia. ^, The muriate of copper and ammonia. Part II. Materia Medica. 133 5. A folution of the fulphate of copper, and fuper-fulphate of alumina in fulphuric acid. As the two fir ft of thefe are never prepared by the apothecary, but bought by him from the manufadurer, they are inferted in tlie Hft of materia medica. SuB-AcETis CupRi. {Ed.) Murgo, {Lond. Dub.) Sub-acetite of Copper. Verdegris. The preparation of this fubftance was almofl confined to Mont- pelier in France, owing chiefly to an excellent regulation which exifted, that no verdegris could be fold until it had been examin- ed and found of fufficiently good quality. For fince that regula- tion has been abolifhed, Chaptal informs us, that fo many abufes have crept into the manufafture, that the Montpelier verdegris has loft its decided fuperiority of character. It is prepared by ftratify- ing copper plates with the hulks and ftalks of the grape, which have been made to ferment after the wine has been exprefled from them. In from ten to twenty days, when the hulks become white, the plates of copper are taken out, and their furfaces are found to be covered with detached and filky cryftals. They are now placed on edge, with their furfaces in contain, in the corner of a cellar, an(J alternately dipt in water, and replaced to dry every feven or eight days, for fix or eight times. By this management, the plates fwell, and are every where covered with a coat of verdegris, which is eafily feparated with a knife. In this ftate it is only a pafte, and is fold by the manufadlurers to commilfioners, who beat it well with wooden mallets, and pack it up in bags of white leather, a foot high and ten inches wide, in which itAi dried by expofing it to the air and fun, until the loaf of verdegris cannot be pierced with the point of a knife. ^ Sub-acetite of copper fliould be of a bluilh-green colour, dry and difficult to break, and fliouId neither deliquefce, have a fait tafte, contain any black or white fpots, nor be adulterated with earth or gypfum. Its purity may be tried by diluted fulphuric acid, in which the fub-acetite diifolves entirely, and the impurities remain behind. Verdegris, as it comes to us, is generally mingled with ftalks of the grape ; they may be feparated, in pulverization, by difcon- tinuing the operation as foon as what remains feems to be almoft entirely compofed of them, Med. 7^. —Verdegris is never or rarely ufed internally. Some writers highly extol it as an emetic, and fay, that a grain or two aft as foon as received intothe ftomach -, but its ufe has been too often followed by dangerous confequences to allow of its employment. 234 Materia Medica, Part 11. Verdegris applied externally, proves a gentle detergent and efcha- rotic, and is employed to deftroy callous edges, or fungous flefh in wounds. It is alfo advantageoufly applied to fcorbutic ulcers of the mouth, tongue, or fauces, and deferves to be carefully tried in cancerous fores. With thefe intentions it is an ingredient in dif- ferent officinal compofitions. Off. prep, — Oxymel aeruginis, Lond. Acid acetos. Lond, Aerug. ppt. Land, Ungt. fub-acet. cupri, Ed. Empl. mel. vef. comp. Ed. Sulphas Cupri. (Ed.') Cuprum vitriohtum, [Dub.) Vitrio^ lurn cceruleunu (Lond.) Sulphate of copper. Blue vitriol. This metallic fait is rarely formed by combining direftly its component parts ; but it is obtained, either by evaporating mineral waters which contain it, or by acidifying native fulphuretted cop- per, by expofing it to the action of air and moifture, or by burning its fulphur. When pure it has a deep blue colour, and is cryftallized gene- rally in long rhomboids. It efHorefces flightly in the air, is foluble in four parts of water at 60^, and in two at 212°, and is infoluble in alcohol. By heat it lofes, firft its water of cryftallization, and afterwards all its acid. It is decompofed by the alkalies and earths, and fome of the metals, the alkaline carbonates, borates, and phof-* phates, and fome metallic falts. It is compofcd of, Copper, 24 1 Oxygen, 8 [• 42 hydro-oxide of copper. r, 103 33 fulphuric acid. 25 water of cryftallization. Water, 100 The fulphate of copper has a ftrong, ftyptic, metallic tafte, and is chiefly ufed externally as an efcharotic for deftroy ing warts, cal- lous edges, and fungous excrefcences, as a ftimulant application to ill-conditioned ulcers, and as a ftyptic to bleeding furfaces. Ta- ken internally, it operates, in very (mail dofes, as a very powerful emetic. It has, however, been exhibited in incipient phthifis pul- monalis, intermittent fever, and epilepfy j but its ufe is not fret from danger. Off. prep. — Solutio fulphatis cupri compofita, Ed. Ammoniarc- tvim cupri, Ed. Loud, Dub. Part IL Materia Medica. 235 CURCUMA LONGA. Curcuma, Radix. [Lond,) Turmeric. The root. Wild, g. W'fp' 2. Monandria Monogynia Nat. ord. Scitamima. Turmeric is a perennial plant, a native of the Eaft Indies. The roots are tuberous, knotty, and long, wrinkled, externally of a pale yellow colour, and internally of a fhining fafFron brown. They nave a weak aromatic fmell, and a flightly bitter aromatic tafte. They contain a very little eflential oil ; and Neumann got from 960 parts, 320 watery, and afterwards 50 alcoholic extra£l, and inverfely 150 alcoholic, and 210 watery. Medical ufe. — Turmeric, when taken internally, tinges the urine of a deep yellow colour, and ads as a gentle ilimulant. It has been celebrated in difeafes of the liver, jaundice, cachexy, dropfy, intermittent fevers, &c. But its internal ufe in this country is al- moft confined to its being a principal ingredient in the compofition of curry powder, in which form it is ufed in immenfe quantities in the Eaft Indies. It is alfo a valuable dye-ftufF, and an excellent chemical teft of the prefence of uncombined alkalies ; for the yel- low colour of turmeric is changed by them to a reddilh brown. CINARA SCOLYMUS. Folia, {Ed.) Cinara. Folium. (^Lond.) Cinara Horteufts, Folia. (^Dub,) Artichoke. The leaves, Syngenefta Polygamia aqualis. — Nat. ord. Compojtta capitat/e. The artichoke is a perennial plant, indigenous in the fouth of Europe, but very frequently cultivated in our gardens for culinary purpofes. The leaves are bitter, and afford by expreflion a confiderable quantity of juice, which is faid to be diuretic, and to have been fuccefsfuily ufed in dropfy. DAPHNE MEZEREUM. Radicis Cortex. (Ed,) M^zereum. Radicis Cortex. [Lond.) Mezereori, Radix , Cortex, [Duk) Mezereon, or fparge laurel. The bark of the root. IVil/d. g. 773.^. I. OEiandria Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Veprecula, Mezereon is a (hrub which grows in woody fituations in the northern parts of Europe, and is admitted into our gardens from its flowering in winter. The bark, which is taken from the trunk, larger branches, and root, is tliin, ftriped reddifh, commonly cover- ed with a brown cuticle, has no fmell, and when chewed, excites an infupportable fenfation of burning in the mouth and throat. When applied to the ikin in its recent ftate, or infufed in vinegar, it raifes blifters. Medical ufe. — The root was long ufed in the Lifbon diet-drink, ■for venereal complaints, particularly nodes and other fymptoms refifting the ufe of mercury. The bark of the root contains mod 236 Materia Medica^ Part II. acrimony, though fome prefer the woody part. Mezereon has alfo been ufed with good efFed^s in tumours and cutaneous eruptions not venereal. Dr. Cullen fays that it afts upon the urine, fometimes giving it a filamentous appearance, and upon the perfpiration, without di- minifhing the ftrength remarkably ; and that in irritable habits it quickens the pulfe, and iricreafes the heat of the whole body. But Mr. Pearfon of the Lock Hofpital fays, that excepting a cafe or two of lepra, in which a decodlion of this plant conferred tem- porary benelit, he very feldom found it poffelled of medicinal vir- tues, either in fyphilis, or in the fequelae of that difeafe. In fcro- fula, or in cutaneous affeclioiis, it is employed chiefly under the form of deco6tion ; and it enters the decofbum farfaparlllse com- pofitum of the London college j but it has alfo been ufed in pow- der, combined with fome inadtive one, as that of liquorice root. It is apt to occafion vomiting and purging ; fo muft be begun in grain-dofes, and gradually increafed. It is often combined with mercury. The berries are ftill more acrid than the bark, and they have even been known to produce fatal effedls on children, who have been tempted by their beauty to eat them. It is faid that they are fometimes infufed in vinegar, to make it more pungent, and appear ftronger. Off, prep. — Deco£t, Ed. Decoft. farf. comp. Lond. Duh, DATURA STRAMONIUM. Herba. {Ed.) Stramonium officinale. Thorn-apple. The plant. Willd. g. 271' JP' 2. Peniandria Monogynla, — ^Nat. ord. Solanacea. The thorn-apple is an annual plant, a native of America, but now growing wild on dry hills and uncultivated places in England and other parts of Europe. The leaves are dark green, feflile, lar^e, egg-fhaped, pointed, angular, and deeply indented, of a dif- agreeable fmell and naufeous tafte. Every part of the plant is a ftrong narcotic poifon, producing vertigo, torpor, death. The bed antidote to its eiFe£ls is faid to be vinegar. Med. ufe. — Dr.'Stork firft tried it as a remedy in mania and me- lancholy with confiderable fuccefs. Several cafes of the fame dif- eafes were alfo cured or relieved by it, under the direction of dif- ferent Swedifh phyficians ; and although in other experiments it frequently failed, we think that it deferves the attention of' prac- titioners, and well merits a trial, in affedions often incurable by other means. Befides maniacal cafes, the ftramonium has been alfo employed, and fometimes with advantage, in convulfive and epileptic affec- tions. It is not only taken internally, but has alfo been ufed ex- Part IL Materia Medicfl. 237 ternally. An ointment prepared from the leaves of the ftramo- nium has been faid to give eafe in external inflammations and hae- morrhoids. The infpiflated juice of the leaves has been commonly ufed, but its exhibition requires the greateit caution. At firft, one fourth of a grain is a fufficient dofc. The powder of the leaves or feeds promifes to furnifli a more certain or convenient formula than the infpiflated juice. DAUCUS CAROTA. Semen, (Ed.) Dauctis fylvejlris, SetTun, (Lond, Dub, ) Wild Carrot. The feed. Willd. g, S3^'/P' ^* Pentafidria Digynia, — Nat. ord. Umbellai^e, This is a biennial plant, which grows wild in Britain, and is cultivated in great quantities as an article of food. The feeds, efpecially of the wild variety, have a moderately warm pungent taflie, and an agreeable aromatic fmell. They are carminative, and are laid to be diuretic. The roots, efpecially of the cultivated variety, contain much mucilaginous and iaccharine matter, and are therefore highly nutritious and emollient. When beaten to a pulp, they form an excellent application to carcinomatous and ill-con- ditioned ulcers, allaying the pain, checking the fuppuration and fetid fmell, and foftening the callous edges. DELPHINIUM STAPHISAGRIA. Staphifagria. Semen. {Lond. Dub.) Stavefacre. The feed. Willd. g. ic6i.Jp. 13. Polyandrla Trigynia, — Nat. ord, Muliifi- liqute. Stavesacre is a biennial plant, a native of the fouth of Europe. The feeds are ufually brought from Italy. They are large and rough, of an irregular triangular figure, of a blackiih colour on the outiide, and yellowifli or whitifh within ; they have a difagree- able fmell, and a very naufeous, bitterifh, burning tafte. Neumann got from 480 parts, 45 alcoholic extract, befides 90" of fixed oil, which feparated during the procefs, and afterwards 44 infipid watery, and inverfely 95 watery, and then by alcohol only- one, befides 71 of oil. Medical ufe. — Stavefacre was employed by the ancients as a ca- thartic 5 but it operates with fo much violence, both upwards and downwards, that its internal ufe has been, among the generality of praftitioners, for fome time laid afide. It is chiefly employed in external applications for fome kinds of cutaneous eruptions, and for deftroying lice and others infe6ls -, infomuch, that from this virtue it has received its name, in diffx^rent languages. 238 Materia Medica. Part II. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Fkres. (£i.) Caryo- phyllum ruhrum, Flos, (JLond. Dub.) Clove Gilly-flower. The flowers. Willd. g' S^2'JP' 9* Decandria Digynia, — Nat. ord. Caryophylle^, This fpecies of dianthus is a native of Italy, and is perennial. By cultivation, its varieties have increafed to a very great number, and they form one of the greateft ornaments of our gardens. Moft of thefe are termed Carnations, but the variety which is officinal furpafles all the others in the richnefs of its fmell, and is alfo dif- tinguifhed by its colour, being of an uniform deep crimfon. Their only ufe in pharmacy is to give a pleafant flavour and beautiful colour to an officinal fyrup. Off. prep. — Syr. dianthi caryophyll. Ed» Loud- DIGITALIS PURPUREA. Folia. {Ed.) Digitalis, Folium. (Lond. Dub.) Foxglove. The leaves. Willd. g. ii55.yj). 1. Didynamia Angiofpermia. — Nat. ord. So- lanacea, - This i^ an indigenous biennial plant, very common on hedge. banks, and fides of hills, in dry, gravelly, or fandy foils, and the beauty of its appearance has gained it a place in our gardens and fhrubberies. The leaves are large, oblong, egg-ffiaped, foft, cover- ed with hairs, and ferrated. They have a bitter, very naufeous tafte, with fome acrimony. Mtd. life, — Its efFe(Sls when fwallowed are, 1. To diminifii the frequency of tlie pulfe. 2. To diminifh the irritability of the fyftem. 3. To increafe the a6lion of the abforbents. 4. To increafe the difcharge by urine. In exceffive dofes, it produces vomiting, purging, dimnefs Q|t f)ght, vertigo, delirium, hiccough, convulfions, coUapfe, death. ^ For thefe fymptoms the bed remedies are cordials and llimulants. Internally, digitalis has been recommended, 1. In inflammatory difeafes, from its very remarkable power of diminifhing the velocity of the circulation, 2. In a£tive haemorrhagies, in phthifis. 3. In fome fpafmodic affections, as in fpafmodic afthn^a, palpi- tation, &c. 4. In mania from efi'ufion on the brain. 5« In anafarcous and dropfiical effalions. 6. In fcrofulous tumours. 7. In aneurifm of the aorta, we have feen it alleviate the moft djftrefling fymptoms. 3 Part II. Materia Medica. 23Q Externally, it has been applied to fcrofulous tumours. It may be exhibited, 1. In fubftance, either by itfelf, or conjoined with fome aroma- tic, or made into pills with foap or gum ammoniac. Withering di- re^s the leaves to be gathered after the flowering flem has ihot up, and about the time when the bloflbms are coming forth. He rejeds the leaf-ftalk, and middle rib of the leaves, and dries the remaining part either in the funlhine or before the fire. In this ftate they are eafily reduced to a beautiful green powder, of which we may give at tirft one grain twice a-day, and gradually increafe the dofe until it a6t upon the kidneys, ftomach, pulfe, and bowels, when its ufe muft be laid afide or fufpended, 2. In infufion. The fame author dire£ls a drachm of the dried leaves to be infufed for four hours in eight ounces of boiling wa- ter, and that there be added to the {trained li(|uor an ounce of any fpiritous water, for its prefervation. Half an ounce or an ounce of this infufion may be given twice a-day. 3. In decodion. Darwin dire6ts that four ounces of the frefh leaves be boiled from two pounds of water to one, and half an ounce of the {trained deco6lion be taken every two hours, for four or more dofes. . 4. In tindture. Put one ounce of the dried leaves coarfely pow* dered into four ounces of diluted alcohol ; let the mixture ftand by the fire-fide twenty four hours, frequently fliaking the bottle ; and the faturated tincture, as Darwin calls it, muft then be feparated from the refiduum by {training or decantation. Twenty drops of this tindture may be taken twice or thrice a-day. The Edinburgh college ufe eight ounces of dilated alcohol to one of the powder, but let it digeit feven days. 5. The exprefTed juice and extract are not proper forms of exhi- biting this very active remedy. When the digitalis is difpofed to excite loofenefs, opium may he !|j|dvantageou{ly conjoined with it ; and when the bowels are tardy, jalap may be given at the fame time, without interfering with its diuretic efFe£ts. During its operation in this way, the patient fhould drink very freely. Of. prep.—lni. digit. Ed. Tinft. digit. Ed. DOLICHOS PRURIENS. Puhs legumims rigida. {Ed.) Doltchos. Seta leguminum, [Dub.) Cow-itch. The ftifF hairs which cover the pods. D'ladelphia Decandria. — Nat. ord. PapUionacea. The dolichos is a climbing plant growing in great abundance in warm climates, particularly in the Weft Indies. The pods are about four inches long, round, and as thick as a man's finger. The outfide of the pods is thickly befet with ftifF brown hairs, whichj 240 Materia Medica. Part IL when applied to the Ikin, occafion a moft hitolerable itching. The ripe pods are dipped in fyrup, which is again fcraped ofF with the knife. When the fyrup is rendered by the hairs as thick as honey, it is fit for ufe. It a£ts mechanically as an anthelmintic, occafions no uneafinefs in the primse viae, which are defended by mucus, and may be fafely taken, from a tea-fpoonful to a table-fpoonful in the morning, fading. The worms are faid to appear with the fe- cond or third dofe ; and by means of a purge in fome cafes, the itools have confided entirely of worms. DORSTENIA CONTRA JERV A, Radix. (^Ed.) Contray- erva. Radix. [Dub, LondS) Contrayerva. The root. Willd. g. 244. y^. 5. Tetrandria Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Scabridie, This plant is perennial, and grows in South America, and fome of the Caribbean iflands. The root is knotty, an inch or two loiig, and about half an inch thick, of a reddidi brown colour externally, and pale within : long, rough, flender fibres (hoot out from all fides of it ; and arc gene- rally loaded with fmall round knots. It has a peculiar kind of aromatic fmell, and a fomewhat adringent, warm, bitter ilh tafte, with a light and fweetifh kind of acrimony, when long chewed : the fibres have little tade or fmell j the tuberous part, therefore, fliould be alone chofen. This root contains fo much mucilage, that a deco^lion of it will not pafs through the filter. Neumann got from 480 parts, 190 watery extra61:, and afterwards with alcohol 7, and inverfcly 102 alcoholic, and 60 watery. I find that the tin£ture reddens infufion of lithmus, is precipitated by water, and has no efFecl on the falts of iron. Medical ufe, — Contrayerva is a gentle ftimulant and diaphoretic, and is fometimes given in exanthematous difeafes, typhus, and dy- fentf-ry. Its dofe is about half a drachm. * Off. prep. — Pulv. contrayerv. comp. Lond. ERYNGIUM MARITIMUM. Eryngium. Radix. {Lond. Dub.) Eryngo. The root. Willd. g, 518. j^. 6. Pentaftdria Mo?iogynia. — Nat. ord. Umbel" lata:. This plant grows plentifully on fome of our fandy and gravelly fliores : the roots are llender," and very long ; of a pleafant fweet- iih tade, which, on chewing them for fome time, is followed by a light degree of aromatic warmth and acrimony. They are ac- counted aperient and diuretic, and have alfo been celebrated as part II. Materia Medica. 241 aphrodifiac ; their virtues, however, are too weak to admit them under the head of medicines. EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA. Caryophyllus Anmatkus. FIcris germen, et oleum ejus volatile. (-Ed.) Caryophylla aromatica, et oleum eorundem ejjentiale. (^Dub.^ Caryophyllus aroviatica. Pericarp pium immnturumy ct oleum ejus ejfentiale. [Lond.^ The clove tree. The flower-bud and its efli:ntial oil. Willd. ^. 972. 7^. 24. Icofandna Monogynia, — Nat. ord- Hefpe- ridea. This is a beautiful tall tree, a native of the Molucca iflands. The Dutch, from the defire of monopolizing the valuable fpice pro- duced by it, deftroyed all the trees except in Amboyna, where it is carefully cultivated. But their fcheme has been fruftrated, and the clove is now thriving in the Ifle of France and other places. Every part of this tree is highly aromatic, but efpecially the leaf- ftalk. Cloves are the flower-buds, which are gathered in 0£tober and November, before they open, and when they are dill green, and which are expofed to fmoke for fome days, and then dried in the fun. Cloves have fomewhat the form of a nail, confiding of a globu- lar head, formed of the four petals of the corolla, and four leaves of the calyx not yet expanded j but this part is often wanting, being eafily broken off; and a germen fituatcd below, nearly round, but fomewhat narrower towards the bottom ; fcarcely an inch in length, and covered with another thicker calyx, divided above into four parts. Their colour ftiould be of a deep brown» their fmell ftrong, peculiar, and grateful ; their tafte acrid, aro- matic, and permanent. The beft cloves are alfo large, heavy, brittle, and when preflTed with the nail, exude a little oil. When light, foft, wrinkled, dirty, pale, and without fmell or tafte, they are to be rejeded. ^ The Dutch, from whom we have this fpice, frequently mix it with cloves from which the oil has been diftilled. 'Fhefe, though in time they regain from the others a confiderable (hare both of tafte and fmell, are eafily diftinguilliable by their weaker flavour and lighter colour. Cloves yield by diftillation with water about one feventh of their weight of volatile oil; 960 parts alfo gave to Neumann 380 of a naufeous, fomewhat aftringent, watery extra6l. The fame quan- tity gave only 300 of exceflfively fiery alcoholic extradt. When the alcoholic extraO: is freed from the volatile oil by diftillation with water, the oil that arifes proves mild, and the refin that re- . mains infipid. Its pungency therefore feems to depend on the combination of thefe principles. The Dutch oil of cloves is ex- tremely hot and fiery, and of a reddifh brown colour, but it is~ 242 Materia Medica. Part IL greatly adulterated, both with fixed oils and refin of cloves ; for the genuine oil when recently diftilled, is comparatively quite mild, and colourlefs, although it gradually acquires a yellow colour. It is heavier than water, and rifes in diftillation with fome difficulty, fo that it is proper to ufe a very low headed ftill, and to return the diftilled water feveral times upon the refiduum. Mdkal ufe. — Cloves, confidered as medicines, are very hot fti- mulating aromatics, and poflefs in an eminent degree the general virtues of fubftances of this clafs. Off' prep. — Spt. lav. comp. Ed. Lond. Dub. Spt, ammon, comp. Lond, Confe6l. arom. Lond^ Elect, fcammon, Lond* Duk* Pil. aloes cum col. Ed. FERRUM. Iron is the moft common of all metals. It feems even to be a conftituent of organic fubftances, and is the only metal which, when taken into the body, exerts no deleterious action upon it, The numerous ores of it which are found in every part of the globe, may be reduced to the following genera. 1. Native iron. Immenfe ifolated mafTes of this have been found in Siberia and in South America. Their origin is ftill per* fe£lly problematical. 2. Carburetted iron. Plumbago. 3. Sulphuretted iron. Pyrites. 4. Oxidized iron. £1. Protoxide. Magnetic iron ore ; colour black or grey. /'. Peroxide. Not magnetic -, colour red or brown. r. Carbonated. d. Arfeniated. e. Tungftated. The properties of iron, when obtained from any of thefe ores by the ufual procefles of fufion, &c. have been already defcribed. As its mechanical divifion is extren^ely difficult, it is dire£i:ed to be kept in the Ihops in the ftate of filings or wire, and the fcales of black oxide, which are found around the fmith's anvil. Soft mal- leable iron is the only kind fit for internal ufe, as fteel and caft- iron always contain impurities, and often arferiic. Medical ufe. — The general virtues of this metal, and the feveral preparations of it, are, to conftringe the fibres, to quicken the cir- culation, to promote the deficient fecretions in the remoter parts, and at the fame time to reprefs inordinate difcharges into the in- teftinal tube. After the ufe of them, if they take effed, the pulfc is very fenfibly raifed ; the colour of the face, though before pale, changes to a florid red 5 the alviue, urinarv, and cuticular excre- Part IL * Materia Medical 24.3 tions, are increafed. Fetid eruftations, and the faeces voided of a black colour, are marks of their taking due effcdt. When given improperly or to excefs, iron produces headach, anxiety, heats the body, and often caufcs hxmorrhagies, or even vomiting, pains in the llomach, and fpafms and pains of the bowels. Iron is given in mod cafes of debility and relaxation, 1. In paffive haemorrhagies. 2. In dyfpepfia, hyfteria, and chlorofis. 3. In moft of the cachexiae. 4. In general debihty produced by difeafe, or excefiive hae- morrhage. Where either a preternatural difcharge, or fuppreflTion of natural fecretions, proceed from a languor and fluggifhnefs of the fluids, and weaknefs of the folids ; this metal, by increafmg the motion of the former, and the ftrength of the latter, will fupprefs the flux, or remove the fuppreflTion j but where the circulation is already too quick, the folids too tenfe and rigid, where there is any ftriclure or fpafmodic contradion of the veflTels, iron, and all the prepara- tions of it, will aggravate both diftempers. Iron is prefcribed I. In its metallic fl:ate. Limatura/erri, II. Oxidized. a. Protoxide. Squama firri. Ferri oxldum mgrum. 1. Super-carbonated, as in the chalybeate mineral wa- ters. 2. Sulphated. Sulphas f err i. 3. Combined with tartrate ctf potafs. Tarlrlsfirri et po* tap, b. Peroxide. Ferri oxidum rubrum. 1. Carbonated. Car bonas ferri, 2. Muriated. Murias ferri f err ugineus, 3. Combined with muriate of ammonia. Murias ammo- im et ferri. Ferrum. {Lond>) Ferri limatura. (^Ed.) Ferrum in fila ds^ duBum, {Dub.) Iron. Iron- filings. Iron wire. Iron probably has no a£lion on the body when taken into the ftomach, unlefs it be oxidized. But during its oxidizement, hy- drogen gas is evolved ; and accordingly we find that fetid eructa- tions are conGdered as a proof of the medicine having taken cflfed. 0^2 244 Materia Medico;, Part II. It can only be exhibited internally in the flate of filings, which may be given in dofes of from five to twenty grains, either in the form of powder, with fome aromatic, or made into an electuary or bolus or pills with any bitter extract. Iron-wire is to be pre- ferred for pharmaceutical preparations, both becaufe it is the moft convenient form, and becaufe it is always made of the pureft iron. Off. prep, — Ferri limatura purificata, Ed, Carbon as ferri, ^. comp. Ed. DeccxSt. farf. comp. Lond. Dub. H^MATOXYLON CAMPEGHIANUM. Lignum. {Ed.) Hamatoxylum, Lignum, (^Lond. Dub.) Logwood-tree. The wood. Wind. g. S^o./p. I. — Decandria Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Lomen* iac€/e. This tree was introduced from the Honduras into Jamaica, v/here it is now very common. The wood is firm, heavy, and of a dark red c6lour. Its tafte is fweet, with a flight degree of af- tringency. It forms a precipitate with folution of gelatine, very readily foluble in excefs of gelatine, and with fulphate of iron it ftrikes a brighter blue than any other aftringent I have tried. It is lifed principally as a dye-wood, but alfo with confiderable advan- tage in medicine. Its extract is alfo fweet and flightly aftringent ; and is, therefore, ufeful in obftinate diarrhoeas, and in chronic dyfejitery. HELLEBORUS. Willd, g. 1089. — Polyandria Polygynia. — Nat. ord. Mult'ifdiqug. Sp. 2. Helleborus Niger. Radix. (^Ed. Lond. Dub.) Melam- podium. Black Hellebore. The root. This plant is perennial, and grows wild in the mountainous parts of Auftria, and on the Pyrenees and Appenines : the earlincfs of its flowers, which fometimes appear in December, has gained it a place in our gardens. ♦ The roots confifl of a black furrowed roundifh head, about the iize of a nutmeg, from which fliort articulated branches arife, fend- ing out numerous corrugated fibres, about the thicknefs of a ftraw, from a fpan to a foot in length, deep brown on the outfide, white, or yellowifh- white within, and of an acrid, naufeous and bitteriOi tafte, exciting a fenfe of heat and numbnefs in the tongue, and of a naufeous acrid fmell. Thefe fibres only are ufed in medicine, and the head and decayed parts are rejefted. For the roots of the real black hellebore, the roots of the Adonis vernalis, Trollius Europaeus, A£lsea fpicata, Aftrantia major, llelleborus viridis foe- tidus, Veratruni album, and Aconitum neomontanum, are often fubftituted. The laft is a moft virulent poifon, and may be dif- tinguiihed by its roots being fufiform, or nearly globular, fending cut numerous very brittle fibres, of a greyifli black or brown col- our, as thick as a man's finger, and repeatedly divided. But th^ fureft way to avoid mistakes, is by the apothecary cultivating the plant iifelf in his own garden. 264 Materia Medica. Part 11. Neumann got from 2880 grains 380 alcoholic, and 181 watery €xtra6l, and inverfely 362 watery and 181 alcoholic. In large dofes, hellebore is a draftic purgative -, in fmaller dofes it is diuretic and emmenagogue. Its active conflituent feems to be of a volatile nature ; for it lofes its virtues by keeping, and water diftilled from it has an acrid tafte. It is principally ufed as a purgative in cafes of mania, melan- choly, coma, dropfy, worms and pfora, and as an emmenagogue. But its ufe requires very great caution, for its effedts are very un- certain, and afFefted by many circumftances. It is commonly exhibited in the form of extract, although its ac- tivity be much dilhpated by the preparation. An infulion or tinclure certainly promife to be medicines of more uniform powers. Willdenow fays, that the black hellebore of the ancients is his fifth fpecies, the Helleborus orientalis. Off. prep,-^Tmei, Lond. Dub. Ed. Sp. 6. Helleborus Foetidus. Helleborajier. Folium. {Lond.) Bears- foot. The leaves. This fpecies is native of England. It is perennial, and grows in (hady places, and under hedges. The leaves have an acrid, bitter, naufeous tafte, and unpleafant fmell, efpecially when they are frefh. When dried, they are frequently given as a domeftic medicine to deftroy worms -, but they muft be ufed fparingly, be- ing fo violent in their operation that inftances of their fatal efFeds are recorded. HORDEUM DISTICHON. Senmt omni corilce nudatum, [Ed.') Hordeum diftichum, Setnina. [Dub.) Hordeum. Semen. (Lond.) Barley. The feed. Pearl barley. Willd. g* l^i.fp. 3. Triandria Digynia. — Nat. ord. Gramina. Barley is an annual plant, cultivated in almoft every country of Europe. Linnseus fays that it is a native of Tartary, but without adducing fufficient proof. Pearl barley is prepared by grinding off the hulk of rough bar- ley, and forming the grain into little round granules, which appear of a kind of pearly whitenefs. In this ftate barley confiits almoft fole'.y of amylaceous matter, and when boiled forms an excellent article of nouriftiment ; while a decodtion of it, properly acidulat- ed, is one of the heft beverages in acute difeafes. Off. prep.— -Decoa. Ed. Lond. HYDRARGYRUM. {Dub.) Hydrargyrus. {Lond. Ed.) Mercury. Quickfilver. The general, chemical, and phyfical properties of this metal, part IL Materia Medicd. 255 have been already enumerated. We fhall now treat of it more minutely, as forming an important article in the materia medica. It is found, I. In its metallic ftate : •, n. Uncombined. b. Alloyed with filver. c. Alloyed with copper. d. Combined with fulphur, (Cinnabar). e. Combined with hydroguretted fulphur, (^thiops mlnc^ rale). - II. Oxidized : a. Combined with muriatic aci(J. ^, _ fulphuric acid. There are confiderable mines of merc^n^ in Hungary and in Spain ; and what is employed in EnglancTO principally imported from the former country. Mercury taken into the ftomach in its metallic ftate has no ac- tion on the body, except what arifes from its weight or bulk. It is not poifonous as was vulgarly fuppofed, but perfectly inert. But in its various ftates of combination, it produces certain fen- fible effects. It quickens the circulation, and increafcs all the fe^ cretions and excretions. According to circumftances, the habit of the body of the patient, the temperature in which he is kept, the nature of the preparation, and the quantity in which it is ex- hibited, its efFedls are indeed various ; it fometimes increafes one fecretion more particularly, fometimes another, but its moft cha- radteriftic effedt is the increafed flow of faliva, which it generally excites, if given in fufficient quantity. Its particular efFefts, and means of producing each of them, will be noticed hereafter. From many motives, both laudable and culpable, mercury has been tortured into a greater variety of forms than any other article of the materia medica. Of thefe, Swediaur has given a complete table in the late edition of his works on the venereal difeafe. It is too long for infertion in this place : we fhall therefore give a fyf- tematic view of thofe mercurial preparations only which enter at Icaft one of the Britilh pharmacopoeias. Mercury is exhibited, I. Purified by diftillation. Jlydrargyrum purificatum. QDub, Lond* Ed,) II. Oxidized •, 4 256 Materia Medica. Part H. A. Protoxide. I. By precipitation from its folution in nitrous acid, by ammonia. Oxidum hydrargyri cinereum. (Bd.) PulvJs hydrargyri cinercus. {Dub.) 1, By trituration : a. With unduous fubftances. Unguentum hydrargyri. {Ed.) fortius. (Lond. Duh.) mitius. (Lond, Duh.) Emplaftrum ammoniaci cum hydrargyro. {Lond.) lithargyri cum hydrargyro. {Lond.) hydrargyri. {E.d.) b. With faccharine fubftances. Pilulae hydrargyri. {Lond. Dub. Ed.) c. With carbonate of Ume. Hydrargyrus cum creta. {Lond.) III. Oxidized ; B. Peroxide. 1. By the adion of heat and air. Hydrargyrum calcinatum. {Lond. Dub,) 2. By the action of nitrous acid. Oxidum hydrarg. rubrum per acidum nitricum*. Hydrargyrum fub-nitratum. (Dub.) Hydrargyrus nitratus ruber. {Lond.) Unguentum oxidi hydrargyri rubri. (Ed.) IV. Oxidized and combined with acids : A. Protoxide. 1 . With nitrous acid : Unguentum hydrargyri nitrati. (Lond. Dub» Ed.) 2. With fulphuric acid : Sub-fulphas hydrargyri flavus. (Ed.) Hydrargyrum fub-vitriolatum. {Dub.) ? Hydrargyrus vitriolatus. (Lond.) 3. With muriatic acid : a. By fubhmation. Sub-murias hydrargyri. (Ed.) Hydrargyrum muriatum mite fublimatum. {Dub.) Calomelas. {Lond.) b. By precipitation. Sub-murias hydrargyri prsecipitatus. {Ed.) Hydrarg. muriat. mite praec. ' {Dub,) Hydrargyrus muriatis mitis. (Lond.) 4. With acetous acid : Part II. Materia Medica. 157 Acetis hjdrargyri. (-Si.) Hydrargyrum acetatum. {Lond. Dub*') B. Peroxide. X. Muriate. Murias hydrargyri. (^Ed,) Hydrargyrus muriatus. i^Lond») Hydrargyrum muriatum corrofivum. {Dub,) 2. Sub-muriate with ammonia. Calx hydrargyri alba. (^Lond,) V. Combined with fulphur : 1, By trituration. Sulphuretum hydrargyri nigrum. (^Ed.) Hydr* cum fulph. (^Lond.) Hydrargyrum fulphuratum nigrum. (^Dub.) 2. By fublimation. Hydrargyrum fulphuratum rubrum, (^Lond. Dub.) Mercury, or fome of its preparations, is exhibited, 1. As an errhine. The fub-fulphate of mercury, 2. As a fialogogue. Mercury in almofl any form. 3. As a cathartic. The fub-muriate of mercury, (calomel). 4. As a diuretic. The oxides, the muriate, and the fub-mu-» riate, combined with other diuretics. 5. As a fudorific. Calomel conjoined with a fudorific regi- men. 6. As an emmenagogue. 7. As an aftringent. Muriate of mercury. 8. As a ftimulant. Muriate of mercury. 9. As an antifpafmodic. 10. As an anthelmintic. With fome of-thefe views, mercury is frequently exhibited, 1. In febrile difeafes 5 in obftinate agues. 2. In inflammatory difeafes ; in indolent and chronic inflam- mations, efpecially of the glandular vifcera, as the Uver, fpleen, &c. 3. In exanthematous difeafes ; variola. 4. In profluvia *, in dyfentery. 5. In fpafmodic difeafes; tetanus, trifmus, hydrophobia, Stc. 6. In cache6lic difeafes ; anafarca, afcites, hydrothofax, hy- drocephalus, &c. 7. In impetigines ; fcrofula, fyphilis, lepra, i£^erus, &c. b. In local difeafes ; in caligo cornese, amaurofis, gonorrhoea, 258 Materia Medica, Part II. vfiv/ obftipatio, amenorrhcea fuppreflionis, tumours of various kinds, herpes, tinea, pfora, &c. Mercury occafionally attacks the bowels, and caufes violent purging, even of blood. This efFecSi: is remedied by intermitting the ufe of the medicine, and by exhibiting opium. At other times it is fuddenly determined to the mouth, and pro- duces inflammation, ulceration, and an exceflive flow of faliva. In this cafe, too, the ufe of the mercury muft be difcontinued for a time ; while, according to Mr. Fearfon's advice, the patient fhould be freely cxpofed to a dry cold air, with the occafional ufe of ca- thartics, Peruvian bark, and mineral acids, and the afTiduous appli- cation of aftringent gargles. On the other hand, the fudden fup- prefTion of ptyalifm is not without danger. It is moft frequently caufed by cold liquids being taken into the ftomach, or expofureto cold and moillure, while under the influence of mercury. The danger is to be obviated by the quick introduction of mercury, fo as to afFc£t the gums, with the occafional ufe of the warm-bath. Sometimes alfo a morbid condition of the fyflem occurs during a mercurial courfe, and which tends to a fatal ilTue. Mr. Pearfon has termed it Erethifmus. It is characterized by great dcpreflions of ftrength ; a fenfe of anxiety about the prsecordia ; frequent figh- ing; trembling, partial or univerfal ; a fmall, quick pulfe ; fomc- times vomiting j a pale contracted countenance ; a fenfe of cold- nefs, while the tongue is feldom furred, or the vital or natural funClions much difordered. In this flate a fudden or violent ex- ertion of mufcular power will fometimes prove fatal. To pre- vent dangerous confequences, the mercury muft be difcontinued, whatever may be the ftage, extent, or violence of the difeafe for which it has been exhibited, and the patient muft expofe himfelf freely to a dry and cool air, in fuch a manner as fliall be attended with the leait fatigue ; and in the courfe of ten or fourteen days, he will fometimes be fo far recovered that he may fafely refume the ufe of mercury, HYOSCYAMUS NIGER. Herba. Semen, {Ed,) Hyo/rya- mus. Herba. Semen. (^Dub-) Black henbane. The herb and feeds. IVilld. g. 2)1^' fP' ^* — Pentandria Monogynia. — Nat, ord. Sola" r.acea. Henbane is a biennial plant, which grows in great abundance in moft parts of Britain. The fmell pf the hyofcyamus is ftrong and peculiar ; and the leaves when bruifed emit fomewhat of the odour of tobacco. This fmell is ftill ftronger when the leaves are burnt ; and on burning they fparkle with a deflagration fomewhat refembling that of nitre . Part 11. MatMa Medka. 259 but to the tafte they Oiew no evident fallne impregnarion. When chewed, they are infipid, mild, and mucilaginous : yet when taken to any great extent, they produce the moft alarming efl'ecls. They give the appearances of intoxication, attended with wild delirium, re- markable dilatation of the pupils of the eyes, and convulfions. It often produces fweat, and fometimes an eruption of pullules over the furface, and generally found lleep, fucceeded by fcrenity of mind, and recruited vigour of the body : but like the other nar- cotics, inftead of thcfe, it fometimes gives rife to vertigo, headaclr, and general uneafmefs. With particular individuals it occaGons vomiting, colic pains, a copious flow of urine, and fometimes purg- ing. Upon the whole, like opium, it is a powerful anodyne ; and like cicuta, it is free from any conltipating cffedi, having rather a tendency to move the belly. Med. ufe, — From thefe efFc(fl:s,it is not furprifing that hyofcyamus fhould have been introduced into the practice of medicine ; and ac- cordingly, it appears to have been ufed both externally and internally for a variety of purpofes. Several different fpecies of the hyofcya- mus were formerly employed, as appears from the writings of Diofcorides and others. Celfus, in particular, was very fond of this medicine ; he ufed it externally as a collyrium in cafes of op- thalmia : he employed it topically for allaying the pain of tooth- ach ; and he gave it internally, both with the view of mitigating ©ther pains, and of producing quiet fleep. •>-n For a confiderable length of time, however, hyofcyamus fell al- moft into difufe j but the employment of it has of late been reviv- ed by Dr. Stork of Vienna ; and it has been ufed both by him, and by many other pratlitioners in thofe cafes where an anodoyne is re- quifite, and where there are obje6lions to the ufe of opium. It is ettiployed for refolving fwelling, and allaying pain in cafes of fcir- rhus, under the form of cataplafm of the leaves, or of a plafter made from the oil of the feeds and powder of the herb, with wax, turpentine, and other articles -, or of ointment made of the powder of the leaves with hogs lard. In open ulcers, the powder of the leaves, fprinkled on the part, has often a good effe6t. An extradl: from the leaves, or from the feeds, is the form in which it is given internally -, but contrary to what happens with cicuta, the former appears to be the moft powerful. This extract has been given with advantage in a variety of nervous affe£lions, as mania, melancholia, epilepfy, hyfteria, &c. ; in glandular fwell- ings, in obftinate ulcerations ; and in every cafe where it is necef- iary either to allay inordinate action, or mitigate pain. In accom- plilhing thefe ends, it is often no lefs ufeful than opium ; and it irequently fucceeds where opium produces very difagreeable ef- fe6ls. The dofe of this extrad^ muft be accommodated to the cir- cumftances of the cafe and of the patient ; and it has been increaf- 4 R 2 26a Materia Medka. Pbrt It ed from half a grain to half a drachm in the day ; for like opium, ks influence is very much diminifhed by habit. Of./n^.— SuccusfpifTat. Zi. Tina. Ed. HYPERICUM PERFORATUM. Hypericum, Flos. {Lotid) Common St. John's wort. The flower. Polyadelphia Folyandria. — Nat. ord. Afcyroidea. This plant is perennial, and grows wild in woods and unculti- vated places m Britain. Its tafte is rough and bitteriOi, and its •fmell difagreeable. It abounds with veficles, containing a tranf- parent matter, fo that when viewed, by holding the plant between the eye and the light, they refemble perforations. From the frelh flower buds, a red juice may be exprefl^ed, which imparts its colour to alcohol water and fixed oils. The red colour of the infufion is brightened by acids, and is changed to black by fulphate of iron. Neumann got from 480 grains, 300 of watery, and 40 of alcoholiCy extraft, and inverfely 240 alcoholic, and 120 watery. Nothing confiderable arofe in difl:illation with either water or alcohol. HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS. Herba. {Edin.) HyJJhpus, Folia. {Dub.) Hyfibp. The herb. Willd. g. 1096'. Jp, I. — i)idynamia Gymnofpermia. — Nat. ord. Verticillata. Hyssop is a perennial herb, which grows wild in Germany. The leaves of hyflbp have an aromatic fmell, and a warm pun- gent fafte. Their virtues depend entirely on an eflcntial oil which rifes in- diftillation both with water and alcohol. Befides the general virtues of aromatics, they were formerly recommended in humor.d afthmas, coughs, and other diforders of the bread and lungs, and were faid to promote expectoration, INULA HELENIUM. Enula campana. Radix, {Dulr. Lond.) Elecampane. The root. Syngenefm Superjlua. — Nat. ord. Compofita radiata. This is a very large downy perennial plant, fometimes found wild in moid rich foils. The root, efpecially when dry, has an agreeable aromatic fmell : Its tafte, on firft chewing, is glutinous and as it were fomewhat rancid ; in a little time it difcovers an aro- matic bitternefs, which by degrees becomes confiderably acrid and pungent. Newmann got from 480 grains of the dry root 390 watery, and 5 alcoholic extract, and inverfely 150 alcoholic, and 300 watery. In diftillation alcohol elevated nothing, but the diftilled water was firft Part II. Materia Medka, 26 1 obferved by Geoffrey to be milky, and mixed with flocculi of a cineritious concrete volatile oil, partly fvvimming, and partly fink- ing in the water. He alfo afcertained that it was fufible, and com- pares it to camphor or benzoic acid. Neumann likewife examined it, and confiders it as a peculiar fubitance, having fome refemblance to camphor. He found that it melts with a gentle heat, and when cold, appears fofter and more undious ; that it never afiumes a cryftalline form, but when dry proves opaque and crumbly -, that laid on burning coals it totally exhales, that it is foluble in alcohol, but infoluble in water \ and that by keeping it gradually lofes the fmell of elecampane. Med. ufe It is a gently flimulating medicine, nearly fimllar in Its a£tion to angelica. The extract is merely a flight bitter, as the icflential oil is totally diffipated in the preparation, IRIS. Willd, g. 97. Triandria Momgymia, — Nat. ord. Enfata, Sp, 7. Iris FLORE^rTINA. Radix, {^d.) Iris, Radix. (Lond.) Florentine Orris. The root. This is a perennial plant, a native of the fouth of Europe. The dried roots are imported from Italy. They are white, flattifh, knotty, and have a very flightly bitter tafte, and an agreeable fmell^ refembling that of violets. Neumann got from 480 parts, 77 alcoholic, and afterwards 100 watery, and inverfely 1 80 watery, and 8 alcoholic. The diftilled water fmells a little of the root, but exhibits no appearance of oil. They are chiefly ufed as a perfume. Of", prep, ^-Troch, amyli, Lond, Sp, 24. Iris Pseudacorus. Jn's, Radix. {Dub.) Water-flag. The root. This plant is perennial, and grows in great abundance by the brinks of rivers, and in other watery places : the root has an acrid tafte ; and when frefti, is ftrongly cathartic. Med, ufe. — The exprefled juice, given to the quantity of fixty or eighty drops every hour or two, and occafionally increafed, has been produ. 34. Laurus Sassafras. Lignum^ radix, ejufque cortex. (Ed.) Sajfafras. Lignum, radix ejuf que cortex. {Lond.) Lignum^ radix eorumque cortex. {Dub.) Saflafras. The wood, root, and bark. This tree is a native of North America, and is culrivated in Jamaica. It is the root which is commonly employed. It is brought to us in long branched pieces. It is foft, light, and of a fpongy texture ; of a rufty white colour ; of a ftrong pleafant fmell, refembling that of fennel ; and a fweetifh, aromatic, fub- acrid tafte. The bark is rough, of a brown afh colour on the out- fide, and ferruginous colour within ; fpongy and divifible into layers, and of a ftronger tafte and fmell than the wood. Neumann got from 480 grains 80 of alcoholic, and afterwardii 2?2 Materia Medica. Part IL 60 of watery extraft, and inverfely 1 20 watery and 7.5 alcoholic. In diftillation the alcohol elevates nothing, but water a ponderous - efiential oil, in the proportion of about 10 from 480. Medical u/e. — Saffafras, from the quantity of volatile oil it con- tains, is a gently Itimulating, heating, fudorific, and diuretic re- medy. It is bed given in infufion. The deco^Vionand extradl are mere bitters, as the oil is difTipated by the preparation. . The eilential oil may be obtained feparate by diftillation. It is of a whitiih, yellow colour, and finks in water. It is highly fti- mulating and heating, and muft be given only in very fmall dofes. Off", prep, — 01. volat. Ed» Lond. Decoft. guaiaci comp. Ed, Decott. farf. comp. Lond. Dub, LAVANDULA SPICA. Bpica fiorentes. [Ed,) Lavenduld, Flos, [Lond,) Lavendula, Flores. {^Dub,^ Lavender. The flowering fpikes. Willd* g. 1099.^. I. Didynamia Gymnofpermia, — Nat. otd. Ver- iic'iUat(Z. LaveinTDER is a well known fmall, {hrubby, perennial plant, a native of the fouth of Europe, but frequently cultivated in our gardens for the fake of its perfume. There are two varieties. The flowers of both have a fragrant, agreeable fmell, and a warm, pungent, bitterifli tafte ; the broad-leaved fort is the ftrongeft in both refpe£l:s, and yields in diftillation thrice as much eflential oil as the other ; its oil is alfo hotter and fpecifically heavier : hence, in the fouthern parts of France, where both kinds grow wild, this only is ufed for the diiiiJlation of what is called Oil of Spike. The narrow-leaved is the fort commonly met with in our gardens. Medical ufe. — Lavender is a warm ftimulating aromatic. * It is principally ufed as a perfume. Off. prep, — 01. volat. Ed. Lond. Spiritus, Fd. Lond. Dub. Pulv. afari comp. Ed. Land. Dub. LEONTODON TARAXACUM. Herba. Radix. {Ed.) Ta- raxacum. Radix. Herba. {Lond.) Rddix. Folia.' [Dub.) Dandelion. The root and leaves. Syngenejia Mqualis. — Nat. cvd. Gotnpoftta femijlofculofa. This perennial plant is very common in grafs fields and uncul- tivated places. The whole plant contains a bitter milky juice, which, however, is moft abundant in the roots before the flower- ftem ilioots. The bitternefs is deftroyed by drying, and, therefore, the recent roots only ftiould be ufed. Medical ufe. — Its vulgar name Pifs-a-bed, fhews a popular belief of its poflfefling diuretic properties; and it was lately a very faftiion- Part ir. Materia Medica. 273 able remedy in Germany, and given in the form of an exprefled juice or decoclion, or extracSl prepared from either of them i but it feems to be merely a mucilaginous bitter. LILIUM CANDIDUM. Lilium album. Radix, {Dub.) The white lily. The root. Willd. g, 127.^. 3. Hexandrta Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Liliacea. The v/hite lily is a perennial, bulbous-rooted plant, a native of the fouth of Europe, and cultivated in our gardens for the beauty of its flowers. The mucilaginous root is fomelimes ufed as a poultice ; but it poffeflTes no advantage over the poultices form- ed of any vegetable farina. LINUM. Willd. g. 590. Pentandria Pentagyiia. — ^Nat. ord. Gruinaks, Sp. I. LiNUM UsiTATissiMUM. Semefif ejujque oleum fixum. (^Ed») Linutn. Semen. (Lond. Dub.) Common flax. The feed, and oil exprefled from the feed. Lin* feed, and linfecd oil. This valuable annual plant, is faid to have come originally from thofe parts of Egypt which are expofcd to the inundations of the Nile. It now grows wild among our fields, in the fouth of England, and many other parts of Europe, and is cultivated in large quantities. Lini'eed contains about one fifth of mucilage, and one fixth of fixed oil. The mucilage refides entirely in the flcin, and is fepa- rated by infufion or deco61:ion. The oil is feparated by expreflion. It is one of the cheapeft fixed oils *, but is generally rancid and naufeous, and unfit for internal ufe. The cake which remains after the expreflion of the oil, contains the farinaceous and mucila- ginous part of the feed, ai\d is ufed in fattening cattle, under the name of Oil-cake. Linfeed is confidered as emollient, and demulcent. The entire feeds are only ufed in cataplafms. The infufion is ufed as a pec- toral drink, and in ardor urinae, nephritic pains, and during the exhibition of corrofive fublimate. Off, prep. — Oleum fixum, Ed, Lend. Dub. Oleum lini cum calce, Ed. Sp. 26. LiNUM Catharticum. Herba. (^Dub.) Purging flax. This is an annual plant, found wild on dry meadows and paf- tures in Britain. Its virtue is exprefled in its title : an infufion in water or whey of a handful of the frcih herb, or a dram of 274 Materia Medica. Part II. them in fubftance when dried, are faid to purge without inconvs* nience. LOBELIA SYPHILITICA. Radix, (Ed.) Lobelia. The root. Syngenefia Monogamia. — ^Nat. ord. Campanacea, This plant grows in moift places in Virginia, and bears our winters. It is perennial, has an ere£t ftalk three or four feet high, blue flowers, a milky juice, and a rank fmell. The root confifls of white fibres about two inches long, refembles tobacco in tafte, which remains on the tongue, and is apt to excite vomiting. Dr. Barton fays, that it is confiderably diuretic, and Mr. Pearfoa found, that it generally difagreed with the (lomach, and feldom failed of affedting the bowels as a ftrong cathartic. It certainly poflefles no power of curing fyphilis ; even the Indians, when they have the difeafe, are glad of an opportunity of applying to the whites. MALVA SYLVESTRIS. Herha, Fkres, (Ed,) Maha. Solium. Flof. (Lond.) Common mallow. The leaves and flowers. Willd. g. 1290.^. 43. Monadelphia Polyandria.-—N^t. ord. Co- lumnifera. This is an annual plant, common in Britain, under hedges, near footpaths, and among rubbifh. The whole plant abounds with mucilage. The leaves were for- merly of fome efteem, in food, for loofening the belly ; at prefent, decoAions of them are fometimea employed in dyfenteries, heat, and (harpnefs of urine, and in general for obtunding acrimonious humours ; their principal ufe is in emollient glyfters, cataplafms, and fomentations. Off, prep. — Decod. pro enemat. Lond. MARRUBIUM VULGARE. Herha. (Ed, Lond.) Folia ij)uh,\ White horehound. The leaves. W^ittd, g, lili *fp, 8. Didynamia GymnoJpermia.—^'Nzt, ord. F^er- iicillatit* This is a perennial plant, which grows wild on road 'fides, and among rubbifli. The leaves have a very ftrong, not difagreeable fmell, and a roughifh, very bitter tafte. Neumann got from 480 grains, 270 watery, and 30 alcoholic extradl, and inverfely 150 al- coholic, and 140 watery. They promote the fluid fecretions in general, and, liberally taken, loofen the belly. Part II. Materia Medica. 275 MEL. {Lond. Dub. Ed,) Honey. This is a well-known fubftance, and although it is moft proba- bly of vegetable origin, we do not procure it in any quantity ex- cept as an animal excretion, from the bee, (apis mellifica). This induftrious infe£l:, in the fummer time flies from flower to flower to colle and as a detergent to ulcers. - Off. prep.-^Me] defpum. Ed. Lond, Dub. Mel acet. Lond. Dub. Oxymel colchici» Lond. Mel rofe, Lond. Dub. Mel fciUse, Lond. Dub. Oxymel fciliae. Loud, Oxymel xruginis, Land. MELALEUCA LEyCAPENDRON. Obum vdatiU, {Ed.) Cijeputa officinarum, S 2 276 Materia Medicdi Part 11. The cajf put tree. The eflential oil. Polyadtlphia Polyaridria, — Naf. ord. Hefperidea. The tree which furnifhes the cajeput oil is frequent on the mountains of Amboyna, and other Molucca iflands. It is obtained by diflillatlon from the dried leaves of the fmaller of two varieties. It is prepared in great quantities, efpecially in the ifland of Banda, and fent to Holland in copper flaflcs. As it comes to us it is of a green colour, very limpid, lighter than water, of a (Irong fmell, refembling camphor, and a ftrong, pungent tafte, like that of car- damons. It burns entirely away, without leaving any refiduum. It is often adulterated with other eflential oils, coloured with the refin of milfoil. In the genuine oil, the green colour depends on the piefencc of copper \ for when rectified it is colourlcfs. Medical life, — Like other aromatic oils it is highly (limulating, and is principally recommended in hyfteria, epilepfy, flatulent colic, and paralyfis of the tongue. The dofe is from one to four drops on a lump of fugar. It is applied externally where a warm and peculiar ftimulus is requifite ; and is employed for refloring vigour after luxations and fprains, and for ealing violent pain in gouty and rheumatic cafes, in toothach, and fimilar aflTedions. MELISSA OFFICINALIS. Folia. {Ed.) Melijfa, Herba, (LomL) Balm. The leaves. Willd. g. iiiS.Jp- 1. Didynamta Gymmfpermia. — Nat. ord. Ver- ttctllata. Balm is a perennial plant, which grows wild on the Alps and Pyrennees, and is frequently cultivated in our gardens. It has a pleafant fmell, fomewhat of the lemon kind ; and a weak, rough - lih, aromatic taft:e. The young (hoots have the ftrongeft flavour ; the flowers, and the herb itfelf when old, or produced in very moid rich foils or rainy feafons, are much weaker both in fmell and tafte. It is principally ufed in the form of a water^' infufion, which is drunk in the manner of tea. MELOii VESICATORIUS. {Ed,y Cantharis. (JLond.) Can- tharides. {Dub.) Lytta vejicatoria, Fabricii. Spanifli fly. Bliftering fly. InfeSfaj Coleopteray Veftcantla. These infers have a longifh, green, and gold-lhining body, with flexible green-ftriped elytra, which cover the whole back of the body, and under which are their brown membranous wings. On their head they have two black articulated feelers. They, are found on the fraxinus, fambucus, falix, ligufl:rum, &c. in Spain, Part 11. Materia Medica. 277 Italy, France, and Germany. The largeft come from Italy, but the Spanldi cantharides are preferred. They are gathered by fhaking the trees on which they are found, and catching them on a cloth fpread beneath it. They are then killed by the fumes of vinegar, and dried carefully in a ftove. The melolontha vitis is fometimes found mixed in confiderable numbers with the cantha- rides. They are ealily diftinguifhed by their aimed fquare body, and as probably they do not ilimulate the fkin, they ihould be pick- ed out before the cantharides are powdered. The analyfis of cantharides, notwithftanding the experiments of Thouvenel and Beaupoil, is Hill extremely imperfe^l. Lewis af- ccrtained that their a6live conftituent is entirely foluble both in water and in alcohol, for extracts made with each of thefe folvents bhfter^d as far as could be judged equally, and as efFedlually as cantharides in fubftance. Both the refidua were inactive. Neu- mann got from 1920 grains, 920 watery, and afterwards 28 alco- holic extra£^, and inverfely 400 alcoholic, and 192 watery. Med, ufe, — Cantharides have a peculiar naufeous fmell, and an extremely acrid, burning tafte. 'Faken internally, they often oc- cafion a difcharge of blood by urine, with exquifite pain : if the dofe be confiderable, they feem to inflame and exulcerate the whole inteftinal canal ; the ftools became mucous and purulent ; the breath fetid and cadaverous ; intenfe pains are felt in the lower belly : the patient faints, grows giddy, delirious, and dies. Ap- plied to the flcin, they firft inflame, and afterwards excoriate the part, railing a more perfect bliflier than any of the vegetable acrids, and occafloning a more plentiful difcharge of ferum. But even the external application of cantharides is often followed by a ftranguary, accompanied with thiril and fcverifh heat. The inconveniences arifing from the ufe of cantharides, whether taken internally, or applied externally, are beft obviated by drink- ing plentifully of bland emollient liquids, fuch as milk, emulfions, &.C. The fpecific property of countera6ling cantharides afcribed to camphor, has no foundation. The internal ufe of cantharides is at all times doubtful, and re- quires the moll prudent management. They have, however, been fometimes employed with fuccefs in dropfy, and in difeafcs of the urinary organs, arifing from debility. They are given in fubftance in very fmall dofes, or in tin£lure. Applied externally, they are one of our bell and moft powerful remedies. By proper management, they may be regulated fo as to a£l as a gentle itimulus, as a rubefacierrt, or as a blifter. Blifters are applied, I . To increafe the adivity of the fyftem in general, by means of their irritation. *' 4 S3 2/8 Materia Medica, Fart 11. 2. To increafe the a6livity of a particular organ. 3. To diminifh morbid a6lion in particular organs, by means of the irritation they excite in the parts to which they are applied. They may be employed with advantage in almoft all difeafes accompanied with typhus fever, efpecially if any important vifcus as the brains, lungs, or liver, be at the fame time particularly af- fedied. In thefe cafes the blifters are not applied to the difeafed organs themfelves, but as near them as may be convenient. When we wifh to excite adlion in any organ, the blifters are, if poflible, applied dire6^1y to the difeafed organ. Cantharides are employed externally, either in fubftance, mixed up with wax and reiin, fo as to form a plafter or ointment, or in the form of tin6lure. Of. prep.^Tma. Ed. Lond. DuK Ungt. infufi, Ed. Lend. Huh. Ungt. pulv. Ed. Cerat. Lond. Dub. Emp. Ed. jLond, Bub. Emp, comp. Ed. MEisrrHA. Willd. g, 1 102. Didynamia Gymnofpermia. — -Nat. ord, Verticit" lata. Sp. 7. Mentha Viridis. Mentha fitiva. Herha. {Lond. Pub.) Spearmint. The plant. Spearmint is perennial, and a native of Britain. The leaves have a warm, roughifh, fornewhat bitterilh tafte j and a ftrong, not unpleafant, aromatic fmell. Their virtues are ftopiachic and carminative. Off. prep — Aq» deft. Lond, Dub. Oleum volat. Lend. Dub, Spiritus, Lond. Sp. 13, Mentha Piperita. Jhrba. [Ed.) Mentha piperit is. Herba. {Lond. J)ub.) Peppermint. The plant. This fpecies of mint is alfo perennial, and a native of Britain, where it is cultivated in very great quantities for the fake of its efr iential oil. The leaves have a ftrong, rather agreeable fmell, and an intenfely pungent, aromatic tafte, refembling that of pepper, and accompanied with a peculiar fenfation of coldnefs. Its predominant conftituen^s are eiTential oil and camphor, both of which rife in diftillation, and are combined in what is called Oil of Peppermint. Med. ufe. — Peppermint is principally ufed as a carminative ancl antifpafmodic. The diftilled water is a dosneftic remedy for flatu^ Part IL Materia Medica, %fg lent colic, and the effential oil is often given with advantage in dofes of a few drops in cramps of the ftomach. Of. prep.—Aq. deft. Ed. Land. Dub. Ol. volat. Ed. Und. Dub. Spirit. Ed. Lond. Sp* 20. Mentha Pulegium, Herba, (Ed.) Pukgium. Hevba. Flos. (Lond.) Herba, {Dub.) Penny-royal, The herb and flower. This is alfo perennial, and a native of Britain. In its fenfible qualities, it is warm, pungent, and aromatic, fomewhat fimilar to fpearmint, but lefs agreeable. It is feldom ufed. Of. prep.^A(\. deft. Ed. Lond. Dub. OL volat. Lond. Dub. Spirit. Lond, MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA. Folia, {Ed^) trifolium paludofum. Herba. {Lond.) Folia. {Dub.) Marfh trefoil. The leaves. Willd. g. 299. fp* 4. Pentandria Momgynia. — Nat. ord. Rota^ This perennial plant is very common in marfhy fituations, and is one of the moft beautiful of our native flowers. The leaves grow by threes on footftalks. They are exceflively bitter, and their bitternefs is cxtraded by infufion. They are faid to be fometimes ufed in brewing ale, and that one ounce will go as far as half a pound of hops. Medical ufe. — A drachm of them in powder purges and vomits. In infufion or extract they have been recommended in intermit- tents, in feveral cachetic and cutaneous difeafes. The dofe of the extract is fron) ten to twenty grains. MIMOSA. Polygamia Monoecia. — Nat. ord. Lomentacex. Sp, Mimosa Catechu. Extra£imn ligni. (^Ed.) Catechu %uccus fpijjatus . {Lond. Dub.) Cathechu. The extradl: of the wood. This tree is a native of Hindoftan. The extra£l of catechu, which was formerly termed, with peculiar impropriety, Japan earth, is principally prepared from the internal coloured part of the wood by deco£lIon, evaporation, and exficcation in the fun. But cate- chu is alfo prepared in India from feveral other fpecies of mimofa, and even from the woods, barks, and fruits of other genera. There are two kinds of this extract ; one is fent from Bombay, the other from Bengal. The extra6t from Bombay is of a uniform texture, and of a red brown tint, its fpecific gravity being general- ly about 1 .39, The extrad from Bengal is more friable and lefs. I S4 280 Materia Medica. Part IX^ confident. Its colour is like that of chqcolate externally; but ^hen broken, its fra {Lond. D-uh.) Part II. Materia Medica. ^g\ Tobacco. The leaves. Willd. g. 379. /p» I. Pentandria Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Solana- cete. This is an annual plant, a native of America, from whence it was firit brought into Europe, about the year 1560. It is now Ibmetimes cultivated for medicinal ufe in our gardens 5 but in ge- neral it is imported from America in large quantities. The leaves are about two feet long, of a pale green colour whilft frefli, and when carefully dried of a lively yellowifti cail. They have a ftrong, difagreeable, narcotic fmell, and a very acrid burning tafte. The active conftituent of tobacco is an eflentia) oil ; for, by long boiling, the decoction and extraft of tobacco become almoft inert; and by diftillation an oil is obtained from it, fo a£live, that fmali animals are almoft inftaiuly killed, when wounded by a needle dipped in it. Medical ufe. — On the living body, whether taken into the fto- mach in fubftance or folution, or into the lungs in the form of fmoke, or applied to abraded furfaces, tobacco is capable of pro- ducing deleterious efFe6ls. It often proves virulently cathartic or emetic, and occafions intolerable cardialgia, anxiety, and vertigo. The fyftem becomes eafily habituated to the a£^ion of tobacco ; and many people ufe very large quantities of it in various ways as a luxury, without experiencing any other bad efFeft than what arifes from their being unable to relinquiih it after the habit is confirmed. As a medicine it is exhibited in various forms : 1. In fubftance. When chewed, it caufes an increafed flow of faliva, and fometimes relieves the toothach 5 and redu- ced to powder, it proves an excellent crrhine and fternuta- tory, when fnufFed up the noftrils. 2. In infufion in water or wine. Taken in fuch fmall dofes as to have little efFe£t on the ftomach, it proves powerful- ly diuretic, and was employed by Dr. Fowler with very . great fuccefs in cafes of dropfy and dyfuria. It is alfo ap- ^hed externally for the cure of pfora, tinea, and other cu- taneous difeafes. 3. In the form of fmoke, it is inje£l:ed into the anus by means of bellows of a peculiar conftru6^ion. By acling as a fti- mulus to tlie rectum, it fometimes fucceeds in reviving the vital powers in fome kinds of afphyxia, and in evacuating the inteftiiies in cafes of obftinate conftipation. Off. prep* — ^Vin. nicot. tabac. Ed. T2 2g2 Materia Medica, Part II. NITRAS. Nitrate is the generic term for fecondary compounds, which confift of nitric acid, combined with any bafe. Their general charafters have been already mentioned. There are three fami- lies ^f nitrates. 1. Vllkaiine nitrates ; — foluble in water; folubility increafed by increafe of temperature ; cryftallizable ; forming no precipitate with alkaline carbonatesi 2. Earthy nitrates ; — foluble in water ; forming a white precipi- tate with alkaline carbonates. 3. Metallic nitrates; — generally foluble, both in water and in alcohol ; decompofable by heat, furnifhing nitric oxide gas, and leaving the metal oxidized to a maximum. NITRAS POTASSiE. {Ed.) Nitnm. {Lond. Dub.) Nitrate of potafs. Nitre. Nitrate of potafs is annually produced on the furface of the earth in many countries. For this produftion, the prefence of a calcareous bafe, heat, and an open, but not too free, communica- tion with dry atmofpheric air, are requifite. The putrefaction of organic, efpecially animal fubilances, is not neceflary to, but acce- lerates the formation of, this fait, by affording the azote in a ftate in which it combines readily with the oxygen of the atmofphere, and forms the nitric acid. Accordingly, in Germany and France, nitrate of potafs is prepared, by expofing mixtures of putrefying animal and vegetable fubftances, and calcareous earths, to the ac- tion of the atmofphere. The fait is afterwards extracted by lixi- viation and cryftallization. The nitre ufed in this country is chief- ly imported from the Eail Indies. As it occurs in commerce, it often contains a little muriate of potafs and muriate of foda, from which it is eafily purified by diflblving it in boiling water, and fil- tering it ; on cooling, the nitrate of potafs cryftallizes, and the other falts remain dilTolved. Nitrate of potafs has a (liarp, bitterifh, cooling tafte. It (hoots in pretty large cryftals, which are generally lix-fided prifms, ter- minated by fix-fided pyramids; very brittle, and permanent in the atmofphere ; foluble in feven times their weight of water at 60°, and in an equal weight at 212^; melting when cxpofed to a ftrong heat, giving out at firft oxygen, and afterwards nitrogen gas, until the whole acid be decompofed, and the potafs alone remain behind. It deflagrates more or lefs violently with all oxygenizable fubftan- ces, oxidizing or acidifying them. When dried in a temperature of 70°, it confifts, according to Kirwan, of 44 nitric acid, 51.8 potafs, and 4.2 water. It is decompofed by the fulphuric acid and baryta, by the muriate and acetite of baryta, and the fulphates of foda, ammonia, magnefia, and alumina. Part II. Materia Medka. 293 Medical ufe* — Taken to the extent of from a draclim to half an ounce in the courfe of a day, in repeated dofes, it diminiflies the heat of the body, and the frequency of the pulfe, and operates by ftool, and a£ls upon the fecretion of urine, but is apt to produce pains in the ftomach. In large dofes, fuch as an ounce, taken at one time, it produces the mod dreadful fymptoms, conftant vo- miting, purging, mixed with blood, convulfions and death. Acci- dents of this kind have happened from its being fold by miftake for fulphate of foda. It is beft given in fmall dofes, as five to ten grains frequently re- peated, and is only admiflible in inflammatory difeafes. External- ly it is ufed in gargles, for inflammatory fore throats. Off, prep. — Acid. nitr. Lond. Ed. Dub. Nitr. purif. Lond. Sul- pha.s pot. cum fulph. Ed. Antim. calc. Lond. Oxid. ant. cum fulph. per nitrat. pot. Ed, Lond. Dub. Trochifci nitri, Ed. Lond, \ OLEA EUR0P>$:A. FruBus oleum fixum. {Ed.^ Oliva et ejus oleum, {Lond.) Oleum olivarum. [Dub.) The olive tree. The fruit and oil exprefled from the fruit. W'tlld, g. '^6.fp. I . Diandria Monogynia, — Nat. ord. Sepiaria, This tree is a native of the fouth of Europe and north of Afri- ca. It is cultivated in Erance, Spain, and Italy, for the fake of its fruit and the oil exprefled from it. Olives, when frefli, have an acrid, bitter, extremely difagreeable, tafte ; but they are only eaten when pickkd. They are firlt fl;eeped for feveral days in a ley of wood-afhes, and then pickled in a ftrong folution of muriate of foda. They are principally valued for the oil they afford by expref- fion. For this purpofe they are gathered when fully ripe, and im- mediately bruifed and fubjeded to the prefs. The fineft oil flows firft, and a very bad oil is obtained by boiling the magma, which remains after expreffion, in water. According to Beaume, they are gathered when fufHciently ripe. They are then dried, to de- prive the mucilage, of which they contain a large quantity, of its water, and are expreif^d after being bruifed, and moiftened with a little water to render the oil more fluid. By refl:, the mucilage and water which may have pafled with it, feparate. It is fometimes mixed with oil of poppy feeds ; but, by expofmg the mixture to the freezing temperature, the olive oil freezes, while that of the pop- pies remains fluid ; and as oils which freeze with mdfl difficulty are moil apt to become rancid, olive is deteriorated by the admix- ture of poppy oil. Good olive oil fhoujd have a pale yellow colour, fomewhat in- clining to green, a bland tafte, without any rancidity, and no fmell, and fliouid congeal at 38° Fahrenheit. In this country it is fre- quently rancid, and fometimes adulterated. T3 294 Materia Medica, Part IL Medical u/e, — ^Taken internally, it operates as a gentle laxative, and is given in cafes of worms. It is alfo given in large quanti- ties to mitigate the aftion of acrid fubftances taken into the fto- mach. It is ufed externally in fri£tions, in gargles, and in clyf- ters ; but its principal employment is for the compofition of oint- ments and plafters. OJ^. prep. — Oleum ammoniat. Ed, Lond. Oleum camph. Ed. Oleum fulph. Ed. Lond, Linim. fimp, Ed, Unguent, (imp. Ed. Unguent, fper. ceti, Lrmd. Dub. Unguentum cerse, Lond, DmI, Cerat. fimp. Ed, Cer. fper. ceti, Lond, Dub. Unguent, refin flavae, Lond, Dub. Unguenl. elemi, Lond. Dub. Unguent, fambuci, Lond, Dub. Emplaft. oxidi plumbi femivitrei, Ed. Lond, Dub. Ceratum faponis, Lond. Dub. Ung. ceruiT. acet. Lond. Dub. U. lith. ace- tat. Lond. Dub. Emplaft. hyd. Ed» Cerat. lap. cal. Lond. Dub, Emplaft, oxidi ferri rubri, Ed, ^ONISCUS ASELLUS, Milkpeda. {Lond,) Millepede, fplri;- ius vini vapore cnecata. Slaters killed by the vapour of alcohol. InfeSla apt era. These infects are found in cellars, under ftones, and in cold moift places \ in warm countries they are rarely met with. They have a faint difagreeable fmell, and a fomewhat pungent, fweetifh, naufeous talte. Neumann got from 480 parts 95 watery, and \o alcoholic ex- tra6l ; and inVerfely, 5 2 alcoholic, and 45 watery. Nothing rofe in diltillation with either. Their medical virtues have been very much over-rated. Off. prep — Millepede ppt. L^.nd. Dub, ORIGANUM. W'ltld, ^.1116. D'ldynamia Gymnofpenma, — Nat. ord. VertlcH- lata. * 5/». 10. Origanum Vulgare. Origanum, Herba, (J.ond.) Folia. (Dub,) Wild marjoram. The herb. This is a perennial plant, and is met with upon dry chalky hills, and in gravelly foils, in feveral parts of Britain. It has an agreeable fmell, and a pungent talte, warmer than that of the gar- den marjorum, and much refembling thyme, with which it feems to agree in virtue. An effential oil diftilled from it is kept iix the ftiops, and is very acrid. Of. prep,.^Qly oht, Lond, Dub. Part II. Materia Meclica, 'IQo Sp. 15. Origanum 'Major ANA. Herba. (^^.) Majorana. Jtlerba. (^Lond. Dub.) Sweet marjoram. The plant. Sweet marjoram is an annual plant, which grows wild in Por- tupal, but is cultivated in our gardens, principally for culinary pur- pofes. It is a moderately warm aromatic, yielding its virtues both to aqueous and fpiritous liquors by infufion, and to water in dif- tillation. Of. prep. — Pulv. afari comp. Ed, Land. Dub. OSTREA EDULIS. OJrea. Teja.. {Lond.) PaUmuna. iPub.) Oyaer. The fhell. CI. Vermes. Ord. Tejiacea. The oyfter is a very nutritious article of diet, and in fome dif- eafes nof only adnriiflible, but even advantageous. Their fhells, which are officinal, are compofed, like all the mother-of-pearl ibells, of alternate layers of carbonate of lime, and a thin membra- naceous fubftance, which exactly refembles coagulated albumen in all its properties. By burning, the membrane is deftroyed, and they are converted into lime, which, although very pure, poilefTes no advantage over that of the mineral kingdom. Off, prep. — Oft. tell. ppt. Lond. Dub, OVIS ARIES. Adeps. (Ed.) Ovis Sevum, {Lond,) Sevu»i pvHlum, (^Dub.) The {heep. Mutton- fuet. Q\, Mammalia, Ord. Ruminantia, Mutton is a highly nutritious and wholefome food. Ewe- milk is thick and heavy, and contains much cream and little whey. The cheefe made from it has a bitter biting tafte, efpe- cialiy when old, and is fuppofed to^be ftomachic. Mutton-fuet is officinal, for the purpofe of giving confiftency to ointments and plafters. Off. prep.—^?tth\xm ppt. Lond, Emplaft. cerae, Ed. Lond, Dub. Ungt. elemi, Lond, Dub, Ungt. picis, Lond. Dub. Ungt, fambuci, Lojid, Dub, Emp. me), velic, Ed, Ungt. hydrarg. Ed, Lond. Dub. OXALIS ACETOSELLA. Lujula. Folium. (Lond.) Aceiofella. Folia. (Dub,) Wood-forrel. The leaves. Willd' g. 9iS.Jp. 25. Decandria Pentagynia. — Nat. ord. Gruin-. ^les. This is a fmall perennial plant, which grows wild in woods, and ihady hedges. The leaves contain a confiderable quantity Q'i T4 296 ' 'Materia Medica, Part II. fuper- oxalate of potafs, and have an extremely pleafant acid tafte. They pofTefs the fame powers with the vegetable acids in general, and may be given in infuiion, or beaten with fugar into a conferve, or boiled with milk to form an acid whey. The fuper-oxalate of potafs is extracted in large quantities from them, and fold under the name of EJfetiilal Salt of Lemons. Twenty pounds of the frelh leaves yielded to Neumann fix pounds of juice, from which he got two ounces two drachms and a fcruple of fait, befides two ounces and fix drachms of an impure faline mafs. Off. prep. — Conferva, Lond. Duh. P^NEA SARCOCOLLA. SarcocoUa Gumml-reftna. {Lond.) ' SarcocoU. A gum-refin. Willd, g, 21^. fp. I. Tetrandria Monogynia. — Nat. ori Congh- merata. The plant is a native of Ethiopia, and yields the farcocoll by fpontaneous exudation. The tears of farcocoll are feldom fo large as peas, and have either a pale red, or yellowifh white colour. They are extremely brittle, or rather friable, fhining in their frac- ture, refembling a good deal gum-arabic in coarfe powder, but rather more opaque. They have no fmell, but a bitter tafte, com- bined with a fweetnefs like that of liquorice. Neumann obtained from 480 parts, 360 of alcoholic, and afterwards 40 of watery ex- tract, and inverfely 450 v/atery, and 26 alcoholic. In diftiliation nothing arofe. It is not fufible, and kindles w'ith difBculty. Dr. Thomfon confiders farcocoll as a peculiar vegetable principle, which he defines to be foluble in water and in alcohol, tafte bitter fweet, and uncryilallizable. Manna, one of his fpecies is, how- ever, very cryftaliizable. SarcocoU was fuppofed to poflefs pe- culiar virtues in agglutinating wounds. Off. prep. — Pulv. ceruflie comp. Lond. PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM. Ginfeng. Radix. {Lond.) Ginfeng. The root. Polygamia Dioecia. — Nat. ord. Hederacea.* This is a perennial plant, which grows in Tartary and North America. The root is about the thicknefs of the little finger ; an inch or two in lengtli, often dividing into two branches ; of a whit- i(l>yellow colour ; wrinkled on the furface ; of a compaft, almoft horny texture ; when broken, exhibiting a refinous circle in the middle, of a reddilh colour. It has no fmell, but a very fweet tafte, combined with a flight degree of aromatic bitterncfs. The Chinefe, probably on account of its fcarcity, have a very extraordinary opinion of the virtues of this root, fo that it fells for Part II. Materia Medka. 297 many times its weight of filver. The Americans, on the contrary,. difregard it, becaufe it is found plentifully in their woods. In fad, it is a gentle and agreeable ftimulant. PAPAVER. Wtlld, g» 1015. — Polyandria Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Rhaades, Sp. 5. Papaver Rhoeas. Papaver erraticum, Fhs, {Lond.) Common rofe, or red poppy. The flower. This fpecies of poppy is annual, and very common in our corn fields. The petals give out a fine red colour when infufed, and are fuppofed to poflefs flightly anodyne properties. Offl prep. — Syr. papav. crratici, Zond. Sp. 7. Papaver Somniferum. Capfula^ et fuccus fpijfatut, {Ed.') Papaver album. Capfiila, (Lotid. Dub,) Opium. (Lond, Dub.) White poppy. The capfules and their infpiflated juice, com- monly called Opium. The white poppy is alfo an annual, and is fojnetimes found wild in this country, but it is probably originally a native of the warmer parts of Afia. In this country it is frequently cultivated for the beauty of the varieties of its flowers, and for its feeds. Some attempts have been made to obtain opium from its capfules *, and Mr. Ball re- ceived a premium from the Society for encouraging the Arts, for fpecimens of Britifh opium, in no refpect inferior to the beft eaftern opium. But we apprehend that the climate of this coun- try is an infuperable obftacle to its becoming a profitable branch of agriculture. The leaves, ftalks, and capfules, of the poppy, abound with a milky juice, which may be colleded in confiderable quantity, by flightly wounding them when almoft ripe : this juice, expofed for a few days to the air, thickens into a ftifF tenacious mafs, which in faft is opium. It is then worked up into mafl^cs, and covered with poppy or tobacco leaves. By decoftion and expreflion this juice is partially extracted, together with a confiderable quantity of mucilage. The liquor ftrongiy prefled out, fufl?ered to fettle, clari- fied with whites of eggs, and evaporated to a due confiftence, yields about one fifth, or one fixth the weight of the heads, of extra£t. This pofl^eflTes the virtues of opium in a very inferior degree ; but it does not come to this country unlefs when ufed to adulterate the genuine opium. A ftrong decotlion of the dried heads, mixed .with as much fugar as is fufficient to reduce it into the confiftence of a fyrup, becomes fit for keeping in a liquid 2q^ Materia Medica. PartlJ, form ; and is the only officinal preparation of the poppy. It is, however, a very unequal preparation, as the real quantity of opium it contains is very uncertain, and by no means equal to fyrup, to v;hich a certain quantity of folution of opium is added. The feeds of the poppy are fimpjy emulfive, and contain none of the narcotic principle. They yield a confiderable quantity of fixed oil by expreffion. Two kinds of opium are found in commerce, diftinguifhed by the names of Turkifli and Eaft-India opium, Turkey opium is a folid compaci fubitance, pofleffing a confider- able degree of tenacity ; when broken, having a (hining fracSlure and unijform appearance *, of a dark brown colour ; when moif- tened, marking on paper a liglit brown interrupted ftreak, and be- coming yellow when reduced to powder ; fcarcely colouring the faliva when chewed, exciting at fir ft a naufeous bitter tafte, which fcon becomes acrid, with fome degree of warmth ; and having a peculiar heavy difagree^ble fmell. The beft is in flat pieces, and befides the large leaves in which it is enveloped, is covered with the rtvidifti capfules of a fpecies of ruraex, probably ufed in packing it. The round maiTes which have none of thefe capfules adhering to them, are evidently inferior in quality. It is bad if it be foft, friable, mixed with any impurities, have an in- tenfely dark or blackifli colour, a weak or empyreumatic fmell, z fweetifli talte, or draw upon paper a brown continuous ftreak. Eajl-hidia opium has much lejs confiftence, being fometimes not much thicker than tar, and always duolilc. Its colour is much darker ; its tafte more naufeous, and lefs bitter ; and, its fmell rather empyreumatic. It is confiderably cheaper than Turkifh opium, apd fuppofed of only half the ftrength. One eighth of the weight of the cakes is allowed for the enormous quantity of leaves with which they are enveloped. In the Eaft-Indies, when opiurn is notj good enough to bring a certain price, it is dcftroyed under the infpectioa of officers. Opium is not fufible, but is foftened even by the heat of the Sngers. It is. highly inflamm.able. It is partially folubie, both in alcohol and in water. Neumann got from 1920 parts of opium, 1520 alcoholic, and afterv/ards 80 watery extrad, 320 remaining undifTolvedj and inverfely 1280 watery, and 200 alcoholic extract, the refiduum being 440. The folutions are tranfparent, and have a brown or vinous col- our. The watery folution is not decompofed by alcohol. A fmall quantity of matter, \yhich, as far as my experiments go, is neither fulible nor remarkably inflammable, is feparated from the alcoholic folution by water. 1 have alfo obferved that the watery folu- tion of opium, or tlj^e alcohtplic, after it has been precipitated by Part II. Materia Medica, *igQ water, does not redden vegetable blues, is not precipitated by acids or alkalies, but is precipitated copioufly by carbonate of potafa, muriate and fuper-nitrate of mercury, oxymuriate of tin, fulph^^tc of copper, fulphate of zinc, acetate of lead, nitrate of filver, and red fulphate of iron. The precipitate in the lad cafe was dirty brown, not refembling thofe by alkaline or aftringent fubftances. The folutions of opium, efpecially the watery, are alfo copioufly precipitated by infufion of galls. This precipitate feems to re- iemble that produced by cinchonin, and to be difH-fent from th^t produced by gelatin. Alcohol, or water diftilled from opium, are impregnated with its narcotic virtues, which are alfo diminifhed, or entirely diflipated, by long boiling, roafting, or great age. The part of opium which is infoluble either in water or in alcohol, is albumen, according to Gren ; caoutchouc, according to Buchholtz *, a virulent glutinous fubftance, according to JolFe ; and Prouft fays it contains wax. from experiments made fortie years ago, I concluded that it was perfectly fimilar to the gluten of wheat flour, or fibrine. Long ago it was propofcd by M , to fcparate the refmous parts of opium by the fame procefs that the fibrine of wheat flour is ob- tained. The fa6l is, that if Turkey opium be kneaded in a large quantity of water, the foluble parts are removed, and there remains in the hand an adhefive plaftic mafs, of a paler colour, not fufiblc, but becoming du£lile when immerfed in hot water, inflammable, imparting fome colour to alcohol, but not foluble in it. Eaft-India opium, treated in the fame way, is entirely difl^blved or diffufed in the water, and leaves no plaftic mafs in the hand. Upon the whole, it appears that the a£live conilituent of opiuxB^ though not perfectly underftood, is of a volatile nature, but Some- what fixed by its combination with the other conftituents ; that it is foluble both in water and in alcohol ; that it is diffipated in the procefl'es recommended for purifying opium by folution and eva- poration J and that the attempts, made by iorx^c pharmaceutifts, to obtain a preparation of opium, which fhould poiTcfs only its feda- tive, without its narcotic, effects, only fucceeded in fo far as they dirninifhed its activity. By evaporating a watery folution of opium to the ccnfiftence of a fyrup, Deroms obtained a precipitate, whiqh was increafed by dilut* ing it with water. He diflblved this in liot alcohol, from which it again feparated on cooling. When purified by repeated folutions it cryftallized in rectangular prifms, with rhomboidal bafes, had no tafte or fmell, was infoluble in cold water, and foluble in 400 parts of boihng water, did not affedt vegetable blues, was foluble in 24 parts boiling, and no cold, alcohol ; foluble in hot ether and vo- latile oils, and feparated from them as they pooled 5 very foluble in 300 Materia Medica. Part II, all acids, and highly narcotic. Thefe obfervations are curious, and deferve to be confirmed. Medical u/e. — The a olic, and 272 watery extradl, and inverfely 380 watery, and 61 alcoholic. It alfo fur- niihes fome volatile oil. 5/). 1 2. Piper LoNGUM. FruBus, (^Lond. Ed.) Semtna. {Dub.) Long pepper. The fruit. The plant which bears the long pepper is alfo a farmentaceous climber. The berries are fmall round grains, difpofed fpirally in a long cyhndrical head. They are gathered before they are ripe, and dried, and are the hotted of all the peppers. The warmth and pungency of thefe fpices refide entirely in a relm ; their aromatic odour in an cfTential oil. In medicine they ar^ fometimes employed as acrid ilimulants ; but their chief ufe is in cookery as condiments. Off, prep. — Tin£l:. cin. comp. Ed. Loud, Dub. Confe£l. opiat, Lend, Pulv. aromat. Land. Dub. Pulv. cret. comp. Loud, PISTACIA. Dioecia Ptiitandria. — Nat. ord, Amentacea. Sp. PisTACiA Terebinthus. Tereb'uithimi Chia, (Lond,) Chian turpentine. The tree which yields this turpentine grows in India, the north of Africa, and fouth of Europe, but the turpentine is principally collecSted in the iflands 01 Chios and Cyprus, by wounding the rree. It docs not differ in any thing material, except its price, from the other turpentines. — See Pinus. Sp.' PiSTACiA L^^NXI^^US. Rejina. {Ed.) Majlkhe, Refma, {Lond.) M.ifdch. Arefin. This fpecie^ is a native of the fame countries witli the former. It is obtained principally in the ifland of Chios, by making tranf- verfe incifions in the tree, and ailov/mg the juice to harden. It is brought in (mail ^ellowiih, femi-tranfparent, brittle grains j of a fmooth and fhij:ing fradure, foftening when chewed, fufible, burn- ing With a pleafant fmell, infoluble,in water, and partially folu'ole 4 U4 3 1 2 Materia Mediea, Part 11^ in alcohol and fixed oils. Neumann found that during digeftion with alcohol, a portion feparates infoluble in alcohol, though in ap- pearance refinous, amounting to about one tenth of the maftich. This is probably the fame with the fubftance found in Sandarach by Mr. Giefe, and called Sandaracha by Dr. Thomfon. Its flavour is communicated to water. It is therefore a refin, combined with a little eflential oil, It is principally ufed by the Turkifli women as a mafticatory, to preferve the teeth, and give a pleafant fmell to the breath, PLUMBUM. {Ed.Lond.) Lead. The general properties of lead have been already enumerated. !ti€ad is found, t I. Oxidized : 1. Lead ochre of different colours. II. Oxidized, and combined with acids. 2. Carbonated lead. White lead fpar. 3. Murio-carbonated. 4. Phofphated lead. Green lead ore, 5. Arfeniated lead. 6. Arfenio- phofphated lead, 7. Molybdated lead* 8. Sulphated lead, III. Sulphuretted : 9. Sulphuretted lead. Galena. 10. Sulphuretted oxide of lead. Lead is obtained by various proceffes from thefe ores. In its iinetallic form it is fcarcely an officinal article, as its different oxides are purchafed from the manufacturers, and never prepared by the apothecary. Its effects on the body are emaciation, violent colics, paralyfis, tremors, and contractions of the Umbs •, and as they generally come on gradually, the caufe is fometimes overlooked till it be too late. Poifoning from lead is never intentional, but only accidental, either from liquors becoming impregnated with lead, by being improper- ly kept in velfels lined or glazed with lead, or to which lead has been criminally added to correct its acjdity j or among manufac- turers who work much with lead, as painters and plumbers, and who are not fufficiently attentive to aviid fwallowing any of it. The prefence of lead in any fufped^d liquor is dete£ted by the liydro-fulphuret of potafs, which forms with it a brown precipi- Part II. Materia Medico. 3.13 tate, not foluble in diluted muriatic acid ; and ftill more certainly by evaporating a portion of it to drynefs, and expofing the extra^ to a heat fufficient to reduce the lead. OxiDUM Plumbi album. {Ed,) Cerujfa, (Lond, Dt:h) White oxide of lead. Cerufie. This fubftance, which is now faid to be a carbonate of lead, is manufa£tured in feveral countries. It is prepared by expofing lead to the vapour of vinegar. To accelerate the oxidizement, the lead is caft in thin plates, which are rolled up fplrally. A number of thefe are placed perpendicularly on a fupport, over a flat velTel con. taining vinegar, which is converted into vapour by a gentle heat, fuch as that of dung. The plates become flowly covered with a white cruft, which is in due time removed ; and the remains of the plates again expofed to the vapour of vinegar, until they be entirely corroded. White oxide of lead has a fcaly or foliated texture, is brittle, friable, heavy, of a fnowy whitenefs, and a fweet tafte. It is of- ten adulterated with earthy fubftances, which may be difcovered by mixing it with oil, and reducing the lead in a crucible. AU tho\igh very friable, the coarfer particles cannot be feparated by means of a fieve, becaufe its interftices foon get filled up. It can only be obtained in the ftate of a fine powder, by rubbing a loaf of cerufie on a fieve placed over a fheet of paper. In pharmacy the white oxide of lead is ufed in the compofition of ointments and piafi:ers. Of. prep. — Acetis plumbi, Ed. Lend. Dub. Ungt. oxidi plumbi aibi, Ed. Pulv. cerufix comp. Lond. OxiDUM Flumbz rubrum. {Ed^) Minium, (JL.ond.') Red oxide of lead. The preparation of red-lead is fo troublefome and tedious, as fcarce ever to be attempted by the apothecary or chemift \ nor in- deed is this commodity expefted to be made by them, the prepara- tion of it being a difl:inft branch of bufmefs. The makers melt large quantities of lead at once, upon the bottom of a reverbera- tory furnace built for this purpofe, and fo contrived, that; the flame a or in the mode of operation. A faturated deco£tion of galls, in cooling, depofits a copious pale yellow precipitate, which feems to be purer tannin than can be got,, by any other, procefs. Neumann goL from 960 grains of. coarfely' . povydered galls 840 watery extra£r, and afterwards jQaly 4 aico- ' holicj and inverfely, 760 alcoholic and 80 watery. 3*22 Materia Medica. Part II. Medical u/e, — An infufion or deco£lion of galls may be ufed with advantage as an aftringent gargle ; and an ointment of one part of finely powdered galls to eight of any fimple ointment is applied with fuccefs in haemorrhoidal afFedlions. RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS. Baccarumfucms, {Ed,) Spi- tia Cervina. Bacca. (^Lotid.) Purging buckthorn, The berry. The juice of the berries. Willd, g. 405. Jp, I. Pentandria Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Z)«- inofa. This tree, or bufh, is common in hedges : it flowers in June, and ripens its fruit in September or the beginning of O61:ober. In our markets, the fruit of fome other trees, as the blackberry bear- ing alder, and the dogberry tree, have of late been frequently mixed with, or fubftituted for, thofe of buckthorn. This abufe may be difcovered by opening the berries ; thofe of buckthorn have almoft always four feeds, the berries of the alder two, and thofe of the dogberry only one. Buckthorn berries, bruifed on white paper, ftain it of a green colour, which the others do not. Thofe who fell the juice to the apothecaries, are faid to mix it with a large proportion of water. Medical u/e, — Buckthorn berries have a faint uifagreeable fmell, and a naufeous bitter tafte. They have long been in confiderable efteem as cathartics : and celebrated in dropfies, rheumatifms, and even in the gout : though in thefe cafes they have no advantage above other purgatives, but are more oiFenfive, and operate more feverely, than many which the fliops are furnifhed with. They generally occafion gripes, ficknefs, dry the mouth and throat, and leave n thirfl; of long duration. The dofe is about twenty of the frefli berries in fubftance, and twice or thrice this number in de- coction ; an ounce of the exprefled juice, or a drachm of the dried berries. Off. prep. — Syr. rhamni cathart, Ed, Lond. ^ RHEUM PALMATUM. Radix. {Ed.) Rkabarbarum. Ra- dix. {Lond. Dub.) Palmated rhubarb. The root. Willd. g. 808. ^. 5. Enneandria Monogynia, — Nat. ord. Olera' cea. This plant grows fpontaneoufly in China, and endures the colds of our climate. But it is not afcertained that the Chinefe or Ruffian rhubarb is the dried root of this plant. Pallas thinks that it is obtained indifcri- minately from the rheum undulatum, palmatum, and compa£tum, more efpecially from the firft ; while Mr. S evers, an apothecary who was fent by Catharine II on purpofe to obtain the true rhu- Part II. Materia Medica. 323 barb plant, and travelled for feveral years in the countries conti- guous to that whence the rhubarb is brought, is of opinion, that the botanical characters of the plant which furniihes it are flill un- known, excepting that it is faid not to grow to a great fize, and to have round leaves, which are toothed on the edges with almoll fpinous points. All the rhubarb of commerce is brought from the Chinefe town Sini, or Sehm, by the Bucharians. It grows on the neighbouring chain of lofty mountains which ftretches to the lake Koko-Nor, between 350 and 40 <> north latitude. It is dug up by the poor peafants, cleaned from the earth, cut in pieces, ilrung with the bark on firings, and expofcd to dry under cover in the fliade for a whole year, before it is again cleaned and prepared for export- ation. There is a diftinftion made in commerce between the Rufliau and Chinefe rhubarb, although they both come from the fame country. The Ruffian is dearer, and always good, as very great attention is paid both in purchafing and tranfporting it, by order of the go- vernment. In Kiachta, on the Ruffian frontier, it is received from the Bucharians by a Ruffian apothecary, who examines it. The bad is immediately burnt, and the good is freed from its bark, woody parts, and every impurity, in the moll careful manner. It is then fent to Mofcow and to Peterfburgh, where it is again ex- amined. It is commonly in round pieces, of a reddifh or whitiffi yellow colour, feels gritty between the teeth, and is often perforated with fo large a hole, that many pieces have the appearance of a bark. The Chinefe or Eaft-Indian rhubarb is brought by fea from Can- non. Jt is heavier, harder, and more compad, than the other ; {^U dom perforated with holes, and either in long pieces, or with two flat fides, as if they had been comprefled. Dr. Lewis thinks that this is lefs aromatic, but ftronger, than the Turkey 5 and that it has required lefs care in drying from having been lifted when the root was lefs watery. The general charaders of good rhubarb are, its having a whitiffi or clear yellow colour, being dry, folid, and compadt, moderately heavy ; brittle ; when recently broken appearing marked with yel- low or reddiffi veins, mixed with white ; being eafily pulverizable j forming a powder of a fine bright yellow, having the peculiar, nau- feous, aromatic fmell of rhubarb, and a fub-acrid, bitteriffi, fome- what aflringent tafte, and when chewed feeling gritty under thq teeth, fpeedily colouring the faliva, and not appearing very muci- laginous. The fize and form of the pieces are of little confequence ; only we muft break the large ones, to fee that they arc not decay- ed or rotten within ; and we muft alfo obferve that thev are not 4 %^ 324 Materia Meclica. Part 11. mufty or worm-eaten. This is the more neceflary, as damaged pieces are frequently fo artfully drefled up, and coloured with pow- dered rhubarb, as to impofe on the buyer. The principal conftituent of rhubarb is extradive matter, foluble both in alcohol and in water. By gentle deco£lion, it lofes above one half its weight. Rhubarb alfo contains fome volatile odor- ous matter, on which its peculiar naufeous fmell, and its activity as a purge, depend ; for when diflipated, either by age or any pre- paration to which the rhubarb has been fubje£led, the powers of the medicine are almofl deftroyed. It alfo contains fome tannin, and about. one fixth of its weight of oxalate of lime. Neumann got from 480 grains 180 of alcoholic, and afterwards 170 watery extra£l} and inverfely, 350 watery and only 5 of alcoholic ex- traa. Medical ufe. — Rhubarb is a mild cathartic, which operates with- out violence or Irritation, and may be given with fafety even to preg- nant women, and to children. In fome people, however, it occafions fevere griping. Befides its purgative quaHty, it is celebrated as an aftringent, by which it ftrengthens the tone of the ftomach and in- teflines, and proves ufeful in diarrhoea and diforders proceeding from laxity. Rhubarb is exhibited, 1. In fubftance, in the form of powder. It operates more powerfully as a purgative In this form than in any other. The dofe for an adult Is about a fcruple or upwards. On account of its great bulk, it is fometimes unpleafant to take, and Its faxative ef- fe^s are often increafed by the addition of neutral falts, or other more a£live purgatives. In fmaller dofes it often proves an excel- lent ftomachic. 2. In infufion. Rhubarb yields more of its purgative property to water than to alcohol. The infufion is, however, confiderably weaker than the powder, and requires double the dofe to produce the fame effect. It Is well adapted for children, but muft be al- ways frefli prepared. 3. In tindlure. On account of the ftimulating nature of the menftruum, this preparation frequently cannot be exhibited in dofes large enough to operate as a purgative. Its principal ufe is as a tonic and ftomachic. The virtues of rhubarb are deftroyed by roafting, boiling, and in forming the extract. Of. prep.— lr\L Ed. VIn. Ed. Lond. TmCt. Ed. Lotid. Tlnft. comp. Lond. Tind. cum aloe, Ed. Tin6t. cum gentian, Ed. Pil. comp. Ed. ^ RHODODENDRON CHRYSANTHUM. Folia. {Ed.) Yellow-flowered rhododendron. The leaves. Part II. Materia Medica. 325 Willd. g- 867. Jp. 7. Decandrla Monogynia. — Nat. ord. 5/- cornes. This fmall flirub grows in the coldefl fituations, and higheft parts of the fnow-covcred mountains in Eaft Siberia, and efpecial- ly in Dauria. The leaves are oblong, rigid, refledled at the edges, rough on the upper furface, fmooth, and paler on the lower. When dried, they have no fmell, but a rough, aflringent, and bitterifli tafte. They alfo contain a ftimulant narcotic principle •, for they increafe the heat of the body, excite thirit, and produce diaphore- sis, or an increafed difcharge of the other fecretions or excretions ; and in a larger dofe, inebriation and delirium. Medical life, — The Siberians ufe a deco£lion of it in rhcumatifm and gout. They put about two drachms of the dried (hrub in an earthen pot, with about ten ounces of boiling water, keeping it near a boiling heat for a night, and this they take in the morning. Be- fides its other effenSts, it is faid to produce a fenfation of prickling or creeping in the psined parts ; but in a few hours the pain and difagreeable fymptoms are relieved, and two or three dofes gener- ally complete the cure. The ufe of liquids is not allowed during its operation, as this is apt to induce vomiting. RHUS TOXICODENDRON. Folia. ^Ed.) Poifon oak. The leaves. JFilld. g. ^6(i, fp, 17. Pentandria Trigyuia, — Nat. Old- Du- mofa. This is a deciduous fhrub of moderate growth, a native of North America. The leaves are alternate, and Hand upon very long leaf-ftalks. Each leaf confifts of three leafits. It is faid that its juice is fo extremely acrid as to caufe inflammation, and fome- times even fphacelation, in the parts touched with it. Medical ufe. — It was firfl tried as a medicine by Dr. Alderfon of Hull, in imitation of the experiments of M. Frefnoi with the rhus radicans. He gave it in four cafes of paralyfis, in dofes of half a grain, or a grain, three times a- day, and all his patients recovered, to a certain degree, the ufe of their limbs. The firft fymptom of amendment was always an unpleafant feeling of prickling or twitch- ing in the paralytic limbs. We have given it in larger dofes, without experiencing the fame fuccefp. It was not, however, inac- tive. In one cafe the patient difcontinued its ufe on account of the difagreeable prickling it occafioned ; and in general it operat- ed as a gentle laxative, notwithflanding the torpid ftate of the bowels of fuch patients. RIBES. Willd, ^.445. Fentandria Monogyma. — Nat. ord. Fomacea* ' ' ' X3 326 Materia Medica, P^rt !!• Sp. I. RiBES RuBRUM. Fruclus, {Lond. Duh.^ Red currant. The fruit. This fhrub grows wild in England, and is very generally culti- vated for the fake of its pleafant fub-acid fruit. The juice of the fruit contains faccharine matter, malic, and citric acids, and a fub- ftance fcarcely foluble in cold water, very foluble in hot water, and coagulating into the form of a jelly as it cools. By boiling currant iuice with a fufficient quantity of fugar to abforb the acid watery parts, the whole forms, on cooling, an uniform jelly, which is of- ten ufed as an acid demulcent in fore throats, and, diflblved in water, forms a pleafant cooling drink in feverifli complaints. Sp. 8. RiBEs Nigrum. Fru5lus. (^Lond. Dub.) Black currant. The fruit. This is alfo a native fhrub, which is likewife frequently culti- vated for the fame purpofes with the former variety, and indeed is preferred to it for medical ufe. Off. prep. — Syr. fucci frudus rib. nig. Lond. Succus fpiflat. Lond, RICINUS COMMUNIS. Semen, et ejus oleum fixum. {Ed,) Seininis oleum. {Lond.) Oleum e feminibus exprejfum, {Dub.) Monoecia Monadelphia, — Nat. ord. Triccoca. Palma Chrifti. The feeds, and the fixed oil obtained from them. This plant grows in both Indies, Africa, and the fouth of Eu- rope. It is of fpeedy growth, and in one year arrives at its full height, which feldom exceeds twenty feet. The capfules are prickly and triangular, and contain, under a thin, dry, grey, and black-marbled hulk, a white oily kernel. The fkin is extremely acrid *, and one or two of the feeds fwailowed entire operate as a draftic purgative or emetic. The kernels yield almoft a fourth part of their weight of a bland fixed oil, commonly called Caftor oil. It is obtained from them either by expreflion or bv deco^lion with water. The former method is pradifed in Europe', the latter in Jamaica. To increafe the produ6l, it is common to parch the feeds over the fire, before tlie oil is extra £l:ed from them ; but the oil thus obtained is infe- rior to that prepared by cold expreffion or fimple decodion, and is apt to become rancid. Off, prep, — Oleum fixum. Lond. Genuine caftor oil is thick and Vifcid, of a whitifh colour, infi- pid or fweetifh to the tafte, and without fmell. Medical ufe. — As a medicine, it is a gentle and ufeful purga- tive : it in general produces its efFe<^^s without griping, and may be given with fafety where acrid purgatives are improper, as in colic, Part II. Materia Medica. 327 calculus, gonorrhea, &c. : feme likewife ufe it as a purgative in worm cafes. Half an ounce or an ounce commonly anfwers with an adult, and a drachm or two with an infant. With many the averfion to oil is fo great, that this purgative cannot be taken without great relu£tance ; and accordingly differ- ent modes of taking it have been propofed. Some prefer taking it fwimming on a glafs of water, or peppermint water, or in the form of emulfion, with mucilage, or with the addition of a little rum. ROSA. JVil/d. g. 997. Icofandria Pslygyma Nat. ord. Senticofa. Sp. 16. Rosa Gallica. Peta/a, {Ed.) Rofa rubra. Peta/a. {Lofid. Dub.) Red rofe. The petals. This has not the fragrance of the fucceeding fpecies ; but the beautiful colour of its petals, and their pleafant aftringency, have rendered them officinal. It mud, however, be remarked that their odour is increafed by drying, while that of the damafk and mofs rofes is almoft deflroyed. Off. prep Syr. rofae Gallicae, Ed, Mel. rofae, Lond. Dub, In- fuf. Ed. Lond, Dub, Conferva, Ed, Lond. Dub, 5/. 17. Rosa Damascena. Petala, {Lond. Dub.) Rofa centi- folia, Petala, {Ed.) Damalk rofe. The petals. The native country of this (hrub is unknown, but the delight- ful fragrance of its flowers has rendered it the favourite ornament of every garden. In the former editions of Linnaeus, the damafk rofe was confidered as a variety only of the rofa centifolia ; but Aiton, Du Roj, and Wiildenow have arranged it as a diftin^t fpe- cies. It is however highly probable, that the petals of all the va- rieties of the rofa centifolia, or Dutch hundred-leaved rofe, Will- denow's 15th fpecies, are employed indifcriminately with thofe of the real damalk rofe in the diftillation of rofe water. Off. prep. — Syr. rofse centifolise, Ed. Lond. Aq. deflil. Ed. Lond. Dub, Sp. 31. Rosa Canina. Frucius recens^ C-^^O Cyno/batus. FruEius. (Lond,) Dog rofe. The fruit called Hips. This fhrub is found in hedges throughout Britain. The pulp of the fruit, be fides faccharine matter, contains citric acid, which gives it an acid tafte. The feeds, and fliff hair with which they are furrounded, mull be carefully removed from the pulp before it can be ufed. X4 328 Materia Medica, Part II. Off, prep. — Conferva, Ed. Lond. ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS. Summitaies forentes. {Ed.) Ros tnarinus. Cacumen^Jlos. (JLond.) Rofmar'mus. Herba. [Dub.) Rofemary. The herb and flowers. Willd. g. 62. fp. I. Diandria Momgynia. — Nat. prd. Vertidllata» Rosemary is a fhrijbby perennial, which grows wild in the fouth of Europe, and is cultivated in our gardens. It has a fra- grant fmell, and a warm pungent bitterifh tafte, approaching to thofe of lavendar : the leaves and tender tops are ftrongeft \ next to thefe the cup of the flower ; the flowers themfelves are confi- (ierably the weakeil, but moll pleafant. Medical ufe. — Its virtues depend entirely on its eflfential oil, which feems to be combined with camphor, not only from its pe- culiar tafte, but from its pofleffing chemical properties, which de- pend on the prefence of camphor j and from its depofiting cryfl;als of camphor when long kept. Off. prep. — 01. vol. Ed. Land. Dub. Spiritus, Ed. Lmd. RUBIA TINCTORUM. Radix. {Ed:) Rubia. Radix. {Lond. Dub.) Madder. The root. Willd. g. iSj. fp. I. Tetrandria Momgynia. — Nat. ord. SteU laU. Madder is perennial, and grows wilji in fome parts of Britain, but the dyers are principally fupplied with it from Zealand, where it is cultivated in large quantities. The roots confift of articulated fibres, about the thicknefs of a quill, which are red throughout, have a weak fmell, and a bitter- jfli aftringent tafte. For the ufe of the dyers, they are firft peel- ed and dried, then bruifed and packed in barrels. Madder poflef- fes the remarkable property of tinging the urine, milk, and bones, of animals which are fed with it, of a red colour. Medical ufe, — It is faid to be ufeful in the atrophy of children, and fome believe in its reputed powers as an emmenagogue. It is given in fubftance in dofes of half a drachm, feveral time§ a-day, or in decodion. RUBUSID^US. FruBus. {Lond. Dub.) Rafpberry. The fruit. Willd. g. gg^./p. 4. Icofandria Polygynia. — Nat. ord. Seniicofa. This Ihrub is found wild in Britain, and is much cultivated for the fake of its pleafaQt fub-acid fruit, which contains both citric and malic acids. Off prep. — Syr. fucci fru£lus rub. idjei^ Lond. Part II. Materia Medica. 329 RUMEX ACETOSA. Folia, {Ed.) Acetofa pratenfts. Folia. {Lond.) Acetofa, Folia. (Dub.) Sorrel. The leaves. IVilld, g. 699.7^. 31. Hexandria Trigynia. — Nat. ord. Oleracea. Sorrel is a perennial plant, which grows wild in fields and meadows throughout Britain. The leaves have an aftringent acid tafte, without any fmell or particular flavour : their medical efFefts are, to cool, quench thirft, and promote the urinary difcharge : a decodtion of them in whey affords an ufeful and agreeable drink in febrile or inflammatory diforders. :. Cortex. {Dub.) Crack-willow. The bark. Dioecia Diandria. — Nat. ord. Amentacea. This willow grows wild in England. The bark poflefTes a con- fiderable degree of bitternefs and aftringency. Different fpecies of willow have at diflferent times been recommended as fubftitutes for the Peruvian bark : they are certainly powerful aftringents, but in point of efllicacy in the cure of difeafe, they are in no degree to be compared with the Peruvian bark, from which they differ in containing no cinchonin. 332 Materia Medica. Part II. SALVIA OFFICINALIS. Folia, (Ed.) Salvia. Folium. {Lond. Dub.) Sage. The leaves. Willd. g. 63. Jp. 7, Liandria Monogynia — Nat. ord. Verticil- lata. Sage is a perennial plant, a native of the fouth of Europe, and cultivated in our gardens. There are feveral varieties of it, differ- ing in fize, or in the colour of its flower, but their properties are the fame. They have a peculiar aromatic fmell, and a warm aro- matic tafte, with fome degree of bitternefs and aftringency. Medical ufe. — In its effects fage agrees with other aromatics. It is ftimulant, carminative, and tonic. In cold phlegmatic habits, it excites appetite, and proves ferviceable in debilities of the nervous fyftem. The beft preparation for thefe purpofes is an infufion of the dry leaves, drunk as tea ; or a tincture, or extract, made with rectified fpirit, taken in proper dofes ; thefe contain the whole virtues of the fage ; the diftilled water and eflential oil, only its warmth and aromatic quality, without any of its roughnefs or bitternefs. Aqueous infufions of the leaves, with the addition of a little lemon-juice, prove an ufeful dilut- ing drink in febrile diforders, being fufficiently agreeable to the palate, SAMBUCUS NIGRA. Flores, Baccx, Cortex. {Ed.) Sambucui. Cortex interior, Flos, Bacca. {Lond. Dub.) Common elder. The inner bark, flowers, and berries. Willd. g. 569. Jp, 3. Pentandria Trigynia. — ^Nat. ord. Dumofe. This tree is frequent in hedges 5 it flowers in May, and ripens its fruit in September. The berries contain malic acid, and have a fweetifh, not unpleafant, tafte*, neverthelefs, eaten in fubftance, they oflfend the ftomach. For the market they are gathered indifcri- minately from the Sambucus nigra and ebulus, a very venial fraud, as their efl^e6ts are exadly the fame. They are, however, eafily diftinguifhed, by the latter, when bruifed, ftaining the fingers of a ' red colour, and the former of the colour of a withered leaf. Med. tife The exprefled juice, infpiflated to the confiftence of a rob, proves an ufeful aperient medicine ; it opens oblhudions of the vifcera, promotes the natural evacuatic«is, and, if continued for a length of time, does confiderable fervice in various chronical dif- orders. The inner green bark of its trunk is gently cathartic. An infufion of it in wine, or the exprefl^ed juice, in the dofeof half an ounce or an ounce, is faid to purge moderately, and in fmall dofes to prove an efficacious deobftruent, capable of promoting all the fluid fecretions. The young leaf buds are ftrongly purgative, and a£l with fo much violence as to be defervedly accounted un- fafe. The flowers . are very diflPerent in quality : thefe have an Part II . Malena Medica. 333 agreeable aromatic flavour, which they yield in diftillation with water, and impart by infufion to vinous and fpiritous liquors. Off", prep. — Succus fpiflat, Lond, Ed. Ungt. fambuci, Lorid- Dub. SAPO. Sapo ex oleo olivarum et foda confeclus. (^Bd.) Sapo ex oleo oliva et natro confeBus. [Lond,] Sapo durus Hifpanicus, (^Dub.) The general chemical properties of foap have been already no- ticed. The only fpecies which is officinal in our pharmacopoeias, is that compofed of olive oil and foda. It is only prepared in the countries which produce the oil. For medicinal ufe we prefer the Spanifli. It fhould be white and hard, diflblve entirely' in water and in alcohol, forming with the former a milky, and with the latter a tranfparent folution : the folutions fhould froth freely on agitation. It fliould not be variegated in its colour, feel gr^Ufy or moilt, or be covered with ^ faline efllorefcence \ and the ftWutions fhould not have a rancid fmell or tafte. Some of the foreign difpenfatories are fo very particular about the nature of the foap ufed in medi- cine, as to dire£t it to be prepared by the apothecary, by fimply triturating, without the affiftance of heat, Provence oil, with half its weight of a folution of foda, of the fpecific gravity of i.375> until they unite. Soap is dccompofed by all the acids, earths, and earthy and me- talline falts. The acids combine with the alkali, and feparate the oil. The earths form an infoluble earthy foap with the oil, and feparate the alkali •, while with the falts there is a mutual decom- pofitlon, their acid combines with the alkali, and earthy or metalline foaps are formed. Med. ufe. — The detergent property of foap, or the p6wer it pof- fefles of rendering oily and refmous fubftances mifclble with water, has given rife to very erroneous notions of its medical virtues. It was fuppofed to render fuch fubftances more readily foluble in the juices of the ftomach, and in the fluids of the body, and to be well fitted for diiTolving fuch oily or undtuous matters as it may meet with in the body, attenuating vifcid juices, opening obftrudions of the vifcera, and deterging all the veflels it pafles through. It has likewife been fuppofed a powerful menftruum for the urinary calculus ; and a folution of foap in lime-water, has been confider- ed as one of the ftrongeft difTolvents that can be taken with fafety into the ftomach j for the virtue of this compofition has been thought confiderably greater than the aggregate of the difTolving powers of the foap and lime-water when unmixed. How erroneous thefc ideas are, appears evidently, when we re- coUc^b the very eafy decompofition of foap, .which renders it per- 334 Materia Medica, Part II. feflly impoflible that it fhould enter the circulathig fyftem, or indeed come into conta£i: with the fluids even of the mouth, with- out being decompofed. As to the folution of foap in Hme-water, we may obfcrve, that it is only a clumfy way of exhibiting a folu- tion of foda ; for the foap is decompofed, an infoluble foap of lime is formed, and the foda remains in folution. The internal ufe of foap fliould therefore be confined, in our opinion, to the giving form to other fubftances which are not decompofed by it, and to decompofe metallic poifons when they have been taken into the ftomach. For this laft purpofe, a tea cupful of a folution of foap, in four times its weight of water, may be drunk every three or four minutes, until a fufficient quantity be taken. Applied externally, it is a very powerful detergent, and combines the ftimulating properties of the alkali with the lubrlcitating nature of the oil. In this way it often proves a powerful difcutient, and a ufeful application to fprains and bruifes. 0^. prep* — Tin6t. Ed. Tincl. cum opio, Ed. Linim fap. Lond. Dtih. Sp. am. fuccin. Lond. Pil aioet, Ed. Pil aloes cum alfa foetid. Ed. Pil fcill. Lond, Dub. Pil (lib. comp. Dub. Cerat faponis, Zow^. Dub, Emp. fap. Lotid. Dub. Ed. SCILLA MARITIMA. Radix. (Ed.) Sciila. Radix. {Loud. Dub.) Squill. The root. Willd. g. 640. Jp. I . Hexandria Monogytiia. — Nat. ord. Lilia' ceec. The fquill is a perennial bulbous-rooted plant, which grows wild on the fandy fhores of Spain, Portugal, north of Africa, and the Levant. The root is about the lize of the fift, pear-fhaped, with the apex upwards, and confifts of flefliy fcales, attenuated at both edges, furrounded by other fcales, which are arid, fhining, and fo thin that the root at firft fight feems to be tunicated. The recent roots are full of a white vifcid juice, have fcarcely any fmell, but a very bitter, naufeous, and extremely acrid, tafte. Rubbed on the Ikin, it inflames and blifters. It is more commonly met with in the fhops, in the form of the dried fcales, which fhould be brittle, femipellucid, fmooth, but marked with lines, and when chewed, fliould feel tenacious, and taite very bitter, without manifeft acrimony. The a£tivc conftituent of the fquill is the acrid principle ; and, therefore, it becomes almoft inert by too much drying, or by being kept too long in the form of powder. It alfo contains bitter ex- tractive, much mucilage, albumen, and ftarch. Medical ufe. — Given internally in large dofes, it produces purg- ing and vomiting, fometimes even ftrangury, bloody urine, inflam- Part II. Materia Medica, 335 mation, and erofion of the ftomach. In fmaller dofes it proyes a ufeful expeaorant and diuretic, and it is faid to leflen the fre- quency of the pulfe. Squill is fometimes given as a general ftimulant in typhus, el- pecially to cattle. But it is much more frequently exhibited as an expe6lorant where the lungs are loaded with vifcid matter, and as a diuretic in dropfical cafes, for which purpofe it is commonly con- joined with calomel. The dofe of fquill is one or two grains three or four times a- day •, and the moft commodious form for the taking of fquills, un- lefs when defigned as an emetic, is that of a bolus, or pill : liquid forms are to moft people too ofFenfive, though thefe may be ren- dered lefs difagrecable both to the palate and ftonfiach by the ad- dition of aromatic diftilled waters. Of. prep. Syrupus fcilliE maritim^e, Ed. Mel. fcillae, Lond. Dub. Oxymel fcillsc, Lond. Scill. mar. exficcat, Ed. Lond, Dub. Acet. fcillx, Lond. Dub- Conferva, Lond, Tintlura, Lond, Dub, Pil, Ed. Lond, Dub. SINAPIS. Willd, g, 1 246. Tetradyuamia SUlquofa, — Nat. ord. Siliquofa, Sp, 4. SiNAPis Alba. Semen^, {Ed.) Sinapis, Semina, {Dub'' White muftard. The feeds. Sp, 5. Sin APIS Nigra. Sinapis* Semen. {Lond.) Common muftard. The feeds. These plants are both annual, both grow wild in England, and poflefs fimilar virtues. They produce fmall round comprefled feeds, which have an acrid bitterifti tafte, and a pungent fmell when reduced to powder. The common muftard has blackifti feeds, and is more pungent than the white. They impart their tafte and fmell in perfe£lion to aqueous li- quors, whilft rcdified fpirit extra£ls extremely little of either : the whole of the pungency arifes with water in diftillation. Commit- ted to the prefs, they yield a confiderable quantity of a foft infipid oil, perfeftly void of acrimony : the cake left after the expreflion, is more pungent than the muftard itfelf. Medical ufe. — Muftard-feed is fwallowed entire, to the quantity of a table fpoonful or more, to ftimulatc the ftomach in fome cafes of dyfpepfia, and to excite the periftakic motion of the inteftines, efpecially when they are torpid, as in paralyfis. The powder made into a pafte with water, is commonly ufed as a condiment with animal food *, infufed in water, it proves emetic when taken in confiderable dofes, and in fmaller ones, a^s as a diuretic and ape- 336 Materia Medica, Part II. rientj but it is more frequently applied externally as a topical ftimulus, made into a pafte or finapifm with vinegar and bread- crumb. Off", prep, — Oleum fixum, Lond. Dtih, Cataplafma, Lond. Dub, Emp. mel. vefic. comp. Ed, SlUM NODiFLORUM. ^wm, Herba. {Lond.) Creeping fkerrit. The herb. WHld, g. 544. Jp. 4. Pentandria Digynia, — Nat. ord. Umhel^ lata. This plant is perennial, and grows wild in rivers and ditches in England. It was formerly alleged to be not only a diuretic, but alfo an emmenagogue and lithontriptic. With thefe intentions, however, it is not now employed. Dr. Withering mentions, that a young lady of fix years old was cured of an obftinate cutaneous difeafe by taking three large fpoonfuls of the juice twice a-day ; and he adds, that he has given repeatedly to adults three or four ounces every morning, in fimilar complaints. In fuch dofes it neither afFefts the head, ftomach, nor bowels. Children take it readily when mixed with milk. SISYMBRIUM NASTURTIUM. Herba, {Ed,) Najiurtium aquatkum, Herba recefis, [Lond,) Herba, (Dub.^ Common water- crefles. The recent herb. IVil/d. g, 1238.^. I. Tetradynamia Siliquofa. — Nat. ord. S'di- This plant is perennial, and grows wild in clear fprings and rivulets throughout Britain. Its leaves remain green all the year, but are in greateft perfection in the fpring. They have a quick pungent fmell (when rubbed betwixt ti\Q fingers), and an acrid tafte, fimilar to that of fcurvy-grafs, but weaker. By drying or boiling, it lofes its fenfible qualities entirely. Medical ufe, — It a£ts as a gentle ftimulantand diuretic : for thefe pur-^ofes, the exprefied juice, which contains the peculiar tafte and pungency of the herb, may be taken in dofes of an ounce or two, and continued for a confiderable time. SMIL AX SARSAPARILLA. Radw, {Ed.) Sarfaparilla, Radix. {Lond, Dub.) - ■ Sarfaparilla. The root. Dloecia Hexandria, — Nat. ord. Sarme:itacea. This root is brought from the Spanifh Wefl-Indies. It cohfi-fts of a great number of long ftrings hanging from one head : the long roots, the only part made ufe of, are of a blackifn colour on the outfide, and white within, about the thicknefs of a goofe-quill, or thicker, flexible, compofcd of a very fmall woody heart, fur- Part II. Materia Meclica. '337 rounded with fibres running their whole length, which renders them extremely apt to fplit. They have a glutinous, bltterifli, not ungrateful tafte, nnd no fmell. Inferior kinds of this root are alfo fold. They are in general thicker, of a paler colour on the outfide, and lefs white within, with a much thicker woody heart. Neu- mann got from 960 grains, 360 watery, and 10 alcoholic, extract, and inverfely 240 alcoholic, and 120 watery. Medical life. — It was fird brought into Europe by the Spaniards, about the year 1563, with the chara£ler of being a fpecific for the cure of the lues venerea, a difeafe which made its appearance a httle before that time, and likevvife of feveral obftinate chronic dif- orders. It is, however, a very inert mucilaginous fubftance ; and the diaphorefis, which it is fometimes fuppofed to produce, is en- tirely owing to the warm and diluent regimen employed at the fame time. Of, prep.—Dtcod:. Ed. Lond. Dub. SOLANUM DULCAMARA. Dulcamara. Stipites, [Duh.) Bitter-fwect. The twigs. Willd, g, ^S^' Jp' 15. Pentatidria Momgynia, — Nat. ord. So- la7iace£' This plant grows wild in moid hedges, has woody brittle (talks, and climbs on the buflies. The tafte of the twigs and roots, as the name of the plant exprefles, is both bitter and fwcet j the bit- ternefs being firft perceived, and the fweetnefs afterwards. Medical ufe, — The dulcamara was formerly much efteemed as a powerful medicine. It is in general faid to occafion fome con- fiderable evacuation by fweat, urine, or ftool, particularly the latter. It has been recommended as a difcutient and refolvent medicine j and it has been faid to be attended with good effects in obftinate cutaneous difeafes of the herpetic kind. It has alfo been ufed, and fometimes with advantage, in cafes of rbeumatifm, jaundice, and obftru6ted menftruation. It has principally been employed under the form of watery infufion, fometimes under that of extract. SOLIDAGOVIRGA AUREA. Virga aurea. Flores. Folia, {Dub.) Golden-rod. The flowers and leaves. Syngenejia Siiperflua. — Nat. ord. Compofittz radiatts. This plant is perennial, and is found wild on heaths and in woods, producing fpikes of yellow flowers in Auguft. The leaves have a moderately aftringent bitter tafte j and hence prove fervice- jible in debility and laxity of the vifcera, and diforders proceeding from thjit caufe. Y 34O Materia Medica. ' Part II. and informs us, that he has frequently given from two to four grains, without its proving at all emetic ; that from four to eight grains both vomit and purge without violence j that its operation is foon over ; and that if given in a liquid form, and fufficiently diluted, it does not need any corre6lor ; that in the form of a bo- lus or pill, it is moll apt to prove emetic, but very rarely has this efFeft if joined along with Calomel. He neverthelefs cautions againft its ufe where the patients cannot eafily bear vomiting. It has been ufed in dropfy v/ith cream of tartar or jalap, or both, to quicken their operation. It is alfo recommended by fome to the extent of fifteen grains, M'ith an equal quantity of vegetable alkali, in cafes of the tape-worm. This dole is ordered in the morning ; and if the worm is not expelled in two or three hours, i.t is repeated even to the third time with fafety and efficacy. It is afTerted, that it has been given to this extent even in delicate habits. It is an ingredient, and probably the a£live one, in mcft of the iiollrums for expelling t3sni?e. STANNUM. (LonJ.) Limatura etpulvis. {Duh, Ed.) The general properties of tin have been already mentioned. It is found, 1. Sulphuretted, and combined with copper. Tin-pyrites. 2. Oxidized. a. Combined with oxide of iron and iilica. Common tin- flone. l\ Combined with oxide of iron and a little arfenic. Fi- brous tinllonc. The befl tin is found in Cornwall, or is brought from the Eaft- Indies. Its purity is eflimated by its fmall fpecitic gravity, and by the crackling noife it makes when bent. It is now only ufed as an anthelmintic, cfpecially in cafes of taenia, and probably a£ls mechanically. Off', prep. — Pulvis ftanni, Lond. Dub. STYRAX. Willd. g. 874. Decamiria Motiogynia. — Nat. ord. B'lcornes. Sp, I. Styrax Officinale. Balfamnm. {Ed.') Styrax. Reftna. {Lond.) Styrax calaniita, Reftna . (Dub,) Storax. A balfam. This tree grows in the Levant, and in Italy and France. The ftorax flows from wounds made in the bark, in countries where Part II. Materia Medic a. 341 tT»e heat is fufficjent, for neither in France nor in Italy does it furnilli any. It is either in fmall diftin£t tears, of a whidfh or reddifli colour, or in large mafles compofed of fuch, or in maifes of an uniform texture and yellowifh red or browniih colour ; though fometimes likewife interfperfed with a few whitifh grains. The common fiorax of the ftiops is in large mafTcfS, confiderably lijrhter and lefs compact than the foregoing ; it appears on exarai- iiiUion to be compofed of a fine refinous juice, mixed with a quan- tity of faw-duft. Storax has an ajrreeable fmell, and an aromatic tafte. Neumann got from 480 grains, 360 alcoholic, and 30 of watery, extract, and inverfely 120 watery, and 240 alcoholic. In diftillation it yielded benzoic acid. It i?, therefore, a balfam, or natural combination o£ reGn with benzoic acid. Off. p'€p,—^K)T2iyi purif. Lond. Dub. Tln^. bcnz. comp. Lond. Ed. 5/?. 3. Styrax Benzoin. Bcdfamum. {Ed.) Benzoc. Refwa^ [Lend.) Benzoimim. Refttta. [Dub.) Benzoin, a balfam. This fpecies grows in Sumatra, and, like the former, alfo fur- niflies a balfam on being wounded. It is brought from the Ead-Indies only; in large mafles com- pofed of white and light brown pieces, or yellowifh fpecks, break- ing very eafily betwixt the hands : fuct\ as is whitifh, and free from impurities, is moft efteemed. In its properties it differs from ftoraxj only in containing a larger proportion of benzoic acid. Neumaim found that it was totally foluble in alcohol, forming a blood-red tin6lure, and tliat water extradled no gummy matter, but a notable proportion of benzoic acid. By fublimation he got two ounces of impure acid from (ix- teen of benzoin. Lime and the alkaline carbonates diffolve the acid without attacking the refm, and are accordingly employed iir the procefles of Scheele, Gcettling, and Gren, for obtaining the benzoic acid. I find that the folution of potafs diflblvcs benzoin very rapidly, forming a dark coloured folution, mixed with fine cryilals of benzoat of potafs. This alkaline folution is not de- compofed by water, but forms with acids a rofe-coloured coagulum^ eafily foluble in excefs of acid. Boiling nitrous acid alfo attacks benzoin with great violence, the folution becomes turbid, and lets- fall a "copious precipitate on cooling. It is alfo decompofed bjr water, and by alkaUne folutions. Off. prep. — Acid benzoic, Ed. Lond. Dub. Tind. benz. comp- Ed. Lond. Y3 34O Materia Medka. ' Part II. and informs us, that he has frequently given from two to four grains, without its proving at all emetic \ that from four to eight grains both vomit and purge without violence ; that its operation is foon over ; and that if given in a liquid form, and fufficiently diluted, it does not need any corre6lor ; that in the form of a bo- lus or pill, it is mofl apt to prove emetic, but very rarely has this effe£l if joined along with Calomel. He neverthelefs cautions againft its ufe where the patients cannot eafily bear vomiting. It has been ufed in dropfy with cream of tartar or jalap, or both, to quicken their operation. It is alfo recommended by fome to the extent of fifteen grains, with an equal quantity of vegetable alkali, jn cafes of the tape-worm. This dole is ordered in the morning ; and if the worm is not expelled in two or three hours, it is repeated even to the third time with fafety and efRcacy. It is aflerted, that it has been given to this extent even in delicate habits. It is an ingredient, and probably the and, Dub.) Impure fuper-tartrate of potafs. Tartar. Tartar exifts in verjuice and in muft, and is depofited on the fides of the caflcs by repofe, from which it is fcraped fome time before the next vintage, to prepare the cafks to receive the nevir wine. The deepeft coloured and coarfeft wines generally give mod tartar ; and it gets the name of white or red tartar according to its colour. It is purified by diflblving it in boiling water, and feparating the earthy part by filtrating the coiling folution. On cooling the folu- tion, it depofites irregular cryftals, containing the oily and colour- ing matters, which are feparated by boiling the mafs with a white clay. At Venice it is purified by diflblving it in water, and clari- fying it with whites of eggs and aflies. The tartar thus purified, when cryftallized, or in powder, is called Cream of Tartar. Its cryftals are fmall and irregular, and do not melt In the mouth, but feel gritty under the teeth. It has an acid harfh tafte. It is foluble in fixty times its weight of water at 60°, and in thirty at 212°. It is decompofed, and its acid is deftroycd, by heat. It contains 23 parts of potafs, according to Bergman, and 33, accord- ing to Thenard. Medical ufe. — The virtues of tartar are thofe of a mild, cooling, aperient, laxative medicine. It is much ufed in dropfy ; and fomc allege that it has good efFc6ls as a deobftrucnt, in dropfy from fcir- rhus. Taken from half an ounce to an ounce, it proves a gentle, though efFedual purgative. Given in fmaller dofes, and in folu- tion, it often 2.0is as a powerful diuretic. Off. prep. — Tartris potalTae, Ed. Lond. Bub. Tartris pot. et fodse, Ed. Lond. Dub. Tartris ant. Ed. Lofid, Dub. Ferrum tar- tarifat, Lond. Inf. fennse tartar. Lond. Pulv. jalap, comp. Ed, Pulv. fcam. comp Ed. Pulv. fennje comp. Ed, SUS SCROFA. Adeps. {Ed.) Sus. Adeps, {Lond.) . Adeps fuUlus, [Dub.) The hog. The fat. Hogs lard. CI. Matnmalia, — Ord. Pachyderma. In hogs-lard we have a very pure animal fat, almoft entirely free from any peculiar impregnation, and of a foft confiftence. Hence it is a very ufefu^ emollient for relaxing thofe parts to which it is applied ; and it is alfo a very convenient article for giving the proper confiftence to ointments, plafters, and liniments. Indeed this and the fevum ovillum, or mutton-fuet, are the only fats now 348 Materia Medica. Part 11. retained by the London and Edinburgh colleges, although formerly more than twenty different fats entered fome lifts of materia me- dica. Each particular fat was then fuppofed to poffefs peculiar properties ; but for this there is probably no foundation : even thole retained are now lefs employed than before, as it has been imagined that a proper confiftence of any kind may be more cer- tainly obtained by determined proportions of wax and oil ; but as thefd articles are more expenfive, hogs-lard and mutton- fuet are often fubftituted for them by the apothecaries. Oft, prep Adeps ppt. Lond. Ungt. adipis fuill. Lond, Ungt. refin. Ed. Empl. canth. Lotid, Dub. Ungt. hell. alb. Dub. Ungt. fulph. Ed. Ungt. acidi nitrofi, Ed, Ungt. hydrarg. Ed. Lond. Dub. Ungt. oxidi hydrarg. rubri, Ed. Ungt. nitrat. hydrarg. Ed., Lond. Dub. Ungt. infuf. mel. vefic. Ed, SWIETENIA. Willd. g. 843. Decandria Momgyma. — Nat. ord. Trihilata. Sp. I. SwiE TENIA Mahagoni. Covtex. (Ed.) Mahogany tree. The bark. This majeftic tree grows principally in Jamaica and in Spanifh America. Its ufeful wood is univerfally known. Its bark is brown, rough, and fcaly ; on the branches grey and fmoother. Its tafte is very aftringent, and bitterer than that of Peruvian bark. Its fmell weak and aromatic. In its properties and a£tion on the living body, it coincides with Peruvian bark, and may be fubftitut- ed for it in many fituations, Sp. 2. SwiETENiA Febrifuga. CokUx. {Ed.) Febrifuge Swietenia. The bark. This fpecies, which in many i^fpeif^s refembles the former, is a native of the Eaft-Indies. Its bark is red, brittle, and compaft, and covered with a rough grey cuticle. In its properties it agrees with the mahogany bark, and forms a very valuable fubftitute for Peruvian bark in the Eaft-Indies, where this laft is fo dear and fcarce, and the difeafcs in which it is indicated fo common. It is, however, merely an aftringent bitter, and contains no cinchonin. Dr. Roxburgh fent from India a quantity of the cxtra£t of this bark, which could not be diftinguilh.ed from the kino of the Ihops. TAMARINDUS INDICA. Fru^us conditus. (Ed.) Tama^ r'lndus. EruBus, (Lond. Dub.) Tamarind tree. The preferved fruit. Wiild. g. 12^0, ft>. I. Monndflphia Triandria. — Nat. ord. Lo' Part II. Materia Medica. 349 This tree grows both in the Eaft and Weft Indies. The fruit is a broad afli-coloured pod. The external covering is thin and brittle, and contains fereral hard feeds, enveloped in a foft brown pulp. Tamarinds are cured in two ways. The common way is to throw hot fugar from the boilers on the ripe pulp •, but a better method is to put alternate layers of tamarinds and powdered fugar in a ftone jar. By this means the tamarinds preferve their colour, and tafte more agreeably. Eaft-India tamarinds are longer than the Weft-India fort ; the former containing fix or feven feeds each, the latter rarely above three or four. Preferved tamarinds fliould be frefh and juicy, and (hould have an agreeable acid tafte. They (liould not have a mufty fmell ; the feeds fliould not be foft and fwollen, and the bbde of a knife ihould not get a coathig of copper by being immerfed amongft them. Tamarinds contain fugar, mucilage, citric acid, fuper-tartrite of potufs, tartarous acid, and malic acid. Medical ufe, — The pulp of thefe fruits, taken in the quantity of from two or three drachms to an ounce or more, proves gently laxative and purgative ; and at the fame time, by its acidity, quenches thirlt, and allays immoderate heat. It increafes the ac- tion of the purgative fvveets, caffia and manna, and weakens that of the refnious cathartics. •Salts, whofe bafe is potafs, form an Im.proper addition to tama- rind, for they are decompofed, and the tartarous acid of the fruit is precipitated in the form of fuper- tartrate of potafs. Off, prep.— \nL cum fenna, JEfi. Eled, caffia;, Ed, Ur:d- DuL Eled. fennae, Ed, Lo?id. TANACETUM VULGARE. Fclia, Flores. {Ed.) Tafiacefum. Folia, (DiA) Flos.Herba. {Lond.) Tanfy. The flower and leaves. Syngenejia fuperjliia. — Nat. ord. Compofttx difcoidex. Tansy is perennial, and grows wild by road- fides and the bor- ders of fields, and is frequently alfo cultivated in gardens, botli for culinary and medicinal ufes : it flowers in June and July. Medical ufe, — Confidered as a medicine, it Is a moderately warm bitter, accompanied with a ftrong, not very difagreeable flavour. Some phyficians have had a great opinion of it in hyileric diforders, particularly thofe proceeding from a deficiency or fupprefljon of the uterine purgations. The leaves and feeds have been of con- fiderable efteem as anthelminrics -, the feeds arc lefs bitter, and more acrid and aromaric than thofe of rue, to which they arc reckoned fimilar ; or of fantonicum, for which they have been fre- quently fubftituted. An infufion of tanfy, drunk in a manner 350 Materia Medica. Part II. fimilar to tea, has been (Irongly recommended as a preventive of the return of gout. TEUCRIUM. IVilld. g. 1093. Dldynamia Gymnofpermia, — Nat. ord. Verticil- laU. Sp. 12. Teucrium Marum. Marum Syriacum, Htrha. (Lond. Dub.)^ Syrian herb maftich. This is a fmall Ihrubby plant, growing fpontaneoufly in Syria, Candy, and other warm climates, and cultivated with us in gar- dens. The leaves have an aromatic bitterilh tafte •, and, when rubbed betwixt the fingers, a quick pungent fmeil, like volatile al- kali, which foon afFe6ls the head, and occafions fneezing: diftilled with water, they yield a very acrid, penetrating eflential oil, re- fembling that of fcurvy-grafs. Thefe qualities fufficiently point out the ufes to which this plant might be applied ; at prefcnt it is little otherwife employed than in cephalic fnufFs. Off, prep. — Pulv. afari comp. I^i. Lond. Dah» Sp, 34. Teucrium Scordium. Scordium, Herba, (^Lond,) Water germander. The herb. This is a fmall, fomewhat hairy, perennial plant, growing wild in fome parts of England, though not very common : the (hops are generally fupplied from gardens. It has a bitter tafte, and a ftrong difagreeable fmell. Off. prep, — Catap. cumini, Lond. TOLUIFERA BALSAMUM. Balfamum, {Ed.) Balfamum *Tolutanum. [Lofid, Dub.) Balfam of Tolu. Willd, g, SlS' fp, I. Decafidrla Monsgynia, — Nat. ord. Lomen- tacea. This tree grows in Spanifli America, and the balfam flows from incifions made in its bark, during the hot feafon, and is brought to us in little gourd (hells. It is of a yellowKh-brown colour, inclining to red : in confiitence thick and tenacious : by age it grows hard and brittle, without fufFerlng any great lofs of its more valuable parts. The fmell of this balfam is extremely fra- grant, fomewhat refembllng that of lemons ; its tafte warm and fweetifli. Lewis fays that he has fometimes procured benzoic acid from it ; it yields very little volatile oil, although it impreg- nates the diftilled water ftrongly with its flavour. By diflblving a proper quantity of fugar in this water, a fyrup is -obtained, greatly Part II. Materia Medica, 351 fuperior to that prepared in the common way, with a decolved in the water. By evaporating it, the albumen firft feparates in white flakes, and the fweet mucilage may be got by total evaporation. It is the pre fence of gluten which characterizes wheat flour ; and on the due admixture of it with the other conftituents depends the fuperiority o wheat-flour for baking bread. Bread is made by working the flour into a pafte with water, a quantity of fome ferment, fuch as yeaft, and a little muriate of fo- da to render it fapid, allowing the pafte to ftand until a certain de- gree of fermentation take place, and then baking it in an oven heat- ed to about 488*^. During the fermentation a quantity of gas is formed, and as it is prevented from efcaping by the toughnefs cf the pafte, and dilated by the heat of the oven, the bread is render- ed light and fpongy. In this procefs the nature of the conftitu- ents of the flour is altered, for we arc not able to obtain either glu- ten or ftarch from bread. Medical ufe, — Bread is not only one of the moft important arti- cles of nourifliment, but is alfo employed in pharmacy for malcing cataplafms, and giving form to more active articles. An infufion of toafted bread has a deep colour and pleafant tafte, and is an ex- cellent drink in febrile difeafes, and debility of the ftomach. TUSSILAGO FARFARA. Folia. Floret, {Ed.) Tuffllago- Herba. (Loud.) Folia, {Dub.) Colts foot. The herb and flowers. Syngenefta fuperflua. — Nat. ord. CcmpoJtU radiate. This grows vvikl in moift f.tuations, producing yellow flowers in February and March : thefe foon fall off, and are fucceeded by large roundifli leaves, hairy underneath : their tafte is herbaceous, fomewhat glutinous and fubacrid. Tuflilago is recommended in coughs, phthifls, and other diforders of the breaft and lungs, and fome ufe it in fcrofula. It is chiefly direded tx) be taken with milk ; and upon this probably, more than on the tuflilago itfelf, any benefit derived from it in pra<^ice is to be explained. Part IT. Materia Medica. 353 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. Cortex interior. [Ed,) Ulmus. Cor^ tex interior, {Lond. Dub,) Elm tree. The inner bark. Willd. g. S'^S'fP' *• I*efttandna DigymH. — ^Nat. ord. Scahrida^ This tree grows wild in Britain, The inner bark has a yellow- iih colour, and a mucilaginous, bitter, aftringent tafte, without fmell. A decoilion formed from it, by boiling an ounce with a pound of water, to the confumption of one half, has- been highly recom- mended in the lepra iclithyofis, and has been faid to cure dropfies. URTICA DIOICA. Urtica. Herha, {Lond,) Common nettle. The plant. Monoecia Tetrandria, — Nat. ord. Scabrida. This is a well known perenniAi weed. The leaves of the fi'efli plant ftimulate, inflame, and raife blifters on thofc parts of the fxciu which they touch. Hence, when a powerful rubefaciant is requir- ed, ftinging with nettles has been recommended. It has been al- leged to have fometimcs fucceeded in reftoring fenfe and motion to paralytic limbs. VALERIANA OFFICINALIS. Radix. {Ed,) Valeriana fylvejiris. Radix, {Lond. Dub.) Wild valerian. The root. PVi/Id, g. TS'/P' ^' ^fi^ndria Momgynia. — Nat. ord. Aggregate, This plant is perennial, and grows wild in Britain. Like many Other plants, it varies in its appearance and fenfible qualities, accord- ing to the fituation in which it grows. In marfhes and (hadowy places its leaves arc broader, on dry heaths and high paltures they arc narrower. The roots produced in low watery grounds, have a remarkably faint fmell in comparifon of the others, and fometimes fcarcely any. The roots taken up in autumn or winter, have alfo much llronger fenfible qualities than thofe colledled in fpring and furn- mer- The root confifts of a number of firings or fibres matted toge- ther, ilTuingfrom one common head, of a whitifh or pale brownifh colour : its fmell is ftrong, like ^ mixture of aromatics with fe- tids ; the tafte unpleafantly warm, bitterifli, and fubacrid. Neu- mann got from 480 grains of the dry root 186 alcoholic, and 74 watery extract j and inverfely, a6i watery and 5 alcoholic. The diftilled alcohol was flightly, the water ftrongly, impregnated with the fmell of the valerian, but no feparable oil was obtained. Medical uft, — Wild valerian is a medicine of great ufe in nerv- ous diforders, and is particularly ferviceable in epilepfies proceed- ing from a deibility of the nervous fyftem. Z 354 Materia Medica. Part II. Some recommend It as ufeful in procuring fleep, particukrly in fever, even when opium fails: but it is principally ufeful in af- fections of the hyflerical kind. ' The common dofe is from a fcruple to a drachm in powder : and in infufion, from one to two drachms. Its unpleafant flavour is moft effectually concealed by a fuitable addition of mace. As its virtues refide entirely in an effential oil, the docoftion and watery extract are improper forms for exhibiting it. Of. prep, — ^TinCl. Lotjci. Tin£l. ammon. Lond. Dub. Extra6l:, Dub. VERATRUM ALBUM. Radix. {Ed.) Hellcborus aihus. Radix. {Lend. Dub.) White hellebore. The root. Polygamia Alomecia. — Nat. ord. Liliacea. This plant grows fpontaneoufly in Switzerland and the moun- tainous parts of Germany. The root has a naufeous, bitterilli, acrid tafte, burning the mouth and fauces : if wounded when frefli, it emits an extremely acrimonious juice, which, when inferted in- to a wound, is faid to prove very dangerous. Neumann got from 960 grains 560 watery and 10 alcoholic extract; and inverfely, 42c alcoholic and 180 watery. Nothing rofe in diftillation. Medical ufe, — The powder of the dried root, applied to an ifTue, occafions violent purging -, fnuffed up the nofe, it proves a ftrong, •^nd not always a fafe, (lernutatory. Taken internally, it a£ls with extreme violence as an emetic ; and has been obferved, even in a fmall dofe, to occafion convulfions, and even death. The ancients fometimes employed it in very obftinate cafes, and always made this their laft refource. Modern praftice feems to have almoft en- tirely reje£led its internal ufe, though fome have ventured upon fo large a dofe as a fcruple, in maniacal cafes, and are faid to have experienced good effe£ts from it. Off. prep.— Dccoa. Lond. Trndt. Ed. Ungt. Lond. Dub. VERONICA BECCABUNGA. Beccabunga. Herba {Lond.) Folia. {Dub.) Brooklime. The herb. Wllld. g. 4'^.fp. 30. Diatidria Momgynia, — Nat. ord. Pcrfonata. This is a low perennial plant, common in little rivulets and ditches of ftanding water. The leaves remain all the winter, but are in greateft perfe6tion in the fpring. Their prevailing tafte is an herbaceous one, accompanied with a very light bitternefs. If any good effects be expelled from brooklime, it fiiould be ufed as food. 0^./>r^/'.'— Succus coch. comp. Zo«/. » Part It. Materia Medica. '35& VIOLA ODORATA. Fkres. {Ed, Viola. Flos recens, (JLotid.) Flores, {Duh.) March violet. The recent Uower. Willd, g. 4^6. /p. 12. Pentandria Monogynia. — Nat. ord. Campa- This plant is perennial, and is found wild under hedges and in fliady places; but the fl^ops are generally fuppllcd from gardens. Its flowers are fo remarkable for their delightful odour, ,and their peculiar richnefs of colour, that they have given a name to both. In our markets we meet with the flowers of other fpecies : theft* may be didinguiflied from the foregoing by their being larger, of a pale colour, and of no fmell. Med. ufe. — Thty impart their colour and flavour to aqueous li- quors : a fyrup made from this infufion has long maintained a place in the fliops, and is faid to be an agreeable and ufeful laxative for children j but is chiefly valued as a delicate teft of the prefence of uncombined acids or alkalies, the former changing its blue to a red, and the latter to a green colour. Off prep. — Syr. viol^e odorat. Ed. Lond. Dub. VITIS VINIFERA. FruBus /treat us ^ ej usque fuccus fermentatus, {Ed.) Viiis. FruElus. Uva pajfa, Vinuin. 'Tartarum^ Tartari cnjlalli. Acetum. {Lond.) Uvte paffa. y'tnum albmn Hifpanicum^ Vin. album Rhenatium, Vin. rubrum Lufitanicum. (Dub.) The vine. Grapes. Raifms. "Wine. Tartar. Cryftals of tartar. Vinegar. WilUU g* AS3'JP' ^- P^fitandria Alonogynia, — Nat. ord. Heder- acta. The vine grows in temperate fituations in many parts of the world, and is cultivated very generally for the fake of its agree- able fubacid fruit. Before they are ripe, grapes are extremely harfli and acid, and by exprefiion furnifli a liquor which is called Verjuice. It contains malic acid, fuper-tartrate of potafs, and ex- tractive, and may be made to furnifli wine by the addition of fu- gar. As the grape advances to maturity, the quantity of fugar in- creafes, while that of malic acid diminiihes : it however never dif- appears entirely. When thoroughly ripe, the grape is one of the mod agreeable fruits. It is cooling, antifeptic, and nutritious ; and, when eaten in confiderable quantity, diuretic, and gently lax- ative. In inflammatory difeafes, and all others where acids are in- dicated, they form an excellent article of diet. Raisins, uva pajfa^ are grapes which have been carefully dried. By this means not only the water they contained is dillipated, but the quantity of acid feems to be diminiflied. They become more faccharine, mucilaginous, and laxative, than the recent grape, but are lefs cooling. Z2 356 Materia Medica, Part 11. Off, prep. — Deco£V. alth. off. Ed. Deco£l. guiac. comp, Ed. Deco6t. hord. comp. Lond, Tind. card. comp. Lond. Dtth, Tin6t. fcnnje, Lond. Dub. Wine is the juice of the grape altered by fermentation. The numerous varieties of wine depend principally on the proportion of fugar contained in the muft, and the manner of its fermenta- tion. When the proportion of fugar is fufficient, and the ferment- ation complete, the wine is perfed and generous : if the quantity of fugar be too large, part of it remains undecompofed, as the fer*. mentation is languid, and the wine is fweet and lufcious *, if, on the contrary, it be too fraall, the wine is thin and weak ; and if it be bottled before the fermentation be completed, it will proceed flowly in the bottle, and, on drawing the cork, the wine will froth and fparkle in the glafs, as for example Champaigne. When the muft is feparatcd from the huik of the grape before it is ferment- ed, the wine has little or no colour : thefe are called White wines. If, on the contrary, the huflcs are allowed to rem?.in in the muft while the fermentation is goin^r on, the alcohol diflblvesthe colour- ing matter of the hulks, and the wine is coloured : fuch arc called Red wines. Befides in thefe principal circumftances, wines vary very much in flavour. The red wines moft commonly drunk in this country are Port, wliich isftrong and auftere, containing much tannin, and Claret, which is thinner and higher flavoured. Our white wines are all ftrong, Madeira, Sherry, Lifl^on, Malaga, and Hock, Of thefe the laft is the moft acidulous, and Malaga the fweeteft. Med. ufe, — Wine, taken in moderate quantities, a£^s as a bene- ficial ftimulus to the whole fyftem. It promotes digeftion, increafes the a£l:ion of the heart and arteries, raifes the heat of the body, and exhilerates the fpirits. Taken to excefs, it produces inebriety, which is often fuccecded by headach, ftupor, naufea, and diarrhoea, which laft for feveral days. Habitual excefs in wine debilitates the ftomach, produces inflammation of the liver, weakens the ner- vous fyftem, and gives rife to drop fj, gout, apoplexy, tremors, and cutaneous affections. To convalefcents, and in all difeafes of general debility, and de- ficiency of the vital powers, wine is the remedy on which we muft place our chief dependance ; and when properly adminiftered, its effects are often fcarcely credible. The ufe of wine, as an article of pharmacy, will be noticed hereafter. WINTERA AROMATICA. Cortept. {Ed.) Winieranus Cor^ tex officlnarum. Winters bark. Willd. g. 1063. PolyandriaTetragyma. — Nat. ord. Oleracea* Part II. Materia Med'ica, 357 This is the produce of a tree growing about the fouihern pro- montory of America. It was firfl difcovered on the coafl of Ma- gellan by Captain Winter, in the year 1567 : the failors then em- ployed the bark as a fpice, and afterwards found it ferviceable in the fcurvy ; for which purpcfe it is at prefent alfo fometimes mad^ life of in diet drinks. The true Winters bark is not often met with in the Ihops, Canella alba being generally fubftituted for it, and by fome they are reckoned to be the u.v.t: there is, however, a connderable difference betwixt them in appearance, and a greater in quahty. The W^inters bark is in large pieces, of a more cinna- mon colour than the canella, and taftes much warmer and more pungent. Its fmell refemblcs that of cafcarilla. Its virtues reiide in a very hot, ftimulant, eflential oil. ZINCUM. {Ed. Dub. Loud.) Zinc. The general properties of zinc have been already noticed. It is always found oxidize'd, 1. Combined with a greater or lefs proportion of carbonic acid. Calamine. 2. Combined with fulphur. Blende. 3. Combined with fulphuric acid, generally in folution. The ores of zinc arc rarely worked by thcmfelvcs, or with the fole intention of extracting zinc, but are generally melted with the lead ores, particularly galena, which they commonly accompany. By this procefs the zinc is obtained in two forms ; part of it is fub- limed in the ftate of an oxide, and attaches itfelf to the chimney of the furnace in the form of a grey, grenular, earthy-like, incrufta- tion, which is known by the name of tutty or cadmia ; part of it is fubhmed in its metallic form, and is condenfed in the throat of the chimney in fmall grains, which are afterwards melted in a crucible, .and caft in ingots. Off^ prep. — Oxidum zinci, Ed. Lond. Dub. Sulphas zitici, Ed. Jjond' Dub. Oxidum Zinci Impurum. {Ed.) Tuiia. [Lond. Dub.) Impure oxide of zinc. Tutty. It is moderately hard and ponderous ; of a brownifh colour, and full of fmall protuberances on the outfide, fmooth and yellow- ilh whhin j fome pieces have a bluilh caft, from minute globules of zinc in its metallic form. Tutty is celebrated as an ophthalmic, and frequently employed as fuch in ungents and collyria. Of. prep, — Oxidum zinci imp. ppt. Ed. Lend. Ungt. Ed. Lond, Dub. Z3 358 Materia Medica. Pari II. Carbonas Zinci Impurus. (^£d.) Lapis Calaminans. {Duh- Lofid. Impure carbonate of lime. Calamine. This mineral is found plentifully in England, Germany, and other countries, either in diftinft mines, or intermingled with the ores of different metals. It is ufually of a greyilh, brownifh, yel- lowifli, or pale reddilh colour j without luilre, or tranfparency ; fracture commonly uneven or earthy ; confiderably hard, though not fufhciently fo as to ftrike fire with fteel. Before the blow- pipe it decrepitates, but does not melt, and becomes yellower, and is fublimed. It is partly foluble in acids, and often effcrvefces with them. Mr. Smithfon has analyfed feveral varieties of Calamine. Sp. Grav. Ox.ofZinc. Carl.Jc'id. Water. (^/aj Derby fliire 4-333 65.2 34.8 Scme'rfetfhire 4-3 3^> 648 SS-'^ Carinthia 3-598 71.4 ' 13-5 15.1 Hungary 3-434 68.3 4.4 25 Fribourg 38. 12. S^' Calamine is generally roafled before it comes ijito the fliops, to under it mor^ eafily reducible into a fine powder. In this Itate it is employed in collyria, againft defluxions of thin acrid humours upon the eyes, for drying up moiil running ulcers, and healing excoriations. Off. prep. — Cerat. Ed. Lond. Duh. Carb. zinci imp. ppt. Ed, Lend. Dub. Sulphas Zinci. Vitriclum album. [Lond. Dub.) Sulphate oi zinc. White vitriol. This is chiefly found native in the mines of Goflar, fometimes in tranl'parent pieces, but more commonly in the form of white ef- florences, which are diffolved in water, and afterwards reduced by evaporation and cryftallization into large mafles. But as na- tive fulphate of zinc is feldom pure, it is ordered to be prepared. Medical ufe. — "White vitriol is fometimes given, from five or fix grains to half a drachm, as an emetic -, it operates very quickly, and, if pure, without violence. Externally, it is employed as an ophthalmic, and often made the bnfis of collyria, both in extempo- raneous prefcription and in difpenfatories. APPENDIX. ^^ APPENDIX, No. 1 List of Substances contained in some of the latest and most tsteemedforeign Pharmacopoeias, but not inserted in the Materia Medica of any oj the British Colleges. EXPLANATION OF THE ABBREVIATIONS. Roff. — ^Pliarmacopceia Roflica. 8vo. Petropoli, 1798. Auft.prov. — Pharmacopoeia Auftriaco-provincialis,emendata. 8vo. Viennse, 1794. Auft. caft. — Pharmacopoeia Auftriaco-caftrenfis. Svo. Ticiui. 1795- Brem.— Pharmacbpceia in ufum officinarum Reipublicae Bremenfis confcripta. Svo. Bremae, 1 792. Bor. — Pharmacopoeia BorufTica. 410. Berolini, 1799. Gen. — Formulario farmaceutico per ufo dell' Ofpedale di Pamma- tone. 8vo. ' Genova, 1800. Mar. — Apparatus medicaminum nofocomiis, generatim curationi segrotorum pauperum maxime accomodus Francifci Marabelli. Svo. Batavix, anno Reipub. Gall. Vlto. 1798. Van M. — Pharmacopee manuclle, par J. B. Van Mons. Svo. A Bruxelles, an. IX. 1801. La G. — Manuel du Pharmacien par E- J.B. Bouillon La Grange. Svo. A Paris, an. XI. 1803. 366 Materia Medica. Part II, Achillea MILLEFOLIUM. Millefoliiherha,flores. RofT Auft. prov. Brem. Bor. La G. • Smell fomewhat aromatic; tafte ilightly aftringent and bltterilh; effects ftomachic and tonic. ACHILLEA NOBILIS. MiUefolii nohil'u herbay fores. RofT. Smell camphoraceous and aromatic, preferable in every rcfpecl to the preceding fpecies. ACHILLEA PT ARMIC A. Piarmlca radix ; Herha, cumjlo- ribus, RolT. " . No fmell ; tafte acrid ; efFe£ls fialogogue, fternutatoj-y. AEIIANTUM CAPPILUS VENERIS. Capilks veneris. Her-- ha, Auft. prov. Van M. La G. Ufed for preparing the fyrup called Capillaire. AGARICUS MUSCARIUS. Rofi: Smell fetid ; tafte acrid ; efFe^s inebriating, arid inducing deli- rium. ',' -; AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA. Jgrimonia. Herba. Auft. prov. Brem. La G. Slightly ftyptic and aftringent. ALCEA ROSEA. Maha arkreaffres. RoiT. Brem. Bor. No fmell ; tafte mucilaginous and fub-aftrjngent ; efFeds emol- lient and fubaftringent. AMBRA AMBROSIACA GRYSEA. Jmbra grfea. Roff. Bor. Van M. , Smell agreeable ; tafte refinous an4 ?rom^tic ; efFeds exciting and augmenting the nervous power. AMOMUM CURCUMA. Van M.v Qurcuma radix, Bor. Tafte bitteriili aromatic. AMOMUM GRANA PARADISI. Grana paradi/t. Brem. La G. Smell flightly aromatic ; tafte acrid ; cfFeas ftimulating. AMYGDALUS NANA. Nuclei, Roff*. No fmell J bitterilh tafte j a fubfti.tute for fwcet almonds. Fairt 11^ Materia Medica, 36l AMYGDALUS PERSICA. F/(?m. VanM. La G. Aromatic ; bitter \ laxative. ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS. Atiagallis. Herha, Auft. prov. Brem. RoiT. Bor. No fmell ; tafle, at firft harbaceous, afterwards bitter and fome- what acrid. ANEMONE PRATENSIS. PulfatilU nigricantis herha, RofT. Auft. prov. Brem. Smell flight j taftc acrid, cau^ftic, durable ; effcdts diuretic and Himulant. iVNEMONE NEMOROSA. Ranunculi albi fores, et hcrha rr- cfns. Rofl". Smell flight ; tafte acrid ; eiFedls rubefacient and biiilering^ ANTIRRHINUM LIN ARIA. Limria, Aufl. prov. Brem. Bor. Smell urinous ; taftc bittqriih ; efFedis diuretic. ARISTOLOCHIA CLEMATITIS. Ariftoloch'm vulgaris, Ra^ dix. Rofl: Smell fragrant, but heavy j tafte bitter, durable ; eiFcias diuretic, cmmenagogue. ARISTOLOCHIA LONGA. Radix. La G. ARISTOLOCHIA ROTUNDA. Radix. Brem. Bor. La G. Smell, tafte, and effects, fimilar ta thofe of the preceding fpecics. ARISTOLOCHIA TRILOBATA. Stipites. Radix, Ko(f. Smell fragrant, ftrong ; tafte bitterifh, correfpondlng with the fmell; eflPed^ diapjioretic. ARTEMISIA PON nCA. Mfyntbiumpniictm. Het-ha. Am!^, prov. Similar to A. abfinthium, but weaker. ASCLEPIAS yiNCETOXICUM. Radix, UG- Stimulant cordial ; diaphoretic. ASPARAGUS SATIVUS. Radix. La C Tafte, bitter-fweet ; mucilaginous ; aperitive, imparting its fmcU to the urine. ASPLENIUM SCOLOPENDRIUM. Folia. Van M. Sub-aftringent. ASTRAGALUS EXSCAPUS. Radix. Rofl; Auft. prov. Brem. 362 Materia Medica. Part II. No fmell ; tafle bitteriih and fub-aftringent ; effeds demulcent, and falfely fuppofed antifyphilitic AURUM. La G. BELLIS PERENNIS. Flos. Folium. Auft. prov. No fmell ; talle flightly acrid. BETONICA OFFICINALIS. Folia. La G. Aperitive. BETULAALNU3. ^Ini folia. RofT. No fmell J tafte artringent and bitteriih J efFeds difcuhcnt and vulnerary. . BISMUTHUM, vulgo MARCASITA. Bor. A very brittle, fufible, and volatile metal. When diffolved in ni- tric acid, it is precipitated in the form of a white oxide by water. BITUMEN ASPHALTUM. Afphaltum. Bor. A black friable bitumen, (hining in its fracture. . BOLETUS LARICIS. Agarlcus albus, Agaricus chirwgorum. Brem. Auft. prov. Bor. Van M. La G. Tafte naufeous and bitter j effects emetic, cathartic, draftic. BOLETUS SALICIS. Bor.' ....... An unequally porous fungus growing in the wiUow,,^ud.difFuf« ing an aromatic fmell, efpccially after rain. ' '; -' BOLUS ALBA. Auft. prov. BOLUSARMENA. Auft, prov. Bor. Van M. No fmell ; adhere to the tongue ; eiFecSls exficcative. "BORAGO OFFICINALIS. F^/'^,/^^/. /Van M. La G. Saline ; aperitive. BOS TAURUS. Lacvacctnum, Auft'. prov. Gen. Bor. Van M. Nutritious ; demulcent. Serum laSlis vaccini. Mar. Attenuant ; antifeptic Saccharum ladfis. Bor. Nutritious; demulcent. Butyrum. Van M. Un6luou8. Part Ilr Materia Medica, 30% Sevum Bovhium. Rofl". Auft. caft. 'f''^' '> '•* ' ' Uii6tuous, emollient. Fel tauri. Bor. Mar. Van M. Stomachic. BRASSrCA (ERUCA). Eruc^femina. RcfT. Bor. Smell heavy ; talle acrid 5 efFe£ls llimulant. BRUNELL A VULGARIS. Folia. La G. Vulnerary; aftringent. BUBON MACEDONICUM. Semmn. La G. Acrid J aromatic. BUGLOSSUM OFFICINALE. FoVtayfiores. La G. Demulcent. CALENDULA OFFICINALIS. Calendula. AuH. prov. Van M Tafte bitterifti. CANNABIS SATIVA. Cannabis. Semina. Rofi; BremJ Bor. Van M. Smell weak j tafte mawkifh ; efFcds emollient ; anodyne. CARBO. Van M. Antiieptlc *, difoxygenizing. CARDUUS MARIANUS. Carduus Maria. Semen. Brem. Emulfive. CAREX ARENARIA. Radix. RofT. Bor. Smell agreeable, but not ftrong ; efFeas demulcent, refolvent. \ CARLINA ACAULIS. Carlinajeu Cardotathm, Radix. Bor- LaG. , , rrAO" Tafte very acrid and bitter 5 fmell fomewhat aromafic, but nau-" feous. CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS. Grana. La G. Cathartic. CERATONIASILIQUA. Siliqua du/cis. RofT. Auft. prov- Brem. Bor. No fmell ; tafte fweet ; efFeds edulcorant, expeaorant. CHELIDONIUM MAJUS. Radix. Herba recens. Roff. Auft. prov. Brem. Smell heavy •, tafte acrid, bitterifli, durable •, efFeas acrid, purga- tive 5 when dried, aperient, diuretic. 364 Materia Medica. Part II. CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES. Chempodii herha, Brem. Bor. Van M. Smell ftrong, fragrant ; tafte acrid, aromatic ; efFe£ls ftimulant, caminative. anthelmintic. CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS. Botrys vulgaris, Herba. RolT. Van M. Qualities and effects fimilar to, Sut ftronger than, thofc of the preceding fpecies. CICHORIUM INTYBUS. Cichorii radix, herha. RoIT. Auft. prov. et caft. Brem. La G. Van M. Gen. Bor. Mar. No fmell ; tafte of the herb agreeably bitter, of the root intenfe- ly bitter ; efFe£ls aperient, tonic, diuretic. CICUTA VIROSA. Herba. Bor. Smell heavy ; narcotic. CLEMATIS ERECTA.F/fl/w/««/^y<9Wj/o///7,/<»-rj-. RoiS: Auft. prov. Bor. Van M. . Smell wcalt j tafte acrid, bliftering ; efFe^s diuretic, fudorific. COLUBER VIPERA. La G. Nutritious. CONFERVA DICHOTOMA. Fucus helminthocortos, HeU minthocorton, RolT. Brem. Gen. Bor. Mons. Smell marine, fetid ; tafte faline ; cffcfts purgative, anthelmin- tic. CONVALLARIA MAJALIS. Liliorum convallium flsres, Bor, Mons. La G. Aromatic •, cephalic. CONVOLVULUS AMERICANUS. Mechoacanna, Radix. Brern. La G. Tafte at firft fweetifli, then fub-acrid ; effe£l purgative. CONVOLVULUS TURPETHUxM. Radix. Van M. Cathartic. CORDIAMYXA. Fruaus, La G. Peaoral. CUCUMISMELO. Melo, Sem^n. Auft. prov. Bor, Emulfive. CUCURBITAPEPO. Pff>o, Semen. Auft. prov. Emulfive. Part II. Materia Medica, 365 CYCAS CIRCINALIS* Sago grana^ Roff. Brem. Amylaceous; nutritious. CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE. Radix, VanM. La G. Aftringent ; infpiiTaiit. CYNOMORIUM COCCINEUM. Fungus MelUenfts. RofT. No fmell; tafte llyptic,.bitteri{h, falinc; effeds roborant, stilrin- gent. CYTINUS HYPOCISTIS. Hypociftls, Succus infpijfatus, Auft. prov. Tafte acid, auftere ; efFed aftringent. DiCTAMNUS ALBUS. Radix. Auft. prov.Brcm. Bor. La G. Smell fragrant ; tafte bitter, fub-aromatic \ efi'eds tonic, anthel- mintic. DIGITALIS EPIGLOTTIS. Folia. Gen. An Italian fubftitutc for the'D. propurea. EPIDENDRUM VANILLA, VnnilUJiliqua, RofT. VanM. LaG. Smell fragrant, balfamic j tafte aromatic, fub-acid, un£luous ; cfFefts heating, diuretic. ERINGIUM CAMPESTRE. Radix. LaG. Aperitive ; diuretic. EUPATORIUM CANNABINUM. Folia, VanM. Smell acrid, penetrating ; tafte intenfcly bitter ; diuretic ; eme- tic; cathartic. ^ EUPHORBIA OFFICINALIS. Euphorbii gummi. RofT. Auft. prov. Ber. Van M. No fmelj ; tafte at firft none, then pungent, burning ; eiFefts acrid, draft ic. EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS. Herba. VanM. LaG. Ophthalmic. ERYSIMUM OFFICINALE. Eryftmum. Herba, Brem. La G. Taft^ acrid ; effects aftringent, diuretic. FAGARA OCTANDRA. Tacamahaca. Gummi-refina. RofT. , Bor. Smell fragrant like lavender ; tafte bitterifti, naufeous ; efFecls tonic, ftimulant. FICUS INDICA RELIGIOSA. Lacca gummi. RofT. Brem. Bor. Reiinous. 366 Materia Medka, Part II. FORMICA RUFA. Fsrmica cum acervo, RofT. Brem. Bor. Qualities and efFe£ls depend on the little acetous acid they con- tain. FRAGARIA VESCA. Radix. Van M. Refrigerant ; diuretic. GADUS LOTA. MuJielaJluviatiUs, Liquamen hepatis. Aufl:. prov. Detergent ; folvent. GENTIANA PANNONICA. Geniiam, Radix. Auft. prov. et call. Qualities and efFedls the fame as thofe of the gentiana lutea, GEUMRIVALE. Gei paiujlris radix. Roll; Smell weak ; tafte ftyptic, aullere ; efFecls tonic, aftringent, fe- brifuge. GEUM URBANUM. CaryophyllaU radix. RolT. Aull. prov. Brem. Bor. LaG. Smell caryophyllaceous, loft by drying ; tafte ftyptic, bitter j cfFe6ls tonic, aftringent, febrifuge ; faid to be an excellent fubfti- tute for Peruvian bark. GLECOMA HEDERACEA. Hedcra Urreftris , Herba. Auft, prov. Brem. Bor. Van M. La G. Tafte bitterifti, fub-acrid j efi^edls expectorant, roborant. GLYCYRRHIZA ECHINATA. Liquiritia, radix. Bor. A Ruffian fubftitute for the G. glabra. GUILANDINA MORINGA. Nuces Behen. Bor. Oily. HEDERA HELIX. Gummi-rejna. LaG. Agglutinant. HIRUDO MEDICINALIS. Hirudo. Animal vivtMu Auft. caft. Gen. Bor. Mar. Topical abftrad^ion of blood. HUMULUS LUPULUS. Lupulijlrobuli. Bor. La G. Agreeably bitter •, anodyne j diuretic ; refolutive. HYPERICUM QUADRANGULARE. Hypericum, Flwes. Brem. Smell agreeable ; tafte bitterifti, fub- aftringent, balfamic : cit^a$ ▼wlnerary. Part II. Materia Medica, 36; ILEX AQUIFOLIUM. Aquifilii folia. RoiT. Bor. Nofmellj tafte aftringent 5 efFeds febrifuge, antiarthrltic. ILLICIUM ANISATUM. Anifum /ielhtum. Fru^us. Auft. prov. Brem. Roil'. Bor. Van. M. Xa G. Smell aromatic ; tafte agreeable, like anife ; cfFe6ls peftoral, carminative, diuretic. IMPERATORIA OSTRUTHIUM. Imperatoria radix. RofT. Auft. prov. Smell aromatic ; tafte warm, pungent, very durable ; efFe^ls ftimulant, carminative, fudorific, diuretic. JASMINUM OFFICINALE. Jafminiflores. RolT. Brem. Smell fragrant 5 tafte bitterifti ; ufed as a perfume. LACTUCA SATIVA. F9lia. La G. Refrefliing ; anodyne. LAMIUM ALBUM. Flores. Van M. La G. Aftringent ; tonic. LAURUS PECHURIM. Faha. Van M. Bitter, aromatic ; ftimulant ftomachic. LEDUM PALUSTRE. Rorifmarini fylvejlris herha. Rofl'. Auft. prov. Bor. Smell heavy, fub-aromatic ; tafte bitterifti, fub-aftringent 5 effect* refolvent, diuretic. LEPIDIUM SATIVUM. Folia, fe^nina. La G. Antifcorbutic, aperitive, diuretic. LICHEN ISLANDICUS. Aujft. prov. et caft. Brem. RolT. Gen. Bor. Mar. La G. Van M. No fmell ; tafte bitterifti, fubaftringent ; efFedl nutritious. LICHEN PULMONARIUS. La G. Tafte faline, bitter j pedoral. LIGUSTICUM LEVISTICUM. Levijlici herba, radix, femen. Rofl'. Auft. prov. Brem. Bor Smell unpleafant ; tafte warm, aromatic ; efFedts ftimulant, car- ininative, fudorific. LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUUM. Styrax liquida. BaL famum. Auft. prov. Bor. Van M. La G. Smell fragrant \ tafte acrid, aromatic ; effe£ls ftimulating, heat ' S6$ Materia Medica, Part II. LONICERA DIERVILLA. DiervilUJlipiies. RoiT. Tafte and fmell naufeous ; efFeds antivenereal. LOPEZIANA RADIX. Van M. LORANTHUS EUROPJEUS. Vifa4m:quercmum. Lignum, Aud. prov. Smell naufeous ; tafte aftringent, mucilaginous ; effects tonic. LUPINUS ALBUS. Fartna. Gen. Farinaceous 5 bitter. . LYCOPERDON BOVISTA. RofT. No tafte or fmell j efFeds mechanical, fuppreffion of hsemor- rhagy. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM. Lycopodii femn, RolT. Brem. Bor. La G. No tafte or fmell ; efFe£ls abforbent. LYTHRUM SALIC ARIA. L^machia purpurea. Herha, Brem. Salkaria. Auft, prov. No fmell ; tafte fubaftringent ; efFedls aftringent, tonic. MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA. Folia et Jlores. Gen. Demulcent. MANGANESIUM. Manganefium oxidatum tiativum, Bor. Magmfta nigra. RofT. Magnefta vitrariorum. Auft. prov. Ufed for the produftion of oxygen gas, oxymuriatic acid, and . fome other chemical preparations. MARANTA GALANGA. Galanga radix. RolT. Auft. prov. Brem. Bor. Van M. La G. Smell fragrant ; tafte aromatic, pungent, biting ; efFe effctls ftoma^ chic, purgative. RHEUM RHAFONTICUM. Radix. La G. Aftringent. RUBUS ARCTICUS. Bacc.^. Roff. La G. Smell fragrant ; tafte acidulous, vinous ; efFefts refrigerant^ antifcorbutic. Similar properties are pofltjlTed by the fruits of the ruh/s idauSy caftuSyfruEficafuSy chamamorus, RUMEX AQU ATICUS. Lapathi aquatki radix, RofT. Tafte auftere, bitter i efFe6ts tonic, antifcorbutic. RUMEX ACUTUS. Lapathum acutum. Radix, Auft. prov. Brem. Bor. Mar. Van M. La G. Tafte bitterifli, acidulous ; eftefts aftringent. SaGUS FARINARL^. Aledullj, Van M. Nutritious. SALIX ALBA, PENTANDRA, FRAGILIS, VITELLINA. Salicis cortex, Rofl'. Bor, Mar. Smell fragrant ; tafte aftringent, bitter ; effeds tonic, febrifuge, SALVIA HORMINUM. Folia, La G. Allringent, tonic. SAMBUCUS EBULUS. Ebulus, Radix, Auft. prov. Smell fetid ; tafte naufeous, bitter, acrid ; effedsdraftic, cathar- tic, emetic, narcotic. SANICULA EUROP^A. Folia, Li G. Harlh, herbaceous tafte. SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS. Saponaria radix, RofT. Aufto prov. et caft. Brem. Bor. Mar. Van M. La G. N\) fmell ; tafte flightly fweet, bitter and glutinous j eff^edts de- tergent, SCABIOSA SUCCISA. Radix, La G. Alexipharmic. SCABIOSA ARVENSIS. Scahiofa, Folium, Auft. prov. VanM. Tafte flightly bitter j efl^eds expectorant, vulnerary. SCANDIX CEREFOLIUM. Cerefilii herba, Succus, Brem. Auft. prov. Smell weak, balfamic ; tafte aromatic, balfamic 5 effe£ls ape- rient, perioral, diuretic. App. Materia Medica, 373 SCORZONERA HISPANIC A. Scorzonera, Radix. Aufl. prov. Bor. Tade fweetlfti ; effects aperient, demulcent, SCROPHULARIA NODOSA. ScrophuLma. Folium. Radix. Auft. prov. Smell unpleafant ; tafte naufeous, bitfer; efFe6ls attenuant. SECALE CY.KY.MS^. Secalis farina. Auft. prov. Gen. Van M. Tafte farinaceous ; effects nutritious. SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM. Sedi m.y oris folia -virentia. Roir. Auft. prov. Brem. §m€ll weak; tafte fub-acrjd, flightly ftyptic ; efFe£ls refrigerant, aftringent. SENECIO JACOBS A. Herba. Van-M. Anthelmintic. SIUM SISARUM. Ginfeng. Radix. , Bitter fweet, tonic. SEPIA OeXOPODA. Sepia os. Brem. A carbonate of lime agglutinated by animal mucilage. SMILAX CHINA. China radix. Auft. prov. Brem. No fmell ; tafte mucilaginous ; effects fudorific, antivenereal. SOLANUM NIGRUM. Herba. Bor. Van M. Mar. Smell naufeous ; efFe6ts diuretic, narcotic. SPIGELIA ANTHELMIA. Herba cum radice. RoC Brem. Tafte and fmell fetid j efte6ts narcotic, purgative, anthelmintic. STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA. Nux vomica. Bor. VanM. La G. No fmell ; tafte intenfely bit/ter ; effecSts tonic, narcotic, delete- rious. SYMPHITUM OFFICINALE. VanM. La G. Symphiii ra- dix. RofP. Confolida major. Auft, prov. Brem. No fmell ; tafte mucilaginous ; eftedts emollient, infpiflant. TESTUDO FEROX, &c. La G. Nutritious. TEUCRIUM CHAM^DRYS. Chamadryos herba. RoiT. Auft. prov. Brem. La G. Smell flightly fragrant j tafte bitter; efFe£ts tonic, emmena- gogue. 374 Materia Medica. Part 11. TEUCRIUM CHAMiEPITYS. Chamapityos herba, RofT. iSmell fragrant 5 tafte bitter and aromatic; efFe£ls tonic. THEOBROMA CACAO. Van M. La G. Cacao. Nucleus. Oleum. Rofl". Auft. pro v. Brem. Bor. Little fmell ; talte pleafant and oily, very flightly aftringent and bitterifti ; effe£ls nutritious. Oil bland, fweetifti -, efFedts emollient, lubricating. THYMUS SERPYLLUM. SerpyUi herba. RofT. Auft. prov. Brem. Bor. La G. Smell fragrant ; tafte aromatic, bitterifti ; efFefts ftimulant, diu- retic, emmenagogue. THYMUS VULGARIS. Thymi herba. RofT. Brem. La G. Smell fragrant -, tafte warm, pungent, bitter ; efFeds ftimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, TILIA EUROP^A. Flores. Van M. La G. Fragrant j anodyne. TRIFOLIUM MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS. Mclibti herba cumjloribus. RolT. Auft. prov, Brem. Bor. Van M. Smell fragrant \ tafte herbaceous, bitterifti ; efteds difcutient. TRITICUM REPENS. Van M. La G. Gramims radix. Roff. Auft. prov. et caft. Brem. Gen. Bor. Smell herbaceous ; tafte fweetifti ; effeds aperient, demulcent. VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS. Myrtilli bacca. Rofl*. Auft. prov. No fmell ; tafte acidulous, fub-aftringent 5 eft'eds refrigerant, aftringent. VACCINIUM OXYCOCCOS. Oxycocci bacc^. RoiT. Tafte acidulous •, effe£ts refrigerant. VACCINIUM VITIS ID^A. Vitis id^a bacca, folia. RofT. Tafte acidulous ; efteds refrigerant, antifeptic. VERATRUM SABADILLA. VanM. Sabadillafemen. RofT. Auft. prov. et caft. ^rem. Bor. Mar. La G. Tafte very bitter, acrid, and cauftic ; efFeds ftimulant, draftic, cathartic, anthelmintic, errhine. VERBASCUMTHAPSIS. VanM. LaG. Verbafci fores, folia, Rofl'. Auft. prov. Brem. Bor. Mar. Tafte of the leaves herbaceous, bitterifh; e.ffeds emollient, App. Mate7'ia Medica, 375 difcutient ; fmell of the flowers fwect ; talle fweet ; efFeds pec- toral. VERBENA OFFICINALIS. Folia. La G. Vulnerary. VERONICA OFFICINALIS. Folia. Van M. La G. Vulnerary; pedtoral. VICIA FABA. Faha, Semen. Auft. prov. ^ Tafle farinaceous ; efi^e£i:s nutritious. VIOLA TRICOLOR. Herba. RofT. Auft. prov. Jacea. Her- ba, Brem. Bor. Mar. Van M. Smell agreeable ; taftc mucilaginous, bitterifh *, efFefts anodyne. VISCUM ALBUM. Bor. La G. Glutinous ; anti-paralytic ; anti-epileptic ; fpecific VITISVINIFERAAPYRENA. PaffUU minor es. RofT. Brem. Tafte fweet, acidulous j efFedfr refrigerant, demulcent, lubricat- ing* No. IL List of Animals which furnish Articles of the Materia Medica ^ arrang- ed according to Cuvier'^s Syjlem, MAMMALIA. RoDENTiA. Caftor fiber. Pachydermata. Sus Icrofa. RuMiNANTiA. Mofchus mofchifcrus. Cervus elaphus. Ovis aries. Bos taurus. Cetacea, Phyfeter macrocephalus. AVES. GALLiNiE, Phafianus gallus. Anseres. Anas anfer. A a4 376 Materia Medica. Part II. PISCES. Chondropterygii. Acipjsnfer flurio, ftellatus, hufo, ruthenus. CRUSTACEA. Canceres. Cancer pagurus, ailacus. INSECrA. CoLEOPTERA, Lytta veficatoria. (^Meloe veficatorius.) Melp^e proicarabseub. Hymen OPT ERA* Cyneps querci foiii. Apis mellifera. For- mica 1 uta. Hii;miptera. Coccus ca£li. Gnathaptera. piiifcus afellus. MOLLU3CA. Cephalopoda. Sepia officinalis. Acr..pHALA. Oflrea edulis. VERMES. Ki*udo medicinalis. ZOOPHYTA. Ceratophyta. Gorp;onia nobilis. Qfis fiobi/is^y SpoNGiA. Spongia officinalis. No. III. List of the Genera of Medicinal 'Plants^ arranged according to tfje Jainncean System, Cl. I. MONANDRIA. CI. II. DIANDRIA. Ord. MoNOGYNiA. Ord. Monogynia. Ksempferia, Olea. Curcuma. Veronica. Amomum. Gratiola. Coftus. Verbena. Maranta. Riafmarinus, Lopezia. Salvia. App, Materia Medica, 377 Cl. H. DIANDRIA. Old. Trigynia. Piper. Cl. III. TRIANDRIA, Ord. MONOGYNIA. Valeriana. Crocus. Iris. Ord, DiGTNiA. Saccharum. A vena. Secale. Triticum. Hordeum. Cl. IV. TETRANDRIA. Ord, MONOGYNIA. Scabiofa. Flantago. Pensea. Rubia, Fagara. Santalum. Alchemilla. Dorftenia. Qrd. DiGYNiA. Cufcuta. IPI, V. PENTANDRIA, Ord. MONOGYNIA. Pulmonaria. Symphitum. Borago. CjnoglofTum. Anagallis. Anchufa. Spigelia. Menyanthes. Convolvulus. Datura. Hyofciamus. Nicotiana. Verbafcum, Chironia, CL V. PENTANDRIA. Ord. MoNOGYNlA. Cordia, Strychnos. Lapficum. Solanum, . Phyfalis. Atropa. Cinchona. Lobelia. Pfychotria. Cephaelis. Lonicera. Rhamnus. Vitis. Viola. Ribes. Hedera. Ord. DiGYNiA, Gentiana. Chenopodium. Ulmus. Eryngium. Sanicula. Daucus. Conium. Sium. Cuminum. Ferula. Bubon. Angelica. Coriandrum. Phellandrium. Imperatoria. Cicuta. Carum. Paftinaca. Anethura. Apium. Piaipinella. Ord. Trigynia. Sambucus. Rhus. Ord. Pentagynia* Linum. 378 Materia Medica* Part II, CI. VI. HEXANDRIA. Ord. MONOGYNIA. Loranthus. Berberis. NarciiTus. Allium. Aloe. Convallaria. Dracaena. Scilla. Afparagus. Lilium. Acorus. Calamus. Ord. DiGYNiA. Oryza. Ord. Trigynia. Colchicum. Rumex. CI. VII. HEPTANDRIA. Ord. MONOGYNIA. ^fculus. CI. VIII. OCTANDRIA. Ord. MoNOGYNIA. Amyris. Vaccinium. Daphne. Ord. Trigynia. Coccoloba. Polygonum. a. IX. ENNEANDRIA. Ord. MONOGYNIA. Laurus. Ord. Trigynia. Rheum CI. X. DECANDRIA. Ord. Monogynia. Myroxylon. Toluifera. Caffia. Guilandina. 4 C . X. DECANDRIA. Ord. Monogynia. Didamnus. Haematoxylon, Swietenia. Guajacum. Ruta. Quaflia. Ledum. Rhododendron. Aibutus, Styrax. Copaifera. Ord. DiGYNiA. Saponaria. Dianthus. Ord. Pentagynia. Oxalls. Ord. Decagynia. Phytolacca! CI. XL DODECANDRIA. Ord. Monogynia. Afarum. Garcinia. Canella. Portulaca, Lythrura. Ord. Digynia. Agrimonia, Ord. Trigynia. Euphorbia, CI. XII. ICOSANDRIA. Ord. MoNOCTNlA. Caftus. Eugenia. Myrtus. Punica. Eucalyptus* Amygdalus. Prunus. Ord. Pentagynia. Pyrus. App. Materia Medica. 379 CI. XII. ICOSANDRIA. Ord. POLYCINIA. Rofa. Rubus. Tormentilla. Fragaria. Potentilla. Geum. CI. XIII. POLYANDRIA. Ord. MONOGYNIA. Papaver. Chelidonium. Ciltus. Tilea. Nymphsea, Ord. DiGYNiA. Paeonia. Ord. Trigynia. Delphinium. Aconitum. Ord. Tetragynia." Wintera. I Ord. Pentagynia. Nigella. Ord. Polygynia. Clematis. Helleborus. CI. XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Ord. Gymnospermia. Glecoma, Hyffopus. Mentha. Lavandula. Teucrium. Lamium. Satureja. Marrubium. Thymus. Ocimum. Origanum. Meliffa. Ord. Angiospermia. Euphrafia. Scrophularia. Digitalis, CI. XV. TETR ADYNAMIA- prd. SlLICULOSiE. Cochlearia. Lepidium. Raphanusr. Cardamine. Sinapis. Sifymbrium. CI. XVI. MONADELPHIA. Ord. Triandria. Tamarindus. Ord. Poltandria. Malva. Althaea. CI. XVII. DIADELPHIA. Ord. Hexandria. Fumaria. Ord. Octandria. Polygala. Ord. Decandria. Pterocarpus. Spartium. Genitta. Lupinus. Dolichos. Aftragalus. Trifolium. Glycyrrhiza- Geoffroya. Trigone Ua, CI. XVIII. POLYADEL- PHIA. Ord. Decandria. Theobroma. Ord. Icosandria. Citrus. Ord. Polyandria. Melaleuca. Hypericum. CI. XIX. SYNGENESIA, Ord. Polygamia j3Equalis. Cichoreum. Scorzonera. 360 Materia Medica, Part ir. CI. XIX. SYNGENESIA. Ord. POLYGAMIA ^9UALIS. Leontodon. Laduca. Carlina. Arftium. Carthamus. Cjnara. Carduus. O. PoLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. Artemifia. Tanacetum, Bellis. Matricaria, Arnica. Inula. Solidago. Senecio. Tuffilago. Anthemis. Achillea. O. PoLYGAMIA FrUSTRANEA. Centaurea. O. POLYGAMIA NeCISSARIA, Calendula. CI. XX. GYNANDRIA. Ord. DiANDRlA. Orchis. Epidendrutn. Ord. Hexandria. Ariftolochia. Ord. Dodecandria. Cytinus. Ord. POLYANDRIA. Arum. CI. XXI. MONOECIA. Ord. Tetrandria. Betula. Morus. Urtica. Ord. PoLYANDRiA, Quercus. Juglans. Liquidamber. Ord. MONADELPHIA. Finus. CI. XXI. MONOECIA. Ord. MONADELPHiA, Ricinus. Croton. Ord. Syngenesia. Momordica. Cucumis. Cucurbita, Bryonia. CI. XXII. DIOECIA. Ord. DiANDklA. Salix. Ord. Tetrandria. Vifcum. Ord. Pentandria, Piflacia. Cannabis. Hamulus. Ord. Hexandria. Smilax. Ord. Octandria. Populus. Ord. MojNADELPHIA, Juniperus. Ciflampelos. CI. XXIII. POLYGAMIA, Ord. Monoecia. Veratunj. Mimofa. Parietaria. Ord. DioEciA, Fraxinus. Panax. Ord. Trioecia. Ficus. Ceratonia. CI. XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA, Ord. FiLicEs. Polypodium. Adiantum. Ord. Musci. Lycopodium. Ord. Alg^. Lichen. Conferva, App. Materia Medica* 381 CI. XXIV. CRYPTOGAMI A, Ord. Fungi. Agaricus. Boletus. Lycoperdon* CI. XXV. PALM^, CocoS. Phoenix. Sagus* List of Officinal Genera, arranged according to the Natural System of JussieUj improved by Ventenat. Cl. I. ACOTYLEDONES. Ord. I. Fungi. Ly coper don. Boletus. Agaricus. AhGM. Conferva. Lichen. Plataphjllum. Ord. 3. 4- HEPATICiE. Musci. Ljcopodium. FiLICES. Poljpodium. Pteris. Adiantum. Cycas. MONOCOTYLEDONES Cl. II. Stamina hypogynia. 1. Pluviales. 2. Aroide^. Arum. Acorus. 3. Typhoide^. 4. Cyperoide^. 5. GRAMlNt-ffi. Saccharum. Lolium. Hordeum. Triticuna. Secale. Avena. Oryza. III. Per'igynia, I. Palm^. Calamus. Areca. Cocos. Sagus. Phoenix. Ord. a. ASPARAGOIDEJE. Dracana. Afparagus. Convallaria. 3. SMILACEiE. Smilax. 4. loNCACE^E. Veratrum. Colchicum. 5. Alismoideje. 6. Liliace^. a. Afphodeloideae. Scilla. Allium. b. Gloriofae. Lilium. c. Aloidese. Aloe. 7. Narcissoideje. Narciflus. 8. iRIDEiE. Iris. Crocus. 382 Materia Medica. Part II. MONOCOTTLEDONES. CI. IV. Epigynia, CI. IV. Epigpia. Ord. I. SciTAMiNE^. Ord. %, Orchide^. 2. DRYMYRRHIZiE. Orchis. Amomum. Vanilla. Ksempferia. 4. Hydrocharide^. DICOTYLEDONES. A. . Flores apetali. CI. V. Epigynia. CI. VI . Pertgynia » Ord. I . AsARoiBE^. Ord. , 5. PoLYGONE-ffi. Ariftolochia: Rumex. Afarum. Rheum. Cjtinus. 6. Chenopodeje. Phytolacca. VI. Pertgynia. Chenopodium« I. El^agnoide^. 2. Daphnoide^, VII . Hypogynia. Daphne. I. AMARANTHOIDEi 3. Proteoide^. 2. Plantagineje^ 4. Laurineje. Plantago. Laurus. Pfyllium. Myriftica. 3. NYCTAGlNEiE. 5. PoLYGONEiE. Mirabilis. Coccoloba. 4. PLUMBAGlNEiE, Polygonum. . B, Motwpetali* CI. VIII. Hypogynia, CI. VIII. Hypogynia, Ord. I. Primulace^. Ord. 8. Labiate. 2. Orobanchoide^ . Mentha. 3. RHINANTHOIDEiE Glecoma. Poljgala. Marrubium. Veronica. Origanum. 4. AcANTHOIDEiE. Thymus. 5. LlLACE^. Meliffa. Fraxinus. Ocimum. 6. Iasmine^. 9. Personatje. Olea. Digitalis. 7. Pyrenaceji. Gratiola. 8. Labiate. ] [0. SOLANE^. Rofmarinus. Hyofciamus. Salvia. Nicotiana. Teucrium. Datura. Hyfibpus. Atropa. Lavandula, Solanum. App. Materia Medica, 383 Cl. VIII. Hypogynia. Ord. 10. SoLANEiE. Capficum. 11. SEBESTENiE. Cordia. 12. BoRRAGINEiE. Anchufa, 13. CoNVOLVULACEJE. Convolvulus. 14. POLEMONACE^i 15. BiGNONEJE. 16. Gentiane^. Menyanthes. Gentiana. Chironia. Spigelia. 17. APOClNEiE. Afclepias. 18. HlLOSPERM^. IX. Perigynia. 1. Ebenace-E. Styrax. 2. Rhodorace^. Rhododendron. Ledum. 3. BiCORNES. Arbutus. Vaccinium. 4. Campanulacea. Lobelia. X. Epigyniay with united antherae. I. CiCHORACEJE. La(Si:uca. Taraxacum. DICOTYLEDONES. B. Monopetalu Cl. X. Epigynia, with united antherje. Ord. I. CiCHORACEiE. Cichorium. Scoljmus. 2. CiNAROCEPHAL-aE. Cinara. Ardiuna. Centaurea. 3. CORYMBIFER^. Anthemis. Achillea. Solidago. Inula. Tuflilago. Arnica. Matricaria. Tanacetum. Artemifia. Abfinthium. XL Epigynia, with diflind antherae. I. DiPSACEiE. Valeriana. 3. RUBIACE^, Galium, Rubia. Cinchona. Pfjchotria. Coffea. 3. CAP.lIFoLIACEiE. DierviJIa. Sambucus. Cornus. Hedera. DICOTYLEDONES. C, Polypetali. h J fHy^''^' Cl. XIL Epigynia. Urd. I. Araliace^. Ord. 2. Umblllifer^ ,, ^^^^^- Pimpinella. 2. UMBELUFERiE. Caruin. 384 Materia Medim, PartH. DICO CI. XII. Epigynla. Ord. 2. XJMBELUFERiE. Apium, Anethum. Paiiinaca. Imperatoria. Scandix. Coriandrum, . Plieliandrium. Cuminum. Bubon. Slum. Angelica. Ligufticum. Ferula. Cicuta. Daucus. Eryngium. XIII. Hypogynia» 1. Ranunculace-E. Clematis. Helleborus. Delphinium. Aconitum. 2. TULIPIFERJE. Illicium. 3. Glyptospermje. 4. MENlSPtKMOIDISiE. 5. Berberideje. Berberis. 6. Papaverace^. Papaver. Chalidonium. Fumaria. 7. Cruciferje. Raphanus. binapis. Sifymbrium.. Cardamine. Cochlearia. Nafturtium. 8. CAPPARIDEie. 9. Saponace^. rYLEDONES. Polypetalu ' CI. XIII. Hypogynia, Ord. io. Malpighiage^. .Hippocaftanum. 11. HyPr-RICOIDiJE. Hypericum. 12. GuTTIFi-.KiE. Mangoftana. 13. H»£bPLRiDE«» Citrus. 14. Meliace-s:. Caneila. bwietenia. 15. S vRMi^NTACE^. Vitis- 16. GKRANIOIDEiE. Oxalis. 17. Malvaceje. Malva, Althoea. Hibifcus. Theobroma. 18. TlLIriCtJE. Tilia. 19. CiSTOIDLiE. Ciflus. Vioia. 20. RUTACEiE. Guaiacum. Ruta. Di6lamnus. 21. Caryophylle^. Dianthus. Linum. CI. XIV. ^er'igynla. 1. PORTULACE^.i 2. FlCOIDEiE. 3. SUCCULENT-E. Sedum. 4. SAXIFRAGEiE. Ribes. 5. CACTOIDEiE. Caftus.. App. Materia Medica, 385 CI. XrV. Perigynia. Ord. 6. MELASTOMEiE. 7. Calycanthem^ 8. EPlLOBlANi!!. 9. MYRTOIDEiE, Eucalyptus. Melaleuca. Myrtus. Eugenia. Caryophyllus, Punica. 10. RoSACEiE. Malus. Pyrus. Cydonia. Rofa. Alchlmilla. Tormentilla. Potentilla. Geum. Rubus. Cerafus. Prunus. Amygdalus. II. Leguminos-e. Mimofa. ■s Tamarindus. DICOTYLEDONES. C. Polypetali. CI. XIV. Perigynia, Ord. II, Leguminos;e. Caffia. 12 Moringa. Ha;matoxyium. Spartium. Genifta. Trigonella. Lupinus. Melilotus, Dolichos. Aftragalus. Glycyrrhiza. Dalbergia. Geoffrjea. Pteroearpus. Copaifera. TEREBINTACEiE. Rhus. Amyris. Terebinthus. Burfera. Toluifera. Fagara. Juglans. Rhamnoide-E. Rhamnus. CI, XV. Idiogynia* Ord. I. TlTHYMALOIDEJE Euphorbia. Clutia. Ricinus. Croton. 2. CUCURBITACEJE. Bryonia. Elaterium. Momordica. Cucumis. Cucurbita. 3. URTlCEiE. Ficus, Dorftenia. Urtica. Parictaria. DICOTYLEDONES D. Ape tali, CI. XV. Idiogynia, Ord. 3. Urtice^e. fS Hamulus. Piper. Morus. Amentageje. Ulmus. Salix. Populus. Betnla. Quercus, Liquidamber, Co^IFER^. Juniperus. Abies. Pinus, 38Q Materia Medk^, Part II. No. V. List of Substances belonging to the Mineral Kingdom, ivhick are usea in Medicine. EARTHS. Lime. Carbonate of lime. Chalk. Marble. Baryta. Carbonate of baryta. Sulphate of baryta. Alumina. Bole. SALTS. Sulphate of magnafia, Super-fulphate of ^lamina and potafs; Sulphate of iron. of copper Sulphate of zinCo SALTS. Nitrate of potafs. Muriate of foda. INFLAMMABLES. Bitumen. Amber. Sulphur. • METALS, 3ilyer. Copper. Iron. Tin. Lead. Mercury. Zinc. Antimooy- Arfcnic. PART III. PREPARATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS. CHAP I. SULBHUR. Sulphur sublimatum lotum. Edin. FlORES SULPHURIS LOTI. Loml, WaJJjed Sublimed Sulphur. Wajhed Flowers cf Sulphur. Take Sublimed fulphur, one pound ; Water, four pounds, poll the fulphur for a little in the water, then pour off this water, and wafli away all the acid by affufions of cold water ; and lafl- ly, dry the fulphur. Sulphur Sublimatum Lotum. Dub. Wafied Sublimed Sulphur. J^et warm water be poured upon fublimed fulphur, and the wafli- ing be repeated as long as the water, when poured off, is im- pregnated with acid. When dried^ it is to be kept in well-clofed veffels. As it is impoffible to fublime fulphur in veffels perfe£tly void of air, a fmall portion of it is always acidified and converted into ful- phurous or fulphuric acid. The prefence of acid in fulphur, is al- ways to be confidered as an impurity, and muft be removed by- careful ablution. When thoroughly waihed, fublimed fulphur is not a£led upon by the atmofphere ; there is therefore no particular reafon for preferving it from the a6lion of the air ; for if, on keep- ing, it become moift, it is becaufe the fulphuric acid has not been entirely wafhed away. Off. prep. — Trochifci. Lond. SULPHUR PR^CIPITATUM. Lond, Precipitated Sulphur. Take of Sulphuretted kali, fix ounces ; Diftilled water, one pound and an half; Diluted vitriolic acid, as much as is fufficient. J3 b 2 388 Preparations and Compositiom. Part III. Boil the fulphuretted kali in the diftilied water until it be diflbl- ved. Filter the liquor through paper, to which add the diluted vitriolic acid. Wafli the precipitated powder by repeated af- fulions of water till it become infipid. Take of Sulphuretted vegetable alkali, four ounces '; Boiling water, a pound and a half; Diluted nitrous acid, as much as may be fufficient. Diflblve the fulphuretted vegetable alkali in the water, and add the acid to the filtered liquor as long as the liquor is rendered turbid by its addition. Wafh the precipitated powder well with warm water, and keep it after it is dried in well-clofed veiTels. Instead of diflblving fulphuret of potafs in water, we may gra- dually add fubhmed fulphur to a boiling folution of potafs, until it be faturated. When the fulphuretted potafs is thrown into water, it is entirely difTolved, but not without decompofition, for it is con- verted into fulphate of potafs, hydroguretted fulphuret of potafs,' and fulphuretted hydroguret of potafs. The two lafl compound? are again decompofed on the addition of any acid. The acid com- bines with the potafs, fulphuretted hydrogen flies off in the form of gas, while fulphur is precipitated. It is of httle confequence what acid is employed to precipitate the fulphur. The London college crder the fulphuric ; while the Dublin college ufe nitrous acid, probably becaufe the nitrate of potafs formed, is more eafily wafh- ed away than fulphate of potafs. Precipitated fulphur does not differ from well-wa{hed fubllmed fulphur, except in being much dearer. Its paler colour is owing to its more minute divifion, or according to t)r. Thomfon, to the refence of a little water ; but from either circumftance it derives no Superiority to compenfate for the difagreeablenefs of its preparation. CHAP II. ^ C I D S. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM. Eclh. Diluted Sulphuric Acid, Take of Sulphuric acid, one part ; Water, feven parts. Mix them, xi S' Chap IL Jcids. 389^ ACIDUM VlTRIOLICUM DiLUTUM. Lofld, Diluted or weak Vitriolic Acid* Take of Vitriolic acid, one ounce ; Diftilled water, eight ounces. Mix them by deerees. ^ ^ Dub. Take of Vitriolic acid, two ounces •, Diftilled water, fourteen ounces. Having gradually mixed them, fet them afide to cool, and then pour off the clear liquor. The moft fimple form in which fulphuric acid can be advanta- geouily employed internally, is that in which it is merely diluted with water : and it is highly proper that there (liould be fome fixed ilandard in which the acid in this ftate fliould be kept. It is, how- ever, much to be regretted, that the colleges have not adopted the fame ftandard with refpe6t to ftrength : For in the Edinburgh and Dublin colleges, the ftrong acid conftitutes an eighth ; and in the London, only a ninth of the mixture. The former proportion feems preferable, as it gives exa£lly a drachm of acid to the ounce; but the dilution by means of diftilled water is preferable to fpring water ; which, even in its pureft ftate, is not free from impregna- tions affe£ling the acid. Even when diftilled water is ufed, there is often a fmall quantity of a white precipitate, arifing from lead diffolved in the acid. Sulphuric acid has a yery ftrong attra£tion for water ; and their bulk when combined is lefs than that of the water and acid fepa- lately. At the fame time, there is a very confiderable increafe of temperature produced, which is apt to crack glafs VefTels, unlefs^ the combination be very cautioufly made j and for the fame rea- fon, the acid muft be poured into the water, not the water into th§ acid* ACIDUM NITROSUM. Ediiu Nitrous Acid, Take of Very pure nitrate of potafs, two founds ; Sulphuric acid, fixtecn ounces. Having put the nitrate of potafs into a glafs tetort* pout" upon it the fulphuric acid, and diftil in a fand bath, with a heat gra- dually increafed, until the iron pot begins to be red-hot. The fpecific gravity of this acid is to that of diftilled water as 1550 to 1000, Lond. Take of Purified nitre, by weight, fi:vty ounces; sgo^ I* reparations and Compositions. Part II L VitrioHc acid, by weight, twenty-nine ounces. Mix and diail. The fpecific gravity of this is to the weight of diftilled water a^ 1550 to 1000. Duh, Take of Nitre, fix pounds ; Vitriolic acid, three pounds. Mix and diftil, until the refiduum becomes dry. The fpecific gravity of the acid is to the weight of dillilled water as 1550 to rooo. ^ In this procefs, the fulphuric acid, by its fiiperlor afHnity, com- bines with the potafs of the nitre to form fulphateof potafs, while the nitric acid is feparated, and is not only converted into vapour by the application of the heat to the retort, but is alfo partially de- compofed. A portion of oxygen efcapes in a gafeous form, and the nitric oxide gas combines with the nitric acid j fo that the liquor condenfed in the receiver is nitrous and not nitric acid. In performing this procefs, we muft take cure, in pouring in the lulphuricacid, not to foil the neck of the retort. Inltead of a common receiver, it is of advantage to ufe fome modification of Woulfe's apparatus, and as the vapours are extremely corrofive, the fat lute muft be ufed to conne£t the retort with it. The difference of the proportions of the ingredients dire£^cd by the different colleges^ has no effe£l on the quality of the acid obtained, but only affects the refiduum. The London and Dublin colhges ufe no more ful-^ phuric acid than what is necefiary to expel all the nitric acid, and the refiduum is a neutral fulphate of potafs, fo infoluble, that it cannot be got out without breaking the retort. The Edinburgh college order as much fulphuric. acid as renders the refiduum, an acidulous fulphate of potafs, eafily foiuble in water. Nitrous acid is frequently impure. Sulphuric acid is eafily got rid of by re-diftillirig the nitrous acid from a fmall quantity of ni- trate of potafs. But its prefence is not indicated when nitrous acid forms a precipitate wuh nitrate of baryta, as affirmed by almoft all chemical authors ; for nitrate of baryta was difcovered by Mr. Hume to be infoluble in nitrous acid. Muriatic acid is deteded by the precipitate formed with nitrate of filvci, and may be feparated by dropping into the nitrous acid a folution of nitrate of filver, as Ipng as it forms any preciphate, and' drawing oiFthe nitrous acid by diiiillation. The general properties of nitrous acid have been already noti- ced. Mr. Davy has fhewn that it is a compound of nitric acid and nitric oxide, and that byiidditipiial dofes of the laft conftituent, its colour is fucceffively changed, from yellow to orange, olive Chap,. II. Jcids, 891 green, and blue green, and its fpecific gravity is diminiflied. The Ijpecific gravity is probably dated too high by the colleges ; for al- though Rouelie makes that of the ftrongeft nitric acid 1.583, yet Kirwan could produce it no ftronger at 60^ than 1.5543, and Mr. Davy mak^s it only 1.504, and when fat urated with nitric oxide only 1.475. Off. prep, — Spiritus aeth. nitrof. Ed. Lond, Dub» ACIDUM NITROSUM DILUTUM. Lond. DuL Ed. Diluted Nitrous ^cid. Take of Nitrous acid, Water, equal weights. Mix them, taking care to avoid the noxious vapours. Nitrous acid has a great affinity for water, and attra6ls it from the atmofphere. During their combination there is an increafe of temperature, part of the nitric oxide is diflipated in the form of noxious vapours, and the colour changes fucceflively from orange to green, and to blue, according as the proportion of water is in- creafed. A mixture of equal parts of Kirwan's ftandard acid of 1.5543 and water, has the fpecific gravity 1.1911. Off. prep. — Sulph. praec. Dub, Nitras argenti, Ed. Lond. Dub, Acetis hyd. Ed. Lond. Dub. Sub-murias hydrarg. praecip. Ed. Lond. Dub» Oxid. hyd. cin. Ed, Dub. Oxidum hyd. rubr. per acid, nitric. Ed. Lond, Dub. ACIDUM NITRICUM. Ed. Nitric acid. Take of Nitrous "acid, any quantity. Pour it into a retort, and having adapted a receiver, apply a very gentle heat, until the reddeft portion (hall have pafled over, and the acid which remains in the retort ihall have become nitric acid. We have already ftated, that nitrous acid is nitric acid combined with a variable proportion of nitric oxide. Now, by the applica- tion of a gentle heat, the whole of the nitric oxide is vaporized, and pure colourlefs nitric acid remains in the retort. The nitric oxide, ^however, carries over with it a portion of the acid, and condenfes with it in the receiver, in the form of a very high- coloured nitrous acid. Richter has given the following manner of preparing nitric acid. 3gi Preparations and Compositions. Part III. , Take of Purified nitrate of potafs, feven pounds ; Black oxide of manganefe, one pound two ounces ; Sulphuric acid, four pounds, four ounces, and fix drachms. Into a retort capable of containing twenty-four pounds, introduce the nitre and manganefe, powdered and mixed, and pour upon them gradually, through a retort- funnel, the fulphuric acid. Lute on the receiver with flour and water, and condudt the dif- tillation with a gradually-increafed heat. From thefe proportions, Richter got three pounds nine ounces of very flightly-coloured nitric acid. The operation will be con- du6led with lefs hazard in a Woulfe's apparatus, or by interpofing between the retort and a receiver a tubulated adopter, furnifhed with a bent tube, of which the further extremity is immerfed in a vcflel containing a fmall quantity of water. These acids, the nitrous and nitric, have been long employed as powerful pharmaceutic agents. Their application in this way we Ihall have many opportunities pf illuftrating. Medical ufe. — Lately, however, their ufe in medicine has been confiderably extended. In the ftate of vapour they have been ufed to deftroy contagion in jails, hofpitals, fhips, and other places where the accumulation of animal effluvia is not eatliy avoided. The fu- migating fuch places with the vapour of nitrous acid has certainly been attended with fuccefs ; but we have heard that fuccefs afcrib- ed entirely to the ventilation employed at the fame time. Venti- lation may certainly be carried fo far, that the contagious miafma- ta may be diluted to fuch a degree that they Ihall not a£l on the body ; but to us it appears no lefs certain, that thefe miafmata cannot come in contact with nitric acid or oxy-muriatic acid vapour,'| without being entirely decompofed and completely deftroyed. It is, befides, applicable in fituations which do not admit of fufficient ventilation ; and where it is, the previous difFulIion of acid vapours is ar- excellent check upon the indolence and inattention of fervants and nurfes, as by the fmell we are enabled to judge whether they have been fufficiently attentive to the fucceeding ventilation. Ni- tric acid vapour, alfo, is not deleterious to life, and may be difFuf- ed in the apartments of the fick, without occafioning to them any material inconvenience. The means of diffufing it are eafy. Half an ounce of powdered nitre is put into a faucer, which is placed in a pipkin of heated fand. On the nitre two drachms of fulphuric acid are then poured. The fumes of nitric acid immediately begin to rife. This quantity will fill with vapour a cube of ten feet ; and by employing a fufficient number of pipkins, the fumes may be eafily made to fill a ward of any extent. After the fumigation, ventilation is to be carefully employed. For introducing this prac- Chap. IL u4cids. 393 tice, Dr. Carmichael Smyth has received from the Britifli parlia- ment a reward of five thoufand pounds. The internal ufe of thefe acids has alfo been lately much extend- ed. In febrile difeafcs, water acidulated with them forms one of the beft antiphlogiftic and antifeptic drinks wc are acquainted with. Hoffmann and Eberhard long ago employed it with very great fuc- cefs in malignant and petechial fevers •, and in the low typhus, which frequently rages among the poor in the fuburbs of Edinburgh, I have repeatedly given it with unequivocal advantage. In the liver com- plaint of the Eaft-Indies, and in fyphilis, nitric acid has alfo been ex- tolled as a valuable remedy by Dr. Scott, and the evident benefits re- fulting from its ufe in thefe complaints, has given rife to a theory, that mercury only ad:s by oxygenizing the fyftem. It is certain that both the primary and fecondary fymptoms of fyphilis have been remov- ed by the ufe of thefe acids, and that the former fymptoms have not returned, or been followed by any fecondary fymptoms. But in many inftances they have failed, and it is doubtful if ever they effeded a permanent cure, after the fecondary fymptoms appeared. Upon the whole, the opinions of Mr. Pearfon on this fubjedt, lately agitated with fo much keenncfs, appear to us fo candid and judicious, that we (hall infert them here. He does not think it eligible to rely on the nitrous acid in the treatment of any one form of the lues venerea -, at the fame time, he by no means wilhes to fee it exploded as a medicine altogether ufelefs in that difeafe. When an impaired ft ate of the conftitution renders the introduc- tion of mercury into the fyftem inconvenient, or evidently impro- per, the nitrous acid will be found, he thinks, capable of reftrain- ing the progrefs of the difeafe, while at the fame time, it will im- prove the health and ftrength of the patient. On fome occafions, this acid may be given in conjun6lion with a mercurial courfe, and it will be found to fupport the tone of the ftomach, to deter- mine powerfully to the kidneys, and to countera£b in no inconfi- derable degree the effects of mercury on the mouth and fauces. ACIDUM MURIATICUM. £J;>/. Muriatic Acid- Take of Muriate of foda, two pounds ; Sulphuric acid, fixteen ounces ; Water, one pound. Heat the muriate of foda for fome time red-hot in a pot, and after it has cooled, put it into a retort. Then pour upon the muri- ate of foda the acid mixed with the water and allowed to cool. Laftly, diftil in a fand bath, with a naoderate fire, as long as any acid is produced. • 394 Preparations, and Co7npositions, Part IILi The fpeclfic gravity of this acid is to that of diftilled water as 1170 to ICC'O. Lond. Take of Dried fea-falr, ten pounds ; Vitriolic acid, fix pounds ; Water, five pounds. Add by degrees the vitriolic acid, firft mixed with the water, to the fait i then diftil. The fpecific gravity of this acid is to that of diftilled water as 1 170 to loco. Dub, Take of Common fait, dried, five pounds ; Vitriolic acid, Water, each three pounds. Add the acid, diluted with the water, after it has cooled, gradual- ly to the fait, and then diftil the liquor, until the rcfiduum be- come dry. The fpecific gravity of this acid is to that of diftilled water, as 1 160 to 1 00c. In this procefs the muriate of foda is decompofed, and the mu- riatic acid difengaged by the fupcrior affinity of the fulphuric acid. But as muriatic acid is a permanently-elaftic fluid, the ad- dition of the water is abfolutely neceflary for its exiftence in a fluid form. Some operators put a portion of water into the receiver, for the purpofe of abforbing the? muriatic acid gas, which is firft difengaged ; the colleges, however, order the whole of the water to be previoufly mixed with the fulphuric acid. This mixture muft not be made in the retort itfelf j for the heat produced is fo great, that it would not only endanger the breaking of the vefliel, but oc- cafion confiderable lofs and inconvenience by the fudden difengage- ment of muriatic gas. The muriate of foda is directed to be heated to rednefs before it be introduced into the retort, that the whole of the water of cry- ilallization may be expelled, which being variable in quantity, would otherwife aflFcct the ftrength of the acid produced ; and be- (ides, without this precaution, the acid obtained is too high-coloured. Mr. Accum has faid, that the quantity of fulphuric acid prefcrib- cd by the London college for obtaining this acid is much too large, ;»id that the proportion of fulphuric acid prefcribed for preparing Chap. II. ^cixk. 395 the nitric acid is much too fmall ; but in neither criticifm is he corre6l:. If a common retort and receiver be employed for this diftiila- tion, they muft not be luted perfectly clofely j for if any portion of the gas fhould not be abforbed by the water employed, it muft be allowed to efcape ; but the procefs will be performed with greater economy, and perfeft fafety, in a Woulfe*s, or fome fimi- lar apparatus. The refiduum in the retort confifts principally of fulphate of {o- da, which may be purified by folution and cryitallization. If properly prepared, the muriatic acid is perfeftly colourlefs, and pofTtfles the other properties already enumerated ; but in the fhops it is very feldam found pure. It almoft always contains iron, and very frequently fulphuric acid or copper. The copper is detected by the blue colour produced by fupcr-faturating the acid with ammonia, the iron by the black or blue precipitate formed with tin£lure of galls or prufliate of potafs. The fulphuric acid may be eafily got rid of by re-diftilling the acid from a fmall quantity of dried muriate of foda. But Mr. Hume difcovered that muriate of baryta is precipitated when poured into muriatic acid, although it contain no fulphuric acid. Medical ufi. — In its efFe<£ls on the animal economy, and the mode of its employment, it coincides with the acids already mentioned, which almoft proves that they do not acfl by oxygenizing the fyf- tem, as the muriatic acid cannot be difoxygenized by any fubftancc or procefs with which we are acquainted. C?^ />r^^.-^-Sulphas fodx, Ed, Lend. Dub. Hydro-fulph. am- nion. Ed. Murias barytae, Ed* Solutio muriat. calcis, Ed» Oxygenized Muriatic Acid. The vapours of this powerfully-oxygenizing acid have been re- commended by Morveau as the beft means of deftroying conta- gion. As, however, they are deleterious to animal life, they can- not be employed in every fituation. Where applicable, they are eafily difengaged by mixing together ten parts of muriate of loda, and two parts of black oxide of manganefe in powder, and pour- ing upon the mixture firft four parts of water, and then fix parts of fulphuric acid. Fumes of oxygenized muriatic acid are imme- dintely difengaged. Morveau has lince contrived what he calls Dif-infeding or Pre- ferviative phials. If intended to be portable, '46 grains of black oxide of manganefe in coarfe powder are to be put into a ftrong gJafs phial of about 2^ cubic inches capacity, with an accuratelv- ground ftopper, to which muft be added about ^Vo- of a cubic inch of nitric acid of i .4 fpccific gravity, and an equal bulk of muriatic acid of I.I 34, the ftopptr is then to be replaced, and the whole fe« 39^ Preparations and Compositions, P^rt Ilf. cured by inclofing the phial in a ftrong wooden cafe, with a cap which fcrews down fo as to keep the ftopper in its place. They are to be ufed by fimply opening the phial without approaching it 10 theiiofe, and (hutting it as foon as the fmell of the muriatic gas is perceived, A phial of this kind, if properly prepared, will not lofe its power after many years ufe. For fmali wards, ftrong bottles, with ground Hoppers an inch in diameter, of about 25 or 27 cubic inches of capacity, may be ufed, with 372 grains of the oxide, and 3.5 inches of each of the acids, and the ftopper kept in its place by leaden weights ; or for larger wards, very ftrong glafs jars, about 43 cubic inches in capacity, containing a drachm of the ox- ide, and 6 inches of each of the acids. Thefe jars are to be cover- ed with a plate of glafs, adjufted to them by grinding with emery, and kept in its place by a Icrew. In no cafe is the mixture to oc- cupy more than one third of tlie veflel. ACIDUM ACETOSUM DESTILLATUM. Ed. Dijlilltd Acetous Acid, Let eight pounds of acetous acid be dillilled in glafs- veflel s, with a gentle heat. The two firft pounds which come over, being too watery, are to be fet afide ; the next four pounds will be the diftilled acetous acid. The remainder furniflies a ftill ftrongey acid, but too much burnt by the fire. AcETUM Destillatum. Dul^ ; Diftilled i^inegar* Take of Vinegar, ten pounds* Draw off, with a gentle heat, fix pounds. The fpecific gravity of thts acid is to the weight of diftilled wateT* as 1004 to 1 00c. L:)nd, Take of Vinegar, five pounds. Diftil with a gentle fire, in glafs vefiels, fo long as the drops fall free from empyreuma. Vinegar, when prepared from vinous liquors by fermentation, befides acetous acid and water, contains extra» Salt of Amber. Take of ' Amber, ' Pure fand, each one pouiul. Didil, with a heat gradually increafed, an acid liquor, an oil, and a fait difcoloured with oil. Let the fait be diffolved in boiling water, and cryftals formed by flow cooling. Sal et Oleum SycciNi. Lond. Salt and Oil of Amber. Take of Amber, two pounds. I^iftil in a fand heat gradually augmented ; an acid liquor, oil, and fait loaded with oil,\wili afcend. Sal Succini Purificatus. Lond, Purified Salt of Amber, Take of Salt of amber, half a pound j DiQillcd water, one pint. Boil the fait in dillilled water, and fet afide the folution to cryftal- lize. We are not acquainted with any experiments which determine whether the fuccinic acid exifts as fuch in the amber, or whether it be a produ6l df the decompofition of the amber by the action of heat, for in the procefs employed for obtaining fuccinic agid the amber is completely decompoled. The fand is added by the Dublin college to prevent the amber from running together into mafles, and impeding the diftillation ; but as it renders the refiduum unfit for the ufe of the varnifher, it is not advifable. According to Gottling, this diftillation fhould be performed in a tubulated iron or earthen-ware retort, expofed to the immediate action of the. fire ; for he fays, that, in a fand bath we cannot regulate the heat fufFiciently, and that a glafs retort is incapable of fupporting the necefTary temperature. Befides the fuccinic acid collected from the neck of the retort^ and fides of the receiver, the oil wafhes down a portion of it into the receiver, and the watery liquor which comes over is faturated with it. But the whole of it may be obtained by agitating the oil with fome boiling water, which will difTolve the acid. This folu- tion is then to be added to the acid liquor, and the acid they con- tain is eafily obtained by evaporation and cryftallization. The acid may afterwards be purified by folution in boiling water and cryftal- lization, according to the dire a pound and a half. Mix them gradually m a Nooth*3 apparatus, and let the air evolv-- ed pafs through fix pounds of pure fpring water, placed in the upper part of the apparatus ; and let agitation be occafiona4ly employed until the water (hall have acquired a fub-acid tafte. Carbonic acid may be feparated from carbonate of lime a. By the action of heat alone. h.- By an acid having a fuperior affinity for the Ume. In the former way the carbonic acid is perfe£lly pure, in the latter it carries over a little of the ftronger acid, which gives a (light de- gree of pungency. In this procefs the carbonic acid is feparated from the carbonate of lime by the fuperior affinity of fulphuric acid. As it is difen- gaged, it afiumes a gafeous form, and would be diffipated in the atmofphere, if it were not made to pafs through water, which, at a medium temperature, is capable of abforbing about an equal bulk of this gas, and, by the affiftance of preffure, a much greater proportion. c\c \. r Various contrivances have been made for this purpofe. Of thefe the moft eafily managed, and mod convenient for general ufe, is the apparatus of Nooth j and, for larger quantities, that of Woulfe, or fome modification of it. By the proper application of pref- fure, M. Paul of Geneva, now of London, is able to impregnate water with no lefs than fix times its bulk of carbonic acid gas. ^ Med. ufe. — Water impregnated with carbonic acid, fparkles in the glafs, has a pleafant acidulous taRe, and forms an -.Tcellent be- Chap. 11. ^cids, 403 vcrage. It diminiflies third, leflens the morbid heat of ihe body> and a6ls as a powerful diuretic. It is alfo an excellent remedy in increafed irritability of the ftomach, as in advanced pregnancy ; and it is one of the beft anti-emetics which we pofTefs. CHAP. Ill, ALKALIES. AQUA POTASS-^ ; vulgo, Lixivium Causticum. Edin. Water of Potafs, commonly called Caujlic Ley, Take of Newly-prepared lime, eight ounces *, Carbonate of potafs, fix ounces. Put the lime into an iron or earthen veflcl, with twenty-eight ounces of warm water. After the ebullition is finiflied, inftant- ly add the fait •, and having thoroug^ily mixed them, cover the veflel till they cool. When the mixture has cooled, agitate it well, and pour it into a glafs funnel, whofe throat muft be ob- ftrudled with a piece of clean linen. Cover the upper orifice of the funnel, and infert its tube into another glafs veflel, fo that the water of potafs may gradually drop through the rag in- to the lower veflcl. As foon as it ceafes to drop, pour into the funnel feme ounces of water-, but cautioufly, fo that it may fwim above the matter. The water of potafs will again begin to drop, and the afFufion of water is to be repeated in the fame manner, until three pounds have dropped, which will happen in the fpace of two or three days ; then mix the fuperior and infe- rior parts of the liquor together by agitation, and keep it in a well- fl opt phial. Aqua Kaij Puri. Lond. Water of Pure Kali* Take of Prepared kali, four pounds ; Lime, fix pounds ; Diftilled water, four gallons. Put four pints of water to the lime, and let them fland together for an hour -, after which, add the kali and the fefl: of the wa- ter ; then boil for a quarter of an hour ; fuffer the liquor to cool, and drain it. A pint of this liquor ought to weigh fix- teen ounces. CC2 404 Preparations and Compositions. Part H. If the liquor efFcrvefce with any acid, add more lime, and boil the liquor and lime in a covered veiTel for five minutes. Laftly, let it cool again, and ilrain it. Lixivium Causticum. Duh. Caii/lic Ley. Take of Frefti biirnt lime, eight ounces ; Mild vegetable alkali, fix ounces. Put the lime into an earthen veffel, and pour upon it thirty ounces of hot water. With the flaked lime immediately mix the fait, and cover the veffel. Pour the mixture, as foon as it has cool- ed, into a glafs funnel, whofe throat is obftruc^ed with bits of ftone covered with fand. Having covered the funnel, let the ley drop into a veffel placed to receive it ; water being from time to time poured into the funnel, until three pounds have paffed through. Let the liquor be agitated, and kept in a glafs vef- fel well clofed. If the ley be rightly prepared, it will have neither colour nor fmcl!, and will not effervefce when mixed with acids. The fpecific gravity of thi» liquor is to that of diflilled water as 1090 to 1000. These proceffes do not differ materially. They are founded up- on the nffinity of lime being ftronger than that of potafs for carbonic acid. Of courfe, when lime comes in contact with carbonate of potafs, the carbonic acid quits the potafs to unite with the lime, and the refults of the mixture are potafs and carbonate of lime. Now, as the carbonate of lime is infoluble in water, and the pot- afs is very foluble, they may be feparated by filtration. In doing this, however, we muft take care to employ inftruments on which the folution of potafs does not a£l, and to prevent the free accefs of air, from which it would attract carbonic acid, and thus fruf- trate the whole operation. The latter object is attained by cover- ing the upper or broad end of the funnel with a plate of glafs, and inferting the lower end in the neck of a phial, which it fits pretty clofely. The former obje6t is attended with greater difficulties, and indeed fcarcely to be effected, fo powerful and general is the agency of potafs. All animal fubftances are immediately attacked and deftroyed by it ; therefore, our filters cannot be made of filk, woollen, or paper which contains glue ; and although neither ve- getable matters nor filica entirely efcape its adion, Hnen and fand are, on the whole, the lead objedtionable. A filter of fand was ufed by Dr. Black. He firft dropt a rugged pebble into the tube of the funnel, in lome part of which it formed itfelf a firm bed, while the inequalities on its furface afforded interftices of fufficient Chap. III. Alkalies. 405 fize for the paflage of the filtering liquor. On the upper furfacc of this ftone he put a thin layer of lint or clean tow ; immediately- above this, but not in conta6l with it, he dropped a (tone limilar to the former, and of a iize proportioned to the fwell in the upper part of the tube of the funnel. The interftices between this fe- cond ftone and the funnel were filled up with Hones of a lefs di- menfion, and the gradation uniformly continued till pretty fmall fand was employed. Finally, this was covered with. a layer of coarfer fand, and fmall ftones, to fuftain the weight of the matter. A filter of fand being thus conftruded in the funnel, it was wafli- ed perfcdly clean by making clean water pafs through it, till it: dropt from the lower extremity of the funnel perfeftly clear and tranfparent ; and before ufing it, it fhould be allowed to ftand for fome days, that no water may remain among the interftices of the fand. From the fpongy nature of the refiduum which remains upon the filter, and efpecially if we ufe that of fand, a confiderable quantity of the folution of potafs will be retained. It is, however, eafily obtained, by pouring gently over it, fo as to difturb it as little as poflible, a quantity of water ; the ley immediately^begins again to drop from the funnel, and as, from the difference of their fpecific gravity, the water does not mix with it, but fwims above it, the whole ley pafles through before any of the water. By means of the tafte, we eafily learn when the whole ley has pafled. As it is natural to fuppofe that the ftrongeft folution will pafs firft, and the weakeft laft, we are directed to agitate the whole together, to render their ftrength uniform. If the folution of potafs be pure, it will be colourlefs, and It will neither effervefce with acids, nor fofm a precipitate with carbon- ate of potafs. If it effervefces, carbonic acid is prelent, and muft be feparated by again boiling the folution with a little lime, or by dropping into it lime-water, as long as it produces any precipitate. If, on the contrary, it contain lime, from too much of it having been employed in the preparation, it may be feparated by dropping into the ley a folution of the carbonate of potafs. When we have thus purified our folution of potafs, it muft be again filtered. Med. ufe, — The folution of cauftic potafs, under various names,- has at different times been celebrated as a lithontriptic, and as of- ten fallen again into difufe. The very contradictory accounts of its effects as a folvent are now in fome degree explicable, fince it has been difcovered that urinary calculi are very different in their natures, fo that fome of them are only foluble in acids, and others only in alkalies. Of the laft defcription are the calculi of uric acid, which are very frequent, and thofe of urate of ammonia. On thefe, therefore, alkalies may be fuppofed to make fome impref- fion J and that alkalies, or alkaline carbonates, taken by the mouth, Cc3 406 Preparations and Compositions. Part IIL have occafionally relieved calculous complaints, is certain. It is, however, faid that their continued ufe debilitates the ftomach; and M. Fourcroy has propofed applying the remedy immediately to the difeafe, by injeding into the bladder a tepid folution of potafs or foda, fo dilute that it can be held in the mouth. Before the alka- line folution be injeded, the bladder is to be completely evacuated of urine, and vi^aflied out with an inje£lion of tepid vj;atcr. Af- ter the alkaline inje£lion has remained in the bladder half an hour or more, it is to be evacuated, and allowed to fettle. If, on the addition of a little muriatic Tlcid, a precipitate be formed, we fliall have reafon to conclude that the calculus contains uric acid, and that the alkali has a6>ed on it. - Very dilute alkaline folutions may alfo be taken into the fto- mach as antacids, but we poflefs others which are preferable. Externally, alkaline folutions have been more frequently ufed, either very dilute, fimply as a ftimulus, in rickets, gouty fwellings, gonorrhoea, and fpafmodic difeafes, or concentrated as a cauftic to deftroy the poifon of the viper, and of rabid animals. Off' prep» — Sulphuret ant. prsecip. Ed. Land, Dub. POTASSA ; olim, Causticum Commune Accerrimum. Ed. Potafs ; formerly, Strongejl common Cau/lic, Take of The folution of potafs, any quantity. Evaporate it in a covered very clean iron veflel, till, on the ebulli- tion ceafing, the faline matter flows gently like oil, which hap- pens before the vefTel becomes red. Then pour it out on a fmooth iron plate ; let it be divided into fmall pieces before it hardens, and immediately placed in a well-ftopt phial. Kali Purum. Land. Pure Kalu Take of Water of pure kali, one gallon. Evaporate it to drynefs ; after which let the fait melt on the fire, and pour it out. Alkali Vegetabile Causticum. Dub. Caujlic Vegetable Alkali. Take of Cauftic ley, any quantity. Evaporate it over the fire in a very clean iron vefTel, until the ebullition having ceafed, the faline matters, on increafing the heat, remain almoft at reft. Let the liquefied fait be poured out upon an iron plate, and while it is congealing, be cut into Chap. III. Alkalies. 407 proper pieces, which are immediately to be fhut up in very clofc veflels. The principal thing to be attended to in this operation, is to condu£l the evaporation fo rapidly that the ley fliall not abforb any carbonic acid from the atmofphere. As long as any water of fo- lution remains, the ebullition is evident, and the evaporation is to be continued until it ceafe. The heat is then to be increafed a little, which renders the potafs perfectly fluid, and gives it the ap- pearance of an oil, when it is ready to be poured out, either on a flab, as diredled by the colleges, or into iron moulds, fuch as are ufed for the melted nitrate of filver. The potafs prepared according to thefe directions is fufliciently pure for medical ufe, but is not fit for chemical experiments. We can however obtain it perfc6tly white and cryftallized, according to Berthollet, by adding to the ley, when evaporated fo far that it would aflume the confidence of honey if permitted to cool, a quantity of alcohol equal to one third of the carbonate of potafs operated on, mixing them together, and letting them boil a minute or two. The mixture is then to be poured into a glafs veflel, and corked up, when the impurities will gradually fubfide, partly in a folid form, and partly dilTolved in water. The fupcr natant alco- holic folution is then to be evaporated rapidly, till its fur face be- come covered with a black cruft, which is to be removed, and tlie liquid below is to be poured into a porcelain veflel, when it will concrete into a white fubft:ance, which is to be broken in pieces, and immediately excluded from the a6lion of the air. A lefs expenfive way of obtaining potafs perfectly pure is that of Lowitz. Evaporate a folution of potafs till a thick pellicle form on its furface ; allow it to cool ; feparate all the cryltals formed, as they confifl: of foreign falts : renew the evaporation in an iron or filver bafon ; and remove the pellicles which form on the fur- face with an iron flvimmer, as long as any appear. When the ebul- lition ceafes, remove the veflel from the fire, and agitate the fufed fiilt with an iron fpatula while it cools. Diflblve the fiiline mafs in twice its weight of water, and evaporate in a filver bafon till it begins to cryfl:allize. The cryflals are pure potafs. The fluid which fwims over them has a dark-brown colour, and mufl: be poured ofl^; but if kept in a clofe-ftopt phial, it will depofit its co- louring matter, and by evaporation will furnifli more cryftals of potafs. Med. ufe. — Potafs is only ufed as a cauft;ic, or to form folutions of a known fl:rength ; and even its ufe as a caufl.ic is inconvenient^ from its being fo quickly aflTcfted by the air, and from its rapid deliquefccnce, which renders jt apt to fpread. Cc4 408 Preparations and Compositions, Part IIL Of.prep.—Alk.veget. fulph. jDw^. Alcohol, Lend- -Lub. ^th, fulph. Ed, Lond. Dub. POTASSA CUM CALCE ; ollm, Causticum Commune Mi- Tius. Edin, Potafs with LimCy formerly Milder common Caujiic, Take of Solution of potafs, any quantity. Evaporate in a covered iron veflel till one third remains ; then mix with it as much new-flaked Hme as vi'ill bring it to the confift- ence of pretty folid pap, which is to be kept in a veflel clofely ilopt. Calx cum Kali Puro. Lond, Lime luith Pure Kali, Take of Quicklime, five pounds and four ounces i Water of pure kali, fixteen pounds. Boil away the water of pure kali to a fourth part ; then fprinkle in the lime, reduced to powder by the afl^ufion of water. Keep it in a veflTel clofely fl:opped. Causticum Mitiws. Dub. Milder Caujiic. Evaporate caufl:ic ley to one third, tlien add powdered lime till it become thick, and form it into proper mafl^cs. The addition of the lime in thefe preparations renders them lefs apt to deliquefce, more eafily managed, and milder in their opera- tion. CARBONAS POTASSiE. Edin. Carbonate of Potafs. Let impure carbonate of potafs, called in Englifli pearl a/hn^ be pi:t into a crucible, and brought to a low red heat, that the oily impurities, if there be any, may be burnt out : then triturate it with an equal weight of water, atid mix them thoroughly by agitation. After the feces have fubfided, pour the liquor into a very clean iron pot, and boil to drynefs, ftirring the fait towards the end of the procefs, to prevent its fl:icking to the veflTel. Kali Pr-eparatum. Lond. Prepared Kali» Take of Potafties, two pounds. Boiling diftilled water, three pints. Chap. III. Alkalies. 400 Diflblve and filter through paper; evaporate the liquor till a pel- licle appears on the furface j then fet it afide for twelve hours, that the neutral falts may cryftallize : aftei;, which, pour out the liquor, and boil away, with a flow fire, the whole of the water, conftantly ftirring, left the fait fliould adhere to the pot. In like manner is purified Impure kali from the afties of any kind of vegetable. The fame fait may be prepared from tartar, which {hould be burnt till it becomes of an afh colour. Alkali Vegetabile Mite. Dub, Mild Vegetable Alkali. Take of Potaflies, Boiling water, each fix pounds. Mix them by agitation in a glafs vefi^cl, and digeft them for three days. Then pour off the pure liquor, and evaporate it to dry- nefs in a very clean iron veflel. Towards the end of the opera- tion, ftir the faline mafs conftantly with an iron fpatula. Then feparate, by means of a fieve, the finer particles, which are to be kept in a glafs veflel well ftopped. Carbonas PoTAssm PuRissiMUS *, oHm, Sal Tartari. Edin, Pure Carbonate of Potafs ; {ormtrly Salt of Tartar. Take of . ^ Impure fuper-tartrate of potafs, any quantity. Wrap it up in moift bibulous paper, or put into a crucible, and burn it to a black mafs, by placing it among live coals. Hav- ing reduced this mafs to powder, expofe it in an open crucible to the a£lion of a moderate fire, till it become white, or at leaft of an afti-grey colour, taking care that it do not melt. Then dif- folve it in warm water ; ftrain the liquor through a linen cloth, and evaporate it in a clean iron vefl^el, diligently ftirring it to- wards the endlof the procefs with an iron Ipatula, to prevent it from fticking to the bottom of the vefl^el. A very white fait will remain, which is to be left a little longer on the fire, till the bottom of the veflTel becomes almoft red. Laftly, when the fait Is grown cold, keep it in glafs veflTels well ftopt. The potafli of commerce we have already fhewn to contain a confiderable proportion of foreign falts. By the procefs directed by the colleges, it is purified from thofe which are cryftaliizable ; and although it ftill contains muriate of potafs and filica, it is fuf- ficifently pure for the purpofes of medicine. The pureft carbonate of potafs in common ufe is that obtained 410 Preparations and Compositiom. Part III. by incinerating the impure fuper-tartrate of potafs, as all the fub- ftances it contains, except the potafs, are decompofed by the heat. The tartaric acid and colouring matter are dellroyed, and part of the carbonic acid, which is formed, unites with the potafs. But this fait, in whatever way obtained, is not ftri6tly intitled to the appellation of carbonate *, for it is not faturated with the acid, or rather it is a mixture of carbonate of potafs and potafs, in variable proportions. It is owing to the uncombined potafs that it is ftill deliquefcent, and in fome degree cauftic. It may be eafily faturated, however, with carbonic acid, by expofmg it in fo- lution to the conta£t of the air for a confiderable time, or by mak- ing a ftream of carbonic acid gas pafs through a folution of it, or by diflilling it with carbonate of ammonia. M. Curadau has pro- pofed a cheaper mode of faturating potafs with carbonic acid. He diflblves the potafs in a fuilicient quantity of boiling water, mixes it with as much dried tanner's bark as to make it pretty dry, and then expofes the mixture in a covered crucible to the heat of a re- verberatory furnace for half an hour. By lixiviation and cryftal- lization, the mixture affords beautiful cryftals of carbonate of pot- afs. In this ftate it is cryftallizable, and its cryftals are perma- nent. It confifts of about 43 acid, 40 potafs, and 17 water. The faturation with carbonic acid is one of the beft means of purifying it ; for it always feparates filica from the uncombined alkali. Med. life. — Carbonate of potafs is frequently employed in medi- cine, in conjun£lion with other articles, particularly for the form- ation of faline neutral draughts and mixtures : but it is ufed alfo by itfelf in dofes from three or four grains to fifteen or twenty ; and it frequently operates as a powerful diuretic, particularly when aided by proper dilution. Off. prep — Aqua potafla:, Lond. Ed, Dub. Aqua fuper-carbo- natis potaflse, Ed» Dub. Acetis potafT. Ed, Lond. Dub. Sulphas potafTse, Ed. Sulphur, pot. Ed. Lond. Tartris pot. Ed. Lond. Dub. Sulph. ftib. fufcum, Dub, Calx ftibii praecip. Dub, Alcohol^ Lond, Dub, AQUA KALI PR^PARATI. Lond, Water of Prepared Kali. Take of Prepared kali, one ponnd. Set it in a moift place till it deliquefce, and then ftrain it. LixiriUM Mite, Dub, Mild Ley, Take of . Mild vegetable alkali, one pound. Chap. III. Alkaline Salts, 41 1 Piflblvc it hi one pound of water. The laft of thefe preparations is a folution of the mixed or fulv carbonate of potafs, in a fixed proportion of water ; and the former is a folution of carbonate of potafs, in a variable quantity of water. The Dublin folution contains the filica, and all the other impuri- ties of the carbonate employed, while, according to the London jprocefs, the uncombined portion of the potafs, at the fame time that it deliquefces, becomes l^sturated with carbonic acid, and de- pofites the filica. It would, therefore, be a very confiderable im- provement of this preparation, to diflblve cryllailized carbonate of potafs in a determinate proportion of water. Off", prep. — Calx hdrarg. alb. Zond, AQUA SUPER-CARBONATIS POTASSiE. Ed, Solution of Super-carbouate of P:tafs, Take of Water, ten pounds ; Pure carbonate of potafs, one ounce. Diiiblve and expofe the folution to a dream of carbonic acid, ari- fing from Carbonate of lime in powder. Sulphuric acid, each three ounces *, Water, three pounds, gradually and cautioufly mixed. The chemical apparatus invented by Dr. Nooth is well adapted for this preparation. But if a larger quantity of the liquor be re- quired, the apparatus of Dr. Woulfe is preferable. LiqyoR Alkali Vegetabilis Mitiss^mi. Dub, Solution of Mildefl Vegetable Alkali. Take of JVlild vegetable alkali, an ounce and a half; Water, fix pounds. Mix them, and tranfmit fixed air through the liquor, according to the formula for preparing fixed air (p. 402.), except that a double quantity of marble and acid muft be employed to faturate the folution. The colder the air is, and the greater the prefigure, the better is the liquor, which fliould be kept in well-clofcd veflels. As foon as the preparation is finiflied, the liquor fhould be drawn off into pint bottles, which are to be well corked, and kept jn a cool fituation, with the head down, or laid on one fide. Ic PiQuld be perfedlly tranfparent, and have an acidulous, not at all 412 Preparations and Compofitions, Part III, alkaline tafte ; and when poured out of the bottles, it fhould have a ("parkling appearance. Medical ufe. — In this folution, carbonate of potafs is combined with excefs of carbonic acid, by which means it is better adapted for internal ufe, as it is rendered not only more pleafant to the tafte, but is lefs apt to offend the ftomach. Indeed, it is the only form in which we can exhibit potafs in fufficient dofes, and for a fufficient length of time, to derive much benefit from its ufe in cal- culous complaints. It has certainly been frequently of advantage in thefe affections, but probably only in thofe inftances in which the ftone confifts of uric acid, or urate of ammonia : for although fuperfaturated with carbonic acid, yet the affinity of that acid for potafs is fo weak, that it really operares as an alkali. Six or eight ounces may be taken two or three times a-day. It in general proves powerfully diuretic, and fometimes produces ine- briation. This laft effe£t is afcribed to the carbonic acid. ACETIS POTASS^. Ed. Acetite of Potafs, Take of Pure carbonate of potafs, one pound. Boil it with a very gentle heat, in four or five times its weight of diftilled acetous acid, and add more acid at different times, till, on the watery part of the preceeding quantity being nearly dif- fipated by evaporation, the new addition of acid ceafes to raife any effervefcence, which will happen, when about twenty pounds of acid have been confumed. It is then to be flowly dried. The impure fait remaining, is to be melted with a gentle heat, for a {hort time ; and afterwards diffolved in water, and filtered through paper. If the liquefaclion has been properly performed, the filtered liquor will be limpid \ but if otherwife, of a brown colour. Afterwards evaporate this liquor with a very gentle heat in a very (hallow glafb-veffel, occafionally ftir- rlng the fait as it becomes dry, that its moifture may be fooner diffipated. Laftly, the acetite of potafs ought to be kept in a veffel very clofely ftopt, to prevent it from deliquefcing. Kali i^cETATUM. Lond. Acetated Kali. Take of Prepared kali, one pound. Boil it, with a flow fire, in four or five times its quantity of diftill- ed vinegar; and when the effervefcence ceafes, add at different times, more diftilled vinegar, until one portion of vinegar being nearly evaporated, the addition of another will excite no effer- vefcence, which will happen when about twenty pounds of dif- Chap. III. Alkaline Salts. 413 tilled vinegar are confumed ; afterwards let it be dried (lowly. An impure fait will be left, which is to be melted for a little while with a How fire -, then diflblved in water, and filtered through paper. If the fufion has been rightly performed, the drained liquor will be colourltfs i if otherwife, of a brown colour. Laftly, evaporate this liquor with a flow fire, in a very (hallow glafs-velTcl 5 frequently (lirring the mafs, that the fait may be more completely dried, which (hould be kept in a ve(rel clofely The fait ought to be very white, and diffolve wholly, both in water and fpirit of wine, without leaving any feces. If the fait, al- though white, (hould depofite any feces in fpirit of wine, the folution (hould be filtered through paper, and the fait again dried. Alkali Vegetabili Acetatum ; dim, Sal Diureticus. Dub. Acetated Vegetable Alkaliy formerly Diuretic Salt. Take of Mild vegetable alkali, any quantity. Add to it at diflPerent times, about five Times its weight of diftilled vinegar, at a moderate temperature. When the evaporation ceafes, and the liquor is fomewhat evaporated, add, at intervals, diftilled vinegar, until the mixture (hall entirely ccafe to efFer- vefce. Then evaporate to drynefs ; and having increafed the fire a little, bring the faline mafs into a (late of fu(ion. Diflblve the fait, after it has cooled, in water : filter the folution, and evaporate, until, on cooling, it (liall concrete into a cryftalline mafs, Vv^hich (hould be very white. Put this, while (lill warm, into ve(rels accurately clofcd. This is both a troublefome and expenfive preparation, for when attempted to be made by fimply evaporating to drynefs, the fait has always a dark, unpleafant colour, which can neither be removed by repeated folution and cryftallization, nor even by folution in alcohol. It is doubtful to what the colour is owing. It has been afcribed by fome to part of the acetic a:id being decompofed by heat during the exficcation of the fait : they accordingly recommend the evaporation to be condu£l:ed very gently, and the pellicles to be (kimmed from the furface of the liquor as faft as they are form- ed ; and in this way, they fay, they have procured at once a very white fait. Others afcribe it to fome foreign matter which rifes in diftillation with the laft portions of the acetous acid, and there- fore direct, that only the firft portions which come over (hould be 414 Preparations and Compositions. Part IlL iifed, or that the acetous acid fliould be diftillcd with charcoal : while others again afcribe it to accidental impurities contradled during the operation, and recommend the utmod attention to cleanlinefs, and the ufe of earthen veilels. To whatever caufe it may be owing, and the fecond appears to us the molt probable, the colour is mod effedtually dellroyed by fufing the fait. The heat neceffary to do this, decompofes the colouring matter ; and on dif- folving the fufed mafs in water, and filtering the folution, we find a fine light charcoal on the filter. But this fufion is attended with confiderable lofs, for part of the acetic acid itfelf is decompofed. The operator muft be particularly careful, in melting it, not to ufe a greater heat, nor to keep it longer liquified, than what is ab- folutely necefTary : a little iliould be occafionally taken out, and put into water ; and as foon as it begins to part freely with its black colour, the whole is to be removed from the fire. The exficcation of the folution of the fait, after it has been fufed, muft be condu£led very carefully, as it is exceedingly apt to be de- compofed, which would render a new folution and exficcation neceflary. The teft of its purity, by difllblving it in alcohol, as direded by the London college, is to difcover if any of the ace- tous acid itfelf has been decompofed in the operation ; for the car- bonate of potafs, v/hich is in that cafe formed, is infoluble in alco- hol. To fpare trouble and expence, attempts have been made to pre- pare acetate of potafs with undiftilled vinegar, and even with the refiduum of the diftillation of acetic acid : and they have been to a certain degree fuccefsful : but as repeated fufion and cryftalHza- tion are neceflary to bring the fait to a fufiicient degree of purity, it does not appear that they were more economical. But if to vicetate of potafs prepared with impure vinegar, we add a fufficient quantity of fulphuric acid, by diftillation we obtain an acetic acid of great ftrength, which forms a beautiful acetate of potafs with- out fufion. Laftly, this fait may be prepared by the decompofi- tion of acetates j for example, of the acetate of lime by tartrate of potafs. Acetate of potafs has a ftiarp, fomewhat pungent tafte. It is foluble at do'', in about its own weight of water. It is alfo foluble in alcohol. It is deliquefcent. It is decompofed by the ftronger acids ; by a deco£lion of tamarinds ; by the fulphate of foda and magncfia ; by muriate of ammonia ; by the tartrate of foda and potafs -, and by fome metaUine falts. Its acid is deftroyed by a high temperature. Medical ufe. — Acetate of potafs, which way focver prepared, provided it be properly made, is a medicine of great efficacy, and may be fo dofed and managed as to prove either mildly cathartic. Chap. lit. Alkaline Salts, 415 or powerfully diuretic ; few of the faline deobftruents equal it in virtue. The dofe is from half a fcruple to a drachm or two. A fimple folution, however, of alkaline fait in vinegar, without exfic- cation, is perhaps not inferior as a medicine to the more expenfive fait. Two dracnms of the alkali, faturated with vinegar, have been known to occafion, in hydropic cafes, ten or twelve llools, and a plentiful difcharge of urine, without any inconvenience. OJ', prep. — Tinclura ferri acetati. Dub. Acetis hydrarg. Ed. Lond* Dub, NITRUM PURIFICATUM. Lond. Purified Nitre, Take of Nitre, two pounds ; Diftilled water, four pints. Boil the nitre in the water, till it be diflblved ; drain the folution, and fet it afide to cryftallize. Common nitre contains ufually a confiderable portion of muriate of foda, which in this procefs is feparated, for it remains diflblved after the grcatefl: part of the nitrate of potafs has cryftallized. The cryftals which fhoot after the firft evaporation, are large, regular, and pure : but when the remaining liquor is further evaporated, and this repeated a fecond or third time, the cryftals prove at length fmall, imperfe£l, and tipt with little cubical cryftals of mu- riate of foda. "When pure, their folution is not afFeded by nitrate of filver, or nitrate of baryta. SULPHAS POTASS^ ; ollm, Tartarum Vitriolatum. Edin, Sulphate of Potafs y formerly Vitriolated Tartar, Take of Sulphuric acid, diluted with fix times its weight of water, any quantity. Put it into a capacious glafs veflel, and gradually drop into it, of pure carbonate of potafs, diflblved in fix times its weight of water, as much as is fuflicient thoroughly to neutralize the acid. The ef- fervefcence being finiflied, ftrain the liquor through paper ; and after evaporation, fet it afide to cryftallize. Sulphate of potafs may be alfo conveniently prepared from the refiduum of the diftillation of nitrous acid, by diflblving it in warm water, and faturating it with carbonate of potafs. 41 6 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Kali Vitriolatum. Lond. Vitriolated Kali. Take of The fait which remains after the diftillation of the nitrous acid, two pounds ; Diftilled water, two gallons. Burn out the fuperfluous acid with a ftrong fire, in an open veflel : then boil it a little while in the water ; ftrain, and fet the liquor afide to cryflallize. Alkali Vegetabile Vitriolatum. Dub. Vitriolated Vegetable Alkali. Let the fait which remains after the diftillation of nitrous acid reduced to powder, be diflblved in a fufficient quantity of boil- ing v/ater. Let the filtered liquor be evaporated with a very gentle heat, that it may cryftallize. This fait is very feldom prepared on purpofe, as it may be ob- tained from the refiduum of many other preparations, by fimple folution and cryftallization. For fo ftrong is the aflinity between fulphuric acid and potafs, that they fcarcely ever meet without combining to form this fait. All the fulphatcs, except that of ba- ryta are decompofed by potafs and moft of its combinations ; and reciprocally, all the compounds of potafs are decompofed by ful- phuric acid and moft of its combinations \ and in all thefe decom- pofitions, fulphate of potafs is one of the produdls. The greateft part of the fulphate of potafs of commerce is ob- tained from the refiduum of the diftillation of fulphate of iron with nitrate of potafs, by lixiviating it, fuperfaturating the folution with carbonate of potafs, filtering it boiling hot, and allowing it to cryftal- lize. The liquor remaining after the precipitation of magnefia, is alfo a folution of fulphate of potafs. It is alfo got in confiderable quantities from the refiduum remaining in the retort, after the dif- tillation of nitrous acid ; and all the colleges have given directions for obtaining it in this way. This refiduum generally contains an excefs of acid, which converts part of the fulphate into funer-ful- phate of potafs. The Dublin college allow this part to be loft. The London drive off the excefs. of acid by intenfe heat, and thus get the whole of the fulphate ; but at the fame time convert it into a very difncultly foluble mafs. While the Edinburgh college, more fcientifically economical than either, derive advantage from the excefs of acid, by fimply faturating it with carbonate of pot- afs. As the refiduum of the diftillation of nitrous acid may not al- ways be at hand, the Edinburgh college alfo give a receipt for mak- ing this fait, by diredly combining its conftituents. It would Chap. III. Alkaline Salts. 417 t have been more economical to have ufed a folution of fulphate of iron, in place of fulphuric acid, by which means not only an equal- ly pure fulphate of potafs would have been procured at lefs ex- pence, but alfo a very pure carbonate of iron. Sulphate of potafs forms fmall tranfparent very hard cryftals, generally aggregated in crufts and permanent in the air. It has a bitter tafte, is flowly foluble in water, requiring \6 parts at 60^, and 4 at 212°. It is not foluble in alcohol. It de- crepitates when thrown on live coals, and melts in a red heat. It confifts of 45.2 acid, and 54.8 potafs. It is decompofed by the barytic falts ; by the nitrates and muriates of lime and of ftrontia ; by the tartrites partially *, and by the falts of mercury, filver and lead. Medical ufe. — Sulphate of potafs, in fmall dofes, as a fcruple or half a drachm, is an ufeful aperient ; in larger ones, as four or five drachms, a mild cathartic, which does not pafs off fo haftily as the fulphate of foda, and feems to extend its acSlion further. 0^. prep, — Pulv. ipec. et opii, Ed. Lond, Dub, Pulv. fcam. comp. Lond, SULPHAS POTASS^ CUM SULP^URE ; ollm, Sal Poly- CHRESTUS. Edin. Sulphate of Potafs with Sulphury formerly Sal Polychreft, Take Nitrate of potafs in powder. Sublimed fulphur, of each equal parts. Mingle them well together, and injeft the mixture, by little and little at a time, into a red-hot crucible : the deflagration being over, let the fait cool, after which it is to be put up in a glafs veflel well ftopped. In this procefs the nitric acid of the nitrate of potafs is decom- pofed by the fulphur, which is in part acidified. But the quantity of oxygen contained in the nitric acid, is not always fufficient to acidify the whole fulphur employed ; therefore part of it remains in the ftate of fulphureous acid, which is probably chemically com- bined with part of the potafs in the ftate of fulphite, for the whole faline mafs formed, is more foluble in water than fulphate of pot- afs. It is cryftallizable, and by expofure to the air, gradually at- tradliS oxygen, and is converted into fulphate of potafs. In fome experiments which I made to determine the ftate in which the ful- phur exifted in this fait carefully prepared, it feemed to be ful- phuric acid J for it neither gave out a fulphureous fmell on the addition of fulphuric acid, nor was a folution of it precipitated by * Dd 418 Preparations and Compositions, Part III. acids/ In its medical efFecSts and exhibition, it agrees with ful- phate of potafs. Of. prep. — Pil aloes cum colocynth. SULPHURETUM POTASS^ ; dim, Hepar Sulphuris. Edin, Sulphuret of Potafs, formerly Liver of Sulphur » Take of Carbonate of potafs, Sublimed fulphur, each eight ounces. Grind them well together, put them into a large coated crucible ; fit a cover to it, and having applied live coals cautioufly around it, bring them at length to a ftate of fufion. Break the crucible as foon as it has grown cold, take out the ful- phuret, and keep it in a well-clofed phial. Kali Sulphuratum. Lond, Sulphuretted Kali, Take of Flowers of fulphur, one ounce j Prepared kali, five ounces. With the fulphur melted with a gentle fire, mix the fait by con- ftant agitation until they unite. Alkali Vegetabile Sulphuratum. Dub. Sulphuretted Vegetable Alkali. Take of Cauftic vegetable alkali in powder. Sublimed fulphur, each two ounces. To the fulphur, melted by a gentle heat, add the alkali ; covering the veflel, if the mixture fhall take fire. There exifts a very ftrong affinity between fulphur and potafs, but they mull be united in a ftate of perfect drynefs ; becaufe, if any moifture be prefent, it is decompofed, and alters the nature of the produft. If potafs be employed as directed by the Dublin college, it will unite with the fulphur by fimple trituration, and will render one third of its weight of fulphur foluble in water. If carbonate of potafs be ufed as direded by the other colleges, it is neceflary to bring the fulphur into a ftate of fufion ; it then a£ts upon the carbonate, and expels the carbonic acid. It is evident, that to combine with the fame quantity of fulphur, a larger pro- portion of carbonate of potafs than of potafs is neceflary ; but the quantity ordered by the London college is certainly much too large. Gbttling directs only one part of carbonate of potafs to two of ful- phur ; and to fave the crucible, he dire£ls the mixture, as foon as it melts, to be poured into a heated mould, anointed with oil. The col- leges alfo differ in the mode of conducing the procefs. The Lon- Chap. III. Alkaline Salts* 419 don and Dublin colleges dire£t the alkaline fait to be proje£led upon the melted fulphur. The fault of this procefs is, that there is a confiderable lofs of fulphur by fublimation, which is avoided, if the fubftances be previoufly intimately mixed, and brought into fufion by a very gradual and cautious application of heat, according to the procefs of the Edinburgh college ; but, if the fufion be not very cautioully performed, the fudden extrication of io large a quantity of carbonic acid gas, is apt to throw the melted matter out of the crucible, and may be attended with unpleafant confequences. La Grange projects one part of fulphur, or one and a half of potafs in fufion, and keeps the compound melted half an hour before he pours it out. If the heat be too great, and the crucible uncovered, the fulphureous vapour is apt to inflame, but it is eafily extinguifh- ed by covering it up. For the preparation of precipitated fulphur, Hermbftaedt propofes to obtain the fulphuret of potafs, by heating together in a crucible four parts of fulphate of potafs with one of charcoal powder. The charcoal is converted into carbonic acid gas, and the fulphate into fulphuret. Sulphuret of potafs, properly prepared, is of a liver-brown co- lour, hard, brittle, and has a vitreous frafture. It has an acrid bitter tafte, and the fmell of fulphur^f It is exceedingly prone to decompofition. It is deliquefcent in the air, and is decompofed. It is very fufible, but a ftrong heat feparates the fulphur by fublima- tion. The moment it comes in contact with water, there is 7. mutual decompofition. Part of the fulphur becomes acidified, deriving oxygen from the water, and forms fulphate of potafs. Part of the hydrogen of the water decompofed, combines with another portion of the fulphur, and efcapes in the form of fulphu- retted hydrogen gas : another portion of the hydrogen combines with a third portion of the fulphur, and remains in folution, unit- ed with the alkali, in the flate of hydroguretted fulphuret of pot- afs. By acids, fulphuret of potafs is immediately decompofed ; the acid forms a neutral fait with the potafs, and the fulphur is fe- parated. Off, prep, — Sulph. prsec. Lond. Dub, TARTRIS POTASS^ ; olim, Tartarum Solubile. Ed. Tartrite of Potafs^ formerly Muble Tartar, Take of Carbonate of potafs, one pound j Super-tartrite of potafs, three pounds, or as much as may be fufficient j Boiling water, fifteen pounds. To the carbonate of potafs difiblvedin the water, gradually add the fuper-tartrite of potafs in fine powder, as long as it raifes any cfFervefcence, which generally ceafes before three times the * Dd a 420 Preparations and Compositions, P^rt III weight of the carbonate of potafs has been added ; then ftram the cooled liquor through paper, and after due evaporation fet it afide to cryftallize. Kali Tartarisatum. Lond* Tartarifed Kali. Take of Prepared kali, one pound •, Cryftals of tartar, three pounds ; "Diftilled water, boiling, one gallon. To the fait, diflblved in the water, throw in gradually the cryftals of tartar powdered : filter the liquor, when cold, through paper j and, after due evaporation by a gentle heat, fet it apart to cry- ftallize. Alkali Vegetabile Tartarisatum. Dub. Tartarifed Vegetable Alkali. Take of Mild vegetable alkali, one pound ; Cryftals of tartar in very fine powder, two pounds and a half. Boiling water, fifteen poij|^s. Gradually add the tartar to the vegetable alkali difiblved in the water ; after the liquor has cooled, ftrain it through paper, eva- porate it, and let it cryftaUize by cooling fiowly. The tartaric acid is capable of uniting with potafs in two pro- portions, forming in the one inftance a neutral, and in the other an acidulous falt» The latter is an abundant production of nature, but it is eafily converted into the former, by faturating it with potafs, or by depriving it of its excefs of acid. It is by the formcF method that the colleges dire61: tartrate of potafs to be prepared, and the procefs is fo limple, that it requires little comment. For the fake of economy, we fhould come as near the point of fatura- tion as poflible •, but any flight deviation from it will not be at- tended with much inconvenience. Indeed, it is perhaps advifable to leave a flight excefs of acid, which, forming a fmall quantity ot very infoluble fait, leaves the remainder perfectly neutral. The evaporation muft be conducted in an earthen vefiTel, for iron dif- colours the fait. It is eafily cryftallized, and the cryftals become moift in the air. It has an unpleafant bitter tafte. It is folublc in four parts of cold water, and ftiil more foluble in boiling water» and it is alfo foluble in alcohol. It is totally or partially decom- pofed by all acids. On this account it is improper to join it with tamarinds, or other acid fruits *, which is too often done in the extemporaneous praClice of thofe phyficians who are fond of mix- ing different cathartics together, and know little of cheniiftry. It is alfo totally decompofed by lime, baryta, ftrontia, and magnefia, Chap. III. Alkaline Salts. 421 and partially by the fulphates of potafs, foda, and magnefia, and by the muriate of ammonia. Medical uje. — In dofes of a fcruple, half a drachm, or a drachm, this fait is a mild cooling aperient : two or three drachms common- ly loofen the belly ; and an ounce proves pretty ftrongly purga- tive. It has been particularly recommended as a purgative for maniacal and melancholic patients. It is an ufeful addition to the purgatives of the refinous kind, as it promotes their operation, and at the fame time tends tocorre£l their griping quality. CARBONAS SODiE ; olim, SALiALKALiNUs Fixus FossiLis PURIFICATUS. Ed. Carbonate of Soda , formerly Purified Fixed Fcjfil Maline Salt. Take of Impure carbonate of foda, any quantity. Bruife it j then boil in water till all the fait be diflblved. Strain the folution through paper, and evaporate it in an iron veffel, fo that after it has cooled, the fait may cryftallize. Natron Pr^paratum. Lond, Prepared Natron. Take of Barilla, powdered, two pounds ; Diftilled water, one gallon. Boil the barilla n four pints of water for half an hour, and drain. Boil the refiduum with the reft of the water, and ftrain. Eva- porate the mixed liquors to two pints, and fet them by for eight days •, ftrain this liquor again : and, after due boiling, fet it afide to cryftallize. Diffolve the cryftals in diftilkd water i ftrain the folution, boil, and fet it afide to cryftallize. Alkali Fossile Mite. Bub. Mild Fojftl Alkali. Take of Barilla, in powder, ten pounds j Water, forty pounds. Boil the barilla in the water, in a covered vefiel, for two hours, agitating it from time to time. Evaporate the filtered folution in a wide iron veflei to drynefs, taking care that the faline mafs remaining be not liquefied by too great a degree of heat, and agitate it with an iron fpatula, until its colour become white, Laftly, diflblve it in boiling water ; evaporate, and let it cryftaU hze by flow refrigeration. If the fait be not pure, repeat the folution and cryftallization . Dd3 422 Preparations and Compositions. . Part IIK These directions are principally intended for the purification of the Spanifh barilla, which is a fufed mafs, confifting indeed prin- cipally of carbonate of foda, but alfo containing charcoal, earths, and other falts. From the two firft caufes of impurity it is eafily feparated by folution and filtration, and the falts may be feparated by taking advantage of their different folubility in cold and in hot water. Frequently the foda does not cryftallize freely, from not being faturated with carbonic acid, which is the reafon why the London college order the folution to be expofed to the atmofphere for eight days, that it may abforb carbonic acid, before they at- tempt the cryftallization of the falts. But the preparation of car- bonate of foda, by the decompofition of fulphate of foda, has now become a manufacture, and is carried to fuch perfeClion, that its farther purification is almoft unnecefiary for the purpofes of the apothecary. Off. prep. — Aqua fuper-carb. fodje, Ed. Phofphas fodas, Ed. Tartris pot. et fod. Ed. Lond. Dub. Carbona^ ferri praecip. Ed. ' AQUA SUPER CARBON AXIS SODiE. Ed. Water of Super-Carbonate of Soda. This is prepared from ten potfhds of water, and two ounces of car- bonate of foda, in the fame manner as the water of fuper-carbo- nate of potafs. By fuper-faturating foda with carbonic acid, it is rendered more agreeable to the palate, and may be taken in larger quantities, without aifeCting the ftomach. PHOSPHAS SOD^. Ed. Phofphate of Soda. Take of Bones burnt to whitenefs, and powdered, ten pounds ; Sulphuric acid, fix pounds ; Water, nine pounds. Mix the powder with the fulphuric acid in an earthen vefTel ; then add the water, and mix again. Then place the veffel in a va- pour bath, and digeft for three days; after which dilute the mafs with nine pounds more of boiling water, and ftrain the liquor through a 0rong linen cloth, pouring over it boiling water, in fmall quantities at a time, until the whole acid be waflied out. Set by the drained liquor, that the impurities may fubfide, de- cant the clear folution, and tvaporate it to nine pounds. To this liquor, poured from the impuritier:, add carbonate of foda, dif- folved in warm water, until the tffervefcence ceafe. Filter the neutralized liquor, and fet it afide to cryftallize. To the liquor Chap. III. Alkaline Salts, 425 that remains after the cryftals are taken out, add, a little carbon- ate of foda, if neceflary, fo as to faturate exaftly the phofphonc acid, and difpofe the liquor, by evaporation to form cryftal^. Laftly, the cryftals are to be kept in a well-clofed veflel. ^^ The firft part of this procefs confifts in deftroying the gelatine of the bones by the a£l:ion of heat. When burnt to perfe6l whiter nefs, they retain their form, but become friable, and confift of phofphate of lime, mixed with a very little carbonate of lime and carbonate of foda. In performing this part of the procefs, we mufl: take care not to heat the bones to a bright red, as by it they un- dergo a kind of femi-fufion, and give out a phofphoric light. The complete combuftion of the charcoal is facilitated by the free con- tad of the air ; we muft therefore bring every part in fucceflion to the furface, and break the larger pieces. In the fecond part of the procefs, the phofphate of lime is de- compofed by the fulphuric acid. This decompofition is however only partial. The fulphuric acid combines with part of the lime, and forms infoluble fulphate of lime. The phofphoric acid fepa- rated from that portion of lime, immediately combines with the reft of the phofphate of lime, and forms fuper-phofphate of lime, which is not farther decompofable by fulphuric acid. The fuper-phofphate of lime, thus formed, is foluble in water : but as the fulphate of lime, with which it is mixed, concretes into a very folid mafs, it is in fome meafure defended from the adlioii of water. On this account the whole mafs is directed to be di- gefted for three d:iys in vapour, by which means it is throughly penetrated and prepared for folution in the boiling water, which is afterwards poured on it. It is probably to render the fubfequent folution eafier, that Thenard directs the bone-afbes to be made into a thin pafte {bouillie) with water, before the fulphuric acid is added to them. Having thus got a folution of fuper-phofphate of lime, it is next decompofed by carbonate of foda, diflblved in water. This de- compofition, likewife, is only partial, as it deprives the fuper-phof- phate of lime of its excefs of acid only, and reduces it to the ftate of phofphate. The phofphate of lime, being infoluble, is eafily feparated by filtration, and the phofphate of foda remains in folu- tion. According to Thenard, the niceft point in the whole pro- cefs, is the determination of the proper quantity of carbonate of. foda to be added. As the phofphate of foda does not cryftallize freely unlefs there be a flight excefs of bafe, he diredls that a little more carbonate of foda be added than what is merely fufficient to faturate the excefs of acid in the fuper-phofphate of lime, but not to continue the addition until it ceafe to produce any precipitate. We muft alfo take care not to carry the evaporation of a folutioi* Dd 4 424 Preparations and Compositions, Part III. of phofphate of foda fo far as to form a pellicle, for it then con- cretes into an irregular mafs, and does not form beautiful cryilals. After each cryftallization, we muft examine the liquor which re- mains, and if it be acid, or merely neutral, add to it a little of the folution of carbonate of foda. In this way Thenard got from 2 1 oo parts of bone-afhes, 700 of fulphuric acid, and 667 of carbonate of foda, 885 of phofphate of foda. According to Fourcroy, phof- phate of lime confifts of 0.41 acid and 0.59 lime, and fuper-phof- phate of lime of 0.54 acid and 0.46 lime •, phofphate of lime, treat- ed with fulphuric acid, is only deprived or 0.24 lime, and changed into 0.76 of fuper-phofphate, confiding of 0.59 phofphate of lime, and 0.17 phofphoric acid, and it is only with this portion of acid that we are '«blc to combine foda. Fourcroy is alfo of opinion, that phofphate of lime requires only 0.4 of its weight of fulphuric acid to decompofe it, whereas 0.6 are employed by the Edinburgh college, and others ufe even 0.7. This is not only, therefore, a wafte of acid, but renders the produdt impure, by being mixed with fulphate of foda, which is fometimes actually the cafe in the phofphate of foda of commerce. Befides, as bone-afhes are of a very little value, it is better that a portion of them fliould ef- cape undecompofed, than that an excefs of acid fhould be added to them. Mr. Funcke, of Linz, has difcovered a ftill more economical and expeditious method. It confifts in faturating the excefs of lime in calcined bones with diluted fulphuric acid, and then diflblving the remaining phofphate of lime iu nitric acid. To this folution he adds an equal quantity of fulphate of fcda, and then recovers the nitric acid by diftillation. The phofphate of foda is then feparated from the fulphate of lime, by the affufion of water and cryftalliza- tion. Phofphate of foda cryftallizes in rhomboidal prifms, terminated by three-fided pyramids. Its tafte refembles that of common fait. At 60° it is foluble in four parts of water, and at 212° in two. It efflorefces in the air. By heat it undergoes the watery fufion, and at laft melts into a white mafs. It confifts, according to Thenard, of 15 phofphoric acid, 19 foda, and 6G water of cryf- tallization. It is decompofed by moft of the falts having an earthy bafe. Medical ufe, — Phofphate of foda was introduced into the practice of phyfic by the ingenious Dr. Pearfon of Leicefter fquare, Lon- don. It poflefles the fame medical qualities as fulphate of foda, and the tartrate of potafs and foda, being an excellent purge in the quantity of an ounce or ten drachms ; and has the peculiar advantage over thefe two falts of being much lefs naufeous than they are. Its tafte is extremely fimilar to that of common fait ; and when given in a bafon of water-gruel, or veal-broth made \yithout fait, it is Chap. III. Alkaline Salts. 4^5 fcarcely perceptible by the palate, and confequently is well adapted for patients whofe ftomachs are delicate, and who have an anti- pathy againft the other falts. The only objedion to its general ufe is the very great difference between its price and that of fulphate of foda, a difference which might certainly be diminiflied. MURIAS SOD^ EXSICCATUS. Ed. Sal-Communis Exsiccatus. Dub. Dried Muriate of Soda^ Dried Common Salt. Take of Common fait, any quantity. Roaft it over the fire in a wide iron veffeJ, until it ceafe to decre- pitate, agitating it from time to time. By this procefs the muriate of foda is reduced into the flate in which it is employed for the diitillation of muriatic acid. It not only deprives it entirely of its water of cryflallization, which, from being variable in quantity, would otherwife render the acid obtain- ed unequal in ftrength, but alfo deftroys fome colouring matter it contains ; for if we prepare muriatic acid from cryftallized muriate of foda, we obtain a coloured muriatic acid, while the dried muriate furnifhes a perfedtly colourlefs one. Off. prep. — Acid muriat. Ed. Lond. Dub. Murias hydrarg. Ed. Lond. Dub. SULPHAS SOD^ ; olim, Sal Glauberi. Ed. Sulphate of Soda ; formerly, Glaubers Salt. DIffolve the acidulous fait which remains after the diftillation of muriatic acid, in water ; and having mixed chalk with it to re- move the fuperfluous acid, fet it afide until the fediment fubfides, then evaporate the liquor decanted from them, and ftrain through paper, fo that it may cryftallize. Natron Vitriolatum. Lond, Vitriolated Natron. Take of The fait which remains after the diflillation of the muriatic acid, two pounds ; Diftilled water, two pints and an half. Burn out the fuperfluous acid with a ftrong^fire, in an open velTel ; then boil it for a little in the water : ftrain the folution, and fet it by to cryftallize. 426i Preparations and Compositions, Part III. Alkali Fossile Vitrtolatum. Duh. Vitriolated Fojftl Alkali, Reduce the fait, which remains after the diftillation of muriatic acid, to powder, and diflblve it in a fufficient quantity of boiling water. Evaporate the filtered folution, and cryftallize the fait by flow refrigeration. The obfervations we made refaedting the different methods fol- lowed by the colleges, for extraftmg fulphate of potafs from the refiduum of the diftillation of nitrous acid, apply in the prefent in- ftance, except that the Edinburgh college do not preferve the fuperabundant acid when prefent, by faturating it with carbonate of foda, but get rid of it by faturating it with carbonate of lime, with which it forms an infoluble fulphate of lime. In fa£l, the price of fulphate of foda is fo very fmall, that it would be no eco- nomy to ufe carbonate of foda to faturate the fuperabundant acid. By far the greateft part of the fulphate of foda is obtained from manufacturers, as a refult of procefTes performed for the fake of other fubftances, as in the preparation of muriate of ammonia, oxygenized muriatic acid, &c. It may be economically obtained by making into a pafle with a fufficient quantity of water, eight parts of burnt gypfum, five of clay, and five of nmriate of foda. This mixture is burnt in a kiln op^feren, then ground to powder, diffufed in a fufficient quantity of water, and after being llrained, is evaporated and cryftallized. Sulphate of foda cryftallizes in fix-fided prifms, terminated by dihedral fummits. The cryftals are often irregular, and their fides are ufually channelled. Their tafte is at firft fait, and after- wards difagreeably bitter. They are foluble in 2.67 parts' of wa- ter at 60°, and in 0.8 at 212°. In the air they efflorefce. They undergo the watery fufion, and in a red heat melt. They confifl: of 23.52 fulphuric acid, 18.48 foda, and 58 water ; when dried at ^00^, of 56 acid and 44 foda. It is decompofed by baryta and potafs, and falts containing thefe bafes, and by the falts of filver, mercury, and lead. Medical ufe, — Taken from half an ounce to an ounce, or more, it proves a mild and ufeful purgative ; and in fmallcr dofes, large- ly diluted, a ferviceable aperient and diuretic. It is commonly given in folution, but it may alfo be given in powder, after it has efflorefced. In this form the dofe muft be reduced to one half. TARTRIS POTASS^ et SOD^ ; olim, Sal Rupellensis. Ed. Tart rite of Potafs and Soda, formerly Rochellc Salt, It is prepared from the carbonate of foda and fuper-tartrate of po- tafs, in the fame manner as the tartrate of potafs. Chap. III. Alkaline Salts. 427 Natron Tartaric atum. Lond. Sal Rufeli.ensif. Dub- Tar iarifed Natron. Ruhdle Salt, Take of Natron, twenty ounces *, Cryftals of tartar, powdered, two pounds ; Diftilled water, boiling, ten pints. Diflblve the natron in the water, and gradually add the cryftals of tartar : filter the liquor through paper ; evaporate, and fet it afide to cryftallize. \ The tartarc acid in feveral inftances 13 capable of entering into combination at the fame time with two bafes. In the prefent ex- ample, the fuperabundant acid of the fuper-tartrate of potafs is neutralized with foda, and in place of a mixture of tartrate of pot- afs and tartrate of foda, each pofTefFing their own properties, there refults a triple fait, having pecuHar properties. The tartrate of potafs and foda forms large and very regular cryftals, in the form of prifms with eight fides nearly equal, which are often divided longitudinally, almoft through their axis. It has a bitter tafte. It is foluble in about five parts of water, and efflor- efces in the air. It is decompofed by the ftrong acids, which com- bine with the foda, and feparate fuper-tartrate of potafs, and by baryta and lime. By heat its acid is deftroyed. It confifts of 54 tartrate of potafs, and 46 tartrate of foda. Medical ufe. — It was introduced into medical practice by M. Seignette, an apothecary at Rochclle, whofe name it long bore. It is ftill frequently employed ; and though lefs agreeable than the phofphatc of foda, it is much more fo than the fulphate of foda. It is lefs purgative than thefe, and muft be given in larger dofes. AQUA AMMONIA ; olim. Aqua Ammonia Caustics. Ed, Liquor Alkali Volatilis Caustici. (^Dub.) Water of Ammonia^ formerly Water of Cauflic Ammoniam Liquor of Caujlic Volatile Alkali. Take of Muriate of ammonia, fixteen ounces ; Quicklime, frefh burnt, two pounds ; Water, fix pounds. Having put one pound of the water into an iron or ftoneware vef- fel, add the quicklime, previoufly beat, and cover the veflel for twenty- four hours, until the lime fall into a fine powder, which is to be put into a retort. Add to it the muriate of ammonia, diflTolved in five pounds of water ; and, fhutting the mouth of the retort, mix them together by agitation. Laftly, diftil into a 428 Preparations and Cofnpositions, Part III. refrigerated receiver with a very gefitle lient, (fo that the opera- tor's hand can eafily bear the heat of the retort), till twenty ounces of liquor are drawn ofF. In this diftillation the velTels are to be fo luted as to confine eiFe£luaI}y the vapours, which are very penetratinpf. (^Ed.) Sprinkle one pound of boiling water upon tht lime, placed in a ftoneware veffcl, and cover up the veflcl. Twenty four hours nfterwards, mix tlie fait with the lime, which will have crumbleci to powder, taking care to avoid the vapours. Then put the mixture into a retort, and pour upon it five pounds of water. Having previoufly agitated them, drav/ off with a moderate heat twenty ounces of liquor into a refrigerated receiver, having luted carefully the joining of the veliels. The fpecific gravity of this liquor is to tliat of diflilkd water, ag 936 to 1000. (Dux;.) Aqua AmxMOni^, Pur^e. Lond. Water of Pure Ammonia, Take of Sal ammoniac, one pound ; Quicklime, two pounds ; Water, one gallon. Add to the lime two pints of the water. Let them ftand together an hour ; then add the fal ammoniac and the other fix pints of water boiling, and immediately cover the velTel. Pour out the liquor when cold, and dillil off with a flow fire one pound. In this procefs the muriate of ammonia is decompofed by the lime, in confequence of its having a ftronger alhnity for muriatic acid than ammonia liafc. It is abiolutcly neceffary that the lime employed be very recently burnt, as the prefence of carbonic acid ^^ould render the ammonia partially carbonated. This accident is alfo prevented by the great excefs of lime ufed, which having a greater affinity for carbonic acid than ammonia has, retains any fmall quantity of it which may be accidentally prefent. The lime is alfo to be flaked before it be added to the muriate of arhmonia, becaufe the heat produced during its flaking would caufe a violent difengagement of ammonia gas, and be attended with great lofs. The addition of the water is efTential to the exiftence of the am- monia in a liquid form, for in itfelf it is a permanently elaftic fluid. A much greater quantity of water, however, is 'jfed than what is fufhcient to abforb all the ammonia : the refl is intended to render the decompofuion flower and more manageable, and to keep the muriate of jimc which remains in the retort in folution ; for other- wife it would concrete into a fblid mafs, adhering flrongly to the bottom of the retort, very difficult to be walhed out, and often Chap. III. Alkaline Salts, i'}() endangering its breaking. As foon as the flaked lime and muriate of ammonia are mixed, they ihauld be put into the retort, the Ayater poured upon them, and the diftillation begun : for, by the London procefs, of adding the water boiling hot to the mixture, and letting it ftand to cool before it is introduced into the retort, there is a very great lofg of ammonia, and for no rcafon whatever, A very fmall degree of heat is fufficient for the diftillation, and the whole ammonia rifes with the firft portion of water, or e\'en before it. It is therefore neceflary that the vefTels be very clofely luted to each other, to prevent it from cfcaping. But this renders the utmofl: care neceflary in the diftillation -y for too fudden, or too great a heat, from the rapid difengagement of gas, or even the ex- panfion of the air contained in the vefTels, would endanger their burfting. Many variatioHS of greater or h^s Importance have been made in conduiSing this procefs, but the moft conllderable is that of Gottling. The peculiarity, of his method confifts in difengaging the ammonia in the form of gas, and combining it afterwards with water with the afTift^nce of prefiTure. He ufcr, an earthen ware cucurbit, with a tubulated capital. To the fpout of the capital, one end of a bent glafs tube is accurately luted, while the other end is introduced to the bottom of a tall narrow-mouthed glafs phial, containing one part of water. Into the cucurbit he puts two parts of finely powdered lime, and one of muriate of ammo- nia, and then applies the heat. He does not (hut the tuhulature until the frnell of ammonia becomes manifeft, and opens it again as foon as the procefs is finiflied, and before the veftels begin to cool, as otherwlfe the folution of ammonia would flow back into the cucurbit, and fpoil the whole operation. But this management of the tuhulature requires very great attention, and, therefore, we think that this apparatus would be very much improved, by fub- ftituting for the tuhulature one of Welter's tubes of fafctj', by which even the poflibility of fuch an accident is precluded. We have already mentioned the properties of ammonia in its gafeous form, and its relation to the alkalies. When combined with water, it imparts to it many of thefe properties, and leflens its fpecific gravity. Liquid ammonia, or water faturated with am- monia, contains 74.63 water, and 25.37 ammonia ; and its fpecific gravity is 0.9054. When it has the fpecific gravity mentioned by the Dublin college 0.936, it contains about 83 of vi'^ater, and 17 of ammonia. It afliimcs its elaftic form, and feparates from the water, when heated to about 130^, and quickly attracts carbonic acid from the at.mofphere. It decompofes many of the earthy and ail the metalline falts, and is capable of diflblving or combining with many of the metalline oxides, and even of oxidizing fome of 430 Preparations and Compositions, Part III. the metals. When pure, water of ammonia does not efFervefcc with any of the acids, or form a precipitate with alcohol. Medical tife. — Water of ammonia is very rarely given internally, although it may be ufed in dofes of ten to twenty drops, largely diluted, as a powerful ftimulant in afphyxia, and fimilar difeafes. Externally it is applied to the Ikin as a rubefacient, and in the form of gas to the noftrils, and to the eyes as a ftimulant ; in cafes of torpor, paralyfis, rheumatifm, fyncope, hyfteria, and chronic ophthalmia. Off. prep. — Hydrofulph. ammon. Ed, Oleum ammon. Ed, Lond, Linim camph. comp. Lond. Spt. ammon. fuccinat. Lond. ALCOHOL AMMONIATUM, sive SPIRITUS AMMONITE. Edin. Ammoniated Alcohol^ or spirit of Ammonia, Take of Diluted alcohol, four pounds 5 Muriate of ammonia, four ounces ; Carbonate of potafs, fix ounces. Mix them, and draw off by diftillation, with a gentle heat, tw@ pounds. Spiritus Ammonite. Zo«^. Spiritus Alkali Vol atilis. Buh* Spirit of Ammonia. Spirit of Volatile Alkali. Take of Proof fplrit, three pints ; Sal ammoniac, four ounces ; Potafhes, fix ounces. Mix, and dillil with a flow fire, one pint and an half. When muriate of ammonia is decompofed by carbonate of po- tafs, the produft is a mixture of carbonate of ammonia with a variable quantity of ammonia ; for the carbonate of potafs is never faturated with carbonic acid. Again, as diluted alcohol is em- ployed in this procefs, and one half only is drawn off, it is evident that there is either a want of economy, or the whole alcohol comes over before any of the water. But if the latter fuppofition be true, there is alfo a want of economy, for the alcohol will diflblve only the ammonia, and leave the whole carbonate undlfTolved. The fa£l is, that when we perform the procefs as directed by the colleges, a very large proportion of carbonate of ammonia fublimes, which remains undiflblved in the diftilled liquor ; but as this liquor (after the particles of carbonate of ammonia, which were difFufed through it, have feparated in the form of very regular cfyftals, adhering to the fides of the veflel) effervefces with acids, Chap. III. Alkaline Salts, 4.31 the diftilled liquor cannot be pure alcohol, but muft contain a pro- portion of water capable of diflblving fome carbonate of ammonia. From both confiderations, it appears to us, that the procefs direct- ed, if not unchemical, is at leaft uneconomical. It is remarkable that the Edinburgh college, for what reafon we know not, (hould have adopted, in the two laft editions of their Pharmacopoeia, this procefs from the London college, and rehn- quilhed one which to us appears unexceptionable, as it is not at- tended with the fmalleft lofs, either of alcohol or ammonia, and gives both a more a6live and a more uniform preparation. A ftrong proof of its fuperiority is, that the apothecaries dill continue to follow it, although it has been rejeded by the college. We fliall therefore infert it here without any alteration, except of the nomenclature. Take of Quicklime, fixteen ounces ; Muriate of ammonia, eight ounces ; Alcohol, thirty-two ounces. Having bruifed and mixed the quicklime and muriate of ammo- nia, put them into a glafs retort ; then add the alcohol, and dif- til to drynefs, in the manner dire£ted for the water of ammo- nia. The Berlin college direct this preparation to be made by fimply mixing two parts of alcohol with one of water of ammonia. Off, prep. — Alcohol ammon. focted. Ed.Duk Alcohol ammon. aromat. Ed, Lond. DuL Tin6J. caft. comp. Ed, Tin£t. guiac. amm. Ed. Tind. opii am. Ed, CARBONAS AMMONIA; olim, Ammonia Pr^parata. Edin, Carbonate of Ammonia y formerly Prepared Ammonia, Take of Muriate of ammonia, one pound ; Pure carbonate of lime, (commonly called chalk), dried, two pounds. Haying triturated them feparately, mix them thoroughly, and fub- lime from a retort into a refrigerated receiver. Ammonia Prjeparata. Lond. Alkali Volatile Mite. Dw^, Prepared Ammonia. Mild Volatile Alkali, Take of Sal ammoniac, powdered, one pound. Prepared chalk, two pounds. Mix and fublime. {Lond,) 432 Preparations and Compositions. Part IIL Dry them with the greateft care ; and having mixed them, intro- duce them into a retort. By means of IiCat fublime the alkaline fait, which is to be received in a proper veflel. {Dub.) In this procefs the two fubftances employed undergo a mutual decompofition, the muriatic acid combining with the lime, and the carbonic acid with the ammonia. The proportion of carbonate of lime dire and dilut- ing the folution with water, lb that it fhall weigh twenty-four ounces. One ounce, therefore, contains the alkali of a drachm of carbonate of ammonia. Medical ufe — Acetate of ammonia, when aflifted by a warm re- gimen, proves an excellent and powerful fudorific ; and as it ope- rates without quickening the circulation or increaling the heat of the body, it Is admiffible iu febrile and inflammatory difeafes, in which the ufe of ftimulating fudorifics are attended with danger. Its a£^ion may likewife be determined to the kidneys, by walking about in a cool air. The common dofe is half an ounce, either by itfelf, or along with other medicines adapted to the fame inten- tion. HYDRO-SULPHURETUM AMMONITE. Edm. Hydro-Sulphur et of Ammonia, Take of Water of ammonia, four ounces ; Subje either in the dry or humid way. Klaproth boils fixteen ounces of finely-powdered fulphate of baryta with 32 ounces of purified car- bonate of potafs, and five pounds of water, for an hour in a tin kettle, conftantly agitating the mixture, and renewing the water as it evaporates. He then allows it to fettle, pours off the fluid, which is a folution of fulphate of potafs, and edulcorates the pre- cipitate with plenty of water. He next diflblves the carbonate of baryta, which it contains, in muriatic acid. The portion of ful- phate which is not decompofed, may be treated again in the fame manner. On the other hand. Van ^lons mixes equal parts of fulphate of baryta and carbonate of potafs with one fourth of their weight of charcoal all in powder, and heats the mixture to rednefs in a cru- cible. When it cools he walhes out the fulphate and fulphuret of potafs with water, then boils the refiduum with a Uttle potafs, and wafties it again. The carbonate of baryta thus obtained, he dif- folves in muriatic acid- But by thefe methods of decompofing the fulphate of baryt^, we do not get rid of the metallic fubftances which it often con- tains, and which often render the muriate thus prepared unfit for medical ufe. But the metaUine muriates may be expelled, ac- cording to Weftrumb, by heating the fait to rednefs as long as any fumes arife. The pure muriate of baryta is then to be diflblved in water and cryftallized. Gbttling, with the fame intention of getting rid of metalline fubftances, choofes fulphate of baryta, per- fe£l ly colourlefs, and treats it with muriatic or nitro-muriatic acid before he proceeds to decompofe it. La Grange has propofed a new method of decompofing the ful- phate of baryta, by means of muriate of lime, which he prepares from the refiduum of the decompofition of muriate of ammonia by lime, by diifolving it in a fmall quantity of hot water, and evapo- rating it to drynefs. He mixes equal parts of this muriate with fulphate of baryta in powder, and projects it by fpoonfuls into a crucible previoufly heated to rednefs. When it is all in complete fufion, he pours it out upon a poliflied ftone previoufly heated. The matter, which cracks as it cools, has a whitiih-grey colour, ^s very hard, fonorous, and deliquefcent, is now to be boiled in about fjx times its weight of diftilled water, its foiution filter- Chap. IV. Earths, and Earthy Salts, 441 ed, and the refiduum boiled in a fmaller quantity of water. The mixed folutions are then evaporated to a pellicle, and on cooling furnifli beautiful cryftals of muriate of baryta, which are to be waflied with cold water, and purified by a fecond folution and cry- ftallization. The mother water of the firil cryftallization dill con- tains muriate of baryta, which may be feparated from the muriate of lime, with which it is mixed, by repeated folutions and cryftalliz- ations. La Grange thinks that this procefs not only faves time, fuel, and muriatic acid, but that it furnifties a purer muriate of ba- ryta than the following procefs. 2. By decompofing its acid ; by means of charcoal. The acid of the fulphate of baryta is decompofed at a very high temperature by charcoal. At fuch a temperature charcoal has a greater affinity for oxygen than fulphur has •, it therefore decern- pofes fulphuric acid, by depriving it of its oxygen, and flies off in the ftate of carbonic oxide or acid gas, while the fulphur combines with the baryta. On adding water to the fulphurct thus formed, new combinations take place. A portion of fulphate of baryta is regenerated, while hydroguretted fulphurct, and fulphuretted hy- droguret of baryta remain in folution. This folution is exceed- ingly prone to decompofition, and mull therefore be preferved from the adion of the air as much as poffible. It alfo cryftallizes by cooling, and therefore fhould be kept at a boiling heat. On the addition of muriatic acid, there is a violent effervefcence and dif- engagement of fulphuretted hydrogen gas, which muft be avoided as much as poffible, by performing the operation under a chimney, while very pure muriate of baryta remains in folution. When pre- pared in this way, it cannot be contaminated with any of the noxi- ous metals, as their compounds with fulphur and hydrogen are not foluble. On this account, therefore, it is the procefs adopted by the Edinburgh college. Muriate of baryta commonly cryftallizes in tables. It has a dif- agreeable bitter tafte j is foluble in five parts of water at 60^, and in lefs boiling water. It is fcarcely foluble in alcohol 5 and its fo- lution burns with a yellow flame. It cryftallizes by evaporation ; its cryftals are permanent ; and by the aiftion of heat decrepitate, dry, and melt. When cryftallized it contains 20 acid, 64 baryta and 16 water; when dried, 23.8 acid, and 76.2 baryta. It is de- compofed by the fulphates, nitrates, and fulphites ; and by the al- kaline phofphates, borates, and carbonates. When pure it has no colour ; does not deliquefce ; does not burn with a red or purple flame when diflblved in alcohol ; and is not precipitated by gallic acid, pruffiate of potafs and iron, or hydro-fulphuret of ammonia. By waffiing with alcohol muriate of baryta rendered impure by £he prefence of muriate of iron, the latter alone Is difiTolved. It is commonly given in folution. 442 Preparations and Compositions, Part IIL SOLUTIO MURIATIS BARYTiE. Edin. Solution of Muriate of Baryta, Take of Muriate of baryta, one part j Diftilled water, three parts. Diflblvc. The proportion of water direfted here for the folution of muri- ate of baryta, is confiderably lefs than what is ftated to be necef- fary by the writers on chemiftry. It is however fufficient, even at the lowed ordinary temperatures ; a circumftance which fhould be attended to in making faturated folutions of faline bodies. Medical ufe. — Muriate of baryta is generally faid by writers on the materia medica to be a Jlimulant deobftruent ; and yet Hufe- land, one of its greateft fupporters, fays, that it fucceeds better in cafes attended with inflammation and increafed irritability than with atony and torpor. When given in large dofes, it certainly produces naufea, vomiting, diarrhoea, vertigo, and death. Its effe£ls on a morbid Hate of the body are alfo difputed. Some aflert that it is of advantage in no difcafe •, while others beftow up- on it the mod unqualified praifes. By the latter, it is principally celebrated, 1. In all cafes of fcrofula. 2. In obftruftions and tumors. 3 . In cafes of worms. 4. In cutaneous difeafes. The dofe of the folution at firft, is five or ten drops twice or thrice a-day, to be gradually and cautioufly increafed to as much as the patient can bear. The folution is alfo ufed externally as a ftimulating and gently- efcharotic application in cutaneous difeafes, fungous ulcers, and fpecks upon the cornea. AQUA CALCIS. Editu Lime Water. Take of Frefii-burnt lime, half a pound ; Put it into an earthen veflel, and gradually fprinkle on it four ounces of water, keeping the vefTel {hut, while the lime grows hot, and falls into powder. Then pour on it twelve pounds of water, and mix the lime thoroughly with the water by agitation. After the lime has fubfided, repeat the agitation ; and let this be done about ten times, always keeping the vcffel (hut, that the free accefs of the air may be prevented. Laftly, let the wa- t^r be filtered through paper, placed in a funnel, with g^aft Chap. IV. EartJiSy and Earthy Salts. 443 rods intcrpofed between them, that the water may pafs as quick- ly as poflible. It muft be kept in very clofe bottles. Lond. Take of Quicklime, half a pound j Boiling diftilled water, twelve pints. Mix and fet them afide in a covered veflel for an hour ; then pour ofF the liquor, which is to be kept in a clofe-ftopt veflel. Dub. Take of Lime recently burnt ; Boiling water, each one pound. Put the lime into an earthen vefTel, and fprinkle the water upon it, keeping the veflel (hut while the lime grows warm and falls in- to powder ; then pour upon it twelve pounds of water, and fliut the veflel, agitating it frequently for twenty-four hours ; laftly, filter the water through paper, placed in a covered funnel, and keep it in well-clofed bottles. We have already had Occafion to fpeak of the 'properties of lime, and (hall therefore now confine our remarks to the folution of it in water, commonly called Lime-water. In making this, we ihould firft add only fo much water as is fufiicient to flake the lime, which reduces it to a fine powder, eafily diflfufed through water ; for if we add more water at firft:, it forms a pafl.e with the external part of the lime, and defends the internal from the adlion of the water. During the whole procefs, the air muft be exclud- ed as much as polhble -, as lime has a very ftrong affinity for car- bonic acid, and attracts it from the atmofphere. The proportion of water tiled is fcarcely able to diflblve one tenth of the lime ; but lime is of little value ; and our obje£l is to form a faturated folu- tion quickly and eafily. Lime is not more foluble in hot water than in cold ; therefore it is unnecefl^ary to ufe boiling water. The London college decant their folution from the undiflxjlved lime ; but in this way we are not fo fure of a perfedlly-tranfparent folu- tion as by filtration ; and if we ufe the precautions diredted byjthe other colleges, it may be performed without the lime abforbing a perceptible quantity of carbonic acid. The bottles in which lime- water is kept, fhould be perfeclly full, and well corked. Lime.watcr is tranfparent and colourlefs. It has an auftcre acrid tafte, and afFe6ts vegetable colours as the alkalies do. It en- ters very readily into combination with all the acids, fulphur, and phofphorus ; and decompofes the alkaline carbonates, phofphates, fluates, borates, oxalates, tartrates, and citrates. 444 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Medical itfe. — When applied to the living fibre, lime-water cor- rugates and fhortens it j it therefore poflefies aftringent powers. It is alfo a powerful antacid, or at leall it combines with and neutra- lizes acids when it comes in contact with them. It alfo diflblves mucus, and kills inteftinal worms. From pofleffing thefe proper- ties, it is ufed in medicine, in difeafes fuppofed to arife from laxity and debility of the folids, as diarrhoea, diabetes, leucorrhoea, fcro- fula, and fcuryy ; in afftdions of the ftomach accompanied with acidity and flatulence ; when the inteftines are loaded with mucus ; and in worms. Lime-water is Scarcely capable of diflblving, even out of the body, any of the fubftances of which urinary calculi ccnfift ; it has therefore no pretenfions to the chaTa6ler of a lith- ontriptic. It has been alfo recommended in crufta kdtea, in can- cer, and in chronic cutaneous difeafes. Externally, it is applied to ill-conditioned ulcers, gangrenous fores ; as a wafh in tinea ca- pitis and pfara>; and as an injection in gonorrhoea, fiftulas, and ul- cers of the blailder. When t^ken internally, its tafte is faid to be beft covered by lukewarm milk. Its dofe is commonly from two to four ounces, frequently repeated \ but when long continued it weakens the or- gans of digeilion. Ojf. prep — Liquor cupri ammoniati, I^ond, Ditb. Oleum lini cum calce, Ed. " CARBONAS CALCISPR^PARATUS; olim, Greta Pr^- PARATA, ET Cancrorum Lapilli ; vulgo, OcuLi Cancrorum Pr-^paratj. Edit!. Prepared Carbonate of Lime ; formerly Prepared Chalk, and Crabs Stones, commonly called Crabs Eyes» ' Carbonatje ef lime, whether the fofter variety commonly callecj Chalk, or the hiirder variety called Crabs Eyes and Crabs Stones, after having been triturated to powder in an iron mortar, and levigated on a porphyry (lone with a little water, is to be put into a large vefTel, and water to be poured upon it, which after agitat- ing the vefTel repeatedly is to dc again po.ured off, while loaded with minute powder. On allowing the water to fettle, a fubtilc powder will fubfide, which is to be dried. The coarfe powder which the water could not fufpend, may be kvigated again and treated in tlie fame manner. Quorundam, AfiUA non Solubilium, PRiEPARATio. ond. The Preparation offome Sid^Jlances not foluble in Water. Reduce thefe fubftances firft in a mortar to powder j and pouring on a little water, levigate them on a hard and polifhed, but not calcareous, ftcne, that they may be made as fine as poffible. Dry Chap. IV. Earthy and Earthy Salts, 445 this powder on blotting-paper hid on chalk, and fet it in a warm, or at lead a dry, place, for fome days. In this manner are to be prepared, Chalk, Coral, Crabs claws, firfl: broken into fmall pieces, and waflied with boiling water, Oyfter- (hells, firfl cleaned from impurities, And alfo amber, antimony, calamine, tutty, and verdegris. Cancrorum Chelje Pr^parat;e. Dul>. Prepared Crabs Claws, Wafli the powdered claws in water mixed with about a fixth part of cauftic ley, until the adhering faline and animal particles be entirely feparated from the earthy particles, which are to be waftied by frequently pouring upon them boiling water. With the addition of a little water, they are then to be ground in a llone-ware m.ortar to powder, which is to be mixed by agitation with a fufficiently large quantity of water. After a {hort delay, that is, until the coarfer particles fubfide, the liquor is to be poured off. The fame procefs, by repeating the trituration, may- be performed feverai times. Laftly, the very minute powder fwimming in the water poured off, is to be coUecfted after it has fubfided, and dried upon paper placed on a bibulous flone. Creta PRiEPARATA, Prepared Chalk* OsTREARUM TestjE PR^PARATiE. Prepared Ovjier-lhelb, OvoRUM TEST-ffi Pr^parat^e. Prepared Egg-Jhells^ Thefe are all to be prepared in the fame way as crabs claws. The preparation of thefe fubftances merely confifts in reducing them to an impalpable powder. The folution of potafs is ufed by the Dublin college to diflblve the animal matter contained in the different (hells ; which is apt to keep the carbonate of lime too long fufpended, and to give it a bad fmell if not quickly dried. But thefe inconveniences are totally avoided by ufing chalk, which, as a medicine, is not inferior to the coilly coral. Medical ufe, — Carbonate of lime is commonly called an Abforb- ent Earth. It certainly is an antacid ; that is, it combines with and neutralizes mod acids, while its carbonic acid is expelled in the form of gas. It is therefore exhibited in afFeftions of the fto- mach accompanied with acidity, efpecially when at the fame time there is a tendency to diarrhoea. The fear of its forming concre- tions in the bowels, is probably imaginary ; for it is not warranted either by theory or experience. Applied externally, carbonate of lime may be confidered as an 446 Preparations and Compositions. Part lU, abforbent in another point of view ; for its beneficial a£iion on burns and ulcers, probably arifes entirely from its imbibing the moiilure or ichorous matter, as a fpunge would do, and thus pre- venting it from a£ling on the abraded furfaces, and excoriating the neighbouring parts. Off. prep, — Hydrarg. cum creta, Lond- Pulv. carb. calcls comp. Ed' Lond, Pulv. opiat. Ed, Trochifci carb, calcis, Ed- Lond. SOLUTIO MURIATIS CALCIS. Ed'in, Solution of Muriate of Lime, Take of Pure carbonate of lime, that is, white marble, broken into pieces, nine ounces ; Muriatic acid, fixteen ounces 5 Water, eight ounces. Mix the acid with the water, and gradually, add the pieces of car- bonate of lime. When the effervefcence has ceafed, digeft them for an hour, pour off the liquor, and evaporate it to drynefs. Diflblve the refiduum in its weight and a half of water, and lail- ly, filter the folution. From the difficulty of cryftallizing this fait, it is dire(3:ed to be evaporated to the total expulfion of its water of cryitalJization, as being the fureft way of obtaining a folution of it of uniform Itrength. Its cryftals are prifms of fix fmooth and equal fides, but they are often fo aggregated, that they can only be termed acicular. Its tafi.e is pungent, bitter, and difagreeable. When heated, it melts, fwells, and lofes its water of cryftallization, and at a very high temperature a fmall part of its acid. It is one of the moil deli- quefcent falts that we know, and is fo foiuble in water, that that fluid feems capable of diflblving twice its weight, or at lead forms with it a vifcid liquid ; but as it is ftill capable of attra£ling moif- turc from the air, and of emitting caloric when farther diluted, it can fcarcely be confide red as a true folution. It is foluble in alco- hol, and its folution burns with a crimfon flame. It is decompofed by the fulphuric, nitric, phofphoric, fluoric and boracic acids ; by baryta, potafs, foda, and ftrontia ; by mofl of the fulphates, ful- phites, nitrates, phofphates, fluates, borate^ and the alkaline car- bonates. Cryftallized, it contains 31 acid, 44 lime, and 25 water j dried at a red heat, 4a acid, 50 lime, and 8 water. Medical ufe, — It was firft propoled as a medicine by Fourcroy, in fcrofulous and glandular difeafes, and has been lately extolled by Dr. Beddoes in the fame afleclions. A drachm diluted with an ounce of water he confidcrs as a medium dofe. In an overdofe it has produced qualms and ficknefs ; and three drachms and a half Chap. IV. Earths, and Earthy Sails, 447 killed a dog, the ftomach of which, upon difTeftion, had its villous coat bloodfiiot, and in many parts almofk black and converted into a gelatinous flime. The property of this fait, of producing intcnfe cold during its folution, might alfo be applied to medical ufe. For this purpofe, it might be economically prepared, by faturating with muriatic acid the refiduum of the diftillation of ammonia or of car- bonate of ammonia. PHOSPHAS CALCIS. Cornu Cervi Ustio. Lofid, Cornu Cervinum Ustum. Duh. Phofphate of Lime» Burnt HartJJjorn, Burn pieces of hartfliorn till they become perfectly white •, then reduce them to a very fine powder. The pieces of horn generally employed in tliis operation, are thofe left after diftillation. In the burning of hartfliorn, a fufEcIent fire and the free ad- mifiion of air are neceflary. The potter's furnace was formerly directed for the fake of convenience ; but any common furnace or Itovc will do. Indeed too violent a heat makes their furface under- go a kind of fufion and vitrification, which both prevents the in- ternal parts from being completely burnt, and renders the whole lefs foluble. If the pieces of horn be laid on fome lighted char-» coal, fpread on the bottom of the grate, they will be burnt to white- nefs, ftill retaining their original form. According to the analyGs of Merat Guillot, hartfliorn was found to confifl: of 27. gelatine, 57.5 phofphate of lime, i. carbo- nate of lime, and there was alofs of 14.5, probably water. Now, as the gelatine is deftroyed by burning, and the water expelled, the fubftance which remains is phofphate of lime, mixed with lefs than two per cent, of carbonate of lime. The bones of animals have lately been difcovcred to contain phofphate of magnefia. Medical ufe. — From its white earthy appearance, it was former- ly confidered as an abforbent earth. But fince it has been accur- ately analyzed, that idea has been laid afide, and its ufe has been fuggefted as a remedy in rickets, a difeafe in which the deficiency of the natural depofition of phofphate of lime in the bones feems to be the eflential or at leaft moft llriking fymptom. M. Bonhomme, therefore, gave it to the extent of half a fcruple, mixed with phof- phate of foda, in feveral cafes with apparent fuccefs. Whatever objedions may be made to his theory, the practice certainly de- ferves a trial. 0^. prep. — Decodl. cornu cervi, Lond, Pulv. opiatus, Lond* Phofphas fodac, Ed, 448 Preparations and Compositions, Part III, MAGNESIA ; olim. Magnesia Usta. Ed. Magnefia, formerly Calcined Magnefia. Let carbonate of magnefia, put into a crucible, be kept in a red heat for two hours, then put it up in clofe ftopt glafs veflels. Magnesia Usta. Lotid,, Duh. Calcined Magnefia, Take of White magnefia, four ounces^ Expofe it to a ftrong heat for two hours ; and, when cold, fet it by. Keep it in a glafs veflel clofely ftopt. By this procefs the carbonate of magnefia is freed of its acid and water , and, according to the late Dr. Black's experiment, lofes about TT of its weight. A kind of opaque foggy vapour is obferved to efcape during the calcination, which is nothing elfe than a quantity of fine particles of magnefia, buoyed off along v/ith a ftream of the difengaged gas. About the end of the operation, the magnefia exhibits a kind of luminous or phofphorefcent pro- perty, which may be confidered as a pretty exadi criterion of its being deprived of its acid. It is to be kept in clofe veffels, becaufe it attracts, though flow- ly, the carbonic acid of the atmofphere. We have already noticed its general chemical properties. Med, ufe, — It is ufed for the fame general purpofes as the car- bonate. In certain affc6lions of the ftomach, accompanied with much flatulence, magnefia is preferable, both becaufe it contains more magnefia in a given bulk, and, being deprived of its acid, it neutralizes the acitl of the ftomach, without any extrication of gas, which is often a troublefome confequence when carbonate of mag- nefia is employed in thefe complaints. Off. prep. — Trochifci mag. Lond. CARBONAS MAGNESIiE -, olim. Magnesia Alba. Ed, Carbonate of Magnefia^ formerly Magnefia Alba, Take of Sulphate of magnefia. Carbonate of potafs, equal weights. Diffolve them feparately in double their quantity of warm water, and let the liquors be ftrained or otherwife freed from their feces: then mix them, and inftantly add eight times their quantity of warm water. Let the liquor boil for a little on the fire, ftirring it at the fame time -, then let it reft till the heat be fomewhat ' diminifhed ; after which ftrain it through linen : the carbonate Chap. IV. EartJis, and Eatthy Salts. 449 of magnefia will remain upon the cloth, and it is to be wafhcd with pure water till it become altogether void of falinc tafte. Magnesia Alba. Lond, Duh. White Magnefia, take of Vitriolated magnefia, Prepared kali, each two pounds ; Diftilled water, boiling, twenty pints* Diflblve the vitriolated magnefia ami prepared kali feparately, each in ten pints of water, and filter through paper ; then mix thcm- Boil the liquor a little while, and ftrain it whilft hot through linen, ({tretched fo as to fit it for collecting the magnefia. Dub.) upon which will remain the white magnefia ; then wafli away, by repeated affufions of diflilled water, the vitriolated kali. In this procefs there is a mutual decompofitlon of the two falts employed. The potafs unites itfelf to the fulphuric acid, while the carbonic acid combines with the magnefia. The large quan- tity of water ufed is neceflary for the folution of the fulphate of potafs formed ; and the boifing is indifpenfably requifite for the cxpulfion of a portion of the carbonic acid, which retains a part of the magnefia in folution. Sulphate of potafs may be obtained irom the liquor which pafles through the filter, by evaporation. This is not pure, however, but mixed with undccompofed carbo- nate of potafs -, for 100 parts of cryftallized carbonate of potafs are fufficient for the decompofition of 125 parts of fulphate of mag- nefia ; and as the carbonate of potafs of commerce contains a lar- ger proportion of alkali than the cryftallized carbonate, a itill lefs proportion ftiould be ufed. From thefe quantities about 45 parts of carbonate of magnefia are obtained. The ablutions Ihould be made with very pure water ; for nicer purpofes diftilled water may be ufed, and foft water is in every cafe neceflary. Hard water for this procefs is peculiarly inadmif- fible, as the principle in waters, giving the .property called bard- nefsy is generally a fait of lime, wliich decompofes the carbon- ate of magnefia, by compound alBnity, giving rife to carbonate of lime, while the magnefia unites itfelf to the acid of the calcare- ous fait, by which the quantity of the carbonate is not only lef- fened, but is rendered impure by the admixture of carbonate of lime. Another fource of impurity is the filica which the fub- carbonate of potafs generally contains. It is moft eafily got rid off by expofing the alkaline folution to the air for feveral days before it is ufed. In proportion as it becomes faturated with car- " Ff 4*50 Preparations and Compositions, Part IIL bonic acid, the filica is precipitated, and may be feparated by fil- tration. The carbonate of magnefia thus prepared is a very light, white, opaque fubftaiice, without fmell or tafte, effervefcing with acids. It is not, however, faturated with carbonic acid. By decompof- ing fulphate of magnefia by an alkaline carbonate, without the ap- plication of heat, carbonate of magnefia is gradually depofited in tranfparent, brilliant, hexagonal cryftals, terminated by an ob- lique hexagonal plane, and foluble in about 480 times its weight of water. The cryftallized carbonate of magnefia confifts of 50 acid, 25 magnefia, and 25 water -, the fub-carbonate confifts of 48 acid, 40 magnefiay and 12 water *, and the carbonate of commerce of 34 acid, 45 magnefia, and 21 water. It is decompofed by all the acids, potafs, foda, baryta, lime, and ftrontia, the fulphate, phof- phate, nitrate, and muriate of alumina, and the fuper-phofphate of lime. Med. life. — Carbonate of magnefia is principally given to corred acidity of the ftomach, and in thefe cafes to aft as a purgative j for folutions of magnefia in all acids are bitter and purgative ; while thofe of the other earths are more or lefs auftere and aftringent. A large dofe of magnefia, if the ftomach contain no acid to diflblve it, neither purges nor produces any fenfible efFedl : a moderate one, if an acid be lodged there, or if acid liquors be taken after it, pro- cures feveral ftools 5 whereas the common abforbents, in the fame circumftances, inftead of loofening, bind the belly. When the carbonate of magnefia meets with an acid in the ftomach, there is extricated a confiderable quantity of carbonic acid gas, which fometimes caufes uneafy diftention of the ftomach, and the fymp- toms of flatulence. In fuch cafes, therefore, magnefia is prefer- able to its carbonate ; but on other occafions good effects arife from the a6lion of the gas evolved, as in naufea and vomiting. Off prep. — Magnefia, Ed, Lond. Dub, ALUMINIS PURIFICATIO. Lond, Purification of Alum. Take of Alum, one pound ; Chalk, one drachm ; Diftillcd water, one pint, --Boil them a little, ftrain, and fet the liquor afide to cryftaliiLC. This procefs is fcarcely necefl^ary 5 for the alum of commerce is fufficiently pure for every purpofe ; and we apprehend that the addition of the chalk is unchemical, as its only efFedl will be to decompofe part of the alum, without contributing to the purity of the reft. Chap. IV. Earthsy and Earthy Salts* 451 SULPHAS ALUMINiE EXSICCATUS ; dim, Alumen Us- TUM. Edin. Dried Sulphate of Alumina y formerly Burnt Alum. Melt alum in an earthen or iron veflel, and keep it over the fire until it ceafe to boil. Alumen Ustum. Lond. Dub. Burnt Alum. Take of Alum, half a pound. (Any quantity. Bub,) Burn it in an earthen veflel as long as it boils. Mr. Chaptal found that by exficcation in red heat, alum of his own manufadure loft 0.67 ; Roman alum 0.50 ; Englilh alum 0.47, and Levant alum only 0.40. Thefe differences arife princi- pally from different proportions of water of cryftallization, but alfo form an excefs of alumina, which the laft contains. According to Kirwan, cryftallized alum confifts of 17.66 acid, 12. alumina, and 70.24 water, and alum deficcated at 700° of 36. 2j; acid, and 63.75 bafis, by which it would appear that at that heat it lofes not only all its water, but alfo more than half its acid. Dried alum is only applied externally as a gentle efcharotic to fungous ulcers. CHAP. V. METALLINE PREPARATIONS. ANTIMONY. SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII PR.EPARATUM; olim, Antimonium Pr^paratum. Edin, AntimoJ^ium PRiEPA- RATUM. Lond, Prepared Sulphuret of Antimony , formerly Prepared Antimony, Sulphuret of antimony is prepared in the fame way as carbonate of lime. Ff2 132 Preparations and Compositions. Part III Stibium Pr^^paratum. Bub. Prepared AntimQ7iy. It Is reduced to powder, and the Impalpable particles, which are to be kept for ufe, are procured in the manner dire6led for the preparation of crabs claws. By reducing the fulphuret of antimony to the ftate of an im- palpable powder, it is both rendered much more aclive than it would other wife be, and it is prevented from irritating the fto- mach mechanically, of which there would be fome danger from the fharpnefs of its fpiculse. Even in this ftate, however, it is not a very certain remedy. In general, it operates as a very mild fu- dorific or cathartic -, but fometimes, if it rae merfcd in it. CALX STIBI PRiECIPITATA. Du!;. Precipitated Calx of Antimony, Take of Mild vegetable alkali, i Chap. V. Of Aniimomj, 46l Caiiillc murlated antimony, each eight ounces *, Water, forty pounds. Diflblve the vegetable alkali in the water, and to the filtered li- quor add the cauftic muriated antimony. Dry the calx which fubfides, after walhing away the faline matters. This procel"S is intended to feparate the protoxide contained in the muriate of antimony, by means of the fuperior affinity which potafs poiTefles for muriatic acid. It is abfolutely neceffary that the muriate of antimony be poured into the alkaline folution, and not the folution into the muriate ; for the muriate is partially de- compofed by water alone, which combines with part of the acid ; and the fait, brought to the ;ftate of an infoluble fubmuriate, is precipitated. Therefore, if we pour the alkaline folution into the muriate of antimony, the muriate a6ls firft upon the alkali, and immediately afterwards upon the water of each portion of the fo- lution ; and therefore we obtain a mixed precipitate of oxide of an- timony and fubmuriate of antimony. But if we pour the mu- riate into the alkaline folution, the whole acid of each portion of the muriate immediately finds a fufficient quantity of alkali to fa- turate it, and the whole, or at leaft a much larger proportion o£ the antimony, is precipitated in the ftate of oxide. OXIDUM ANTIMONII cum PHOSPHATE CALQS ; olim, PuLvis Antimonialis. Ed. Pulvis Antimoni- ALis. Lond, Pulvis Stibiatus. Dub. Oxide of Antimofiy luith Fhofphate of Lime, Antimonial Poivder, Take of Sulphuret of antimony, in coarfe powder, Shavings of hartihorn, equal weights. Mix, and put them into a wide red-hot iron pot, and ftir the mix- ture conftantly, until it be burnt into a matter of a grey colour, which is then to be removed from the fire, ground into powder, and put into a coated crucible. Lute to this crucible another inverted over it, and perforated in the bottom with a fmall hole, and apply the fire, which is to be raifed gradually, to a white heat, and kept in that increafed ftate for two hours. Laltly, grind the matter, when cold, into a very fine powder. This is fuppofed to be nearly the fame with the celebrated noftrum of Dr. James, the compofition of which was afcertained by Dr. Pearfon of London, to whom we are alfo indebted for the above formula. By burning fulphuret of antimony and fhavings of hartihorn in a white heat, the fulphur is entirely expelled, and the antimony is oxidi:ted, while the gelatine of the hartfhorn is deftroyed, and 46'i Preparations and Compositions. Part III. nothing is left but phofphate of lime, combined with a little lime. Therefore, the mafs which refults is a mixture of oxide of anti- mony and phofphate of lime, which correfponds, at leaft as to the nature of the ingredients, with James's powder, which, by Dr. Pearfon's analyfis, was found to confift of 43 phofphate of lime, and 57 oxide of antimony. Another excellent chemift, Mr. Che- nevix, has lately propofed a method of forming the fame combina- tion in the humid way, with the view of oljtaining a preparation always fimilar in its compofition and properties. He has led to this propofal by confidering the uncertainty of the application, and the precarious nature of the agency of fire, by which means a variable portion of the oxide of antimony may be volatilized, and that which remains may be oxidized in various degrees. Mr. Chenevix therefore propofes to prepare a fubftitute for James's powder^ by diffblving together equal weights of fubmu- riate of antimony and of phofphate of lime in the fmalleft: poflible quantity of muriatic acid, and then pouring this folution gradually into water fufficiently alkalized with ammonia. For the reafon mentioned in the preceding article, it is abfolutely neceflary that the muriatic folution be poured into the alkaline liquor. By an oppofite mode of procedure, the precipitate would contain more antimony at firft, and towards the end the phofphate of lime would be predominant, and the antimony would be partly in the flate of a fubmuriate. The phofphate of lime is moft conveniently obtained pure by diflblving calcined bone in muriatic acid, and by precipitating it by ammonia. If the ammonia be quite free from carbonic acid, no muriate of limiC is decompofed. Mr. Chenevix alfo found, that his precipitate is entirely foluble in every acid which can diflblve either phofphate of lime or oxide of antimony feparately, and that about 0.28 of James's powder, and at an ave- rage 0.44 of the pulvis antimoniahs of the London Pharmaco- poeia refift the action of every acid. Medical u/e.-^Thc oxide of antimony with phofphate of lime, howfoever prepared, is one of the beft animonials we poflefs* It is given as a diaphoretic in febrile difeafes, in dofes of from three to eight grains, repeated every third or fourth hour. In larger quan- tities, it operates as a purgative or emetic. From its being infol- uble in water, it mull be given either in the form of a poWder, or made into a pill or bolus. TARTRIS ANTIMONII ; olim, Tartarus Emeticus. Edifu Antimonium Tartarisatum. Lond. Tartriis cf Antimony^ formerly Tartar Etnetic Tartari%ed Antimony. Take of Oxide of antimony with fulphur, by nitrate of potafs, three parts ; Chap. V. Of Antimony. 40 J Super-tartrlte of potafs, four parts ; Diftilled water, thirty-two parts. Boil in a glafs-vcflTel for a quarter of an hour, drain through pa- per, and fet afide the drained liquor to cryllallize. Tartarum Stibiatum. Duh. jiintimoniated Tartar, Take of The precipitated calx of antimony, two ounces ; Cryftals of tartar in very minute powder, four ounces ; Diftilled water, five pounds. Boil until the powders be diflblved, and ftrain the liquor when cold through paper ; then having thrown away the fait which remains upon the paper, cryftallize by evaporation and flow refrigeration. The cryftals fhould have a regular figure. The tartaric acid is capable of combining, in many examples, with two bafes at the fame time, forming with them triple cryf- talUzable falts. In the prefent inftance, it is combined with oxide of antimony and potafs; aud as the potafs is eflential to its conftitution, and the real tartrate of antimony is a different fait, its name fhould certainly have been Tartrate of Antimony and Potafs. In the preparation of this fait, the different combinations of protoxide of antimony have been employed. Any of them will afforda very pure fait. The crocus, precipitated oxide, fubmuriate, and glafs, arc all occafionally employed. The London and Edin- burgh colleges ufe the crocus. To this the principal obje£lion is, that it is never found in the fhops in a ftate fit for this purpofe. The Dublin college ufe the precipitated oxide, which anfwers ex- tremely vv'ell, but is too expenfive to be generally adopted. The fubmuriate, which is more eafily prepared, is juft as good; for the muriatic acid is completely feparated by part of the potafs, and remains in the mother water. Mr. Stott thinks muriatic acid effential to the conftitution of good tartar emetic, and fays, that he never could obtain it in tranfparent cryftals, when he employed the glafs or crocus, or any other oxide of antimony, than the pulvis algerothi. He therefore concludes, that tartar emetic is a quadruple fait, confifting of oxide of antimony, with muriatic acid, rendered foluble by acid of tartar, combined with an undue pro- portion of potafs, and takes the opportunity of remarking, that he has not found a name in the new nomenclature expreffive of its conftituent parts. Such an afTertion is eafily made ; but I can only fay, that I have repeatedly prepared tartar emetic perfectly colourlefs, and in very large and beautiful cryftals, both with the 464 Preparations and Compositions, Part III. . crocus and glafs, and that therefore muriatic acid, if ever pre- fcnt, muft always be conlidered as an impurity. The glafs is perhaps the leaft objedionable of any, and is recommended by Gbtthng. It always, however, contains about o.i of filica. The quantity of water employed mult be fufficient to diflblve the tartar- emetic formed. The time during which the ebullition is to be continued, is fbated diiterently by diiferent pharmaceutifts. No harm can arife from continuing it longer than is abfolutely necef- fary ; but it is certainly a waite of time and fuel to protra6l: it for hours. But the circumllance which renders the tartar- emetic moft variable in its effeds, is the mode of cryftallization. Some evaporate it to drynefs ; others to a pellicle, and fet it afide to cryftallize j and others again cryftallize by flow evaporation. On account of the filica which is combined with the oxide of an- timony,' and which, being held in folution by the potafs, impedes the cryftallization, and varies the nature of the produ£l:, Vauque- lin recommends the folution to be firft evaporated to drynefs, and that the faline mafs obtained Ihould be rediflblved in boiling wa- ter, and then cryftallized : for, towards the end of the lirft eva- poration, the filica feparates, and becomes totally infoluble. In this way, he fays, that we obtain both a purer fait, and in larger quantity. If we employ an excefs of fupertartrate of potafs, part of it will remain undecompofed, and will cryftallize before or along with the tartar-emetic. This fource of impurity is eafily avoided by ufing an excefs of the antimonial oxide, which re- maining undiflTolved, occafions no error, and prevents the necef- fity of throwing away, as the Dublin college direct, the cryftals- which form on the filtering paper, if the folution be faturated. The primitive form of the cryftals of tartrate of antimony and potafs feems to be the regular tetrahedron, but it aflumes a variety offecondary forms. It has a ftyptic metallic tafte. It is foluble in three times its weight of water at 21 2^^, and in;fifteen at 60°. As this ftatement of its folubility is very different from that of moft writers, from Bergmann to Fourcroy, who fay that it requires 80 parts of water at 60*^, and fometimes lefs than 40 of boihng water, it is necefPary to mention, that it was afcertained by care- ful experiment, with very fine cryftals of tartar-emetic, more than half an inch in length, and perfe6lly free from the admix- ture of any foreign fait. The cryftals, by expofure to the air, become white and opaque, but do not readily fall to powder. The property of deliquefcing afcribed to them by Gottling, muft have arifen from the prefence of other falts, as he does not prepare his tartar-emetic by cryftallization, but by evaporating the folution to drynefs. The folution of tartar-emetic flightly reddens tindlure of turnfol. It is decompofed by acids, alkalies, alkaline carbo- Chap. V. Of Antimony, 465 nates, fulphuretted hydrogen and its compounds, vegetable juices, decoftions and infufions, and many of the metals. According to Thenard, it confifts of tartrate of antimony 54, tartrate of pot- afs 34, water 8, and lofs 4^ or, oxide of antimony 38, tartaric acid 34, potafs 16, water and lofs 12 ; and by eflimation from the analyfis of tartrate of potafs, and fuper-tartrate of potafs, by the fame chemift, it appears, that to faturate 3S parts of protoxide of antimony, 70.4 of fuper-tartrate of potafs are neceflary : the whole of the fuperfluous acid, being 16, combines with the oxide, while 34 of the tartrate of potafs combine with the tartrate of an- timony thus formed, and 20.4 of tartrate of potafs remain in folu- tion in the mother water. We have been thus particular in our account of the prepara- tion and chemical properties of tartar-emetic, becaufe it is not only of all the preparations of antimony the moft certain in its operation, but is almoft indifpenfable for the fuccefsful pra6lice of medicine. Medical ufe.— In dofes of from one to three grains it operates as an emetic, and fometimes as a carthartic. In fmaller dofes, it excites naufea, and proves a powerful diaphoretic and expecto- rant. As an emetic it is chiefly given in the beginning of fevers and febrile difeafes, in chincough, and, in general, whenever we wifli to evacuate the ftomach quickly. When great debility is prefent, and in the advanced llages of typhoid fever, its ufe is improper, and even fometimes fatal. As a diaphoretic it is given in fmall dofes, of from an eighth to a quarter of a grain ; and as an expectorant in dof^s dill fmalkr. The only proper form for exhibiting it is in folution ; and as the intenfity of its adion on the body is liable to variation, from differences in its own ftrength, and in the conftitution of the pa- tient, it fhould almoft always be given in divided dofes, at fhort in- tervals, if we wifh to excite vomiting ; and at longer intervals, if we only wifh it to aotafs, the excefs of acid in the fuper-tartrate of potafs being faturated by oxide of iron. The iron is ox^diz.^^ during the firft part ot the pro- cefs, in which it is moifteced and expcl'edto the adion of the air. Tartrate ot potafs and iron may alfo be formed, hj boiling a foluticn of fuper-tartrate of potafs with iron, or, what is ftill better, with fome of the oxides of iron, until the exceis of acid be faturated. The compound, according to Thenard, is very foluble, varies in colqur according lo the Hate of the cxide 5 cryitallizes in fmall needles, and has a chalybeate tafte. It is not precipitated by alkalies or alkaline cavbunates. It is decom- pofed by fulphuretted hydrogen and its compounds, and by gal- lic acid. The editors of Gren's Pharmacy fay, that a folutioa of iron in fuper-tartrate of potafs, furnilhes by evaporation greenifh fpathofe permanent cryftals, difRcultly foluble ; which U furcly a miftake 5 at Icaft it neither correfponds with Then*- 4B2 Preparations and Co^npositions, Part IIL ard's account, nor with the old name of this preparation, Mars Solubilis. The tartrate of iron and potafs may be given in the forna of powder or bolus, in dofes of from ten to thirty grains. VINUMFERRI. Lond, Wine of Iron, Take of Iron filings, four ounces ; Spanifti white wine, four pints. Digcft for a month, often Ihaking the veflel, and then ftraia. ViNUM Ferratum ; oUm, ViNUM Chalybeatum. pub* Ironated Wine, formerly Chalybeate Wine. Take of Iron wire cut in pieces, four ounces ; "White Rhenifti wine, four pints. Digeft for a month, often (baking the veflel, and then ftrain. This is merely a folution of the preceding article in wine ; for the iron is only diffblved in the wine by means of the fuper- tartrate of potafs it contains. The Rhenilh wine directed by the Dublin college, will, therefore, diflblve a larger quantity of iron than the Spanifh white wine of the London college. But a folu- tion of a known proportion of the preceding article in wine, will give a medicine of more equal powers, and may be made extem- poraneoufly. The dofe is from a drachm to half an ounce, repeated twice or thrice a-day in chlorotic cafes. TINCTURA FERR I ACET ATI. Dub. TinBure if Acetated Iron^ Take of Acetated vegetable alkali ; Vitriolated iron, each one ounce 5 Alcohol, two pounds. Rub the acetated alkali and vitriolated iron together in a glafs mortar, until the mafs deliquefces •, then add, during the tritu- ration, the alcohol, and ftrain the folution. The acetate of potafs and fulpHate of iron decompofe each other, and form acetate of iron, and fulphate of potafs. But as the ful- phate of potafs is not foluble in alcohol, the folution, after filtration, is an alcoholic folution of acetate of iron. The acetic acid is alfo Capable of combining with both oxides of iron ; and as the iron in the fulphate is in the ft ate of black oxide, which has a ftrong Chap. VIII. Of Mercury, 483 attraction for oxygen, it is probable that the acetate prepared in the way dire£led is a mixed acetate. It has an extremely ftyptic tafte, and is given in dofes of thirty or forty drops. CHAP. IX. MERCURY. HYDRARGYRUM PURIFICATUM. Dub, Purified ^ickfilver. Take of Quickfilver, fix pounds. Draw off four pounds by flow diftillation. Hydrargyrus Purificatus Loud* Purified ^tickfilver. Take of Quickfilver, Iron- filings, each four pounds. Rub them together, and diftil from an iron-veflel. Editi, Take of Quickfilver, four parts; Filings of iron, one part Rub them together, and diftil from an iron-veffel. The quickfilver of commerce is often adulterated with lead, tin, or other metals, which renders it unfit for internal ufe, and for many preparations. It therefore becomes neceflary to purify it, and fortunately its comparatively great volatility fupplies us with an eafy procefs. The Dublin college diftil it fimply without any addition ; but, left towards the end of the procefs the mer- cury fhould elevate any impurities along with it, they draw off but two thirds. The principal objedlion to this procefs is the want of economy j for although the remaining third may be ufed for fome purpofcs, its value is very much depreciated. As iron has a much ftronger affinity for almoft all the fubftances with 3 H h 2 484 Preparations and Compositions. Part III, which quickfilver may be adulterated than qulckfilver has, by adding iron-filings we may draw off the whole quickfilver by diftillation, without any fear of the impurities rifing along with it. The Londpp college add an equal weight of iron- filings, but fq large a quantity caufes the fize of the diftilling apparatus to be un- {leceflarily increafed. The Edinburgh college ufe one fourth, which is certainly enough. Glafs-retorts are inadmifiible in this diftillation •, becaufe, when the merpury begins to boil, the concuifion is fo great, that they would certainly be broken. Iron-retorts are the beft, although flrong earthen one$ may be alfo ufed. The receiver may be of the fame materials, or of glafs, if we wifh to infpeft the progrefs pf the operation ♦, but in this cafe we muft interpofe an adopter between the retort and receiver, and fill the receiver nearly full of water, that the mercury may not crack it by falling hot into it. The retort employed fhould b^ fo large, that the quickfilver fhould not fill above one third of it. AgETIS HYDRARGYRI. Edin. AcetiUof ^uchjilver„ Take of ' Purified quickfilver, three ounces •, Piluted nitrous acid, four ounces and a half, or a little morC than may be required for diflblving the mer^jiry 5 Acetite of potafs, three ounces 5 Boiling water, eight pounds. ;Mix the quickfilver with the diluted nitrous acid ; and after tlie effervefcence has qeaied, digeftif neceflary with a gentle heat, Vintil the quickfilver be entirely diflTolved. Then diflblve the acetite of potafs in the boiling water, and immediately to this folution, ftill hot, add the former, and mix them by agitation. Then fet the mixture afide to cryftallize. Place the cryftals in a funnel, and wafti them with cold dillilled water ; and, laftly, dry them with as gentle a heat as poflible. Hydrargyrus Acetatus. Lond, Acetated ^lickftlver, Tal^e of Purified quickfilver. Diluted nitrous acid, each half a pound y Acetated kali, three ounces j Tepid diftilled water, two pounds. Mix the quickfilver with the diluted nitrous acid in a glafs- vefl'el, and digeft them for twenty-four hours witli a gentle heatj that the quickfilver may be diflblved. Pour the nitrated quick- filver thus prepared into the acetated kali, previoufly diflblved in the tepid (90°) water, that acetated quickfilver may be forrri«t Chap. IX. Of Mercury. 435 ed, which is to be firft wafhed with cold diftllled water, and afterwards diffolved in a fufficient quantity of boiling diftilled water. Filter this folution through paper, and fet it afide to cryftallize. Hydrargyrum Acetatum. Duh. Acitated ^nckfther, Take of Purified quickfilver, Diluted nitrous acid, each half a pound ; Acetated vegetable alkali, three ounces ; Diftilled water, heated to about the ninetieth degree, two pounds and a half. biflblve the mercury in the acid with a gentle heat. Mix the liquor, before cryftals f'orm in it by cooling, with the water in which the acetated vegetable alkali has been previouily diffolv- ed. Walh the precipitate with cold diftilled water, then pour upon it twenty-fdur pounds of diftilled water, and boil a little. Having removed the veflel from the fire, let it ft and at reft for about ten minutes j and, laftly, pour off from the fedimcnt the clear liquor, and let the acetated quickfilver cryftallize in its flow refrigeration. These proceffes ai-e all fundamentally the fame. They dif- fer chiefly in the proportions. Thofe of the Edinburgh college were afcertained by very careful experiment, and if its diredlions be accurately followed, the preparation fucceeds admirably. Nitrate of mercury is decompofed by acetate of potafs ; and the products are acetate of mercury and nitrate of potafs. The nitrate of potafs being much more foluble than the acetate of mercury, remains in folution after the latter is feparated by cryftallization. Mercury is capable of forming different combinations with nitrous acid, which poflefs each their chara^eriftic properties. When we em- ploy a fufficient quantity of acid to diflblve the mercury without the afliftance of heat, and to retain it in folution, there is always an excefs of acid ; and therefore it is a folution of fuper-nitrate of mercury. If we evaporate this folution very gently, or if we em- ploy a larger proportion of mercury at firft,and aflift theadtion of the acid by a gentle heat, we obtain nitrate of mercury cryftallized in various forms. In thefe the mercury is in the ftate of protoxide. But if we aflift the ad^ion of the acid by boiling, the mercury is con- verted into peroxide, and a larger quantity is diffblved. This folu- tion is very apt to cryftallize, both on cooling and by the diminution of the quantity of acid during the procefs ; and if we attempt to di- lute the folution with water, a copious precepitate of fub-nitrate of mercury immediately takes place, and the folution coutains H h 3 486 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. fuper-nitrate of mercury. If the dilution be made with cold wa- ter, the fub-nitrate has a white colour, which, by a very flight ap- plication of heat, paffes to a beautiful yellow, the colour which it has at 6rft when feparated by boiling water. An oppofite, but we believe lefs correct, opinion is entertained by Mr. Chenevix, who aflerts that it is lefs oxidized, becaufe fuper-nitrate of mer- cury, prepared without heat, is capable, when heated to ebullition, of diflblving an additional quantity of mercury without the form- ation of any nitrous gas. For making the acetate of mercury, the nitrate Is prepared with a very gentle heat, and with excefs of acid, that it may be retained in perfe6t folution, and that there may be no poflibility of any ad- mixture of fub-nitrate with the acetate formed. A larger propor- tion of acid is ufed by the Edinburgh college than by the other colleges, but by careful experiment it was afcertained to be necef- fary for the fuccefs of the procefs. In mixing the folutions, we muft be careful to pour the mercurial folution into that of the acetate of potafs, bepaufe, by adopting the contrary procedure, the fub-nitrate of mercury will be precipitated undecompofed, if any peroxide be contained in the mercurial folution. For diflblving the acetate of potafs, the London and Dublin colleges only ufe as much water as is capable of retaining the nitrate of potafs in fo- lution ; the acetate of mercury is therefore precipitated, and is purified by again diflblving it in boiling water and cryftallizing it. This part of the procefs is flmplified by the Edinburgh col- lege, who ufe as much water for diflblving the acetate of potafs as is capable of retaining, as long as it is hot, the acetate of mercury in folution, and of allowing it to cryfl:allize as it cools. In this way, therefore, it is procured at once fufliciently pure. The ex- ficcation of the acetate of mercury is an operation of great delica- cy j for it Is fo fpcngy, that it retains the moifl:ure with great ob- ftinacy ; and it is decompofed fo eafily, that heat can fcarcely be employed. It is bell dried by compreffing it between feveral folds of bibulous paper. Acetate of mercury is fcarcely foluble in cold water, but dif- folves readily in boiling water. It generally cryft;allizes in mi- caceous plates, and is extremely eafy of decompofition. It is fuppofed to be a mild preparation of mercury, and was the adtive ingredient of the celebrated Keyfer's pills. In folution it has alfo been recommended externally, to remove freckles and cutaneous eruptions MURIAS HYDRARGYRI ; dim, Mercurius Sublimatus QoRROsivus. Edin. Hydrargyrus Muriatus. Lond. Hy- drargyrum MURIATUM CORROSIVUM. Dtth, Muriate of ^ickftlver, formerly Corroftve Sublimate, MuriaUd ^ickjilver, Corroftve Muriated ^ichftlver. Chap. IX. Of Mercury. 487 Take of Purified quickfilver, two pounds ; Sulphuric acid, two pounds and a half j Dried muriate of foda, four pounds. Boil the quickfilver with the fulphuric acid in a glafs velTel placed in afand bath, until the matter be dried. Mix the matter when cold in a glafs veflel, with the muriate of foda ; then fublime in a glafs cucurbit, with a heat gradually increafed. Laftly, fe- parate the fublimed matter from the fcoriae. By boiling the quickfilver to drynefs with fulphuric acid, the metal is oxidized by the dccompofition of part of the acid, and combines with the reft to form fub-fulphate of quickfilver. In the fecond part of the procefs, this fub-fulphate is decompofed by dried muriate of foda, muriate of quickfilver fublimes, and ful- phate of foda remains behind. In Holland it is manufa6lured by fubje6ling to fublimation a mixture of dried fulphate of iron, ni- trate of potafs, muriate of foda, and quickfilver In the former editions of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, the mercury was oxi- dized by boiling it to drynefs in nitrous acid, and then fublimed with muriate of foda and fulphate of iron. Bergmann recom- mends the fublimation of fub-nitrate of mercury and muriate of foda, and Mr. Murray feems inclined to prefer it to the new pro- cefs. Muriate of quickfilver cryftallizes by fublimation in prifmatlc needles, forming a white femi-tranfparent mafs. It is ponderous. Its tafte is acrid, ftypic, and durable. Is is foluble in 20 parts of cold water, and in 2 at 2i2*>. It is alfo foluble in 3.8 parts of alcohol at 70*^, and in almoft an equal weight of boiling alcohol. It gives a green colour to fyrup of violets. It is not altered by expofure to the air, and is fublimed unchanged by heat. It is not decompofed by any of the acids ; but is foluble, without alteration^ in the fulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids. It is precipitated by all the alkalies and earths, of an orange-yellow colour, which grad- ually changes to a brick red ; and by their carbonates, of a per- manent yellow colour. Ammonia forms with it an infolublcj white, triple fait. It is alfo decompofed by feveral of the metals* It confifts, according to Mr. Chenevix, of Sg^^n""'' 12*3} Oxide of mercury 82 Muriatic acid i5 100 Hh4 488 Preparations and Compositions. Pari II L And the oxide therefore confifts of Quickfilver 85 Oxygen 15 100 Medical f^. -^Muriate of metcury is one of the mod violent poifons with which wc are acquainted. Externally it a^Vs as an efcharotic or a cauftic ; and in folution it is ufed for deflroying fungous flelh, and for removing herpetic eruptions •,. but even ex- ternally it mufl be ufed with very great caution. It has, however, been recommended to be given internally, by the refpe^table au-* thorities of Boerhaave and Van Swieten ; and it is the adive in- gredient of all the empyrical antivenereal fyrups. Were it really cfipable of curing the venereal difeafe, or equal in efficacy to the coir.mon modes of admiriilering mercury, it would poflefs many advantages over them in other refpedls : but that it cannot be de- peraed upon, is ain^oft demonftrated by its ufe as an antivenereal being very much confined to the quacks, and by the teftimony of the moft experienced pra£titioners. Mr. Pearfonfays, that it will fometimes cure the primary fymptoms of fyphilis, efpecially if it produce confiderable forenefs of the gums, and the common ef- fe£l:s of mercury ^, but that it will often fail in removing a chancre ^ and where it has removed it, that the moft fteady pcrfeverence- "will not fecure the patient from a conftitutional afFedtion, It is on fome occafions, however, a ufeful auxiliary to a mercurial courfe, in quickly bringing the fyftem under the influence of mercury, and, in fupporting its a£tion after the ufe of friSions, and is peculiarly efficacious in relieving venereal pains, in healing ulcers of the throat, and in promoting the defquamation of eruptions. Off. prep. — Sub-niurias hydrarg. Ed' Lond, Dub. Calx. hydr. alba. Lo?id^ SUB-MURIAS HYDRARGYRU'oiim, Calomelas. Editu Sub-muriate of ^iickfdvery formerly Calomel. Take of Muriate of quickfilver, ground to powder in a glafs-mortar,. four ounces ; Purified quickfilver, three ounces. Rub them together in a glafs-mortar, with a littls water, to pre- vent the acrid powder from rifing, until the mercury be extin- guiflied ; and having put the powder, after being dried, into an oblong phial, of which it fills only one third, fubHme from warm fand. After the fublimation is finilhed, having broken the phial, throw away both the red matter found near the bot- Ch^. IX. Of Mercury. 489 torn of the phial, and the white matter n^r its neck, and fu- blime the reft of the mafs. Grind this into a very minute powder, which is laftly to be waflied with boiling diitilled wa- ter. HYDftARGYRUM MURIATUM MiTE StJBLIMATUM. D«^. Mild Sublimated Muriatfd ^ickftlver. Take of Corrofive muriated mercury, one pound \ Purified quickfilver, nine ounces. Rub them together until the globules difappear, and fubllme^ Rub the fubhmed matter with the refiduum, and repeat the fub- limation. Laftly, wafh the fublimed matter with frequent afFufions of boiling diftillcd water. Calomel AS. Lond, Calomel. Take of Muriated quickfilver, one pound ; Purified quickfilver, nine ounces. Rub them together, until the globules difappear and fublimc ^ then rub the whole matter again together and fublime. Repeat the fublimation in the fame manner four times. Afterwards triturate the matter into a very fubtile powder, and walh it by the afFufion of boiHng diftilled water- When quickfilver is triturated with muriate of quickfilver, it abftrads from the oxidized quickfilver of the muriate a part of |ts oxygen, and the whole mafs aiTumes a blackifh grey colouh "When this is axpofed to a degree of heat fufficient to convert it into vapour, the a6tioQ of the diftercnt portions of quickfilver up- on each other, and upon the muriatic acid, is much more com^ plete : and the whole is converted into a folid white mafs, confift- ing of mercury in a ftate of lefs oxidizement, and combined witli lefs acid than in the muriate. The trituration of the muriate of mercury is a very noxious operation, as it is almoft impofiible to prevent the finer particles from rifing and afFe6l:ing the operator's eyes and noftrils. To lef- fen this evil, the Edinburgh college direft the addition of a little water. In the fecond part of the procefs, when the heat is ap- plied, a fmall portion of quickfilver and undecompofed muriate firft arife, and eondenfe themfelves in the higheft part or neck of the phial ; then the fubmuriate rifes, and, being lefs volatile, con- denfes in the upper half of the body, while a fmall quantity of quickfilver, in a ftate of confiderable oxidizement, remains fixed, or near the bottom. The Edinburgh college feparate the fub* 490 Preparations and Compositions, Part III, muriate from the other matters, and fublime it again. The other colleges triturate the whole together again, and re-fublime it, the Dublin college once, the London four times. As in the firft fub- limation, a portion of the quickfilver and of the muriate of quick- filver always arife undecompofed, a fecond fublimation is neceflary, efpecially if we triturate the whole products of the firft fublima- tion together ; but any further repetition of the procefs is perfect- ly ufelefs. Left any portion of muriate (hould have efcaped de- compofition, the fubmuriate muft be edulcorated with boiling diftilled water, until the water which comes off forms no preci- pitate with alkalies. Submuriate of mercury is generally obtained in the form of a white folid mafs ; but is capable of cryftallizing in tetrahedral prifms terminated by pyramids. It lias no tafte, and is fcarcely foluble in water or in alcohol. It is lefs volatile than muriate of mercury. It is blackened by light, and becomes brown when triturated with lime water or the alkalies. It is converted by oxy- muriatic acid into muriate of quickfilver. According to Mr. Che- nevix, it confifts of Muriatic acid, 11.5 And its oxide contains, Quickfilver, Oxygen, 100 By comparing this analyfis with that of the muriate of mercury, 54 parts of quickfilver feem in facl fufficient to convert 100 of the muriate into fubmuriate ; but with Mr. Chenevix we think the excefs employed by the colleges a ufeful precaution. Medical ufe. — The fubmuriate of quickfilver is one of the beft mercurials we poflefs. By proper management it may be made to increafe, in a remarkable manner, almoft any of the fecretions or excretions. One grain mixed with fugar, and fnufted up the noftrils, is recommended as a powerful errhine in amaurofis. The fame mixture is blown into the eye, to remove fpecks from the cornea. Given in dofes of one grain morning and evening, or in larger dofes combined .with opium, to prevent it from adling as a purgative, it excites ptyallfm. In larger dofes of five grains and upwards, it is an excellent purgative. Combined with diuretics^ it proves diuretic, and with fudorifics, fudorific. It is one of the preparations of mercury which is capable of cur- ing fyphilis in every form. It alfo produces very powerful and falutary effedb In obftrudiioris and <:hronic inflammations of the Chap. IX. Of Mercury. 4Q\ vifcera, efpeclally of the liver ; and, in general, it is applicable to every cafe in which mercurials are indicated. Off, prep, — Pulv. fcam. cum calom. Lotid, Pulv. flibii comp. DuL SUB-MURIAS HYDRARGYRI PRJiCIPITATUS. Eody is covered with ulcers or large and numerous eruptions, and, in general, to ulcers, fungi, and excrefcences, the vapour of mercury is an ap- plication of great efficacy and utility; but that it is apt to induce a ptyalifm rapidly, and great confequent debility, and that for the purpofe of fecuriiig the conftitution againll a relapfe, as great a quantity of mercury muft be introduced into the fyftem, by in- undion, as if no fumigation had been employed. C H A P. X. LEAD. ACETIS PLUMBI; olim, Saccharum Saturni. Edin. Acetite of Lead ; formerly Sugar of Lead, White oxide of lead, any quantity ; Put it into a cucurbit, and pour upon it of Diftilled acetous acid ten times its weight. Let the mixture (land upon warm fand till the acid become fweet; when it is to be poured off, and frefh acid added until it ceafe to become fweet. Then evaporate all the liquor, freed from impurities, in a glafs veflel, to the* confiftence of thin honey, and fet it afide in a cold place, that cryftals may be formed, which arc to be dried in the (hade. The remaining liquor is again to be evaporated, that new cryftals may be formed ; and the evaporation is to be repeated until no more cryftals con- crete. Chap. X. Of Lead. 505 Cerussa Acetata. Lond^ Acetated Ceriife, Take of Cerufe, one pound •, Diftilled vinegar, one gallon and a half. Boil the cerufe with the vinegar until the vinegar is faturatcd \ then filter through pgper j and, after proper evaporation, fet it afide to cryftallize. Duh. Take of Cerufe, any quantity ; Diftilled vinegar, ttxi times as much. Pigeft in a glafs vefTel, until the vinegar become fwcet. Having ■ poured this off, add more vinegar, until it ceafe to become fweet. Filter the liquor, and evaporate it llowly, fo that it may form cryftals, which are to be dried in the fhade. The acetate of lead is feldom prepared by the apothecary, as he can procure it at an infinitely cheaper rate from thofe who manufadlure it in large quantities. The preparation of it, as di- re£led by the colleges, is a cafe of fimple folution. The procefs frequently fails, from the oxide of lead employed being adulter- ated with carbonate of lime, or fome other earthy fubftance. The acetic acid employed, fhould be as ftrong as can be procured ; for with a weak acid the produft of pure fait is fmall, and the quantity of mother-water is increafed. The addition of a fmall quantity of alcohol to the folution, after it has been duly evaporat- ed, is faid to improve the beauty of the cryftals. The mother- water may alfo be made tofurnifh pure cryftals, by adding to it a frefti portion of acetic acid ; for without that precaution it fur- niflies only a very heavy, yellow, pulverulent, mafs, in which there feems to be an excefs of oxide of lead. The manufacture of acetate of lead is conducted more econo- mically when the oxide is diflblved in the acid at the fame time that it is prepared ; which is done by alternately expofing plates of lead to the vapour of acetic acid, and immeriing the plates, thus covered with oxide , into the acid itfelf. Acetate of lead has a fweet ftypic tafte. It has a white colour, and cryftallizes in flat parallelopipeds, terminated by a wedge, or more commonly in fhining needles. It is foluble in water, and in alcohol ; efflorefces flightly in the air, and is decompofed by heat and light. It is alfo decompofed by the alkalies, and moft of the earths and acids. The proportions of its conftituents have hot been afcertained. - - 305 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Medical tife. — The internal ufe of acetate of lead, notwithftand- ing the encomiums fome have been rafh enough to beftow upon it, is entirely to be reje6led. It forms, however, a very valuable external application in fuperficial and phlegmonic inflammations, bruifes, and difeafes of the ikin. It is always applied in folution, either (imply, as to the eyes, or by means of cloths foaked in it, or mixed with bread-crumb. A drachm, with five ounces of any diftilled water, forms a ftrong folution, and with ten ounces of water, a weak folution. If common water be ufed, the addition of about a drachm of acetous 3ci4 will be neceflary to keep the lead in folution. • Off * prep. — Acid, acetpf, forte, Ed, Solutio acet. zinci, Ed, Ungt. acet. zinci, Ed, Lond. Dub. AQUA LITHARGYRI ACETATI. Lend, Ljouor Lith. Acet. \ olim, Extractum Saturni. Dub. Water of Acetaied Litharge^ formerly Exfradi of Lead, Take of Litharge, two pounds and four ounces \ Diftilled vinegar, one gallon. ]^lix, and boil to fix pints, conftantly ftirring ; then fet it afide. After the feces have fubfided, ftrain. Off. prep, — Ceratum lith. acet. Lond, Dub. Liquor Lithargyri Acetati Compositus. Dub^ Aqjja Lith. Acet. Composita. Lond. Compound Liquor of Acetated Litharge, Take of Liquor of acetated litharge, a drachm 5 Diftilled water, fourteen ounces, (one pint, Lond,) \ "Weaker fpirit of wine, a drachm. Mix the fpirit and liquor of acetated litharge, then add the diftilled water. These preparations do not differ from folutions of the fame ftrength of acetate of lead,' and arc lefs proper, as their ftrength is apt to vary. The vitrified oxide of lead made ufe of in this in- ftance, is lefs eafily foluble, on account of its great force of ag- gregation, than the white oxide ; but, on the other hand, it is lefs liable to be adulterated. The addition of the diluted alcohol to the weak folution, is intended to prevent its decompofition, but it aifo renders it flightly ftimulant. Chap. XI. Of Tin, Mi CHAP. XI. TIN, STANNI PULVIS. Lond, Powder of Tin. Take of Tin, four ounces, Melt it, and take off the fcorix. Then pour it into a clean iron yeflel. Reduce it to powder, cither-, by agitation or trituration; and pafs the fine part of the powder through a hair fieve. Dub, Take of Tin, any quantity. Having melted it over the fire, agitate it, while it is cooling, with an iron fpatula, until it be reduced to powder ; which is to be pafled when cold through a fieve. The College of Edinburgh do not give this preparation, infert- ing Limatura et Pulvis Stamii in their lift of the materia medica. Medical ufe. — It is often employed as a remedy againft worms, particularly the flat kinds, which too often elude the force of other medicines. The general dofe is from a fcruple to a drachm ; fome confine it to a few grains. But Dr. Alfton aflures us, in the Edinburgh ElTays, that its fuccefs chiefly depends on its being given in much larger quantities. He directs an ounce of the powder on an empty fl:omach, mixed with four ounces of molaflTes ; next day, half an ounce ; and the day following, half an ounce more ; after which, a carthartic is adminiftered. He fays the worms are ufually voided during the operation of the purge, but that pains of the ftomach occafioncd by them are removed almofl: immediately upon taking the firft dofe of the tin. This practice is fometimes fuccefsful in the expulfion of taeniae, but by no means fo frequently as Dr. Alfton's obfervations would lead us to hope. Blaine's powder, which certainly fucceeds fometimes in curing the difl:emper in dogs, feems to be a fulphuretted oxide of tin. 50§ Preparations and Compositions, Part III. CHAP. XII. ZINC. OXIDUM ZINCr. Edin. Oxide of Zinc. Let a large crucible be placed in a furnace filled with live coals, fo as to be fomewhat inclined towards its mouth ; and when the bottom of the crucible is moderately red, throw into it a fniall piece of zinc, about the weight of a drachm. The zinc foon inflames, and is at the fame time converted into white flakes, which are to be from time to time removed from the furface of tlie metal with an iron fpatula, that the combuftion may be more complete ; and at lait, when the zinc ceafes to flame, the oxide of zinc is to be taken out of the crucible. Hav- ing put in another piece of zinc, the operation is to be repeat- ed, and may be repeated as often as is neceflary. Laftly, the oxide of zinc is to be prepared in the fame way as the carbonate of lime. ZiNcuM Calcinatum. Lond, Calcined Zinc, Take of Zinc, broken into pieces, eight ounces. Throw the zinc at feveral times into an ignited, large, deep, and inclined, crucible j placing over it another crucible, in fuch a manner that the air may have free accefs to the burning zinc. Take out the calx as foon as it appears, and p^fs its white and lighter part through a fieve. Calx Zmci ; olim, Flores Zinci. Dub, Calx of Zinc y formerly Flowers of Zinc, Take of Zinc, broken into pieces, any quantity. Throw it, at different times, into a fufficiently deep crucible, heat- ed red-hot, and placed with its mouth inclined towards the mouth of the furnace. After each time any zinc is thrown in, cover the crucible with another inverted over it, but fo that the air may have accefs to the zinc. Preferve the white and very light calx for ufe. Chap. XII. Of Zinc. 500 This is an inftance of fimple oxidlzement. At a red heat, zinc attradls the oxygen of the atmofphere fo ftrongly, that it is quickly covered with a cruft of white oxide, which prevents the air from a£ling on the metal below ; and therefore we are defired to operate only on fmall pieces at a time, and to place the crucible fo that we may eafily take out the oxide formed, and introduce frefh pieces of zinc. As foon as the cruft of oxide is broken or removed the zinc inflames, and burns with a briUiant white or greenilh, blue flame, being at the fame time converted into very light v/hite flocculi. To fave thefe as much as pofllble, we are directed to ufe a very deep and large crucible, and to cover it with an inverted crucible. But as we muft not cover it fo as to prevent the accefs of the air, it is doubtful whether the latter precaution be of much fervice. The greater part of the zinc is, however, oxi- dized in the crucible, without being previoufly converted into va- pour ; and as this portion of the oxide is always mixed with par- ticles of zinc, it is neceflary to feparate them by trituration and elutriation. The oxide thus obtained is of a pure white colour, without fmell or tafte, infufible and fixed in the fire, infoluble in water or alcohol, and entirely foluble in acids. The prcfence of lead in it is dete6ted by fulphuric acid, which forms in that cafe an infoluble fulphate of lead. The white oxide of zinc contains 82.15 zinc, and 17.85 oxygen. Medical ufe, — White oxide of zinc is applied externally as a de- tergent and exficcant remedy. With twice its weight of axunge, it forms an excellent application to deep chops, or excoriated nip- ples. But befides being applied externally, it has alfo of late been ufed internally. In dofes from one to feven or eight grains, it has been much celebrated in the cure of epilepfy and feveral fpafmodic afl^edions : and there are fuflicient teftimonies of their good efFeds, where tonic remedies in thofe afi^eftions are proper. Off, prep, — Ungt. oxidi zinci, Ed, CARBONAS ZINCI IMPURUS PR^PARATUS; olim, Lapis Calaminaris Pr^paratus. Edin. Prepared Impure Carbonate of Zincy formerly Prepared Calamine, The impure carbonate of zinc, after being roafted by thofc who make brafs, is prepared in the fame way as carbonate of lime. Lapis Calaminaris Pr^paratus. Dub. Prepared Calamine* Reduce calcined calamine to powder, and feparate the impalpable 6]0 Preparations and Compositions, Part IIL parts in the fame manner that is dire£led in the preparation of crabs claws. Lond. See the preparation of fubftances infoluble in water. • As this oxide of zinc is intended for external application, and often to parts very eafily irritated, too much pains cannot be be- ftowed in reducing it to a fine powder. OXIDUM ZINCI IMPURUM PR^PARATUM; olim,Ta- ' TiA Pr^parata. Edin. Prepared Impure Oxide of Zinc ^ formerly Prepared Ttttty. It is prepared as carbonate of lime. TuTiA Prji^parata. Lond. Prepared Tutty. See the preparation of fubftances infoluble in water. This oxide is alfo prepared for external ufc only. SULPHAS ZINCI. Ed, Sidphaie of Zinc, Take of Zinc, cut into fmall pieces, three ounces ; Sulphuric acid, five ounces. Water, twenty ounces. Mix them, and when the efFervefcence is finifhed, digeft the mix- ture for a little on hot fand ; then ftrain the decanted liquor through paper, and after proper evaporation fet it apart, that it may cryftallize. ZiNCUM Vitriolatum. Lond. Dub, Vitriolated Zinc* Take of White vitriol, one pound ; Vitriolic acid, one drachm \ Boiling diftilled water, three pints. Mix and filter through paper. After proper evaporation, fet it afide in a cold place to cryftallize. The fulphate of zinc of commerce is never pure, but always contains iron, copper, and a little lead. From the mode of its reparation, there is alfo a deficiency of acid and water of cryftal- Chap. XII. Of Zinc. 611 lization. The means directed for purifying it by the London and Dublin colleges will fupply thefe, but do not feparate the foreign metals, except perhaps the lead. If, therefore, a pure fulphate of zinc be wanted, we may, according to the dire6iions of the Edin- burgh college, diffblve pure zinc in pure fulphuric acid ; but we believe this procefs is very rarely pra£lifed, efpecially as the com- mon fulphate of zinc may be fufficiently purified by expofing it in folution to the air, by which means red oxide of iron is precipitat- ed, and by digefting it upon pure zinc, which precipitates the other metals. Sulphate of zinc cryftallizes in tetrahedral prifms terminated by pyramids. It has a metallic ftyptic tafte •, efflorefces Uowly when expofed to the air. It is foluble in 2.5 parts of water at 60®, and in much lefs boiling water. It is not foluble in alcohol. It is decompofed by the alkalies and earths, hydroguretted fulphurets, and fulphuretted hydrogurets. It confifts of 20 oxide of zinc, 40 acid, and 40 water of cryftallization. Medical ufe.^ — Sulphate of zinc, in dofes from ten grains to half a drachm, operates almoft inftantly as an emetic, and is at the fame time perfe61:ly fafe. It is therefore given, when immediate vomit- ing is required, as in cafes where poifon has been fwallowed. By employing it internally, in fmaller dofes, it a6ts as a tonic ; and fome think it in every cafe preferable to the oxide of zinc. Externally, it is ufed as a ftyptic application to ftop haemorrha- gies ; diminilh increafed difcharges, as gonorrhoea •, and to cure external inflammations arifing from debility and relaxation of the blood-veflels, as in fome cafes of ophthalmia. Off, prep. — Solutio fulphat. zinci, Ed. Aqua zinci vitriol cum camph. Lond, Aqua alum. comp. Lond» Solutio acet. zinci, Ed, SOLUTIO SULPHATIS ZINCI. Ed. Solution of Sulphate of Zinc. Take of Sulphate of zinc, fixtcen grains ; Water, eight ounces ; Diluted fulphuric acid, fixteen drops. DifTolve the fulphate of zinc in the water •, then, having added the acid, filter through paper. The acid is here added to diflblve the excefs of oxide of zinc, which the common fulphate often contains. This folution is of a ftrength proper for injeding into the urethra in gonorrhoea, or ap- plying to the eyes in chronic ophthalmia. 519> Preparations and Compositions. .Part lit. AQUA ZINCI VITRIOLATI cum CAMPHORA. Lond, Water cf Vitriobted Zinc.ivitl) Camphow Take of Vitriolated zinc, half an ounce ; Camphorated fpirit, half an ounce, by meafure ; Boiling water, two pints. Mix and filter through paper. It is ufed externally as a lotion for fome ulcers, particularly thofe in which it is neceflary to reftrain a great difcharge. It is alfo not unfrequently employed as a collyrium in 'fome cafes of ophthalmia, where a large difcharge of watery fluid takes place from the eyes with but little inflammation ; but when it is to be applied to this tender organ, it ought firft, at leaft, to be diluted by the addition of more water. AQUA ALUMINIS COMPOSITA. Lond. Compound Alum Water, Take of Alum, Vitriolated zinc, of each half an ounce ; Boiling diftilled water, two pints. Pour the water on the falts in a glafs veflel, and drain. This water was long known in our (hops, under the title of Aqua aluminofa Bateana, It is ufed for cleanfing and healing ulcers and wounds ; and for removing cutaneous eruptions, the part being bathed with it hot three or four times a-day. It is fometimes like wife employed as a collyrium •, and as an injection in gonorrhoea and fluor albus, when not accompanied with virulence. SOLUTIO ACETITIS ZINCI. Ed. Solutiofi of Acetite of ZiitJc. Take of ^ Sulphate of zinc, a drachm ; Diftilled water, ten ounces. Diflblve. Take of Acetite of lead, four fcruples ; Diftilled water, ten ounces. Diflblve. Mix the folutions ; let them ftand at reft a little, and then filter the liquor. 4 Chap. Xir. Of Zinc. 513 This is a cafe of double elective attradion, the lead combining and forming an infoluble compound with the fulphuric acid, while the zinc unites with the acetic acid, and remains in folution. The acetate of zinc may be obtained by evaporation in talcy cryftals. It is foluble in water, and is decompofed by heat. It is not poifonous. When cryftallized acetate of lead and fulphate of zinc are tritu- rated together, the mixture prefently becomes moift, which is ow- ing to the new compounds combining with lefs water of cryllal- lization than the original falts, by which means a portion of the water is difengaged in its fluid form. Med. ufe. — The folution of acetate of zinc is with many prac- titioners defervedly much efteemed as an aitrin^ent collyrium, and injection* CHAP. XIII. ALCOHOL, ETHER, and ETHEREAL SPIRITS. ALCOHOL. Lond. AlcohoL Take of Re£lified fpirit of wine, one gallon ; Prepared kali, made hot, one pound and a half j Pure kali, one ounce. Mix the vmous fpirit with the pure kali, and afterwards add one pound of the hot prepared kali ; (hake them, and digefl for twenty- four hours* Pour off the fpirit, to which add the reft of the prepared kali, and dillil in a water bath. It is to be kept in a vefTel well flopped. The kali fhould be heated ro 300* Fahrenheit. The fpecific gravity of alcohol is to that of diltilled water as 8ic to 1000. ^ Duk Take of Redified fpirit of wine, five pounds ; Pearl-afhes, dried over the fire, and ft ill warm, one pound ; Kk 514 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Cauftic vegetable alkali, in powder, one ounce. Mix the fpirit and the cauftic alkali ; add the pearl- afhes, previouf- ly reduced to powder, and digeft the mixture for three days, frequently agitating it ; then pour off the fpirit, and diftil over three pounds with a moderate heat. The fpecific gravity of this fpirit is to that of diitilled water as 820 to 1000. . The theory of thefe procefles has been already explained, and alfo the fuperiority of muriate of lime over carbonate of potafs for fcparating the laft portions of water from alcohol. The potafs is ufed by the London and Dublin colleges in fuch fmall quantity that it can have httie effect \ when added in confiderable quantity, it a6ls upon the alcohol itfelf, and decompofes it, converting it into an ethereal liquor. The Edinburgh college give no directions for the preparation of a perfectly pure alcohol, as it is never ufed in pharmacy ; but it is perhaps to be regretted, that they have given the title of alcohol to a liquid which is not the alcohol of chemifts. iETHER SULPHURICUS. Ed. Sulphuric Ether, Take of Sulphuric acid, Alcohol, each thirty-two ounces. Pour the alcohol into a glafs retort fit for fuflaining a fudden heat, and add to it the acid in an uninterrupted Itream. Mix them by degrees, fliaking them moderately and frequently ; this done, inftantly diflii from fand previouily heated for the purpofe, into a receiver kept cool with water or fnow. But the heat is to be fo managed, that the liquor lliall boil as foon as poffible, and continue to boil till fixteen ounces are drawn off j then let the retort be removed from the fand. To the diftilled liquor add two drachms of potafs ; then diftil from a very high retort, with a very gentle heat, into a cool receiver, until ten ounces have been drawn off. If fixteen ounces of alcohol be poured upon the acid remaining in the retort after the firft diftillation, and the diftillation be re- peated, more ether will be obtained j and this may be repeated fcveral times. ' ^THER VlTRlOLICUS. Lofld, Vitriolic Ether, Take of The fpirit of vitriolic ether^ two pounds by weight ; Chap. XIII. Of Alcohol, &c. '515 Water of pure k^li, one ounce by meafure; Shake them together, and diftil, with a gentle heat, fourteen oun- ces by meafure. jEther Vitriolicus. Dub, Vitriolic Ether. Take of Vitriolic ethereal liquor, fixteen ounces ; Cauftic vegetable alkali, in powder, two drachms. Mix them, and diftil with a gentle heat ten ounces from a very Iiigh retort into a cooled receiver. ^THER SULPHURICUS cum ALCOHOLE. Ed* Sulphuric Ether with AleohoL Take of Sulphuric ether, one part ; Alcohol, two parts. Mix them. SpiRITUS iETHERIS VlTRIOLICL Lond, Spirit of Vitriolic Ether. Take of Redified fpirit of wine, Vitriolic acid, each one pound. Pour the acid gradually upon the fpirit, and mix them by fhaking % then diftil with a gentle heat, from a retort into a tubulated re- ceiver, to which anoriwr recipient is fitted, the fpirit of vitriolic ether, till fulphureous vapours begin to rife. If you apply another receiver, and continue the diftillation, a little oil of wine will be obtained, which is to be preferved for ufe. Lk^uor ^thereus Vitriolicus. Buh^ \ Vitriolic Ethereal Liquor, Take of Rectified fpirit of wine. Sulphuric acid, each thirty-two ounces. Put the fpirit into a glafs retort, capable of fupporting a fudden heat, and pour upon it the acid in a continued ftream. Mix them gradually, and having placed the retort in fand previoufly heated, diftil the liquor into a cool receiver. But the heat i^ to be fo regulated, that the mixture may boil as foon as poflible ; and the retort is to be removed from the fand when fixteen ounces have come over. Kka 5i6 Preparations and Compositions, Part HI. Qjr^ py^p. — Tin(Sl. aloes aether, Ed. ^th. fulph. cum ale. aro- maticus, Ed, OLEUM VINI. Lond. Oilo/mne, Take of Alcohol, Vitriolic acid, of each one pint. Mix them by degrees, and diftil ; taking care that no black froth pafs into the receiver. Separate the oily part of the diftilled liquor from the volatile vitriolic acid. ■ To the oily part add as much vi^ater of pure kali as is fufficient to corre<^ the fulphu- reous fmell ; then diftil off the little ether with a gentle heat. The oil of wine will remain in the retort, fwimming on the watery liquor 5 from which it is to be feparated. SPIRITUS iETHERIS VITRIOLICI C0MP08ITUS. Lond. Compound spirit of Vitriolic Ether, Take of Spirit of vitriolic ether, two pounds ; Oil of wine, three drachms. Mix them. Liquor ./^thereus Ol£osus ; dim, Liquor Hoffmanni Ano- DYNUS. Dub. Oily Ethereal Liquor y formerly Anodyne Liquor of Hoffman, Take what remains in the retort after the diftillation of the vitrio- lic ether. Diftil to one half with a moderate heat. The produ6ls arifing from the decompofition of alcohol by the action of the acids are extremely curious and interefting. The theory of their formation was not underftood until lately, when it was very ingenioufly attempted by Fourcroy and Vauquelin, who endeavour to ftiew that the acid remains unchanged, and that the alcohol is converted into ether, water, and charcoal. The moft convenient way of mixing the ingredients is to put the alcohol into a tubulated retort, and, with a long tubed funnel reaching down to the bottom of the retort, to pour in the acid. By cautious agitation the two fluids unite, and heat is produced, which may be taken advantage of in the diftillation, if we have a fand bath previoufly heated to the fame degree, to fet the retort into immediately after the mixture is completed ; nor is there any occafion for a tubulated receiver, if we immerfe the ordinary Chap. XIII. Of Alcohol, &c. 5 1 7 receiver, which ought to be large, in water, or bury it in broken ice. The diftillation fhould be performed with an equal and very gentle heat. The jundure of the retort and recipient is to be luted with a pafte made of linfeed meal, and further fecured by a piece of wet bladder. Immediately on mixing the acid with the alcohol, there is a con- fiderable increafe of temperature, and a flight difengagement of alcohol, fomewhat altered, and having an aromatic odour. On placing the retort in the fand bath, a portion of pure alcohol firft comes over ; and when the mixture in the retort boils, the ether rifes, and is condenfed in thin, broad, ftraight, ftreaks, having the appearance of oil. Until the liquor which pafles over into the re- ceiver amounts to about half, or ibmewhat more than half, of the alcohol operated on, it confifts almofl entirely of alcohol and ether, and there has been no produftion of any permanently elaftic fluid : but now the product of ether ceafes ; the fulphuric acid is decom- pofcd ; and fulphureous vapours begin to arife, which condenfe in irregular fl;reaks, or in drops : we mult therefore either put a ftop to the procefs, or change the receiver. In the latter cafe the pro- duds, are fulphureous acid, acetic acid, water, and oil of wine, as it was called, accompanied tow;irds the end by a peculiar fpecies of carburetted hydrogen gas, called by the Dutch chemifts Olefiant gas ; becaufe, when mixed with oxygenized muriatic acid, it forms oil. At laft the matter in the retort, which has now become thick and black, fwells up, and prevents us from carrying the procefs further. If we flop the procefs before the fulphureous vapours arife, the whole acid, diluted with a proportion of water, and mixed with char- coal, remains in the retort ; but if we allow the procefs to go on, there is a continual decompofition of the acid, which is therefore diminifhed in quantity. lr> either cafe, according to Prouft, the fulphuric acid may be obtained from the black refiduum in the retort, by diluting it with twice its weight of water, filtering it through linen, and evaporating it till it acquire the fpecific gravity 1.84, then adding about one five-hundredth part of nitrate of pot- afs, and continuing the evaporation until the acid become per- feftly colourlefs, and acquire the fpecific gravity of 1.86. The refiduum, however, may be more advantageoufly preferved, as the Edinburgh college direct, for preparing more ether, by repeating the procefs with frcfli quantities of alcohol. Proufl indeed denies that this refiduum is capable of converting more alcohol into ether; but that excellent chemift has fomehow fallen into error, for it is a fact, that was known in the time of that no lefs excellent chemift Dr. Lewis, and inferted in his firft edition of this difpenfatory, publiflied in 1753, and not a recent difcovery of Citizen Cadet, as 4 Kks 518 Preparations and Compositions, Part IlL Fourcroy would lead us to believe. If farther confirmation be wanted, we fliall inflance Gottling, who fays, that from three or four pounds of this refiduum, he has prepared 60 or 70 pounds of the fpirit of vitriolic ether, and more than twelve pounds of vitri- olic ether, without redifying the refiduum, or allowing the fulphu- reous vapour to evaporate. The ether may be feparated from the alcohol and fulphureous acid, with which it is always mixed, by re-diftilling it with a very gentle heat, after mixing it with potafs, or rather lime, which combine with the acid, or with black oxide of manganefe, which converts the fulphureous into fulphuric acid, and thus deprives it of its volatility. Med, life, — The chemical properties of ether have been already noticed. As a medicine taken internally, it is an excellent anti- fpafmodic, cordial, and ftimulant. In catarrhaf and afthmatic complaints, its vapour is inhaled with advantage, by holding in the mouth a piece of fugar on which ether has been dropt. It is given as a cordial in naufea, and in febrile difeafes of the typhoid type ; as an antifpafmodic, in hyfteria, and in other fpafmodic and painful difeafes ; and as a ftimulus in foporofe and apop]e£lic af- fections. Regular pra6litioners feldom give fo much as half an ounce, much more frequently only a few drops, for a dofe ; but empirics have fometimes ventured upon much larger quantities, and with incredible benefit. When applied externally, it is capa- ble of producing two very oppofite effects according to its manage- ment i for, if it be prevented from evaporating, by covering the place to which it is applied clofely with the hand, it proves a powerful ftimulent and rubefacient, and excites a fenfation of burning heat. In this way it is frequently ufed for removing pains in the head or teeth. On the contrary, if it be dropt on any part of the body, expofed freely to the contau5, Oil oj Almonds^ Bruife frefh almonds in a mortar, and exprefs the oil in a prcfs without heat* In the fame way are to be expreffed from the feeds* Ghap.XVIL Of Fixed Oils. 533 Oleum Lini, Linfsed Oil. Oleum SiNAPis, Oil of Mujlard. The chemical properties of thefe oils have been already men- tioned, and an account of the medical virtues of each will be found in their refpedive places in the materia medica.. CHAP. XVIII. OILY PREPARATIONS. OLEUM AMMONIATUM, vulgo Linimektum Volatile. Ed. jiimmoniated Oil, commonly called Volatile Liniment. Take of Olive oil, two ounces ; Water of ammonia, two drachms- Mix them together. LiNIMENTUM AMMONIiE FORTIUS. Lond» Stronger Liniment of Ammonia. Take of Water of pure ammonia, one ounce ; Olive oil, two ounces, ^ Shake them together in a phial. LiNiMENTUM Ammonia. Lsnd. Liniment of -Ammonia. Take of Water of ammonia, half an ounce ; Olive oil, one ounce and a half. Shake them together in a phial till they are mired. The moft commonly adopted generic name for the combination of oil with alkalies is Soap, and the fpecies are diftingiufhed by the addition of that of the alkali they contain. On thefe principles, volatile liniment lliould be called Soap of Ammonia, ag Ijiard foap is foap of foda, gnd foft foap, foap of potafs. LI 3 534 Preparations and Compositions, Part III<, The ammonia ufed in the two firft of thefe preparations com- bines much more eafily and intimately with the oil than the car,, bonate of ammonia ufed in the laft. If the carbonate be employ- ed with the view of rendering the preparation lefs ftimulating, the fame end will be more fcientifically obtained, by increafing the pro- portion of oil mixed with pure ammonia. The two firft of thefe liniments differ greatly in point of ftrength, the proportion of wa- ter of ammonia in the firft, being as i to 8, and in the fecond as i to 2. Med. «^.-— They arc frequently ufed externally as ftimulants and rubefacients. In inflammatory fore throats, a piece of flannel moif- tened with thefe foaps, applied to the throat, and renewed every four or five hours, is one of the moft efficacious remedies. By means of this warm ftimulating application, the neck, and fometimes the whole body, is put into a fweat, which, after bleeding, either car- ries off^, or leflens the inflammation. When too ftrong, or too liberally applied, they fometimes occafion inflammations, and even blifters. Where the flcin cannot bear their acrimony, a larger pro- portion of oil may be ufed. But the firft of thefe preparations is even fometimes ufed inter- nally, made into a mixture with fyrup and fome aromatic water. A drachm or two taken in this manner three or four times a-day^ is a powerful remedy in fome kinds of catarrh and fore throat. OLEUM LINI CUM CALCE. Ed. Ltnfeed Oil with Lime, Take of Linfeed oil, . Lime water, of each equal parts. Mix them. This liniment is extremely ufeful in cafes of fcalds or burns, being fingularly eflTicacious in preventing, if applied in time, the infl mmation fubfequent to burns or fcalds; or even in removing it, after it has come on. It is alfo a fpecies of foap, and might be called Soap of Lime, although it probably contains a great excefs of oil. OLEUM CAMPHORATUM. £d. Camphorated Oil, Take of Olive oil, two ounces ; Camphor, half an ounce. Mix them fo that the camphor may be diflblved. Chap. XVIII. Of Oily Preparations. 533 This is a fimple folution of camphor in fixed oil, and is an ex- cellent application to local pains from whatever caufe, and to glan- dular fwellings. OLEUM SULPHURATUM. Ed. SulphMretted Oil. Take of Olive oil, eight ounces ; Sublimed fulphur, one ounce. Boil them together in a large iron pot, ftirring them continually, till they unite. Lond' Take of Flowers of fulphur, four ounces. Olive oil, fixteen ounces, by weight. Boil the flowers of fulphur, with the oil, in a pot flightly covered, until they be united. GoTTLiNG directs the oil to be heated In an iron pot, and the fulphur to be gradually added, while the folution is promoted by conftant ftirring with an iron fpatula. The pot muft be fufficient- ly large, as the mixture fwells and boils up very much ; and as it is apt to catch fire, a lid Ihould be at hand to extinguilh it by co- vering up the pot. Medical ufe. — Sulphuretted oil was formerly ftrongly recom- mended in coughs, confumptions, and other diforders of the brcaft and lungs : but the reputation which it had in thefe cafes, does not appear to have been derived from any fair trial or experience. It is manifeftly hot, acrimonious, and irritating ; and fhould there- fore be ufed with the utmoft caution. It has frequently been found to injure the appetite, offend the ftomach and vifcera, parch the body, and occafion thirft and febrile heats. The dofe of it is from ten to forty drops. It is employed externally for clean fmg and healing foul running ulcers ; and Boerhaave conjeftures, that its ufe in thefe cafes gave occalion to the virtues afcribed to it when taken internally. Off. prep. — Emplaft. ammon. cum hydrarg. /^5//i. Emp. lith. cum hyd. Lond. PETROLEUM SULPHURATUM. Lond. Sulphuretted Petroleum Is prepared in the fame way as fulphuretted oil. L 1 4 536 Prepatdtions and Cdmpdskions: Part IIL CHAP. XIX. DISTILLED JVATERS. Substances which difTer in volatility, may be feparated fioni each other by applying a degree of heat capable of converting the mod volatile into vapour, and by again condenfing this vapour in a proper apparatus. Water is converted into vapour at 212^, and may be feparated by diftillation from the earthy and faline matters which it always contains in a natural (late. But, it is evident, that if any fubftances which are as volatile as water, be expofed to the fame degree of heat, either by imrperftng them in boiling water, or expofing them to the a6^ion of Its Iteam, they will rife with it in diftillation. In this way the camphor and volatile oils of vegetable fubftances are feparated from the more fixed principles ; and as water is capable of diffolving a certain quantity of thefe volatile fubftances, it may be impregnated with a great variety of flavours by diftilling it from different aromatic fubftances. If the fubjecl of our diftillation contain more volatile oil than the water employed is capable of diffolving, it will render the water milky, and afterwards feparate from it. It is in this way that effentia^ oils are obtained. ' Effential oils are obtained only from odoriferous fubftances •, but not equally from all of this clafs, nor in quantity proportional to their degree of odour. Some, which, if we were to reafon froni analogy, ftiould Teem very well fitted for this procefs, yield ex- tremely little oil, and others none at all. Rofes and chamomile flowers, whofe ftrong and lafting fmell prpmifes abundance, arc found to contain but a fmall quantity of oil : the violet and jaf- famine flower, which perfume the air with their odour, lofe their fmell upon the gentleft co£i:ion, and do not afford any oil, on being diftilled, unlefs immenfe quantities are fubmitted to the operation at once ; while favin, whofe difagreeable fcent extends to no great diftance, gives oat the largeft proportion of oil of almoft any ve- getable known. Nor are the fame plants equally fit for this operation, when pro- duced in different foils or feafons, or at different times of their growth. Some yield more oil if gathered when the flowers be- gin to fall off than at any other time. Of this we have examples in lavendar and rue 5 others, as fage, afford the largeft quantity when young, before they have fent forth any flowers 5 and others, Chap. XIX. Of Distilled ffatars, 537 as thyme, when the flowers have juft appeared. All fragtant herbs yield a larger pifoportion of oil, when produced in dry foils and in warm fummers, than in oppofite circumftances. On the other hand, fome of the difagreeable ftrong-fcented ones, as worm- wood, are faid to contain mo'fi oil in rainy ftafons, and when grow- ing in moid rich grounds. Several chemifts have been of opinion, that herbs and flowers, moderately dried, yield a greater quantity of eflJential oil, than if they were diftilled when frefh. It is, however, highly improbable, that the quantity of eflential oil will be increafed by drying ; on the contrary, part of it muft be diffipated and loft. But drying may fometimes be ufeful in other ways j either by dlminifliing the bulk of the fubjedl to be diftilled, or by taufing it to part with its oil more cafily. The choice of pr0t*^er inftruments is of great confequence for the performance of this procefs to advantage. There arc fome oils which pafs freely over the fwan-neck of the liead of the com- mon flill : others, lefs volatile, cannot eafily be made to rife fo high. For obtaining thefe laft, we would recommend a large low- head, having a rim or hollow canal round it : in this canal, the oil is detained in its firfl: afcent, and thence conveyed at once into the receiver, the advantages of which are fufliciently obvious. With regard to the proportion of water to be employed ; if whole plants, moderately dried, are ufed, or the fhavings of woods, as much of either may be put into the veflel as, lightly prefled, will occupy half its cavity ; and as much \vater may be added as will fill two thirds of it. When frefli and juicy herbs are to be diftilled, thrice their weight of water will be fully fufficient ; but: dry ones require a much larger quantity. In general, there fliould be fo much water, that after all intended to be diftilled has come over, there may be liquor enough left to prevent the matter from burning to the ftill. The water and ingredients, altogether, ihould never take up more than three fourths of the ftill ; there fbould be liquor enough to prevent any danger of an empyreuma, but not fo much as to be apt to boil over into the receiver. The fubjeft of diftillation fhould be macerated in the water un- til it be perfedlly penetrated by it. To promote this efi^e6i:, woods ihould be thinly ftiaved acrbfs the grain, or fawn, roots cut tranf- verfely into thin flices, barks reduced into coarfe pdwder, and feeds flightly bruifed. Very compa£l and tenacious fubftances re- quire the maceration to be continued a week or two, or longer ; for thofe of a fofter and loofer tejtture, two or three days are fuf- ficient ; while fome tender herbs and flowers not only ftand in no need of maceration, but are even injured by it. The fermenta- tion which was formerly pfefdribed 'ii\ fome inftances, is always hurtful ■ • ' ^ 538 Preparations and Compositions. Part. III. "With regard to the fire, the operator ought to be expeditious in ralGng it at firft, and to keep it up during the whole procefs, to fuch a degree only, that the oil may freely diftil ; oth^rwife the oil will be expofcd to an unnecefTary heat ; a circum (lance which ought as much as poflible to be avoided. Fire communicates to all thefe oils a difagreeable impregnation, as is evident from their being much lefs grateful when newly diftilled, than after they have flood for feme time in a cool place : and the longer the heat is continued, the greater alteration it produces in them. The greater number of oils require for their diftillation the heat of water ftrongly boiling : but there are many alfo which rife with a heat confiderably lefs ; fuch as thofe of lemon and citron peel ; of the flowers of lavender and rofemary, and of almoft all the more odoriferous kinds of flowers. We have already obferv- ed, that thefe flowers have their fragrance iruch injured, or even deftroyed, by beating or bruifing them ; it is impaired alfo by the immerfion in water in the prefent procefs, and the more fo in pro- portion to the continuance of the immerfion and the heat; hence oils, diftilled in the common manner, prove much lefs agreeable in fmell than the fubjefbs themfelves. For the diftillation of fub- ftances of this clafs, another method has been contrived ; inftead of being imnjerfed in v/ater, they are expofed only to its vapour. A proper quantiy of water being put into the bottom of the ftill, the odoriferous herbs or flowers are laid lightly in a bafltet, of fuch a fize that it may enter into the ftill, and reft againft its fides, juft above the water. The head being then fitted on, and the water made to boil, the fteam, percolating through the fubje^l, imbibes the oil, without impairing its fragrance, and carries it over into the receiver. Oils thus obtained, poflefs the odour of the fubje£l m an exquifite degree, and have nothing of the difagreeable fcent perceivable in thofe diftilled by boiling them in water in the com- mon manner. Plants difl?er fo much, according to the foil and feafon of which they are the produce, and likewife according to their own ages, that it is impoflible to fix the quantity of water to be drawn from a certain weight of them to any invariable ftandard. The diftil- lation may always be continued as long as the liquor runs well flavoured off the fubje£l, but no longer. In the diftillation of efl^ential oils, the water, as was obferved in a foregoing fe£tion, imbibes always a part of the oil. The dif- tilled liquors here treated of, are no other than water thus impreg- nated with the eflfential oil of the fubje^ ; whatever fmell, tafte, or virtue, is communicated to the water, or obtained in the form of watery liquor, being found in a concentrated ftate in the oil. AH thofe vegetables, therefore, which contain an eflential oil, will give over forae virtue to water by diftillation : but the de- Chap. XIX. Of Distilled PVaters. 539 gree of the impregnation of the water, or the quantity of water which a plant is capable of faturating with its virtue, are by no means in proportion to the quantity of its oil. The oil faturates only the water that comes over at the fame time with it : if there be more oil than is fufficient for this faturation, the furplus fepar- ates, and concretes in its proper form, not mifcible with the wa- ter that arifes afterwards. Some odoriferous flowers, whofc oil i» in fo fmall quantity that fcarcely any vifible mark of it appears, unlefs fifty or an hundred pounds or more are diftilled at once, give neverthelefs as ftrong an impregnation to water as thofe plants which abound mod with- oil. Many have been of opinion, that difti^e'd waters may be more ^nd more impregnated with the virtues of the fubjeft, and their ftrength increafed to any afligned degree, by cohohation^ that is, by re-diftilling them repeatedly from frefh parcels of the plant. Ex- perience, however, Ihews the contrary. A water flcilfully drawn in the firft diftillation, proves on every repeated one not Itronger but more difagreeable. Aqueous liquors are not capable of im- bibing above a certain quantity of the volatile oil of vegetables; and this they may be made to take up by one, as well as by any uumber of diftillations 2 the oftener the procefs is repeated, the ungrateful impreflion which they generally receive from the fire, even at the firlt time, becomes greater and greater. Thofe plants, which do not yield at hril waters fufficlently ftrong, are not proper fubjefts for this procefs. The mixture of water and oil which comes over, may cither be feparated immediately by means of a feparatory, or after it has been put into large narrow-necked bottles, and placed in a cool place, that the portion of oil which is not diflblved in the water may rife to the top, or fink to the bottom, according to its fpecific gravity. It is then to be feparated, either by a feparatory, (Plate L fig. 10.) j or by means of a fmall glafs fyringe 5 or by means of a filter of paper ; or, laftly, by means of a woollen thread, one end of which is immerfed in the oil, and the other lower end in a phiaH the oil will thus pafs over into the phial by capillary attraction, and the thread is to be fqueezed dry. Moft diftilled waters, when firft prepared, have a fomewhat un- pleafant fmell, which however they gradually lofe ; it is therefore! advifable to keep them for fome days after their preparation in veflels but (lightly covered ; and not to cork them up until they lofe that fmell. . . \ That the waters may keep th^ better, about one twentieth part their weight of proof fpirit n>ay,^e added to each after they are diftilled. I have been infortinei by a refpe6lable apothecary, "that if the fimple diftilled waters i^e redified by diftilling them a fecond time, they will keep for fever^l years without the addition of any 640 Preparations and Compositions. Part IlL fpirit, which alway gives an unpleafant flavour, and is often ob- jectionable for other reafons. Diftilled waters are employed chiefly as grateful diluents, as fuitable vehicles for medicines of greater efficacy, or for render- ing difguftful ones more acceptable to the palate and ftomach : few arc depended on, with any intention cf confequence, by them- felves. To the chapter on Simple Diftilled Waters, the London college have annexed the following remarks. We have ordered moll of the waters to be diftilled from the dried herbs, becaufe frclh are not ready at all times of the year. Whenever the frefh are ufed, the weights are to be increafcd» But, whether the frefli or dried herbs be employed, the operator may vary the weight according to the feafon in which they havd been produced ^nd collected. Herbs and feeds kept beyond the fpace of a year, become lefs proper for the diftillation of waters. To every gallon of thefe waters add five ounces, by meafure, of proof fpirit. The Edinburgh college order half an ounce of proof fpirit to everf pound cf the water, which is nearly the fame. But the Dublin college order five ounces of proof fpirit to be add- ^d to each pounds which is probably a typographical error. AQUA DISTILLATA. Loml Dlfiilled Water, Take of Spring water, ten gallons. Draw off by diftillation, firft, four pints ; which being throwii away, draw oflF four gallons. This water is to be kept jn a glaf^ or earthen bottle with a glafs ftopper. Dtih, Take o£ Spring water, twenty pounds. Put it into a retort, and having thrown away the firft pound, draw off ten pounds by diftillation with a gentle heat, Edin, Let water be diftilled in very clean velTels, until about two thirds have come over. Water is never fcur.d pure in a ftate o ' c ; and ab >t is abfolutely neceflTary, rat«-'c'jlarlv f-^r - ;s.( operations. Chap. XIX, Of Distilled JVaters. 541 that it {hould be perfe£lly fo, we muft feparate it from all heta»o- geneous matters by diftillation. The firft portion that comes over fiiould be thrown away, not fo much from the pofTibility of its be- ing impregnated with volatile matters contained in the water,^ as from the probabihty that it will be contaminated with impurities it may have contracted in its paflage through the worm in the re- frigeratory. The diftillation is not to be puftied too far, left the water (hould acquire an cmpyreumatic flavour. Although diftilled water be necefiary for many purpofes, we apprehend that the London college, from a defire of extreme ele- gance, have fallen into a very confiderable error in ordering it to be employed for many purpofes, fuch as infufions and deco(Sions, for which good fpring water would anfwer juft as well, and for which, we will venture to fay, that it never is employed by the apothecary. The confequence is, that the apothecary has no rule to dire£t him, when it is abfolutely neceflary, and when it may be difpenfed with, and he will therefore probably difpenfe with it oftener than is proper. AQUA CITRI AURANTII. Edin. Orangre-Peel Water, ^ Take of Frefh orange-peel, two pounds. Pour upon it as much water as (hall be fufEcient to prevent any empyreuma, after ten pounds have been drawn off by diiliUsfc- tipn. After due maceration, diftil ten pounds. Aqua Foeniculi Dulcis. Dub. Lend. Fennel Water. Take of The bruifed feeds of fweet fennel, one pound •, Water, as much as may be fufficient to prevent empyreuma. Diftil one gallon (ten pounds. Dub.) The fame quantity of water is to be diftilled in the fame man- ner from Six pounds of the recent petals of the Damask Rose, Jqua Ro/a Centifo/ia. Edin. j^qua Rfifle. Lond. Dub. Of. prep.-AJngt. adipis fcill. Lond. Three pounds, Edin, j one pound and a half, Lond, Dub, of Peppermint, Jqua Mentha Piperita. Edin. /Iqua Mentha Piperitidis. Lond. Dub. 542 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Thrice pounds, Ed, ; one pound and a half, Lond, Dub. of Pennyroyal, in flower, Aqua Mentha Pukgii. Ediu, AquaPulegii. Lond. Dub. Twa pounds of frefh Lemon Peel, jiqua Ciiri Medtca, Edin. One pound and a half of Spearmint, Aqua Mentha Sativa, Dub. Lond. One pound of Cinnamon, (macerated for a day, Lond. Dub.) Aqua Lauri Cinnamoni. Edin. Aqua Cinnamoni. Lond. Dub. One pound of Cassia, Aqua Lauri CaJJia, Edin, One pound of bruifed Dill Seeds, Aqua Anethi. Lond. Haifa pound of Pimento, (macerated for a day, Land,) Aqua Myrti Pimenta. Edin. Aqua Pimento. Lond. The virtues of all thefe waters are nearly alike ; and the pecu- liarities of each will be eafily underftood by confulting the account given in the materia medica of the fubftance from which they arc prepared. Mr. Nicholfon mentions, that as rofe water is exceed- ingly apt to fpoil, the apothecaries generally prepare it in fmall quantities at a time from the leaves, prcferved by packing them clofely in cans with common fait. This we underftand is not the practice in Edinburgh, and indeed cannot fucceed with the petals of the damafk rofe, for they lofe their fmell by drying. The Lon- don apothecaries, therefore, probably ufe the red rofe. The fpoil- ing of fome waters is owing to fome mucilage carried over in the diftillation 5 for, if redified by a fecond diitillation, they keep per- fcaiy. CHAP. XX. VOLATILE OILS. OLEA VOLATILIA. M//. Volatile Oils. Volatile Oils are prepared nearly in the fame manner as the diftillcd waters, except that lefs water is to be added. Seeds Chap. XX. Of Volatile Oils. 543 and woody fubftances are to be prcvioufly bruifed or rafped. The oil comes over with the water, and is afterwards to be fe- parated from it, according as it may be lighter than the water, and fwim upon its furfacc, or heavier, and fink to the bottom. Befides, in preparing thefe diftilled waters and oils, it is to be ob- ferved, that the goodnefs of the fubje61:, its texture, the fcafon of the year, and fimilar caufes, muft give rife to fo many differ- ences, that no certain or general rule can be given to fait accu- rately each example. Therefore, many things are omitted, to be varied by the operator according to his judgment, and only the moft general precepts are given. OLEA DISTILLATA, Lortd. Diftilled Oils. Let thefe oils be drawn off by diftillation^ 'from an alembic with a large refrigeratory ; but, to prevent empyreuma, water muft be added to the ingredients ; in which they muft be macerated before diftillation. The water which comes over with the oil in diftillation is to be kept for ufe. Duh. Let the oil be extra£t:ed by diftillation from the fubje£l: previoufly macerated in water, with the addition of as much water as may be fufficient to prevent empyreuma. In diftilling fennel, peppermint, fpearmint, and pennyroyal, the water which comes over along with the oil is to be preferved for ufe in the manner direiSted in the chapter on Diftilled Wa- ters. The herbs from which oils are to be extracted by diftillation, are to be dried as foon as they are colle£led. According to thefe dir^dions, are prepared the olatile, Diftilled, ox 1 C Olea Volatilia, Edin. Dijlillai Eflential, Oils of J \ I>\ih, vel Ejpntialia. hond. A„;C_ ^ Pimpinella aniji. Edin. "^* ^ ^ lAnift. Lond. Dub. Off. prep — ^Tin£t. opii ammon. Ed. Tin6l, opii camph. Lond. J)ub, Caraway, Carui. Lond. Dub. Off. prep.—ZXtCt. fennx, Dub. Elcft. fcammon. Lond. Dub. Pil. aloet, Lond. Fennel feeds, Seminum foeniatli dulcis. Dub, from the Seeds. 544' Preparations and Compositions. Part III. C Junipcri cQmmunis. Edin. Jiiiijpcr berries, < Baccarumjuniperi. Dub. l^jfuniperi haca^. Lond. from the Berries. Pimento, < My rti pimento-. Edin. from the Fruit. Ferinel flowers, Florum fasnkuli dulcis. Dub. T> r ^Rorifniarinicfficinalis. Edin. Rolemary, iRorifmarim. Lond. Dub. Of, prep. — Tin^.fapon. Ed. Linim fapon. Dub. Alcohol amm, arom. Ed. T , ^ Lavandula fpica, Edin. Lavender, ^ ^ Z«.;W../^. Lond. 0/: /;v/>.-^Ungt. fulph. Ed. T, , C Mentha piperita. Edin, Peppermmt, ^^ piperitldh. UnA.mh. Off. prep — Pil rhoei comp. Ed. Spearmint, Mentha fativa. Lond. Dub, Off. prep. — Ungt. lad. comp. Lond, Pennyroyal, Pulegii. Lond. Dub. Origanum, Origafii. Lond. Dub, Rue, Rut a. Dub. . C Juniperifabina. Ed. ^''^^"^' iSabina. Dub. from the Flower, or Herb in flower. And of SaiTafras { Lauri faffafras. Edin. * (_ Saffafras* Lond' from the Root, OLEUM TEREBINTHINiE. Lond. Dub. Oil of Turpentine. Take of Common turpentine, five pounds. Water, four pints, (four pounds, Dub.) ■ ' Diftil (two pounds, Dub.) (the turpentine with the water in a cop- per alembic, Lond.) Aft^ the diftillation of the oil, what re- mains, (in the retort, Dub.) is yellow refin. Chap. XX. Of Volatile Oils. 54o OLEUM TEREBINTHINiE VOLATILE PURISSIMUM. Edift, OleujM Terebinthin^ Rectificatum. Lonii, Dub, ReBificd Oil of Turpentine. Take of Oil of turpentine, one pound, (two pounds, huh^ \ Water, four pints, (four pounds. Dub,) Diftil (a pound and a half, Dub.\ (as long as any oil comes over, £din:) The procefs here propofed for re«^ifying this oil, is not only tedious, but accompanied with danger. For unlefs the luting be very clofe, fome of the vapour will be apt to get through ; and if this catch fire, it will infallibly burft the velfels. This rectified oil, which in many pharmacopoeias is ftyled Ethereal, does not con- fiderably differ in fpecific gravity, fmell, talle, or medical qualities, from the former. The Spirit of Turpentine, as this eflential oil has been ftyled, is frequently taken internally as a diuretic and fudorific ; and it has fometimes a confiderablc effedl when taken to the extent of a few drops only. It has, however, been given in much larger dofes, cfpecially when mixed with honey. Recourfe has principally been had to fuch dofes in cafes of chronic rheumatifm, particularly in thofe modifications of it which are termed fciatica and lumbago ; but fometimes they induce bloody urine. The water employed in the diftillation of volatile oils always im- bibes fome portion of the oil •, as is evident from the fmell, tafte, and colour, which it acquires. It cannot, however, retain above a certain quantity ; and therefore, fuch as has been already ufed and almoft faturated itfelf, may be advantageoufly employed, in- ftead of common water, in a fecond, third, or any future, diftilla- tion of the fame fubje£l. After the diftillation of one oil, particular care (hould be had to clean the worm perfectly before it be employed in the diftilla- tion of a different fubftance. Some oils, thofe of wormwood and anifeeds for inftance, adhere to it fo tenacioufly, as not to be melted out by heat, or wafhed off by water : the beft way of re- moving thefe, is to run a Httle fpirit of wine through it. Volatile oils, after they are diftilled, fliould be fufFered to ftand for fome days, in velTels loofeiy covered with paper, till they have loft their difagrecable fiery odour, and become limpid : then put them up in fmall bottles, which are to be kept quite full, dofely ftopped, in a cool place. With thefe cautions^ they will retain their virtues in perfe(^ion for many years, Moft of the oils mentioned above, are prepared by our chemifts ii) Britain, and arc eadly procurable in a tolerable degree of per- Mm ^ 546 Preparations and Compositmis* Part III, feftion : but the oils from the more expenfive fpiceries^ though flill introduced among the preparations in the foreign pharma- copoeias, are, when employed among us, ufually imported from abroad. Thefe are frequently fo much adulterated, that it is not eafy to meet with fuch as are at all fit for ufe. Nor are thefe adulterations eafily difcoverable. The grofler abufes, indeed, may be readily detected. Thus, if the oil be mixed with fpirit of wine, it will turn milky on the addition of water j if with exprefled oils, re£li- fied fpirit will diflblve the volatile, and leave the other behind : if with oil of turpentine, on dipping a piece of paper in the mixture, and drying it with a gentle heat, the turpentine wjU be betrayed by its fmell. But the more fubtile artifts have contrived other methods of fophiftication, which elude all trials of this kind. Some have looked upon the fpecilic gravity of oils as a certain criterion of their genuincncfs. This, however, is not to be ab- folutely depended on ; for the genuine oils, obtained from the fame fubje6ls, often differ in gravity as much as thofe drawn from different ones. Cinnamon and cloves, whofe oils ufually fink in water, yield, if flowly and warily diflilled, oils of great fragrancy, which are neverthelefs fpecifically lighter than the aqueous fluid employed in their diftillation *, whilft, on the other hand, the laft runnings of fome of the lighter oils prove fometimes fo ponderous as to fink in water, As all volatile oils agree in the general properties of folubility in fpirit of v/ine, indiffolubility in water, mifcibility with water by the intervention of certain intermedia, volatility in the heat of boiling water, &c. it is plain that they may be varioufly mixed with each other, or the dearer fophifticated with the cheaper, without any poffibility of difcovering the abufe by any trials of this kind. And, indeed, it would not be of much advantage to the purchafer, if he had infallible criteria of the genuinenefs of every individual oil. It is of as much importance that they be good, as that they be gemdne ; for genuine oils, from inattentive diftillation, arid long and carelefs keeping, are often weaker both in fmell and tafte than the common fophifticated ones. The fmell and tafte feem to be the only certain tefts of which the nature of the thing will admit. If a bark fhould have in every vefpe£t the appearance of good cinnamon, and fhould be proved indifputably io be the genuine bark of the cinnamon tree ; yet if it want the cinnamon flavour, or has it but in a low degree, we re- ject it; and the cafe is the fame with the oil. It is only from ufc and habit, or comparifons with fpecimens of known quality, that we can judge of the goodnefs, either of the drugs themfelves, or pf their oils. Chap. XX. Of Folaiile Oils. 547 Mod of the volatile oils indeed, are too hot and pungent to be tailed with fafety ; and the fmell of the fubject is io much con- centrated in them, that a fmall variation in this refpe(fl: is not eafily diflinguiflied : but we can readily dilute them to any aflign- able degree. A drop of the oil may be diflblved in fpirit of wine, or received on a bit of fugar, and dilTolved by that intermedium in water. The quantity of liquor which it thus impregnates with its flavour, or the degree of flavour which it communicates to a certain determinate quantity, will be the meafure of the degree of goodnefs of the oil. Medical ufe. — Volatile oils, medicinally confidered, agree in the general qualities of pungency and heat ; in particular virtues, they differ as much as the fubjedls from which they are obtained, the oil being the diredl principle in which the virtues, or at lead a confiderable part of the virtues, of the feveral fubje£ls refide. Thus the carminative virtue of the warm feeds, the diuretic of juniper berries, the emmenagogue of favin, the nervine of rofe- mary, the flomachic of mint, the antifcorbutic of fcurvy-grafs, the cordial of aromatics, &c. are fuppofed to be concentrated in their oils. There is another remarkable difference in volatile oils, the found- ation of which is Icfs obvious, that of the degree of their pungency and heat. Thefe are by no means in proportion, as might be ex- pelled, to thofe of the fubje6t they were drawn from. The oil of cinnamon, for inftance, is excelfively pungent and fiery \ in its un- diluted flate it is almoft cauflic ; whereas cloves, a fpice which in fubftance is far more pungent than the other, yields an oil which is far lefs fo. This difference feems to depend partly upon the quantity of oil afforded, cinnamon yielding much lefs than cloves, and confequently having its a6live matter concentrated into a fmaller volume j partly, upon a difference in the nature of the ac- tive parts themfelves : for though volatile oils contain always the fpecific odour and flavour of their fubje^ls, whether grateful or ungrateful, they do not always contain the whole pungency : this refides frequently in a more fixed matter, and does not rife with the oil. After the diftillation of cloves, pepper, and fome other fpices, a part of their pungency is found to remain behind : a fimple tinc- ture of them in re£lified fpirit of wine is even more pungent than their pure efl^ential oils. The more grateful oils are frequently made ufe of for reconcil- ing to the flomach medicines of themfelves difguftful. It has been cuftomary to employ them as corredlors for the refmous pur- gatives ; an ufe which they do not feem to be well adapted to. AH the fervice they can here be of, is, to make the rcfin fit more eafily at firft on the Hon^ach : far from abating the irritating qua- 4 in: m 2 54^ Preparations imd Compositions, Part III, llty upon which the violence of its operation depends, thefc pun- gent oil? fuperadd a frelh ftimulus. Volatile oils are never given alone, on account of their extreme beat and pungency ; which in fome is fo great, that a fingle drop let fall upon the tongue, produces a gangrenous efchar. They are reacHly imbibed by pure dry fugar, and in this form may be con- veniently exhibited. Ground with eight or ten times their weight of fugar, they become foluble in aqueous liquors, and thus may be diluted to any afligned degree. Mucilages alfo render them mif- cible with water into an uniform milky liquor. They diflblve like- wife in fpirit of wine; the more fragrant in an equal weight, and almoft all of them in lefs than four times their own quantity. Thefe folutions may be either taken on fugar, or mixed with fy^ rups, or the like. On mixing them with water, the liquor grows milky, and the oil fcparates. The more pungent oils are employed externally againft paralytic complaints, numbnefs, pains, and aches, cold tumours, and in other cafes where particular parts require to be heated or ftimulat- ed. The toothach is fometimes relieved by a drop of thefe almoft cauftic oils, received on cotton, and cautipufly introduced into the. hollow tooth. CHAP. XXI. m^YREUMATIC VOLATILE OILS. Empyreumatic Oils agree in many particulars with the volai lile oils already treated of, but they alio differ from them in fe- veral important circumftances. The latter exift ready formed in the aromatic fubftances, from which they are obtained, and are on- ly feparated from the fixed principles by the aftion of a heat not exceeding that of boiling water. The farmer, on the contrary, are always formed by the a£lion of a degree of heat confiderably higher than that of boiling water, and are the produ£t of decom- pofition, and a new arrangement of the elementary principles of fubftances, containing at leaft oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. Their produftion is therefore always attended with the formation of other new products. In their chemical properties they do not dif- fer very remarkably from the volatile oils, and arc principally dij- Chap. XXI. Of Empyreumatic Folatile Oils, 549 tinguiflied from them by their unpleafant pungent empyreumatic fmell and rough bitterifh tafle* They are alfo more apt to fpoil by the contadl of the air, and the oftener they are re-di (tilled they' become more limpid, lefs coloured, and more foluble in alcohol ; whereas the eflential oils, by repeated diflillations, become thicker >nd lefs foluble in alcohol. Their adion on the body is exceedingly ftimulant and heating. OLEUM PETROLEI. lend. Oil of Petroleum. Diftil petroleum in a fand bath. The oil obtained from this bitumen will be more or lefs thin ac- cording to the continuance of the dillillation ; and by its conti- nuance the tar will at laft be reduced to a black ceai •, and then the oil will be pretty deep in colour, but perfedly fluid, though very acrid and ftimulating. It is lefs difagreeable than fome of the other empyreumatic oils which had formerly a place in our pharmacopoeias, fuch as the oleum lateritium. OLEUM SUCCINI PURISSIMUM. Edirt, Purified Oil of Amber, Diftil oil of amber in a glafs retort with fix times its quantity of water till two thirds of the water have palTed into the receiver ; then feparate this very pure volatile oil from the water, and keep it for ufe in clofe (hut veflfels. Oleum Succini Rectificatum. l,Gnd. Reaifed Oil of Amber, Take of Oil of amber, one pound' Diftil three times. Dub. Take of The oil which rifes in the preparation of fait of amber, tnree pounds. Biftil a pound and a half. The re£lijfied oil has a (Irong bituminous rmell, and a pungent acrid tafte. Given in a dofe of ten or twelve drops, it heats, fti- mulates, and promoter the fluid fecretions : it is chiefly celebrated M m 3 550 ' Preparations and Compositions. Part III.- in hyrterlcal cllforders, and in deficiencies of the uterine purgations. •Sometimes it is ufed externally, in liniments for weak or paralytic limbs, and rheumatic pains. Of . prep. — Spt. am. fuccin. Lojid. Moscnus Artificialis. Artificial Mujk. By treating one part of oil of amber with four of nitrous acid, added in fmall portions at a time, and ftirring them together with a glafsrod, the oil is at laft converted into a yellow refin, having the fmell of mufk, and known in Germany by the name of Artificial mutk, where it is ofren ufed as a fubftitute for that expenfive drug, OLEUM ANIMALE. Lend. Animal Oil, Take of Oil of hartfliorn, one pound. Diftil three times. OLEUM CORNU CERVINI RECTIFICATUM. Dub. Recfified Oil of Harf/horti. Take of The oil which afcends in the diftillation of the volatile liquor of hartfhorn, three pounds. Water, fix pounds. Diftil a pound and a half. Animal Oil, thus rectified, is thin and limpid, of a fubtle, pe- netrating, not difagreeable, fmell and tafte. Medical life, — It is ftrongly recommended as an anodyne and nntifpafmodic in dofes of from 15 to 30 drops. Hoffmann reports, that .t procures a calm and fweet lleep, which continues often for 20 hours, without being followed by any languor or debility, but rather leaving the patient more alert and cheerful than before : that it procures likewife a gentle fweat, without increafing the heat of the blood : that given to 20 drops or more, on an empty fto- mach fix hours before the acceflion of an intermittent fever, it fre- quently removes the diforder 5 and that it is likewife a very gen- eral remedy in inveterate and chronical epilepfies, and in convulfivc motions, efpecially if given before the ufual time of the attack, and preceded by proper evacuations. How far empyreumatic oils poflefs the virtues that have been afcribed to them, has not yet been fuflSciently determined by experience *, the tedioufnefs and Ghap. XXI. Of Empyreumntic Folatile Oils. 551 trouble of the re£lification having prevented their coming into general ufe, or being often made. They are liable alfo to more material inconvenience in regard to their medicinal ufe, namely, precarioufnefs in their quality ; for how perfedlly foever they may be redlified, they gradually lofe, in keeping, the qualities they had received from that procefs, and return more and more towards their original fetid ftate. CHAP. XXII. DISTILLED SPIRITS. The flavour and virtues of diftilled waters are owing, as obferv* cd in the preceding chapter, to their being impregnated with a por- tion of the eflential oil of the fubje£t from which they are drawn. Alcohol, confidered as a vehicle for thefe oils, has this advantage above water, that it keeps all the oil that rifes with it perfectly dif- folved into an uniform limpid liquor. Neverthelefs, many fubdances, which, on being diflilled with water, impart to it their virtues in great perfedion ; if treated in the fame manner with alcohol, fcarcely give over to it any fmell or tafte. The caufe of this difference is, that alcohol is not fufcept- ible of fo great a degree of heat as water. It is obvious therefore, that fubllances may be volatile enough to rife with the heat of boiling water, but not with that of boiling alcohol. Thus, if cinnamon, for inllance, be committed to diftillation with a mixture of alcohol and water, or with a pure proof fpirit, which is no other than a mixture of about equal parts of the two ; the alcohol will arife firft clear, colourlefs, and tranfparent, and almoft without any tafte of the fpice ; but as foon as the more ponderous watery fluid begins to arife, the oil comes freely over with it, fo- as to render the liquor highly odorous, fapid, and of a milky hue. Tne proof fpirits ufually met with in the fliops are accompanied with a degree of ill flavour j which, though concealed by means of certain additions, plainly difcovers itfelf in diftillation. This nau- feous flavour does not begin to arife till after the purer fpiritoUs part has come over j which is the very time that the virtues of the M m 4 552 Preparations and Composiiiom, Part III. ingredients begin alfo to arife mofl plentifully; and hence the liquor receives an ungrateful taint. To this caufe principally is owing the general complaint, that the cordials of the apothecary are lefs agreeable than thofe of the fame kind prepared by the dif- tiller ; the latter being extremely curious in re£tifying or purify- ing the fpirits (when defigned for what he calls fine goods) from all unpleafant flavour. SPIRITUS CARl CARVI. Edifi, Spirit of Caraivay, Take of Caraway feeds, half a J)ound ; Diluted alcohol, nine pounds. Macerate two days in a clofe veiTel ; then pour on as much water as will prevent empyreuma, and draw oiF by diftillation nine pounds. Spiritus Carvi. Lond, Duh. Spirit of Caraway. Take of Caraway feeds, bruifed, half a pound -, Proof fpirit of wine, one gallon ; (nine pounds, Duk) Water, fufficient to prevent empyreuma. Draw ofFone gallon, (nine pounds, Dub.) In tlie fame manner is prepared the fame quantity of fpirit from Spiritus Cinnamon, one pound, ^ jf."" Cinmmomi. Edin. ^ (^Litinanmni. Lond. Dub. Peppermint, one pound and a X Mentha. Piperita. Edin. half, ^ Piperitidis, Lond:, Spearmint, one pound and a half, Mentha fativa, Lond. Pennyroyal dried, a pound and a half, Pulegii. Lond. Nutmeg, well bruifed, two oun- ^ Myri/Uca mofchata. Edin. ces, \Nucis nlofchaia.\^\:^i»'Lond. Off.prep* — Succus cogh. comp. Ed, Pimento, half a pound, ^ Mr^ Pimerita. Edin, *^ i^ Pimento. Dub. Lond. SPIRITUS LAVANDULiE SPIC^. Ed. Spirit of Lavender, Take of ^ Flowering ijpikes of laYender, frefli gathered, two pounds ; Chap. XXII. Of Distilled Spirits. 553 Alcohol, eight pounds. Draw ofF by the heat of boiling water, feven pounds. Spiritus Lavendul^. Lond* Duh. Spirit oj Lavender* Take of Frelh flowers of lavender, one pound and a half ; Proof fpirit of wine, one gallon, (nine pounds, Duh*) Draw ofF by diHillation in a water bath, five pints, (five pounds. Dub.) Off. prep. — Spt* lav. comp. Ed. Lond. Dub. Linim campb. comp. land. Dub* By thefe dire£iions, and in the ftmc quantities, are prepared, SPIRITUS RORISMARINI OFFICINALIS. Ed. Spiritos RoRisMARiNi. Lond, spirit of RGfamary, from two pounds of the flowering tbps of rofemary, according to the Edinburgh college, and from a pound and a half accord- ing to the London. Off, prep, — Linim fapon. comp. Lond, We think it unnccefTary to make particular obfervatiom on each of thefe fimple fpirits^ as their virtues arc the fame with thofe of the fubftances from which tkey are extrad^ed, united to the fti- mulus of the alcohol. The alcohol in the fpirits of lavender and rofemary, is almoft pure ; in the others it is diluted with about an equal weight of water. SPIRITUS ANISI COMPOSITUS. L^nd. Compound Spirit of Anifeed. Take of Anifced, Angelica feed, of each, bruifed, half a pound ; Proof fpirit, one gallon •, Water, fufficient to prevent cmpyreuma- Draw off one gallon by diftillation. ^ This: compound fpirit, like the Irmple ones, is an agreeable cot-* dial •, indeed too agreeable, for by fome they are fo often reforted to, on the flighteft fenfation of flatulence in the ftomach, that their Ufe is attended witH all the pernicious confcquencc$ of dram,drink- ing. 654 Preparations and Compositions, Part III. SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMMUNIS COMPOSITUS. Ed. Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. Lond. Dub. Compound Spirit of Juniper, Take of Juniper berries, well bruifed, one pound ; Caraway feeds, Sweet fennel feeds, each one ounce and a half j Diluted alcohol, nine pounds, (one gallon, Lond.) Water, fufficient to prevent empyreuma. (Macerate two days, Edin.) Draw off nine pounds, (one gallon, Lond.) The good and bad effe£l:s of this fpirit exaftly coincide with thofe of gin. M SPIRITUS RAPHANI COMPOSITUS. Lond. Bub, Compound Spirit of Horfc'Radj/h . Take of Frefh horfe-radifti root. Dried outer rind of Seville oranges, each two pounds ; Frefh herb of garden fcury.grafs, four pounds ; Bruifed nutmegs, one ounce ; Proof fpirit, two gallons, (eighteen pounds. Dub,) Water, fufficient to prevent empyreuma. Draw off two gallons, (eighteen pounds, Dub.) Although this procefs may furnifh an agreeable compound fpirit, yet it is much to be doubted whether it poffeiTes thofe anti- fcorbutic powers for which it was once celebrated. SPIRITUS AMMONITE FCETIDUS. Lond. Fetid Spirit of Ammonia, Take of Proof fpirit, fix pints ; Sal ammoniac, one pound ; AlTa fcetida, four ounces. Potafh, one pound and a half. Mix them, and draw off by diftillation five pints, with a flow fire. ALCOHOL AMMONIATUM FCETIDUM, Sive Spiritus Ammonia Foetidus. Ed, Spiritus Alcau Volatilis FOETIDUS. Dub. Fetid Spirit of Volatile Alk^lL Take of Spirit of ammonia, eight ounces, (ten ounces. Dub,) Chap. XXII. Of Distilled Spirits. 555 Afla foetida, half an ounce. Digeft in a clofe veflel twelve hours 5 then diftil off, with the heat of boiling water, eight ounces. This fpirit, the laft formula of which is the beft, as being mod eafily prepared, is defigned as an anti-hyfteric, and is undoubted- ly a very elegant one. Volatile Ipirits, impregnated for thefe purp; fes with different fetids, hiive b.'en ufually kept in the fhops ; the ingredient here chofen. is the beft calculated 01 any for general ufe, and equivalent in vinue to fhem all. The fpirit is pale wnen newly dilliiled, but acquires a confiderable tinge by keeping. CHAP. XXIII. INFUSIONS. We have already explained the fenfe in which we employ the term Infufion. We confine it to the action of a menftruum, not affiftedby ebnllition, on any fubftance conlifting of heterogeneous principles, fome of which aie foluble, and others infoluble, in that menftruum. The term is generally ufed in a more exten- five, but we are inclined to think, a iefs corredl, fenfe : thus, lime water and the mucilages, which are commonly claffcd with the infufions, are infla>.ces 01 fimpir folution, and the chalk mixture is the mechanical fufpenlion of an infoluble fubftance. When the menfl:ruum uied is water, the folution is termed iimply an Infufion ; but when the menftrum is alcohol, it is called a Tindlure ; when wine or vinegar, a Medicated Wine or Vinegar. Infufions in waier are extremely apt to fpoil, and are generallj extemporaneous preparations, INBUbUM CINCHONA OFFICINALIS. Ed. Jnjujton of Cinchona Bark. Take of Peruvian bark in powder, one ounce ; Water, one pound. Macerate for twenty-four hours, and filter. 556 Preparations and Compositions, Part IlL Infusum Corticis Peruvian!. Duh, Infufion of Peruvian Bark, Take of Peruvian bark, in coarfe powder, one ounce ; Mucilage of gum-arabic, two ounces ; Water, twelve ounces. Triturate the bark with the mucilage, and add the water during the trituration. Macerate for twenty-four hours, and decant the pure liquor. This is a ver j elegant form of exhibiting the aftive principles of cinchona bark, and that in which it will fit lighted on weak and delicate ftomachs. The trituration direfted by the Dublin college will promote the folution, and the addition of the muci- lage, will fufpend the fined particles of the fubftance of the bark itfelf. The refiduum of the cold infufion may be afterwards em- ployed in making other preparations, efpccially the extract, for its virtues are by no means exhaufted. But it muft never be dried and fold, or exhibited in fubftance, for that would be a cul- pable fraud. INFUSUM DIGITALIS PURPURE/E. Ed, Infufion of Foxglove. Take of Dried leaves of foxglove, one drachm ^ Boiling water, eight ounces ; Spirit of cinnamon, one ounce. Macerate for four hours, and filter. This is the infufion fo highly recommended by Withering. Half an ounce, or an ounce, of it, may be taken twice a-day in dropfical complaints. The fpirit of cinnamon is added to im- prove its flavour, and to countcrad its fedative effeds. INFUSUM GENTIANS LUTE^ COMPOSITUM ; vulgo, Intusum Amarum. Ed' Compound Infufion cf Gentian, or Bitter Infufi(m. Take of Gentian root, half an ounce ; Dried peel of Seville oranges, one drachm j Coriander feeds, half a drachm ; Diluted alcohol, four ounces j Water, one pound. Chap. XXIII. Oj* Infusions. 557 Firft pour en the alcohol, and three honrs thereafter add the wa- ter ; then macerate without heat for twelve hours, and drain, Infusum Gentianje Compositum. Lond. Compound Injitfion of Gentian. Take of The root of gentian cut into pieces, one drachm ; Dried orange-peel, a drachm and a half; Frefti outer rind of lemons, half an ounce 5 Boiling water, twelve ounces by meafure. Macerate for an hour, and flrain. Dub. Take of Bruifed gentian root, two drachms ; Frefh outer rind of lemons, half an ounce ; Dried peel of Seville oranges, a drachm and a half; Diluted alcohol, four ounces ; Boiling water, twelve ounces. Firft pour on the fpirit, and after three hours, the water. Laft- ly, after macerating two hours, filter. These formulae do not differ materially. The Edinburgh col- lege employ the largeft proportion of gentian ; but they infufe it in cold water, which does not extradl the bitter principle fo quick- ly or fo fully as boiling water, although it diffipates lefs of the flavour of the aromatics. The alcohol is a ufeful addition, both in promoting the extraction of the virtues of all the ingredients, and in preferving the infufion longer from fpoiling. This infu- fion is an extremely good bitter, and is of great fcrvice in all cafes where bitters in general are neceflary. It llrengthcns the fto- mach, and increafcs the appetite ; befides acting as a tonic on the other parts of the body, and on the vafcular fyftem. INFUSUM MIMOS.E CATECHU; vulgo, Infustjm Jafoni^ CUM. Ed. Infufion of Catechu, commonly called Japonic Infuf^n. Take of Extra£t of catechu, two drachms and a half; Cinnamon, half a drachm ; Boiling water, feven ounces ; Simple fyrup, one ounce. 558 Preparations and Compositions > Part III. Macerate the extra£^ and cinnamon in the hot water, in a cover- ed veffel, for two hours, then ftrain it, and add the fjrup. Extract of catechu is almoft pure tanin. This infufion is therefore a powertully aftringent folution. The cinnamon and fyrup render it a very agreeable medicine, which will be found ferviceable in fluxes proceeding from a laxity of the inteftines. Its dofe is a fpoonfui or two evc^ry other hour. As this prepa- ration will not keep above a day or two, it muft always be made extemporaneoufly. The two hours maceration, therefore, be- comes very often extremely inconvenient j bur ?t may beprcpired in a few minutes by boiling, without in the lead impairing the virtues of the medicine. INFUSUM RHEI PALMATI. Ed, Infufion of Rhubarb. Take of Rhubarb, half an ounce ; Boiling water, eight ounces ; Spirit of cinnamon^ one ounce. Macerate the rhubarb in a clofe vefTel with the water, for twelve hours ; then having added the fpirit, ftrain the liquor. This appears to be one of the befl preparations of rhubarb, when defigned as a purgative ; water extrading its virtue morq efFedually than either vinous or fpiritous menftrua. INFUSUM ROS^ GALLICS. Ed. Infufion of Rofes, Take of The petals of red rofes, dried, one ounce ; Soiling water, five pounds ; Sulphuric acid, one drcxhm ; White fugar, two ounces. Macerate the petals with the boiling water in an earthen veflcl which is not glazed with lead, for four hours ; then having poured on the acid, ftrain the liquor, and add the fugar. Inp usuM Ros^. Lond. Infufion of Rofes, Take of Dried red rofes, half an ounce ; Diluted vitriolic acid, three drachms ; Boiling diftilled water, two pints and a half 3 *Chap. XXIII. Of Infusions. 55g Double refined fugar, one ounce and a half. Firfl pour the water on the petals in a glafs veficl, then add the diluted vitriolic acid, and macerate for half an hour. Strain the liquor, when cold, and add the fugar. InFUSUM ROSARUM ; Olimi, TiNCTURA ROSARUM. Dub. Infufton cf Rofes, formerly Tin^ure of Rofes. Take of The petals of red rofe buds, half an ounce ; Diluted vitriolic acid, three drachms ; Boiling water, three pounds; Double refined fugar, an ounce and a half. Firft mix the acid with the water in a glafs or glazed earthen vcf- fel. Macerate the petals in the mixture, then add the fugar to the liquor when cold and ftrained. The difference in the direflions for preparing this infufion arc immaterial. In facSt, the rofe leaves have very little eHe£l, ex- cept in giving the mixture an elegant red colour. Its fub-acid and aftringent virtues depend entirely on the fulphuric acid. Al- together, however, it is an elegant medicine, and forms a very grateful addition to juleps in hjemorrhagies, and in all cafes which require mild coolers and fub-aftringents : it Is . fometimes taken with bolufes or eleduaries of the bark, and like wife makes a good gargle. INFUSUM SENN^ SIMPLEX. Lond. Simple Infufion of Senna- Take of ^ JJ J Senna, an ounce and a half; Ginger, powdered, one drachm ; Boiling diftilled water, one pint. Macerate them for an hour, in a covered veflel ; and ftrain the li- quor when cold. Infusum Senn^. Dub, Infufion of Senna- Take of ■^■' •' Senna, fix drachms ; Ginger, powdered, half a drachm *, Boiling water, ten ounces. Macerate them for an hour in a covered veffel, then filter. This is a very elegant infufion of fenna, the ginger afting as an ufeful corrigent. But if the fenna were employed to the quantity of a drachm and a half, or two drachms only, in place of the quan- tity here ordered, it would be more convenient, as it is of advan- 560 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. fage that it fhould be ufed fre/h as here prepared. Of the prefent infufion, an ounce cr two is a fufficient dole. INFUSUM SENN^ TARTARlSATUM. Lond. Tartarifed Infufton of Senna. Take of Senna, one ounce and a half \ Coriander feeds, bruifcd, half an ounce ; Cryftals of tartar, two drachms i Diftilled water, one pint. Diflblvc the cryftals of tartar by boiling in the water ; then pout the liquor, as yet boiling, on the fenna and feeds. Macerate for an hour in a covered vcflel, and ftrain when cold. The addition of the fuper- tartrate of potaik renders the taftc of the fenna lefs unpleafant, and alfo promotes its a^ion. INFUSUM TAMARINDI INDtCI cum CASS^ SENNA. Edin, Infu/ion of Tamarinds and Senna. Take of Prcfervcd tamarinds, one ounce ; Senna, one drachm ; Coriander feeds, half a drachm ; Brown fugar, half an ounce ; Boiling water, eight ounces. Macerate them for four hours, occafionally agitating them, in a clofe earthen veflel, not glazed with lead, and ftrain the liquor. It may alfo be made with double, triple, gtc. the quantity of fenna. ^ This forms a mild and ufeful purge, excellently fuited for de- licate ftomachs, and inflammatory difeafes. The tafte of the fenna is well coTcred by the aromatic fugar and by the acidity of the ta- m.Tinds. CHAP. XXIV. DECOCTIONS, Decoctions differ from infufions only in the a£lion of the mcnftruum being aflifted by a boiling heat. At the fame tjime, Chap, XXIV. Of Decoctions. 56 1 however, that the increafe of temperature facilitates and expedites the folution of fome fixed principles, it gives others a tendency to decompofition, and dKFipates all volatile matters. Decodlion, therefore, can only be ufed with advantage for the extra£^ion of principles which are neither volatilized nor altered by a boiling heat. To promote the a£tion of the menftruum, infufion is fometimes premifed to deco£tion. In compound deco6lions it is fometimes convenient not to put in all the ingredients from the fir(t,but in fucceflfion, according to their hardnefs, and the difficulty with which their virtues are ex- traced; and if any aromatic, or other fubftances containing volatile principles, enter into the compofition, the boiling decoftion is to be fimply poured upon them, and covered up until it cool. Decoctions fliould be made in veflels fufHciently large to prevent any rifle of boiling over, and fhould be continued without inierrup' tion, and gently. DECOCTUxM ALTPIiEi^ OFFICINALIS. Ed. Deco^ion of Marfimalloivs. Take of Dried marfhmallow roots, four ounces ; Raifins of the fun, floned, two ounces ; Water, feven pounds. Boil to five pounds 5 place apart the (trained liquor till the feces have fubfided, then pour off the clear liquor. Mars HM ALLOW toots contain nothing foluble in water except mucilage, which is very abundant in them. This deco£tion id therefore to be confidered merely as an emollient, rendered more pleafant by the acidulous fweetnefs of the raifins. DECOCTUM ANTHEMIDIS NOBILIS-, vulgo, Decoctum Cham^meli five Commune. Edin. Common DecoHiont ^^ Decocilon of Chamomile. Take of Chamomile flowers, dried, one ounce ; Caraway feeds, half an ounce j Water, five pounds. Boil a quarter of an hour, and flrain* Decoctum Cham^meli ; five, Decoctum pro Enemate. Uuh. DecoBion of Chamomile y or DecoElion for Gibers. Take of Ciiamomile flowers, dried, half an ounce j Nn 562 Preparations and Compositions, Part 111. Sweet fennel feed?, two drachms; "Water, a pound. Boil a little, and (train. Decoctum pro Enemate. LofiJ. DecoBion for Clyflers, Take of The leaves of mallow, dried, one ounce ; Chamomile flowers, dried, half an ounce •, Water, one pint. Boil, and drain. Decoctum pro Fomento. Lond. DecoBionfor Fomentations, Take of The leaves of fouthernwood, dried. The tops of fea wormwood, dried. Chamomile flowers, dried, each one ounce ; Bay leaves, dried, half an ounce ; Diitilled water, fix pints. Boil them a little, and (train. These deceptions are merely folutions of bitter extraftive, com- bined, in the fecond with mucilage, and in the others with elTential oils. In making them, the aromatic fubftances fhould not be add- ed until the dccodtion is nearly completed ; for otherwife their flavour would be entirely difTipated. It muft, however, be acknowledged, that thefe Impregnations are for the raoft part unnecefTary for the purpofe of glyfters ; and in ordinary cafes, the bulk and warmth produce a difchargs before thefe medicines can have any efFe6t. As fomentations, their virtues are alfo in a great meafure to be afcribed to the influence of the warm water : and when the herbs themfelves are applied, they acSt only as retaining heat and moif- ture for a longer time. DECOCTUM CINCHONiE OFFICINALIS ; vulgo, Decoc- tum CoRTicis Peruviani. Edin, Deco&ion of Cinchona Bark, Takt of Cinchona bark, in powder, one ounce ; Water, a pound and a half. JBoil for ten minutes in a covered veiTel, and (train the liquor while hot, 4 Chap. XXIV. 0/ Decoctions. 563 Decoctum CoRTicis Peruviani. Lond. DecoSlion of Peruvian Bark* Take of Peruvian bark, powdered, one ounce ; Diftilled water, one pint and three ounces. Boil for ten minutes in a covered veflel, and llrain the liquor while hot. Take of Peruvian bark, in coarfe powder, fix drachms ; Water, eighteen ounces. Boil for ten minutes in a veflel almoft covered, and ftrain the li- quor, while hot, through linen. Cinchona bark readily yields its active principles to the action of boiling water, and in greater quantity than cold water is capable of retaining diflblved ; therefore, when a faturated deco6lion c(,ols, it becomes turbid, and there is always a depofition of a yellowifh or reddifh povdcr, while the fupernatant liquor is reduced to the flrength of a faturated cold int'ufion. Decodlion therefore prefents us with an eafy means of obtaining immediately an a£live prepara- tion of cinchona bark, and with one of greater llrength than a cold or even a warm infufion, provided it be drunk wliiie tepid, and before it forms any depofition, or if the precipitate be diffufed by agitation, after it is formed. As the precipitate contains no woody fibre, or other inert matter, it is extremely probable that in very fmall dofes it would prove, if dried, a very powerful preparation of cinchona bark. Formerly it was fuppofed that the ftrength of a decodion of cinchona bark, and fimilar fubftances, was increafed by continuing the boiling for a great length of time j but this is now known to be a miftake ; and indeed, after a certain time, the deco£lion be- comes weaker inftead of flronger, becaufe water at different tem- peratures is capable of diflblving only a determinate proportion of its a6live principles ; and therefore, as foon as it is faturated, any farther decoction is unneceflary. But moreover, thele prin- ciples, when diflblved in water, are liable to be decompofed and become inert, by the abforption of atmofpheric oxygen, and this decompofition is increafed by increafe of temperature ; and as boil- ing confl:antly prefents new furfaces to the adtion of the air, it is evidently hurtful when protracted longer than what is jufl: necef- fary to faturate the water. Ten minutes is fuppofed by the col- leges to be fufiicient for that purpofe. N n Ci 564 Preparations and Compositions, iPart III. DECOCTUM DAPHNES MEZEREI. Ed^ Deco^ion of Mez^reon, Take of The bark of Mezereon root, two drachms ; Liquorice root, bruifed, half an ounce j Water, three pounds. Boil it, with a gentle heat, down to two pounds, and flrainit. From four to eight ounces of this decoftion may be given four times a-day, in fome obftinate venereal and rheumatic affedlions. It operates chiefly by perfpiration, DECOCTUM GEOFFRi^iE INERMIS. Ed, DecoSfion of Cabbage-tree BarL Take of Bark of the cabbage tree, powdered, one ounce j Water, two pounds. Boil it with a gentle fire down to one pound, and drain. This is a powerful anthelmintic. It may be given in dofes of one table fpoonful to children, and four to adults- If difagreeable fymptoms fhould arife from an over-dofe, or from drinking cold water during its adion, we muft immediately purge with caftor oil, and dilute with acidulated drinks. DECOCTUM GUAIACI OFFICINALIS COMPOSITUM; vulgo, Decoctum Lionorum. Ed, Compound J)eco^ion of Guaiacum^ commonly called Deco^'wi of the Woods. Take of Guaiacum rafpings, three ounces ; Raifms, ftoned, two ounces ; SaiTafras root, Liquorice, each one ounce ; Water, ten pounds. Boil the guaiacum and raifms with the water, over a gentle fire, to the confumption of one half ; adding, towards the ^wAy the fafla- fras and liquorice. Strain the liquorice, without expreflion. This decodion is of ufe in fome rheumatic and cutaneous af- fedions. It may be taken by itfelf, to the quantity of a quarter of a pint twice or thrice a-day, or ufed as an afliftant in a courfe of mercurial or antimonial alteratives ; the patient, in either cafe, keeping warm, in order to promote the operation of the medicine. Chap. XXIV. 0/ Decoctions. ^65 DECOCTUM HELL^BORI ALBI. Lond. DecoBion of White Hellebore, Take of The root of white hellebore, powdered, one ounce ; Dillilled water, two pints -, Redified fpirit of wine, two ounces. Boil the water with the root to one pint, and, the liquor being cold and ftrained, add to it the fpirit. Thjs decodion is only ufed externally as a wafh, in tinea capi- tis, lepra, pfora, &c. When the (kin is very tender and irritable, it ihould be diluted with ap equal quantity of water. DECOCTUM HORDEI DISTICHI. Ed Decoctum Hor- DEI. Lond, Decociion of Barley. Barley Water, Take of Pearl barley, two ounces ; Water, five pounds. Firft wafh the barley, from the mealy matter that adheres to it, with fome cold water ; then boil it a little with about half a pound of water, to extract the colouring matter. Throw this away j and put the barley thus purified into five pounds of boil- ing water, which is to be boiled down to one half, and ftrained. DECOCTUM HORDEI COMPOSITUM. Lond, Compound Deco^ion of Barley* Take of The decoftion of barley, two pints ; Figs, fliced, two ounces 5 Liquorice root, fliced and bruifed, half an ounce j Raifins, ftoned, two ounces ; Diftilled water, one pint. Boil to two pints, and ftrain. These liquors are to be ufed freely, as diluting drinks, in fevers and other acute diforders : hence it is of confequence that they ihould be prepared fo as to be as elegant and agreeable as poflible : for this reafon they are inferted in the pharmacopoeia, and the fe- veral circumftances which contribute to their elegance fet down : if any one of them be omitted, the beverage will be lefs grateful. However trivial medicines of this clafs may appear to be, they are of greater importance in the cure of acute difeafes than many more elaborate preparations. Nn 3 566 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Barley water, however, is much more frequently prepared by nurfes than apothecaries, particularly in its fimple ftate. DECOCTUM POLYGALiE SENEGA. Ed, DecoBion of Se^ieka. Take of Seneka root, one ounce j Water, two pounds. Boil to fixteen ounces, and ftrain. The virtues of this deco£lion will be eafily underftood from thofc of the root from which it is prepared. The dofe in hydro- pic cafes, and rheumatic or arthritic complaints, is two ounces, three or four times a-day, according to its efFedl. DECOCTUM SMILACIS SARSAPARILLiE. Ed. Decqc- TUM SaRJjAPARILL^. Lofid. Dub, DecoBion of Sarfaparilla* Take of The root of farfaparilla, fliced, fix ounces i Diflilled water, eight pints. Macerate for two hours, with a heat of about 195° j then take out the root, and bruife it ; return the bruiled root to the liquor, and again macerate it for two hours. Then, the liquor being boiled to the meafure of four pints, prefs it out, and ftrain. The above formula is that of the London college; and as that of the Edinburgh college differs from it only in omitting the fe- cond maceration, and that of the Dublin in not exprelBng the tem- perature in which it is to be performed, it was thought unneceflary to introduce them. It is indeed a very doubtful remedy, and its diaphoretic effects are probably owing to its being drunk warm. It is totally incapable of curing fyphilis ; but by fome it is thought ufe^ul in the fequelse of that difeafe. DECOCTUM SARSAPARlLLiE COMPOSITUM. Lond. Dub, Compound DecoBion of Sarfaparilla, Take of The root of farfaparilla, fliced and bruifed, fix ounces ; Bark of the root of faflafras, Shavings of guaiacum wood, Liquorice root, bruifed, of each one ounce j Mezereon, three drachms ; Dillilled water, ten pints. Macerate, with a gentle heat, for fix hours j then boil it down to Chap. XXIV. Of Decoctions. 56? five pints, adding, towards the end of the boiling, the mezereon, and ftrain the liquor. The direfbions of the Dublin college only differ In adding the liquorice root along with the mezereon, and in reducing the quan- tity of the ingredients ufed to one fourth part. This compound deco£lion is an elegant mode of preparing an article once highly celebrated under the title of the Lifbon diet drink, which, for a long time after its firfl introduction into Bri- tain, was kept a fecret ; but an account of the method of preparing it was at length publifhed in the phyfical and literary Eflays of Edinburgh, by Dr. Donald Monro. It operates as a diaphoretic, and may be given with advantage In rheumatic cafes, and in fome of the fequela; of fyphilis. Three or four ounces may be taken four times a-day. DECOCTUM ULMI. Lond. Decodfion of Elm% Take of The frefh inner bark of elm, bruifed, four ounces ; Diftilled water, four pints. Boil to two pints, and ftrain. It has been chiefly, if not entirely, under this form of decodion, that the elm bark has been employed for combating thofe cuta- neous eruptions, againft which it has of late been fo highly cele- brated. Any experience which we have had of it, however, in ac- tual pra£lice, by no means confirms the very favourable account which fome have given of its ufe. CHAP. XXV. MV CILAGES. MUCILAGO AMYLI. Ed. Lond, Mucilage of Starch. Take of Starch, half an ounce ; Water, one pound. Triturate the ftarch, gradually adding the water ; then boil them a little. The London college ufe only three drachms of ftarch to one pound of water. The mucilage thus formed is very ufeful in thofe Nn4 568 Preparations and Compositions, Part III. cafes where a glutinous fubftance is required -, it Is often fuccefs- fuUy employed as a glyfter, in diarrhoeas depending on acrimony in the inteftines, MUCILAGO ASTRAGALI TRAGACANTH^. Ed. Mucilage of Gum Tragaawth. Take of Gum tragacanth, in powder, one ounce ; Boiling water, eight ounces. Macerate twenty-four hours ; then triturate them carefully, that the gum may be diffolved j and prefs the mucilage tlirough Hnei> cloth. MUCILAOO TRAGACANTHiE. L^fid. Mucilage of Tragacanth, Take of Tragacanth, half an ounce ; Diftillcd water, ten ounces, by meafure. Macerate them, with a gentle heat, till the tragacanth be diffolv- ed. RIUCILAGO G UMMI TraGACANTHjC. Dub, Mucilage of Tragacanth. Takeo Gum tragacanth, in powder, one drachm; Boiling water, eight ounces. D.fTolve the gum by digeftion j then ftrain the mucilage^ through linen. Gum Tragacanth is difficultly foluble in water. When ma- cerated in it, it fwells, but does not diflblve. To efleft the folu- tion it muft be beaten into a pafte wjth fome of the water ; and the reft of the water muft be added gradually, and incorporated with the pafte by beating them together. Gum tragacanth is a very tenacious fubftance, and requires a very large proportion of water to form a fluid mucilage. That of the Edinburgh college, which is made with eight parts of water, is a pafte ra- ther than a mucilage. The London mucilage is made with twen y parts of water, and the Dublin with fixty-four. MUCILAGO MIMOSA NILOTIC^. Ed. Mucilage of Gum Arabic, Take of Gum Arabic, in powder, one part ; Boiling water, two parts. Digt-ft, wiih trequent agitation, until the gum be diftblved j theii prefs the mucilage through linen. i Chap. XXV. Of Mucilages, bQg MuciLAGO Arabici Gummi. Lond. Mucilage of Gum Arabic. Take of . Gum Arabic, in powder, four ounces; Boiling diftilled water, eight ounces. Triturate the gum with the water until it be diiToh ed. Dub, Take of Gun\ Arabic, in powder, four ounces ; Boiling water, nine ounces. Triturate the gum with the water, then prefs the mucilage through lineo. It is very necelTary to pafs the mucilage through linen, in order to free it from pieces of wood and other impurities, which always adhere to the gum : the linen may be placed in a funnel. Mucilage of gum arabic is very ufeful in many operations in pharmacy ; it is alfo much ufed for properties peculiar to thofe fubflances of its own clafs, and of all the gums it feems to be the pureft. Of, prep. — Inf. cort. Peruv. Dub, Emulfio Arabica. Editi, Potio carb. calcis. Ed, MUCILAGO SEMINUM CYDONII MALI. Lond. Mucilage of ^nnce-^ced. Take of Quince-feeds, one drachm ; Diftilled water, eight ounces, by meafure. Boil with a flow fire for ten minutes \ then pafs it through linen; This mucilage, though fufficicntly agreeable, is perfedly fuperfluous, efpecially as it is apt to fpoil, from being mijted with the other principles of the feeds foluble in water. It is befides never fo tranfparent as mucilage carefully prepared fromi gum arabic, is not cheaper, and is unfit for many purpofes, being coagulated by acids. CHAP. XXVI. SYRUPS. S Y R U P I. Lond. Dub. Syrups, In making fyrups, where we have not directed either the weight of the fugar, or the manner in which it fliould be diflblved, this is to be the rule ; 5/0 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Take of Double refined fugar, twenty-nine ounces ; Any kind of liquor, one pint, (one pint and a half. Dub,) Diflblve the fugar in the liquor, in a water bath ; (nfiix and boil down to one pound, Dub.^ then fet it alide for twenty- four hours ; take off the fcum, and pour oflf the fyrup from the feces if there be any, Strups are folutions of fugar in any watery fluid, whether Cmple or medicated. Simple fyrup is nutritious and demulcent. When made of fine fugar, it is tranfparent and colourlefs. If neceflary, it is eafily clarified, by beiting to a froth the white of an egg with three or four ounces of water, mixing it with the fyrup, and boiling the mixture for a few feconds, until the al- bumen coagulates, and enveloping all heterogeneous matters, it forms a fcum, which m^iy be ealily taken off, or feparaied by filtration. When inftead of fimple water, any other fluid is nfed for diflblving the lugar, the fyrup is then medicated. Medicated fyrups are prepared, either with exprefied juices, infufions, decoftions, or faline fluids. The objeft of forming thefe into fyrups, is either to render them agreeable to the pahue, or to preferve them from fermentation. In the latter cafe, the quantity of fugar added becomes a matter of great importance ; for, if too much be employed, the fugar will feparate by cryftal- lization ; and if too little, inltead of preventing fermentation, it will accelerate it. About two parts of fugar to one of fluid are the proportions direfted by the Britifh colleges with this view. But, as in fome inftances, a larger quantity of fluid is added, and afterwards reduced to the proper quantity by decodion, it will not be fuperfluous to point out fome circumflances, which (hew the evaporation to have been carried far enough. Thefe are the tendency to form a pellicle on its furface, when a drop of it is allowed to cool, the receding of the kft portion of each drop, when poured out drop by drop, after it is cold, and, what is moft to be relied on, its fpecific gravity when boiling hot, being about 1.385, or 1.3, when cold. The fyrup which remains, after all the cryfl:allizab]e fugar has been feparated from it, has been much, and probably juftly, recommended by fome for the pre- paration of medicated fyrups and eleftuaries, although its phar- maceutical fuperiority is adlually owing to its impurity. SYRUPUS SIMPLEX, sive COMMUNIS. Edin, Simple or Common Syrup, Take of Double refined fugar, fifteen parts ; Chap. XXVL Of Syrups. 57 1 Water, eight parts. Let the fugar be cliflblved by a gentle heat, and boiled a little, fo as to form a fyrup. Th is peparation is a plain liquid fweet, void of flavour or co- Jour ; and is more convenient in extemporaneous prcfcription than fugar undiflblved. SYRUPUS ACIDI ACETOSI. Edin, Syrup of Acetous Acid, Take of Acetous acid, two pounds and a half; Double refined fugar, three pounds and a half. Boil them fo as to form fyrup. This is to be confidered as fimple fyrup merely acidulated, and is by no means unpleafant. It is often employed in mucilaginous mixtures, and the like : and, on account of its cheapncfs, it is often preferred to fyrupof lemons. SYRUPUS ALLII. Dub. Syrup sf Garlic. Take of Garlic, fliced, one pound ; Double refined fugar, four pounds ; Boiling water, two pounds. Macerate the garlic in the water in a clofe veflel for twelve hours, and add the fugar to the (trained liquor. This is a very difagreeable fyrup ; but when we wifli to cx- tra£^ the virtues of garlic by a watery menftruum, it is the bed means we can employ. SYRUPUS ALTHi^iE OFFICINALIS. JSdin, Syrup of MarJIjinalloiu. Take of Frelh marfhmallow roots, one pound ; Water, ten pounds ; Double refined fugar, four pounds. Boil the water with the roots to the confumptlon of one half, and ftrain the liquor, ftrongly exprefliing it. Suffer the ftrained li* quor to reft till the feces have fubfided ; and to the depurated liquor add the fugar j then boil fo as to make a fyrup. 572 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Syrupus Althmm. LoTjd, Syrup of Marjhmalloiv, Take of Freftj root of marflimallow, bruifed, one pound -, Double refined fugar, four pounds 5 Diftilled water, one gallon. Boil the water with the marflimallow root to one half, and prefs out the liquor when cold. Set it by twelve hours ; and, after the feces have fubfided, pour off the liquor. Add the fugar, and boil it to the weight of fix pounds. This is merely a mucilaginous fyrup, and is chiefly ufed in nephritic cafes, for fweetening emollient decoftious, and the like. SYRUPUS AMOMi ZINGIBE;RIS. Edin, Syrup of Ginger, Take of Beat ginger, three ounces ; Boiling water, four pounds ; Double refined fugar, fcvcn pounds and a half. Macerate the ginger in the water in a clofe veflel, for twenty- four hours i then to the liquor drained add the beat fugar, fo as to make a fyrup. Syrupus Zingiberis. Lond. Syrup of Ginger, Take of Ginger, bruifed, four ounces ; Boiling diftilled water, three pints. Macerate for four hourg, and ftrain ♦, then add double refined fugar, and make into a fyrup, according to the general prefcription. These are agreeable and moderately aromatic fyrups, impreg- nated with the flavour and virtues of the ginger. Of, prep, — Elea. catechu, Duh, Eled. opiat, Ed- Pil aloes, Lond. Pil fcill. Lond. Duh, SYRUPUS CITRI AURANTII. Edin. Syrup of Orange^Petl, Take of The frefh outer rind of Seville oranges, fix ounces s Boiling water, three pounds ; Double refined fugar, four pounds. Chap.XXVL Of Syrups. 373 Macerate the rind in the water for twelve hours ; then add to the filtered liquor the fugar, in powder, and apply a gentle heat, fo as to form a tyrup. Syrupus Corticis Aurantii. Lond. Duh, Syrup of Orange-Feel. Take of Frefli outer rind of Seville oranges, eight ounces ; Boiling diftilled water, five pints. Macerate, for twelve hours, in a clofe veflel ; and, in the ftr^ned liquor, diflblve double-refined fugar to make a fyrup. In making this fyrup, it is particularly neceflary that the fugar be prcvioufly powdered, and diflblved in the infufion with as gentle a heat as poflTible, to prevent the exhalation of the volatile parts of the peel. With thefe cautions, the fyrup proves a very elegant and agreeable one, pofleffing a great fhare of the fine flavour of the orange peel. Off", prep, — Eie<^. aromat. Ed, Dub. Kle£l. catechu comp. Dui. Eledl, fcammon. Duh» SYRUPUS CITRI MEDICI ; olim, Syrupus Limonum. Ed. Syrupus Limonis Succi. Lond. Dub, Syrup of Lemons, Take of Juice of lemons, fufFered to (land till the feces have fubfided^ and afterwards ftrained, three parts, (two pints, Lond, two pounds, Dub.^ Double refined fugar, five parts, (fifty ounces, Lond. four pounds, Dub,') Diflblve the fugar in the juice, fo as to make a fyrup. In the fame way are prepared, Syrupus Succi Fructus Mori. Syrup of Mulberry-juice. Syrupus Succi Fructus Rubi Id«i. Lond, Syrup of Mulberry juice, Syrupus Succi Fructus Ribis Nigri. Lond, Syrup f Black Currant-juice' All thefe are very pleafant cooling fyrups ; and with this inten- tion they are occafionally ufed in draughts and juleps, for quench- ing thirft, abating heat, &c. in bilious or inflammatory diftempers* They are fometimes like wife employed in gargarifms for inflam- mations of the mouth and tonfils. 57 "^ Preparations and Compositions. Part III, SYRUPUS COLCHICI AUTUMNALIS. Ed. Syrup of Colchicum, Take of Colchicum root, frefli and fucculent, cut into fmall pieces, one ounce ; Vinegar, fixteen ounces ; Double refined fugar, twenty- fix ounces. Macerate the root in the vinegar two days, now and then fhaking the veiTel ; then ftrain it with a gentle preflure. To the drain- ed liquor add the fugar, and boil a little, fo as to form a fyrup. This fyrup feems to be the beft preparation of the colchicum. We muft take care to gather this root in the proper feafon : and from errors in this particular we are to afcribe the uncertainty in the efFe£ls of this medicine as found in the fhopa. The fyrup of colchicum is often fuccefsfuUy employed as a diu- retic, and may be taken from a drachm or two to the extent of an ounce or more. SYRUPUS DIANTHI CARYOPHYLLI. Edin. Syrup of Clove jfuly-Jlower. Take o£ Clove July flowers, frefh gathered and freed from the heels, one pound ; Double-refined fugar, (cwtn pounds, Ed. Boiling water, four pounds, Ed. Macerate the petals in the water for twelve hours ; then to the ilrained liquor add the fugar previoufly beat, and diflblve it by a gentle heat, fo as to form a fyrup. Syrupus Caryophylli Rubri. Lend. Syrub of Clove July flower. Take of a Frefti clove July flowers, two pounds ; '^ Boiling diftilled water, fix pints. Macerate for twelve hours in a glafs vefl^el ;' and, in the drained hquor diflblve double refined fugar, fo as to form a fyrup. As the beauty of the colour is a principal quality in this fyrup, no force in the way of expreflTion fhould be ufed in feparating the liquor from the flowers. Some have fubftituted to it one eafily prepared at feafons when the flowers are not to be procured : an ounce of clove fpice is in- f ufed for fome days in twelve ounces of white wine, the liquor ftrained, and, with the addition of twenty ounces of fugar, boiled to a proper confidence : a little cochineal renders ihe colour of this fyrup exadly fimilar to that prepared from the clove July flower ; and its flavour is of the fame kind, though not fo plea- Chap. XXVI. . Of Syrups. 575 fant. The counterfeit may be readily deteaed by adding to a little of the fyrup fome alkaline fait or ley •, which will change the genuine fyrup to a green colour ; but in the counterfeit it will make no fuch alteration, only varying the fliade of the red. SYRUPUS CROCI. Lond. Syrup of SafroTJ. Take of Saffron, one ounce •, Boiling diftilled water, one pint. Macerate the faffron, in the water, for twelve hours, in a clofe vefTel ; and diflblve double refined fugar in the drained liquor, that it may be made a fyrup. Saffron is very well fitted for making a fyrup, as in this form a fufficient dofe of it is contained in a reafonable compafs. This fyrup is a pleafant cordial, and gives a fine colour to juleps. Of. prep. — Pil aloes cum myrrha, Lond, Pil galb. comp. Lond. SYRUPUS MANN^. Dub. Syrup of Manna, Take of Manna, Double refined fugar, each one pound ; Senna, half an ounce ; Boiling water, a pound. Macerate the fenna in the water, in a covered veflel, for twelve hours ; then, with the ftrained liquor mix the manna and the fugar, fo that they may be diffolved. This fyrup is a mild purgative, and well adapted to children and perfons of a delicate conilitution. SYRUPUS PAP AVERIS SOMNIFERI. Ed. Syrup of White Poppies, Take of White poppy-heads, dried,and freed from the feeds, two pounds •, Boiling water, thirty pounds ; Double refined fugar, four pounds. Macerate the lliced heads in the water for twelve hours : next boil till only one third part of the liquor remain ; then ftrain it, by exprefling it ftrongly. Boil the ftrained liquor to the con- fumption of one half, and ftrain again ; laftly, add the fugar, and boil a little fo as to form a fyrup. Syrupus Papaveris Albi. Lond, Syrup of White Poppy. ' Take of The heads of white poppies, dried, three pounds and a half^ ^7^ Preparations and Compositions, Part III. Double refined fugar, fix pounds ; Diftilled water, eight gallons. Slice and bruife the heads, then boil them in the water, to three gallons, in a water bath, faturated with fea-falt, and prefs out the decodion. Reduce this, by boiling, to about four pints, and drain it while hot» through a fieve, then through a thin woollen cloth, and fet it afide for twelve hours, that the feces may fub- fide. Boil the liquor, poured ofiFfrom the feces, to three pints, and diflblve the fugar in it, that it may be made a fyrup. This fyrup, impregnated with the opiate matter of the poppy heads, is given to children in dofes of two or three drachms ; to adults, from half an ounce to an ounce and upwards, for eafing pain, procuring reft, and anfwering the other intentions of mild opiates. Particular care is requifite in its preparation, that it may be always made, as nearly as poflible, of the fame ftrength •, and accordingly the colleges have been' very minute in their defcription of the procefs. Ojl prep. — Confedio opiata, Lond. SYRUPUSOPII. Duh. Syrup of Opium, Take of Extra£l of opium, forty-eight grains ; Boiling water, three pounds. Macerate until the opium be diflblvcd, then add double refined fugar, fo as to make a fyrup according to the general formula. This fyrup is an elegant fubftitute for the former. It is made with infinitely lefs trouble, and is always of an uniform ftrength. It contains about two grains and a half of opium in the ounce. SYRUPUS PAP AVERTS ERRATICI. Lond.^ Syrup of Red Poppy. Tike of The frefli flowers of the red poppy, four pounds ; Boiling diftilled water, four pints and a half. Put the flowers, by degrees, into the boiling water, in a water bath, conftantly ftirring them. After this, the vefTel being taken out of the bath, macerate for twelve hours ; then prels out the liquor, and fct it apart, that the feces may fubfide. Laftly, make it into a fyrup, with double refined fugar. The defign of putting the flowers into boiling water in a water bath is, that they may be a little fcalded, fo as to flirink enough to be all immerged in the water ; without this precaution they can Chap. XXVI. Gf Syrups. ^77 fcarce be all got in : but they are to be continued no longer over the fire than till this eff^d is produced, left the liquor become too thick, and the fyrup be rendered ropy. As a medicine it is perfeftly infignificant. SYRUPUS RHAMNI CATHARTICI. Edln. Syrup of Buckthorn, ^ Take of The juice of ripe buckthorn berries, depurated, two parts ; Double refined fugar, one part. Boil them fo as to form a fyrup. Syrupus Spin^ Cervin^e. Lottd, Syrup of Buckthorn. Take of The frefh juice of ripe buckthorn berries, one gallon 5 Ginger, bruifed, one ounce ; Pimento, powdered, one ounce and a half; Double refined fugar, feven pounds. Set afide the juice for three days, that the feces may fubfide ; and then ftrain it. Macerate the ginger and pimento in a pint of the ftrained juice for four hours, and ftrain. Boil away the reft of the juice to three pints; then add that part of the juice in which the ginger and pimento have been macerated, and form a fyrup of it, with the fugar. Both thefe preparations, in dofes of three or four fpoonfuls, operate as brilk cathartics. The principal inconveniences attend- ing them are, their being very unpleafant, and their occafioning a thirft and drynefs of the mouth and fauces, and fometimes violent gripes : thefe effects may be prevented by drinking liberally of water-gruel, or other warm liquids, during the operation. SYRUPUS ROS^ GALLICiE. Ed. Syrup of Red Rofes. Take of The dried petals of red rofes, fevcn ounces ; Double refined fugar, fix pounds ; Roiling water, five pounds. Macerate the rofes in the water for twelve hours, then boil them a little and ftrain the liquor, add to it the fugar, boil them again for a little fo as to form a fyrup* This fyrup is fuppofed to be mildly aftringent ; but is princi- pally valued on account of its red colour. Of* prep — EleiYGDALiE. Lond, Lac Amygdalarum. Dub, Almond Milk. Take of Sweet almonds, an ounce and a half ; Double refined fugar, half an ounce 5 Diftilled water, two pints. Beat the almonds with the fugar •, then, rubbing them together, add by degrees the >yater, and ftrain the liquor. EMULSIO ARABIC A. Edin. Arabic Emulfwn, This is made in the fame manner as the almond emulfionj only adding, while beating the almonds. Mucilage of gum arabic, two ounces. Emulsio Arabic a. Dub. Arabic Emulfwn, Take of Gum arabic, in powder, two drachms ; Almonds, blanched, half an ounce j Double refined fugar, three drachms j Deco£tion of barley, one pound. O04 584 Preparations and Composuioiis. Part III. Diflblve the gum in the warm deco6lion, and when it is almofl Cold, pour it upon the almonds, previoully well beaten with the fugnr, and at the fame time triturate them together, fo as to form a kind of milk, and then filter. All thefe rnay be confidered as pofTeffing nearly the fame qua- lities.' They are merely mechanical fufpenfions of oil of al- monds in watery fluids, by means either of the mucilage with which it is naturally combined in the almonds by itfelf, or aflilted by the addition of gum arable and fugar. Therefore, on Hand- ing for fomc days, the oily matter feparates and rifes to the top, not in a pure form, but like thick cream. By heat the fame de- compofitior] is immediately eifeCled. Great care fhould be taken that the almonds have not become rancid by keeping, which not only renders t};^ emulfion extreme- ly unplcafant, a circumftance of great confequence in a medicine that requires to be taken in large quantities, but like wife gives it injurious qualities. The almonds are blanched by infufing them in boilmg water, and peeling them. The fuccefs of the preparation depends upon beating the almonds to a Imooth pulp, and triturating them with each portion of the watery fluid, fo as to form an uniform mix- ture before another portion be added. Thefe liquors are principally ufed for diluting and corre£ting acrimonious humours j particularly in heat of urine and ftran- guries, arifing either from a natural acrimony of the juices, or fi'om the operation of cantharides, and other irritating medicines : in thefe cafes, they are to be drunk frequently, to the quantity of half a pint or mpre at a time. EMULSIO CAMPHOR ATA. £d. Camphorated Emulfwtu Take of Camphor, one fcruple ; Sv-eet almonds, blanched, two drachms ; Double refined fugar, one drachm ; Water, fix ounces. This is to be made in the fame manner as the common emulfion. MisTURA Camphorata. Lend, Camphorated Mixture, Take of Camphor, one drachm ; Redified fpirit of wine, a little ; Double refined fugar, half an ounce ; 4 Chap. XXVIII. O/Enmhions and Mixtures, 585 Boiling diftilled water, one pint. Rub the camphor fir(t with the fpirit of wine, then with the fugar ; laftly, add the water bjr degrees, and drain the mixture. Neither of thefc mixtures are very permanent, as the camphor feparates and fwims upon the furface in the courfe of a few days. As extemporaneous prefcriptions, they are, however, very convenient modes of exhibiting that adive drug, and may be given to the extent of a table fpoonful every three or four hours in typhoid fevers. In the preceding edition of the London Pharma- copoeia, ten drops of fpirit were ordered inftead of the prefent in- determinate quantity. LAC AMMONIACL Lond, DuL Emtiljion of Gum Ammoniac* Take of Gum ammoniac, two drachms ; Diftilled water, half a pint, (eight ounces, Dub.') Rub the gum refm with the water, gradually poured on, until it becomes an cmulfion. Lac Ass-e Foetid;e. h)nd* Emulfion of Ajfu Foetida, In the fame manner may be made an emulfion of afla foetida, and of the reft of the gum refins. The lac ammoniaci is employed for attenuating tough phlegm, and promoting expectoration, in humoral afthmas, coughs, and obftru£lions of the vifcera. It may be given to the quantity of two fpoonfuls twice a-day. The lac aflae fcetidge is employed in fpafmodical, hyfterical, and other nervous, affections. And it is alfo not unfrequently ufed under the form of injection. It anfwers the fame purpofes as affa foetida in fubftance. MISTURA MOSCHATA. Lond, Mufk Mixture. Take of Mufk, two fcruples ; Gum arabic, powdered. Double refined fugar, of each one drachm j Rofe water, fix ounces, by meafure. Rub the mulk firft with the fugar, then with the gum, and add the rofe water by degrees. Unless the njufl; be very tjioroughly triturated with the fugar 5S6 Preparations and Compositions* Part III, and gum before the addition of- the water it foon feparates. An ounce^ or an ounce and a half, may be taken for a dofe. POTIO CARBONATIS CALCIS ; olim, Potio Cretacea. Edin» Chalk Potion, Take of Prepared carbonate of lime, one ounce \ Double refined fugar, half an ounce ; Mucilage of gum arabic, two ounces. Triturate together, and then gradually add of Water, two pounds and a half ; Spirit of cinnamon, two punces. Mix them. MisTURA Cretacea. Loni. Dui. Chalk Mixture' Take of Prepared chalk, one ounce, (half an ounce, Dub,) ; Double refined fugar, fix drachms, (three drachms, Dub.y, Gum arabic, powdered, one ounce ; Diftilled water, two pints, (fifteen ounces, Dub.) Mix them. This is a very elegant form of exhibiting chalk, and is an ufe- ful remedy in difeafes arifing from, or accompanied with, acidity in the primae viae. It is frequently employed in diarrhoea pro- ceeding from that caufe. The mucilage not only ferves to keep the chalk uniformly diffufed, but alfo improves its virtues. The dofe of this medicine requires no nicety. It may be taken to the extent of a pound or two in the courfe of a day. Thefe two preparations agree pretty much, both in their name and in their nature ; but that of the Edinburgh college is moft agreeable to the palate, from containing a proportion of cinnamon water, by which the difagreeable tafte of the chalk is taken off. DECOCTUM CORNU CERVI. LomL Decoction ofHartJhorn, Take of Burnt and prepared hartftiorn, two ounces ; Gum arabic, fix drachms ; Diftilled water, three pints. Boil, conftantly ftirring, to two pints ; and ftrain. * Prepared hartfhorn is phofphate of lime in a minute date of mechanical divifion. By boiling in a mucilaginous liquid, it will Chap. XXVIII. Of Emulsimis and Mixtures. 587 be didufed and imperfe£lly fufpended, but not a panicle of it will be dilTolved. This is tlierttfore an extremely injudicious preparation ; for phofphate of lime would be much more eafily and effeflually fufpended by triturating it with a larger proportion of gum arabic> and adding the water gradually. But we believe that this prepara- tion has no other acSlion than that of a weak mucilage. CHAP. XXIX. MEDICATED VINEGARS. Infusions of vegetable fubftances in acetic acid are commonly called Medicated Vinegars. The action of the acid in this cafe may be confidered as twofold. 1. It a drachms ; Diilillcd acetous acid, eight pounds. Iklacerate for feven days, exprefs the iiquor, and ftrain it. This is given as an improved preparation of the Vinaigre des qnatre vokursy which was fuppofed to be a certain prophyla6lic againfl the contagion of plague, and fimilar difeafes. It is in facSfc a pleafant folution of eflential oils in vinegar, which will have more effe6b in correcting bad fmclls than in preventing fever. ACETUM COLCHICI. Buh. Vinegar of Meadow Saffron, Take of The recent root of colchicum, cut in flices, one ounce; - Vineg'itr, one pound ; Diluted fpirit of wine, one ounce an^ a half. Macerate the root in the vinegar for four days, in a glafs veiTel, frequently agitating them ; then exprt^fs the acid, to which de- canted from the feces, after they have fubfided, add the fpirit* The acrid principle in which the virtue of the colchicum rtfides, is more foluble in vinegar than in water : this is therefore a prepar- ation of confiderable activity. The diluted alcohol is added mere- ly to prevent it from fpoiling. ACETUM SCILL-^ MARITIMiE. Ed, Vinegar of Squills, Take of Dried root of fquills, two ounces *, Diftilled acetous acid, two pounds and a half ; Alcohol, three ounces. Macerate the fquills with the acetous acid for feven days ; then prefs out the acid, to which add the alcohol j and when the feces have fubfided, pour off the clear liquor. ACETUM SciLLiE. Lond, Vinegar of Squills, Take of Squills, recently dried, one pound ; Vinegar, fix pints *, Proof fpirit, half a pint. Macerate the fquills with the vinegar in a glafs veflel, with a gentle heat for twenty-four hours ; then exprefs the liquor, and fct it Chap. XXIX. Of Medicated Finegars. 589 afide until the feces fubfide. To the decanted liquor add the fpirit. ACETUM SCILLITICUM. Dub, Squill Vinegar, Take of Squills, recently dried, half a pound ; Vinegar, three pounds ; Proof fpirit, four ounces. Macerate the fquills in the vinegar for four days in a glafs veflel, frequently agitating it ; then exprefs the acid; to which, pour- ed from the feces after they have fubfidcd, add the fpirit. Vinegar of fquills is a medicine of great antiquity. It is a very powerful ftimulant ; and hence it is frequently ufed, with great fuccefs, as a diuretic and expectorant. The dofe of this me- dicine is from a drachm to half an ounce : where crudities abound in the firfl paiTages, it may be given at firfl; in a larger dofe, to eva- cuate them by vomiting. It is moil conveniently exhibited along with cinnamon, or other agreeable aromatic waters, which prevent the naufea it would otherwife, even in fmall dofes, be apt to oc- cafion. Off. prep,-^SyT, fcillx, Ed ACIDUM ACETOSUM CAMPHORATUM. FJ. Camphorated u^cetous Acid, Take of The ftronger acetous acid, fix ounces ; Camphor, half an ounce ; Alcohol, a fufficient quantity. Reduce the camphor to powder, by triturating it with the alcohol ; then add it to the acid, and diflblve. The alcohol in this preparation is ufed merely to facilitate the redu6lion of the camphor to powder ; for the ftrong acetous, or, as we would rather call it, the acetic acid, is capable of diflblving even a larger proportion of camphor than is directed in the above formula. This folution is a powerful analeptic remedy. Its vapour fnuff- ed up the noftrils, which is the only method of ufmg it, is one of the molt pungent ftimuH we poflefs. It is fo extremely volatile, that it cannot be preferved without excluding it from the conta£t of the air ; and it is fo powerful a menftruum, that it corrodes cork, and almoft all common metals except gold. It fhould there- fore be kept in glafs phials, with ground glafs ftoppers, or in fmall 590 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. gold boxes, fuch as are ufed for Henry's aromatic fpirit of vfngar, for which it is in fad: a fimpler fubilitute. CHAP. XXX. TINCTURES, The term Tin^bure has often been employed In a very vague fenfe. It is now comrtionly applied to folutions, made by digef- tion, in alcohol, or diluted alcohol. But it is alfo, though perhaps incorrectly, extended to folutions in ether, ethereal fpirits, and fpirit of ammonia. Alcohol is capable of diflblvlng refins, gum reGns, extractive, tannin, fugar, volatile oils, foaps, camphor, adipocere, colouring matters, acids, alkalies, and fome compound falts. Many of thefe, as the gum refms, foaps, extraClive, tannin, fugar, and faline fub- ftances, are alfo foluble in water, while water is capable of diflblv- ing fubftances, fuch as gum, gelatin, and mofl: of the compound falts, which are infoluble in alcohol. But the infolubllity of thefe fubftances in the difl\^rent menftrua is not abfolute, but merely relative ; for a certain proportion of alcohol may be added to a fo- lution of gum in water without decompofing it j and a folution of rcfm in alcohol will bear a certain admixture of water without becoming turbid. Therefore, diluted alcohol, which is a mixture of thefe two menftrua, fometimes extracts the virtues of heteroge- neous compounds more completely than either of them feparately. Alcohol is ufed as a menftruum, 1. When the folvend is not foluble, or fparingly foluble, in water. 2. When a watery folution of the folvend is extremely pe- ridiable. 3. When the ufe of alcohol is Indicated as well as that of the folvend. In making alcoholic tinctures, we muft obferve, that the virtues of recent vegetable matters are very imperfeClly extracted by Chap. XXX. Of Tinctures. 591 fpirltous menftrua. They muft therefore be previoufly carefully- dried, and as we cannot affift the folution by means of heat, we muft facilitate it by reducing the folvcnd to a ftate of as minute mechanical divifion as pofTible. To prevent lofs, the folution is commonly made in a clofe vefl'el, and the heat applied muft be very gentle, left it be broken by the expanfion of vapour. The aftion of tinctures on the living fyftem is always compound- ed of the a£tion of the menftruum, and of the matters diflblved in it. Now, thefe actions may either coincide with, or oppofe, each other •, and as alcohol is at all times a powerful agent, it is evident that no fubftance (hould be exhibited in the form of a tincture, whofe aftion is different from that of alcohol, unlefs it be capable of operating in fo fmall a dofe, that the quantity of alcohol taken along with it is inconfiderable. Tin^lures are not liable to fpoil, as it is called, but they muft neverthelefs be kept in well clofed phials, efpecially when they contain acii\ Take of Gentian root, two ounces ; Seville orange-peel, dried, one ounce ; Canella alba, half an ounce ; Cochineal, half a drachm ; Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half. Macerate for feven days, and llrain through paper. Lond. Take of Gentian root, fiiced and bruifed, two ounces ; Exterior dried peel of Seville oranges, one ounce ; Lefler cardamom fee Spirit of rofemary, one pound ; Cinnamon, one ouncd, (half an ounce, Dub.) Cloves, two drachms j Nutmeg, half an ounce j Red faunders wood, three drachms. Macerate for feven days, and j<er. 004 Preparations and Compositions, Part III. Spiritus Lavendulje Composita. Lond» Compound Spirit of Lavender, Take of Spirit of lavender, three pints ; Spirit of rofemary, one pint ; Cinnamon, bruifed, Nutmegs, bruifed, of each half an ounce ; Red faunders, one ounce. Digelt for ten days, and drain. These preparations do not differ materially. They are grateful cordials, of which from ten to a hundred drops may be convenient- ly taken dropt upon fugar. It does not appear very clearly whether they fhould be confidered as fpirits or tin61:ures ; for al- though the fpirit of lavender be the predominant ingredient, yet the mode of preparation is that of a rinfture, and the fpirit as a menftruum diffolves aftringent colouring, and other fubftances, which would not rife with it in diftillation. TINCTURA MELOES VESICATORII. Ed. Tinctura Cantiiaridum. Dub, TinElure of Cantharides, Take of Cantharides, bruifed, one drachm, Ctwo drachms, Dub?) Proof fpirit, one pound, (two pounds. Dub.) Mix and digeft for feven days ; then ftrain through paper. Tinctura CANTHARiDts. Lond, '' TinBure of SpanjJIj Flies. Take of * Bruifed cantharides, two drachms ; Cochineal, powdered, half a drachm ; Proof fpirit, one pint and a half. * Digeft for eight days, and ftrain. This tincture contains the active principle of the cantharides, wliatever it may be. It is applied externally as a ftimulant and rubefacient, and is fometimes given internally, in dofes of from ten to twenty drops, as a diuretic. TINCTURA MIMOSA CATECHU ; olim, Tinctura Japo- NiCA. Ed. Tinctura Catechu. Lond, TinfJure of Catechu* Take of fxtraft of catechu, three ounces ; Chap. XXX. Of Tinctures. 605 Cinnamon, two ounces ; Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half, (two pints, Lond.) Digeft for eight days, (ten days, Lond^ and drain through paper. The cinnamon is a very ufeful addition to the catechu, not only as it warms the llomach, &c. but like wife as it improves the rough- nefs and aftringency of the other. This tin£lure is of fervice in all kinds of defluxions, catarrhs, loofencfles, uterine fluxes, and other diforders, where aftrin- gent medicines are indicated. Two or three tea fpoonfuls may be taken every now and then in red wine, or any other proper vehicle. TINCTURA MOSCHI. Bui. TitiEfure of Mujh. Take of Mufk, two drachms ; Redified fpirit of wine, one pound. Mix and macerate for feven days, and ftrain. Rectified fpirit is the moil complete menftruum for muflc ; but in ihis form it is often impoffible to give fuch a quantity of the muflc as is neceflary for our purpofe ; and hence this article is more frequently employed under the form of julep or bolus. TINCTURA MYRRHS. Ed. Lond, DuL TinSiure of Myrrh, Take of Myrrh, in powder, three ounces ; Alcohol, twenty ounces, (half a pint, Lond. two pounds, t>iih^ Proof fpirit of wine, a pint and a half, Lond, Water, ten ounces, Ed. Digeft for fsven days, (eight days, LondJ) and ftrain tlirough paper. TiifCTURE of myrrh is recommended intern.nlly as a cardiac, for removing obftruftions, particularly thofe of the uterine veilels, and refifting puti^ifadlion. The dofe is from fifteen drops to forty or more. The medicine may perhaps be given in thefe cafes to advantage ; though with us, it is more commonly ufed externally, for cleanfing foul ulcers, and promoting the exfoliation of carious bones. Off. prep. — Tind. fabinse comp. Lond, Trochifci glycyr. cum opio, Dub, 6o6 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. TINCTURA OPII, sivE THEBAIC A -, vuJgo, Laudanum Li- QJJIDUM. Bd. Dub, TinBure of Opium y or Thebaic TinBure, commonly called Liquid Laudanum, Take of Opium, two ounces ; Diluted alcohol, two pounds. Digeft feven days, and filter through paper. Lond. Take of Hard purified opium, powdered, ten drachms ; Proof fpirit of wine, one pint. Digeft for ten days, and ftrain. These are very elegant liquid opiates ; and as they are now di- rected, they are of the fame (Irength, or contain the fame propor- tion, of opium ; a drachm of each tindlure containing, as is found by evaporating the tinfture, three grains and a half of pure opium. It is to be regretted that thefe tinctures are not fo well adapted for keeping as could be wifhed : v/hen long kept, a part of the opium is gradually depofited from both, and confequently the tindures become weaker : the part which thus feparates, amounts fometimes, as it is faid, to near one fourth of the quantity of opiuqi at firft diflblved. TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA. Lond. Olim, Elixir Paregoricum. Dub* Camphorated Tin^urg of Opium. Paregorii: Elixir* Take of Hard purified opium. Flowers of benzoin, of each one drachm; Camphor, two fcruples j Eflential oil of anifeed, one drachm ; Proof fpirit of wine, two pints. Digeft for ten days, (mix and macerate for feven days, Dub.) and ftrain. In this formula the virtues of the opium and camphor are com- bined. It gets an agreeable flavour from the acid of benzoin and effential oil. The latter will alfo render it more ftimulating ; but whether it derives any falutary virtues from the former, we do not know. It was originally prefcribed under the title of Elixir Afthmaticum, which it does not ill deferve. It contributes to allay Chap. XXX. O/Tinctwes. ^7 the tickling which provokes frequent coughing 5 and at the fame time it is fuppofed to open the breaft, and give greater liberty of breathing. It is given to children againft the chincough, &c. from five drops to twenty : to adults, from twenty to an hundred. Half an ounce, by meafure, contains about a grain of opium. TINCTURA RHEI PALMATI. Ed, TinBure of Rhubarb. • Take of Rhubarb, three ounces *, Lefler cardamom feeds, half an ounce ; Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half. Digeft for fevcn days, and ftrain through paper. TiNCTURA Rhabarbari. Lond. Dub, TinBure of Rhubarb. Lond. Take of Rhubarb, cut into pieces, two ounces ; Lefler cardamom feeds, bruifed, (and hufked. Dub.') Saflron, two drachms ; Proof fpirit of wine, two pints, (two pounds. Dub,) Digeft for eight days, (feven days. Dub,) and ftrain» TiNCTURA Rhabarbari Composita. Lond. Compound TinSIure of Rhubarb, Take of Rhurbarb, fliced, wo ounces ; Liquorice root, bruifed, half an ounce ; Ginger, powdered, Saffron^ each two drachms ; Diftilled water, one pint ; Proof fpirit of wine, twelve ounces, by meafure^ Digeft for fourteen days, and ftrain. "TiNCTURA Rhei cum Aloe ; oUm, Elixir Sacrum. £d. TinBure of Rhubarb %uith Aloes y commonly called Sacred EtHxit' Take of Rhubarb, ten drachms ; Socotorine aloes, fix drachms ; Lefler cardamom feeds, half an ounce \ Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half. Digeft for feven days, and ftrain through paper. 60S Preparations and Compositions, Part III. TiNcTURA Rhei cum Gentiana ; oUm, TiNCTURA Rhei Am- ARA. Ed, TinBure of Rhubarb nvith Gentian, formerly Bitter Tin^ure of Rhubarb. * Take of Rhubarb, two ounces j Gentian root, half an ounce ; Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half. Digefl: for feven days, and then ftrain the tinfture through paper. All the foregoing tin£tures of rhubarb are defigned as ftoma- chics and corroborants, as well as purgatives : fpiritous liquors excellently extrad thofe parts of the rhubarb in which the two iirft qualities refide, and the additional ingredients confiderably pro- mote their efficacy. In weaknefs of the ftomach, indigeftion, laxity of the inteftines, diarrhoeas, colic, and other fimilar complaints, thefc medicines are frequently of great fervice. TINCTURA SABINiE COMPOSITA. Lond Compound TinBure of Savi?\ Take of Extra£l of favin, one ounce ; Tindture of caftor, one pint ; niyrrh, half a pint. Digeft till the extraft of favin be diffblved, and then flrain. This preparation is improved from one defcribed in fome for- mer difpenfatories under the name of Elixir Uterinum. It is faid to be a medicine of great importance in uterine obftruftions, and in hypochondriacal cafes ; though, poffibly, means might be con- trived of fuperadding more efFeftually the virtues of favin to a tinc- ture of myrrh and caftor. It may be given from five drops to twenty or thirty, or more, in any fuitable vehicle. TINCTURA SAPONIS •, vulgo, Linimentum Saponaceum. Ed, TinEfure of Soapy formerly Saponaceous Liniment, Take of Soap, four ounces ; Camphor, two ounces ; Volatile oil of rofemary, half an ounce. Alcohol, two pounds. Chap. XXX. Of Tinctures. 609 Digeft the foap in the alcohol for three days •, then add to the fil- tered liquor the camphor and the oil, agitating them diligently. LiNiMENTUM Saponis CoMPOsiTUM. Lond. Compound Soap Liniment. Take of Soap, three ounces ; Camphor, one ounce ; Spirit of rofemary, one pint. Digeft the foap in the fpirit of rofemary until it be diiTolved, and ~ add to it the camphor. LiNIMENTUM SaPONACEUM. Dub. Saponac^us Liniment. Take of Caftile foap, two ounces ; Camphor, one ounce \ Alcohol, Water, each eight ounces 3 EfTential oil of rofemary, two fcruples. Diflblve the foap in the water over a gentle fire ; ftrain the liquor through linen ; and when it is almoft cold, add the camphor and oil diffolved in the alcohol. Off, prep. — Linim volat. Dub. TINCTURA SAPONIS cum OPIO; dim, Linimentum Ano. DYNUM. Ed. 'TitiBitre of Soap with Opium, formerly Anodyne Liniment, This is prepared in the fame way, and from the fame fubftances, as the fimple tindiure of foap, but with the addition from the beginning of one ounce of opium. These tindures are only ufed externally, and poflefs great effi. cacy in removing local pains when rubbed on the affected part. TINCTURA SCILL.E. LonJ. Dub, TinBure of Squill, Take of Squills, frelh dried, four ounces \ Proof fpirit of wine, two pints, (two pounds, Duh.) Digeft for eight days, and pour off the liquor, Lond. Qji 6iO Preparations and Compositions, ■ ' Part Ilf, (Mix and digefl: for {evtn days ; then remove from the fire, and when the feces have fubfided, pour ofF the pure liquor, Duk) The active principle of fquills is fokible in alcohol,, and there are cafes in which a tin6iure may be ufeful. tINCTtJRA TOLUIFEK^ BALSAMI ; olim, Tinctura ToLUTANA. £d. TiNCTURA Balsami Tolutani. Lorid, TinBure of the Balfam oJTol'u. Take of Balfam of Tolu, an aunce and a ha'f, (one ounce, huh,) Alcohol, orie pint, (one pound, Buh, Ed.) Digeft until the balfam be- dilfolved ;. and then ftrain the tindure through paper. <»► This folution of balfam of Tolu poflefTes all tlie virtues of tlie balfam itfelf. It may be taken internally, with the feveral inten- tions for which that valuable balfam is proper, to the quantity of a tea Ipoonful or two, in any convenient vehicle. Mixed with the plain fyrup of fugar, it forms an elegant balfamic fyrup. Of. prep, — Syrupus Tol. half. Ed, ElciSl. catechu j Dub, Trochifci- glycr. cum opio, Ed, Dub, TINCTURA V ALERT ANiE. Loud. TinSlare of Valerian, Take of The root of wild valerian, in coarfe powder, four ounces; Proof fpirit of wine, two pints. Bigeft with a gentle heat for eight days, atid fti^in. The valeiri^an foot ought to be reduced to a pretty fine powder, otherwife the fpirit will not fufficiently extract its virtues. The tinfture proves of a deep co'our, and confider'ably Itrong of the va- lerian ; though ic has not been found to anfwer fo well in the cur3 of epileptic diforders as the root in fubtlance, exhibited in the form. of powder or bolus. The dofe of the, tin£lure is, from half a* fpognful to a fpoonful, Or mote, two bV three times a-day. TiNCTURA VERATRI ALBI. Ed. 'Tincture of IVhite, Hellebore% Take of While hellebore root* eight ounces ; ehap. XXX. OJ Tinctures: QiV Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half. Digeft them together for feven days, and filter the tindlure through paper. This tm6turc is fometimes ufed for affifting cathartics, &c. and as an emetic in apoplectic and maniacal diforders. It may like- wife 4)e fo managed, as to prove a powerful alterative and deob- Itruent, in cafes where milder* remedies have little efFe£t. But a great deal of caution isrequifite in its ufe : the dofc, at firft, ought to be only a few drops 5 it confidcrable, it proves violently emetic or cathartic. TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS. Lond. Tinware of Ginger, Take of Ginger, powdered, two ounces \ Proof fpirit, two pounds. Digeft in a gentle heat for eight days, and ftrain. This fimple tincture of ginger is a warm cordial, and is rather intended as a ufeful addition, in the quantity of a drachm or two, t,o purging mixtures, than for being ufed alone. CHAP. xxxr. TINCTURES made with ETHEREAL SPIRITS. We have clafled thefe tin£lures by themfelves, becaufe they are more ilrongly chara61terifed by the nature of the menftruum than of the fubftances difTolved in it. Indeed, the ethereal fpirits are 'ufed in thefe inftances, not to difiblve bodies which would refill the adion of alcohol and water, but for the fake of their own dr- reXrantS' afliftance of this kind, The dofe may be a tea fpoonful or two. CHAP. XXXIII, MEDICATED MNES. Parmentier has occupied thirty-two pages of the Annales d? Chimie, to prove that wine is an extremely bad menftruum for ■^xtraflmg the virtues of. medicinal fubftances, His a^gumei^t, (for there is but one), is, that by the infufion of vegetjable fublfan- ces in wine, its natural tendency to decompofition is fo much ac- celerated, that at the end of the procefs, inftead of wine, we have only a liquor containing the elements of bad vinegar. As a foJ- vent, diluted alcohol perfectly fuperfedes the ufe of wine ; and if ■we wifli to ufe wine to cover the tafte, or to affift the operation of any medicine, M.. Parmentier propofes, that a tin£lure of the fub- ftancc fhould be extemppraneouily mixed with wine as a vehicle. Notwithftanding this argument appears to us to have great weight, we (hall give to the medicated wines, retained in the pl>ak- macopcslas, the characters they Hill generally pofTefs. VINUM ALOES SOCOTORINiE ; vulgp, Tinctura Sacra, Ed. Wine of Bocotorine Aloes ^ commonly called Sacred Tinilure^ Take of f Socotorine aloes, one ounce ; LefTer cardamom feeds, Ginger, each one drachm ; Spanifh white wine, two pounds, pigeft for itwtn days, ftirring now and then, and afterwards ftram. ViNUM Aloeticum. Duhn Aloetic Wine, Take of Socotorine aloes, four ounces j Chap. XXXIir. Of Medicated JVlncs. 6\g Ginella alba, two ounces 5 Spanifh white wine, four pounds. Powder the aloes and canelia alba feparately, then mix and pour on the wine, afterwards digcfl for fourteen days, frjsquently fliakin^ the yefiel j and, laltly, fiher the liquor. ViNUM Aloes. Lotid, Wine of Aloes, Take of Socotorine aloes, eight ounces ; Canelia alba, two ounces ; Spanilh white wine, H^ pints ; Proof fpiri;, two pints. Powder the aloes and canclli. feparately ; mix them, and pour on the wine and fpirit : M';^e{l for fourteen days, now and then fhaking them ; and {xxum. It is proper to mix white fand, clcanfed from impurities, with the powder, in order to prevent the moiftened aloes from fticking together. This medicine has long been in great efteem, not only as a ca- thartic, but like wif:; as a (limulus. " It appears from long cxperiepce to be a medicine of excellent fefvice. The dofe, as a purgative, is from one to two ounces, ft may be introduced into the habit, fo as to be produ6live of ex- cellent efFe6ls, asan alterant, by giving it in fmall dofes, at proper intervals : thus managed, it does not for a confiderable time ope- rate remarkably by ftool : but at length proves purgative, and oc- cafions a la-^ h ibit of much longer continuance than that produced by the other common cathartics. yiNUM GENTIANS COMPOSITUM ; vul|o,' Vinf^ Am/:.rum. Juu, ■ ' ■' '••.,- Compound Wine of Gentian^ commonly called Bitter Wifie* '" Take of Gentian root, half an ounce ; Peruvian bark, one ounce ; Sfville orange peel, dried, two drachma; Canelia alba, one drachm ; Diluted alcohoj, four ounces; Spanidi white wine, two pounds and a half, prft pour the fpirit on the root and bark cut and bruifed, and after twenty-four hours add th,c wine j th^q macerate for f^ven days, and (train. 0*20 Preparations and Compositions, Part III. This wine is intended to fupply the place of the TinEiura ad Jlcmochicos, as it was formerly called. Wine is a menftruum fully capable of extrafting the adtive powers of the different ingredients; and it fupplies us with a very ufeful and elegant ftomachic medi- cine, anfwering the purpofes intended much better than the cele- brated elixir of Van Helmont, and other unchemical and uncertain preparations, which had formerly a place in our pharmacopoeias. VINUM IPECACUANH-^. Lond. Dub. Wine of Ipecacuanha. Take of The root of ipecacuan, bruifed, two ounces ; Spanifh white wine, two pints, (two pounds. Dub.') Digeft for ten days, (feven days, Dub.) and ftrain. Ed. Take of Ipecacuan, in powder, one ounce ; Spanifli white wine, fifteen ounces; Macerate for feven days, and filter through paper. Both thefe wines are very mild and fafe emetics, and equally ferviceable, in dyfenteries alfo, with the ipecacuanha in fub- ftance ; this root yielding nearly all its virtues to the Spauifb white wine. The common dofe is an ounce, more or lefs, ac- cording to the age and ftrength of the patient. VINUM NICOTIANS TABACI. Ed. Tobacco Wine. Take of The dried leaves of tobacco, one ounce ; Spanilh white wine, one pound. Macerate for feven days, and then ftrain the liquor. Wine feems to extravfl more fully the a£live principles of the tobacco than either water or fpirit taken feparately, VINUM RHEI PALMATI. Ed. Rhubarb Wive. Take of Rhubarb, fliced, two ounces ; Canella alba, one drachm ; Diluted alcohol, two ounces 5 4 Chap. XXXIII. Of Medicated mnes. $21 Spanifti white wine, fifteen ounces. Macerate for feven days, and drain through paper, ViNUM Rhabarbart. Lond. Wine of Rhubarb, Take of Sliced rhubarb, two ounces and a half; Lefler cardamom feeds, bruifed andhufked, half an ounce-; Saffron, two drachms ; Spanifli white wine, two pints ; Proof fpirit, half a pint. Digefl for ten days, and flrain. Br afHfting the folvent power of the wine, the proof fpirit ia the above formulae is a very ufeful addition. This is a warm, cordial, laxative medicine. It is ufed chiefly in weaknefs of the flomach and bowels, and fome kinds of loofenefTes, for evacuat- ing the offending matter, and flrengthening the tone of the vif- cera. It may be given in dofes of from half a fpoonful to three or four fpoonfuls or more, according to the circumflances of the diforder, and the flrength of the patient. CHAP. XXXIV. EXTRACTS and RESINS. Extract in pharmacy has long' been ufed, in the common anil true acceptation of the term, to exprefs a thing extradled, and therefore it was applied to fubflances of all kinds which were extraded from heterogeneous bodies, by the aftion of any men- flruum, and again reduced to a confiflent form, by the evapora- tion of that menftruum. Lately, however, Extraft has been ufed in a different and much more limited fenfe, as the name for a peculiar principle, which is often indeed contained in extracts and which before had no proper appellation. It is in the fo riper 522 Preparations and Compositions, Part III, fenfe that we employ it here, and in which we wilh it to be only ^fed, while a new word Ihould be invented as the name of the new fubftance. Till a better be propofed, we ftiall call it efctrac- tive. Extracts are of various kinds, according to the nature of the fubftances from which they are obtained, and the menftruum em- ployed ; but they commonly confiit of gum, fugar, extradlivc, tannin, gallic acid, or refin, or feveral of them mixed in various proportions. The menltrua moft commonly employed are water and alcohol. The former is capable of extradting all the fubftan- ces enumerated, except the refin, and the latter all except the gum. Wine is alfo Jomedmes employed, but very improperly j for as a folvent it can only act as a mixture of alcohol and water, and the principles which it leaves behind on evaporation are ra- ther injurious than of advantage to the extraQ:. *" Water is the menllruum moft economically employed in mak- ing extrads, as it is capable of dilTolving all the adive princi. pics except refin, and can have its folvent powers aflilled by a confiderable degree of heat. Watery extrads are prepared by boiling the fubjed in water, and evaporating the ftrained decodion to a thick confiftence. It is indifferent, with regatd to the niedicine, whether the- fubjed be ufed frefti or dry ; lince nothing that can be preferved in this procefs will be loft by drying. With regard to the faci- lity of extrailion, there is a very confiderable difference ; veget- ables in general giving out their virtues more readily when mo- derately dried than when frtih. Very compad dry fubftances fliould be reduced into exceed- ingly fmall parts, previous to the affufion of the menftruum. The quantity of W/ater ought to be no greater than is neceffary for extrading the virtues of the fubjed. This point, however, is not very eafily afcertained ; for although fome of the common principles of extrads be foluble in a very fmali proportion of water, there are others, fuch as the tannin, of which water can difldve only a certain proportion, and cannot be made to take up more by any l^.ngth of boiling , and we have no very good me- thod of knowing when we have ufed a fufficient quantity of wa- ter ; for v< getablc fubftances will continue to colour deeply fac- Cftffive portions of water boiled with them, long after they are yielding nothing to it but colouring matter. Perhaps one of the beft methods is to boil the fubjed in fucceflive quantiries of water, as long as the decodions form a confiderable precipitate with the teft which is proper for deteding the fubftance we are extrading, fuch as a folution cf gclr.tin for taaain, of alum for extradive, &c. Ghap. XXXIV* Of Extracts and Resins. 623 ** The deco£l*ions afc to be depurated by colature ; and afrcr- *'• wards fuifered to Itand for a day or two, when a confiderable ** quantity of fediment is ufeially found at the bottom. U the ** liquor poured off clear b^ boiled down a little, and afterwards " fufl'ered to cool again, it will depofite a fredi fediment, from ** which it may be decanted before you proceed to finifh the eva- ** poration. ITie decodlionsof very refinous fubftances do notre- " quire this treatment, and are rather injured by it ; the refiir «* fubfiding "along with the inactive dregs." Stch. were the directions given in the former editions of this work for the depuration of the deco6tions, and we have infcrted^ diem at full length, becaufe, aithcuorh we doubt very much of their propriety, our reaions for io doing are fcarccly more thar^ hypothetical. We would advife the decodlions to be evaporated after they have been filtered boiling hot, without any further de- puration J becaufe fome of the moft a£tive principles of vegetable fubftances, fuch as tannin, are much more foluble in boiling thaa m cold water, and becaufe almcft all of them are very quickly affe6led by expofure to the atmofphere. Therefore, if a boiling deco6lion, faturated with tannin, be allowed to cool, tlie greatelt part of the very principle on which the a and laftly, the oil of caraway. This ele6luary is a warm brifk purgative. A drachm and a half contain fifteen grains of fcammony. ELECTUARIUM OPIATUM 5 olim, Electuarium Thebai- CUM. Edin. Opiate EkBuar^y commonly called Thebaic EleBuary, Take of Aromatic powder, fix ounces ; Virginian fn ake root, in fine powder, three ounces ; Opiuni diffufed in a fufiicient quantity of Spanifli white wine, half an ounce j Syrup of ginger, one pound. Mix them, and form an ele£luary. CONFECTIO OpiATAt Lond, ConfeBion of Opium, Take of Hard purified opium, powdered, fix drachms 5 Long pepper. Ginger, Caraway feeds, of each two ounces ; Syrup of white poppy, boiled to the oonfiftence of honey, three times the weight of the whole. Mix the purified opium with the fyrup heated \ then add the other ingredients, rubbed to powder. The a£tion which thefe eleftuaries will produce on the living fyitem, is abundantly apparent from the nature of their ingredients. They are. combinations of aromatics with opium ; one grain of opium being contained in thirty-fix of tlie London confedion, and in forty-three of the Edinburgh electuary. Chap. XXXVIII. OfTrochdr}^^' ' O49 CHAP. XXXVIII. TROCHES. Troches and lozenges are compofed of powders made up with glutinous fubftances into little cakes, and afterwards dried. This form is principally made ufc of for the more commodious exhibi- tion of certain medicines, by fitting them to diflblve flowly in the mouth, fo as to pafs by degrees into the ftomach ; and hence thefc . preparations have generally a confiderable proportion of fugar or other materials grateful to the palate. Some powders have like- wife been reduced into troches, with a view to their prefervation ; though poffibJy for no very good reafons ; for the moiflening, and afterwards drying them in the air, muft in this light be of greater injury thap any advantage accruing frona this form can counter-balance. TROCHISCI CARBONATIS CALCIS. Edin. troches of Carbonate of Lime. Take of Carbonate of lime, prepared, four ounces ; Gum arable, one ounce ; Nutmeg, one drachm ; Double refined fi}gar, fix ounces. Powder them together, and form them with water into a mafs for making troches. Trochisci Cret-E. L»nd, Troches of ChalL Take of Chalk, prepared, four ounces ; Crabs claws, prepared, two ounces ; Cinnamon, half an ounce \ Double refined fugar, three ounces. Powder them, and make them into troches with mucilage of gum arable. These are ufed againft acidity of the flomach, efpecially wheq accompanied with diarrhoea. ^g# Preparations and Compositions. Part Itlf TROCHISCI GLYCYRRHIZJS. Lond. Dub. Troches of Liquorice^ Take of Extract of liquoncc. Double refined fugar, of each ten (fix, Dub.^ ounces ; Tragacanth, powdered, three (two. Dub,) ounces. Powder them thoroughly, and make them into troches with rofc water. Edin^ Take of Extra£i of liquorice, Gum arable, each one part j White fugar, two parts. Diflblve them in warm water, and ftraln : thcti evaporate the folu- tion over a gentle fire till it be df a proper confidence for being formed into troches. These are both agreeable pe£lorals, and may be ufed at plea- fare in tickling coughs. The former of thefe two receipts is the cafieft and beft mode of making thefe troches. Refined extra£t of liquorice fhould be lafed ; and it is eafily powdered in the cold, after it has been laid for fome days in a dry and rather warm place. The folution and fubfequent evaporation directed by the Edinburgf^ college is exceedingly troublefome, altd apt to giye them an eni«? pyreumatic flavour. TROCHISCI GLYCYRRHIZjE cum OPIO. JSd. Liquorice Troches tvith Q^iutn, I'akeof Opium, two drachms ; Tin6lure of Tolu, half an ounce ; Common fyrup, eight ounces ; Extradl: of liquorice, foftened in warm water. Gum arable, in powder, of each five ounces. Triturate the opium well with the tincture, then add by degrees the fyrup and extra£t j afterwards gradually fprinkle upon the mix- ture the powdered gum arable. Laftly, dry them fo as to for^i a mafs to be made into troches, each weighing ten grains. Trochisci Glycyrrhiz^ Compositi. Dub^ * - Compound Troches of Liquorice, Takcdf Purified opium, two drachms 5 Chap. XXXVIIL Of Troches. 651 Balfam of Peru, one drachm ; Tin6lure of tpyrrh, three drachms. Triturate the opium in the balfam and tincture mixed, until it be perfectly di/Tolved ; then gradually add of Tincture of Tolu, two drachms ; Extra(Sl of liquorice, foftened in warm v/ater, nine ounces. peat them together thoroughly, gradually adding of Gum arabic, in powder, five ounces, and form the mafs into troches, weighing ten grains each. These dlreftions for preparing the above troches arc (o full and particular, that no further explanation is neceflary. Six of the Dublin troches, and feven and a half of the Edinburgh, contain about one grain of opium. Thefe troches are medicines of ap- proved efficacy in tickling coughs depending on an irritation of the fauces. Befidcs the mechanical effc^ of the invifcating matters in involving acrid humours, or lining and defending the tender mem- branes, the opium muft no doubt have a confiderable fhare, by more immediately diminifhing the irritability of the parts them- selves. TROCHISCI GtTMMOSIo Edw. Cum Trschej' Take of Gum arabic, four parts ; Starch, one part ; . Double refined fugar, twelve parts, powder them, and make them into a proper mafs with rofe water, fp as to form troches. Trochisci Amyli. Lond^ Troches of St arc k^ Take of Starch, one ounce and a half ; Liquorice, fix drachms ; Florentine orris, half an ounce ; Double refined fugar, one pound and a half. Powder them, and by means of mucilage of gum tragacanth, make troches. They may be made, if fo chofen, without the orris. These compofitions are very agreeable pedorals, and may be ufed at pleafure. They are calculated for allaying the tickling inr the throat which provokes coughing. Although the compofifioa in the London and Edinburgh phar- 65^ Preparations and Compositions, Part IIL macopceias be fomewhat different, yet their effe£ls arc very much the fame. TROCHISCI MAGNESIiE. Lond. Troches of Magnefta. Take of Burnt magnefia, four ounces ; Double refined fugar, two ounces ; Ginger, powdered, one fcruple. Triturate them together, and, with the addition of the mucilage of gum arable, make troches. These are excellent antacids, and at the fame time tend to keep the bowels open. TROCHISCI NITRATIS POTASSiE. Ed. Troches of Nitrate of Potafs. Take of Nitrate of potafs, one part ; Double refined fugar, three parts. Rub together to powder and form them with mucilage of gum tragacanth into a mafs, to be divided into troches. Trochisci Nitri. Lend* Troches of Nitre. Take of Purified nitre, powdered, four ounces ; Double refined fugar, powdered, one pound 5 Tragacanth, powdered, fix drachms. With the addition of water, make troches. This is a very agreeable form for the exhibition of nitre; though, when the fait is thus taken without any liquid, (if the quantity be confiderable), it is apt to occafion uneafinefs about the ftomach, which can only be prevented by large dilution with ;iqueous liquors. TROCHISCI SULPHURIS. Lorid. Troches of Sulphur, Take of Waflied flowers of fulphur, two ounces Double refine4 fugar, four ounces. Chap. XXXVIU. Of Troches. QSZ Rub them together, with a fufficient quantity of the mucilage of quince feeds, and make troches. This compofition is to be confidered only as an agreeable form for the exhibition of fulphur, no alteration or addition being here made to its virtues. CHAP. XXXIX. P 1 L L S. To this form are peculiarly adapted thofe drugs which operate in a fmall dofe, and whofe naufeous and offenfive tafte or fmell re- quire them to be concealed from the palate. Pills ftiould have the confidence of a firm pafte, a round form, and a weight not exceeding five grains. Eflential oils may enter them in fmall quantity : deliquefcent falts are improper. Efflo- refcent falts, fuch as carbonate of foda, fliould be previoufly expof- ed, fo as to fall to powder : deliquefcent extrads (hould have fome powder combined with them. The mafs (hould be beaten un- til it become perfectly uniform and plaftic. Powders may be made into pills with extracts, balfams, foap, mucilages, bread crumb, &c. Gummy refms, and infpiflated juices, are fometimes foft enough to be made into pills, without addition : where any moifture is re- quifite, fpirit of wine is ^lore proper than fyrups or conferves, as it unites more readily with them, and does not fenfibly increafe their bulk. Light dry powders require fyrup or mucilages : and the more ponderous, as the mercurial and other metallic prepara- tions, thick honey, conferve, or extra Olive oil, a gallon, (nine pounds, Dub.) Water, two pints, (two pounds, Dub,) Boll them with a flow fire, canftantly ftirring until the oil and li- tharge unite, fo as to form a plafter. (But it will be proper to add more boiling water, if the water that was firft added be nearly confumed before the end of the procefs. Lond.) Oxides of lead, boiled with oils, unite with them into a plafter of an excellent confiltcnce, and which makes a proper baCs for feveral other plafters. In the boiling of thefe compofitions, a quantity of water muft be added, to prevent the plaller from burning and growing black. Such water as it may be neceflary to add during the boiling, muft be previouflj made hot •, for cold liquor would not only prolong the procefs, but likewife occafion the matter to explode, and be thrown about^ with violence, to the great danger of the operator : this accident will equally happen upon the addition of hot water, if the plaller be extremely hot. It is therefore better to remove it from the fire a little before each addition of water. Thefe plafters, which have been long known under the name of Diachylon, are common applications in excoriations of the (kin, flight fiefh wounds, and the like. They keep the part foft and fomewhat warm, and defend it from the air, which is all that can be expe6led in thefe cafes from any plafler. Of* prep. — Emp. oxidi ferri rubri, Ed. Emplaft. hydrarg. Ed. Emp. thuris comp. Ed. Emplaft. fap. Ed. Lond, Dub. Emplaft, lith. comp. Lond. Emp. gum. Ed. Emp. aflpje fcetid. Ed. Emp. lith. cum refina, Lond. Emplaft. refin. Ed^ Empl. lith. cum hydrarg. Lond. EMPLASTRUM RESINOSUM j vulgo, Emplastrum ADHi^- SIVUM. Ed. y Rejtmus Plafler^ commonly called Mhefive Plajler* Take of Plafter of femi-vitrified oxide of lead, five parts j White refin, one part. Melt them together, and make a plafter. U u 2 07 Preparations and Compositions. Part III. Emplastrum Lithargyri cum Resina. Lond, Litharge Plafler with Refttu Take of Litharge plafler, three pounds ; Yellow refm, half a pound. To the litharge plafler, melted with a very flow fire, add the powdered rcfin j mix them well, and make a plafter. These plafters are chiefly ufed as adhefives for keeping on other dreffings, for retaining the edges of recent wounds together, when ,we are endeavouring to cure them by the firft intention, and for giving mechanical fupport to new flefli, and.concra£ling the fize of ulcers, in the manner recommended by Mr. Baynton, for the cure of ulcers of the legs. EMPLASTRUM ASS^ FOETIDiE ; vulgo, Emplastrwm Anti-hystericum. Ed. Plafter ofJJfafoetiday commonly called Anti-hyjleric Plafter. Take of Plafter of femi-vitrified oxide of lead, AflTa fcetida, each two parts ; Galbanum, Yellow wax, each one part. This plafter is applied to the umbilical region, or over the whole abdomen, in hy ft eric cafes j and fometimes with good ef- feft ; but probably more from its effect as giving an additional degree of heat to the part, than from any influence derived from the fetid gums. EMPLASTRUM GUMMOSUxM. Ed, Cum Plajier, Take of Plafter of femi-vitrified oxide of lead, eight parts ; Gum ammoniacura, Galbanum, . Yellow wax, each one part. C>f./ri?/».— Emplaft. fapon. Ed. » Ghap. XLI. Of Liniments^ &c. ^TT EMPLASTRUM LITFIARGYRI COMPOSITUM. Lond. Compound Plajler of Litharge. Take of Litharge plafter, three pounds ; Strained galbanum, eight ounces ; Turpentine, ten drachms ; Frankincenfe, three ounces. y The galbanum and turpentine being melted, mix with them tlic powdered frankincenfe, and afterwards the litharge plafter, melted alfo with very flow (ire, and make a plafter. Both thefe plafters are ufed as digeftives and fuppuratives ; particularly in abfceflcs, after a part of the matter has been ma- turated and difcharged, for fuppurating or dircuihng the rcmainr ing hard part ; but it is very doubtful whether they derive any advantage from the gums entering their compofition. CERATUM SAPONIS. Zw;J. Duh. Soip Cerate. Take of Soap, (hard Spani{h foap. Dub,) eight ounces ; Yellow wax, ten ounces ; Litharge, powdered, one pound ; Olive oil, one pint, (fourteen ounces, Dub.) Vinegar, one gallon, (eight pounds. Dub,) Boil the vinegar with the litharge, over a flow fire, conftantly ftirring, until the mixture unites and thickens ; then mix in the other articles, and make a cerate, ■ Notwithstanding the name, this cerate may rather be con- fidered as another faturnine application \ its adion depending very little on the foap. EMPLASTRUM SAPONIS. Lond, EmplastrumSaponachum. Dub. Soap Plajler. Take of Soap, one part j ' ^ Litharge plafter, fix parts. Mix the foap with the melted litharge plafter, and boil them. to the thicknefs of a plafter. - ■ ' '-' ' • - - Emplastrum Saponaceum. Edin. Saponaceous Plajler. Take of Plafter of femi-vitrlned oxide of lead, four parts -, y »3 078 preparations and Compositions, Part III, Gum plafter, two parts ; Soap, iliced, one part. To the plafters, melted tc-ether, add the foap ; then boll for ^, little, fo as to form a plafter. These plaflcrs have been fuppofed to derive a refoivent power from the foap ; and in the laft, the addition of the gums is fuppof- ed to promote the refoivent virtue of the foap : but it is a matter of great doubt, whether they derive any material advantage from either addition. EMPLASTRUM THURIS COMPOSITUM. 1^4^ CompouTtd Frankincenfe Plajler, Take of Frankincenfe, half a pouncj ; Dragons blood, three ounces ; Litharge plafter, two pounds.' To the melted litharge plafter add the reft, powdered. It has been fuppofed that plafters compofed of ftyptic medicines conftringe and ftrengthen the part to which they are applied, but on no very juft foundation ; for plafters in general relax rather than aftringe ; the un£tuous ingredients neceiTary in their compoft- tion counteracting and deftroying the effetl: of the others. If conftantly worn with a proper bandage, it will, in children, frequently do fervice, though, perhaps, not fo much from any ftrengthening quality of the ingredients, as from its being a foft, clof(?, and adheiive, covering. UNGUENTUMOXIDIPLUxMBI ALBIj vulgo, Unguentum Album. Edin. Ointment of White (^xide of Le-ady formerly White Ointment, Take of Simple -ointment, five parts ; V, hite oxide of lead, one part. IJhis is a cooling deficcative ointment, of great ufe when applie4 to excoriated furf aces. UNGUENTUM ACETITIS PLUMBI ; vulgo, Unguentum Saturninum. Edin. ~ ■ .. .. Ointment of Acetite of heady formerly Saturnine Ointment^ Take of Simple ointment, twenty parts ; lAcetite of lead, one part. Chap. XLL Of Liniments^ &c. 679 UNGUENTUM CERUSS^ ACETATE. Lond. JDub. Ointment of Acetated Cerufe, Take of Acetated <:erufe, two drachms ; White wax, two ounces 4 Olive oil, half a pint, (half a pound, ]Duh.) jRub the acetated cerufe, previoufly powdered, with fome part of the olive oil .5 then add it to the wax, nnelted with the remain- ing oil. Stir the mixture until it be cold. These are alfo excellent cooling ointments, of the greatell ufc in many cafes. ;CERATUM LITHARGYRI AGETATI COMPOSITUM, Lond' Ceratum Lithargyri Acetati. Dub» Compound Cerate of Acetated JLiiharge. Take of Water of acetated litharge, two ounces and a Jialf 3 Yellow wax, four ounces. j Olive oil, nine ounces ; Camphor, half a drachm. Kub the camphor with a litt-Ie of the oil. Melt the wax with the remaining oil, and as foon as the mixture begins to thicken, pour in by degrees the water of acetated litharge, and ftir con- ilantly until it be cold^ then mix inthe camphor .previoufly rubb- ed with oil. This application Jias be^n rendered famous by the recommend- ations of Mr. Goulard. It is unqueftionably in many cafes very ufeful. It cannot, however, be confidered as varying eflentially from the faturnine ointments already mentioned. It is employed with nearly the fame intentions, and differs from them chiefly in confidence. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI j vulgo, Unguentum Coe, RULEUM. Edin. Ointment of ^uickflher, commonly called Bliie Ointment* Take of Quickfilvcr, Mutton fuet, each one part. Hog's lard, three parts. ^ Kub them carefully m a mortar till the glob^^lcs entirely difappear. This ointment may alfo be made with double or treble ^he quantity of quickfiiver. ^j ■»/• ■ ^ Uu4' 6s Preparations and Compositions. Part III. tNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI FORTIUS. Lond. JPuh. Stronger Mercurial Ointment, Take of Purified quickfilver, two pounds ; Prepared hog's lard, twenty-three ounces ; Prepared mutton fuet, one ounce ; Firfl triturate the quickfilver with the fuet and a little of the hog^s lard, until the globules be extinguifiied ; then add the reft of the lard, and form it into an ointment. Unguentum Hydrargyri Mitius. Lond, Dub. Milder Mercurial Ointment, Take of The ftronger ointment of quickfilver, one part ; Hog*s lard, prepared, two parts. Mix them. UNGUENTUM OXIDI HYDRARGYRI CINEREI. Ed, Ointment of Grey Oxide of ^ichftlver. Take of Grey oxide of quickfilver, one part ; Hog's lard, three parts. These ointments are principally employed, not with a view to their topical aftion, but with the intention of introducing mercury in an a6tive ftate into the circulating fyftem ; which may be ef- feOed by g^entle friction on the found fkin of any part, particular- ly on the infide of the thighs or legs. For this purpofe, thefe fimple ointments are much better fuited" than the more compound- ed ones with turpentine and the like, formerly employed. For, by any acrid fubltance, topical inflammation is apt to be excited, preventing further fri£lion, and giving much uneafinefs. To avoid this, it is necefl'ary, even with the mildeft and weakeft oiniin^nt, to change occafionally the place at which the fridtion is performed. It is requifite that the ointments, in which the mercury is ex- tinguifhed by trituration, (hould be prepared with very great care : for upon the degree of triture which has been employed, the a6J:ivi- ty of the mercury very much depends. The addition of the mut- ton fuet, now 3(1 opted by both colleges, is an advantage to the ointment, as it preveiiw it from running into the ftate of oil, which the hog*s latd'aionei in warm weather, or in a warm chamber, is fometimes apt to do, and which is followed by a feparation of parts. We are even inclined to think, that the proportion of fuet Chap. XLI. Of Linimentsykc. 6S I direded by the London college is too fmall for this purpofe, and indeed feems to be principally intended for the more efFeclual triture of the mercury : but it is much more to be regretted, that in a medicine of fuch adivity, the colleges Ihouid not have direded the fame proportion of mercury to the tatty matter. i If the efficacy of the ointment prepared with the grey oxide were fufficiently eitablillied, the facility and certainty of its pre- paration would be attended with great advantages. EMPLASTRUM HYDRARGYRI. £J, P/afier of §uickfilver. Take of Olive oil, White refin, each one part ; Quickfilver, three parts ; Plafter of femi-vitrified oxide of le^id, fix parts. Melt the oil and refin together, and when this mixture is cold, let the quickfilver be rubbed with it till the globules difappear ; then add by degrees the litharge plafter, melted, and let the whole be accurately mixed. EMPLASTRUM AMMONIACI cum HYDRARGYRO. Lond, Flafter of Gum Ammoniac with ^ikhftlver. Take of Gum ammoniac, drained, one pound ; Purified quickfilver, three ounces ; Sulphuretted oil, a drachm, or as much as may be neceflary. Triturate the quickfilver with the fulphuretted oil, until its globules difappear ; then gradually add the gum ammoniac melted, and mix them. EMPLASTRUM LITHARGYRI cum HYDRARGYRO. Lond, Litharge Plajier with ^lickfilver. Take of ^ Litharge plafter, one pound ; Purified quickfilver, three ounce*. Sulphuretted oil, one drachm, or what is fufficient. Make the plafter in the fame manner as the ammoniacum plafter with quickfilver. These mercurial plafters are confidered as powerful refolvepts and difcutients, a6ling with much greater certainty for thefe inten- tions than any compofition of vegetable fubftances alone ; the ^2 Preparations and Compositions. Part Ilf , mercury exerting itfelf in a confiderable degree, and being fome- timcs introduced into the habit in fuch quantity as to affe£l the niouth. Pains in the joints and limbs from a venereal caufe, nodes, tophi, and beginning indurations, are faid to yield to them fome- times. UNGUENTUM CALCIS HYDRARGYRI ALBI. Lond. Ointment of the White Calx of ^mk/tlver. Take of The white calx of quickfilver, one drachm ; Ointment of hog's lard, one ounce and a half ^ Mix, and make an ointment. This is a very elegant mercurial -ointment, and frequently ma4i ufe of in the cure of obftinate cutaneous aifd£lions. UNGUENTUM OXIDI HYDRARGYRI RUBRT. Ed. Ointmefit of Rtd Oxide of Quickfilver . Take of Red oxide of quickfilver by nitrous acid, 6ne part j Hog's lard, eight p-urts. This is an excellent ftimulatmg ointment, often of very great fervice in indolent ill-conditioned fores, when we wiih to excite them to greater ?.£lion. If it prove too ftimulating, it may be 41- Juted with axunge ; and in this ftate it is often applied tp the eye- lids in chronic ophthalmia, XJNGUE^JTUM NITRATIS HYDRARGYRI; vulgo, Unguen- ruM CiiRiNUM. Ed, UNGUiiNiUM FIydrargyki Niirati, Lond. Dub. Ointment ef Nitrate of ^lickfther, commonly called Telloiu Oint- ment. Ointment of Nitrated ^nckfttver, lake of Quickfilver, one part ; Nitrous acid, two parts ; Hog's lard, twelve parts. Diflblve the quickfilver in the nitrous acid, by digeftion in a fand Jieat ', and, while the folution ivS very hot, mix with it the lard, previoully melted by itfelf, and juft beginnmg to grow ftiff. Stir them brl&ly together in a marble mortar, fo as to form the whole into an ointment. Chap. XLI. Gf Liniments, &c. 683 UNGUENTUM NITRATIS HYDRARGYRI MITIUS. Ed. Milder Ointment of Nitrate of ^ichftlver. This is prepared in the fame way, with three times ihe quantity of hog's lard. This is an excellent application in herpes, tinea capitis, and many other fimilar cutapeous affections, but it loon bcco.r.cb very hard, and even pulverulent, fo that it mud be melted with fomc frefh axunge before it can be ufed. This is owing to the excefs of acid ufed Tor diflblving the quickfilvevi To remedy this incon- venience, 1 prepared fome with a nitrate of mercury, containmg as little excels of acid'.^s poffible ; but, on mining it wuh the lard, I could not prevent the fait from cryltaliizing, and it became as hard as that prepared in the ufual way. But the property which ni- trate of mercury, prepared by ebu!iition> has of bt^i»g decompofed by water, furnilbcd ; e with an cafy way of letting rid of all excefs of acid, and of procuring the fub-nitifi^t of mercury in the (late of the moll minute divifion poflTi'jie. An ointment prepared with this fub- nitrate had a mofh beautiful golden colour ; after fix months was perfectly foft, and fucceedcd perfectly in curing a very bad cafe of herpes. UNGUENTUM SUB-ACETITIS CUPRL Ed, Ointment of Sub-Acetite of Copper. Tal^e of Refmous ointment, fifteen parts ; Sub-acetite of copper, one part. This ointment is ufed for cleanfmg fores, and keeping down fungous flefh. Where ulcers continue to run from a weaknefs in the vsfTels of the parts, the tonic powers of copper promife con- fiderable advantage. It is alio frequently ufed with advantage in cafes of ophthalmia, depending on fcrofula, where the palpebrse are principally affcft- ed j but when it is to be thus applied, it is in general requifite that it fhould be fomewhat weakened by the addition of a proportion of fimple ointment or hog's lavd. UNGUENTUM OXIDI ZINCI IMPURI ; olim, Unguentum TuTi^. Ed> Ointment of impure Oxide of Zinc, formerly Ointment ofTutty, Take of Simple liniment, five parts ; prepared impure oxide of zinc, one part 684 Preparations and Compositions, Part III, UNGUENTUM TUTIiE. Lond, Duk Ointment of Tutty, Take of Prepared tutty. Ointment of fpermacetl, (hog's lard, Dub,) as much as may be fufficient. Mix them fo as to make a foft ointment. UNGUENTUM OXIDI ZINCI. Edin. Ointment of Oxide of Zinc, Take of Simple liniment, fir parts ; Oxide of zinc, one part. These ointments are chiefly ufed in affe£lions of the eye, par- ticularly in thofe cafes where rednefs arifes rather from relaxation than from adive inflammation. CERATUM CARBON ATIS ZINCI IMPURI. Edin. Cerate of Impure Carbonate of Zinc, Take of Simple cerate, five parts; Prepared impure carbonate of zinc, one paf t. CERATUM LAPIDIS CALAMINARIS ; olim, Ceratum Epuloticum. Lend. Dub, Calamine Cerate ^ formerly Epulotic Cerate, Take of Calamine, prepared. Yellow wax, of each half a pound, (one part, Duh^ Olive oil, one pint, (two parts. Dub,) Melt the wax with the oil ; and as foon as the mixture, expofed to the air, begins to thicken, mix with it the calamine, and ftir the cerate until it be cold. These compofitions refemble the cerate which Turner ftrong- ly recommends in cutaneous ulcerations and excoriations, and which has been ufually diilinguifhed by his name. They ap- pear from experience to be excellent epulotics, and as fuch are frequently made ufe of in pradlice. Chap. XLL Of Liniments, &c. 68§ EMPLASTRUM OXIDI FERRI RUBRI ; olim, Emplastrum ROBORANS. Ed. Flafter of Red Oxide of IroUy commonly called Strengthening Plajler. Take of Plafter of femi-vitrified oxide of lead, twenty-four parts j White refin, fix parts ; Yellow wax, Olive oil, each three parts •, Red oxide of iron, eight parts. , Grind the red oxide of iron with the oil, and then add it to the other ingredients previoufly melted. This plafter is ufed in weaknefTes of the large mufcles, as of the loins : and its effe£ls feem to proceed from the artificial me- chanical fupport given to the part, which may alfo be done by any other plafter that adheres with equal firmnefs. [ 6&& ] TABLES, Skewing the Proportion o/'Aivttimony, Opium, and Quick- silver, contained in some Compound Medicines. Tartrite of Antimony. Wine of Tartrite of Antimony containa two grains of tartrite of antimony, or tartar-emetic, in the ounce. Ed, Opium Opiate ConfeBion contains one grain of opium m thirty-fix grains. Lond. Opiate^ or Thebaic EleBuary^ contains in each drachm about a grain and a half of opium. Edin. Eleciuary of Catechu ^ or Japonic ConfeElion^ contains in each ounce about two grains and a half of opium ; for one grain of opium is contained in one hundred and ninety-three grains. Ed, Compound Ponvder of Chalk with Opium contains one grain of opium in about forty-three grains. Lond. Cofnpound Powder of Jpecacuan contains one grain of opium in ten grains. Lond. Poivder of Ipecacuan and Opium contains fix grains of opium in each drachm, or one grain in ten. Ed. Opiate Poivder contains one grain of opium in ten. Lond, Pills of Opium contain one grain of opium in five. Lond. Opiate or Thebaic Pills contain fix grains of opium in each drachm, or five grains contain ha'f a grain of opium, Ed, TinEiure of Opium or Liquid Laudanum is made with two fcruples of opium in each ounce of the liquid, or with five grains in each rlrachm. But a drachm of the tindlure appears, by evaporation, to contain about three grains and a half of opium. Ed. Anwir.niated TinBure of Opium^ or Paregoric Elixir, is made with about eight grains in each ounce of the liquid, or with about one grain in the drachm. Ed. TinEiure of Soap with Opium, formerly called Opiate Liniment^ Anodyne Balfam^ is made with one fcruple of opium in each ounce of the liquid. Ed. Troches of Liquorice with Opium, contain about one grain of opium in each drachm. Ed. Tahle, &c. 667 QUICKSH.VER. ^iichfdver Pills contain five grains of qulckfilver in eacli drachm. Each pill contains one grain of quickfilver. Ed, ^ickfiher Fills contain four grains of quickfilver in twelve grains. Lond. ^ichjiher Ointment contains twelve grains of quickfilver in each drachm ; made with double quickfilver, each drachm contain* twenty-four grains. Ed. Stronger ^lickfilver Ointment contains one drachm of quickfilver in two drachms. Lond. Weaker ^lickftlver Ointtmnt contains one drachm of quickfilver in fix drachms. ^lick/liver Flajler contains about fixteen grains of quickfilver in each drachm. Ed. Plnjler of Litharge laith ^tickjtlver contains about one ounce of quicklver in five ounces. Lond. Plajler of Ammofiiac ivlth ^iickjdver contains about one ounce of quickfilver in five ounces. Lond. poijoder of Scammony with Calomel contains one grain of calomel in four grains. Lond. Ointment of Nitrated ^lickfilver contains twelve grains of ni- trated quickfilver in one drachm. Lond. Stronger Ointment of Nitrate of ^lidfilver contains in each drachm four grains of quickfilver and eight of nitrous acid. Ed, Milder Ointment of Nitrate of ^ickftlver contains in each fcru- pie half a grain of quickfilver, and one grain of nitrous acid. Ed. Ointment of White Calx of ^nckfilver contains in each drachna about four grains and a half of the calx. Lond. OR, One grain of 'Tartrtte of Antimony is contained in Wine of tartrite of antimony. Ed. grs, 24a Wine of antimoniated tartar. Buh, « - 120 Wine of tartarifed antimony. Lond. - 120 Wrne of antimony- Lond. - - uncertain* One grain of precrpitated Sulphuret of Antimony is contained in Compound pills of Antimony. Dub, - grs. 2.7 One grain of Ofium is contained in Opiate confedion. Lond. -. . grs -16 Opiate eleduary. Ed, » ^ * ^^ Eieduary of catechu* Ei, - » . xgo 2-5 4 688 Tables of the Proportion of Antimony y &c. One grain of Opium is contained in * Compound eleftuary of catechu. Duh, grs. 199 Troches of liquorice with opium, ^d, - 7^ Compound troches of liquorice. Dub, - 60 Pills of opium. Lond. - - . ^ Opiate pills. Ed, - - - 10 Opiate powder. Lond, - - - 10 Compound powder of ehalk with opium. Lond, 43 Compound powder of ipecacuan. Lond, Dub* - 10 Powder of ipecacuan and opium. Ed. - - 10 Tinfture of opium.. Edin, Lond, Dub. - - 12 Camphorated tin£lure of opium. Lond, - 244 Ditto ditto. Dub, - 196 Ammoniated tln£lure of opium. Ed, - 6S Tin£lure of foap with opium; Ed. - - 31,5 One grain of ^lichfther is contained in QuickGlver pills. Lond. - - - grs. 3. Ditto. Dub. - - Ditto. Edin, Stronger quickfilver ointment. Lond, Dub. - a "Weaker quickfilver ointment. Lond. Dub* - 6 Quickfilver ointment. Edint - - ^ Quickfilver plafter. Ed. - 5.^ Litharge plafter with quickfilver. Lond. - 5. Ammoniac plafter with quickfilver. Land. - 5. One grain of Calomel is contained in Powder of fcammony with calomel. Lgnd, - 4 Compound antimonial pills. Dub* - 2.7 One grain of the grey oxide of quickfilver is contained In Ointment of the grey oxide of quickfilver. Ed, , grs. 4 One grain of the red oxide of quickfilver is contained in Ointment of red oxide of quickfilver. Ed, - grs. 9 One grain of vfhite calx of quickfilver is contained in Ointment of white calx of quickfilver. Lond, grs. 13 One grain of nitrate of mercury is contained In Stronger ointment of nitrate of mercury. Ed, grs. 5 Ointment of nitrated quickfilver. Land, Dub. 5 Milder ointment of nitrate of quickfilver. Ed, - 13 hn many inftances thefe proportions are only to be confidered as approximations to the truth, as they are calculated from the contained in some Compound Medicines, 689 quantities of the ingredients taken to form the preparation^ not from the quantities which exill in it after it is formed. The nitrat of mercury, for example, in tjie different ointments into which it enters, is eflimated as equal to the whole quantity of mercury and nitrous acid employed to form it, although, from the very nature of the preparation, it cannot be fo much. In the folutions of opium, the opium is eftimated as equal to the whole quantity- employed, although not above two thirds of it be difiblved. Laft- ly, no allowance is made for the lofs by evaporation ; and hence, notwithftanding the difference by calculation, the Edinburgh trochee of liquorice nvith opium contain probably as much opium as thofe of Dublin ; for the former, being made with fyrup, will lofe more in drying than the latter, which are made with extrad of liquorice. Xx POSOLOGICAL and FROSODIAL TABLE, A CETIS potaflk, ^ i to 5 i. •^ ^ Acetitls ammonite aqua, 5 ij to 5 vi* • Acidum acetofum impurum, 3 i to g fs j § i to g ij, ?« gly/lers. deftillatum, do. aromaticum analeptic. forte, 9 i to 5 i. -' camphoratum analeptic* Acidi acetofi fyrupus, 5 i to 5 ij. carbonici aqua, tb ij daily, Acidum benzoicum, g^ x to 5 fs. muriaticum, g^^ x to gt xl. nitrofum, g*^ v to g^ xx. - dilutum, gt X to xl. fuccMcum, gr V to 9 i. fulphuricum dilutum, g^ xv to g^ xxx. aromaticum, g"^ xv to xxx. Aconiti napelli herba, gr i to g^ v. fuccus fpiflatus, g^ \ to g^ iij. Acori calami radix, 9 i to 5 i. Aefciili hippocaftani cortex 5 fs to 5i. Aether fulphuricus, gt xx to 5 i. cum alcohole, 3 f^ to 5 ij. cum alcohole aromaticus, 3 fs to 3 ij. Alcohol,. 3 fs to 3 i. ammoniatum, 5 fs to 3 i. aromaticum 3 fs to 3 i. foetid urn, 3 fs to 3 i. fuccinatum, gt x to xU Posological and Prosodial Table. 691 AUii fatlvl radix, 5 i to 5 ij. Aloes perfoliatae focotorlnae fuccus fpiflatus, gr v toxv. pulvis cum canella, gr x to '3 i, pulvis cum ferro, g*^ v to Q i. pulvis cum guaiaco, g^ x to 9 i. pilula^, gr XV to 5 fs. pilulse compoM>;\?, gr x to xxv. pilulie cum alia ioetida, g^" x to g i. cum colocynthide, gr v to gf x. cum myrrha, g"" x to 9 i. tinclilra, 5 fs to 5 ij. tinclura cum myrrha, 5 fs to 5 ij. tin6tura sethere^e, 5 fs to 5 ij. vinum, g fs to % ifs. extra£tum, gr v to xv. Althaeae officinalis decoclum, ad libitum, fyrupus, 5 i to 5 iij. Alummse fulphas, 9 fs to 3 i. fulphatis pulvis compofitus, gr x to 5 fs. Ammoniae aqua, gt x to xv. acctitis aqua, J fs. hydro- fulphuretum, gt v to xij. carbonas, g^ v to g^ xv. carbonatis aqua, gt xx to 3 i. Ammoniacum gummi resina, gJ" x to 5 fs. Ammoniaci lac, 5 iij to | i. Amomi zingiberis radix, g"^ v to 9 i. fyrupus, 5 i to 5 iij. tiiidura, 5 i to 5 iij. repentis femiria, gr v to 3 i. tindtura, 3 i to 5 iij. tindlura compofita, 3 i to 3 iij. zedoarise radix, 3 i to 3 i. Amygdali communis oleum fixum, 3 iij to % u emulfio, lb ij daily» Amyli mucila;To, 3 iv to § vj /// glyfier, trochifci, 3 i to 3 ij. Amyridis elemiferse refina, g^ x to 5 fs. gileadenlis refina, 3 J to 3 i. Anethi graveolentis femina, 3 i to 3 i. aqua deitillata, § i to § iij. fcsmculi femina, 3 i ^o 5 i* aqua deftillara, g i to § iij. oleum volatile, gtt ij to gt v. Angelic2e archangelicae radix, hcrbaj femcn, 3 fs to 3 i^S. Aagufturaj cortex, g^" x to 3 i* Anthemidis nobiiis flores, 3 i to 3 i. 693 Posohgical and Prosodial Table, Anthemtdis nobilis decorum, in gl'jjier. extrad^um, gr x to 5 i. pyrethri radix, g** iij to 9 i. Antimonii fulphuretum praeparatum, gf xv to 5 ij. oxKdum cum fulphure per nitratum potalTse, g^ i to \\\ cum fulphure vitrijficatum, g^ \ to ifs. vitrificatum cum cera, g*" iij to ^ i» fulphuretum fulcum {kermes mtneralis) gr i to ifs. praecipitatum, gr i to ir. oxidum cum phofphate calcis, g^ iij to viij. et potaffae tartris, gr i to i. tartritis vinum, 5 ij to vi. vinum, 5 iij to § Is. oxidum album, ( Antimonium calcinaiuni) g^ x to 5 fs- pilulse compofitae, g^ iij to v. Apil pctrofellni femina, Q i to ij. Arbiiti uvae urfi folia, gr x to 9 ij. Arctii lappje radix, a decoBion c/ J ij j« ife ij ofnuater^ daily. Argenti nitras, g'' -g- ^o ^. Ari maculati radix, gr vi to 3 i. conferva, 5 fs to 5 ifs. Ariftolochiae ferpentariie radix, 3 i to 5 i. tinftura, 3 i to 3 iij* Arnicse montanae herba, g^ v to x. Arfenici oxidum album, gr -f . Artemifise abrotani folia, 9 i to 5 i. maritimse caciimina, 3 i to 5 i. conferva, 3 ij to | fs. fantonicse caciimina, 3 fs to 3 i. abfinthii herba, 9 i to 9 ij. Afari europaeae folia, g^ ij to iv. pulvis compofitus, gr v to Q i. Aftragali tragacanthsi pulvis compofitus, 3 fs to 5 ifs. Atropse belladonnse folia, g* fs to g^ v. ■ fuccus fpiflatus, gr ^ to gr iij. Barytae muriatis folutio, g*^ v to x. Bitijmen petroleum fulphuratum, g^ v to xxx. Bitiiminis petrolei oleum, g^ x to xxx. Bolus gallicus, 9 i to 3 i. Bub5nis galbani gummi resina, gr x to 9 i. pilulae compofitae, gr x to 3 fs. tindura, 3 i to iij. Calcis aqua, J iv to lb i daily. muriatis foliitio, gt xl to 3 i. carbonas prxparatus, 9 i to 3 i. carbonatis miftura, j i to ij. pulvis compositus, Qj to ij. Posological and Prosodial Table. 693 Calcls carbonatis pulvis compofitus cum opio, g^ xv to 9 ij. trochifci, 3 i to ij. Cancri aftaci lapilli prseparaLi, 5 t to i. paguri chelae prseparatae, 3 ^s to i. chelarum pulvis compofitus, 9 i to ij. Canellje albas cortex, g"" xv to 3 ij- Capsici annui fru£lus, g^ v to x. Cardamlnes pratenfis flores, 5 fs to 3 i. Cari carui fcmina, gr x to 5 i. oleum volatile, gt i to v. fpiritus, 3 ij to 5 i. Caryophylli aromatici floris germen, g^ v to 9 i; oleum volatile, gt iij to v. Cafliac fiftulae pulpa, g fs to i. eledluarium, 3 ij to § i. fennae folia, 9 i to 3 i. pulvis compofitus, 9 i to 3 i. infiifum, § i to iij. infiifum tartarifatum, § ifs to iij. tindlura, § fs to g i. eleftuanum, 3 i to | fs. extradum, gr x to 3 fs. Caftoreum rofsicum, gr x to 9 i* Caftorei tindiira, 3 i to ij. composita, 3 fs to i. Centaureae ben€cli ^^ emulfion. Cervi elaphi cornu decoclum, % ij to iv, uftum, 5 fs to i fs. Chiromae centaurei fummitates, 9 i to 3 i. Cinarae fcolymi folia, | fs to i, oj the expreffed juice. Cinchonse officinalis cortex, 9 i <^o 3 ij- decoftum, J i ro iv. infii'*um, g i to iv. tinaura, 3 i to 3 ij. tindiira ammoniata, 3 fs to ij. tindiira compofita, 3 i to iij. extradum, gr x to 9 i. extradum cum resina, gr v to 9 u Ciflampeli pareirse radix, gr xv to 9 ij. Cifti cretici resina (Ladaaum), gr x to 3 fs. Citri aurantii folia, flores, gr x to 3 i. frudus cortex -xterior, 3 fs to 9 ij, aqua deftillata, | i to iij. 2x3 6^ Posoloo-ical and Prosodial Table, 'O Citri auraniii, fyrupus corticis, 5 i to Ij. tindlura corticis, 5 i to ij. conferva corticis, 3 ij to v. medicae, fuccus expreffus, 3 i to J fs. fuccus fpifsatus, 3 i to g ij. fyriipus fucci, 3 i to iij. frudus cortex exterior, J fs to ij, in infufion. aqua deftillata, g i to iij. oleum volatile, gt ii to gt v. Cochlearias officinalis herba, g 1 to iv, of the juice. fuccus compofitus, § i to iv. armoraciae radix, 3 i to 3 i. ^ _ fpiritus compositus, 3 iij to 5 i- Colchici autumnalis radix, gr fs to iij. fyrupus, 5 i to g i. , oxymel, 3 i to § fs. Lioiombae radix, gr x to 9 i. tindura, 3 i to iij. Confeflio aromatica, g^ xv to 3 i. opiata, gr X to 5 fs. Conii maculati folia, gr iij. ^ ^ fuccus fpifsatus, g^ \ to g^ iij. Convohiili fcammoniae gummi reslna, gr v to gr xv. pulvis compo£itus, g»" x to gr xv. pulvis cum aloe, gr x to xv. pulvis cum calomelane, gf x to ^ f. eleftuarium, 5 fs to i. '' -'- • - ' jalapae radix, gr x to 3 fs. pulvis compofitus, 3 fs to 3 i. tinflura, 3 i to iij. extr^aum, '3 fs to 3 i. Copaiferas officinalis resina, gt xv to 3 fs. Coriandri fatlvi femina, 9 i to 3 i. Croci fativi floris ftigmata, gr v to 3 fs. fyrupus, 3 i to ij. ^ tinaara, 3 fs to ij. Crot5nis eleutbenie cortex, 3 i to 3 fs. extradum, gr X to 5 fy. ^. . . tinaara, 3 i to g fs. ^ucumis colocynthidis fruaus medulla, gr iij to viij. n - ' . . extraauni compositum, gr y ^q r r Cumim cymrrii femina, 3 i to 3 i: ' b v 10 5 i.„ Cupri fub-aceris, gr J^. to t. ammoniaretum, gr \ to v. ammoniaieti pilulae, No. i. aqua ammoniaj-eti, gt y to g^ x?X.' fulphas, gt ij to'x. . ' ' ^ . ■ Posological and Prosodial Table. 69' Curcumse longse radix, 9 i to 5 i. Daphnes mezerei radlcis cortex, g' i to x. Daphnes mezerei decoftum, | iv to lb fs. Datiirse ftramonii herba, g"^ i to v. Dauci carotae fenuna, 9 i to 5 i. Delphinii ftaphifagrix femina, gf iij to x. Dianthi caryophylli floras, 9 i to 5 i. fyriipus, 5 i to ij. Digitalis purpureas folia, gr fs to iij. infufum, 5 iij to g i. tindura^ gr x to xl. Dolichi prurieiitls pubes leguminis rigida, gf v to x, Dorfteniae contrayervse radix, 9 i to 5 fs. pulvis compofitus, 5 i to ij. Ele£tuarium opiatum, 9 i to ij. ^ Eryngii maritimi radix, 5 ij to iij. Ferri limatura, gr iij to gr x. oxidum nigrum purificatum, do. carbonas, do. carbonas praecipitatus, do. fuper-carbonati aqua, lb i, daily, fulphas, g*" i to V. et potaflae tartris, g'' x to 5 fs. et ammoniae murias, g^ iij to xv. munatis tin£tiira, gt x to xx. et ammoniac tindlura? g' xv to 3 i, vinum, 5 ij to vj. acetati tinftura, gt x to xxx, Feriilje alTae foetid ae gummi resTna, g^ x to 5 fs. lac, g fs to g i fs. tindura, 5 fs to 51. piliilae compositae, g*" x to xx, Fici caricae frudlus. No. vi, in decoBion. Fraxini otni fuccus concretus (manna) y g fs to i fs. fucci concreti fyrupus g i to 5 ij. Fumarise officinalis herba, g i to g ii of the exprejfed juice. Gentianas lutex radix, gr x to 9 U- infufum compofitum, g fs toij. tindura compofita, 5 i to iij- vinum compofitum, g fs to g i. extra£tum, g^ x to 9 ij» GeofFraeae incrmis cortex, § i to ij. deco£lum, g i. Glycyrrhizae glabrae radix, 5 fs to i. extra6lum, 3 i to iij, trochifci, 3 i to ij. trochifci cum opio, 5 i dunng. the day* X X 4 696 Posological and Prosodial Table. Gratio'ae officinalis herba, g«" x to 9 i. Guaiaci officinalis reslna, g^ x to 3 Is. tindiira, 5 ij to J fs. tindlura ammomata, 5 i to ij. deco6tum compofituni, 5 iv to vj. Haematoxyll Cannpechiatii extra6tum, Q i to ij. Hellebori nigri radix, gr x to ^ i. extra^lum, g^ v to g^^f. tindura, 5 fs to ifs. foetidi folia, g i to ij. Hordei dlfttciii decodtum, J ij to vj. compofitum, § iij to vj. Hydrargyrum purificatum, J ij to iv. cum creta, g*" x to 5 fs. Hydrargyri oxidum cinereum, g'^ i to g^ r. piliilac, g'^ V to XV. oxidum rubrum, g^ fs. fub-fulphas, gr i to gr v. fub-murias, g*" i to gr v. praecipitatus, do. acetis, g^ i to vj^ murias, g^l to «. fulphuretum nigrum, Q I to 5 i. rubrum, gr x to 3 fs. Hyofciami nigri herba, femen, gf iij to gr x. fuccus fpiffitus, gr i to V. tin^tura, 9 i to 3 i. Hyperici perforati flores, 9 i to 3 i. Hyflopi officinalis herba, 9 i to 3 i. Inuise beJenii radix, 9 i to 3 i. Iridis fluientinsE radix, 9 ' to 3 1. pfeudacori radicis fuccus expreffus, g*^ Ix to Ixxx, Ifis nobilis (corallium), g^ x to ^ i. Juglandis regiae fru6tus immatiirus, externally in decocl'ton^ Jtniperi commiinis baccse, 3 fs to i. oleum volatile, gtt ij to x. fpiritus compofitus, 3 ij to vi. Juniper! lyciae gummi rtfina (OaL^anum) 9 ^ ^^ U* Juniper i fablnae folia, g*" xv to 9 ij* ex trad um, gi" x to 3 fs. tindtura compofita, g*^ xxx to 5 i. Kino, g*" X to 9 i- tindura, 3 i to iij La6iiicDe virofse fuccus fpiflatus, gr iij to xv. Lauri cinnamomi cortex, g' v to 9 '• aqua delTillata, | i to iij. fpiritus, 3 ij to 5 i. Fosological and Prosodial Tabic, 097 Lauri cinnamomi tin6>ura, 3 i to J iij. tiii£lura compofua, 5 fs to ij. oleum volatile, g" i to iij. Laurus caffia, confiderably iveaker than the preceding /pedes y in other refpeEls fimilar. Lauri camphorae camphora, g' iij to Q 1. emulfio, § fs to ij. acidum acetofum ; odour analeptic, nobilis folia, baccae, gf x to 3 fs. faflafras lignum, radix, eorumque cortex, 3 i to 3 i. oleum volatile, g' ij to g' x, Lavandulae fpicae florentes, 9 i to 3 i. fpiritus, an analeptic perfume. fpiritus compositus, 3 fs to ij. oleum volatile, g^ i to v. LeontSdi taraxaci radix, herba, § i to ij of the juiee^ Lilii candidi radix, externally as a poultice, Lini ufitatiffimi femina, in infufton § i to water ft 1. oleum fixum, § fs to i j or, in clyflers^ J iij to yj. Lini cathartici herba, 3 i, or an infufion of a handful qf the frejh plant, Lobeliae fyphiliticse radix, § fs, boiled in ft xij ofiuater to ft viij; half a pint twice a-day. Magnesia, gf x to Q i. Magnefiae carbonas, 9 i to 3 i. trochifci, 3 i to ij. fulphas, g fs to g i. Malvae fylveftris folia; flores, 3 fs to i. Marriibli vulgaris herba, 3 fs to i. Mel defpumatum, 3 ij to § i, in clyjlers § iij. acetatum, 3 i to ij. Melaleucae leucadendn oleum volatile, gt i to v Melifl'ae officinalis herba, gr x to ^ ij. Meloes veucatorii pulvis, gJ" fs to i. tindlura, gt x to xxx. Menthse viridis herba, gr x to 3 i. aqua, 5 i to ij fpiritus, 3 ij to g i. oleum volatile, g^ ij to v. pipcritx herba, gr x to g ij. aqua, J i to ij. fpiritus, 3 ij to | i. -i^.v oleum volatile, gt i to g' iij. %^' piilegli herba, gJ" x to g ij. aqua, g i to ij. fpiritus, 3 ij to 5 i. oleum volatile, g^ ij to v. Menjauthis trUoUat^e heibii, 3 U Ko%u 69g Posological and Prosodial Table. Mimofae catechu extradum, gr xv to 5 fs. elefl:uarium, 9 i to 5 i. infufum, % i to ij. tinftura, 5 i to iij. niloticse gummi, 5 i to ij. emulfio, fb ij daily. mucilago, § fs. Momordicae elaterii fuccus fpiflatus, gr fs to gr vj. Mori nigrse fyrupus, 5 i to J fs. • Mofchus, gr V to 9 i. Mofchi tin^tura, 5 i to g IV. miftura, § fs to ifs. Murias ammonite, g'^ x to 3 fs. Murias fodge, 5 iij to J fs, in clyjlers, Myrlfticse mofchatse fru£lus nucleus, g^ v ad 9 i. oleum volatile, g'^ ij ad gt v. fpiritus, 3 ij ad § i. nucis involucrum, macis, dictum, involucri oleum exprelTum, ^AV^r/;a//j'. Myroxyli peruiferi balfamum, g"" v to 3 fs. tinftura, 3 fs to 3 i. Myrrha, gr x to 3 fs. Myrrhse tinftura, 3 fs to ifs. pulvis compofitus, gr xv to ^ ij. Myrti pimentse fru£lus, g*" v to 3 i. aqua deftillata, § i to iij. fpiritus, 5 ij to § i. oleum volatile, gt iij to v. Nicotian 32 tabaci folia, g^ fs to v. vinum, gt xxx to gt Ixxx Oleae Europeae oleum fixum, 3 iij to % i. Oleum animale, g' x to xl. vini, gt i to iv. Onifci afelli (Miilepedsc) praeparati, 3 i to ij. Opium, gr fs to gr ij. Opii pilulae, gr v to 9 i. ' , tindura, gr xx to xl. ammoniata, 3 fs to ij. camphorata, 3 fs to ij. OiTgani vulgaris herba, gr x to 3 i. oleum volatile, g' i to ij. majoianx herba, ^ i co 3 i. Oftrc3e edulis teftae prgeparatx, 5 fs to i. Ovis arietis fevum prjepa-atuni, externally. Oxalis acetoi'ellse folLi, 5 {s to ifs cjthejula. conferva, 3 ij to § fs. ?a:nex farcocolix gummi Veftna (farcccoUa), gr x to 5 fs. Posological and Prosodial Table. (5g§ Panacis quinquefolii radix, 3 i to 5 i. Papaveris rhocic flores, 5 i in decoBioti. fyrupus, 5 i to lij. Papaveris fomniferi fyrupus, J ^s to i to adults ; 5 i to ij to chiidra: r one ounce isfuppofed to contain one grain of opium. extra£lum, gr i to v. fuccus fpiflatus (Opium) gr U to g"* iJ, Parietanx officinalis herba, gr x to 5 '> or S i to Wycf the juice. Paftinacae opoponacis gummi refina, g^^ x to 5 fs. Phafiani galli ovorum tellsc prscparatae, 5 fs to i. Phyfetcris macrocephali fevum (fpsrmaceti), 5 fs to i fs. Pimpincllge anlsi femina, g' xv to 5 fs. fpiritus composirus, 3 ij to 3 i. oleum volatile, gt v to g*^ x. Pini balsame^e terebinthina (Balfamum Canadenfc), gr v to 5 fs. laricis terebinthina (Terebinthina veneta), 9 i to ij j and in clyjlersy % fs to i. lylveftris terebinthina (Terebinthina vulgaris), g' xv to '3 ij > and in clyJlerSf § fs to i. refina empyreumatica (Pix liquida), 3 i to 5 i. oleum volatile (Oleum terebinthinse) redificatum, gt x to 5 i. Piperis nigri baccse, g^'vto 3i' cubebae baccse, g^ v to 3 i« longi frudius, g"^ v to 3 i. Piftacise lentifci refina (Mafliche), g^ v to 5 fs. terebinthi (Terebinthina Chia), 3 i to "> \. Plumbi acetis, gr fs to ij. Polygalae fenega: radix, 3 i to 5 fs, deco61iim, g i to ij. Polygoni biftortce radix, gf xv to 5 i. Poiypodii filicis maris radix, 3 i to 5 ij. Potafije aqua, gt x to xxx. acetis, 3 i to 3 ij- fuper-carb5natis aqua, 5 vj to lb fs. fulphuretum, g*" v to xv. tartris, 3 i ^^ § ^^' fupcr-tartris, 3 i to 5 i. fulphas, 3 i to S ^s* carbonas, g'^ v to 3 i. *- carbonatis aqua, 3 fs to 3 i» iiitras, g"" v to 3 fs. nitratis trochifci, 3 i to ij. I fulphas cum fulphurc, gr. xv tc 3 fs. Potentill?e reptantis radix, ^ fs to i. Pruni domefticx fru(Stus, J ij to iij,^t'uw/. fpinofae frudus. conferva, 5 ij.to |", . ?00 Posological and Prosodial Table* Pterocarpi draconis resina, gr x to 9 ij, Pulvis aromaticus, g^ v to g*" x. opiatus, g"" V to gr X. PiinicaE granati fru6lus cortex, Q ^ ^<^ 5 i* floris petala, 5 fs to ifs. Quaflise (ImaruV.ae cortex, 5 G to i j 0**, 5 A ^^ decoBion, cxcelfse lignum, g*" v to 3 i; or^ | i to ij of an infufton of 5 ij in lb i water, Quercus roboris cortex, g^ xv to 5 fs j or, ^ i to i) of an infufton of 5 ij in lb i water, Quercus cerris gallse, g"" x to 5 fs. Rhamni cathartici fuccus exprefTus, 5 fs to i. fyrupus, g fs to ifs. Rhei palmati radix, g' x to 9 ij. infufum, g fs to ifs. pilulae compofitae, gr x to 3 fs. tin6tura, § fs to i fs ; or, as ajiomachic, 5 ij to | fs. compofita, 5 fs to i fs. curn aloe, § fs to i. cum gentiana, § fs to ifs \ or, 3 ij to § fs, as ajlomachic, vinum, g fs to i fs. Rhododendri chryfanthi folia, gr v to x ; cr an infufton gf 5 ij in g x of water, Rhi toxicodendri folia, g'" fs to i. Ribis nigri fuccus fpiiTatus, g fs to L fyrupus, 3 i to § fs. Ricini commiinis oleum exprefTum, | fs to § i. Rofae gallicse petala, 9 i to 3 i. conferva, 3 ij to g fs. infufum, g ij to vj. fyrupus, 3 i to ij. mel, 3 i to ij. Rofae Damafcense petala, ^ i to 3 i. aqua deftillata, \ i to iij. fyrupus, 5 ij to I fs. caninss (Cynofbatus) conferva, 3 ij to vj. Roris marini officinalis fummitates, gt x to 9 ij ; and in infufion 5 i to i fs. oleum volatile, g" ij to g^ v. fpiritus. Rubiae tinftorum iadiXi 9 i to 3 fs. Rubi idsei fyrupus, 3 i to fs* Rumicis acetofx folia, g i to g ij of the juice, Riitae gravSoientis herba, g*" xv to 9 ij. extraftum, g^ x to Q i. Sagapeiium gummi refina, g^ x to 3 fs. Posological and Prosodial Table, 7^^ Sallcis fragilis cortex, 9 i to 3 I. Salvise officinalis folia, g"^ xv to 9 ij- Sambuci nigri cortex interior, gf v to 9 i. fuccus fpiffatus, § fs to i fs. Sapo, gr X to 3 fs, Scillae marittmae radi x recens, gr v to gr xv. radix ficcata, g'^ i to g"" iij. fyriipus, 3 i to ij. jnel, 3 fs toij. oxymel, 3 ^s to ij. acetum, 3 fs to 5 ifs. conferva, 3 fs to i^ tinclura, g" x to 4::. pilulae, gJ" X to 9 i. tJinupeos albse femina, | fs to 3 i. oleum fixum, J fs to i. Sli nodiflSri herba, § ij or iij of the juice. Sifymbrii nafturtli herba, %'\ cr\] of the juice^ Smilacis farfapariflje radix, 9 i to 3 fs. deco£ium, 3 iv to lb fs. compofitum, § iv to lb fs, A^odae carbonas, g"" x to 5 fs. fuper-carbonatis aqua, | iv to lb fs, et potaflse tartris, 3 vj to 5 i fs. fulphas, % fs to ifs. phofphas, J fs to ifs. murias, 3 iij to § fs, in gibers, fub-boras, gr x to 3 fs. Solani dulcamarsB ftipites, 3 fs to 5 i in infufion. Spartii fcopatti fummitates, 9 i to 3 i, extraftum, 3 fs to i. Spigelix marilandica radix, 3 fs to 9 ij* Spiritus xtheris fulphur^ci composttus, $ fs to ifs. nitrofi, 5 fs to 3 i. Spongia ufta, 5 fs to i. Stalagmitidis cambogiodis fuccus fpilTatus, (Gambogia) g' v to Stanni pulvis et limatura, 3 i to ij. Styracis officir.alis balfamum, g*" x to 3 fs. benzoini balfamum, g^ x to 3 fs. tin£tura compoiita, 5 fs to i. Succinum prseparatum, 9 i to 5 i* Succtni oleum reftificatum, gt x to xx. iulphas aluminas, 9 fs to 9 i* Sulphur prsecipitatum, 3 i to iij, fublimatum lotum, 9 * to 5 i^ ^ulphuris trochifci, 3 i to iij. *702 Fosological dnd Frosodial Table, Swieteiiioe niaha;26ni cortex, 9 i to ij. febriiugae cortex, 3 i to ij. Tamarindi indicse truftus, % fs to its. infufum cum calHa fenna, J ij to iv. Tanaceti vulgaris herba, 5 fs to i. Teucrii mari herba, gr x to 3 fs. fcordii herba, g i to 5 i. ^ ToluifcrK balfami balfamum, gt xv to ^ ij. fyrupus, 3 i to iij. tindura, 5 fs to ij. Torrr.entillje eredae radix, '3 i to ij. Tufliiaginis farfarse herba, g ij to iv of the exprejjed juice. Ulmi campeflris cortex interior, 9 i to 3 i. decocilum, 3 iv to ft is. Urtlcae dioicse herba, g i to ij of the epcprejjed juice, Valerianae officinalis radix, 3 i to 3 i. tin£lura, 3 ij to g fs. ammoniata, 3 i t ij. extraclum. Veratri albi radix, g^" v to 3 i. tindlura, gt v to x. Veronicse bcccabunga^ herba, J ij to iv of the juice daily, Vioke odoratic fyrupus, 3 i to ij. Winterse aromatic?e cortejs, g"^ x to 3 i« Zinci oxidum, gr iij to x. fulphas, g'' vj to 5 fs. N. B. Thcfe are in general the dofcs for adults from twenty to fixty, but they may be diminifhed for children and people paft the prime - of life, nearly in the following proportions. Months Ages. Proportionate dofes. 'y I — 7T 7 14 I 28 T ,, .•) T J T "'T 14 .-. 6s T I It may alfo be obferved, that fixt^y.^rop^'ot water, one hundred of s pernviani. hordei compoHtum. ETeftarium lenitivum. Zlixir aloes. myrrhac compolitum. paregoricum. Emplaftrum ea ammoniaco cum mercurio. !|t»plaflium attrabens. cephalicum. cominune. adhstfivum. commune cum gum- mi. commune cum mer- curio. c cymino. roborans. e fapone. ftomachicum. veficatorium. communi^. ^Tcnnlfi' Elefluarium fennae. Tinftura aloes compofita. fabinse compofita. opii camphorata. Emplaffrum ammoniaci cum hy- dra rgyro. Emplaftrum cera5 compofitum. picis burgundies compofitum. lithargyri. cum refina, lithargyri compofi- tum, lithargyri cum hy- drargyro. cumini. thuris compofitum. faponis. ladani compofitum. cantharidis. Lac amygdala. in the London Pharmacopoeia, 705 Names changed. Extraftum catharticum. • ligni campechenfis corticis peruviani. New Names. Extra£tum colocynthidis compofi- tum. haematoxyli five ligni campechiani. cinchonas five corticis peruviani. thebaicum five opium Opium purificatum. colatum. F. Flores benzoini, martiales. Fotus communis. Hiera piera. H. I. Infufum amarum fimplex. fenae communis. Julepum e camphora. e creta. e mofcho. L. Linimentum album. faponaceum^ volatile. Lixivium fapouarium. tartari. M. Mel aegyptiacum. rofaceum. Mercurius calcinatus. corrofivus fublimatus, ruber, dulcis fublimatus. emeticus flavus. praecipitatus albus. N. Nitrum vitrlolatum. O. Oleum petrolei barbadenfis. terebinthinse aethereum. Opium colatum. Oxymel fcilliticum» fimplex. Flores benioes. Ferrum ammoniacale. Decodum pro fomento* Fulvis aloes cum canella. Infufum gentianfe compofitum> fennae tartarilatum. Miilura camphorata. cretacea. mofchata. Unguentum fpermatis ceti. Linimentum faponis. ammonias. Aqua kali puri. kali praeparati. Oxymel aeruginls. Mel rofae. Hydrargyrus calcinatus. muriatus. nitratus rubtr, Calomelasi Hydrargyrus vitriolatus. Calx hydrargyri alba. Kali vltrlolatum. Oleum petrolei. terebinthinae redtificatum-. Opium purificatum. Oxymel fciliae. Mel acetatum. Y 706 Table of Names changed Names changed. P. Philonium londinenfe. Pilulas aromaticae. ecphraSicse. gummofae. rufi. Pulvis e bolo compolitus. cum opio. e ceruffa compofitus. e chelis cancrorum compo- fitus. fternutatorius. New Names, Confeflio opiata. Pulvis aloeticus cum guaiaco, aloes cum ferro. Pilulae Galbani compofitae. aloes cum myrrha. Pulvis cretae compofitus. cum opio. ceruffae. cancri chelarum compofi- tus. afari compofitus. R. Rob baccarum fambuci. Succus baccae fambuci fpiffatus. Saccharum faturni. Sal abfinthii. cath articus amarus. glaubcri. diureticus. martis. tartari. vitrloli. volatilis falls ammoniaci. Species aromaticae. Spiritus cornu cervi. lavendulae fimplex. nitri dulcis. glauberi. falls ammoniaci. falis ammoniaci dulcis. falls marini glauberi. vinofus camphoratus. vitrioli dulcis. volatilis aromaticus. foetidus, SuccI fcorbutici. Syrupus ex althaea. e corticibus aurantiorura. balfamicus. e meconio. • rofarum folutivus. Ceruffa acetata. Kali praeparatum. Magnefia vitriolata. Natron vitriolatum. Kali acetatum. Ferrum vitriolatum. Kali praeparatum. Zincum vitriolatum. Ammonia praeparata. Pulvis aromaticus. Liquor volatilis cornu cervi, Spiritus lavendulae. actheris nitrofi. Acidum nitrofum. Aqua ammoniae. Spiritus ammonise. Acidum muriaticum, Spiritus camphoratus. aetheris vitriollci. ammoniae compofitus. fcetidus. Succus cochleariae compofitus. Syrupus althacae. corticis aurantii. tolutanus. papaveris albl. rofae. Tabellae cardialgicas. Tartarum emeticum. folubile. Trochifcl cretae. Antimonium tartarifatura. Kali tartarifatum. in the London Pharmacopoeia » 707 Names changed* Tartarum vitriolatum. Tindura amara. aromatica. corticis peruviani fim- ^ plex. cortiois peruviani volati- lis. foetida. florum martialliim, guaiacina volatllis. japonica. martis in fpiritu falls. melampodii. rhabarbari fpirltuofa. vinofa. rofarum. facra. ftomachica. thebai'ca. Valerianae volatilis. Trochifcl bechici albi. nigri. y. Vinum afntimoniale. chalybeatum. Unguentum album. bafilicum flavum. caeruleum fortius, cgeruleum mitius, e gummi elemf, e mercurio praecipl- tato. faturninum. fimplex, ad veficatoria. New Names, Kali vitriolatum. Tin(flura gentianae compofita. cinnamomi compofita. cinchonae five corticis pe- ruviani. clnchonxjfive corticis pe- ruviani, ammonlata. affae foetidae. ferri aramoniacalis. guaiaci. catechu. ferri muriati. hellcbori nigri. rhabarbari. Vinum rhabarbari. Infufum rofje. Vinum aloes. Tindura cardamom! compofita. opii. Valerianae ammoniata, Trochifci amyli. glycyrrhizx. Vinum antlmonli. ferri. Unguentum cerae. refinae flavae. hydrargyri fortius. hydrargyri mitius. demi compofitum. calcis hydrargyri al- bae. cerufT^ acetatce* adipis fuDlae. cantharidis. Yya L ^08 ] TABLE of Names changed, and of some SynoniineSj in the last Edition of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, Names changid. New Names, ABSINTHIUM. -^ Acetofa. Acetum vini. Acidum vltriolicum. vltrioli aromaticum.. JErugo. jEther vitrlollcus. uEthlops mineralis. Agaricus. Alkali caufticum. fixum foffile. vegCtabik. volatile. Alumeri. ullum. Ammonia muriata. prseparata. Amygdala dulcis. Angelica fativa.. Anifum. Antimonium. calcareO'phofphora- tum. muriatum. tartarifatum. Aqua ammoniae. acetatje. caudicae. cupii vitiiolati compofita, W aqu3 ilyptica. lixiviae cauftlccC. zinci vitriolati. Arabicum gummi. Argentum nitratuir. Arfenicum. Artemisia abrmthium. Rumex acetofa. Acidum acetofum. fulphuricum. aromaticum. Sub-Acetis cuprl. jEther fulphuricus. Sulphuretum hydrargyri nigrum. Boletus igniarius. Potaffa. Carbonas fodas. potaflae impurus. ammoniae. , Sulphas aluminse. exficcatus. Murlas ammoniae. Carbonas ammonias. A^ygdalus communis. Angelica Archangelica. Pimpinella anifum. Sulphuretum antimonil. Oxidum antimonii cum phofphate calcis. Murias antimonii. Tartris antimonii. Aqua carbonatis ammoTiise. acetitis ammonias, ammoniae. Solutio fulphatis cupri compofita. Aqua potafTae. Solutio fulphatia zinc!.. Gummi mimofas nilotica?. Nitras argenti. Oxidum arfcnici. Table of Names changed, &c. 709 Names change J , Affa fcetida. Aurantium Hifpalenfe. B. Balfamum Cana(3enfc. Copaibae. Gileadcnfc. Peruvianum. Tolutanum. traumaticum. Bardana. Barilla. Barytes. Belladonna. Benzoinum. Biftorta. Borax. Butyrum antimonw'. C. Cajeputa. Calamus aromaticus. Calomelas. Calx viva. Cancrorum lapilll. Cantharis. Cardamomum minus. Carduus benedidus. Carica. Carvi. Caryophylla aromatica. rubra. Cafcarilla. Caffia fiftularls. lignea. Catechu. Caufticum commune acerrimum. mitms. lunare. Centaurium minus. Ceruffa. acetata. Chamaemelum. Cicuta. Cinnabaris fa^litia. Cinara hortcnfis. Cineres clavellati. Cinnamomum. Coccinella. Colocyhthisi New Names, Gummi-refina ferulae affx foetldx. Citrus aurantium. Refina pini balfamea;. copaiferje officinalis. amyridis Gileadenfis. Balfamum myroxyli peruiferi. toluiferae balfaml. Tinftura bcnzoea compofita. Ar6lium lappa. Carbonas lodse impurus. barytae. Atropa belladonna. Balfamum ftyracis benzoes. Polygonum biftorta. Boras fodae. Murias aotimonii. Melaleuca leucadendron. Acorus calamus. Sub-Murias hydrargyri. Calx. Carbonas calcis preeparatus. Meloe veficatorius. Amomum repcns. Centaurea benedida. Fruftus ficiis caricas. Carum carvi. Caryophyllus aromaticus. Dianthus crayophyllus. Croton c^cutheria. Caffia fiftula. Laurus caffia. Extradum mimofjc catechu. PotafTa. cum calce. Nitras argenti. Gentiana centaurium. Oxidum plambi album. Acetis pUimbi. Anthemis nobilis. Conium maculatum. Sulphuretum hydrargyri rubrum. Cinara fcolymus. Carbonas potaffae impurus. Laurus cinnamomum. Coccus ca 403 kali 413 Alkanet 155 vegetable alkali 414 Alloys 26 quickfilver ( 484 Almond 149 Acetite of lead 504 emullion, or milk 583 of potafs 412 oil 532 of quickfilver 484 Aloes 141 Acetous acid, diftilled 396 Aloctic pills C55 impure 130 wine 6ig ftrong 398 Alum 343 Acetous fermentation 93 burnt 451 Acidification 89, curd 671 Acids r6, 30 purified 450 Aconite 133 water, compound 512 Acrid principle 43 Alumina 12 Adhefive plaftcr 675 falts of 51 Adipocere 39 Amalgams 26 JEtliiops mineral 501 Amber 342 Affinity, laws of 3 prepared 445 tables of 95 Ammonia 14, 20 Agaric, female 185 prepared 431 Aggregation, forma of 3 falts of 50 Air, atmofpheric 18 Ammoniacal copper 471 Albumen 44 iron 480 Alcohol 57, 135*513 Ammoniac, gum H5 diluted 138 Ammoniaret of copper 471 Alkali, fixed mineral 195 Ammoniated alcohol 430 foffil, purified 421 alcohol aromatic lU 1t{ E N CJ L I S H Ammoniated copper Page 471 Page oil 533 B Amnates 50 Amnic acid ib. Balauftine 318 Angelica ij^4 Balm 276 Anguftura 155 Balfam of Canada 306 Animal oil ^ly of Copaiva 227 Anife 304 of Gilead 152 Anodyne liquor of Hoffman 516 of Peru 288 liniment 609 of Tolu ?co Antimonial pills, compound 670 Balfamic fyrup 57B powder 461 Barberry 183 wine 465 Barbadoes aloes 142 Antimoniated fulphur, brown 455 ^^^ 184 orang e 457 Barilla 195 tartar ^ 463 Barley 254 Antimony 29 ,157 water . 5^5 falts of r 2 Barras 306 calcined by nitre 452 Baryta ^3 prepared 445 , 451 falts of 50 Apparatus 62 Bay-tree 271 Arabic emulfion 383 Bears-foot 254 Areometer £■7 Beaver 200 Aromatic ammoniated alcohol 614. Beluga 13^ electuary 644 Benzoates 48 confedion 64 J Benzoic acid 4S> 399 powder' 634 Benzoin 341 fulphuric ether with alcoh 6i2 Birch 148 fulphuric acid ib. Biiinuth 29 tindure 603 falts of 5^ vinegar 587 Biftort 315 Arfcnic 30j 172 Bitter apple 230 falts of t9 infufion 557 acid 33 principle 43 Arfenious. acid 33» 1 73 fweet 337 Arfeniate of potafs 176 wine 619 Arf.-niates 33 Bitumen 184 Arfenite of potafs 1 76 Bhftering placer 672 x\rfeDites 33 Blue ointment 679 Artichoke 235 - Bole, French 186 Alarabacca 170 Boracic acid 35 Aiphaltum 184 Borates . ib. Afla foetida 245 Borax ,343 purified 631 Brooklime 354 Atmofpheric air 1 8 Broom 3^'^ Attradlion, fpecies of 2 Bryony 186 Avoirdupois weight 109 Buckthorn, purging 322 Azotic gas 18 Burdock 109 INDEX. 7if Page Page Burgundy pitch 307 Carbonates 3 1 , 192 pitcti plafter, compound 679 Carbonic acid 402 acid gas 31 oxide gas 22 C Carbonous oxide ib. Cardamom, lefTer 148 Caballine aloes 143 Carrot, wild 237 Cabbage-tree bark 249 Cafcarilla 230 Cajeput Calamine 276 Caffia bark 268 358 pods 198 cerate 684 water 542 prepared 445 »509 Caftor 200 Calcined antimony 466 oil 95 '532 magnelia 448 Cataplafm of alum 671 quickfilver 497 of cumin ib. zinc 508 of muftard 662 Calomel 489 Catechu 279 Caloric 6 Cauftic,- common, ftrongeft 406 Calx of antimony, precipitatec 460 common, milder 408 of quickfilver, white 493 lunar 467 of zinc 508 Caviare 132 Camphor 40 ,269 Cayenne pepper 190 liniment, compound 613 Centaury, fmaller 207 Camphorated acetous acid 589 Cerated glafs of antimony 454 emulfion or mixture 584 Cerate of acetat. litharge, comp. 679 liniment 614 of cantharides 672 oil 534 of impure carbonate of zinc684 fpirit 595 of foap 677 Camphorates 48 of fpermaceti 676 Camphoric acid 48 of yellow refin 677 Canella 189 fimple 676 Caoutchouc 43 CerufTe 315 Caraway 197 Chamomile JS6 Carbon 20 Chalk 194 Carbonate 192 potion or mixture 686 of ammonia 431 powder 655 of baryta . 193 prepared 444 of iron 474 Chalybeate wine 482 precipitated 475 Charcoal 22 , 191 of lime 194 Charring 73 prepared 444 Chemical operations 70 of magnefia 448 figns Chemiftry, epitome of 124 of potafs 408 I pure 409 Chefaut, horfe 135 impure 194 Chian turpentine 311 of foda 421 Chromates 34 impure 195 Chromic acid 33 of zinc, impure 358 Chromum 30 prepared 509 falts of . 53 7ao ENGLISH 4 238 241 81 Page Cinchona bark 207 Caribxan 214 Ciochonin ^ 43 Cinnabar, faditious 502 Cinnamon i66 water 542 Cinquefoil, common 316 Circulation 77> 84 Ciflus, Cretan 215 Citrates 47 Citric acid 318, ib. Clarification ' 62 Claflitication of fimple bodies Clove gillyflower Clove-tree Coagulation Coal incombuftible Cobalt falts of Cochineal Corkfpur pepper Cohobation Collection of fimples Colomba Colophony Coloquintinda Colouring fermentation Colt's foot Columbates Columbic acid Columbium falts of Combination Combuftion Compounds primary and fecondary Concentration C ondenfation Confections Congelation Confer ve of arum of orange peel of hips of red rofe-buds of fea- wormwood of floes of fqu Page of wood-forrel Contraverva 29 52 219 lyo 80 55 222 308 230 93 352 34 34 30 53 81 16, 89 2 ib. 74 ib. 643 80 642 641 64. 642 ib. ib. 643 642 240 Copaiva tree 217 Copper 27,231 falts of ^ 51 preparations of 470 Copperas 244 Coral, red 262 prepared 445 Coriander 228 Cork 44 Corn rofe 297 Corrofive fublimatc 486 Cowitch 239 Crab 189 Crab's claws ib. prepared 445 eyes 188 prepared 444 ftones 188 prepared 444 Craw-fifti 188 Cream of tartar 347 Crefles, water 336 Crocus of antimony 452 Crucibles 71 Cryfliallization SG Cryftals of tartar 355» 347 Cubebs 311 Cucumber, wild 281 Cumin 231 plafter 679 Currant, black 326 red ib. D Damfon, bitter 319 Dandelion 272 Decantation 60 Decoftion 84 of barley 565 compound ib. of cabbage tree bark 564 of chamomile 561 of cinchona ^62 ofejm 567 of guaiacum, compound 564 of hartfliorn 686 1 of hellebore, white 56^ ^ N D E X. n« Deco6lion of marfiimallovva of mezereon of Peruvian bark of farfapai ilia compound of feneka for fomentation for glyfters Dccompofition Decrepitation Deflagration Deliquefccnce Dephlegmation DtTpumation Diamond Digeftion Divifion, mechanical Dill water Difoxygenlzement DilTolution DiftilJation Diuretic fait Dover's powder Dragon's blood Drying of herbs and flowers Earthen ware Earths Edulcoration EfFervefcence EiBorefcence Egg fliells, prepared Elaterium Elder, common rob ointment Elecampane Electricity Ele£luary of caffia of catechu compound of opium of fcammony of fcnn* Page 561 564. 565 566 ib. ib. 561 562 85 ■ 74 89 83 80 62 20 84 58 M3 542 91 85 75 637 318 522 386 83 85 83 303 445 629 332 528 670 260 9 645 647 ib. 648 647 646 37 Elementary particlei Elemi Elcutheria Elixir of heahh Elm Elutriation Empyreumatic oils Emulfions Emulfion, almond Arabic camphorated of afla foetida of gum ammoniac Epifpadic ointment, milder ftronger Epfom fait Epulotic cerate Eryngo Ether Evaporation Expreflion Exficcation of limple8 Extraft of aloes of black hellebore of broom tops of cafcarilla, refinous of catechu of chamomile of cinchona of coloqu ntida,compourid 629 of gentian 625 of jalap 62(y of lead 506 of liquorice 250, 62 J of logwood 625* of oak bark 626 of opium 627 of Peruvian bark 62S hard 627 foft ib. with the refin 628 of red Peruv. bark, reiinous 629 of rue 62^ of favin ib. offenna 615 of white poppy 625 of wild valerian, refinous 624 Extradion $^ Page L i5t 250 596 353 60 4^> 548 585 ib. ib. 584 585 ib. 671 ib. 684 240 5H 75 61 74- 59 626 625 ib. 629 279 62^ 626 72i ENGLISH Page Page Extraftlve 42 Gamboge 339 Extracts 621 Garlic 139 Gafeous oxide of carbon 31 Gafes, fpeclfic gravities of III F Gelatin 44 Gentian 248 Fat 38 German leopard's bane 171 Fennel, fweet 153 Germander, water 350 water 541 Ginger 147 Fenugreek 351 Ginfeng 297 Fermentation 92 Glafs 15 Fern, male 315 of antimony 453 Fibrin 45 Glauber's fait 425 Fig 246 Gluclna , 12 Filings of iron, purified 474 falts of 51 iMltratioa 60 Gold 26 Fir 305 falts of 51 Fixed oils 38,531 Golden rod 337 Flax, common 273 Goofe-fat 152 purging ib. Granulation 59 Flour 351 Grapes ZSS Flowers of benzoin 399 Groats ^83 of fulphur, wafticd 387 Guaiac 251 of zinc 50a Gum 42 Fluatcs 35 ammoniac, purified 631 Fluoric acid gas ib. Arabic 280 Fluxes 71 plafter 676 Fowl, dunghill 303 tragacanth 180 Foxglove 238 troches 651 Frankincenfe, common 307 refms 43 Freezing mixtures 106 Fuel 67 Fumitory, common 248 H Furnaces 68 Fufion 70 Hartfliorn 206 watery 74 burnt 447 Heat 67 Hellebore, black SSi G white 354 Hemlock 223 Gadolina 12 Hepatic aloes 142 Galbanum 187 Hepatized ammonia 439 purified 631 Henbane, black 258 Galipot 306 Hips 327 Gallates 48 Hog 347 Gallic acid ib. Hogs lard, prepared 668 Galls 321 Honey 275 Galvanic circles 107 acetated ,580 Galvanifm 10 clarified 580 INDEX. 723 Honey of rofcs of fquills Horehound, white Horfe chefnut radifh Hydro-carbonous oxides Hydrogen Hydroguret of nitrogen Hydroguretted phofphorus fulphur Hydrometer, Baume's Hydrofulphuret of ammonia Hyper-oxygenized muriates muriatic acid Hyflbp hedge ' Incombuftible coal Indigo Inflammables Inflammation I Infufion Infuiions of catechu of cinchona of foxglove of gentian, compound of Peruvian bark of rhubarb of rofcs of fenna, fimple tartarized of tamarinds with fenna Infpiflation Integrant particles Intermediate do. Ipecac uan Iron 27 falts of preparations of filings purified fcales of purified wire Page 581 382 274 135 221 36 Ironated wine Ifinglafs Page 482 132 19 Jalap 226 20 Japonic confedion 6+7 24 infufion 557 23 Jelly 41 110 Juices expreflcd 524 437 of fcurvy grafs comp. 526 35 infpiffated 527 ib. Juice of black currant 52^ 260 of deadly nightfliade 527 251 of elder 52S of hemlock ib. of henbane ib. of lemon Ib. of polfonous lettuce ib. 21 of wild cucumber 529 43 of wolfsbane 527 386 Juniper 262 6,89 84 555 K 557 ^^l Kali, pure 405 556 prepared 40 s ib. Kermes mineral 455 555 Kino 264 55^> ib. 559 L 560 ib. Laccates 49 74 Laccic acid ib. I Ladates 48 2 Ladic acid ib. 202 Ladanum 215 ,242 platter, compound 679 52 Ladies fmock 197 474 Larch 305 243 Lard 347 474 Laudanum 606 244 Laurel 271 474 Lavender 272 243 Lead 28 , 3i» ZZ2 754 Lead, falts of preparations of Lemon peel water Lenitive eleduary Leopard's bane, German Lettuce, wild Levigation Ley, cauftic mild Light Lignin Lily, white Lime ENGLISH Page 52 504 218 542 646 171 266 59 410 5 44 273 13, 188 falts of 51 water 442 with pure kali 408 Liniment of ammonia 533 ftronger ib. fimplc 674 Lintfeed 273 oil 532 with lime 534 LiquefaAion ' 70 Liquid laudanum 606 Liquor ofacetated volatile a]kall436 of acetat. litharge comp. 506 of ammoniated copper 473 of cauftic volatile alkali 427 of mildeft vegetable alkali 41 1 of volatile alkali 433 volatile, of hartfliorn 434 Liquorice 249 Litharge 314 plafter 675 with re fin 676 with quickfilver 681 Liver of fulphur 418 Uxiviation 83 Logwood 253 Lobelia 274 Lunar cauftic 467 Lutes 64 M Mackaw tree Madder Manganefe falts of Magnefia falts of alba calcined Magnetifiu Mahogany Malic acid Malates Mallow Manna Marble Marjoram, fweet wild Marflimallow Marfti trefoil Martial flowers Maftich Syrian herb Materia medica Meafures Page 222 328 29 52 12,448 51 448 ib. 10 348 47 48 274 246 194 295 294 145 279 480 3" 350 129 108,56 Mace Maceration 286 84 Mechanical operations of pharm. ^6 Mercurial ointment, milder 68o" ftronger ib. pills 657 Mercury 28, 254 falts of ^2 preparations of 483 Metals 24, 386 Mezereoa 235 Milhpeds, prepared 523 Minerals, officinal 886 Mixture, mechanical 62 Mixtures, freezing 106 MolaiTes 329 Molybdates 33 Molybdenum 30 falts of 53 Molybdic acid 33 Monk's hood 133 Mucilage of gum Arabic 568 tragacanth 568 of quince feeds 5^9 of ftarch 567 Mucates 48 Mucic acid ib. IN D E X. 72$ Page Page Mulberry 282 Nitrous gas ^9 Muriate 283 Nitrites 3^^ Muriates 34 Nitrogen 18 Muriate of ammonia 284 Nooth's apparatus 123 of do. and iron 480 Nutgalls 321 of antimony 459 Nutmeg 287 of baryta 439 of quickfilver 486 of foda 285 dried 425 Muriated antimony 459 Oak 320 quickfilver, corrofive 486 oriental 321 mild 491 Oats 183 precipitated ib. Oil of almonds 53* fublimated 489 of amber 400 Muriatic acid 393 reaified 549 S^^ 34 of anife 545 Muik 282 of cajeput 276 artificial 550 of caraway 5^3 mixture 5^5 of caftor 53^ MuRard 335 of cloves 241 Mutton-fuet 295 of fennel-feeds 543 prepared 668 flowers 544 Myrrh 289 of hartfliorn 434 reaified 550 of juniper-berries 544 N of lavender ib. of lemon-peel 218 Naphtha 184 of linfeed 533» 27J Narcotic principle 43 of mace 287 Natron, prepared 421 of muftard sn Nettle 353 of nutmeg 287 Nickel 29 of olives 293 falts of 52 of orange-peel 2I5 Nightfhade, deadly i8i of origanum 544 Nitrates 31 of pennyroyal ib. Nitrate 292 of peppermint ib. of potafs ib. of petroleum 549 of filver 467 of pimento 544 Nitrated quickfilver, red 498 of rofemary ib. filver 467 of rue ib. Nitre 292 of faffafras ib. purified 415 of favin ib. Nitric acid ci y 391 of fpearmint ib. oxide gas 18 of turpentine 309» 'b. Nitrous acid 31 >389 reaified 545 diluted 391 of vitriol i^i ethereal liquor 518 of wine 516 oxide g^s 18 animal 550 Zz 7^6 ENGLISH Page 38,531 39' 543 40, 548 516 Oil, fixed . volatile cmpyreumatic Oily ethereal liquor Ointment of acetatcd ccrufc 679 of acetite of lead 678 of elemi, compound ib. ofgrey oxide of quickfilver 680 of hog's lard 674 of impure oxide of zinc 683 of infufion of cantharides 67 1 of nitrate of quickfilver 682 milder 683 of nitrous acid 674 of oxide of zinc 684 of powder of Spanifh flies 67 1 of quickfilver 679 of red oxide of quickfilver 682 of Spanifh flies 670 of fpermaceti 675 of fub-acetite of copper 683 of tar 678 of tutty 683 of wax 675 of white calx of quickfilver 682 of white hellebore 673 of white oxide of lead 678 of yellow refin 676 iimple 675 white 678 Olibanura 263 Olive 2*93 Onion 141 Operations, chemical 70 mechanical ^6 Opiate electuary 448 powder 638 ^ pills 658 Opium 298 pills 658 purified 630 Opoponax 303 Orange 216 peel water 541 Orris Florentine 261 Oxalfc acid 46 Oxalates 47 Oxides 1 7 Page Oxide of antimony, with phof- phate of lime 461 of antimony, with fulphur, by nitrate of potafs 452 of do. with do. vitrified 45 3 of do. vitrified with wax 454 of arfenic 173 of iron, black, purified 474 red 478 of lead, white 313 red ib. femivitrified 314 of quickfilver^afli -coloured 494 red, by nitric acid 498 of fulphur 22 of zinc 508 impure 357 prepared 510 Oxidizement 89 Oxygen 15 Oxygenized muriates 34 muriatic acid 395 gas 34 Oxygenizement 15, 88 Oxymel fimple 380 of meadow faifron 581 fquills 582 verdegria ib. Oyfter 295 fliells prepared 445 Palm oil Palma chrifti Panary fermentation Paregoric elixir Pareira brava Parley Pearl afhcs barley Pellitory of Spain of the wall Peppermint water Pennyroyal water 222 326 93 606, 617 215 163 194 254 157 303 278 541 279 542 INDEX. 127 ■ -r Page Pepper, black 310 Cayenne 190 Jamaica 290 long 3 1 1 Peroxide of fulphur 23 Peruvian bark 207 pale 208 yellow 214 red ib. Petroleum 1 84 Pharmaceutical operations 53 Pharmacy, elements of i Phofphates 33 Pholphate of lime 447 of foda 422 Phofphites 32 Phofphoric acid ib. Phofphorous acid ib. Pholphorus 23 Phofphurets 24 Phofphuretted nitrogen gas • • ib. Pills of aloes 654 compound ib. with alTa feet Ida 655 with colocynth ib. with myrrh 656 of ammoniaret of copper 657 of afia foctida, compound 656 of galbanum, compound ib. of opium 658 of rhubarb, compound 659 Pimento 290 water ^^o Pink, Carolina 338 Pitch, Burgundy 307 ir.ineral 1 84 Plafters 39, 662 Platter of alTa foetida 676 of Burg, pitch, comp. 679 of frankinrenfe, comp. 678 of gum amm. with quickf. 681 of litharge, compound 677 of quickfilver 68 1 of red oxide of iron 685 of femivitrif. oxide of lead 674 of foap 677 of Spanifh flies 672 compound 673 common ^ 674 Plafter fimple or wax Page 677 Plates, explanation of 118 Platinum 26 falts of 5» Plumb V^ Plumbago 21, 28 Plummer's pills 660 Pneumatic apparatus 79 Poifon oak 325 Polypody Pomegranate 3^5 31* Poppy, red white 297 ib. Porcelain Potafs falts of with hme 14, 4c6 4c8 Potafhes 194 Powder of aloes with canella ' 633 with guaiac ib. with iron ib. of afarabacca, compound 634 of carbonate of lime, comp.635 of chalk, compound ib. with opium, compound ib. of crabs claws, compound 636 of cerufe, compound ib. of contrayerva, Ci>mpound ib. of ipecacuan, with opiu.n 637 compound ib. of jalap, compound ib. of myrrh, compound ib. of quickfilver ,afli-coloured 495 of fcammony, compound 638 with aloes 639 with calomel ib. of fenna, compound ib. offu]phateofalumina,com.6 ointment 668 Tartar 2S5, 247 emetic 462 < Tartarized antimony 462 < iron 481 kali 420 natron 427 vegetable alkali 420 Tartaric acid 47 Tartrates ib. Tartrite of antimony 462 of potafs 419 of potafs and foda 426 Tellurium 29 falts of ^l Temperature 6 Thebaic eleduary 648 pills 658 tindure 606 Thermometers lOl Therm, deg. of chem. phenom. ic6 Thiftle, bleffed 2Pi Thorn-apple 2^6 Tin 28, 507 falts of 52 preparations of 507 TinClure of acetated iron 482 of aloes 592 ethereal 611 compound 592 with myrrh ib. of ammoniacal iron 481 of affa fcetida 594 of balfam of Peru 595 of balfam of Tola 610 of benzoin, compound 595 of canhphor ib. of cantharides 604 df cardamom cg^ compound ib. of cafcarilla cg6 of caftor 597 13^ Page Tindure of caller, compound 616 of catechu 604 of cinchona 597 compound 59S ammonlaled 616 of cinnamon 602 compound 603 of colomba ^pg of foxglove ^9fj ofgalbanum 600 of ginger 6 1 1 of gentian, compound 600 of gualac 601 ammoniat. or vobt. 616 of hellebore, black 601 white 610 of henbane 602 of jalap ^^g of kino 602 of lavender, compound 603 of muriate of iron 478 of muflc 605 of myrrh ib. of opium 6c6 camphorated ib. ammoniatcd 617 of orange peel ^94 of Peruvian bark 597 compound 598 of rhubarb 607 bitter 608 compound 1507 with aloes ib. with gentian 6c8 of rofes ^rg of faffron ib. of favin, compound 6c 8 of fenna * 505 of fnake-root 594 of foap 608 with opium 609 of focotorine aloes 591 of Spatiifh flies 604 of fquills 609 of Tolu 610 of valerian lb. amrooniated 617 Titanium 2^ 73* ENGLISH 42, Titaamm, falts of Tobacco wine Toxicodendron Tragacanth Trituration Troches of carbonate of lime of chalk of liquorice compound with opium of ft arch of magnefia of nitrate of potafs of fulphur Troy weight Tungftates Tnngften falts of Tungftic acid Turmeric Turpentines Turpentine chiaq oil of baked Turpeth mineral Tutty prepared U Uram'um falts of Urates Urea Uiic acid Ullulation Valerian, wild Vaporization Verdegris prepared Veffels Page 52 291 620 32s , i8o 59 649 ib. 650 ib. ib. 651 652 ib. ib. 109 33 30 53 33 235 306 3" 309 308 499 357 445>5io 29 52 i» 45 JO 73 353 72 233 445> 470 63 Vine wild Vinegar diftilled medicated aromatic of meadow faflfron of fquills Vinous fermentation Violet, March Vitrification Vitrified antimony 130 Page 355 186 y3S5 39<5 355 70 454 Vitrif.'oxide of ant. withfulph. 453 with wax Vitriol, blue green white Vitriolated foffil alkali iron kali • natron quickfilver tartar vegetable alkah' zinc Vitriolic acid diluted ether ethereal liquor Volatile liniment oils empyreumatic 533^ 39 W Wake-robin Walnut Water diftilled of acetated ammonia litharge of acetite of ammonia of aerated iron of ammonia, cauftic mild of ammoniated copper ip: 454 234. 244 35l 426 476 416 425 499 410, 5^0 131 3S9 5^4 515 614 542 548 179 262 163 54« 436 506 436 476 427 433 472 INDEX, Page of ammon. 433 542 Water of carbon ofcaflia of cauftic ammonia of cinnamon of dill feed of fennel of fixed air of lemon-peel of orange-peel of pennyroyal of peppermint of potafs of prepared kali of pimento of pure ammonia of pure kali of fpearraint of .fuper-carbon. of potafs 411 of foda 422 of vitr. zinc with camph flag 427 542 ib. 541 402 542 54^ 542 541 403 410 542 428 403 542 201 74 38 665 677 ib. Watery fufioa Wax ointment plaller compound yellow • 205 white 206 Weights 108, s^ Wheat 351 Whortleberry 168 Willow, crack 331 Wine 355 of aloes 619 of antimoniated tartar 465 Wine of antimony of gentian, compound of ipecacuan of iron of rhubarb of focotorine aloes of tartarized antimony of tartrite of antimony of tobacco Winter's bark Wolfsbane Wood Wood-forrel Worm-feed Wormwood, common fea Woulfe's apparatus Yttria falts of Z Zedoary, long round Zinc falts of Zirconia falts of ^ preparation* of 735 Pag 46(S 619 620 482 620 618 465 ib. 620 35^ ^33 44 29^ 177 178 177 • I2X 5« I4« 264 28,508 5» 12 5X 508 78 LATIN INDEX, Page ^15KOrANUM 177 Ablinthium mantimum ib. pontlcum 361 vulgare 178 Acanthoideae 382 Acephala 376 Acetofa pratenfis 329 Acetofella 295 Acetis hydrargyri 484 plumbi 504 potaffas 412 Acetum 130 aromaticum 5^7 definiatiim 396 colchici 588 fclllse maritimse ib. fcilliticum 589 Acliillea millefolium 360 nobilis ib. ptarmica ib. Acidum acetofum 398 camphoratum 539 dellillatum 39^ forte 398 impurum 130 benzoicum 399 citricum 199 muriaticum 392 nitricum 391 lutrofum 3«9 dilutura 391 Acidum fuccini fiilphurlcum aromaticum dilatum vitriolicum dilutum Acipenfer fturio, &c. Aconitum napellus neomontanum Acorus calamus ^ Acotyledones Adeps anferinus ovis arieti^ fuis fcrofiae fuillus prGEparatus Adiantum capillus veneris jErugo preparata JEfculus hippocaftanum iEther fulphuricua cum alcohole aromatlcus vitriolicus j^thiops mineralis Agaricus albus cbirurgorum mufcarius Agrimonia eupatoria Alcca rofea Alcohol I ammoniatum aromaticum Page 400 131 612 388 131 389 132 >33 ib. 134 381 152 ^95 . 347 ib, 663 360 233 470 ^35 5H 5^5 612 514 501 362 185 360 ib. ib. 36,513 43<^ 614 I N D E X* 73J Page Page Alcoh. ammonlatum fatidum 554 Ancthum graveolens >55 dilutum 138 foeniculum ib. Algae 38 0,381 Angelica archangelica 154 Alkali foffile mite 421 Anguftura ^SS vitriolatum 426 Anifum 304 vegetabile acctatum 413 ftellatum 367 caufticum 406 An feres 375 mice 409 Anthemis nobills 156 fulphuratum 418 pyrethrum 157 tartarjfatum 420 Antimonium ^57 vitriolatum 416 calcinatum 466 volatile mite 431 muriatum 459 Alifmoideae 381 praeparatunx 451 Allium cepa 141 tartarifatum 462 Tativum 139 vitrificatum 454 Alnus 362 Antirrhinum linaria 361 Aloe perfoliata 141 Apis mellifica 205 Althasa officinalis '45 Apium petrofelinum 163 A lumen 343 Apocineae 383 purificatum 45a Aqua 163 uftum 45 « aeris fixi 402 Amaranthoideae 382 acetitis ammoniac 43^ Ambra gryfea Q60 aluminis compofita 512 Amentaceas 385 ammoniac 42 7» 433 Ammonia praeparata 431 acctatoc 43^ Ammoniaretum cupri 471 caufticac 427 Amomum cardamomum 148 purqe 428 curcuma 360 anethi 542 grana paradili 360 calcis 442 repens .48 carbonatis ammoniac 433 zedoaria 148 cinnamomi 542 zingiber 147 citri aurantii 54^ Ammoniacum M5 medicx 542 purificatum 631 cupri ammoniati 473 Amygdalae 149 deftillata 540 Araygdalas communis ib. ferri aerati 476 nana ^60 foeniculi dulcis 541 perfica 361 kali praeparati 410 Amylum I 50, 351 puri 4^3 Amyris elemifera 151 lauri cafliae 542 Zeylanlca 152 cinnamomi ib. Gileadenlis ib. lithargyri acetafi Sq6 Anagallis arvenfis 361 compolit a ib. Anas anfer 152 menthae piperitas ?4r Anchufa tinftoria ^.53 pulegii •J ~ 542 Anemone nemorola 361 fativac ib. pratenfis ib. myrti pimentx ib. t3^ I, A T IN Page 54^ 542 541 473 571 ^(]ua pimento potaffsc pulegii rofae centifoliae fappharina ftyptica fuper carbonatis potaffae4H fodae 422 zinci vitriol. cum camph. j 1 2 AquifoUum 367 Araliaceae 383 Arbutus uva urfi 168 Arftiutn lappa j 69 Argentum ib. nitratum 647 Ariftolochia clematitis 361 longa ib. rotunda ib. ferpentaria 170 trilobata 361 vulgaris ib. Arnica montana 171 Aroideas 381 Arfenicum 172 Artemifia abrotanum 177 abfintbium 178 maritima 177 pcntica 361 fantonica 177 Arum maculatum 179 AfTa fcctida 245 Afaroidcas 382 Afarum Europaeum 179 Afclepias vincetoxicum 361 Afparagoideae 381 ATparagus fativus 36 1 Afplenium fcolopendrium ib. Afphaltum 362, 184 Aftragalus exfcapus 361 tragacantha 180 Atropa belladona 181 Aurantium Hifpalenfe 216 Aurum 362 Avcna fativa 183 Avcs 375 B Balaudia Balfaraum^ Canadcnfe Copaiva Gileadenfe Peruvianura myroxyli Peruiferi ftyracis benzoini officinalis Toluiferae balfami Tolutanum traumaticuni Bardanta Barilla Beccabunga Belladona Bellis perennls Benzoinum Berberideae Berberis vulgaris Betonica officinalis Betula alba , alnus Blcornes Bignoneas Bifmuthum Biftorta Bitumen petroleum afphaltum Boletus ignarias laricis falicis Bolus armena alba Gallicus Borago officinalis Boras fodas Borax Borraginese Bos taurus Botrys vulgaris Braffica eruca BruncUa vulgaria Page 306 227 152 288 ib. 341 34^ 25^ ib. 595 169 ^95 354 181 362 341 384 183 362 184 362 383 ib. 362 3^5 184 362 185 362 ib. ib. ib. 186 362 343 lb. 362 364 ib. INDEX. 737: Page Bryonia alba 186 Bubon galbanum 187 macedonicura 3^3 Bugloflum officinale lb. Butyrum j^ 362 Gacao 374 Caaoide;c 3«4 Cajeputa Calamus aromaticus 275 134 Calculi cancrorum 188 Calendula officinalis ?><^^ Calomelas 488 Calx 188 cum kali puro 408 bydrargyri alba 493 (libii praecipitata 460 viva 188 '' zinci 5c8 Galycantbema: 385^- Campanulaceas 383^ Camphora 269 Cancer aftacus 188 pagurus i8y Canceres 376 Canella alba 189 Cannabis fativa 363 Cantharides 276 Capillus veneris 360 QapparidejB 384 Caprifoliaceae 383 Capficum annuum 190 Carbo 363, 191 Carbonas 192 ammonias 431 barytae 193 calcis 194 ptseparatus 444 ferri 474 praecipitatus 475 magnefias 448 potafiae 408 impurus 194 puriffimus 409 fods 421 Carbonas fodae impurus zinci impurus prseparatu's Cardamlne pratenfis Cardamomum minus Cardopathia Carduus benedidlus Marianus tomentofus Carex arenaria Carica Carlina acaulis Carpobalfamuiil Carthamus tin6toriu3 Carum carui Carui Caryophylla aromatica CaryophyHeac Caryophyllata Caryophyllum rubrum Ca fear ilia Caffia lignea fiilula fcnna Gaftor liber Cailoreum Cataplafma aluminii curaini fmapeos Catechu Page 195 35H 509 197 14S 365 201 363 3^9 3^3 246 365 152 363* 197 ib. 241 384 366 23« 230 268 1 98 ib. 200 ib. 661 ib. 662 279 Caullicum commune acetrimum 406 mitius lunare mitius Centaurea benedifta Centaureum minus Cepa Cephaclis ipecacuanha Cephalopoda Cera flava alba Cerafus C<;ratonia filiqua Ceratophyta Ceratum cantharidis carbonatis zinci impuri epuloticum ; lapidis calaminaris lithargvri acetati comp. 3A 408 467 408 201 267 141 202 37^ 205 206 371 363 37<> 672 684 ib. ib. 679 738 Cerattim refinae flavae fap on is fimplex fpermatis ceti Ccrefoliura Cerufla acetata Cervus elaphus Cctacea Chamaedrys Chamaemelum Chamxpitys Chamomilla vulgaris Chelae cancrorum prasparatae Chelidonium majus Chenopodcae Chenopodium ambroIioi(Jes botrys China Chironia centaurium Chondropterygii Cichoraccs Cichorium intybus Cicuta virofa Cinara hortenfis Cinara fcolymus Cinarocephelce Cinchona Caribsea officinalis Cineres clavellati Cinnabaris faftitia Cinnamomum CilTampelos pareir^ Ciftoideas Ciftus Creticus Citrus aurantium medica Clematis erefta Coagulum aluminofum Coccinella Coccus cadi Cochlearia arraoracia officinalis Cocos butyracea Colchicum autumnalc Coleoptera LATIN Page Page 667 Colocynthis 230 677 Colomba 222 666 Coluber vipera 3^4 ib. Confeclio aromatica 645 372 Japonica 647 3^3 opiata 648 505 Conferva dichotoma 3^4 2C6 Coniferse 385 375 Conium maculatum 223 373 Conferva abfinthii maritimi 642 156 acetofellae ib. 374 ari ib. 368 citri aurantii 641 188 cort. ext. aurantii Hifp an. ib. 445 cynofbati ib. 3^3 lujulae 642 382 pruni fylveftris ib. 364 rofse ib. ib. caninac 641 373 rubral 642 207 fcillffi 645 376 Contrayerva 240 383 Convallaria majalis 364 364 Convolvulaceae 383 223 Convolvulus Americanua 364 394 jalapa 226 235 fcammonia 225 235 turpethum 364 383 Copaifera officinalis 227 214 Corallium rubrum 262 207 Cordia myxa 364 194 Coriandrum fativum 228 502 Cornu cervi 206 266 cervinum uftum 447 215 Cortex anguilurae ^55 384 Peruvianus 207 215 Corymbiferac 383 216 Cremor tartarl 347 218 Crocus antimonii 453 364 fativus 22& 661 Croton eleutheria- 230 219 Creta 194 ib. praeparata 444 221 Cruciferae 384 220 Cruftacea 376 222 Cryptogam ia 380 ib. Cry fl alii tartari 347 376 Cubeba 311 I N D E ^. 759 Gucumis agreftis colocynthls melo Cucurbita pepo Ciicurbitaceac Cuminum cyminum Cuprum ammoniacum ammoniatum vitriolatum Curcuma longa Cycas circinalis Cydonia malus Cyniphis nidus CynoglofTum officinale Cynomori'um coccineum Cynofbatus Cyperoi'dcse Cytinus hypociftis Page 281 230 364 ib. 385 231 ib. 471 ib. 234 360 235 365 319 321 3^S ib. 327 381 3^5 Deco6lum farfaparillae comp. fmilacis farfapariil£E ulmi Delphinium ftaphifagria Diadelphia Diandria Dianthus caryophyllus Decotyledones Diftamnus albus Creticus Dldynamia DJervilla Digitalis purpurea epiglottis Dioecia Dipfaccae Dodecandria Dolichos pruriens Dorftenia contraycrva Drymyrrhizae Dulcamara Page 566 ib. 56 237 377 376 238 382 365 379 ib. 368 238 365 380 383 37S 239 240 382 337 Daphne mezereum Daphnoideae Datura ftramoniutti Daucus carota fylveftris Decandria DecoAum althaese officinalis ^ anthemidis nobilis chamaemeli cinchonae officinalis commune cornu cervi corticis Peruvian! daphnes mezerei Geoffraeas inermis guaiaci officinalis comp. hellebori albi hordei dilUchi compofitum Jignorum polygalae fenegae pro enemate pro fomento Jarfaparilla 235 382 236 237 ib. 378 561 ib. ib. 562 561 586 ^62 564 ib. ib. 565 ib. ib. 564 566 561 562 566 Ebenaceae Ebulus Elaeagnoideae Elaterium Eleduarium aromaticum caffiae fiftuiz fennas catechu compofitum lenitivum opiatum fennae fcammonii Thebaicum Elemi Elixir paregoricum facrum falutis ftomachicum Emplaftrum adhasfivura amtnoniaci cum hydrarg, antihyftcricum aflge foetidae 383 372 382 529 644 64? 646 647 ib. 646 648 646 647 648 006, 617 607 600 675 681 676 ib. LATIN Emplaftrum caatliaridis cerro - ','.,•-. compofitum cereum commune cumini gummofiim hydrargyri iadani compofituni, lithargyri compofitum cum hydrargyro cum relina mcloes veficatodl compofitum oxidi ferri rubri plumbi femivitrei picis Burgundicae compofitum rcfinofum roborans faponis fimplex thuris compofitum veficatorium Emulfio amygdalls communis Arabica camphoraia Enneandria Enula campana Epidendrum vanlUa Epilobiante Eruca Eryngium maritimum campeftre Eryfimum officinale Eugenia caryophyllata Eui;atorium cannabinum Euphorbia officinalis Eupbrafia officinah's Exficcatio herbarum €t florum Extra ft um u)oes anthemidia nobllis cafcarillae caffiae fennai chamsemeli cmchcnge officinalis Page 672 667 ib. ib. 674 669 676 681 669 675 677 681 676 672 673 685 674 669 ib. 675 685 677 667 678 472 ib. 584 37« 260 36s 3S5 363 240 365 ib. 241 S^5 fb. ib. 522 626 625 629 62s ib. 626 628 Page Extra£lum colocy nthidlscomp. 629- convolvuli jalapae 628 corticis PeruvianI 626 durum 627 molle ib. cum refina 628 rubri refinaf. 629 genlftae 625 gentianae Iutea2 ib. glycyrrhizae glabrae 250, ib. haematoxyliCampechenfis ib. hellebori nigri ib. jalapae 626 jalapii 629 ligni Campechenfis 627 mimofas catechu opii ib> papaveris albi 625 pini 309 quercus 626 rutae gravcolentis 625 fabinae ib. Taturiii ^c6 fennae 627 Valerianae fylveftris refinof. 625 Faba Fagara oftandra Fel tauri Ferrum ammoniacalc lartarifatum vitriolatum Fej'ula afTa foetida ricoidese Ficus Indica rcligiofa , ; carica Filices Filix fee mi n a mas Flammula jo vis Flcwes benzoes martiales fulphuris loti zinci Foeniculum aquitidim 477' 375 36s 3% 242 4b'o 481 244 245 384 365 246 380,381 37f 364 399 480 388 508 379 INDEX. 741 Page Page Foeniculum dulce ^53 Gummi mimofae Nilotic* 280 Fcenum Groecum 351 tragacaatha 180 Formica lufa 3^6 rcTina aloes perfoliala 141 Fragaria vefca ib. ammoniaci M5 Fraxinus ornus 246 bubonis galbani 187 Fucus helminthoeortos 364 convolv. fcamm. ^ 225 FuUgo ligni combufti 248 ferulae aflae fcctidae 245 Fumaria officinalis ib. gambogia 339 Fungi 3B^ guaiaci officinalis 251 fungus Melitenfis 365 juiiiperi lyciae 263 kino 264 myrrlia 289 G fagapenura 331 Guttifer^ 384 Gadus lota 366 Gynandria 3«9 Galanga 368 Galbanum 187 Galls 321 H Gallinx 375 Gambogia 339 Haematoxylon Campcch. 253 gutta ib. Hcdera terrellris 568 Garclnia gambogia ib. helix 366 Genifta 338 Helleborafter 254 Gentiana lutea 248 Helleborus albiis 3i4 centaureum 207 foetid us 254 pannonica 366 niger 253 Gentianeas 383 Hclminthocorton 364 GeofFrxa inermis 249 Hcmiptera 37^ Geum paluftre 366 Hepar fulphuris 418 rivale ib. Hepaticae 381 ; urbanum ib. Heptandria 378 Geranioideae 384 Hefperidcae 348 Ginfeng 269 Hexandria 378 Glecoma liederacea 366 Hilofpermce 383 Glycyrrhiza glabra 249 Hippocattanum 135 echinata 366 Hirudo mtdicinalis 366 Glyptofperma? 384 Hordeum diftichon 254 Gnathaptera 376 Humulus lupulus 366 Gramen 374 Hydrargyrum 254 Graminese 381 acetatum 484 Grana paradlfi 360 calcinatuna 467 Granatum 318 cum creta 496 Gratiola officinalis 251 cum fulphure Guaiacum officinale 25' muriatum 486 Guilandina moringa 366 corrofivum ib. Gummi Arabicum 280 mite 491 altragali tragacantlise 180 praecipitatum 491 3 ^3 742 LATIN Page Hydrargyrum mite fubllmatum 489 Ifis nobilis nitratum rubrum 498 purificatum 483 fub-nicratum 498 fub-vitriulatum 499 fulphuratum nigrum 501 rubrum . 502 vitriolatum 499 Hydrocharideae 382 J Hvdro-fulphnrctum amraonise 437 Hymenoptera 376 Hyol'ciamus niger 258 Hypericoideae 384 Hypericum perforatum 260 quadrangulare 366 bacciferum 339 Hypociilis 365 Jacca Jalapa Jafmineae Jafminum officinale Joncaceas Juglans regia Juniperus commum's lycia fabina K Page 262 375 226 382 367 381 262 ib. lb. Hyflbpus officinalis 260 Kaempferia rotunda 264 Kali acetatum 412 prasparatum 40& I purum 406 fulphuratum 418 Ichthyocolla 132 tartarifatum 420 Icofandria 378 vitriolatum 416 lUex aquifolium 367 Kermes mineralis 455 lUicium anifatum ib. Kino 264 Imperatoria oftruthium ib. Infufum amarum SS^ L cinchonae officinalis 555 corticis Pcruviani 556 Labiatae 382 digitalis purpurese ib. Lac ammoniaci 585 geutianiE lutese compofi. ib. amygdala; 5^5 Japonicum 557 affae fcetidas 585 mimofae catechu ib. vaccinum 362 rhei palmati 558 Lacca 365 rofae Gallicae ib. Laduca virofa 266 fenncs fimplex 559 fatiya 367 tartarifatum 560 Ladanum 215 tamarindi Indici cum caf- Lamium album 367 fia fenna ib. Lapathum aquaticum 372 Infeda 376 acutum ib. Inula heleniura 260 Lapilli cancrorum 188, 441 Ipecacuanha 202 Lapis calaminaris 35^ Irideae 381 pra?paratus 509 Iris Florentina 261 Laudanum liquidum 606 pfeudacorus ib. Laurineas 382 INDEX. 74i Lauro cerafus Laurus camphora caffia cinnamomum nobilis pechurim faflafras Lavandula Lavandula fpica Ledum paluftre Leguminofa: Lcontodon taraxacum Lepidium fativuni Levifticum Lichen iflandicus pulmonarius Ligulb'cum levifticum Lilaceae Llllaceae Lilium candldum convallium album Limatura ferri purificata Limon Linaria Linimcatum ammonix fortius anodynum Page 269 268 266 271 271 272 ib. 3<^7 272 367 ib. ib. ib. ib. 382 38i 273 364 273 243 474 2.18 361 533 ib. 609 camphorae compofitum 613 camphoratum 614 faponaceum 6o8 faponis compofitum 609 fimplex 664 volatile ^ 533^ ^H Lmum catharticum 273 ufitatiflimum ib. Liquidamber ftyracifluum 367 Liquiritia ^66 Liquor aethereus nitrofu^ ^18 oieofus 516 vitriolicus 515 alkali vegctabilis mitiffimi 411 volaLilis acetati 436 cauftici 427 mitis 433 cupri ammoniati 4-7^5 JiofFqnianni anodynus 51^ Page Liquor lithargyri acetati 506 compofitus ib. . volatilis cornu cervi 434 Lithargyrus 3 14 Lixivium caufticuni 403 mite 410 Lobelia fyphiliiica 274 Lomentaccje 35^ Lonicera Diervilla 363 Lopeziana radix 368 Loranthus Europaeus ib. Lujula 295 Lupinus albus 368 Lupulus ^66 Lycoperdon bovifta 368 Lycopodium clavatum ib. Lyilmachia purpurea ib, Lythrum falicaria ib. Lytca veficatoria 276 M Macis 285 Magnefia 44^ alba ib. nigra, five vitrariorum 36S' ulla 448 vitriolata 345 Mahagoni 348 Majorana 295 Malpighiacege 384 Malva arborea 360 rotundifolia 368 fylveftris 274 Malvaceae 384 Mammalia 375 Manganefium ^6^ Manna 246 Maranta galanga 368 Marcafita 362 Marrubium vulgare 274 Mafum Syriacum 350 Maftiche 3 1 1 Matricaria chamomilla 368 Parthenium ib. Mechoacanna 364 Md 27^ 744 LATIN Mel acetatum defpumatum rofse fcillx Melaleuca leucadendron Melampodium Melaftomeas Meliacese Mclilotus Meliffa officinalis calamintha Melo Meloe profcarabaeus veficatorius Melolontha vitis Menifpermoideas Mentha aquatica crifpa piperita pulegium rubra fativa viridis Menyanthes trifoliata Mercurialis annua Mercurius prxcipitatus ruber fublimacus corrofivus Mezereon Millefolium nobilis Millepedae praeparats Mimofa catechu Nilotica Senegal Minium MiC ura camphorata cretacea mofchata Mollufca Moniordica elaterium Monadelphia Monandiia Monocotyledones Monoecia Morus nigra Mpfchus ' artificialis Page 580 380 581 582 275 253 385 384 374 276 36B 364 369 276 ib. 384 369 lb. 278 369 278 ib. 279 369 497 468 ^35 360 ib. 294 523 279 280 369 3^3 584 586 3^5 350 281 379 376 381 380 282 ib.. 45^ Page Mofchus mofchiferus 282 Mucilago amyli r6y Arabici gummi 569 aftragali tragacanthas 568 gumnni tragacantha2 ib. mimofae Niloticae 568 fcminum cydonii mali 569 tragacanthse 568 Murias 283 ammonias 284. et ferri 480 antimonii 459 barytas 439 Ijydrargyrl 486 fodae 285 exficcatus 425 Mufci 380, 381 Muftcla fluviatilis 366 Myriftica mofchata 286 Myrobalanus citrina 369 Myroxylon Peruiferuni 288 Myrrha 289 Myrtillus 374 Myrtoideae 385 Myrtus pimenta 29Q N Naphtha Narciflbide« Narcifius pfeudonarcifTus Nalrurtium aquaticum Natron praeparatum tartarifatum . vitriolatum Nicotiana tabacum NIgella fativa Nitras argenti potaflae Nitrum purificatum Nux mofchata behcn vomica Nyftagireae NynnpLse^ lutea 184 381 369 336 421 427 425 490 369 292 467 292 ib. 415 286 366 373 382 3^9 I N D £ K. 74S Page Ocimum balillcum 3^9 Oaaiidria 37« Oculi cancrorum 188 cancrorum praeparati 441 Olea Europaea 293 deftillata, effcnt. five volal, 3 42 Oleum animale 550 ammoniatiim 533 amygdalae commv^nkv^t a nSS''' cajeputtE ...,'.r 275 camphoratiim 534 coci butyraccae 222 cornu cervi 434 redllficatum 550 lauri nobllJs 271 llni cum cake 534 ufitatlffimi 532 macis 286 oleae Europscae 293 ollvarum 293 palmae 222 petrolei 549 ricini 326, 532 finapeos ib. fucclni 400 purifilm. feu redific. 549 fulphuratuin 535 vi'ni 516 vltrloli 1 3 1 terebinthinae 309, 544 redlificatum 545 volatile anifi 543 baccarum juniperi ib. carui , ^43 caryophyl'se arom. 24 x citri aurantil 216 medicae 21S florum fcenlculidulcis544 juniperi communis ib. fabir^ ib. lauri faflafras ib. lavandulae fpitas ib. melaleucae leucadcn. 275 me nth 32 pipen'tse 544 fativae ib. myriftlcae mofchatas 286 Pacre 01. volat. myiJti pimcntae 5J4 origani ib. pimplnellas anlQ c '^ pini laricis 3^5 pu^egil ^ ^ . . 544 rorifmarini officinalis ib. rutac ib. fabinae ib. faffafraa ib. feminnmfcEniculidul.343 terebinth. puriflimum 54 J Olibaniim 263 Oliva 293 Onifcus afellus 294 Ononis fpinof^ 369 Onopordium acanthium ib. Opium 297 purlficatum 630 Opobalfamum I32 Opv)ponax 330 Orchidea: 382 Orchis latifolia, 5cc. 369 Origanum dldamnus majorana vulgare Orobanchoideae Oryza lativa Oftrea eduHs 295 Oftrearum lellae praeparatac 445 Ovis aries 2 95 Ovorum teflae praeparatx 445 Ovum galllnum 303 Oxalis acetofcila 295 Oxidum antlm. cum phof. cal. 461 ant. cum fulph. per nit.pot.432 antim. turn fulph. vitrif. 433 ant. vitrificat. cum cera 454 arfenici 173 ferri nigrum 244 purlficatum 474 nib rum 478 hydrargyrl cinereum 494 rub. per acid, nitric. 497 plumbi album 313 rubrum ib. ftmivltrcum 314 zinci 508 impurum 357 o7^ 295 294 382 74^ LATIN Oxidum zinci imp. piaspar Oxycoccos Oxymel acrugfnis colchici fclllae limplfix Pachydermata Pasnea farcocolla Paeon ia officinalis Palmae Panax quinquefolium Papaver album erraticum rhoeas fomniferum Papaveracese Pareira brava Parietaria officinalis PafTulae minores Paftinaca opoponax Pechurim faba Pentandria Pentaphyllum Pepo Perfonatse Peruvianus cortex Petroleum Barbadenfc fulphuratum Petrofelinum Phafianus gallus Phellandrium aquaticum Phcenix dadylifera Phofphas calcis fodae Pbyfalis alkekengi Phyfeter macrocepbalus Phytolacca decandra Pilulae aloes compofitae cum afla fetida cum colocinthide cum myrrha aloecicae ammoniareti cupri affse feet id ae compofitse Page 374 582 581 582 580 290 370 3S1 296 297 ib, ib. ib, 384 215 315 303 310 311 316 3^4 382 207 184 535 163 3<^3 310 ib. 447 422 370 304 370 654 655 ib. 6s6 654 657 656 Page Pilulas galbani compofitae 6s6 hydrargyri 657 opii 658 opiatae ib. Piunimeri 66(3 rhei compofitas 659 fcilis ib. fcilliticae ib. ftibii compofitae 660 Thebaicae 658 Pimento 290 Pimpinella albd 370 anifum 304 faxifraga 370 Pinus abics 305 balfamea I'b. larix ib. fylveftris ib. pinea 370 fativa ib. Piper cubeb^ 311 Indie um 190 longum 31? nigrum 310 PIfces 376 Piftacia lentifcus 3^^ terebinthus ib. vera 370 Pix Burgundica 307 liquida 309 Plantagineas 382 Piantago media 37« cynops ib. pfyliium ib. Plumbagincae 382 Plumbum ^0" 3^3 Pluviales Polemonacese Polyadelphia 379 Polyandria lb. Polygala amar^ 371 vulgaris lb. fenega 3^4 Polygamia 380 Polygoneas 382 Polygonum biftorta 315 Polypodium filix mas 3^5 vulgare 31^. INDEX. jpdpulus balfamifera Page 371 Pulvi nigra Portulaces Potaffa cum calce Potentilla reptans Potio carbonatis calcis ib. 384 406 408 316 586 ■ cretacea ib. Prseparatio quorundum, aqua non folubilium 444 Primulaceae 382 Proteoideje ib. Prunus cerafus 371 domeftica 3 1 6 Gallica ib. lauro-cerafus 371 fpinofa 317 fylyellris ib. Pfyllium 379 Ptarmica 360 Pteris aquilina 371 Pterocarpus fantalinus 3 1 7 draco aiS Pulegium 279 Pulmonaria officinalis 371 Pulparum extraftio r^o pracparatio ib. Pulfatilla nigricans -061 Pulvis aloes cum canella C^^ aloeticus cum guaiaco ib. ferro ib. antimoniaKs 46 1 aromaticus 634 afari Europsei compofitus ib. carbonatis calcis comp. 67^ cretaceus ib. cretas compofitus ib. cum opio ib. chelarum cancri comp. 6^6 ceruffae compofitus ib. contrayervae compofitus ib, Doveri 627 hydrargyri cinereus 495 ipecacuanhae et opii 637 compofitus ib jalapas compofitus ib. myrrhse compofitus ib. opiatus 638 Pulvis fcammonH compofitus cum aloe cum calomelanc fennae compofitus ilaiini ftlbialus itypticus fulphatis aluminsE comp. tragacanthse compofitus Punica granatura Pyrenaceaf Pyrethrum Pyrus cydonia malus CL Quaflia excelfa fimaruba Quercus robur cerris ^47 Page 638 lb- ib. 507 461 640 ib. ib. 382 '57 3iy 371 320 3»9 320 321 371 384 861 221 Rana efculenta Ranuncalaceae Ranunculus albus Raphanus rufticanus Refina pini 307, 308 alba ib. ib. amyridis Gileadenfia i c2 copaiferae officinalis 227 flava 308, 631 guaiaci 25 1 pini abietis 307 balfamese 306 laricis ib. fylveftris 309 piftaciac lentifci 311 pterocarpi draconis 318 Rhabarbarum 322 Sibiricum 371 Rhamnus catharticus 322 zyziphus 371 Rhamnoidese ^ 385 Rheum palraatum 322 74* LA T I N Page Page Rheum rhaponticum 372 Sagus farinaria Sal alkali, fixus foffilis 372 undulatum 371 . punti. 421 Rhinanthoideae 382 amoniacus 284 Rhododendron cryfanthum 324 benzoini 399 Rhodoracea; ^ 3^3 communis 285 Rhus toxicodendron 3^S exficcatus 425 Ribes nigrum 326 cornu cervi 434 rubrum ib. diureticus 413 Ricinus communis ib. Glauberi 425 Rob fambuci 528 martis 477 Rodentia 375 muriaticus 285 Rofa canina 327 polychreftua 417 ccntif'oh'a ib. Rupellenfis 426 Damafcen^ ib. fuccini 401 Gallica ib. purificatus ib. rubra ib. tartari 409 Rofaceae 385 Salep 345 Rofmarinus ofEcinah'a 328 Salix alba, &c. 372 fylvellris 367 fragilis 33i»347 Rubia tinftorum 328 Salvia officinalis 332 RubiacejE 383 horminum 372 Rubigo ferri 474 Sambucus ebulus ib. Rubus ardicus 372 nigra 332 caefius ib. Sanguis draconia 318 chamasmorus ib. Sanicula eutopxa 372 fruticofus ib. Santalum rubrum 317 idaeus 328 Santonicum 177 Rumex acetofa 329 Sapo 333 aquaticus 372 Saponaceae 384 acutus ib. Saponaria officinalis 372 Ruminantia 275 Sarcocolla 296 Ruta graveolens 329 Sarfaparilla 336 llutaceae 384 Sarmentaceae 384 J I Saffafras 271 Satyrium 369 S Saxifragese 384 Scabiofa arvenfis 372 Sabadilla 374 fucclfa ib. Sabina 3<^3 Scammonium 225 Saccharum non purificatum 329 Scandix cerefolium 372 la£lis 362 Scilla maritima 334 officinarum 329 cxficcata 523 purificatum lb. Scillje praeparatae ib. puriffimum ib. Scitaminese 382 rubrum ib. Scordiura 3S0 faturni 504 Scorzonera Hifpanica 373 Sagapenum 331 Scrophularia nodgfa lb. 3a^o 3^5 Sebellenae , 383 INDEX. 7^9 Page SecaiC ccrealo 373 Sediim majus ib. Sempervivum te<^orum ib, Senecio Jacobfca ib. Scntka 314. Senna 198 Sepia oftopoda 373 Serpentaria VIrglniana 170 Serpyllum \ 374 Serum laftls vaccini 362 Sevum bovlnum 363 ovIUum 295 prceparatum 663 phyfeteris macrocephali 304 Siliqua dulcis ' 362 Simarouba 319 Sinapis alba 335 nigra ib. .Sifymbrium nafturtfdm 336 Sium nodiflorum ib. fifarum 373 Smilacese 381 Smilax china 373 far fapar ilia 336 Solaneaj 382 Solanum dulcamara 337 nigrum 373 Solidago virga aurea 337 J^pludo acecitis zincf ^12 f-'^ muriatis barytas 442 calcis 446 fulphatis cupri compofita 471 zinci rii Spartium fcoparium 338 Spermaceti 204 Spigella anthelmia 273 Marilandica ,538 Spina cervina 222 Spiritus setheris nitrofi ^ i 8 5v vitriolic i ' ci^ '^i^f, compofitus 516 ^Tf. alkali volatilis 430 aromaticus 615 fcetidus 554 ammonijE 430 aromaticus 614 compofitus ib. foetidua 554 Page Spirltus amm. fucclnatus 615 aniii compofitus 55^ camphoiatui 595 cari carvi 5^2 cinnamomi ib. janiperi communis comp. 554 lauri cinnamomi ^rj lavandulaj fpicae ib. compofitus 603 menthae piperittie ^^z fativse ib. Mindereri 435 myrifticae mofchatae 5^2 myrtipimentie ib. nucis mofchatae ib. pimento ib. pulegii^ ib. raphani compofitus ee^ rorilmarini officinalis ^^2 vinofus camphoratus 59^ r^dificatus 135 tenulor 13JJ Spongia 376 officinalis 338 ulla 524 Squammse fcrri 244 purificatae 474 Stalagmitis cambogioides 339 Stannum 340 Staph ifagria 237 Stibium 157 aitro calcinatum 452 muriatum caufticum 459 prceparatum 452 Strammonium officinale 23^ Str)-chnos nux vomica 373 Styrax benzoin 341 calamita ib, liqiiida 367 officinale 340 purificata 632 Sub-acetis cupri 233 boras fodoe 342 murias hydrargyri 488 prgecipitatus 491 fulphas hydrarg. flavus 499 Succi ad fcorbuticos 526 SuCcinum 342 750 LATIN Page Siicculentse 384 Succus cochlearias offic. cojnp. 526 concretusfraxiniorni 246 rhamni cathartici 322 fpffTatus aconiti napelli 527 atropae belladonnae ib. cicutge 528 conii maculati ib. hyofciami nigri ib. laducae virofae ib. limonis ^ ib. momordlcae elaterii 529 papaveris fomniferi 297 ribis nigri 5^8 fambuci nigri ib. Sulphas ^ 343 aluminae ib. exficcarus barytge cupri fern exficcatus magnefige potaflse cum fulphure fodae zinci Sulphur antimonii praecipitat. 457 prgecipitatum 388 ilibiatum fufcum 455 rufum 45 7 fubHmatum 346 lotum 388 Sulphuretum antimonii 158 praeparatum 45 1 pracipitatum 4^7 hydrargyri nigrum 501 potafice 418 Super- fulphas alum, et pot. 343 tartaris potaflk 347 impurus ib. Sus fcrofa ib. Swietenia febrifuga ^^S mahagoni ib. Symphitum oiEcInale 373 Syngenefia 379 Syrupi 569 Syrupus acidi acetofi 571 451 345 234 244, 476 477 345 415 416 425 510,325 Syrupus allii althaese ofHcinalis amomi zingiberis balfamicus caryophiUi rubri citri aurantii medici * colchici autumnalis communis corticis aurantii croci dianthi caryophylli limonum mannac opii papaveris fomniferi albi erratici rhamni cathartici rofae Gallicae centifolise facchari rubri fciilae maritiraae fimplex fpinaa cervinae fucci fruclus mori ribis nigri rubi, idxi fucci limonis Toluiferae balfami Tolutanus violae odoratae zingiberis Page 571 571 572 578 574 572 573 574 570 573 575 574 573 575 576 'II 575 577 578 577 578 329 578 570 577 573 ib. ib. ib. 578 579 ib. 572 Tacamahaca Tamarindus Indica Taraxacum Tanacetum vulgare Tartar! chryftalli Tartarus emeticus Tartarum folubile Ilibiatum vitriolatum 365, 37 1 348 272 349 341 462 347 419 463 415 31 Tartris antlmonii potaflae et fodas Terebintaceae Tcrebinthina Chia Vcneta vulgaris Teftudo Ferox Tetrad ynamia Tetrandria Teucrium chamaedrys chamaepitys maium fcordium Theobroma cacao Thus Thymus ferpyllum vulgaris TIlia Europaea Tiliaceae Tindura aloes aetherea focotorinae- cum myrrha compofita amomi repentis ariilolochiae ferpentariae aromatica aflae foetidae aurantii corticis balfami Peruvian! Tolutani benzoes compofita camphorae cantharidum cardamomi compofita cafcarillae cafiiae i'ennae compofita caftorei compofita catechu cinchonas ammoniata compofita officinalis cinnamomi compofita colombs INDEX. V51 Page Page 462 Tin 152 Zedoaria ' 148, 264. Zincum 357 calcinal^um 508 vitriolatum 510 Zingiber ^ 147 Zoophyta* 37^ F 1 N I S» Rdiniurgb ; Printed by MMndell and Son. r »* ,^. r:>:i.:!>^^-r3^^" / r>Pi IJOCKED CASE \ t>» .- -*«5 <*• : AI%