CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
 OUTLINES OF STUDIES 
 
 IN THE HISTORY OF 
 
 THE MIDDLE AGES 
 
 WITH SUGGEvSTIONS AS TO THE SOURCES 
 OF KNOWLEDGE 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE LINCOLN BURR 
 
 THIRD PERIOD : 
 
 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
 
 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION. 
 
 ( 1300-1600 A.D. ) 
 OUTLINE OF COURSE. 
 
 I. 
 THE RENAISSANCE. 
 
 1 . Christendom at the Dawn of the Renaissance. 
 
 2. The Avignonese Captivity and the Great Schism. 
 
 3. The Rivalry of Hapsburg, Luxemburg, and Wittelsbach. 
 
 4. The Hundred Years' War. 
 
 5. Turk and Mongol in Europe. 
 
 6. The Revival of the Nation. 
 
 7. The Revival of the Individual. 
 
 8. The Revival of Literature. 
 
 9. The Revival of Art. 
 
 10. The Revival of Science. 
 n. The Revival of Conscience. 
 12. The Age of Discovery. 
 
 II. 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 1. Christendom at the End of the Fifteenth Century. 
 
 2. The Struggle for the Balance of Power. 
 
 3. Humanism and Heresy. 
 
 4. The German Revolt from Rome. 
 
 5. The Swiss Revolt from Rome. 
 
 6. The French Revolt from Rome. 
 
 7. The English Revolt from Rome. 
 
 8. The Social Revolution. 
 
 9. Protestantism and the Balance of Power. 
 
 10. Protestantism in the Mediterranean Lands. 
 
 11. Protestantism in Scandinavia and in Slavdom. 
 
 12. The Sects of the Reformation.
 
 III. 
 
 THE REACTION. 
 
 1. The Turk and the Comet. 
 
 2. The Rise of the Jesuits. 
 
 3. The Crisis and the Council of Trent. 
 
 4. The Jesuit Reformation. 
 
 5. The Spanish Supremacy. 
 
 6. The Revolt of the Netherlands. 
 
 7. The Religious Wars in France. 
 
 8. England and the Reaction. 
 
 9. Papacy and Empire. 
 
 10. Magyar and Slav. 
 
 1 1 . Occident and Orient. 
 
 12. The Republic of Letters and of Art.
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE ON 
 
 THE SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 The original sources for our study of this period are far too numerous 
 and too scattered to be fully pointed out in these outlines. They may be 
 sought through the standard bibliographies of national history (for Germany, the 
 Quellenkunde of DAHLMANN, WAITZ, and STEINDORFF, and the Geschichtsquellen 
 of I.ORENZ, for France, Monod's Bibliograpkie, for the Low Countries, Pi- 
 RENNE'S, for England, MULLINGER'S Introduction and GAIRDNER'S Early Chron- 
 icles) or through the introductions, notes, and appendices of modern writers upon 
 the period. Of these, most useful for this purpose are the Histoire generale of 
 LAVISSE and RAMBAUD, the church histories of GIESELER, ALZOO, SCHAFF, and 
 MOLLER, the histories of the Popes by CREIGHTON and PASTOR, the histories of 
 Germany by JANSSEN and GEBHARDT, the little French series called L'histoire 
 de France racontee par les contemporains, and, in less degree, the histories of En- 
 gland by LINGARD, FROUDE, GREEN, and BRIGHT. Especially valuable, for criti- 
 cal estimates of the sources, are the works of RANKE on this period. To the year 
 1500 one can use, for the identification of these sources, and for a knowledge of 
 their editions and translations, the Bibliolheca historica of POTTHAST. To the 
 sources for the history of the Reformation, the best guides are the introductions 
 of SCHAFF and the lists of books appended by Dr. FISHER to his own history of 
 the Reformation and to that of SEEBOHM. A multitude of more special works, 
 which in their own fields give us yet more valuable guidance, will find mention 
 on the several outlines. 
 
 It will not be wise to repeat on each outline the titles of those general histories 
 which are of use for the whole period. It goes without saying that the encyclo- 
 paedias, the dictionaries of history and of biography, the histories of civilization, 
 of art, of literature, and of the sciences, the general histories of the Middle Ages, 
 of modern times, of the Christian Church, of the several European states, all treat 
 with greater or less fullness the period or the characters of our study. Many of 
 these will be found in the presses of the general reading-room ; and all possessed 
 by the library are of course enumerated under these rubrics in its catalogue. Of 
 especial value will be found the articles of the Encyclopedia Britannica. of the 
 Grande Encyclopedic, an i of the Allgemeine Encyclopadie of ERSCH and GRUBER, 
 the biographies of the Dictionary of National Biography and of the Allgemeine 
 deutsche Biographic, the pertinent chapters of the Weltgeschichte of WEBER, of 
 the Histoire generale of LAVISSE and RAMUAUD, and of the universal histories of 
 FISHER and ANDREWS, the histories of civilization, mediaeval, German, or 
 French, by GUIZOT, 1 1 AI.I.AM, ADAMS, FREYTAG, RAMBAUD, the histories of the 
 Middle Ages by DURUY, ASSMANN-MEYER, PRUTZ, of Modern Europe by DYER 
 and LODGE, the church histories of BARONIUS and his continuators, of ALZOG, of 
 GIESELER, of MILMAN, of FISHER, of MOLLER, the histories of Germany by 
 
 SOUCHAY, SUGRNHBIM, JANSSEN, LAMPRECHT, GEBHARDT, HENDERSON, of 
 
 France by SISMONDI, MARTIN, DARESTE, L.WALLEB, CHALLAMBL, DURUY, of 
 England by HUME, LINGARD, PAULI and BROSCH, PEARSON, FROUDE, KNIGHT, 
 GREEN, BRIGHT, GARDINER, of Italy by LEO, SISMONDI, CANTU, of Spain and
 
 Portugal by DUNHAM, SCHAEFER, SCHIRRMACHER, STEPHENS. Many of these, in- 
 deed, have been iu part superannuated by later research, but all are still of use 
 as a whole or for a general survey. A multitude of others, less serious or more 
 antiquated, which will be found by aid of the shelves or of the catalogue, will 
 serve a useful purpose when better books are not available. 
 
 The general histories of the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Reaction (more 
 often called the Counter- Re formation), together with the more useful of the 
 special works dealing singly with the phases, characters, or events of these 
 epochs, will find mention, and sometimes description, at the head of the several 
 outlines. Only such books will be named, however, as are in the university 
 library, and therefore accessible to the members of the class. Works of imports 
 ance may be omitted because lacking to the library ; but, on the other hand, only 
 a small part of the library's actual wealth in the field of each topic can be 
 enumerated on the outline. To this further literature, however, as to the 
 original sources, the works named will prove an adequate key, and the university 
 catalogue a door. 
 
 Of the rich collection on the Reformation which forms a part of the President 
 White Library a special catalogue has been printed ; and one of our noble Dante 
 collection, the gift of Professor Fiske, which includes many works dealing with 
 the whole history of the Renaissance, is now under way. These as well as the 
 general slip catalogue of the library must therefore be consulted. Much too of 
 value to our study may be found in the printed catalogue of the Miscellanea of the 
 White Library. 
 
 The bes* historical atlases for our use are those of SPRDNER-MENKE and of 
 DROYSEN ; but the smaller ones of LABBERTON, COLLIER, FONCIN, COLBECK, 
 serve a useful purpose, as does also the little one attached to FREEMAN'S in- 
 valuable Historical Geography of Europe. The best handbook of dates is that of 
 PLOETZ, in the translation of Tillinghast. The most useful genealogical tables 
 are those of GEORGE and GROTE and the elaborate old ones of HUEBNER.
 
 THE RENAISSANCE. 
 
 I. 
 CHRISTENDOM AT THE DAWN OF THE RENAISSANCE. 
 
 Besides the general and national histories, the best sources for 
 such a survey of the Christian world at the end of the i3th century are the atlases, 
 with the texts accompanying them. A map showing the condition of things at 
 any time between 1270 and 1325 will answer the purpose. To this should be added 
 some map showing the ecclesiastical divisions of Christendom in the closing 
 centuries of the Middle Ages. 
 
 I. Its extent. 
 
 i. Latin Christendom. 2. Greek Christendom. 
 
 II. Its neighbors. 
 
 i. Islam. 2. The Orient. 
 
 III. Its elements. 
 
 1. The Church. 
 
 2. The Empires. 
 
 a. The Greek, b. The German. 
 
 3. The Kingdoms. 
 
 a. Germany, b. France, c. England, d. The Spanish 
 kingdoms (Aragon, Castile, Portugal, Navarre), e. 
 The Scandinavian kingdoms (Denmark, Sweden, 
 Norway), f. The Slavic kingdoms (Bohemia, Po- 
 land, Lithuania), g. The Danubian kingdoms (Hun- 
 gary, Servia, Bulgaria), h. Kingdoms moribund and 
 kingdoms nascent. 
 
 4. The Cities. 
 
 a. The Italian cities, b. The Flemish cities, c. The 
 Baltic cities. 
 
 5. The Universities.
 
 THE RENAISSANCE, 
 ii. 
 
 THE AVIGNONESE CAPTIVITY AND THE GREAT SCHISM. 
 
 Original Sources. To the acts of Boniface VIII and his next successor 
 the Regesta Pontificum of Potthast is the invaluable guide. Most of the bulls 
 may be found in the Bullaria or in the Corpus juris canonici, and the more im- 
 portant documents of the controversy with Philip are printed in full in the An- 
 nales ecclesiastici of Raynaldus (the continuator of Baronius). Translations of 
 some of them may be found in Henderson's Historical documents. The complete 
 Registrum of Boniface's official utterances, now in process of publication, the li- 
 brary does not yet own. The career of Philip IV we shall soon have occasion to 
 study more fully in another connection, and discussion of the sources may wait 
 till then. 
 
 For Clement V we happily possess the exhaustive edition of his utterances lately 
 put forth by the papal press. The contemporary lives of the Avignonese Popes 
 are all gathered in the Vitae Paparum Avenionensium of Baluze. The other nar- 
 rative sources for their story are mainly to be found in the great national collec- 
 tions (especially the Rerum Italicarum scriptores of Muratori, the Recueil des 
 historiens de la France, begun by Bouquet, the Monumenta Germaniae historica, 
 still sometimes known by the name of its first editor, Pertz, the " Rolls series " 
 of Chronicles and memorials of Great Britain and Ireland}. The most vivid 
 glimpses of the condition of things ecclesiastical in the Empire at this time are 
 perhaps to be found in the Chronicon of the Franciscan friar, John of Winter- 
 thur (Vitoduranus), which is accessible also in a German translation. In the 
 sources touching the suppression of the Templars our library is rich. The best 
 bibliography of them is Gmelin's, in his Schuld oder Unschuld des Templerordens. 
 
 The two most important sources for the Great Schism the De scismate of Die- 
 trich of Nieheim (Theodoricus de Niem) and the Cosmodromium of Gobelinus 
 Persona are not in the library. The acts of the Councils of Pisa and Constance 
 may be found not only in the comprehensive collections of the Concilia (ours is 
 the well-indexed one of Hardouin), but in H. von der Hardt's great work on the 
 Council of Constance, in which are gathered also nearly everything of import- 
 ance for the history of that Council. The interesting chronicle of the Council by 
 a burgher of Constance, Ulrich von Richental, is written in German. The best 
 picture of the religious evils of the I4th century is perhaps the De planctu Ecclf- 
 siae of Alvarus Pelagius. 
 
 Remoter Sources. The best general chapters may be found in the 
 church histories (SchafF, alas, did not live to publish his volume on this part of 
 the Middle Ages) and those of the Papacy (Greenwood, Creighton, Pastor). Of 
 more special works may be named : Tosli, Vita di Bonifazio VIII. Gregorovius, 
 Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter. Rocquain, I,e cour de Rome et 1'esprit 
 de relormeavant l,uiher.Ddlh'nger, Anagni (in his Akademische Vortrage, i). 
 Wenck, Clemens V und Heinrich VII. Fournier, I,e royaume d'Arles. Dollinger, 
 Deutschlands Kampf mil dem Papstthum unter Kaiser Ludwig dem Bayer 
 (in his Akademische Vortrage, i, and in English translation, in his Studies in Ku- 
 ropean History, as The struggle of Germany with the Papacy under the Emperor 
 I,udwig of Bavaria). Lindner, Die Wahl Urban's VI (in the Historische Zeit-
 
 schrift, xxviii). Valois, L'61ection d' Urbain VI et les origines du grand schisnie 
 (in the Revue des questions historiques, xlviii) ; and especially his La France et 
 le grand schisnie d' Occident. Lenfanl, Histoire du Concile de Pise. Hefele, Con- 
 ciliengeschichte, vi. Tosti, Storia del Concilio di Costanza. Erler, Dietrich von 
 Nieheim. 
 
 On the episode of the Templars the best chapter is that of Lea, in his History 
 of the Inquisition, iii ; as to the rest of the literature see Langlois' article in the 
 Revue historique, xl, or Gmelin's excellent book, already cited the library 
 has all of importance. Mr. Lea's work is, too, the best on the dealings of the 
 Church with the heretics. The heresies themselves and the efforts at religious 
 reform, as well as the political history of Christendom during this period, are 
 subjects for our later study. 
 
 I. Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV. 
 
 1. Benedetto Gaetani (Pope 1294-1303). 
 
 2. Philip the Fair, of France (King 1285-1314). 
 
 3. The Papacy and the French nation. 
 
 4. The struggle. 
 
 The bull Clericis laicos (1296). The bull Ausculta fili 
 (1301). The bull Unam sanctum (1302). The epi- 
 sode at Anagni (1303). 
 
 5. Pope Benedict XI (1303-1304). 
 
 II. The " Babylonish Captivity " of the Papacy ( 1305-1377). 
 
 1. Pope Clement V (1305-1314). 
 
 Clement and Philip. The suppression of the Templars. 
 Clement and the Emperor Henry VII. 
 
 2. Pope John XXII (1316-1334). 
 
 The quarrel with the Bavarian. 
 
 3. The later Avignonese Popes. 
 
 Benedict XII. Clement VI. Innocent VI. Urban V. 
 Gregory XI. 
 
 4. Rome during the Captivity. 
 
 Orsini and Colonna. The republic of Rienzi ( 1347-1354 ). 
 
 5. The Church during the Captivity. 
 
 The papal administration. The religious life. The Fran- 
 ciscan quarrels. Lollardry and mysticism. 
 
 6. The return to Rome. 
 
 The first return (1367-1369). The second return (1377). 
 St. Catharine of Siena. 
 
 III. The " Great Schism of the West " ( 1378-1418). 
 
 1. The double Papacy. 
 
 2. The Council of Pisa ( 1409). 
 
 3. The triple Papacy. 
 
 4. The Council of Constance (1414-1418). 
 
 5. The results of Captivity and Schism.
 
 THE RENAISSANCE, 
 ill. 
 
 THE RIVALRY OF HAPSBURG, LUXEMBURG, AND 
 WITTELSBACH. 
 
 Original Sources. To these the one sufficient guide is Lorenz's Deutsch- 
 lands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter seit der Mitte des ij.Jahrhunderts ; but a new 
 edition is now sorely needed. Only a beginning has yet been made in t!;e 
 gathering of the sources for this period of the history of Germany into the great 
 national collection, the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Much more may be 
 found in the Austrian Fontes rerum Austriacarum and Archiv fur oesterreichische 
 Geschichte, in the Bavarian Quellen zur Bayerischen und Deutschen Geschichte, and 
 in the other collections of single states (the Bohemian sources we unhappily 
 lack) ; much, too, in the collection of German city chronicles, the Chroniken der 
 deutschen Stadte. Of the Swiss sources our library has only a detached volume or 
 two (like the chronicle of John of Winterthur) ; and the same is true of the Saxon 
 and Thuringian ones (of which, however, we possess the valuable Chronicon 
 Sampetrinum and the chronicle of Johann Rothe). Some of the most interesting, 
 like the chronicle of Nauclerus and the Fasciculus temporum of Werner Rolevinck, 
 must still be sought in separate editions. To the doings of the Emperors the 
 best key is the Regesta imperil, in the old edition of Bonnier and Chmel or the 
 uncompleted new one of Ficker and his colleagues. Of prime importance, so 
 far as published, are the Deutsche Reichstagsakten, which contain not only the 
 proceedings of the Diets, but much else relating to them. The treatises main- 
 taining the cause of the Empire against the Papacy are accessible to us in the old 
 collection of Schard. 
 
 Remoter Sources. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire. Lindner, 
 Deutsche Geschichte unter den Habsburgeru und Luxemburgern ; Geschichte des 
 deutschen Reiches unter Konig Wenzel. Lorenz, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte 
 des 13. und 14. Jahrhundert (in his Drei Biicher Geschichte). Nitzsch, Geschichte 
 des deutschen Volkes, iii. Himly, Histoire de la formation territoriale des 6tats 
 de 1'Europe centrale. Krones, Huber, Geschichte Oesterreichs. Leger, Histoire 
 de 1'Autriche-Hongrie (also in English as History of Austria-Hungary). Coxe, 
 History of the House of Austria, \.-Dierauer, Geschichte der schweizerischen 
 Eidgenossenschaft. Dandliker, Historic du peuple suisse (we have not the Ger- 
 man original). Oecksli, Die Anfange der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. 
 (For the legend of Tell, see Vischer, Meyer von Knonau, Die Sage von der 
 Befreiung der Waldstadte. Rochholz, Tell und Gessler. ) -Adams and Cunning- 
 ham, The Swiss Confederation. Baker, The model republic. Lutzow, Bohemia. 
 Gregor ,The story of Bohemia. Riezler, Schreiber, Geschichte \\aierns.-Heigel, Die 
 Wittelsbacher. Dollinger, Das Haus Wittelsbach (in his Akademische Vortrage, 
 i ; also, in F.nglish, in his Studies in European History, as The House of Wittels- 
 bach). Hausser, Geschichte der rheinischen Pfalz. Droysen, Geschichte der 
 preussischen Politik, i, \\.-Stenzel, Berner, Geschichte des preussischen Staats. 
 Rdttiger, Geschichte des Kurstaates und Kuiiigreichs Sachsen. ^iaco&s, Ge- 
 schichte der Provinz Sachsen. Heinemann, Geschichte von Braunschweig und 
 Hannover. fiarante, Histoire des dues de BourgogiiL- de la maison de Vulois. 
 Barthold, Geschichte der deutschen Stadte. Schldzer, Die Ilansa. Danell, Ge- 
 schichte der deutschen Hanse. Zimmern, The il:ins:i towns. Lindner, Die 
 Verne.
 
 Of especial value throughout this study are the masterly biographical articles 
 of t\\e Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. A flood of monographs on special events 
 and phases of this period may be found in the Historische Zeitschrift, the 
 Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, the Historisches Taschenbuch, the Archiv 
 and Neues Archiv of the Gesellschaft Jur altere deutsche Geschichtskunde, the 
 Mittheilungen des Instituts fur oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung, and in the 
 publications of the academies of Vienna, Munich, Leipzig, and Berlin. 
 
 I . The rise of the House of Hapsburg ( Habsburg ) . 
 
 1 . Its home and lands. 
 
 2. The career of Rudolf ( 1218-1291 ). 
 
 The Hapsburg inheritance. The Kyburg inheritance. 
 The imperial election (1273). The winning of the 
 Austrian lands. 
 
 3. Adolf of Nassau (1291-1298). 
 
 4. Albert I of Hapsburg (1298-1308). 
 
 The quarrel with Pope Boniface. Albert and Philip of 
 France. The attempt on Bohemia and Thuringia. 
 John the Parricide. 
 
 II. The rise of the House of Luxemburg. 
 
 1 . Its home and lands. 
 
 2. Count Henry (1269-1308). 
 
 His training. His administration. Baldwin of Treves. 
 
 3. Henry VII (1308-1313). 
 
 The winning of Bohemia. The expedition to Rome. 
 
 III. The rise of the House of Wittelsbach. 
 
 1 . The early Wittelsbachers. 
 
 The winning of Bavaria. The winning of the Rhenish 
 Palatinate. The partitions. 
 
 2. Louis the Bavarian (1314-1347). 
 
 a. The Hapsburg rivalry. 
 
 The disputed election. The Hapsburgs and the 
 Swiss (Morgarten, 1315). The fight near Miihl- 
 dorf (1322). The compromise with the captive 
 Hapsburg (Frederic III, 1314-1330). 
 
 b. The quarrel with the Papacy. 
 
 Marsilio of Padua and William of Ockham. The 
 coronation at Rome (1328). The electoral union 
 and the declaration of Reuse (1338). 
 
 c. The winning of Brandenburg. The attempt on the 
 
 Tyrol. The winning of Holland. 
 
 d. The Luxemburg rivalry. 
 
 John of Bohemia and his schemes. His Italian ad- 
 ventures. His death at Crecy ( 1346). Charles of 
 Moravia.
 
 IV. The Bohemian Emperors. 
 
 1. Charles IV (1347-1378). 
 
 a. Giinther of Schwarzburg. 
 
 b. Charles and the Church. 
 
 c. Charles as King of Bohemia. 
 
 His administration. The beautifying of Prague. 
 The university. The national revival of the 
 Czechs. 
 
 d. Charles as Emperor. 
 
 The coronation at Rome (1355). The Golden Bull 
 (1356). Charles and the Burgundian kingdom. 
 The second Italian expedition. Charles and the 
 Hanse towns. Charles and the Swiss. Charles 
 and the Swabian cities. 
 
 2. Wenceslaus (1378-1400, d. 1419). 
 
 His character. His administration. The winning of the 
 Tyrol b}' the Hapsburgs, and their final defeat by the 
 Swiss (Sempach, 1386; Na'fels, 1388). 
 
 3. The Wittelsbach anti-king : Rupert of the Palatinate 
 
 (1400-1410). 
 
 4. Sigismund (1410-1437). 
 
 V. The Austrian Emperors. 
 
 1. Albert II (1438-1439). 
 
 2. Frederic III (IV) (1440-1493). 
 
 VI. The rising Houses. 
 
 1. The House of Wettin. 
 
 2. The House of Hohenzollern. 
 
 3. The Burgundian Capetians. 
 
 4. The lesser dynasties. 
 
 Wiirttemberg. Baden. Hesse. The waning House of 
 Welf. 
 
 VII. Other rivals for power in the Empire. 
 
 1. The electoral union. 
 
 2. The city leagues. 
 
 3. The imperial knights. 
 
 4. The Vehmic courts.
 
 THE RENAISSANCE. 
 EH. 
 
 THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR. 
 
 Original Sources. As bibliographies use Monod aiid Mullinger and the 
 excellent lists appended to the chapters of the Histoire glnerale. In Franklin's 
 Les sources de V histoire franfaise may be found a fuller analysis than Potthast's 
 of the great French collections. Of these collections the Recueil des historiens de 
 France comes down as yet no further than the reigns of Philip IV and his sons. 
 For the later years the editions issued by the Societe de P histoire de France are most 
 important. Much may also be found in the great national Collection des docu- 
 ments inedits sur P histoire de France and in the issues of the Societe deT histoire 
 de Paris ; and the Belgian national collection, the Chroniques beiges, is rich espe- 
 cially in sources Burgundian in sympathy. Not a little must still be sought in 
 the older French collections of Buchon, of Petitot and Monmerque, and of Mi- 
 chaud and Poujoulat. The most entertaining of the chroniclers, Froissart and 
 Monstrelet, are happily available also in English translation. The sources from 
 the English side are gathered mainly in the Rolls series, and in the publications 
 of the English Historical Society and of the Camden Society. Rymer's Faedera 
 is the great storehouse for the international documents of most importance ; but 
 the great treaties of the war have been more carefully edited by Cosneau for the 
 Collection de textes pour servir a Venseignement de I' histoire. Of the periodicals 
 the Biblioth'eque de PJ&cole des Charles is most useful. Abundant and well edited 
 extracts from the sources will be found in the little series of Zeller, L'histoire de 
 France racontee par les contemporains, of which a dozen volumes are devoted to 
 this period ; and a similar body, in English translation, has been gathered by 
 Ashley in his The wars of Edward ///. In his admirable edition of the trial of 
 Jeanne d'Arc, Quicherat has gathered nearly all the sources for her story. Of 
 the most important of these, the records of the trial itself, there is a French 
 translation, though no English one. For the study of Jeanne's career our library 
 lacks nothing of real importance. 
 
 It <-inot.-r Sources. Stubbs, The early 1'lantagenets. Prothero, Bhnont, 
 Simon de Montfort. Clifford, Tout, Edward l.Funck-Brentano, Philippe le Bel 
 en Flandre. Michel, Les Ecossais en France, les Francais en Ecosse. Barnes, 
 Longman, Warburton, Edward III Wallon, Richard \\.-Gairdner, Lancaster 
 and York Ramsay, Lancaster and York. Wylie, England under Henry IV. 
 Jamison, Bertrand du Guesclin. Luce, Bertrand du Guesclin ; La Jacquerie ; 
 La France pendant la guerre de Cent Ans ; Jeanne d'Arc a Domremy. Michelet, 
 Wallon, Sepet, Ayroles, Oliphant, Jeanne d'Arc. Quicherat, Aper?us nouveaux 
 sur 1'histoire de Jeanne d'Arc.- Lowell, Joan of Arc (the best life of her). Ballet 
 de Viriville, Du Fresne de Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII. Longnon, Paris pen- 
 dant la domination anglaise. Cosneau, Trebuchet, Le connetable de Richemont. 
 Quicherat, Rodrigue de Villandrando. Tuetey, Lea ecorcheurs sous Charles VII. 
 Clement, Jacques Creur et Charles Vll.Barante, Histoire des dues de Bourgogne. 
 Fredericq, Le r61e politique et social des dues de Bourgogne dans les Pays- Has. 
 Denton, England in the isth century.
 
 I. The French king and his English vassal. 
 
 1. The rise and decline of the Plantagenet domain in France. 
 
 The Angevin lands. The Norman inheritance. The Poi- 
 tevin marriage. John's forfeiture of the French heri- 
 tage. The rescue of Guienne (Aquitaine). The Treaty 
 of Paris ( 1 259 ) . 
 
 2. Philip IV and Edward I. 
 
 The policy of Edward. The policy of Philip. The col- 
 lision in Guienne, in Flanders, in Scotland, on the 
 sea. The treaties (1299, 1303) and the double royal 
 marriage. 
 
 3. The sons of Philip and of Edward. 
 
 Louis X (1314-1316), Philip V (1316-1322), Charles 
 
 IV (1322-1328). Edward II (1307-1327). 
 II. The proximate causes of the war. 
 
 1 . The advent of the Valois. 
 
 Philip VI (1328-1350). Edward III of England (1327- 
 1377) and his claim to the French throne. 
 
 2. Robert of Artois. 
 
 3. The Scotch war of independence and its French support. 
 
 4. The friction in Guienne. 
 
 5. The friction in Flanders. 
 
 Cassel ( 1328). The arrest of the English ( 1336) and their 
 seizure of Cadzand (1337). Artevelde and the social 
 revolution . 
 
 III. The war : first period (1338-1360). 
 
 1. The appeal to the Empire (1338) and Edward's diplomacy. 
 
 2. The invasion of Flanders (1340). 
 
 3. The war of the Breton succession. 
 
 4. Crecy (1346) and Calais (1347). Neville's Cross (1346). 
 
 5. The winning of Dauphiny (1344) and of Montpellier ( 1349). 
 
 6. John the Good (1350-1364). 
 
 The Black Prince in Guienne. Charles the Bad of Na- 
 varre. The appeal to the States-General. Etienne 
 Marcel. Poitiers (1356) and the king's captivity. 
 
 7. The Dauphin and Etienne Marcel. 
 
 8. The Jacquerie ( 1358). 
 
 9. The Peace of Bretigny (1360). 
 
 IV. The war : second period (1360-1380). 
 
 1. Charles V, the Wise (1364-1380). 
 
 His character and administration. The struggle with the 
 Black Prince in Guienne and in Castile. The sack of 
 Limoges. 
 
 2. Bertrand du Guesclin. 
 
 The reconquest of the South. Renewal of the Scotch 
 alliance. Death of the Black Prince (1376) and of Ed- 
 ward III (1377). Richard II (1377-1399). Death of 
 Du Guesclin and of Charles the \\ise (i v -c>.
 
 V. The war : third period (1380-1413). 
 
 1. Charles VI, the Mad (1380-1421). 
 
 The rule of the princes of the blood (Anjou, Berry, 
 Burgundy, Bourbon ) . Clisson. 
 
 2. The social revolution in France and in England. 
 
 The Mailjotins at Paris. Philip van Artevelde in Flan- 
 ders (Roosebeke, 1382). Wat Tyler in England. 
 
 3. The feud of Burgundy and Orleans. 
 
 The truces. The wars in Scotland, in Flanders, and in 
 Castile. The royal marriage (1396). Henry of Lan- 
 caster (Henry IV, 1399-1413) and French intrigue in 
 Britain. The murder of Louis of Orleans (1407) and 
 the civil war of Burgundians and Armagnacs. The 
 Cabochiens (1413). 
 
 VI. The war : fourth period (1413-1429). 
 
 1. Henry V of England (1413-1422) and the conquest of 
 
 France. 
 
 Agincourt (1415). The overrunning of France. The 
 murder of John of Burgundy (1419). The royal mar- 
 riage and the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Death of 
 Henry V and of Charles the Mad ( 1422). 
 
 2. The two kings of France. 
 
 Henry of England and of France and Charles, the " king 
 of Bourges " (Charles VII, 1422-1461). Bedford. 
 Richemont and La Tremoille. The siege of Orleans. 
 
 VII. The war : fifth period ( 1429-1453). 
 
 1. Jeanne d" Arc. 
 
 Her peasant birth (1412). Her home and early years. 
 The relief of Orleans (1429). Patay. The coronation 
 at Rheims. The assault on Paris. The campaign on 
 the upper Loire. Her capture at Coinpiegne (1430). 
 Her captivity and her judicial murder ( 1431). 
 
 2. The comrades of the Maid. 
 
 Alencon. The constable Richemont. Dunois. La Hire 
 and Saintrailles. Rodrigo de Villandrando and the free 
 companies. The shelving of La Tremoille ( 1433). 
 
 3. The expulsion of the English. 
 
 The death of Bedford and the Burgundian peace (1435). 
 Paris regained (1436). The Praguerie ( 1440). The 
 truce (1444). Agnes Sorel. The Angevin marriage 
 (1445) and the surrender of Maine. Reorganization of 
 the army. Reorganization of finance and of justice. 
 Jacques Cceur. The purging of Normandy (Formigny, 
 1450). The purging of Guienne (fall of Bordeaux, 
 '453)- 
 
 VIII. The results of the war.
 
 THE RENAISSANCE, 
 v. 
 
 TURK AND MONGOL IN EUROPE. 
 
 In Oriental authorities for the history of the Mongols and the Turks, whether 
 in the original tongue or in translation, our library is not rich. It has, indeed, the 
 history of the East Mongols by the Mongolian Sanang Setzen, and its translation 
 into German ; it has, both in the Arabic and in French translation, the im- 
 portant history of the Mongols by Abul-Ghazi ; it has a Russian version of the 
 Persian history by Khandamir; it has, both in Persian and in English, the 
 Tabakat-i-Nastrt, or history of the Mohammedan dynasties, which is of especial 
 value for the irruption of the Mongols into Islam ; it has, in English translation, 
 the Malfiizdt, the somewhat questionable autobiography of Timur himself, and 
 in French the extracts regarding his invasion of southeastern Europe collected 
 from Mussulman historians by Charmoy, while all the passages of Oriental his- 
 torians describing his invasion of India may be found in English in Elliot's His- 
 tory of India ; and it has in the Persian, but alas, not in translation, the classical 
 Persian history of Timur, the Zafar-ndmah. Of value too, both for Timur and 
 for the Turks is the Persian history of the Kurds, the Ckeref-n&meh (Sharaf- 
 ndmah), of which we have Charmoy's French translation. A considerable body 
 of pertinent extracts from Armenian historians may be found in the Journal 
 asiatique for 1858. In the contemporary accounts of European observers of the 
 missionary friars, of Rubruquis, of Marco Polo, of Clavijo, and of their fellows 
 we are much richer. The stories of such of these as tell of China are admirably 
 edited by Colonel Yule in his Cathay and the way thither and his introduction 
 and notes to this, as to his edition of Marco Polo, are of the highest interest. 
 Markham, too, has prefixed to his translation of Clavijo a fresh life of Timur. 
 The Byzantine sources may nearly all be found in the Corpus scriptorum hisloriae 
 Byzantinae ; and Gibbon, whose masterly narrative is here at its best, may serve 
 as a guide in their use. He is best supplemented by Krumbacher's Geschichte der 
 byzantinischen Litteratur. The Turkish sources are fully discussed by Hammer. 
 To the Russian sources the standard key is Bestuzhev-Rjumin's Quellen und 
 Literatur zur russischen Geschichte. 
 
 Remoter Sources. Guignes, Histoire des Huns, des Turcs, des Mogols. 
 Ohsson, Histoire des Mongols. Remusat, Relations politiques des princes chr6- 
 tiens avec les empereurs mongols (also abridged in his Melanges asiatiques, where, 
 as in his Nouveaux melanges and in his Memoirs sur plusieurs questions relatives 
 a la geographic de 1'Asie cent'rale, is much else of interest to this subject). Herbelot, 
 Bibliotheque orientale. Klaproth, Memoirs relatifs i 1'Asie ; Tableaux histo- 
 riques de 1'Asie. Petis de la Croix, History of Genghizcan ( from the French). 
 Rasmussen, Annales Islamismi. Lane-Poole, The Mohammadan dynasties. 
 Mulltr, Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland. Wells, Boulger, Richthojen, China . 
 Elphinstone, Marshman, Keene, India. Malleson, Afghanistan. fraser, Benja- 
 min, Persia. Hammer, Histoire de 1'empire ottoman. Zinkeisen, Geschichte des 
 osmanisches Reiches in Europa. Creasy, The Ottoman Turks. Freeman, The 
 Ottoman power in Europe. Newman, The Turks (in his Historical sketches). 
 Lane-Poole, The story of f \\r1iey. Hertzberg, Geschichte der Byzantiner und des 
 osmanischen Reiches. Le Beau, Histoire du Bas-Empire. Hop/, Griechenland 
 im Mittelalter (in the Encyklopadie of Ersch and Gruber).Finlay, The Byzan- 
 tine and Greek empires ; Greece and the Empire of Trebizond. Grosvenor,
 
 Constantinople. Mijatovich, Constantine, or the conquest of Constantinople. 
 Pttganel, Histoire de Scanderbeg. Paparrigopoulo, Histoire de la civilisation 
 he!16nique. Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter. Xenopol, 
 Histoire des Rouniains. Sayoiis, Histoire des Hongrois. Leger, Histoire de 
 1'Autriche-Hongrie (also in Etig. Iran si. as History of Austro-Hungary ). Vambtry, 
 Story of Hungary Duncan, Kelly, Morfill, Russia. Rambaud, Histoire de la 
 Russie (also in Eng. trans/, as History of Russia). Karamsin, Histoire de 1'empire 
 russe (from the Russian). Gerebtzoff, Histoire de la civilisation en Russie. 
 Struhl, Bruckner, Geschichte Rnsslands. Schientann, Russland, Polen und Liv- 
 land. 
 
 The most important of all works on the Mongols, that of Howorth, we yet lack. 
 The value of Gibbon for this study must not he overlooked. 
 
 I. The Mongol empire. 
 
 1. The home of Turk and Mongol. 
 
 2. Jenghiz Khan (Genghis Khan, Chinghiz Khan, orig. Temu- 
 
 jin) ( 1 162-1227) an( i his conquest of Asia. 
 
 3. The overrunning of eastern Europe by his lieutenants and 
 
 successors. 
 
 4. Kublai Khan and the Mongol empire at the opening of the 
 
 1 4th centnry. 
 II. The Ottoman Turks. 
 
 1 . Their advent. 
 
 Ertogrul. Othman (Osman, b. 1258) and his conquests 
 from the Greek empire (1299-1326). The conversion 
 of the Osmanlis (Ottomans) to Islam. 
 
 2. Their complete conquest of Greek Asia. 
 
 Orkhan ( 1326-1360). 
 III. Timur (Tamerlane) (1338-1405). 
 
 1 . His birth and character. 
 
 2. His romantic early career. 
 
 3. His realm of Transoxiana. 
 
 His accession to royal power ( 1369). His sultanate. His 
 capital at Samarkand. His establishment of theo- 
 cracy. The Ming dynasty in China and the expulsion 
 of the Mongols ( 1370). 
 
 4. His conquests. 
 
 a. Khorassan. Seistan. Afghanistan. Beluchistan. 
 
 I ran . Turkestan . Si beria . 
 
 b. The invasion of Europe. 
 
 c. The invasion of India. 
 
 d. The invasion of Syria. 
 
 e. The struggle with the Ottomans. 
 
 5. His relations with Christian powers. 
 
 6. The break-up of Timur's empire. 
 -. The Mongol civilization.
 
 IV. The Greek empire after the Crusades. 
 
 1. Its restoration. 
 
 2. Its Latin parasites and neighbors. 
 
 3. Its Slavic and Turanian protege's. 
 
 Bulgaria. Servia (Stephen Dushan, 1331-1355). The 
 rise of Wallachia and Moldavia. 
 
 4. Its administration. 
 
 5. Its civilization. 
 
 6. Its relations with the West. 
 
 The efforts to renew the Crusades. The negotiations 
 with the Latin Church. 
 
 7. The struggle with the Turks. 
 V. The Ottomans in Europe. 
 
 1. Their raids from Asia. 
 
 2. Their invasion of Europe. 
 
 Murad (Amurath) I ( 1360-1389). The fall of Adrianople 
 (1360). The conquest of Thrace (Roumelia). The in- 
 vasion of Bulgaria, of Servia (Kossovo, 1389). 
 
 3. Their conquest of the Balkan peninsula. 
 
 Bayazid (Bajazet) I (1389-1402). The Hungarian cru- 
 sade. Nicopolis (1394). 
 
 4. Their interruption by Timur. 
 
 The Ottoman conquests in Asia. The collision with 
 Timur. Angora ( 1402 ) and the ravaging of Asia Minor. 
 Mohammed I (1402-1421). 
 
 5. The fall of Constantinople. 
 
 Murad II (1421-1451). The renewal of the Ottoman 
 attack (1422). The war in Hungary and Servia. John 
 Hunyady. His invasion of Bulgaria (Varna, 1444). 
 The war in Greece and Albania. Scanderbeg. The 
 second Kossovo (1448). Mohammed II (1451) and the 
 siege and capture of Constantinople ( 1453). Its results.
 
 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION. 
 
 VI. 
 THE REVIVAL OF THE NATION. 
 
 literature. On nationality there is no better book than Mulford, Tht 
 Nation. Of the rise of the modern states Wilson's The State affords a lucid gen- 
 eral survey. The details must be sought in the national and the constitutional 
 histories. 
 
 I. Nationality. 
 
 II. How it had been lost. 
 
 1 . Among the Romans. 
 
 2. Among the Barbarians. 
 
 3. In the Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 4. In the younger states. 
 
 III. How it came back. 
 
 1 . The fusion of the races. 
 
 2. The growth of the royal power. 
 
 3. The rise of the vernacular literatures. 
 
 4. The advent of the third estate. 
 
 5. The growth of representative assemblies. 
 
 IV. Where it came back. 
 
 1. In France. 
 
 2. In England. 
 
 3. In Scotland. 
 
 4. In Bohemia. 
 
 5. In the Spanish peninsula. 
 
 V. Where it lagged and why.
 
 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION. 
 
 VII. 
 THE REVIVAL OF THE INDIVIDUAL. 
 
 Most suggestive perhaps are Burckhardt, The civilisation of 
 the period of the Renaissance in Italy, Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des classischeu 
 Alterthums, Symonds, Renaissance in Italy (especially the volumes on The age of 
 the despots. The revival of learning, and The fine arts'), Geiger, Renaissance und 
 Humanismus, Korting, Geschichte der Litteratur Italiens im Zeitalterder Renais- 
 sance, Robinson and Rolfe, Petrarch . 
 
 I. Individuality. 
 II. How it had been lost. 
 
 III. When and where it came back. 
 
 1. The influence of the Crusades. 
 
 2. The wandering scholars. 
 
 3. Provence and the Albigenses. 
 
 4. Frederic II and his Sicilian court. 
 
 5. The Italian city-republics. 
 
 6. The age of the despots. 
 
 IV. How it came back. 
 
 1. Taste. 
 
 a. The revival of literature. 
 
 b. The revival of art. 
 
 2. Curiosity. 
 
 a. The revival of learning. 
 
 b. The revival of research. 
 
 c. The age of discovery. 
 
 d. The age of invention. 
 
 3. Conscience. 
 
 a. The heretics. 
 
 b. The reformers.
 
 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION. 
 REVIVAL OF LITERATURE. DANTE. 
 Summary. 
 
 Boccaccio's tribute to Dante as a man of letters. State of literature 
 in Italy during the I3th century. Influence of Provenjal poetry. 
 Chivalrous love. Guido Guinicelli and the poets of the dolce stil nu- 
 ovo ( ' ' the sweet new style " ) . Spread of the reform movement from 
 Bologna to Florence. 
 
 Dante's first work, La Vita Nuova (The New Life), written under 
 the influence of the literary awakening. Character of the work. 
 Nature of Dante's love for Beatrice. Few facts of his early life known 
 to us. His originality. 
 
 Political activity. Factions in Florence. Entrance of Charles of 
 Valois (1301). Exile of the Whites, including Dante (1302). Disor- 
 dered state of the whole of Italy. Dante's hopes for peace through 
 the coming of an emperor. Coronation of Henry VII (1309) ; his 
 failure to subdue the Italian cities, and death (1313). With this dis- 
 appointment goes the last hope of Dante's return to Florence. 
 
 La Commedia. Why so named. The prefixed divina the addition 
 of a later century. Dante's love for the vernacular. Mediaeval visions 
 of the hereafter. Dante's endeavor to individualize his characters. 
 His teaching concerning the relation of man's life on earth to that in 
 a future state. Various principles on which he singled out particular 
 persons for mention in his work. His character as a judge. His atti- 
 tude toward his teachers. Virgil and the ancient classics. Style of 
 the Commedia. Conclusion. 
 
 Note .-For the general purposes of the English reader the best translations of 
 the Vita Nuora are those by Prof. Norton (ion D 88) and D. G. Rossetti (1014 A 
 183 a). Of the Commedia, Longfellow's is the most accurate of the verse render- 
 ings (1012 D 96 a-c). In the way of literal prose translations the best are those 
 by J. A. Carlyle (the Inferno only, 1012 D 68 c), by Prof. Norton (complete, ion i> 
 47-49) and by A. J. Butler (with text, 1012 E 30-32).
 
 THE RENAISSANCE. 
 
 VIII. 
 THE REVIVAL OF LITERATURE. 
 
 Sources. For the subject as a whole, besides the histories of general litera- 
 ture (notably Monnier, I,a Renaissance de Dante a Luther) and of Italian litera- 
 ture (to students of history the brief new work of Garnett may especially be 
 commended), and besides Burckhardt, Symonds, Geiger : Gebhart, Les origines 
 de la Renaissance. Carriers, Die Kunst im Zusammenhang der Culturenwicke- 
 lutig. Schaff, The Renaissance (in vol. iii of the Papers of the American Society 
 of Church History). Stebbing, Italian poets. Much may of course be found both 
 in the histories of Italy and in those of the several Italian states, notably in those 
 of Florence (as, e. g., in Mrs. Oliphant's charming Makers of Florence). For the 
 study of Dante we possess, through the generosity of Professor Willard Fiske, the 
 richest of all extant collections. It is now being catalogued, with great special 
 learning, by Mr. Koch, and the part describing the editions and versions of 
 Dante's own works is already in print. That dealing with the much more nu- 
 merous books on Dante and his time is yet incomplete, but is accessible to those 
 who need it. The university library's catalogue will help us to the more import- 
 ant. As to the translations we have Mr. Koch's advice. Of the commentators 
 Scartazzini (available in English abridgment as well asin German or Italian) is 
 most learned and elaborate ; but the lesser books of Botta, Butler, Moore, Symonds. 
 will perhaps serve for us as good a purpose. The little volumes on Dante and 
 Petrarch by Mrs. Oliphant and by Reeve (in the series of Foreign Classics for En- 
 glish Readers) are of use to those who know no Italian. Of Boccaccio's novels 
 there are specimens in English translation in Koscoe's/talian novelists. The best 
 lives of Petrarch and Boccaccio aie those by Koerting ; but their relation to the 
 revival of letters is best treated by Voigt. For English readers there is in this 
 field no more fascinating book than the selection from Petrarch's letters just 
 edited by Robinson and Rolfe {Petrarch, the first modern scholar). On Chaucer's 
 place in the general history of literature and of thought there are excellent pages 
 in Ward's life of him, in I v ounsbury's Studies in Chaucer, and in Green's History 
 of the English People ; and a German student (Kissner) has devoted a monograph 
 to his relations with Italian literature. But dip rather, under the guidance of 
 these, into Chaucer's own pages. Of the revival of learning the best history is 
 Voigt's (Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums), which is completed by his 
 life of Pope Pius II (Enea Silvio und sein Zeitalter). The results of his research 
 may be best studied in English in Symonds or in the articles of President VVool- 
 sey on The Revival of Letters (in the New Englander, 1864, 1865). For southern 
 Italy much is added by Gothein's Die Kultur-Entwicklung Sud-Italiens. The 
 Renaissance popes may be studied also in the pages of Milman, Creighton, and 
 Pastor; and the contemporary history of them by their humanistic librarian, 
 Platina, is of high interest and importance. There is an English life of Poggio 
 by Shepherd, of Politian, Pico, and their friends by Greswell, of Lorenzo de' 
 Medici by Roscoe and by Armstrong; and, in English translation, an admirable 
 sketch of the Renaissance and of its political background in l^illari's introduc- 
 tion to his great work on Machiavelli and his times. 
 
 I. Dante ( 1265-1321 ). 
 II. Petrarch (1304-1374).
 
 III. Boccaccio (1313-1375)- 
 IV. Chaucer (1328? I34o?-i4oo). 
 V. The revival of letters. 
 
 1 . The revival of Latin letters. 
 
 Dante's share in it. Petrarch's. Boccaccio's. The liter- 
 ary discoveries. Humanism militant. Humanism tri- 
 umphant. 
 
 2. The revival of Greek letters. 
 
 Petrarch's share in it. Boccaccio's. The Greek school- 
 masters ( Malpaghini, Barzizza, Chrysoloras, Trape- 
 zuntios). The Greek exiles (Gemistos Plethon, Theo- 
 doros Gaza, Bessarion , Argyropulos ) . 
 
 3. The Florentine Humanists. 
 
 a. Marsigli. Salutato. Poggio ( 1380-1459). The Strozzi 
 
 and their Republic of the Muses. 
 
 b. Cosimo de' Medici (b. 1389, supreme at Florence, 1434- 
 
 1464). His circle (Niccoli, Leonardo Bruni, Marsup- 
 pini, Traversari, Guarino). Filelfo and his career. 
 Alberti. 
 
 c. Lorenzo the Magnificent (b. 1449, supreme at Florence, 
 
 1469-1492) and his Platonic academy (Ficino, Politian, 
 Pico della Mirandola). 
 
 d. Humanism in the other city-republics (Siena, Venice, 
 
 Genoa). 
 
 4. Humanism at the Italian courts. 
 
 Naples under the Houses of Anjou and of Aragon ( Becca- 
 delli, Valla, Pontano). Cangrande della Scala at Vero- 
 na. The Carrara at Padua. The Visconti and the Sforza 
 at Milan. The Gonzaga at Mantua. The Este at Ferra- 
 ra. The Montefeltro at Urbino. The Malatesta at Ri- 
 mini. 
 
 5. Humanism on the Papal throne. 
 
 Tommaso Parentucelli as Nicolas V (1447-1455). His 
 library. His translators. Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini 
 as Pius II (1458-1464). His earlier career as scholar, as 
 poet, as diplomat, as prelate. His patronage of letters. 
 
 6. Humanism and the schools. 
 
 7. Humanism beyond the Alps. 
 
 In England. In Germany. In Hungary and Poland. 
 In France. In Spain.
 
 THE RENAISSANCE, 
 x. 
 
 THE REVIVAL OF SCIENCE. 
 
 I. The new learning. 
 
 1. Its thirteenth -century forerunners. 
 
 The restored Aristotle. Albertus Magnus. Roger 
 Bacon. Raymund Lull. 
 
 2. Its relation to the revival of letters. 
 
 3. Its bloom in the latter half of the fifteenth century. 
 
 1 1 . The revival of research. 
 
 1 . In the physical sciences. 
 
 a. Astronomy. 
 
 b. Physics. 
 
 c. Chemistry. 
 
 2. In the natural sciences. 
 
 a. Zoology. 
 
 b. Botany. 
 
 c. Mineralogy. 
 
 d. Anatomy and physiology. 
 
 e. Medicine and surgery. 
 
 III. The age of invention. 
 
 1. In navigation. 
 
 a. The compass. 
 
 b. The astrolabe. The quadrant. The sextant. 
 
 c. The science of navigation. 
 
 2. In war. 
 
 a. Gunpowder. 
 
 b. Cannon. 
 
 c. Hand fire-arms. 
 
 d. Tactics and strategy. 
 
 3. In book-making. 
 
 a. Paper. 
 
 b. Printing. 
 
 c. Publishing. 
 
 4. In other fields. 
 
 a. Mirrors. Lenses. Spectacles. The telescope. The 
 
 microscope. 
 
 b. Clocks. Watches.
 
 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION. 
 
 XI. 
 THE REVIVAL OF CONSCIENCE. 
 
 I. The critics. 
 
 The Goliards. Dante. Petrarch. Boccaccio. Chaucer. 
 Valla. 
 
 II. The reformers. 
 
 1. The ecclesiastical reformers. 
 
 a. Monastic reformers. 
 
 Their aim. The Benedictine reformers. The austerer 
 orders. The regular canons. The friars. Savona- 
 rola. The outcome. 
 
 b. Papal reformers. 
 
 Their aim. Their methods. The outcome. 
 
 c. Conciliar reformers. 
 
 Their aim. Their theory. The reform councils (Pisa, 
 1409, Constance, 1414-1418, Basel, 1431-1449). 
 The outcome and the outlook. 
 
 2. The biblical reformers. 
 
 a. The Waldenses. 
 
 b. Wiclif (Wyclif, Wycliffe, Wickliffe) (1320-1384.) 
 
 c. Hus (Huss) (1369-1415). 
 
 d. John of Goch. John of Wesel. Wessel. 
 
 3. The mystical reformers. 
 
 a. The Franciscan mystics. 
 
 Joachim of Flora. Segarelli. Fra Dolcino. The Fra- 
 ticelli. 
 
 b. The " Brethren of the Free Spirit " and the " Friends of 
 
 God." 
 
 Nicholas of Basel. Eckhart. Tauler. The Theologia 
 Germanica. 
 
 c. The Beghards and Beguines. 
 
 d. The " Brethren of the Common Life." 
 
 Ruysbroek ( 1293-1381 ) and Gerhard Groot ( 1340-1384). 
 Thomas a Kempis and the fmitatio Christi. 
 
 4. The humanistic reformers.
 
 THE RENAISSANCE. 
 
 XII. 
 THE AGE OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Literature. In sources for this study our library, like all the larger Amer- 
 ican libraries, is rich. For our present cursory purpose perhaps the most con- 
 venient (besides the general histories, the histories of geography, and the 
 histories of America notably, in English, those of Bryant and Gay and of Win- 
 sor) are : Peschel, Ruge, Das Zeitalter der Entdeckungen. Major, Beazley, Henry 
 the Navigator. Stephens, The story of Portugal ; Albuquerque. Irving, Helps, 
 IVinsor, Adams, Markham, Columbus. Fiske, The discovery of America. Helps, 
 The Spanish conquest in America. Guillemard, Magellan. Of the contemporary 
 sources, the most interesting the chronicles of the conquest of the Canaries and 
 of Guinea and of the voyage of Vasco da Gama. the journal and letters of Colum- 
 bus, the commentaries of Albuquerque, the narratives of Magellan's companions 
 are printed in English translation, with useful introductions and notes, in the 
 publications of the Hakluyt Society. The literature on the early travelers to 
 Cathay has been mentioned in our study on the Turks and Mongols. 
 
 I. Discovery and its motives. 
 II. Its mediaeval hindrances. 
 
 III. The influence of the Crusades. 
 
 Pilgrims. Traders. Travelers. Missionaries. Diplomats 
 (thefameof " Presterjohn," Plan-Carpin, Ruhruquis). 
 
 IV. The great discoveries. 
 
 1. The Italians. 
 
 a. Venice and Genoa. The eastern trade and its routes. 
 
 The Polos (1260-1292). 
 
 b. The Genoese in the Atlantic, the Canaries, Guinea. 
 
 2. The Portuguese. 
 
 a. Prince Henry. 
 
 The House of Aviz. John the Great ( 1383-1433). 
 Prince Henry the Navigator (1410-1460). The 
 conquest of Ceuta. The establishment at Sagres. 
 The coasting of northwestern Africa. Madeira. 
 The Azores. 
 
 b. John II (1481-1495). 
 
 The discovery of the Congo ( I4-S4), of the Cape of 
 Good Hope (1486). 
 
 c. Vasco da Gama and the sea route to India. 
 
 The Portuguese round Africa (1497) and reach Cali- 
 cut (1498).
 
 d. Cabral and the discovery of Brazil ( 1500). 
 
 e. Albuquerque and the Portuguese empire in India 
 
 (from 1503). 
 
 3. Columbus. 
 
 a. His wanderings. b. The new world (1492-1506). c. 
 The spread of the tidings. 
 
 4. Magellan. 
 
 The first circumnavigation of the earth ( 1519-1522). 
 
 V. Results of the discoveries. 
 
 1. Commercial. 
 
 2. Social. 
 
 3. Political. 
 
 4. Religious.
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 CHRISTENDOM AT THE END OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Source**. Besides the general and the national histories and the histories 
 of the church : Willert, The reign of Louis XI. Barante, Histoire des dues de 
 Bourgogne. Kirk, Charles the Bold. Fredericq, Le r&le des dues de Bourgogne 
 dans les Pays-Bas. Ulmann, Kaiser Maximilian I. Prescott, Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella. Hefete, Ximenez (from the German). Gairdner, Ramsay, Lancaster and 
 York. Oman, Warwick..- Moberly, The early Tudors. Gairdner, Henry VII. 
 Busch, England unter den Tudors (also in English as England under the 
 Tudors), i. Creighton, History of the Papacy, iii. Pastor, Geschichte der Papste, 
 ii, iii. To the scattered contemporary sources, richly represented in our library, 
 the books named above, the national bibliographies, and Potthast will give ade- 
 quate guidance. 
 
 I. Louis of France and Charles of Burgundy. 
 
 1. Louis XI (1461-1483). 
 
 His training. His policy. The "League of the Public 
 Good." The humbling of the feudal nobility. 
 The intrigues against Burgundy. 
 
 2. Charles the Bold (1467-1477). 
 
 The growth of the Burgundian power (Ducal Burgundy, 
 1363, Flanders, Artois, Nevers, and Franche- 
 Comte", 13^4, Holland and Hainaut, 1425-1433, 
 Namur, 1429, Brabant, 1430, Macon, Auxerre, 
 and most of Picardy, 1435, Luxemburg, 1443). 
 Charles as count of Charolais. His ambitions as 
 duke of Burgundy. His successes (the trapped fox 
 at Pe"ronne, the pawned lands on the upper 
 Rhine, Guelders). The fatal struggle with the 
 Swiss (Granson, Morat, Nancy). 
 II. Maximilian of Austria and the Burgundian heritage. 
 
 1. Maximilian, " the last of the knights." 
 
 2. The Burgundian marriage (1477) and the quarrel with 
 
 France. 
 
 The rescued heritage. Mary of Burgundy's death 
 (1482). The Archduke Philip. 
 
 3. Maximilian as king of the Romans ( 1486-1493). 
 
 The recovery of Austria and the Tyrol. The loss of the 
 Breton heiress.
 
 III. The building of Spain. 
 
 1. Isabella of Castile (1474-1504). 
 
 Her realms. Her character. The royal marriage (1474). 
 
 2. Ferdinand of Aragon (1479-1516). 
 
 His realms. His kinship. His character and policy. 
 
 3. The winning of Granada (1492), of Roussillon (1493), and 
 
 of the Indies. 
 
 4. The Portuguese and the Austrian marriages. 
 
 IV. The strife of Lancaster and York and the advent of the Tudors. 
 
 1. The Wars of the Roses (1453-1485). 
 
 2. Henry VII (1485-1509). 
 V. The Papacy as an Italian power. 
 
 1. Sixtus IV (1471-1484). 
 
 His nepotism the Riarii and the Delia Rovere. His 
 Italian wars. 
 
 2. Innocent VIII (1484-1492). 
 
 His family (the Cib6). His part in Italian politics. 
 
 3. Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia aud his accession to the papal 
 
 throne as Alexander VI (1492).
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 II. 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR THE BALANCE OF POWER. 
 
 Sources. Besides the general and the national histories (including, of 
 course, those of the Italian city-states) : Ranke, Romanische und germanische 
 Volker, 1494-1514 (also in English as Latin and Teutonic nations) ; Die Papste in 
 den letzten vier Jahrhunderten (also in English as The Popes during the i6th 
 and 17th centuries), i ; Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (also 
 in English as History of the Reformation in Germany), i ; Savonarola und die 
 florentinische Republik.^/oAnion, Europe in the i6th century Seebohm, The 
 era of the Protestant revolution. Robinson, The end of the Middle Ages.Maulde- 
 la-Claviere, Les origines de la revolution francaise au commencement du i6e 
 siecle. Cherrier, Charles VIII. Lacroix, Maulde-la- Clavier e, Louis XII. Coch- 
 rane, Coignet, Paris, Francis I.Mignet, RivaliU: de Franfois I et de Charles V. 
 Ulmann, Kaiser Maximilian \.-Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella. Hefele, Xitne- 
 nez (from the German). Leti, Robertson, Murray, Baumgarten, Charles V. 
 Creighton, History of the Papacy, iii, iv. Pastor, Geschichte der Papste, iii. 
 Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates ; Papst Julius \\.-Ollivier, Alexandre II. 
 Roscoe, Murray, Leo X.Zeller, Italic et Renaissance. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza. 
 
 Villari, Machiavelli e i suoi tempi (also in English as Machiavelli and his times). 
 
 Tontmasini, Nourrisson, Machiavelli. Madden, Meier, Milman, Perrens, Rudel- 
 bach, and especially Villari, Savonarola. Gregorovius, Gilbert, Lucrezia Borgia. 
 Brewer, Henry VIII. Cavendish, Gait, Creighton, Wolsey. The best guides to 
 the contemporary sources for this period are the discussions appended to the 
 books of Ranke and Creighton. Nearly .all the more important the state papers 
 of France, of Austria, of Spain, of England, the reports of the Venetian envoys, 
 the journals of Marino Sanuto, of Burchard, of Infessura are, as far as printed, 
 accessible to us. One of the most useful helps to the study of the period is Burd's 
 excellent edition of the Prince of Machiavelli, rich in tables, summaries, and notes. 
 Among the most entertaining sources available in English translation is the 
 History of the feats, gests, and prowesses of the Chevalier Bayard by the contem- 
 porary who calls himself the " Loyal Servant." 
 
 I. Charles VIII and the French invasion of Italy. 
 
 1. The regency of Anne of Beaujeu (1483-1491). 
 
 2. Charles VIII. 
 
 His training. His character. His favorites. 
 
 3. The Italian expedition (1494). 
 
 The French claims (to Naples, to Milan). Charles at 
 Lyons, at Asti, at Florence, at Rome, at Naples. 
 
 II. The League of Venice. 
 
 1. The retreat of the French (1495). 
 
 Fornovo. The Treaty of Vercelli. The loss of the 
 French conquests. 
 
 2. Savonarola and the Florentine republic. 
 
 Fra Girolamo Savonarola. The expulsion of the Medi- 
 ci. The theocracy ( 1494-1497). The reaction. The 
 papal excommunication. The ordeal by fire. The 
 storming of San Marco. Trial and execution of 
 Savonarola (1498). Machiavelli and the later fort- 
 unes of the republic.
 
 III. Ixniis XII and Italy. 
 
 1 . Louis of Orleans. 
 
 2. His accession to the French throne (1498). 
 
 3. His home policy. 
 
 The Cardinal d'Amboise. The Breton marriage. 
 
 4. His foreign policy. 
 
 The break-up of the Venetian League. The French 
 seizure of Milan (1499). The Treaty of Granada. 
 
 5. The Borgias and their ambitions. 
 
 Pope Alexander VI and his children. The career of 
 Juan, of Lucrezia, of Cesare. The death of Alex- 
 ander (1503). 
 
 6. The war of Naples (1502-1504 the chevalier Bayard and 
 
 Gonzalvo de Cordova ) . The Treaties of Blois ( 1504, 1505 ) . 
 
 IV. The League of Cambray. 
 
 1. The growing might of Venice. Her dominions and her 
 
 hopes. 
 
 2. Her foes. 
 
 Pope Julius II ( 1503-1513). The Emperor Maximilian. 
 Louis of France. Ferdinand of Spain. Florence. 
 How she stood in the way of each. 
 
 3. The league ( 1508) and its provisions. 
 
 4. The war (1509-1511). 
 
 Venetian losses in Europe and in Asia. 
 
 5. Henry VIII (1509) and England's return to European 
 
 politics. 
 V. The Holy League. 
 
 1. Its original members and their aims (1511). 
 
 2. The expulsion of the French from Italy (1512). 
 
 3. The Spanish conquest of Navarre (1512). 
 
 4. The restoration of the Medici and of the Sforza. 
 
 5. Giovanni de'Medici as Pope Leo X (1513). 
 
 6. The Treaty of Mechlin (1513) and the defeat of the French 
 
 at Novara, at Guinegate, and at Flodden. 
 
 7. Francis of Angouleme as Francis I of France (1515). 
 
 8. Marignano (1515) and the French recovery of the Milanese. 
 
 9. Charles of Hapsburg, archduke of the Netherlands, as 
 
 Charles, king of Spain and the Indies, of Sicily and of 
 Naples (1516). 
 
 10. The Peace of Noyon (1516). 
 VI. The imperial election. 
 
 1. Maximilian's career as Emperor (1493-1519). 
 
 2. The imperial constitution and the attempts at its reform. 
 
 3. The succession to Maximilian. 
 
 The three royal candidates. The canvass and the elec- 
 tion (1519). Charles I of Spain as the Emperor 
 Charles V.
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 in. 
 HUMANISM AND HERESY. 
 
 I. Transalpine Humanism. 
 
 How and why it differed from Italian in its aims. How and 
 
 why in its influence on religion. 
 II. The English humanists. 
 
 Grocyn and Ljnacre. Colet (1466-1519). More (1480-1535). 
 
 III. The French humanists. 
 
 Lefe'vre d'Etaples (I455-I537)- 
 
 IV. The German humanists. 
 
 1. The forerunners. 
 
 Cusa (1401-1464). Heimburg (1410-1472). Hemmer- 
 lin (1398-1460). 
 
 2. The wandering humanists. 
 
 Luder (1415?- 1474?). Celtes (1459-1508). Busch 
 (1468-1534). The new universities. 
 
 3. The Rhenish humanists. 
 
 Agricola (1443-1485). Hegius and the school at Deven- 
 ter. Dringenberg and the school at Schlettstadt. 
 Dalberg. Wimpheling (1450-1528). Brant (1457- 
 1521). (Geiler. ) Trithemius (1462-1516). 
 
 4. The burgher humanists. 
 
 Peutinger (1465-1547). Pirckheimer (1470-1530). 
 Diirer (1471-1528). 
 
 5. The Erfurt humanists. 
 
 Mutian (1471-1526). Eoban Hess (1488-1540). Crotus 
 
 (I48o?-i54o). 
 V. Reuchlin (1455-1522). 
 VI. Erasmus (1467-1536). 
 VII. Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523). 
 VIII. The quarrel with the Obscurantists ( 1509-1517). 
 
 1. Reuchlin and Pfefferkorn. 
 
 2. The trial of Reuchlin. 
 
 Hoogstraten and the Inquisition. The voice of the 
 universities. The verdict at the papal court. 
 
 3. The Epistolae obscurorum virorum (1515-1517).
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 IV. 
 THE GERMAN REVOLT FROM ROME. 
 
 I. Martin Luther (1483-1546). 
 
 1. His birth at Eisleben and his boyhood at Mansfeld. 
 
 2. His schooldays at Magdeburg and at Eisenach (1497-1501). 
 
 3. His university life at Erfurt (1501-1505). 
 
 4. Friar Martin (1505-1508). 
 
 5. The professorship at Wittenberg. 
 
 6. The journey to Rome (1510). 
 
 7. Doctor Luther. 
 
 II. The dispute about indulgences. 
 
 1. Tetzel. 
 
 2. Luther's views and how he came by them. 
 
 3. The Ninety-five Theses (31 Oct. 1517). 
 
 4. Their distribution and their reception. 
 
 a. By the humanists. b. By the clergy. c. By the Ger- 
 man people. d. At Rome. 
 
 III. Luther's break with Rome. 
 
 1. The summons to Rome (July 1518). 
 
 2. The interview with the legate (Oct. 1518). 
 
 3. The conference with the envoy (Jan. 1519). 
 
 4. The disputation at Leipzig (June-July 1519). 
 
 5. The bull of excommunication (15 June 1520). 
 
 6. Luther's defiance. 
 
 a. The books ' ' To the Christian Nobility of the German 
 
 Nation," " On the Babylonish Captivity of the Church," 
 " On the Freedom of a Christian Man." 
 
 b. The bonfire at Wittenberg ( 10 Dec. 1520). 
 
 IV. The Diet of Worms (Jan.-May 1521 ). 
 
 The questions before it. Its action as to the Hapsburg 
 lands, as to the imperial government, as to the war, as 
 to religion. The summons to Luther. His journey to 
 Worms. The hearings before the Diet. The imperial 
 ban.
 
 V. The heretic in hiding. 
 
 1. Luther at the Wartburg (May I52i-March 1522). 
 
 The abduction. The Wartburg. Junker Georg. His cor- 
 respondents. The translation of the New Testament. 
 
 2. Wittenberg leaderless. 
 
 Spalatin. Melanchthon. Carlstadt. The dissension as 
 to monachism and the mass. The student disturbances. 
 The Zwickau prophets. 
 
 3. The new pope. 
 
 Adrian of Utrecht as Pope Adrian VI (Jan. 1522-Sept. 
 
 1523)- 
 VI. The open revolt. 
 
 1. Luther's return to Wittenberg. 
 
 2. Sickingen's outbreak. 
 
 3. The new preachers of Lutheranism. 
 
 4. The attitude of the Council of Regency. 
 
 5. The Diet of Nuremberg (Nov. 1522-March 1523). 
 
 The pope's appeal. The Gravamina. The committee and 
 its report. The Diet's edict.
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 V. 
 THE SWISS REVOLT FROM ROME. 
 
 I. The Swiss in the second decade of the i6th century, 
 
 i. Their territories. 2. Their social elements. 3. Their reli- 
 gious organization. 
 II. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531). 
 
 1. His home. 
 
 2. His humanistic training (at Bern, at Vienna, at Basel). 
 
 3. His pastorate at Glarns (1506-1516). 
 
 4. His preachership at Einsiedeln (1516-1518). 
 
 III. Zurich. 
 
 1 . Zwingli at the Great Minster. 
 
 2. The public disputations (1523-1524). 
 
 3. The abolition of the Roman worship ( 1524). 
 
 Of the mass. Of images and relics. 
 
 4. The conflict with the radicals. 
 
 Grebel. Manz. Hatzer. Hubmaier. 
 
 5. The reorganization of worship and discipline. 
 
 The sermon. The Lord's Supper. The Antistes. The 
 theological school. 
 
 6. The disputation at Baden (1526). 
 
 Eck and CEcolampadius. The action of the Swiss Diet. 
 
 7. The first Swiss religious war ( 1529). 
 
 The Forest Cantons and their Catholic league. The Prot- 
 estant league. The march to Cappel. The first Peace 
 of Cappel. 
 
 8. The conference at Marburg (1529). 
 
 9. The second Swiss religious war ( 1531 ). 
 
 The questions at issue. The blockade. The battle of 
 Cappel (9 Oct.) and Zwingli's death. The second 
 Peace of Cappel. The reaction. 
 10. Bullinger (1504-1575). 
 
 IV. Bern. 
 
 Meyer. Haller. Manuel. The disputation (1528). The 
 Ten Theses and the reformation edict. The Synod of 
 Bern (1532).
 
 V. Basel. 
 
 CEcolampadius (1482-1531). The revolution (1529). The 
 exodus of the humanists. Myconius. 
 
 VI. Glarus. 
 
 The Tschudis. Glareanus. The double worship. 
 
 VII. St. Gall. 
 
 Vadianus (1484-1551). Kessler. Town and abbey. The 
 seizure of the abbey ( 1529). Toggenburg and Appenzell. 
 VIII. Schaffhausen. 
 
 Hofmeister. The radicals and the reaction. The triumph of 
 
 the new faith ( 1529). 
 IX. Graubiinden (the Grisons). 
 
 The Rhsetian leagues and their alliance with the Swiss. 
 Comander. Gallicius (1504-1566). The disputation at 
 Ilanz (1526). Campell. The Rhseto-Romauic church 
 and literature.
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 VI. 
 THE FRENCH REVOLT FROM ROME. 
 
 I. Lefvre d'Etaples and his pupils. 
 
 The commentary on the Pauline epistles (1512). The com- 
 mentary on the Gospels (1522). The translation of the 
 New Testament (1523). Farel (1489-1565). Roussel. 
 Arande. Vatable. Louis de Berquin (1489-1529). The 
 hostility of the Sorbonne. 
 
 II. The reformers at Meaux. 
 
 Bishop Briconnet. Margaret of Valois. Louise of Savoy. 
 Sorbonne, Parlement, and King. The regency of Louise 
 and the scattering of the Meaux reformers (1525). The 
 first executions. 
 
 III. The refugees and their influence from abroad. 
 
 1. Lefevre and Roussel at Strasburg, in Be"arn. 
 
 2. Farel at Gap, at Basel, at Strasburg, at Montbeliard, in 
 
 the Bernese Vaud, at Neuchatel (1529), among the Wal- 
 denses of Piedmont (1532), at Geneva. 
 
 3. Lambert (1487-1530), of Avignon, and his wanderings. 
 
 4. Clement Marot, the poet (1495-1544), his hardships and his 
 
 exiles. 
 
 IV. Francis and the reformers. 
 
 The king's return from captivity (1526). His humanist sympa- 
 thies and his fluctuating policy. The fate of Berquin 
 (1529). The Medicean marriage (1533). The chastise- 
 ment of the Sorbonne. Cop and Calvin (1533). Repres- 
 sion in the provinces. The Du Bellays and their circle. 
 Francis and Melanchthon. The affair of the placards 
 (1534). The royal edicts (Jan. 1533). The persecution. 
 Du Bourg and the Edict of Coucy (July 1535). Fiirsten- 
 berg and the Edict of Lyons (1536). Francis won wholly 
 to the reaction (1538). The Edict of Fontainebleau (1540). 
 The burning of Dolet (1546). Francis's death (1547). 
 
 V. Geneva. 
 
 i. The city. 
 
 Its rise and commercial importance. Its population. Its 
 rights and ambitions as an imperial city. The claims of 
 its bishops and of the dukes of Savoy. Its struggle for 
 independence. Its alliance with the Swiss (1526). Its 
 neighbors (Savoy, the Bernese Vaud, Lausanne, Fri- 
 bourg, NeuchStel ) .
 
 2. The reform. 
 
 The coining of Farel (1532). His expulsion. Froment. 
 Viret. The return of Farel ( 1534). The Edicts of Refor- 
 mation (1535, 1536). 
 
 VI. Calvin (1509-1564). 
 
 1. His training. 
 
 His parentage. His birth and home at Noyon. His studies 
 at Paris, Orleans, Bourges (1523-1532). His humanistic 
 career. His heresy and flight (1533). His wanderings 
 in France. His stay at Basel (1535-1536). His Christi- 
 anae religionis institutio. His visit to Rende of Ferrara 
 (1536). His advent at Geneva. 
 
 2. His first stay at Geneva (1536-1538). 
 
 His Catechism. His pastorate. His Discipline and Con- 
 fession of Faith. The reformation of manners. The out- 
 cry of the " Patriots " and their victory in the elections. 
 The banishment of Calvin and Farel. 
 
 3. His stay at Strasburg (1538-1541). 
 
 His friends (Bucer, Capito, Sturm). His French pastorate. 
 His activity as teacher and author. His share in the 
 colloquies at Frankfort, Haguenau, Worms, Ratisbon. 
 His controversy with Sadolet. The recall to Geneva. 
 His conditions. 
 
 4. His autocracy at Geneva ( 1541-1564). 
 
 a. His civil government. 
 
 b. His church polity. 
 
 c. His theology. 
 
 d. His rivals and foes. 
 
 The Patriots and the Libertines. Bolsec. Servetus 
 (1509-1553) and his fate. Castellio (iSiS-^s) 
 and the controversy over toleration. 
 
 VII. Calvinism in France. 
 
 1. Henry II (1547-1559) and his religious policy. 
 
 The " chambre ardente" (1547-1550). The Edict of Cha- 
 teaubriant (1551). The Edict of Compie'gne (1557). 
 The contagion of martyrdom. 
 
 2. The Calvinists. 
 
 The "Reformed Church" at Paris (1555). Calvin's part 
 in its Confession (1557). The singers of the Pre-aux- 
 clercs (1558) and their high-born allies (the king of Na- 
 varre, Conde", Coligny, Andelot). The synod and the 
 first " Confession of Faith of the Reformed Churches of 
 France" (1559). Du Bourg and the Parlement. The"- 
 odore de Beze (Beza) (1519-1605). The colloquy of 
 Poissy (1561). The " Edict of January " (1562).
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 VII. 
 THE ENGLISH REVOLT FROM ROME. 
 
 i . Henry VIII and the Humanists. 
 
 Henry's training and sympathies. The work of Colet. The 
 influence of Warham, Fisher, and Fox. The influence of 
 Erasmus. The influence of More. 
 
 II. Wolsey. 
 
 His elevation ( 1515). His attitude toward the new thought. 
 His ecclesiastical ambitions. His legatine powers (from 
 1517). His religious policy. Henry's controversy with 
 Luther (1521 ). The support of the English Humanists. 
 
 III. The divorce. 
 
 Catharine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. Henry's purpose ( 1526) 
 and the obstacles in its way. The suit in the legatine court. 
 The negotiations with the pope. Campeggio. The fall 
 of Wolsey ( 1529). Tyndale and the beginnings of Protest- 
 antism in England (1526-1529). The chancellorship of 
 More (1529-1532). Cranmer and the submission of the 
 divorce question to the universities (1532). The rise of 
 Thomas Cromwell. 
 
 IV. The royal supremacy. 
 
 Cromwell's solution of the divorce problem : the royal suprem- 
 acy. The submission of the clergy (1531-1532). Cran- 
 mer primate ( 1533). The secret marriage and the Anglican 
 divorce. The pope's reversal of the action. Henry's ap- 
 peal to Council. The Statute of Appeals. The Statutes of 
 Annates. The Act of Supremacy ( 1534). 
 
 V. The Anglican church. 
 
 Its organization and administration. The death of Fisher and 
 More (1535). The suppression of the monasteries (1536, 
 1539). T ne new nobility. The English Bible. The ultra- 
 Protestants and the reaction. The Articles of Religion 
 (1539). The German marriage and the fall of Cromwell 
 (1540). England and the German Protestants. The 
 "King's Book" (1543). The " King's Primer" (1545). 
 Henry's death (1547). The succession. 
 
 VI. Edward VI and Protestantism (1547-1553). 
 
 The Protector. The triumph of Protestantism. The book of 
 Common Prayer. The new Catechism. The Homilies. 
 The Forty-Two Articles (1552). The influence of Witten- 
 berg, of Zurich, of Strasburg, of Geneva. The Protest- 
 ant persecution.
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 VIII. 
 THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION. 
 
 I. Its mediaeval forerunners. 
 
 1 . The social theories of the Waldenses. 
 
 2. The Lollards and the English peasant revolt ( 1381 ). 
 
 John Ball. Wat Tyler. William Longland. 
 
 3. The Hussite extremists (the Taborites) in Bohemia. 
 
 4. The beginnings of social revolution in Germany. 
 
 The example of the Swiss. The " Reformation of Em- 
 peror Sigismund " (1439). The Piper of Niklashausen 
 ( 1476). The Bundschuh ( 1493, 1502). The city revolu- 
 tions. 
 II. The peasant outbreaks of 1513-1517. 
 
 Joss Fritz and the revived Bundschuh on the upper Rhine. 
 " Der arme Konrad'" in Wiirttemberg. The Kuruzzen in 
 Hungary. The peasant uprisings in the Austrian lands and 
 in the Swiss cantons. 
 
 III. The social effects of the Lutheran schism. 
 
 The teaching of Luther. The appeal to the Scriptures. The 
 spirit of reform. The radical preachers. Carlstadtand Miin- 
 zer. Hutten as a preacher of revolution. " Karsthans " and 
 " New Karsthans." The influence of the almanac-makers. 
 
 IV. The second Diet of Nuremberg (Sept. 1523-Apr. 1524). 
 
 The overthrow of the Regency by the Estates. Popular discon- 
 tent at it. Their action on the religious question. Luther's 
 reception of it. 
 V. The great Peasants' War (1524-1525). 
 
 1 . Its outbreak in southern Swabia. 
 
 2. The Twelve Articles of the peasants. 
 
 3. The spread of the revolution through all south Germany. 
 
 4. The peasants' successes and their larger schemes. 
 
 Carlstadt at Rothenburg. Hipler. Miinzer and his rule in 
 Thuringia. 
 
 5. Luther's attitude toward the revolution. 
 
 6. The overthrow and massacre of the peasants. 
 VI. Why as yet the social revolution failed.

 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 
 IX. 
 PROTESTANTISM AND THE BALANCE OF POWER. 
 
 I. Why Charles V did not enforce the Edict of Worms. 
 
 1. The rebellion of the Castilian towns. 
 
 2. The French attempts on Navarre and Luxemburg. 
 
 3. The league of Emperor, Pope, and England against France. 
 
 The war in Italy. Imperial successes. Bicocca (1522) and 
 its results. The treason of Bourbon and the three-fold 
 invasion of France (1523). Pope Clement VII (1523) 
 and his policy. The expulsion of the French from 
 Italy (1524) and the futile invasion of Provence. The 
 return of the French and the battle of Pavia (1525). 
 Francis Charles's captive. The Treaty of Madrid ( 1526). 
 
 4. The League of Cognac (May 1526). 
 
 Francis's perfidy. The league against Charles. The mo- 
 tives of its members. The advance of the Turks on sea 
 (the fall of Rhodes, 1522) and on land (Mohacs, 1526). 
 Imperialist successes in Italy. The Lutheran sack of 
 Rome (1527). The vicissitudes of Milan, of Florence, 
 and of Genoa. French disasters (Aversa, 1528, Lan- 
 driano, 1529). The break -up of the league. The Treaty 
 of Barcelona between Charles and Clement (June 1529). 
 The Peace of Cambray (Aug. 1529). 
 
 5. The Turkish invasion of Austria and siege of Vienna (Sept.- 
 
 Oct. 1529). 
 
 II. Lutheranism as a political power. 
 
 1. The Congress at Ratisbon ( 1524), 
 
 The alliance of the Catholic princes and the answering 
 league of the Lutherans. 
 
 2. The Diet of Spires (June 1526). 
 
 The pledge of a Council. The suspension of the penal 
 clauses of the Edict of Worms. The provisional grant 
 of religious freedom. Religious territorialism. 
 
 3. The second Diet of Spires (Feb. 1529). 
 
 The revocation of the concessions of 1526. The Protest 
 and the " Protestants." 
 
 4. The Diet of Augsburg (June-Nov. 153)- 
 
 Charles once more in Germany. The Augsburg Confession 
 (confessio Augustana} and its signers. The Confession
 
 of the Four Cities (confessio tetrapolitana}. The 
 Catholic Confutatio. The "Recess" (Abschied). 
 The Protestants given till April. 
 5. The League of Schmalkalden (Dec. 1530). 
 
 III. Francis of France and the German Protestants. 
 
 1. The Schmalkaldic League and Francis I. 
 
 2. Ferdinand of Hapsburg as King of the Romans. 
 
 His election (1531). His character. The delay of the 
 Protestant princes to recognize him. 
 
 3. The religious peace of Nuremberg (July 1532). 
 
 Charles's concessions. His promise at the Diet of Ratis- 
 bon (Regensburg). 
 
 4. The repulse of the Turk (Aug. 1532). 
 
 5. The restoration of Ulrich of Wurttemberg (1534). 
 
 Francis aids the Protestant Landgrave of Hesse. Wurt- 
 temberg Protestant. 
 
 6. The expedition against Tunis (1535). 
 
 7. The renewal of the Italian wars ( 1536). 
 
 French intrigues with Protestant and Turk. The end of 
 the Sforzas. The French in Italy. Charles's challenge. 
 The ravaging of Provence. The rising of Ghent 
 (!537)- The Truce of Nice (1538). 
 
 8. The progress of Protestantism in Germany. 
 
 The organization of the evangelical churches. The secu- 
 larization of ecclesiastical territories. The political 
 gains. The conference at Ratisbon ( 1541 ). The failure 
 of the compromise. Charles's concessions to the Protes- 
 tants. 
 
 9. The final struggle of Charles and Francis. 
 
 The allies of each. Charles's disasters in Hungary and 
 Algiers. Cerisoles ( 1544). The invasion of Champagne. 
 The Peace of Crespy (Sept. 1544). 
 
 IV. The Schmalkaldic War. 
 
 1 . Charles and the Protestants. 
 
 The Council of Trent (1545). The cajoling of the German 
 princes. Luther's death. -The imperial ban (1546). 
 
 2. The war. 
 
 The league's tardiness. Maurice of Saxony. Miihlberg 
 (1547). The captive leaders. 
 
 3. The Augsburg Interim ( 1548). 
 
 4. The family quarrel (Ferdinand vs. Philip). 
 
 5. The defection of Maurice, and the Protestant alliance with 
 
 France (1552). 
 
 6. Maurice's stroke and the Treaty of Passau (1552). 
 
 7. The Religious Peace of Augsburg (1555).
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 X. 
 
 PROTESTANTISM IN THE MEDITERRANEAN LANDS. 
 
 I. Protestantism in Italy. 
 
 1. Italy and the Papacy. 
 
 2. The Church and religion in Italy in the early i6th century. 
 
 The trend toward paganism (Bembo). The trend toward 
 rationalism (Pomponazzi). The orthodoxy of the lower 
 classes. 
 
 3. The Fifth Lateran Council ( 1512-1517) and its influence on 
 
 Italian thought. 
 
 4. The national and anti-Italian spirit of the German reformers 
 
 and its effect on the reception of their ideas in Italy. 
 
 5. Pope Adrian VI (1522-1523) and his reforms. 
 
 6. Caraffa (1476-1559) and the beginnings of his Catholic 
 
 reformation. 
 
 7. The mediating reformers. 
 
 Contarini. Sadolet. Morone. Pole. Their share in the 
 religious colloquies (1540-1541). 
 
 8. The Protestant ideas in Italy. 
 
 At Ferrara (Renee of France and her circle). At Modena. 
 At Bologna. At Venice. At Naples (the patronage of 
 Juan Valdes, of Julia Gonzaga, of Vittoria Colonna). 
 At Lucca. At Siena. Bruccioli and the Italian Bible. 
 Folengo and Flaminio. The Treatise on the benefit of 
 Christ's death. 
 
 9. The Italian martyrs. 
 
 The perfected Inquisition (1542). Carnesecchi (1500- 
 
 1568). Paleario (1500-1570). 
 10. The Italian exiles. 
 
 Ochino. Peter Martyr. Vergerio. Castelvetro. Curio. 
 Gentilis. The Socini. 
 
 II. Protestantism in Spain. 
 
 1. The Spanish character and the Spanish faith. 
 
 2. The religious results of the long struggle with the Moors. 
 
 3. Church and state in the peninsula. 
 
 4. Ximenes and his reform. 
 
 5. The Spanish Inquisition and the Censure. 
 
 6. The Spanish mystics.
 
 7. The Spanish Erasmists. 
 
 Vives. Alfonso and Juan Valds. The two Vergaras. 
 Virue"s. Maldonado. 
 
 8. The Spanish Lutherans. 
 
 Juan de Diaz. The brothers Enzinas. Francisco de San- 
 Roman. 
 
 9. Lutheranism in Spain. 
 
 The Protestants of Valladolid (the Cazallas, Domingo de 
 Rojas, Carlos de Seso). The Protestants of Seville. 
 The autos-de-fe (1559-1560). The Spanish Bible. 
 
 10. The refugees. 
 
 Perez. Valera. Tejada. 
 
 11. Carranza (1503-1576). 
 
 III. Protestantism in Portugal. 
 
 Damiao de Goes (1501-1560). 
 
 IV. Why Protestantism gained no real foothold in these Romanic lands.
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 XI. 
 
 PROTESTANTISM IN SCANDINAVIA AND IN SLAVDOM, IN 
 HUNGARY AND IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 I. Protestantism in Scandinavia. 
 
 1. Scandinavia under the Union of Calmar (1397-1513). 
 
 2. Christian II (1513-1523) and the revolt of the Swedes. 
 
 3. The Danish revolt from Rome. 
 
 Humanism in Denmark (Christian Pedersen, Paul Elie- 
 sen). The Danish students at Wittenberg. Christian 
 II's patronage of the new ideas (Carlstadtat Copenha- 
 gen). The expulsion of Christian and the accession, 
 as Frederic I ( 1523-1533), of the Lutheran duke of Schles- 
 \vig-Holstein. His election-pledge. The spread of the 
 new ideas. Hans Tausen. The Diets of Odense (1526, 
 1527). The Danish New Testament. The Diet of Copen- 
 hagen (1530). Christian II in Norway (1531-1532). 
 Frederic's death (1533) and the interregnum. Liibeck 
 under Wullenwever and the Counts' Feud (1533-1536). 
 Christian III and the establishment of Protestantism in 
 Denmark and Norway (1536). Bugenhagen's organiza- 
 tion of the Danish chnrch ( 1537). 
 
 4. The Swedish revolt from Rome. 
 
 Gustavus Vasa (1496-1560). His ascent of the Swedish 
 throne (1523). His encouragement of the Lutherans. 
 The taxation of the clergy. The Diet of Westeras ( 1527) 
 and the synod of Orebo (1529). The Swedish church. 
 The parallel religious policy in Finland (Sarkilaks and 
 Michael Agricola). The Finnish church and literature. 
 
 II. Protestantism in Prussia and Livonia. 
 
 1 . The complex relations of church and state in these lands. 
 
 The Teutonic Order and its sway. The cities and their 
 privileges. The peasantry. 
 
 2. The early introduction of the Lutheran ideas. 
 
 3. Albert of Brandenburg as Grand-Master in Prussia. 
 
 His struggle with Poland. The loss of West Prussia. His 
 adoption of the new ideas and his marriage. His secu- 
 larization of the Teutonic Order : Prussia a duchy and a 
 Polish fief.
 
 4. Albert as Duke of Prussia. 
 
 His administration. His church. Speratus. The univer- 
 sity of Konigsberg. Osiander. 
 
 5. Livonia under Plettenberg (1496-1535). 
 
 The struggle for the winning and keeping of independence. 
 The religious troubles and their confusion with the po- 
 litical. 
 
 6. Kettler and the partition of Livonia. 
 
 The Russian invasion ( 1558) and the Polish intervention. 
 Livonia's fall to Poland. The share of Sweden and of 
 Denmark. Kettler as Duke of Courland (1561). 
 
 III. Protestantism in Poland and Lithuania. 
 
 The relation of the two crowns. The Hussite influence in 
 these Slavic lands. The influence of Wittenberg. Queen 
 Bona Sforza and Lismanini. The humanistic circle at 
 Cracow. Stancari and his Canones reformationis . The 
 coming of the Bohemian Brethren (1548). The Diet of 
 1552. The Diet of 1556 and religious freedom. Jan Laski 
 (1499-1560). The advent of the Socini (1551, 1579). 
 
 IV. Protestantism in Hungary. 
 
 Among the Germans (Transylvania). Among the Magyars. 
 
 V. The Scottish revolt from Rome. 
 
 The martyrs (Patrick Hamilton, 1528, Wishart, 1546). 
 The influence of the English movement. The murder of 
 Cardinal Beaton (1546). John Knox (1505-1572) and the 
 introduction of Calvinism (1555). The first Covenant 
 (1557). The civil war. The abolition by Parliament of 
 papal jurisdiction and of the Roman worship (1560). 
 The organization of the Scottish church.
 
 THE REFORMATION. 
 XII. 
 
 THE SECTS OF THE REFORMATION AND ITS SOCIAL 
 RESULTS. 
 
 I. The results to faith and worship. 
 
 1. The new state churches. 
 
 The Lutheran churches. The Calvinistic churches. 
 The Anglican church. 
 
 2. The sects. 
 
 a. The Bohemian Brothers. 
 
 b. The " Anabaptists." 
 
 Their origin. Their tenets. Their name. Their lead- 
 ers (Hubmaier, Denck, Munzer, Melchior Hof- 
 mann, Jan of Leyderi, David Joris, Menno Si- 
 mons). Their spread. Their vicissitudes (the perse- 
 cution, the Anabaptists at Waldshut, Miinzer's 
 realm at Miihlhausen, the Anabaptist common- 
 wealth at Miinster, the Baptists in the Netherlands 
 and in England). 
 
 c. The "Anti-Trinitarians." 
 
 Campanus. Servetus. Gribaldoand his circle. Ochi- 
 no. The Socini. 
 
 d. The schisms within the churches. 
 
 Antinomianism. Osiandrism. Synergism and Flaci- 
 anism. Majorism. Kargism. Zanchism. 
 
 3. The growth of free thought. 
 
 a. The free-thinkers. 
 
 Agrippa. Paracelsus. Schwenkfeld. Sebastian 
 Franck. Ramus. 
 
 b. The believers in freedom of thought. 
 
 4. The rise of tolerance. 
 
 a. In practice. 
 
 b. In theory. 
 
 Castellio. Curio. Acontius. Mino Celsi. Coornhert. 
 
 II. The results to morals. 
 
 III. The results to education. 
 
 IV. The results to government. 
 V. The reaction.