i THU'H, M, ;in~7T? THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES U DALLAS, TEXAS ROWE SHORTHAND Beirig an adaptation of the principles and rules of New Rapid Shorthand which provides a com- plete course of study and training in the art of shorthand writing by the use of a system of abbre- viated characters, that is easily learned, as legible as print, and that can be written as rapidly as language is spoken PREPARED BY BENN W. PARKER EDITED BY HARRY M. ROWE, Ph.D. : 'Let there be a system of writing discovered that is as legible and may be learned as easily as longhand, and that may be written as rapidly as the language is spoken, and the greatest invention of the age is accom- plished" THE H. M. ROWE CO. EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS BALTIMORE, MD. COPYRIGHT 1888 C. E. McKEE COPYRIGHT 1889 C. E. McKEE COPYRIGHT 1900 AND 1907 SADLER-HOWE Co. COPYRIGHT 1915 BY THE H. M. HOWE Co. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE 1 A STATEMENT OF WHAT ROWE SHORTHAND Is 5 STRUCTURAL BASIS OF THE ALPHABET 9 LESSOX ONE Preliminary Instruction 11 The Short Characters 15 Rule I, Vowel ization, or Formation of Primary Syllables 16 Extension of Primary Syllables 18 Rule 2, Joining / and ir 19 Word-Signs 19 Phrases 20 LESSON Two Medium Characters 21 <% Extension of Primary Syllables 22 g Rule 3, Joining the d and dr 23 Complete Vowel Table 23 Rule 4, Diphthongs 24 Word-signs 25 9 Phrases 26 M Punctuation 27 5 Sentences 27, 28 5 LESSON THREE Long Characters 29 Extension of Primary Syllables 29, 30 Rule 5, Joining / and v to w and 1 31 Expedient Characters 31 Rule 6, Joining Expedient 3 and / to Other Characters 31 Exercise illustrating Rule 6 32, 33 Rule 7, Joining Expedient s and / Where There Is an Angle 34 Rule 8, Initial Expedient 5 Combinations 34 Exercise Illustrating Rule 8 35 Word-Signs 35, 36 Phrases 36, 37 Sentences 38, 39 LESSON FOUR Loop Characters 40 Rule 9, Joining sta and sir to Other Characters 40 448443 IV CONTENTS LESSON FOUR Continued PAGE Exercise Illustrating Rule 9 41 Hooks, B, P, G and K Extensions 42 Rule 10, Joining b and p to b, br, g, gr, t, tr, etc 42 Rule 11, Joining b and p Hook 43 Rule 12, Joining g and k to b, br, and r 44 Rule 13, Joining g and k Hook 44 Word-Signs 45 Phrases 46 Sentences 47, 48 LESSON FIVE The L Combination of Consonants 49 Rule 15, bl or pi Joined Alphabetically 49 Rule 16, bl or pi as a Hook 50 Rule 17, gl or kl Joined Alphabetically 51 Rule 18, gl or kl as a Hook 52 Rule 19, fl Turned on Regular Side 52 Complete List of Word-Signs 53, 54 Sentences 55 A REVIEW WITH QUESTIONS 56 COMPLETE ALPHABET 57 LESSON Six Second Method of Syllable Extension 58 Rule 20, Shading to Express r 58 Rule 21, Expressing r after/, jr. p, and pr 59 Exercise Illustrating Rule 21 60 Phrasing under Rule 20 60 Sentences 61, 62 LESSON SEVEN Rule 22, Syllable Extension by Adding m and n 63 Exercises Illustrating Rule 22 64, 65 Phrasing under Rule 22 65 Rule 23, mn, nm, and ment Combinations 66 Sentences 67 LESSON EIGHT Rule 24, m and n Extensions, continued 68 Rule 25, m and n after t, tr, d, and dr 69 Ten, tent, den and dent Syllables 70 Prefixes am, an, ani; em, en 70 " im, imml, in, inti 71 " urn, un, uni 72 CONTENTS V LESSON EIGHT Continued PAGE Rule 26 mn after m 73 Phrases 73 Sentences 74, 75 LESSON NINE Rule 27 Syllable Extension to Add t or d 76 Phrasing under Rule 27 77 Rule 28 ted, ded, det, Syllables 77 Phrases 78 Sentences 79, 80 LESSON TEN Miscellaneous Extensions and Combinations 81 Rule 29 Final ts and ds 81 Phrasing under Rule 29 82 Rule 30 dis and des Prefixes 82, 83 Rule 31 Final U and dl 83, 84 Rule 32 Final ith 84 Rule 33 ish after b and g, etc 85 Rule 34 / after ish, wha, oi and ou 85 Rule 35 Coalescent Iw and dw 86 Phrases 86 Sentences 87, 88 LESSON ELEVEN Omission of Initial Syllables 89 Vowel Words 90 Numerical Phrasing 91 Sentences 92, 93 LESSON TWELVE Rule 36 kt Termination 94 Exercise Illustrating Rule 36 95 Phrasing under Rule 36 95 Sentences 96, 97 WORD STRUCTURE AND RULE FOR OUTLINING 98, 99 LESSON THIRTEEN Attached Prefixes 100-107 Sentences 107, 108 LESSON FOURTEEN Attached Suffixes 109-114 Phrases 115 Sentences 115, 116 VI CONTENTS LESSON FIFTEEN PAGE Detached Prefixes 117-122 Rule 37 the Negative Sign 122, 123 Sentences 123, 124 LESSON SIXTEEN Compound Prefixes 125 Rule 38, Prefixes Compounding with Com and Con 125-128 Rule39, " " " Ac, oc, etc 128,129 Other Compounds 129 Sentences 130, 131 LESSON SEVENTEEN Detached Suffixes '. 132-136 Rule 40, the ate Suffix 136, 137, 138 Sentences 139, 140 LESSON EIGHTEEN Word-Sign Derivatives 141-142 Pronominal and Adverbial Compounds 143, 144, 145 Writing Exercise 146 Key to Writing Exercise 147 LESSON NINETEEN Suggestions for Phrasing 148 Phrasing Exercises 149 " ' " 150 Conjunctive and Prepositional Phrases 151 "Has not" and "Hasn't," how Distinguished 152 Days and Months 153 Writing Exercise 154 Key to Writing Exercise 155 INSTRUCTIONS FOR LEARNING USED SOUNDS OF CONSONANTS 156 VOCABULARY. . . 157 PREFACE Rowe Shorthand has been known since its first publication in 1888 as New Rapid Shorthand. The title was changed as it ap- pears in this book for the following reasons: (a) the agreement at the time the title to the copyright was purchased by the present publisher does not permit the use of the author's name (Mr. McKee) in the title, (b) the word "New" in the title is no longer appropriate in connection with a system that has been in constant use for considerably more than a quarter of a century, and (c) it is obvious that since rapidity is claimed for all systems, the word "Rapid" in the old title now has no special significance. For these reasons it seemed preferable to identify the present text with the name of the house publishing it. In his preface written in 1889 the author says, "No apology need be offered for the appearance of the present work. The his- tory of the past proves that a system of brief writing has been the demand of the ages. That this demand still exists is too obvious to need assertion. When we realize what a small percentage of the multitudes who yearly take up the study of shorthand make a success of it, we begin to see the need of improvement in this line of human achievement. This recognized necessity for a simple, practical system of brief writing one that can be learned and put into daily use by the masses, without devoting years of study and practice to this one study alone is what inspired the author in his efforts to develop the present system." In his Introduction in the same text he says, "What the world is demanding today is a system that can be easily learned, is as legible as print, and can be written rapidly. Illegibility has been the most glaring defect of all systems of shorthand writing. This great deficiency together with others, so painfully realized by the author in past years, accounts for the existence of New Rapid Shorthand." 1 2 PREFACE These statements show how clearly the author understood what he wished to accomplish in inventing a system of shorthand. But he wrought better than he knew. It was not permitted that he should see or perhaps realize the wonderful possibilities of the system he created a system so perfect in the basic elements of its construction that its alphabet and principles stand today sub- stantially as he left them. Copyright difficulties, which in no way reflected upon his originality or integrity as an author, caused him to abandon this system for another which occupied his attention thereafter. It was left to others to discover the latent possibilities of the system. These discoveries finally led to some distinctly original applications of the principles of the system, particularly in utiliz- ing their unusual powers for giving expression to the phonic ele- ments of language structure. Perhaps the most gifted exponent of these discoveries, as well as of the entire system as it is herein set forth, is Mr. B. W. Parker, who originated most of the changes to which reference has been made. His long experience, beginning as a student of Mr. McKee and continuing for a period of something over .twenty-five years as a teacher and writer of the system, as well as his familiarity with other shorthand systems, gives him an authoritative position in the shorthand world. Perhaps some of the pedagogic treatment in the arrangement of the text and particularly the simplicity of the language used in describing and differentiating between the associated sound elements of consonants may be properly ac- credited to the editor, who is the writer of this preface. Teachers and writers of shorthand cannot peruse the following pages very far without discovering many features dealing with the structural sounds of our language which have not heretofore been considered in connection with any shorthand system, that are bound to have far reaching effects in all future efforts that are directed towards perfecting the art of shorthand writing. These features cannot fail to command the attention of thoughtful teach- PREFACE 3 ers, particularly those who have given some study to word struc- ture and the essential sound elements necessary in giving utterance to human speech. It should be remembered that Rowe Shorthand is no experi- ment. Originally the work of a remarkable genius in shorthand creation, it has been refined in the crucible of experience at the hands of those who are masters of the subject. Since its first publication the system has been continually under the hammer of a searching criticism that was intended to finally produce the best and most nearly perfect system of shorthand that could be in- vented. Its quality which, we believe, fully justifies the strong claims we make for it, will be quickly discovered by any one who will take the trouble to investigate it. ROWE SHORTHAND A STATEMENT or WHAT ROWE SHORTHAND Is, WHICH SHOULD BE READ AND STUDIED BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH LESSON ONE Rowe shorthand is composed of an alphabet of forty-three characters, with two principles and forty rules which direct their use in the art of shorthand writing. The first principle is that of wwdization; the second is that of syllable extension. This alpha- bet and these principles and rules combine with such perfect har- mony and accuracy in recording sounds and their combinations as they occur in their natural order in words, phrases, etc., as to con- stitute a system of shorthand that is scientific in its construction and application, is as legible as print and that can be written as rapidly as the language can be spoken. The system is so complete in its alphabetic expression of ele- mental sounds and so adequate in its expression of combinations of sounds under the rules based upon its principles, that the same words are always written with the same outlines by all writers of the system with no exception to principles and no variation in rules. The alphabet of Rowe Shorthand is composed of simple charac- ters that are easily joined and capable of being written at great speed, with a separate character for each elemental sound in the language. Those characters that may be written and joined with the greatest ease are used to represent the most frequently occur- ring sounds in order to secure the greatest speed and legibility in writing combinations of sounds using connected outlines, whether found in words, phrases or sentences. The characters of the al- phabet are so arranged as to lend themselves readily in forming outlines that represent syllables, so that every stroke that is made 6 ROWE SHORTHAND is one of complete syllabic expression, thus establishing the system as purely phonetic. The complete alphabet is shown on page 57, but since its char- acters are introduced in their order in the various lessons in con- nection with the principles and rules involved in their application, reference to it at this time is unnecessary. The principles and rules of Rowe Shorthand are simple and clear in statement, direct and absolute in their application, free from exceptions and always produce like outlines. Their appli- cations are amply illustrated in exercises throughout the text. Such a series of principles and rules is possible only when the alphabet of the system is facile, complete and scientific in its rep- resentation of the elemental sounds of speech. The principles are so scientifically developed in the rules that the extension of outlines following primary syllables, for additional syllables, words or phrases, are always written according to principle and without any departure from the rules laid down. There is never any depar- ture from these principles and rules. For this reason there is little use for arbitrary word signs, of which there are less than one hun- dred in the entire system. Vowelization. In Rowe Shorthand vowels are indicated in two ways: (1), in those words beginning with a consonant, by writing the character representing the beginning consonant sound on the position assigned to the first sounded vowel following the conso- nant, and (2), by writing vowel characters for initial vowels, pre- fixes, suffixes, and vowel words, i.e., words in which the only sounded vowel is the initial vowel. Since the value of any shorthand system is largely determined by the extent to which it definitely expresses vowel sounds, some fuller consideration of this important feature seems appropriate at this point. Vowelization, or the representation of the sounds of vowels in words, has been one of the greatest difficulties with which authors of shorthand systems have had to contend. ROWE SHORTHAND 7 Vowels are usually indicated by the "vowel position" method or by the "connective vowel" method. The method used in Rowe Shorthand is indicated in the third paragraph above, al- though its position method is materially and radically different from that method as exemplified in other systems. Rowe Shorthand was the first known system to adopt an efficient method of arranging the vowels in their natural alphabetic order, i.e , as they occur in the English alphabet. Each vowel is as- signed but one position, and the principle of vowelization definitely and certainly reveals the place it occupies in the word. There is no opportunity for confusion. Both in theory and practice this method works out definitely and with absolute certainty. It is this method of vowelization, combined with the scientific assignment of the alphabetic characters to represent the various sounds used in speech, that makes possible the powerful contract- ing principles through which such a remarkable degree of brevity in outlining is secured without sacrifice of legibility. The position method of vowelization as exemplified in Rowe Shorthand is the only known method that does not compel illogi- cal abbreviations and the dropping of vowels in the later efforts to develop speed and efficiency in writing. As word outlines are first learned by the student, so are they retained throughout his course of study, and his final writing effort is in exact harmony, and in strict accordance with his initial effort. Much prejudice and unjust criticism exists in the minds of some shorthand teachers and writers with regard to indicating vowels by position, caused, no doubt, by the complex and uncer- tain manner of using this method in some of the best known sys- tems of phonography, which assign from four to six different vowel sounds to the same position. For example, a consonant stroke, written on what is called the "first position" in these systems, might express "broad a," "long e," "short i," "short o," "long i," or "oi," hence, in writing, the context must necessarily determine which one of these five or six different vowel sounds is to be used, 8 ROWE SHORTHAND and further, the context must determine the position the vowel occupies in the word, for in most instances there is nothing to show whether the word begins with a vowel or a consonant, or where the vowel is to be located. Another result of such indefinite and uncertain methods of indicating vowels is that a half dozen words are frequently expressed by the same outline on the same position. There can be no question of the superiority of the position method over the connective vowel method, for the reason that to express all vowels by circles and loops requires outlines too long to be written with sufficient speed to meet the requirements of practical shorthand writing. This is proven by the fact that all connective vowel systems are replete with later instructions to omit vowels and to make arbitrary contractions that leave the student practically without direction and resolves such systems into little more than systems of word signs. In Rowe Shorthand that which the student learns in the begin- ning he carries into practice throughout his course. Not a single word form is taught in any part of his work that is changed later on and this arrangement has been made possible by a perfect method of vowelization. Thus it will be seen that the high efficiency of Rowe Shorthand is the result of its scientific construction as exhibited (a) In the assignment of sound values to the characters of its alphabet, (i) In its method of vowelization, and (c) In the formulation of its rules so that they conform in every particular with the requirements of the language written, and provide adequately for every contingency that would inter- fere with recording speech at great speed and with perfect accuracy and entire legibility. ROWE SHORTHAND THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF THE ALPHABET The characters of the alphabet are formed from straight and curved lines, which are written in three main directions; namely, horizontally, slanting upward and slanting downward, as illustrated in the following: ILLUSTRATION 1. ^ _ r / ^ ^~^ S horizontal slanting upward slanting downward From the following illustration it will be seen that the lines in the preceding illustration are taken from an ellipse; that is, the curved lines are, as in longhand, parts of ellipses, and the straight lines conform in length and direction to a single straight line cutting the ellipses in half, vertically and lengthwise : ILLUSTRATION 2. In illustration 3 on the next page it will be seen that the straight lines have been divided into three lengths designated as short, me- dium and long and that in illustration 4 the curved lines have been divided into two lengths designated as medium and long, while in illustration 5 both straight and curved lines have been used in form- ing small loops and circles. It is from these straight and curved lines, loops and circles that the alphabet is constructed by designat- ing each one of them to represent a certain elemental sound of the language. It is only through a scientific assignment of elemental sounds that like structural formations of characters can be cov- ered by like principles. 10 ROWE SHORTHAND Rowe Shorthand is the only system that can lay claim to a sci- entific assignment of sound values to its alphabetic characters that results in easy joinings and brief legible outlines which embody all the important sounds of words. Some of these assignments of sounds are indicated in the third illustration. The sound assigned to each of the straight and curved lines in the first two illustrations will be indicated to the student as he proceeds further in his study of the system. They are shown in the alphabet on page 57. ILLUSTRATION 3 STRAIGHT LINES. ^ I x < short .X \ < medium ILLUSTRATION 4 CURVED LINES. medium medium long ILLUSTRATION 5 LOOP CHARACTERS. /> (/ C D A h g sh wh ou LESSON ONE PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTION SOME IMPORTANT INFORMATION AND A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF CON- SONANT SOUNDS AND THEIR USES IN SHORTHAND WRITING, FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF THE STUDENT BEGINNING THE STUDY OF ROWE SHORTHAND. 1. Shorthand differs from longhand. Writing words in short- hand, using the characters of the shorthand alphabet, is different in many respects from writing words in longhand, using the letters of the English alphabet. Some understanding of these differences should be had before taking up a study of the principles of Rowe Shorthand. 2. Sounds used singly and sounds used in groups. In long- hand each consonant and vowel sound of which a word is com- posed is represented by a letter or a combination of letters taken from the alphabet, each sound being expressed singly. From these letters, syllables and words are formed. In shorthand writing these sounds are not expressed singly, but in groups, forming sylla- bles and words, which are expressed in shorthand characters of great brevity and legibility a single character frequently express- ing all the sounds in the entire word. 3. The reason for shorthand. In longhand the writer is com- pelled to write every letter of a word while the speaker pronounces only the syllables of a word which are often composed of a number of letters, therefore, while the speaker as a rule makes but one ef- fort in uttering a single syllable, the longhand writer is forced to make as many efforts as there are letters in the syllable. To make this difference clear, for example, in uttering the syllable "preach," the speaker makes but one effort for the entire syllable, while the longhand writer is required to make six efforts, one for each letter. Shorthand was invented to make it possible for the writer to keep 11 12 ROWE SHORTHAND pace with the utterances of the speaker. This can be accom- plished only by a perfect co-ordination of the mental and man- ual processes, and the possibilities for such a co-ordination must be provided for in the system of shorthand itself. 4. Shorthand is not a system of spelling. For the reason stated above, in no instance does a shorthand writer spell while forming his shorthand outlines, but instead he uses his shorthand characters to express the unity of sounds contained in distinct syl- lables, and expresses the sounds entering into each syllable by a minimum effort of stroke. This requires a shorthand alphabet in which each elemental unit of sound is represented and it also re- quires an intimate knowledge of phonics, i.e., the science of sound. \/ 5. Consonant sounds. In shorthand writing it is necessary to acquire an intimate knowledge of phonics by a careful analysis of each consonant, so that the different elements of sound contained in it may be clearly ascertained and understood. In consonants we have two associated sound elements, one being the vowel, or voice sound of a consonant, and the other being that portion of sound that remains after taking away the vowel sound. That portion of sound that remains after taking away the vowel sound is an obstructed sound that cannot be given complete utterance in naming the con- sonant, without the use of the voice sound. It is this remaining portion of sound in a given consonant that is the true consonant sound made use of in speech and in shorthand writing, and that is represented by the alphabetic character to which it is assigned it is the used sound element of the consonant, the voice element being dropped. These used elemental sounds of consonants, therefore, are factors of the utmost importance in applying the principles of this system of shorthand. 6. Elemental sounds of consonants. Since it is of first impor- tance to distinguish between the two associated sound elements of consonants, so that the used element may be separated from the unused, it is necessary to analyze each consonant separately. Let us consider the consonant /. In speaking the letter / we begin ROWE SHORTHAND 13 with the voice sound eh which is equivalent to the short sound of e (e). This sound is followed by the whispered sound formed by expelling the breath between the upper teeth and lower lip. This whispered sound is the equivalent of the sound of fh uttered with- out any voice element. It is that sound of / which is expressed before the vowel a in fate. . This whispered sound is the used sound element of the consonant /in shorthand writing, and is represented by the character / of the alphabet. On the other hand, in such letters as k and v, the whispered sound precedes the voice sound. Lists of those consonants in which the voice sound follows the used consonant sound, and those consonants in which the voice sound precedes the used consonant sound, are given in Tf6c. 6a. From this it will be seen that when we speak of "elemental sounds of consonants" we refer (a) to the unvoiced sounds of con- sonants that are left after the vowel sounds that precede or follow them are eliminated, and (b) that these unvoiced sounds are the used sounds of consonants employed in speech and in writing short- hand, and (c) that these used sounds, and not the voiced sounds, are the sounds represented by the consonants of the shorthand alphabet. It is by associating these used consonant sounds with the vowel sounds indicated by position, that we obtain "the unity of sounds contained in distinct syllables," as stated in ^[4, and from which are formed those groups of "sounds that result in syl- lables," as stated in ^[2. Consequently, in ascertaining the used sounds of consonants, the student also acquires material for the construction of syllables, so that in his outlines the shorthand char- acters finally represent syllable formations; i.e., syllables or words. 6b. To accurately ascertain that portion of sound that remains after taking away the vowel sound, the student should, in pro- nouncing consonants, note distinctly the unvoiced element of sound which is useful to him, and disregard the useless vowel sound that, separated from the useful sound, ceases to be of value from a shorthand standpoint. This will give him command of those ele- mental consonant sounds necessary to form the distinct syllables referred to in ^[4. 14 ROWE SHORTHAND 6c. It will be observed that in letters like / and h the voice sound precedes the used consonant sound, while in letters like v and k the voice sound follows the used consonant sound. Those consonants in which the voice sound follows the used consonant sound are b, c, d, g,j, k, p, q, t, V and'z. Those consonants in which the voice sound precedes the used consonant sound are /, h, I, m, n, r, s and x. Of these, some small portion of the voice sound is retained in expressing the used consonant sound in r, I, m, and n. X when used as an initial consonant sound always retains its voice sound element; when medial or final, the voice element is eliminated the same as in other used consonant sounds. 6d. Importance of consonants in word construction. The words of our language are composed, largely, of consonants in fact, the consonants are the prime factors of speech. The chief function of the vowels is to assist articulation by bridging between consonant sounds. A knowledge of the used sounds of consonants enables one to readily determine the word represented by their correct combinations, even when no vowel is present. The stu- dent should know the used sound element of each consonant, and he should think in syllables composed of these sound elements. A thorough mastery of the used sounds of consonants is of the utmost importance to the learner and the writer of shorthand. A valuable exercise for learning the used sounds of consonants is found on page 156. LESSON ONE ASSIGNMENT OF USED CONSONANT SOUNDS TO THE SHORT CHARACTERS 7. The characters of the alphabet, as shown in illustrations 3, 4 and 5, page 10, are arranged in four classes, known as short, medium, long and loop characters. In this lesson the short charac- ters will be considered. 8. Short characters. These are the shortest strokes of the al- phabet. They are usually written downward, but may be written upward when necessary to effect an easy joining. The characters and the sounds assigned to them are as follows: r ch t tr Before practicing these characters, carefully read paragraphs 5 to 6d inclusive, pages 12, 13 and 14, and ascertain the used conso- nant sound of each. (a) The used sound of r closely resembles the sound of er as heard in the word flower, flow-er. (b} The used sound of ch (pronounced cha), is the sound of ch in the word church, ch-ur-ch. (c) The used sound of / is the sound of / in the words, teach, -each, and hat, ha-/. (d) The used sound of tr (pronounced ter), is the sound of tr in the word train, /r-ain. The tr is a shaded stroke. EXERCISE 1. Practice these characters one at a time, filling at least one page of your note-book with your practice of each. Make them as short as possible, and be careful to fix in mind the direction in which each character is made. Pronounce the used sound of the character as you write it. Hold your pencil loosely, 15 16 ROWE SHORTHAND and form the habit of writing each character accurately, posi- tively and rapidly. Continue to do this throughout your course. 9. Vowelization. A majority of the words of our language be- gin with a consonant sound which is immediately followed by a vowel sound. Therefore, in this system, this vowel sound is indi- cated by the position on which the consonant is written. As there are five vowels, a, e, i, o, and u, there are five vowel positions, as shown in their alphabetic order in the following illustration: Observe that the i position is the line, while the positions of the other vowels are the spaces indicated above and below the line. v 10. In this system of shorthand, the first function of every alphabetic consonant is to indicate that a vowel sound follows im- mediately after it, forming a syllable. This function is first mani- fested in what is termed the primary syllable, the vowel of which is specifically indicated by writing the alphabetic consonant on the vowel position, as illustrated in exercise 2. It follows, there- fore, that the vowel indicated by position is always read immediately after the first alphabetically written consonant in an outline. "Primary syllable" is a term used to designate the most impor- tant syllable in the construction of a shorthand outline. The term is only applied to those syllables that are formed by writing alpha- betic consonants on vowel positions. 11. From the statements in paragraphs 9 and 10, we derive the following rule: Rule 1. In those words beginning with a consonant sound that is represented by a character of the alphabet, write the character representing the beginning consonant sound on the position as- signed to the first sounded vowel following the consonant. <. ^w *> TjAJ> ' ROWE SHORTHAND 17 EXERCISE 2. As the following primary syllables form'the bases of all words beginning with the consonant sounds assigned to the short characters, they should be practiced according to Rule 1 un- til they are thoroughly learned. As you write an alphabetic consonant on a vowel position, pronounce the used sound of the consonant and the vowel sound as a complete syllable. Do not spell. Fill at least four pages of your note-book with your prac- tice of these syllables. Do not use much space above and below the line to distinguish between the vowels that are indicated by these positions keep close to the line. ra re cha , ro "~n"'"< X"** ' cne i ; ~"Cni~ 1 "ph'A ~~\ ~ i." chu i y " " ti y-- to v t;r >" tra y tre -tn---/ t-ro--"V tfiV ILLUSTRATION OF SYLLABLE PRACTICE. \\\\\\\\\\\\\ ra cne -i J -L...J____L J L-__J-._L__-J____L._.J L_ ti -y----/---/ /---/ /--.-/----/---/--- -/---/---y- ---/-- tro -,----,-,-, -/---/--/---/-,/-- --,.-, -y 18 ROWE SHORTHAND 12. Extension of primary syllables. In many instances the primary syllable is a complete word in others it constitutes only the first sound of a word. In either case, the addition of other sounds to the primary syllable outline results in other syllables or words. This is known as the extension of the primary syllable. There are two methods of extending primary syllables. Under the first method, some character (either alphabetic or expedient) is joined to the primary syllable outline. The second method is explained later in EXERCISE 3. Practice exercises 3 and 4 until you can write each word readily, filling at least one-fourth page of your note- book with the practice of each word. Then cover the shorthand outlines and write the words from your knowledge of the princi- ples. Always read and reread everything you write. Do not spell while outlining, but pronounce the words as you write them, em- ploying the used sounds of the consonants composing the outlines. Note that the outline for the primary syllable, as practiced in the previous exercise, is retained. rate, rat ---> . tare write, writ .-.--> ------ tire --<- wrote, rot --*.--* ---- ~ tore 7- ' f ? reach ---- ^y-- tour rich --- -vy-- teach roach - <--..- touch ROWE SHORTHAND 19 Rule 2. Write the / and tr upward after /, tr, and ch. EXERCISE 4. Practice as instructed in exercise 3. tight -->-- trite .--^-. trait - - - cheat -~k-- treat >- chat -^ 13. Word-signs. Any shorthand outline from which one or more of the important sounds of the word are omitted, orany sym- bol that is arbitrarily used to suggest a word, is a word-sign. So brief are the outlines formed by an application of the rules of this system that very few word-signs are used. The ones that are given, however, are essential to rapid writing and must be thor- oughly memorized. It will be observed that where two or more words are repre- sented by one sign, they are such words as cannot be used inter- changeably in a sentence. The symbol employed for the word- sign is usually the one that represents the prime consonant fac- tor of the word; for instance, t is the prime consonant factor of at and it, therefore, the t stroke is used as a sign for these words. Read paragraph 6d, page 14. EXERCISE 5. Memorize the following word-signs. Practice the phrases until you can make them accurately and rapidly. Throughout your course you must devote some time each day to the practice of word-signs and phrases. are ------- ^ ----- owe, owed, owing on, own, only ------ v -, each the ------ - ----- which I ..... --. ----- such 20 ROWE SHORTHAND at / it -/- more 14. Phrasing. Phrasing means the representation of two or ,^ore words by one outline. This may be done by merely joining the outlines, or by the use of modifying rules. Thoroughly memo- rize and put into practice such phrases as are given. EXERCISE 6. such are to it on it, on to c L_- _ owing to rv^f^A^ J UWNA-A-l/ ^ LESSON TWO 15. Medium characters. The medium characters are double the length of the short characters, as shown in illustrations 3, 4 and 5, page 10. The medium characters and the sounds assigned to them are as follows: f fr m k kr a i au d dr j u o e -^ _ ^ ^ x- _S C / / I V \ ^ Horizontal Up Downward These characters are written in the directions indicated in the illustration. Before practicing them, determine the of each consonant in this group, as instructed in paragraphs 5 to 6 d inclusive. The fr, kr and dY are shaded strokes. Vowel characters are employed (a) in writing words that begin or end with a vowel, (b) in writing vowel words, i.e., words in which the only sounded vowel is initial, and (c) to express pre- fixes and suffixes. These characters are written independent of vowel position. Those introduced in this lesson are a, i, au, u, o and e. When joining them to other characters the a, i, au, and o may be written either upward or downward, but the e and u are always written downward. EXERCISE 7. Practice these characters one at a time, filling at least one page of your note-book with the practice of each one. After memorizing them, practice writing on the vowel positions those characters representing consonant sounds, thus forming primary syllables in accordance with Rule 1. (Read and study carefully ^[9 and 10). 21 22 ROWE SHORTHAND 16. Extension of primary syllables. These syllables are extended by joining other consonants to the characters that form the pri- mary syllables. In this connection, it will be observed that the d, dr, j arid o are identical in form with t, Ir, ch and r, the only dis- tinction being that of length, which distinction must always be observed. EXERCISE 8. Practice this exercise and exercise 9 by writing each outline a sufficient number of times to fill at least one-fourth page of your note-book. Be careful to observe the difference in the lengths of the short and medium characters when joining them. After completing your practice, test your knowledge by covering the shorthand characters in the exercise and writing the outline for each word. Compare your outlines with those shown in the exercise. If you have written any of them incorrectly, study the rules that govern their formation, and again practice them until those rules are thoroughly fixed in your mind. mate, mat crate -^ might, mit 7 catch ^- mute creed .-^.-. matter .~^7 crude V much ditch -x_ dare >- ridge v _. door . _- dredge cat ^ drudge ROWE SHORTHAND 23 Rule 3. Like the t and/r, the d and dr are written upward after /, tr, ch and_/. / is written upward after e. EXERCISE 9. Practice as instructed in exercise 8. tied ---- js-- ---- trod ---^-- toad ---- -^, ----- chide .-^-. trade ---- _^1 ---- jot ---- -, v tread ----- *f- ---- edge ----- ^> 17. Other vowel sounds. In the preceding exercises only the long and short sounds of the vowels have been illustrated. There are other sounds of the vowels, however, which must be learned and used in your practice of shorthand, as any sound of a vowel may be expressed by writing a consonant on the position of that vowel. It is not necessary to make use of any mark to distinguish be- tween the simple vowel sounds of a given position, as the context will readily determine which sound is called for. However, the diphthongal, or combined vowel sounds, are marked as shown in the exercise following Rule 4. The sounds given to the different positions are as follows: A position: E position: I position: a as in came e as in meat I as in file a as in cam e as in met i as in fill ah as in calm oi as in foil au as in cause position: U position: o as in load ew as in new o as in lot u as in nut ou as in loud 06 as in nook 66 as in noon 24 ROWE SHORTHAND Rule 4. The au, oi and ou sounds of the a, i and o positions are distinguished from the other sounds of these positions by placing a dot near the body of the word. The dot may be written at any point relative to the outline that is convenient for the writer, ex- cept immediately before or after the outline. EXERCISE 10. Commit to memory the different sounds of each vowel, as given in ^[17. Practice writing on the vowel positions all the consonants of the alphabet that have been given, forming and pronouncing as many syllables as there are vowel sounds, as per the following illustration: fa fa fah faw, fe feh, fl flh foi, foe fo fou, few fti foo foo Continue this practice until you can write any syllable thus formed without the slightest hesitation. Then practice the following exercise according to instructions given in previous exercises. taught *_ joy i fought .____13i coy J0 . caught _^_ tower wrought ___>, cower ^ toy ._ , trout ROWE SHORTHAND 25 18. Word-signs. The circle and loop, used for as, all, etc., are expedients; that is, they do not belong to the alphabet, but sounds are assigned to them according to the way they are used. At this point, they should be learned for the words they symbolize and joined to other characters as indicated by the illustrations. EXERCISE 11. Practice the following word-signs according to instructions given in Lesson 1. You must thoroughly memorize the word-signs in order to use them to the best advantage. a, an, and up or down half if for shaded character one order- ed shaded change-ed charge-ed shaded judge-ed church shaded Of, Off T T any, end e, shortened ever, every e, shaded after a, down, shaded you, your upon u, shortened as is, his us all will will you ask-ed O- o -#- or shaded. N... Dear Sir 26 ROWE SHORTHAND he under side of 19. Phrases. The slight retracing used on characters to express the is explained in Lesson 1 EXERCISE 12. Practice as previously instructed. A phrase outline is written on the position of the first wbrd in the phrare that requires a position for its identity. each of each of us, his each of which which is such as, is such as are any of one of one or or to all of all of his, us all is all will all are - --_L--_ as you - - & i as you will - ^> .L_ as you do ^ L as if .- a^k. -_ r _ to do -_ _ ^^ a position a position e position any one ~^^ e position ^(*i on the ^T*__ or the 0_ to the any of the "\^ -.0^--. owing to the ROWE SHORTHAND 27 after the - and it -f- upon the and if f^... 20. Punctuation. The period is the only punctuation mark that is used to any extent in shorthand writing. The others should be learned, however, as there may be times when their use would be of great assistance. Form the habit of using the period after each sentence. Its use is essential to accurate transcription. 21. The period is expressed by * ; the comma, by y ; the colon, by x x ; the semicolon, by j ; the question mark, by ^ ; the parenthesis, by ^ ; the dash , by ~~- . Capitali- zation of single words is indicated by written underneath the outline. It is indicated in a series of words by underscoring the series. Write all numerals as in longhand. SENTENCES EXERCISE 13. Practice the following sentences until you can write them at the rate of fifty words per minute. Hold your pencil loosely, permitting it to glide in an easy, continuous manner from one outline to another. Your ability to read shorthand readily is second only to that of writing it rapidly, hence, you must always read what you write. The hyphen is used between words in these sentences merely to show that those words should be phrased. Will-you teach me to write as-you-do? The judge will charge-us to change-the order. s <..- ..,._ Each-of-us will-meet you at-the church after-the trade-is-made. -- :-.. Will-you ride to-the ridge for me every-day? 2T- -y- Such-a trait-of character is-a matter-of much joy. I asked Joe for half-of-his fruit. d^s s~\^^ -7; -ir%-- "^ . Will-you trade-off-the cow, as I asked you? ^^. o Q_- ^ ^r- -^x- --^ Owing-to-the charge-made, you-will order-the mate to change- his crew. The tread-of-the tire is too-rough on-the edge. ._ A^X- - < --0-- - r -~~ -~~ ->l .*. LESSON THREE ASSIGNMENT OF SOUNDS TO THE LONG CHARACTERS 22. Long characters. The long characters are double the length of the medium characters. Refer to illustrations, page 10, for the relative lengths of long, medium and short characters. The long characters and the consonant sounds assigned to them are as follows: v n sorz h 1 w ith thr p pr q x y Horizontal. Up. Downward. These characters are written in the directions indicated. Learn the used sound of each, as instructed in paragraphs 5 to 6d inclusive, page 12. The thr and pr are shaded strokes. When z begins a word it may be distinguished from 5 by placing a horizontal dash above the outline (see page 175). EXERCISE 14. Practice these characters, one at a time, as directed in previous lessons, and pronounce the used sound of each consonant as you write it. Fill at least one page of your note- book with the practice of each character. Do not make the in- clined strokes too upright and avoid making any of them too long. Practice writing the consonants on the vowel positions, pronounc- ing their used sounds and the vowel sounds as syllables. Read T[9, 10 and 17 and Rules 1 and 4. These syllables should be prac- ticed until you can make them without the slightest hesitation. 23. Extension of primary syllables. Like the primary syllables formed by the short and medium characters, the long character primaries are extended by joining other consonants to them. 29 30 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 15. Every movement in shorthand writing counts for something, therefore, make every stroke as rapidly as you can with accuracy. Study the movement of your pencil in making the different joinings. Practice each word of an exercise until you can write it easily and until you know every principle involved in its structure, vat .--JTI7> drive ---/. _._. void vouch save theft thrive paid pride preach prove proof excite, exit exceed exude V ran chain round however *tell *till *child *rail *real *dale *deal *drill "trail *Always use the alphabetic / to extend words beginning with /, tr, d, dr, ch and r. ROWE SHORTHAND 31 Rule 5. In order to effect a better joining, slightly retrace the w and I when they are followed by/ or v. EXERCISE 16. waive ..-rrr^l laugh ^.^^1 weave .^^^1^.. live ___^^rr^__. wife ..--^s^. love ^^ 24. Expedient characters. An expedient character is one that is not expressed in the alphabet. While an expedient char- acter and an alphabetic character may symbolize the same sound, the expedient character never performs the _/trs function of the alphabetic character; i.e., an expedient consonant is never written on position to indicate a following vowel. (See H10.) 25. Expedient forms are used principally as syllable extending factors to represent those frequently recurring extension sounds that are also prominent second-syllable beginning sounds. In this capacity the expedient serves a three-fold purpose, (a) It re- stricts the alphabetic character of identical sound to its first function (^[10), which permits the free use of the alphabetic char- acter as a second-syllable beginning factor that definitely indicates a following vowel. (See 1J47, page 98.) (b) By the use of ex- pedients we secure outlines that clearly show the syllabic unity of all the sounds that are symbolized, thereby naturally indicat- ing the proper division of syllables; in other words, when an ex- tending sound is expressed by an expedient form, this sound and the sound of the character it joins are read together in one syllable (see If 12 and 47). (c) The expedient affords a means of forming briefer outlines for monosyllable words. Rule 6. A small circle is given the sound of s, and a large loop the sound of /, when they are turned on the regular side of char- acters. The regular side is the inner side of curved strokes, and forward, in the direction a clock's hands move, on all straight lines. 32 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 17. Follow the method of practice outlined in pre- vious lessons. The joining of the circle and loop to other char- ters requires your special attention. Do not make the circle large. To facilitate legibility and speed, make the loop very narrow. face lees phrase fail fall feel foil case cases craze call kill coil vase vases vice vessel evil veil says sale sell soil has hose house houses hail haul hill ROWE SHORTHAND 33 was rr^l___ choice _ -j... wise . -_^2- . chosen __ _ r well ^ ties .. ^ these ~V trace ____ <> ' this ___T^ tries ^ those miss thousand mail ~*= excess excel SsA mill ^ .. ""^o missile . --g<^ exile ._ ^v .,_ mouse yes TO L days ^ yell Q does , quizz L dries * quill ^r --& 1 knees o raise -T- \ nice rise ^ _ nozzle .__ ^f reason \, null 34 ROWE SHORTHAND nail ~"_r^.._. pose knoll , ... poison lace ___^__, press lies __._.^CL.. P r i ze loyal .?, possess lull pale pays .^7*>___ Rule 7. When connecting two characters that form an angle in joining, the circle or loop is written on the outside of the angle. EXERCISE 18. lesson -r^m_ misses ._ -s^- loosen noses 26. As the circle form of s is not an alphabetic consonant and cannot require a vowel to follow, it naturally blends with another consonant when joined to it initially. In such cases, both conso- nants are read before the vowel. In other words, the vowel is al- ways read immediately after the first alphabetically "written consonant. Rule 8. The expedient 5 is joined initially to/, k, kr, m, n, I, p, pr, q and TV, forming the combinations sf, sk, skr, sm, sn, si, sp, spr, sq and sw. ROWE SHORTHAND 35 EXERCISE 19. While the initial joining of the circle may offer some difficulty at first, remember that you need hand-training to become expert, after which difficulties disappear. Do not draw this circle, but form it by giving the pencil a very slight, quick turn. snow .--_. sway slay -__?rm___ sweet slate -__?rr?____ squeeze slight .---^f.... smile spade --__7T^ skate spice .__ Jts^ Scotch spill -__cr^^___ skill Word-signs. EXERCISE 20. Anything short of the absolute mastery of woid- signs is a hindrance to your acquiring speed. Memorize these word-signs. Practice all word-signs and phrases daily. When a hyphen is used between parts of words, it indicates that each form of the word given is represented by the outline. have _-^rr^ necessity satisfy-ied -^^ necessary circumstance-? -^^^ with ,-^s. success, succeed -^^^..^^ particular r^r^- 36 ROWE SHORTHAND practical-practice opportune-ity appropriate equal *had *heard *would Z. Z *word *that "thought receive- ed-ing deliver-ed-ing-y arrange-ed immediate-ly *These words are written downward and more nearly upright. Phrases. EXERCISE 21. .-^^tr.+ could have have a, an have had had a, an had he with a, an with this with that with which /?$._ could not could not have do not do not know do not have does not to do so ROWE SHORTHAND 37 as he as has he had he would he would have he is he will he will not we would we would not we received we will we have we had how is how will mat as r that you >^ x O ^\ that you will ^ ^-f - was not was received r^_T -~/-^~^_ you had . _ ^ and we J^*^ -'--- and he ft*^ r=r 5^ and this ^^x_. --^2 and that \ -^--- -- at that \_ **r*r~ _ n f fVilc ^N. tit OHC6 ~*f it will __.y j^ would / * ) **zS ^*rC-r-- 448443 38 ROWE SHORTHAND SENTENCES EXERCISE 22. Practice each sentence over and over until your knowledge of every word and joining is thorough before taking up the next. After you have completed your practice, have some one dictate the sentences to you until you can write them at the rate of fifty words per minute. In phrase-writing, the words of the and on the are omitted before a date or its equivalent. Words that may be omitted are placed in brackets. Are you holding your pencil loosely? Do you read everything you write? The schoolhouse is on-the hill. We-will succeed if-we-use every-thought that-is-necessary to excel. ^ \~ 1 X- How-will-the Scotch exile scale the prison wall? ^ . ^ _^ a ^_^ His speech, though-not appropriate, was-equal-to that-of / Caesar's. Will-you satisfy-us on that-particular? He-would-have delivered-the lace had-he thought it-was-neces- ROWE SHORTHAND sary to-do-so. He-will-not try for-the prize. 39 You-thought that-he-would receive-your letter today. He-\vill-not satisfy every -one that-he-is right. -->-*-- E very-one of-you may try to-solve-the puzzle. ^W^_.__ N _____ _ __ .-+.- Dear-Sir: Your-letter (of the) 8th was-received today. We-will deliver-the case-of spice you-ordered, as-we-are satisfied that-you- will pay on-delivery. I heard every-word he-said, and I know that-you-have V no reason to feel as-you-do. A thief was-caught on-the roof of onc-of those-houses, however, I do-not-know which-one. LESSON FOUR ASSIGNMENT OF SOUNDS TO THE LOOP CHARACTERS 27. Loop characters. This is the third group of alphabetic characters, as shown in illustration 5, page 10. The loop char- acters and the sounds assigned to them are as follows: b br g gr ish shr wha sta str oi ou As instructed in previous lessons, determine upon the used sound represented by each consonant. When in doubt read and study paragraphs 5 to 6d inclusive. Remember that each character is pronounced as a single sound. The characters themselves will suggest the directions in which they are written. The br, gr, shr and str are shaded strokes. EXERCISE 23. Write the consonants of this group on the dif- ferent vowel positions, as directed in Rule 1, and in the instructions preceding Exercise 1. Fill at least one-half page of your note- book with the practice of each character. Rule 9. The sta and str are turned on the regular side of other characters, as directed in Rules 6 and 7. EXERCISE 24. Follow previous instructions as to practice. The sides of these open forms should be parallel and not permitted to spread apart when turning a circle or loop in them. Do not make the sta and str oblong, but make them round. Study to develop a movement of the hand that will enable you to form every character with ease and rapidity. base -^ _____ bill - /d - bale brass ........ 40 ROWE SHORTHAND 41 brief _^3-^>. rest - -Q-- - . brave trimt - fast -- -- -" guess ... LS cost ^ gross Tni<;t gale T_ most grill (P__ __ must hoes - - -- _ vast ^ whose G staff 0> ^~ NV 1 - -- - -. host stove ---j- ^^-- last - strike Q^/- . waste -- steam ~--^ past - 5 strain stroll StOD ---<&**'--- fish --x-^. ^= nusVi 42 ROWE SHORTHAND cash .^r measure wash leisure 28. Extension of primary syllables by adding b, p and g, k. As b and p are cognate (kindred) sounds, they are expressed alike when used to extend a primary syllable. They are never expressed alike under any other condition. Rule 10. B and p are expressed by the alphabetic b after b, br, g, gr, t, tr, d, dr, cha,j, r,f, and v. (Read 1f 12.) EXERCISE 25. To become an efficient writer of shorthand, your knowledge must be definite. You must definitely learn, by mem- orizing Rule 10 and by your practice of the following exercises, which characters require the alphabetic form of b. babe _____ / T^__, drop r) grab, grape ___^?__. chap tap ___'j ) ___ cheap __*9___ type --/?-- C ^P typewriter ->>-- J^ trap ._/?__ wrap ._^jL_ trip . ^__ rip troop robe, rope dope rub drab, drape .. 1 if.. nrj er ROWE SHORTHAND 43 Rule 11. B and p are expressed after the k, kr, m, n, s, I, h, p, pr, q, u, w, and # by a hook on the upper side. A hook is never used as a beginning stroke for b or p. EXERCISE 26. While practicing the following exercise, fix in mind the characters after which b and p are expressed by a hook, as given in Rule 11. Your knowledge of this rule and Rule 10 must be so thorough that you will not hesitate to join to any character whichever form of b the character requires. Do not close up the hook, thereby forming a loop. The widest portion of the hook should be at its finish. cab, cap ^ pipe crab, crepe . >5? proper scribe, scrip ^ squab maps rr? squib snub up --^ snipe -----o ^ web, weep sap ^rrr^-. except lobe, lope _ help slab, slap .,.f^... pulp hope shape P ee P .--~r^>X-. shop 44 ROWE SHORTHAND 29. As g and k are cognate (kindred) sounds, they are also ex- pressed alike when used to extend a primary syllable. Rule 12. When g and k follow b, br and r, use the alphabetic g, reading it for either g or k. EXERCISE 27. v bag, back ~~-H. rag, rack break .{L/. rig --^ brig, brick ---S&- r ck --y broke ._,._.., rug 13. G and k are expressed by a hook on the under side after all other characters. EXERCISE 28. Follow the instructions for practice given under exercises 25 and 26. fag, fake T**-.^.^ soak _^^_-^ 5 _-. fig ---^> nag, knack T~?__. kick ._.< ., neck __. 3 crag, crack __j^? snug meek ___-nx hug mug _._ log, lock D vague _.:^Tr^ slag, slack sag, sack __^rrrC-L_ slug ROWE SHORTHAND 45 like -_. v ^-^. drag ._, y_.,^_, quick -J- drug _.. check b milk ^ ^ take, tag silk Word-signs. EXERCISE 29. Before practicing these word-signs and phrases, study all previous instructions relative to word-signs. wish-ed-mg G subject . b behalf __, 1__ request behave . ^T^... requisite . to go to, took it that will be ]j._ to go after it will be we will be j make up r^... & take up ^x we wish .. ^ to be we gave the . ^_! must be we object '/v could be subject of could not be ROWE SHORTHAND SENTENCES 47 EXERCISE 31. Be guided in your practice of these sentences by instructions given in previous lessons. In shorthand notation a d is written to the right of and above a numeral to express days; to the right of and below, to express dollars. Will-you-be at-the picnic which-we-will give next week? We-would-know why-you-do-not behave at church. ^ - r-* Dear-Sir: If-vve-do-not receive-your-check today, we-will draw on-you at five-days' sight. / "C The prices we-made-you are subject-to-change any-day. Your-check for $10 00 was-received today. Will-you-be at-the office to take-care of-this business? "IP'-'""" 48 ROWE SHORTHAND It-will-be-necessary for me to take-charge-of-the business, if-he- ..^--..r=w- v 1~ -/g . wishes to-go-to-the coast. We-will-be-at-the silk-sale and will-buy-you-a dress like-the one *^r we-priced at Saks. We-must-have your-order by next week, if-you-wish a quick- delivery. Perhaps you-do-not-know that-a peasant wove this rug from waste material. X To rest, one does not-have to-be idle. , f -^ &- .., - - . - -^ ---- -.^- Pack my grip and leave-it at -the address I gave-you. LESSON FIVE 30. The 1 combination of alphabetic consonants. While the following characters are similar in form to some of the loop char- acters, they are not classed with them, as the principles of modifi- cation applicable to the loop characters do not apply to the / com- bination. These characters are distinguished by their very minute sizes, and are not permitted to undergo any changes except in their manner of joining. They are to be considered as alphabetic, how- ever, and as such require a vowel to follow them. See If 10. bl or pi gl or kl fl Pronounce bl as in ia.-ble; pi as in ma-ple; gl as in sin-^e; kl as in vo-cal; fl as in r&f-fle. Make these characters very small. Form primary syllables as directed under If 5, 6 and 10. Rule 15. The bl or pi retains its alphabetic form before and after the t, tr, d, dr, ch, j, r, f, v, b, g, h and ith. EXERCISE 32. The following exercise, and exercise 33 fully illustrate the joining of bl or pi to other characters. In order to use these factors with facility, you must learn which characters require their alphabetic forms, and those on which they are turned as hooks. blight - plate blot plight table A_ topple trouble bleach blood blotch ij- / double chapel b ""A" 49 50 ROWE SHORTHAND rabble _._,_Yl babble blur bible pledge /)___ *split belief ^v~^__ *splatter believe />rr^ *splutter feeble -^, *troubles *Make the s slightly oblong when combining with bl or pi. This will not conflict with / and fl, as these sounds never combine with bl or pi. Rule 16. The bl or plis turned as a hook on the upper side, both initially and finally, of all other characters, and on the inside of the p and k hooks. EXERCISE 33. blame c ~ pluck blemish .. c.^ couple bloom blaze, place Mabel, maple 3 bless, please black _ c "_. sable cable . . ** J> plain block . explain cobble blind ROWE SHORTHAND 51 nibble => pupil blonde t spleen 5^____ noble _,__. splendor ..gi.^ label .-^~^ measurable -^ liable -^?.._. capable .._^__ Rule 17. The gl or kl retains its alphabetic form before and after the b, g, t, tr, d, dr, chj and r. EXERCISE 34. The instructions for practice preceding Exercise 32 apply with equal force to your study and practice of this exer- cise and Exercise 35. beagle /?/ clad _<*. bugle declare & club .. decline _..^ . globe clutch glut chuckle y V" cleat y__ juggle "T" tackle glare _.^._ glad ?_. clear glide v regal 52 ROWE SHORTHAND Rule 18. The gl or kl is turned as a hook on the under side, both initially and finally, of all other characters. EXERCISE 35. cliff g ,, sickle claim - -- c -- exclaim climb --_. ^-V^"^ if ^^ receive-ed-ing ^ >>. is request ...a/ idle i?* requisite ._ &! immediate-ly -7 satisfy-ed judge-ed success, succeed necessity I -^^, ... subject necessary L .. such on. own, only the owe-ed-inpr V that ' thought upon under _ ~ will ROWE SHORTHAND which ,-- would --- word 55 X. - - will you y wisn - ed - in g - -e- - us ... _____ with ---_-^l_ you, your ...V. ---- o SENTENCES EXERCISE 38. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of fifty words per minute. We-believe that-the clutch on-the Regal car is the best-one made. ^in^-,.-A- __..-_-.: ^ ^- r -o-^-^ -* -x ------ H > They-had to-move-the stone with-a block-and-tackle. He-could-not-be satisfied under-the circumstances. The blind-boy climbed to-the top-of-the cliff. c^ -x Will-you teach-the-blind pupil how-to-use the typewriter? Under-the circumstances he declined-to address the people. 56 ROWE SHORTHAND A REVIEW WITH QUESTIONS 32. In the preceding lessons there has been presented (a) all the characters of the complete alphabet shown on the next page; (6) the principle and rules of vowelization, which direct the use of the alphabetic consonants in the formation of primary syllables, and (c) the extension of primary syllables by the use of alphabetic and expedient forms. 33. Two important facts in the outlining of words have been fully established. They are (a) All words beginning with a consonant sound which is imme- .diately followed 'by a vowel sound, begin their shorthand outlines with an alphabetic consonant written on position. (b) Expedient forms of consonants are never written on position to indicate following vowels, hence, cannot begin such words. 34. How are the soun ds of words expressed in writing longhand ? (If 1, 2.) How are they expressed in writing shorthand? (If 1, 2.) For what purpose was shorthand devised? (Tf 3.) Is it permissi- ble to spell while writing shorthand? (If 4.) What is meant by phonics? (^f 4.) Into how many classes are the characters of the alphabet divided? (If 7.) Name those of each class. (If 8, 15, 22, 27.) What is the first duty of every alphabetic consonant? (11 10.) How many alphabetic consonants are there? Name the h combinations, or those in which the sound of h combines with other sounds. The r combinations. 35. What is meant by syllable extension? (f 12.) How many methods are there of extending a primary syllable? (If 12.) What is the first method? (^f 12.) Does an expedient consonant ever require a vowel to follow it? (If 24.) When does a circle become s? (If 25, Rule 6.) When does a loop become I? (^ 25, Rule 6.) Which is the regular side of characters? Name the different vowel sounds. (If 17.) After which characters are the extending sounds of b and p indicated by the alphabetic b? (Rule 10.) After which are they represented by a hook? (Rule 11.) On which side is the b and p hook turned? (Rule 11.) When is alphabetic g used for either g ROWE SHORTHAND 57 or k? (Rule 12.) On which side is the g and k hook turned? (Rule 13.) Name the I combinations. (If 30.) Why are these characters not classed as loop characters? (^[ 30.) State how they are joined to other characters. (Rules 15, 16, 17, 18.) THE COMPLETE ALPHABET Containing all the different characters used in Rowe Shorthand, and arranged according to its simple and combined consonant sounds. i b d /9 / I m n w f au 01 ou r v XN / u / V. sta O br /9 pr gr R Combinations kr tr dr fr shr str thr O "N H Combinations cha ish who, ith i c D ~~^N L Combinations bl or pi gl or kl ft LESSON SIX 36. The second method of syllable extension is an expedient method that is applied through definite rules of contraction. Under this method, the character that symbolizes the primary syllable is modified so that it indicates in its outline the desired extension sound. What has been said in Paragraph 25 as to the three-fold purpose of expedient forms, is also true of expedient methods. 37. The r extension. The shading expedient has been em- ployed in the alphabet to distinguish the r combinations of alpha- betic consonants from other like forms (see complete alphabet, Page 57). This shading expedient may be employed to further advantage with all characters that will not conflict with the r combinations. Rule 20. Slightly shade a character to express a following r. EXERCISE 39. Apply Rule 20 to primary syllables for an r extension. A character may be shaded at any point that is most convenient. Do not make the strokes too heavy a slight shade is sufficient. mar mere higher were more here herewith hereto wire wore near nor 58 ROWE SHORTHAND 59 chair cheer customer jar jeer sere circle circular rare ._ . rear roar dearer nearer bearer carrier, career our lawyer collier -a- EXERCISE 40. The/, p and ith are shaded at their extreme ends to express the extension sound of r. This distinguishes them from the alphabetic fr, pr and thr. far fear fire par poor there 38. When the syllables ar, er, or follow other syllables, they are expressed by r. In a majority of instances the r character is employed, but where it is more convenient to express the r by shading, it may be done. Rule 21. The r character is struck backward after /, fr, p, and pr. 60 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 41. Practice carefully: briar /* prior crier -s^v purer grower f faker fairer - r ^ figure furor , vicar freer --H<. caller prayer -^ color 39. The r is the prime factor of are hence the shading principle provides a means of phrasing are to preceding words. (See ^6d.) EXERCISE 42. Practice the phrases and sentences in the fol- lowing lists, as you have been instructed in previous lessons. we are ______-r^l that are _\ you are V now are ttey are T _7^N. how are EXERCISE 43. There are a number of words that are written on the u position to express a following you or your. The following is a partial list. A complete list is given in a later exercise. ROWE SHORTHAND 61 to you , or your for you, or your / '-x do you, or your from you, or your / '~ > if you, or your if you have have you, or your if you will .._ " N . < ^ 5> after you, or after you have ... your ^ & and you, or your and you must ^ ^D SENTENCES EXERCISE 44. Practice these sentences according to previous instructions, until you can write them at the rate of seventy-five words per minute. Please wire-us all-particulars-of-the sale. Dear-Sir: Your-favor - c_>*^ " " t ^" > - X. -^ " was-received today. We-are-glad to-note that-we-are-to receive-a visit from-your Mr. Phillips. If-you-will-favor-us with-a bill for-the chairs we purchased this- week, we-will-be pleased-to mail-you oar check. 62 ROWE SHORTHAND After-you-have looked-over-the papers, please wire-us, if-you- believe our claim to-be-legal. ^ ~^ s^>- --X-- Do-you-believe that-these people will-cause trouble for-us, if- x we-use their-label on-our boxes? We-trust that-you-are free to explain-the matter to-the people. "\ v^ _^ Dear-Sir: We-enclose herewith our check for $125.00. The bearer will-give-you- a note which-will explain why-we-wish to rent our flat. You-could-hear-the clamor of-the crowd as it drew near to-his c >, --^ .* . .+.. ... y .. place-of-business. LESSON SEVEN 40. Syllable extension by adding m and n. Rule 22. The long characters, and the b, br, g, gr, ish, shr, ivha and j, are lengthened to express the extension sounds of m and n. (112.) EXERCISE 45. Do not make these characters too long. About one-third longer than their normal length is sufficient. If you have not formed the habit of distinguishing the relative lengths of characters, you must practice the alphabet with this object in view before practicing the following exercises. Do not widen such characters as the b when lengthening them. vain .TTTTT lines vines __,^^ ) loans seems ..^~r^? slain since __-^^s. slumber name ..."77777 slang hence ..^TT7?_- wane hang s^*^^ wins hung swing hound swung land r^TT... them, then 63 64 ROWE SHORTHAND thence ^ . bring /o thine, thin /(/ ..^ game Y, pint >=^^ gone sprain ^ gamble u_ sprung grain Y. print sprint ov. ground exhume *s$" gr- shame cz: eczema ^ S shown young shrink ___ promise T shingle g prompt when rD open ^ v,. whom pinion >^^ Jane 1 million ^ giant 1 baneful r b join L. bank J ---|^- .$.., Joint _ L ROWE SHORTHAND 65 *panel ""^ss *numeral *venal --TSX general __&_. *NOTE: Since / is naturally pronounced as a syllable after an extended primary, the loop is used for the final syllables al, el, il, ol, ul and ual. EXERCISE 46. The final syllables lant, lent, nent, gen and gent are formed by lengthening the I, n andj. It is not necessary to add the t to these syllables. jubilant urgent . S _. -j^r-. excellent W""'' region, regent x I EXERCISE 47. The lengthening rule (rule 22) applied to here, where, there and with, gives the compounds herein, wherein, therein, and within. here _____ S^T.^ _____ there herein _____ s^. ____ therein where U with wherein Z3 within EXERCISE 48. Under the same rule the auxiliaries have, has and had are lengthened to express been. have T7!^__ has been ../^. have been had _ /_ has __/TT] had been ' 66 ROWE SHORTHAND Rule 23. Super-lengthen the long characters to secure the com- binations mn, nm, mm and nn. These combinations form separate syllables; that is, the character modified forms the first syllable, and the combination, the second syllable. EXERCISE 49. Watch your stroke. Do not develop the habit of making too much distinction between a long character and its modifications. The outlines in the following exercises are just double the normal length of the characters. summon gentlemen layman . . r^^7.- _ . . examine human, humane . maximum woman venom nominal linen EXERCISE 50. When the terminal syllable ment follows a long character, it is expressed by superlengthening the character. payment Trt-.-. regiment government lodgment ROWE SHORTHAND 67 SENTENCES EXERCISE 51. Watch your stroke. Do not permit your out- lines to become too long and straggling. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of 75 words per minute. Our-need-of finances is urgent, so we-ask-you to-mail us-a-check for-the payment of-your bill. -^ ^Vr -/0---X Would-you like to-make-an arrangement with-us to-look after- your claims against the government? _T___.__ ... ______ Z__ Within-the next week the Regent will-examine your papers. The general summoned-the young soldier and sent-him on urgent __:__jl__ __/:-_* ?^rr.- ^..-^ __________ ^-* *.... ...<~^..... indent ...*r.... ...-, indenture ->^ invoke i infer ->^ invite invoice inspire instance incase ...^. instil incapable ....^? instinct include incline income induce inmate intimate inquire insert inside insist EXERCISE 59. The shortened u is used for um, un and uni. umpke ST^^^ undo ^. unfit u^-. unbelief ^...^^ unfair -.'^>..... undue inferior inflame inform infuse inhale inherent invade inveigh inveigle invent invest 7 ROWE SHORTHAND 73 unfurl unjust .^ . unto .\ uniform --v^' until __^^:__ untrue universe -_s^rr&. unrest _^b_ untried ..^ Rule 26. When mn follows m,orm follows mn, the second form is separated from the first by a slight upward movement of the pen. EXERCISE 60. The following exercise constitutes almost a com- plete list of words coming under this rule of joining. Practice them until you are thoroughly familiar with them. minim ...__m momenta minimum ci momentum mammon "T monument memento r\ moment Phrases. EXERCISE 61. Practice the following phrases and sentences according to instructions given in previous lessons. As the phrases, in most instances, retain the original outlines of the words, you may be inclined to overlook the importance of practicing them. This practice serves to strengthen the knowledge you have already gained, as well as to familiarize you with the combinations that should be formed. can be .^? can it be .^fi can the ._Y_ can be seen.^rTTTTT' cannot .^ r ...^._ can you _M^ can it .^ can not be .VJ'_ .._>?.. can use 74 ROWE SHORTHAND we can .-=-^^.. in a >T_ in such a we can use --^^C^o. in his .J- inasmuch as... we can be ~^^?. in his own _ in answer ... we can take-^-^"-- in all __K._ in every we can not ^^~- ~^ in order ___7_ in any in the -4 in order to __j. in that in which Ji in such in this .x-\ * "Y SENTENCES EXERCISE 62. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of seventy-five words per minute. Always read what you write. Weak-men trust to luck; strong-men believe in pluck. Inasmuch-as the damask we-received from-you is inferior to-the -i* O ^-~S samples shown-us, we-must decline-to pay-you-the full invoice price. We-infer from-your letter that-you intend to-maintain-the present high prices. ROWE SHORTHAND 75 We-can-not see how-it-would-be unjust or unfair to decline-to -7 influence-him in-this-matter. We-have-your several speeches, in-each-of-which you-make- reference to-the Income Tax Law and say-that, in-your-opinion, it-will tend-to impede-the present development-of big business. In-every instance you-must furnish-the customer with-an invoice. A universal-use-of-the principles-of-the Rowe system can-be- made by-any-student. LESSON NINE 42. Syllable extension to add t and d. Rule 27. The loop characters are enlarged to express the ex- tending sounds of / and d. EXERCISE 63. Do not make these characters too long and do not spread them out into indefinite forms. Keep the two sides of such characters as b parallel. Continue to practice as previously instructed. bait, bad .... gate .^ short better /\ great .(/: shorten bite, bid .^9. greater .6^ state __Q but greatness (/...?.. states ._>?__ n bright _/9- got statesman __v7"_ brightness ../j , good stout ..... brighten ../Q.-- gateway _f7 stoutness /V 0o separate ..^-^I?.- gradual .__ out _/\_... trapped ./2 what _^_ without _/^ tripped ../? white ..-^ outwear ^S) habit . ^T. whiten . ^r-v . . outline habitual ..^.--- should outside _A_^. C 76 outlast outbid ROWE SHORTHAND /vX held _^f?_.. mild sold veiled 77 EXERCISE 64. The enlarging rule (rule 27) is applied to as, is and us, and all words ending with the circle s, to phrase a follow- ing at, it, or /o. Follow previous instructions regarding the prac- tice of phrases. as at, it, to O as tar as it is at, it, to as far as it may <5 ~&~ is at hand tT- for us to as to what ---vj- 9> was at, it, to ' as to whether 81 has it, to x"~O as to that A \ as well as it, to o o as to this so as to as soon as it -*v which is at, it, to . which is to say Hx- such as it, to d Rule 28. D is made double length to add / or d, forming the syllables ted, ded, and del. EXERCISE 65. Learn the syllables represented by this stroke. Do not make it too long. did deed debt date doubt dread 78 indeed ROWE SHORTHAND / wandered loaded laundered noted determine, wanted =-7 detriment -x credit Phrases. . --7 EXERCISE 66. Follow previous instructions regarding the prac- tice of phrases. but have as great as r what will be ^ /> but not . ' as good as . should be /2_ but we O 7 what is _ what have ~^~~* please state <^_Q about as much as what may ___TT will state about this what will ..^.. _ will state that ROWE SHORTHAND SENTENCES 79 EXERCISE 67. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of 75 words per minute. Omit the words in brackets. In-this-world, it-is-not what-we-take-up but what-we-give-up that-makes us rich. rT55 ----- v ---- v ___ We-enclose herewith a sample-of our-goods and-trust that-you ?rT7 imports hates /^T7 exerts - . heights ..^2-- exc i tes ^f^... notes, notice .. lets 81 82 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 69. As / is used to express it, ts is employed to ex- press its and it is. This is an important phrase method, which enters very largely into your work and will enable you to avoid many pen-liftings. Give careful attention and practice to the exercise. and its, and it is ^"- and it is not x/l--x~ and it is for us to-- --^--. and it is possible <^-- and it is time /?- if its, if it is <^> if it is possible ^ s *^^r see its, see it is .v ^>__ how its, how it is how it is possible know its, know it is know it is not ---. .- that its, that it is -\ that it is neces- A_ sary after its, after it is sf- here its, here it is Rule 30. The circle is turned on the irregular side initially for the prefixes dis and des. EXERCISE 70. Your knowledge of which is the regular and which is the irregular side of a character should be so thorough that you will never hesitate in applying the rule. Develop this knowl- edge through the practice of this, and all other exercises illustrating the joinings of circles and loops. distant distance distend destroy dismiss dismissal ._ ____ ROWE SHORTHAND 83 dismount __ _____ disappoint ..S^. . discern __?s=^- dispel .-_>^__. indispensable __^p disciple fiddle _^._ cattle "-* spindle __<>^ SN ^ little ._ _^?_. handle settle . ^^g?_. settler v ^ scuttle *-o metal, medal _,= settlement -^ ^g, total hotel middle . .-, ^ detail / :--/" Rule 32. When ith follows a character to which it will not join easily, it is expressed by a slight retracing on the under side of the character. i EXERCISE 73. You have become familiar with this form by your phrasing of "the." Remember that the alphabetic form of ith is always used initially. faith ...^. father -> weather s< faithful _._^__ north .. south other _>, otherwise . _x^?- - path ^>- myth ^.___ moth lath ^ mother . lather -""*'' neither T smother leather ^f method -r- ROWE SHORTHAND 85 Rule 33. Slope the b, br, bl or pi, g, gr, gl or kl, in the opposite direction to that of their normal slant to add the sound of ish. EXERCISE 74. The following list comprises nearly all the words that are written according to this rule. Practice the exercise until you are thoroughly familiar with the application of the rule. bush __j brutish clash l O O brush splash .--~ English ~--s? banish _A:__ plush, blush establish --__- c> bashful ________ gash establishment ______ burnish gush publish British __fv_ gracious garish Rule 34. The ish, wha, oi and ou are diminished to add /. EXERCISE 75. In diminishing these characters be careful to preserve their distinct forms. shall c while shell c wheel _i shrill whole shallow S^ wholesale shelter wholesome 86 ROWE SHORTHAND Rule 35. Since the w is never used as an extending factor, it naturally blends with the / and d, forming the coalescents tw and dw, both consonants being read before the vowel. EXERCISE 76. This list contains all the common words in which w coalesces with / and d. Practice according to instructions given in previous lessons. twist __.-J}-.- twinge .--^-^t. dwindle twitch .- 2 _^1--. twit _-^/__ dwarf twill . C2 ..^--- twinkle --^/?__ tweezers twine ..-S-- dwell ^^_ tweed Phrases. EXERCISE 77. Practice these phrases according to instructions given in previous lessons. shall it shall do shall not shall have shall be 5 any other \ it shall 9 every other ~\ it shall not < TTT7.._ he shall ^?i it shall have c ^77^ he shall not f^^i?^ we shall _. ne shall have S^^T: we shall not shall be there ^\ they shall ~~T^._. we shall have one other / they shall not > you shall some other they shall have ^ ^ you shall have ROWE SHORTHAND SENTENCES 87 EXERCISE 78. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of 75 words per minute. Omit the words in brackets. Gentlemen: Your-favor (of the) 26th ult. has-been-received. _Vo. . We dislike to disappoint you, but-we-do-not see how-it-is-possible for-us-to-make settlement as-you-request. X-- Sometime-ago we-placed-an order with-your Mr. Smith for ten gross-of special twine and three twist drills. He promised to-make prompt shipment, and-it-is-time-the goods-were here. 88 ROWE SHORTHAND Does your establishment publish-a magazine known-as 'The s_6~_ "^ ^.., : '_ New South?" It-seems that-they could settle their dispute with- out such-a display -of anger. As-soon-as-it-is-possible to establish our-business to that-point, we-shall discount our-bills. LESSON ELEVEN 44. Omission of initial syllables. The intial syllable of cer- tain words may be dropped, thereby adding much to speed and ease in writing without impairing the legibility of the outline. The omission of the initial syllable may be indicated by writing the remaining part of the word close to the preceding outline. This, however, is not essential, and may be disregarded. EXERCISE 79. Practice the exercise until you have memorized it. _____ adjustment . again t e .-__.-_ adjacent __J*T~7_. against ..._ _____ account accountant accountable ,_. __ abundant another ~/y acknowledge abundance __ annoy annoyance _ apology apologize en close 1 inclose J inclosure about / aware %) adopt amount adapt arrive amend _.. 7 __ above amendment -, z - achieve adjust achiever H- 89 90 engage ROWE SHORTHAND opinion _>i^-- responsible engagement. __ C j _____ require J- ---- respect endeavor . j^^. . requirement --J. ----- Vowel words. EXERCISE 80. In the following list of words the only sounded vowels are initial and are expressed by vowel characters. Write these words just above the base line. aid - rf angle - ^K. - - oak _ _ o ail S* ill ^ oath __t>r_ - air /*" inch . _ ^j odd . _^ - - - arm s* ease . _ _7& orb *V3 art s 7 east "^ ooze _i article ^ - ebb "Vz old ^. ash . *2_ EXERCISE 84. The m is written below and to the right of a figure to express months', above and to the right to express minutes. six months _.6__ ... fifteen minutes ./s5" -.- five months . and seven days - - - -^L.- - ?- ten minutes /- . . 92 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 85. The / is written above and to the right of a figure to express feet. Two t's express inches. ten feet j_Q_'_ eight inches ___#_'' two feet and twenty-five feet 5_'___ two inches Z_'_Z ''____ SENTENCES EXERCISE 86. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of eighty words per minute. In-our opinion, it-would-be-a fatal mistake to adopt-the amend- -*?*.-- : -~-~e~'--x. -*--* -- ment. We-wish to-apologize for-the annoyance we-have caused- _^ ^*~^ ^_ "> ~ you in-the adjustment-of this-matter. .-.-*--. ..~^^. y o EXERCISE 88. Other letters or syllables following the terminal kt sound are expressed by joining them to the detached syllable. selections ^~^-^^>_ director ../_ connections _^ electrical ~^?l___ directness ,_ malefactors .J^b... EXERCISE 89. The kt rule may be applied to words of one sylla- ble, such as act, fact, etc., by writing the first letter of the word underneath the preceding word, as illustrated in the following phrases. we will act ^&- tn ^ s ^ act -^^____ --2- Tjj we have acted _ ^^T"^" owing to the fact he acts /^Tsr* ^ s sec ^ on -~ r>:> x he is acting /^^ ^-^^ s mar ket their acting >v in the market 96 ROWE SHORTHAND please execute __<; ^._ we are able to execute .-_^^v* we will execute .j^5_. we are m th g market ^^ SENTENCES EXERCISE 90. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of 80 words per minute. Dear-Sir: We-are-in-the-market for-a special twill cloth, as-per sample shown herewith. We-will-execute your-order immediately. If-the investment is-a failure, we shall- be responsible, as-we- have-acted on-our-own judgment in-the-matter. Owing- to- the-f act that-we-are-unable to-form-the proper con- nections with foreign houses, we-must decline to-book-orders for tr future delivery. Our-failure to-make prompt shipment is due to- - -^.^^ ^..-O-. ROWE SHORTHAND 97 the-fact that-we-are-unable-to-execute your entire order. Gentlemen: This is-to inform-you that-we-do-not care-to-enter into-a contract with-your house for electrical fixtures. * -- He- was elected as-a director of- the bank by-a direct- vote-of- the stockholders. The manufacturers-of this-section object-to-the re- strictions placed upon them by-the Government. ._ c rrrf- --7I7T^ /^ ^----x WORD STRUCTURE AND RULE FOR OUTLINING 47. The preceding lessons have fully directed the student in the first two steps of shorthand writing; namely, (a) that of form- >ng primary syllables by writing alphabetic consonants on the vowel positions, and (b) the extension of these syllables by the methods illustrated. The rules for syllable extension have operated, not only in form- ing brief, legible outlines, but in expressing all the sounds of syl lables by forms that clearly indicate syllable completeness; that is, correctly formed outlines always show where one syllable ends and another begins. This feature is illustrated in the words traps and trapeze. Both of these words have as a base the primary syllable tra ./ ; the extension of tra into another completely liable terminating in the sounds ps is shown by using the extension forms of p and s, thus, traps *& ; whereas, if the alphabetic p and the expedient s were used, the outline would indicate a two syllable word, the first syllable being tra, and the second syllable beginning with p followed by a vowel and terminated by s, thus, tra-pes-^=^^ trapeze. This feature illustrates the strength and naturalness of the system, and how thoroughly every situation is provided for. It results in a natural differentiation of words having the same com- binations of consonants, but differing as to their syllabication. In other systems, such words are either written alike, or arbitrarily distinguished. Another important result : The primary syllables, and those that are formed by the different extension methods, constitute root, or stem outlines. The same combination of sounds is always repre- sented by the same stem outline, and outlines for derivative words having the same stem sound are formed by building to the stem outline. This is illustrated by the syllable seed ^, which is the stem outline for such words as recede, intercede, concede, proceed, exceed, etc. 98 , ROWE SHORTHAND ~-<:V J^S 99 The following section of this text gives instructions for prefix and suffix representation, but the student needs to bear in mind that the more important features of his work have been given, and that he should be able to instantly outline the sten- of any word. To that end you should put into practice the following rule for outlining. Rule: Write the word in longhand, spelling it as it should be spelled; determine which vowel is to be expressed by position and the consonant that is to be written on position to indicate the vowel. Cancel all other vowels and silent consonants. This leaves the sounds that are to be expressed by the shorthand outline. Re- write the word in longhand, using only the letters that were not cancelled, and then outline it in shorthand by writing the vowel- indicating consonant on position, and combining the consonant sounds that follow by applying the rules of contraction that are indicated, or, if the combination is expressed in an alphabetic form, by using it. Example : Principle the first i in this word is expressed by posi- tion, the pr is the consonant that is written on position to indicate i, hence the remaining i and e are cancelled, leaving the following combination, princpl. Note that the i is followed by n; pr, being a long character, is lengthened for this n sound. Then follows the sound of s, which in turn is followed by pi, hence, we have the fol- lowing: pr written on the i position, pri; lengthened for n, prin; further extended by the expedient s, prins; the final sound of pi is expressed by the alphabetic pi, prins pi -^ <^r . This rule for out- lining will apply to all root words, and its observance will always result in simple, legible, analogous outlines. LESSON THIRTEEN 48. Attached prefixes. This lesson introduces the third and last step in shorthand writing; namely, that of prefix and suffix representation. From an English viewpoint, the suggestion of prefix or suffix presupposes an already existing root, or stem word. The same is true in this system of shorthand. By an application of the pre- ceding principles, the root, or stem outlines of all the words of the language are formed, and by the use of prefixes and suffixes, these stem outlines are preserved. Prefixes are not written with reference to vowel positions, but relative to the stem outline. A prefix may be the result of an application of some principle, such as the shortening of medium characters to express the sounds of m or n, forming such prefixes as am, an, etc., or it may be arbitrarily expressed. There are two kinds of prefixes attached and detached. An attached prefix is one that is connected to the stem outline without lifting the pen. A detached prefix is one that is written relative to the stem outline, either before or through it, the prefix and stem outline being separate strokes. EXERCISE 91. A, ad, af, and at expressed by a, attached, written either upward or downward. abate abide agree ago across avail :_f^TS?.. affair adhere .(^T... affable admire _. affiliable admirable _Lz affirm admit . / afford 100 Atlantic atmosphere attain . attainable Y EXERCISE 92. afterglow aftermath EXERCISE 93. albino .-^ album albumen allege allegiance alliance allot allow ROWE SHORTHAND 101 attend .. attribute ______ attends, at- .__"_-_. attach-ed tendance attest __c ____ attachment ___\L ____ attire ^ attempt r expressed by the word-sign. -- ' afternoon afterthought 1 x el and il expressed by the large loop. allude ^"^ element ..P. almost --o ---- elevate alphabet illegal also always 9 illegible illicit although --< S( -- illogical .. s> concern .vr mm ~* comfort -^^ complain v< concert **-*+-*** comfortable complacent .^ ^ concise *-^_j> committal ^^ complex ^-r consider %^^__^ command v ^ 7 ' compromise considerable Vj ^_ _^ commend ..*____ compute . .- ... consign ^^_^s comment -^- . concord -^v_ consist V^--P commit -___--. concrete *~*^..-- consistent o commonplace concur commercial -_^^.-_. confess commune confine commute conform compress _^r>t,_ confront compare ^i^7^>__ confuse comprise .-:->s^_- consent ^b compete _.t?^>_ conceal consult ri> consume - consumer _ constant .- constrain .- contrive f. control - converse 104 convert cohere cohort EXERCISE manner. debar debase detach denounce . EXERCISE elapse elicit elope elude ROWE SHORTHAND v^-rTTy. coma ,^i corrupt ^x^T~_ corrode _ corrigible -^ / n correspond ._ v _ a .^ corpuscle 97. De expressed by d written in a more slanting defer decide define detain delay denote deposit depleted 98. E, ed and ef expressed by e. evade 99. Enter expressed by the word-sign. ROWE SHORTHAND 105 EXERCISE 100. Ever, every and effer expressed by the word- sign. everlasting .,^^,.. everywhere ^i evermore effervesce -^m> ~"ll.~~~ EXERCISE 101. Ex expressed by x. express . -7-TH . . . extra expense ^v - expire EXERCISE 102. Inter, Intel and intro expressed by i, short- ened, shaded and written downward. interfere --*=*. interior ... interspersed--V^&.-. intermingle -, interminable __JL intellect intervene ---*rrr^ interim ..1 : intellectual .- interest .& intermit _.^_, intelligence .. interpose .-/-__.._ interval ...'^^- introduce EXERCISE 103. and of expressed by o. omen office .. S .- offset omit N^ official _.^ / ^._. offtake offense ./Sr*... officer __x^v- offshoot offer ..N.-X.. officious ..-.. offhand .v/ 106 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 104. Re expressed by r, shaded. rebate v ' relate "repent ^^~^> rebel v2 relieve s^ - "resort __ _ . *recant v/ remark -- ^i'..,_= "receipt "record _-V *-- remiss v-,,..... . remit '^ 7 "resemble Y^ -?. - "recede redeem __v^._ remittance ^-a. sX. . remote "recess v *-. "resolve v^_^3> refuse "5* renounce "resume refund renew respond ^^ regain ^7 ^ "repel ?T^ . return .. regard STv_ "repeat ^>._. \x- retail regret ^/ "reproach , review *Strike re backward before k, j, and p. ROWE SHORTHAND 107 EXERCISE 105. Under expressed by the word-sign. undergo ____ t_ ________ under-rate _____ '_> _______ underhand ...^1. ----- underscore ___ underground ____ y _________ understand underlie ____ \^'- ----- understood underneath ____ ^----r ----- undertake SENTENCES EXERCISE 106. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of 90 words per minute. Your-favor (of the) 16th inst. is-at-hand, with-prices and terms, which-we-find entirely satisfactory. We-regret-to-find that-we-are-unable to close-your consignment f as-soon-as-we-had hoped. We-never-had-a complaint before from any-of-our customers. 108 ROWE SHORTHAND We-are-unable to manufacture-the goods fast-enough to satisfy C? the demand of -our customers. We-respectfully-call to-your notice statement-of-account ren- dered, and request-you to-make-us a remittance at-your earliest convenience. Are we-to understand by-your silence that-you refuse-to-abide by-the rules, as adopted by-the official board? We always wish-to-be-on-the side-of justice, therefore, we-shall resist any attempt on-his part to effect-a compromise. His success may-be attributed more to-an indomitable spirit and-a desire to excel than to-any assistance he-received from- others. LESSON FOURTEEN 49. Attached suffixes. In the following exercises it will be observed that the character which represents the important sound of the suffix is used to express the entire syllable. (a) Y, ty and dy, pronounced 2, tt, and dl, are expressed by the i. (b) When y follows a circle or loop, it is expressed by extending the circle or loop very slightly across the stem. (c) The suffix ward is expressed by the w, shaded and written downward. (d) Shun is expressed by slightly straightening the ish or ivha. The ish is used for this suffix, except after hooks and the /and d, when u>ha is used. (e) Following a circle or loop, the shun may be written either upward or downward. (/) Ration is expressed by shading the shun. (g) Shuns is formed by adding s, and shun-al by adding /, to shun. (h) Shiate, skiated, shiating, shiation and shiative are expressed by writing shun upward. (i} Ish is expressed by the ish character. (/) Ism and asm are expressed by the expedient s joined to m. Do not spell these suffixes, but pronounce them, and when one sign is given several syllable values, learn it for each syllable. EXERCISE 107. F, ty and dy expressed by the i, written either upward or downward. tawny ._>? artificially _.L___ ready ,_x_ sunny officially .-\^.__ seedy _s^^__ *"" "7 -^ sorrv needy ..--^^. happy ..^T7_ s / enmity -\ scanty ..^ copy 109 110 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 108. Ry, try and dry shade the y ending. dreary -./... . hungry glory ' weary flattery tarry __/_ _____ wintry _./._. sentry _^__^_ jury EXERCISE 109. By join the y ending to b. baby 9- whereby ^t- anybody hereby -^-^-- nobody EXERCISE 110. to bl or pi. --. -,---/O everybody and polity ^join the y ending forcibly cipahty peaceably r ^*) adaptability *^ affably, affability -- - ^?_. _ reply __---!Sp. imply -^ ^., simply ^*^_j^ advisably, advis- ability -(^9- notably, nota- bility J> impenetrability -L.Tr^. . . passably, passi- -^_ plausibility ^~^~ bility ROWE SHORTHAND 111 EXERCISE 111. Ly, sty and cy expressed by extending the circle or loop very slightly across the stem. bravely ^^.^L. manfully __"*?_ _____ intensity J**?L early -7%- _____ faithfully .^ ____ scarcity _5r excellently S^^C. thankfully ____ _^>_. capacity __^ extremely .^-z^-. wilfully . _____ adversity kindly -^/- _____ truthfully ________ immensity _ lately -rr^T___ rusty industry likely ^^^.. dusty fancy cheerfully _____ conversely ..\^^T^s. clumsily "c^f" EXERCISE 113. Fy, vy and thy expressed by making the/, v and ith more curving. fortify _^^.__ qualify __<^S___ glorify .^.._ "~ 112 ROWE SHORTHAND certify justify specify ratify navy slavery < wealthy ~^r>^ . . silvery "o^^r? very /rTT^v. bravery ^7^.__ sympathy __^, divinity /^~^\ theory ..JL wavy rrr^T. theoretical EXERCISE 114. shaded. afterward inward onward reward wayward EXERCISE 115. ish and nation mention evasion Ward expressed by w, written downward and 5 ? 7 .91 .... Eastward Southward forward straightforward backward Shun expressed by slightly straightening the addition Y__-_ allegation edition ?!-_.._._, division question Or - - explanation exclamation elevation attention intention - distinction fiction - ROWE SHORTHAND 113 petition .._"Trr>_-- *dispensation _ . ""~"7>_ physician ... / -^__ condition v__ *position remission --.\^.- ^ sedition ^ ^__ Imposition ^^^ auction ^T rendition ..\_. . . impulsion ______ __. auctioneer *See Rule 7. EXERCISE 116. Shuns and shunal expressed by adding s and I to shun. emotions cautions _^._. factions C3. ____ ^ intimations ^-- rational --^---- traditions ..^C ----- missions additional __/_ ----- exceptional __SJX.. W . ' <^ stations ,- ______ sectional ._>^-o.. international.. ^777.-. discussions - national ...rrrr?.. devotional H * resolutions -5s^v>.. suctions emotional EXERCISE 117. Ration expressed by shading shun. admiration --* exploration .-V^- vibration .^-r-^ toleration ...^^. separation ..> _ ^... inspiration 114 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 118. Shiate, shiated, shiating, shiation, shiative ex- pressed by writing the shun upward. associate-ed-ing- _____ ^...j..... denunciation tion negotiate-ed-ing- _____ r^rr-J^ . . . appreciation . tion EXERCISE 119. Self and selves expressed by joining the circle angularly. himself .._^^r^ myself __ _____ thyself ..-r-s^-.-. herself ..^^?.. ourselves ^/^ ____ themselves . .TTT^> . EXERCISE 120. Ish expressed by the ish character. mannish ..1^... *foolish Irish ?_ *polish *See Rule 7. EXERCISE 121. Ism and asm expressed by sm. plagiarism l \ _ _ conservatism egotism _~\ atheism officialism \_ enthusiasm ROWE SHORTHAND 115 A COMPLETE LIST OF YOU AND YOUR PHRASES EXERCISE 122. The following is a complete list of words that are written on the u position to suggest a following you or your. A partial list was given in Lesson 6. to you, your and you, your do you, your after you, your did you, your will you, your if you, your replying to you, your ^ v, have you, your_-_ in reply to you, your . for you, your answering you, your from you, your in answer to you, your SENTENCES EXERCISE 123. Practice these sentences^until you can write them at the rate of 90 words per minute. If-you-will faithfully and intelligently follow-the study-of short- ^- --^~^~--^ 7 --- < ~- hand you-will ultimately become expert. We-are-not at-all pleased with-your evident evasion of-this 116 ROWE SHORTHAND question, and insist-upon-a straightforward statement-of-your in- tentions. His position, to-say-the least, is rather dangerous. Replying- to-your-favor (of) recent-date, will-state-that we-can- not allow-you-the line-of credit you-request. We-are-sorry to-learn c^V ^ ' ^^ that-we made-a-mistake in shipping your-goods. y- Owing-to-your-failure to specify sizes-of-the various items in- / your-order, we-were compelled to delay shipment until this infor- mation was given. The goods-have-been forwarded to-you to- T day per American Express. LESSON FIFTEEN 50. Detached prefixes. As stated in a previous lesson, a de- tached prefix is one that is written relative to the stern outline either before or through it, the prefix and the stem outline consti- tuting separate strokes. Unless a prefix results from an application of one of the rules of contraction, it is expressed by an arbitrary sign, and as such must be memorized for the syllable or syllables it represents. EXERCISE 124. Ac, oc, ab, ob, ap, op expressed by a dot placed immediately before the stem outline. accede accept acceptable accord accurate accuse ! occur absurd obscure observe obtain obviate obvious appear appease appliance appoint oppose oppress 117 118 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 125. Ante, anti, antag expressed by ant. f ) antecedent ....^^ antiquated ^L antedate / ,. antiquity , *\ ante mortem ./ /. antagonize _f_ ,,.. anterior ^ antagonist ^ o .. antidote . f antagonism . : _^ r antipathy !_> _ antagonistic r EXERCISE 126. Circum expressed by the s. circumference ***.-. circumflex -s.^. circumlocution .- ~--^> - circumscribe -~v_^ EXERCISE 127. EC, ep, epi and ig expressed by a comma. eccentric ?r^r~~^. ignobly * ^-- epicure >c;<;: ignominious epidemic .....**^r. ignominy epilogue .....^.^. ...... ignore episode .^^.^ ignorant ignite ^ T ignorantly ignoble .^^^^ ignoramus ROWE SHORTHAND 119 EXERCISE 128. Equa, equi. expressed by the q. J J A equable __-^f__ equidistant..^'. equitable ._.. equableness .^ri._.u equiform --^ ____ equity equability _^_ _____ equilateral _4K^___ equivalent equanimity 1 equinox _ j . . equivocal J equation _^ ______ equipage ._^Ctj___ equivocate equator ._ 7 ____ equipoise _>J___ equivocation EXERCISE 12^. Ow and omni expressed by the o. omelet .<<-' omnibus omniscient omnif orni - ^-- omnipotent omnium omnific ^\ ^5- omnipresent- T^tr^? omnivorous: EXERCISE 130. Per, pur and pre expressed by the b. perceive <2 ^rr> permission ^ purloin C perceptible^ 2_._ permit s?-?--- purport perchance ......g__ pernicious .^ purpose c> ^^^^-^^^ persuade / ^ ^ perpetual _^^s& purposeful perform purlieu pursue ^ ^ 120 pursuit purvey ROWE SHORTHAND precocious prescribe ^p. predetermine . / ------ present purview prelude T-^ precarious ^U... premium precautious ^cp..._. prepare precede O_^__. prepay precedence ^_^g.-. prepossess preserve preside presume pretend pretext precise "ju^e preposterous . prevent ^3 preclude prerequisite Q/ previous EXERCISE 131. Pro expressed by the br. procure prolong promote -sfo--- pronounce proceed procedure -/SL_j<_ produce proclaim /?T..._ proficient.. proclivity '/ procrastinate.. 7 ^^ profuse provisional profound provide "*$>"" EXERCISE 13 la. Quad-ri expressed by qd. quadrilateral -^^ quadrangle . ^j ^ quadruple ROWE SHORTHAND 121 EXERCISE 132. Sub, sup, sue, suf, sur and sus expressed by the sta. subdivide subdue sublime -.^^r. support submit .~, suppose subordinate^^... succinct supplant .-V_ < r..x suffuse supplement . .0.5^ . . . surpass -ra--- surprise ^^> -0-_-.__. survey - transgress /&... transport transcription .<^> transit .^^^^ transpose _b ^. transformation transpire 51. The negative sign. Some of the negative prefixes will not join readily to the outlines of a few positive words, and in order to preserve the analogy of these outlines a negative sign is employed. Rule 37. Write the r through the latter part of an outline, either a word or phrase, to express its negative meaning. EXERCISE 135. lawful trust unlawful -^* mistrust essential non-essential wse unwse approve _________ payment disapprove _______ non-payment .~TT~: fortune adequate A- ^^>-- L misfortune adequate inadequate ROWE SHORTHAND 123 admissible t$ regular ._>^._._ 1 intentional _jrf inadmissible^, irregular ..^. unintentional _J* advertence ^~r^^ refutable have been .^rrr^ inadvertence. mjc irrefutable _ N ^.^_._ have not been -x^v^ animate ^z. rational __>_ has been _fC-- inanimate _^fe irrational ... has not been /^.TL S efficient -V-^---- reparable _^2*_ had been _/- . X inefficient _"V>.--- irreparable .-^T^?_ had not been _r SENTENCES EXERCISE 136. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of 90 words per minute. We-fully believe that-the-action of-the committee was super- induced by-a profound and sincere desire to restore peace among- the members-of-our association. Replying to-the criticism contained in-your letter (of the) 8th 124 ROWE SHORTHAND inst., we-will state-that had you read-the subsequent issue of-our journal you-wou Id-have seen-the following correction: "In last month's magazine the printer made us appear ridiculous by-using the Wv>rd "omniscient" instead of "omnipotent." As-we-have-not-been-able to secure-a sufficient number-of- skilled workmen, we-shall suspend operations until further notice. The financial report for-the fiscal year, as-compared with those- ./l , inconvenient incoherence incohesion incogent incorporal incorrigible incorrupt incorruptible incorruption incognito incognizant JL ^ Miscom and miscon detached m. misconstrue misconstruct -e/ Noncom and noncon detached n. _ r' nonconformist nonconformity ROWE SHORTHAND 127 EXERCISE 143. Precon detached p. preconceive - -^v -* x. preconquest r preconception ^^^ - precontract .> nreroncert - ^S f- . nrecontrive EXERCISE 144. Recom, recon, recol and recog detached r. recommend __v-z_. reconciliation recommit ____ ^7- _____ reconnoiter recompense ____ ^T^rro... reconsider recompensation -.._7t!rrap._. recollect reconcile ****& _____ recognize reconcilable ---yy,fe? ____ recognition EXERCISE 145. Self or self com, self con detached circle. self -care _.-- jrt>_ self-confidence . -- _^, self-centered ?^_^:_. self-conscious self-command .-..^. self-defense self-complacent ?5rr^r^.. self -denial self-conceit ....o-i =<___ self-determined 128 ROWE SHORTHAND Os ^ self-examination ... . . .^TY- . selfish self-esteem ...?*~b- selfishness EXERCISE 146. Uncom and uncon detached u. uncomfortable ^ unconcern . - - -Sfi uncommitted v^ unconditional ...S^ uncommon ___ unconscious --"S uncompromising .v,..... unconventional 53. The prefixes co, pre, re, un and in combine with the ac, oc, ab, ob, ap and op, forming such compounds as co-op, inac, etc., which are expressed according to the following rule : Rule 39. The compound prefix is expressed by a detached, mod- ified form of the first letter of the initial prefix, which is written relative to the stem outline. EXERCISE 147. Coop shortened, detached k. cooperate ^rV> cooperation ^rO_ EXERCISE 148. Inac, -oc, etc. shortened, detached i. inaccessible ...^^^ inobservant ,J>. inaccurate i . -_---_> inappreciable inaugurate inoculate ...^^. inopportune .^_^ EXERCISE 149. Preac, -oc, etc. shaded, detached p. preaccusation -* v -^ preoccupy >, L preacquaint ~~r.... preoccupancy ."^ ROWE SHORTHAND 129 EXERCISE 150. Reac, -oc, etc. shaded, detached r. reoccupy ..-V^..... reappoint ^ .__. reobtain y_ reapportion reappear -T^___ reapproach EXERCISE 151. Unac, -oc, etc. shortened, detached u. unacceptable ___,W^> unabsorbed tv ? unacquired V/_ unobtainable ...,>rf_. unaccountable ^_ unapproachable v unoccupied .SRS,. unopposed .____ t unabrogated ^_ unoperated .__..^> 54. Other compounds are formed by joining the characters that represent the prefixes. EXERCISE 152. indiscernible ___^ g__ insufficient > -- indiscreet ^_ irreconcilable ._^^$&.-.. indisputable represent ._..Y5L? *-?<.- boundary missionary pecuniary ^ EXERCISE 156. Else expressed by the fl. where else ^ something else anything else everything else .....V 132 ROWE SHORTHAND 133 EXERCISE 157. Graph, graphy and graphic expressed by gr. stenography- .O.-.J^ phonograph- graphic graphic paragraph ..TT^fr... g e g ra phy- k/.--. graphic EXERCISE 158. Graphical and graphically expressed by gl. stenographical-fy orrr lithographical biographical ^^ .,_ photographical EXERCISE 159. Gram expressed by the g, lengthened. telegram *- girlhood EXERCISE 161. Ize expressed by i. fertilize yr5i paralyze equalize Jf specialize EXERCISE 162. Ing or thing expressed by a dot. seeing -^ '_' something feeling .... .^ anything 134 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 163. Ings or things expressed by the circle. lodgings ^^- few things o buildings , - -/^-- many things ^ EXERCISE 164. Ington expressed by a heavy dot. Wellington -=< Lexington Covington 5L _ ;> __^ C --- Wilmington . _^r? * EXERCISE 165. Ingly expressed by the loop, written hori- zontally. willingly .^e_-_.-- meaningly chidingly ^ seemingly ..,_-^^^. EXERCISE 166. Less, lessly and lessness expressed by /. fearless-lessly- ~ - investigate ated-ating-ation-ative ^rro^ dictate ated-ating-ation-ative //_ complicate ated-ating-ation-ative .^rr._., dedicate ated-ating-ation-ative X indicate ated-ating-ation- ative ^OrtT. .... reciprocate ated-ating-ation-ative ^_^x7'___ contemplate ated-ating-ation-ative ?*^?_ EXERCISE 176. When ate is a distinct syllable, the a is written on position according to Rule 40. create ated-ating-ation-ative ^T. liberate ated -ating-ation-ative . exaggerate a ted -ating-ation-ative . 138 ROWE SHORTHAND refrigerate ated-ating-ation-ative _ . _ _N . invigorate ated-ating-ation-ative - remunerate ated-ating-ation-ative EXERCISE 177. The ate rule applies to those nouns ending in cation, which are derived from verbs that usually end in y, as notification, derived from notify. specifications - . fT^-urSr^ . . gratification C/~^~~' modification justification qualifications "^^"^ cK*-" &$??. _ notification signification ^_^^^<-. amplification s^r' aoolication . . <^T^. . . multiDlication ROWE SHORTHAND SENTENCES 139 EXERCISE 178. Practice these sentences until you can write them at the rate of 90 words per minute. Trusting-that-our transaction will-prove mutually profitable and advantageous, we-are-Yours-truly. .-?c^-, --x-- The advantages-of-the new system, as compared with-the old, are inappreciable. This-is very apparent when-the relative cost- of installing the systems is considered. Thanking-you for past- favors, and soliciting a continuance-of-your patronage, we-are- Very-truly-yours. Through-the inadvertence-of-our stenographer, the photograph-of-our building was-omitted from-the advertising 140 ROWE SHORTHAND matter we-sent-you. His statement was-very significant and cal- culated to-cause considerable uneasiness in-certain quarters. ^ ____ " ^P _^ s After-a thorough investigation-of-this-case we-have concluded 7- that somebody else, besides the accused, is responsible for-the pre- _J y^V-- ^-^^^Q -o- ^^---- vailing condition-of-things. LESSON EIGHTEEN 57. Word sign derivatives. The derivatives of a word that is represented by a word-sign are formed by adding the necessary sounds to the primitive sign. EXERCISE 179. arrange-ed ". j successful ,< arrangement I succession arranging j successive . disarrange . .t__ i particular r* prearrange -._'?--. J_ particulars-ize -"^r~9 satisfy-ied ' " particularly ."^S& satisfaction ^ -3 practical, , "V" satisfactory ' f practice practicable . . . .7^^ dissatisfied * ' practicability *~ ^2 circumstance-s -^^ impractical ^^ circumstantial -*^*, opportune-ity circumstantially ^^^ opportunely success ^S"~ inopportune succeed appropriate 141 142 ROWE SHORTHAND appropriating interchange . L appropriation charge-ed 1 inappropriate . --> s - - charges J equal - J . charging L. _ equals-equalize o/ chargeable _w _ equality j. discharge _ _J unequal - / . . judge-ed character _ _ ^-' 1 judging .characters-ize _ ^ . judgment characteristic . V*-' __, judgeship characterization ^ prejudge caricature .__ ^i^ judicial change-ed 1 necessity ___-=-__. changes J necessities .u, changeable . . k . necessitate-ed- x changing ing necessary . .-r-^=-_ , . necessares necessarily unnecessarily object-ed-ing L. objection-able -Lr requisition ROWE SHORTHAND rTT^tt... subjecting Trfea. subjection subjective requisite 143 . _____ Or. _____ _____ _O/_ _____ subject b non requisite 58. Pronominal and adverbial compounds. The following com- pound pronouns and adverbs are frequently misused by the stenog- rapher, and are given at this point so that you may become fa- miliar with their orthography, as well as their shorthand outlines. EXERCISE 180. anybody anyhow anything . anyway anywhere everlasting evermore everybody everything rv Vr "N everywhere hereat hereabout hereafter hereby herefrom herein hereinafter hereinbefore _2 144 ROWE SB hereinto xCTT: :ORTHAND somewhat ~^ hereto ..^TT. somewhere -5 heretofore -_-<^T?^___ . thenceforth ^v> hereunto ...-/r^TTX thereat "^ hereunder . S?^- __ .. thereabout ^vO hereupon S* ^ thereafter *\ herewith . ^^^77^7 therebv NSO meanwhile .. .-3 .7 -^y- therefor moreover therefore therefrom v->_ nevertheless .--^r^r^*"' therein "^x_ nobody ^ thereinafter \ nowhere thereinbefore ^^V^-^ _j notwithstanding o thereinto "~^>y somebody __ ^^o... thereof x somehow ^^/^ thereon \ sometime thereout N^^\ someway X thereto >v ROWE SHORTHAND 145 thereunto thereupon therewith therewithal withal withdraw withhold . , , , . withheld within without withstand whatever whatsoever whenever whensoever whereabouts whereas whereat whereby wherever wherefor , r wherefore . _ wheref roni ,_. wherein whereinsoever whereunto __. whereof whereon ._ wheresoever whereto whereupon wherewith wherewithal whichever . o>_ _ . whichsoever _p _________ whoever W ^~>_ "V 146 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 181. The shorthand key to this exercise appears on the following page. Practice it until you can write it at the rate of 100 words per minute. THE SEA OF LIFE. However smooth and calm-the sea-of life may seem to-you- now, when-you-once-are fairly upon-it you-will-find-it frequently 25 roughened by fierce storms, and-these storms will-master-you unless you-can bear-up against the wind or run before-it. Your studies have 50 -been but- the play-of business-life; soon-you-will- be among its realities. Your swords now-are in-their-scabbards; out-there they must 75 -be-drawn and prove their-metal. The man who has-no grit in-his disposition, no-pluck in-his heart, will-be-trampled to death 100 in-the march and collisions-of business complications. No accident-of birth, plethoric bank- account, no education, no human friendship, can stand-the strain that 125 shall-be put upon-you. Clear-the difficulties that shall-rise, master the opposition that shall muster. Your-hand upon affairs must-be strong. There 150 -must-be bones in-your body, or-you- will- be crushed in to -the pulp-of-an overwhelming failure. 168 ROWE SHORTHAND 147 p o^_ > x o LESSON NINETEEN 59. Suggestions for phrasing. The lists of phrases in previous lessons have been given for a threefold purpose, (a) that the stu- dent would early form the habit of phrasing; (b) that by example he would learn the character of words that are phrased; (c) that he would learn to apply the general rules of the system in phrase- writing, as well as in forming abstract words. After this lesson you will be required to construct your own phrases, and as it is necessary for you to know what to phrase, it is the purpose of this lesson to instruct you in the selection of proper phrase elements. A shorthand phrase should be a grammatical phrase. However convenient and easy outlines may be to join, they should not be connected unless the words they represent constitute a grammati- cal phrase, or if joining them would impair their legibility. In this connection, you should remember that properly constructed phrases are more legible than abstract outlines, and, if you will heed the following suggestions, you will have no difficulty in writ- ing and reading phrases. EXERCISE 182. As a general rule, the pronominal subject is immediately followed by its verb or verbal modifier, and is, there- fore, an initial phrase element requiring the verb or adverb to be joined to it, thus: he-is ^~?_ we-certainly-will-be they-say ___^rtr^ we-must-have 148 ROWE SHORTHAND 149 EXERCISE 183. An expression, other than an adverb, coming between the pronoun and its verb, is parenthetic, and though the expression may constitute a separate phrase, it should not be joined to the pronoun. vfe,oi-cour5e,wiU.^^^. f _^,__ they, perhaps, - -^x^^TTT-^-rr^ have she, nodoubt, .c.-- ^rrsx^. we therefore, ~^. 17^-=* thinks do-not EXERCISE 1 84. Defining, limiting or modifying words are joined, when practicable, to the words they modify, as: our-men ..^ direct-vote .-/ every-thought ._JN _._ very-much y^T\^ EXERCISE 185. An auxiliary verb is usually joined to the principal word, consequently is an initial phrase element: shall-have .5TT7TL. may-take _~Z,... shall-be must-be ._. ought-not _/rr__ must-not-be EXERCISE 186. Transitive verbs are initial phrase elements, and are usually joined to their objects, or the elements preceding their objects, as: has-it see-this-man makes-it __"?__. take- this-case 150 ROWE SHORTHAND EXERCISE 187. All the prepositions, except of,ojf,&ndup, are initial phrase elements, hence, a preposition is joined to its object, or the word that immediately follows the preposition, as: on-time in-this-matter on-hand in-hand in-his-own-home in-his-own-time EXERCISE 188. As a rule, of, of and up follow immediately after the word whose relation they show to the object. They are, therefore, final phrase elements, and are joined to the preced- ing word, thus: think-of .rr^^_ . now-off man-of report-of go-up sail-up EXERCISE 189. As conjunctions and relative pronouns are in- troductory words, they naturally form initial phrase elements, as: which-he ..^n... who-will 2> who-was that-he that-is-necessary that-was but-he but-this ^"~ and-we 2> and-that s S which-is which-mav J- . _<):.__ . ROWE SHORTHAND 151 EXERCISE 190. A common adverb is usually joined to the fol- lowing word, as: when-will __S>___. there-can there-are ____^X.__ . when-may there-is -T^Y.. where-is To apply this instruction to matter you wish to outline, first read the matter, underscoring the phrases. Then outline and practice them, after which you may outline and practice the en- tire article. 60. Conjunctive and prepositional phrases. There is a class of phrases consisting of three or more words, two of which are alike and connected by a preposition or conjunction, as by and by, day by day, etc. The connecting words are omitted in writing these phrases, and the omission shown by the relative positions of the two like words. EXERCISE 191. The following list should be memorized. day by day ;... over and above day after day - _ _ more and more day in and day //^ time and time out again from day to day -^---^ from time to time forever and ever >as - _ higher and higher over and over ^-^...^--^-^ _ . by and by over and over . -^-^-^^ ^ - - better and better again 152 nearer and nearer again and again hour by hour place to place out and out hand in hand hand over hand year by year year to year ROWE SHORTHAND year after year !(___ years and years ago year in and year ^ /Y out more or less jAA- sooner or later greater or less one or the other /. // party of the first part /party of the second part 61." The contractions of such expressions as has not, can not, etc., are distinguished by placing an apostrophe above the outline. EXERCISE 192. has not hasn't was not wasn't can not can't does not doesn't ROWE SHORTHAND DAYS AND MONTHS 153 EXERCISE 193. Sunday April /*^, Monday May 7 Tuesday June Wednesday ^--v' July ._'____ . Thursday August (%. Friday ^ _ September >^ 5" Saturday ^~~^~ October January I// November February -/r=s=^ =^. . acceptance *>^ ^/-._- access S ? accessible >-r*6 ROWE SHORTHAND VOCABULARY adjourn 157 alteration /*? administration -^p alternative ^ '' admissible ,-g advance -^777^ ambiguity ..sty... ambiguous - -/^v- - - ambition ^o..... ambitious ^ advertise . rx>_ . advertisement .^rr>o_.. advice ^^^ r .. advisability ^f^^.. advisedly -C^&) affidavit ^^_. affiliate aggressive v^CA_- agitate f\, accidental -^^ .^- accumulate - ^r^T. . . amenable ^ accusation analogous ^~& accustomed . -. analysis . ^ <2s> acquaint - -*e. - analyze ^ acquaintance .-. .-?. anecdote ^> acquiesce _y acquisition ._!._ anniversary _ms announce ^ acquit ) actually ^> agriculture /is*>. all right .&... already ^ anonymous ^ antagonize j^ adage _^. ... . antagonistic GLs adequate #__. alter ^ anticipate ^^> 158 ROWE SHORTHAND anxiety / '\ v ^ architect anxious / \_ arduous apparel C5 ^^ area 2 c. apparent ~~~~~~~^ arrears <...... anneal '^-^ articles sz, appearance .-7Tfri>--_ assiduous appertain '. ^^r. assignee applicant ^ appraisal .TT>C^. assurance appraise -T^ . . assure assumption . authorities f^ automobile apprehend ...Tt^^,.-. athlete rr...... aunjunjunc /^ approach . athletics ^&_ avail approval . attach ^1. _ available approve , attempt / avaricious approximate ^^ % attitude Jf. avenue appurtenance attorney average averse aversion avoid avoidance avoidable avow avowal awkward baggage balance bankruptcy banquet bargain barrel basis basket beauty fei... *=T- fryr *7~ &Tr- : ^s- 9- ROWE SHORTHAND beautiful become benefit .&y. beneficiary /2yf. beneficial /2~^ /^ o #_ .- ^ benefited benevolent benevolence bicycle blamable bonus bookkeeper borrow bounteous breadth -s~U-Z>- 159 brevity .Si^ brilliant broken building bulletin busy calculation calendar cancel canceled cancelation candid _V___ candidate .^/... canvass "*: ^ O capacious capacity capital ROWE SHORTHAND Ar^l I/ . _-. charitable ^ carriage -^57- chattel casually casualty catalog _T?r.L : , civility caustic -^rrr. . - classify combining ^^ commendable commodities ROWE SHORTHAND compliment ***_ 161 conducive communication - . compulsion conductor community computation ? confer -^~v companion ^^^ ronrpde ^>^ -f conference <>s*& companv ~y Conceit ^^ -? confession v-^s. comparable _* ^ conceive ^-^-~_^- N_ confidence ^*^s* comparative """"* conceivable .s^*_-- ~^- confidential ^-^^ comparison '^j - concentrate > ^ confirm v^->__ compensation ~~~"~- concession ^^f congress "t? competent ' ~~^- conciliate ^^_ congressional "t^ competition ^^-\ conclusion congruous j competitor conclusive W conjecture ^ complete ,-, condemn /_ conscience v completion condense ^ conscious T" compliance _, condescend ^ . conscientious -~c complicate ^9~ complied condescension j^L_^-/ condition y Co" consecutive ^v_--?6 consequence , 162 consignee -. ROWE SHORTHAND contradictory X/ criticism ^*- consignor ^ ^ contribute --+-. culminate consistent . ^ p controversy v.^-^. cultivate consistency , . p ^ convenience >^- & cultured conspicuous convenient * > cultivation conspiracy OJ > X% ^ conversation <^- (, curious constancy v - 9 convertible < -^ current contagious Y convey cursory -f- contemptible **-, conveyance v ~^" * custody contention ~z convince v ^_ __ r custom contents -z convincing 1 __^_^ customary 1 contingency -^ credentials ^ -V customer contingent >^ creditable v^ cutting continue -^ creditor >>_-. daily ^^ continuance .y , 7 criterion s^. damaged ^1 continuous -^ critical ^^ data continually ^ criticize dealer ^-^^ ROWE SHORTHAND debatable 7 _ deputy _/6 _ 163 deficiency ^^ _ . . debit debt debtor decorate delegate deficit definite delicate delicacy demonstrate democratic deprecate depredation depth deputation .& derelict / deficient >^ -- *\^ y - . dereliction / desrree 6\ - -,/ deceitful - ^-^ / decency delinquent .^^^.. demis' 1 S- ^^^^ deciding / demoralize -s , ^^^^ decision ^ / demur --^ ZQ._ . decisive j^_^_^ demurrage -^^ -- sC^Z,. defective ^ denial / ^ >4>rr___ defense / departure -I~~^ f)i-~ _ defendant *?^ dependent --!T^~~^^I -^2-- . deference /4- depository -^ fy. deferred _/^. / 5_-_ defiance ^l/ deprived ^^^^ . denreciate ^s?C~ 164 ROWE SHORTHAND depressed ,.!b desist depression -^f- despite deride - despondent derision -4"-"- details derive _<^T--^___ deter derivation .^^. deteriorate descend ._= * device describe -<*>. designate describing -&> despair description -QX despicable descriptive -G(J> despise deserve -^ --trr^. destined &- design -<^--^^-- dialogue ^>-., desirable j^?-- dictate ^ desiring - < ^*- difference ^--. desirous , 165 effectually TN. disguise PO division ^ efficacy .^r disparage y_ England ^^--- disturbance earnest X enough HiviHpnrl ^Hnratinn 1 f>ntitlfri -j(- 166 enumerate enumeration erasure errand error erroneous especial essence essential establish estimate etc. ROWE SHORTHAND exasperate ._TTT 1 !T-^ > .. exorbitant expansion expedient expenditure expense expensive experience experiment expiration explanatory explicit exercise exertion exhaust ,_JT_ exposure evade _.?!^7T7>_-_ exhaustion..^? exquisite evasion 7^^T7T> exhaustive __^f-P extempore eventually ~rv^rr-?s^ exhibit .x^^- extemporaneous evidence ^^^~>^. exhibition ..v^.-^-- extension evident ^vrrr^^r. existence .-Ss^-fy--- extensive w o^ extenuating VX_ ROWE SHORTHAND favor .r?" x 167 forbidden extraordinary S^ favorable ^^~~^> foreign .^ . extravagant s-^ favoritism / ^ v " ^ forfeiture ^^^^ extremely s^ feasible .-^si forgery facilitate s feature ^-^ L/ forgetting facilities ^ i felicity ^-^-^3 L/ forgotten facsimile ^_ fictitious <. .. C/ formally factor 3 fluctuate frequency *~v famous ---- flustrate frequently < ~% fashion following C^- frustrate fashionable forbid -"w'O- fuhil fault ^ forhparfincp *-/^ fundamental 7 168 furniture . ROWE SHORTHAND habit identical J^, future handicap -^T^T-Tr? identity Jy gallon ^ harmonize <^^. . illiterate ^?^ garnishee y^ hastily ^T.T . _ illustrate / gasoline &*^ hazardous ^-.P.. _. illustration / generosity A headquarters ^ hesitate <^7?^.-- imagination -f gratis ^ hinder ^-^7 imitate J gratitude ^ hindrance .^^-^. imitators / gratuitous ^ holiday -^^=> immaterial ^~ t ^l. grievance if *> hostile ^ '. imperative - / "'^ > _ guaranty <" humorous implement ^ guarantee ^> hypocrisy ^3?*, . implicate _ 4_ guard idea ..^T **? implicit -^^7 guidance x/^ ideal ..^^.. implied ^A__. ROWE SHORTHAND imprudent ... . individual jr~&.. impunity indolence --?^^* incessant -^ 2..-s indorsement -~ incident ->^^^ inducement incidental .y^^_^-.^^ industrial include industrious inclusion industry inclusive . ineligible -xc incredible .^w. inexcusable _\_- ^""H^ incredulous -^f inexhaustible.. ^TP._ incumbent ,~S/2- infallible .^. incumbrance _=^^ infringement.^ indemnify .^!?_ ingenious .^l^^,-- indemnity -^^ ingenuous indestructible^ inherent indifference .^ inheritance indistinct __^_ . initiative 169 innocence insurable insurance insure ~+ . - interlineation ^^^*^{--- interpretation.7^^. _ interrupt .^ interruption interurban 170 intimidate y ROWE SHORTHAND laborious 5 manufacture "^ . . intolerable legitimate ^^-i manufacturer "^-^ intuition lenient ^^7^ manufacturing "^^ invalid J^y=^> literally ^> material ~z^. . inventory , .. literature ^^ maturity ~7 involve . involution / litigation _^^_ local mechanism ^ medium ^ . irritable - locally memoranda ^ irritate j locality "^^7" logic memorandum ~^ f . issue 9 lucrative mercantile > ^ itemize h luncheon mercenary p f_ jealousy $ luscious merchandise \ r jobber luxury merchant \ To" journal machine ~^ merit 7 J justifiable magazine ~^ s _^-- - meritorious -& juxtaposition maintenance ~ x Messrs. i_^. knockdown manipulate -^ method _ r_. ROWE SHORTHAND 171 methodical -j- naturally I IT observance -^~^rrrr5> miscellaneous neglect "5^^-" obstacle misinterpret ^^^^_ obstinate -G ^ missent Q ^ T" neutral obviate "- ^ - - misunderstand- noticeable obviOUS -*^~^r ing ~^O"'V. mistake /> nucleus occasionally - T>- moderate numerous occurred moderation ~^~ momentous r number occurrence monopoly oar ore *s, opposite -i-^"- ~~*7 monotonous obedient ^s/^i^' opposition -n^--' morfcyaorp obedience VV -/Q^ <> option ~t mortgagee o'clock ~^ mortgagor obligate offensive -^^ ^ obligation obligatory - ^& omit ^"F ' mutually oblige ft ^^\-- - omitted 7 -3- nature 1 obliterate ^*? opening "" ~ natural A - observant -^ ^~^>. ordinary 172 ROWE SHORTHAND ordinarily organize organization pecuniary peremptory _ - perpendicular personally ") personalty f personality J ornamental ^~~^ = L persuade origin originate ostensible .-tr?-- persuasive ostentatious ^x& physical ought P- plaintiff parallel r^^ _ plausible partially _. , . ___s policy partiality passenger -TT^rri. political predecessor - ^- *.--- ROWE SHORTHAND 173 program {/___ public progress ^PO" ________ publicity progressive ^C2TT~^- punctual recurrence s^ jf proportion _________ quantity T propose / ~ ________ quarter query quiet proposition ^ queer proprietor prominence J promise quotation ^^ promissory . ratify property , readily really ] prophecy realty \ ^^^^nT 1-4. reality J prospect realize prospectus ^^^ recipient prosper ^___^ reciprocate, prosperous ^_^ recollect prudent rectify J_ """' J ; -?~-~ 7 reference register regular reimburse reiterate relevant reluctant remarkable remember remembrance remonstrate remunerate reparable replenish ^ V ^ resignation _>_ r... retaliate ^- ' 174 ROWE SHORTHAND reticent .^.^ simplicity ~^_--.a. ^ revolution v*^ singular .*^^--. ridiculous SOCial -ve ^r C" sacrifice v "^"~& socialism -^ ^ _ sanguine ~~~7 - society -^^^_^ sarcasm N ^-& solicit ^-/^ scrupulous souvenir scrutinize speculation _ a ^~^^' . seldom ^^^~ statistic seres serous structure subsequent symmetry v^_^ sympathy ^ syndicate -v^__^ temple ^_. testimony c^^ testimonial c?5?__ thankful statistics .^^ . thwart _7\- statistical theory _J^ NO serviceable ^ _^ g> statistician ^ ' N theoretical d sever stationary ..^c tolerable severe several v -_-- ; steadily -Q - - treasurer >^ signature -- -o__. strengthen -O ^^ trustworthy. * simolest _v. struggle \ ^s~~^ tuition ultimate .:??1 ROWE SHORTHAND vehicle ^ ~^/^~' 175 welfare ^^~* ultimo Si. veracity ^ -*Jp widesoread ^/ unanimous . t^, verbatim *> ^>" withdraw ^ unavoidable _ x^_ verifv ^ *s~\ withdrew -/ ^ union ---J>- vice versa -^-r^ -^ ^ varv ' "^ - volume variable .C~^l volunteer variance . r^T^-rrrc . . voucher variety / T~ > ^ . vulgar various .^^"Xo warrant vehemence ^r-^/^ welcome _^-^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. KAY 12 1951 MAR 9- Form L9-25m-9,'47(A3618)444 i i 01 CALIFORNIA AT Lc-3 ANGELES Farker- P2l8r Rowe shorthand. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 573 593 1 P2l8r 1915