JUL b ,i^ii GIFT LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIFT OF i/ujdj. rl^.uL X^-<^ Class ^' "^ i(,it Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/caesarcampaignOOjennrich CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN CAESAR. Bust in the mnseum at Naples. CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN A BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK BY WILLIAM A. JENNER AND HENRY E. WILSON OF THE boys' high SCHOOL, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK ILLUSTRATED D. APPLETON AND COMPANY NEW YORK CHICAGO JUL 8 1911 , GIFT ^j.^ . (Q Copyright, 1910, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. J HU' PREFACE. The rejuvenation of Latin must begin with the beginning. A first-year book, written a quarter of a century ago, revisions and imitations of the same and so-called Caesar books written on this antiquated plan, depend for interest as well as for apperception on Englisli Grammar, about which the beginner knows little and cares less. After a year of remorseless grinding of forms and rules set in no relations of recognized utility and possessing no human interest, the survivor of this grilling process enters upon the second year's work not only " emptied of all desire to learn," but endowed with a mental attitude of hostility towards Latin. Unaccustomed to finding any vital significance in what he has been doing in the first year, he fails to respond to belated efforts to interest him in really attractive editions of Caesar, for the enjoyment of which his preparation has not only been utterly incompetent but positively prejudicial. The authors of "Caesar's First Campaign" have earnestly endeavored to make first-year work interesting and valuable in itself, with a view to lessening the " mortality " in the first year as well as to giving the beginner such a mental attitude and equipment as shall make his subsequent Latin course pleasant and profitable. The beginner's natural love of a story, his ele- mentary knowledge of geography and history, have been from the earliest pages depended upon for the promotion of interest and apperception. Through the use of illustrations and suggestive introductory lines a sustained effort has been made to keep the story idea before the pupil. Those who disapprove of the use of such devices in connection with tlie work of memorizing forms and 217308 iv PREFACE. principles may profitably recall how powerful an educative force in economics was the political campaign of '96, how stimulative of geographical knowledge has been the recent polar controversy. The special features that it is believed will make for the success of this book may be briefly summarized as follows : Interest is awakened and maintained by the development of a story illuminated by appropriate illustrations. Apperception as well as interest are promoted through geo- graphical and historical rather than grammatical notions. Development Exercises are provided, breaking up the Caesar text to follow in the next lesson into short and easy sen- tences, with whose forms and constructions the pupil is already familiar. The Vocabulary is scientifically selected and is limited, not " principally," but exclusively, to Caesarean words. A select list of 500 words used six or more times in Caesar is designated in heavy type as words to be memorized. The Exercises for Practice and other reading Exercises are care- fully calculated to utilize each word of the list of 500 six or more times. Daily assignments of Written Work are given, inflecting in vari- ous ways this list of 500, furnishing drills of exceptional merit and saving the teacher the burden of written assignments. As far as is practicable, the pupil is required to construct his own paradigms after having been given the necessary princi- ples rather than to memorize quantities of printed forms. Reviews occur recalling the frequently recurring words through derivatives and affording further drill upon these words through ingenious mechanical devices of demonstrated worth. Rules and principles are taught inductively and concretely with- out presuming upon more than the most elementary knowledge of English Grammar on the part of the pupil. The most elementary notions of English Grammar, such as the distinction of voice, are taught as new material as they occur in the lessons. No attempt is made in a "Grammatical Intro PREFACE. V duction " to teach in a day what was once taught through years of toilsome drill in formal English Grammar. The vocabularies are arranged, not in the conventional alpha- betical order, but with regard to pedagogical principles — nouns together, then verbs, etc. Pointed questions in the Latin-English exercises call for answers in Latin and serve a threefold purpose: (1) to punctuate the essential nature of the construction newly taught, (2) to recall the facts of the story already studied, and (3) to force the pupil not merely to translate English into Latin, but to compose a Latin expression of his own ideas. The authors desire to acknowledge a large measure of indebted- ness to Professor Gonzales Lodge of Teachers College, Columbia University, for his generous permission to make free use of his invaluable Vocabulary of High School Latin as well as for numerous suggestions of value in the compilation of the book ; also to Principal George Swain, of Bay City, Michigan, for the permission to use his excellent photographs of the scenes of the campaign. Many suggestions of value are due to William T. McCoy, of the Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, and to Miss Ella G. Marthens, of the Shortridge High School, Indian- apolis; to Dr. A. F. Nightingale, Superintendent of the Cook County (Illinois) Schools ; to Francis H. Lee, of the Central High School, Philadelphia; and to Mrs. C. P. Olmstead, of the Lake View High School, Chicago. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Suggestions to Teachers xi Introduction xv LE880N I. First Declension of Nouns 1 II. Present Indicative of Sum 4 III. Present Indicative Active of the First Conjugation.— Accusative of Direct Object 6 IV. Present Indicative Passive of the First Conjugation. — The Genitive Case 8 V. Second Declension of Nouns. — The Dative Case . . 11 VI. Present Indicative Active and Passive of the Second Con- jugation 14 VII. Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension. — Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions 17 VIII. Third Declension of Nouns : Consonant Stems ... 20 IX. Present Indicative Active and Passive of the Third Con- jugation 22 X. Third Declension. I Stems (Nouns and Adjectives) . 25 First Jteview 27 XI. Declension of the Demonstrative Hie. — Ablative of Sepa- ration 29 XII. Declension of the Demonstrative Is. — The Possessive Genitive 31 XIII. The Relative Pronoun 34 XIV. Second Declension Nouns in ius and ium. — Ablative of Accompaniment 36 XV. Verbs of the Third Conjugation in io. — Ablative of Means 39 XVI. Perfect Indicative of Sum. Comparison of Adjectives . 42 XVII. Perfect Indicative Active of the First Three Conjugations: Principal Parts 45 XVIII. Imperfect and Future of Sum. — Ablative of Specification 48 vii VUl TABLE OF CONTENTS. LESSON PAGE XIX. Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indicative Active of Three Conjugations 50 XX. Imperfect Active and Passive of the First and Second Conjugations. — Ablative of Cause .... 53 Second Review .56 * XXI. Imperfect Active and Passive of the Third Conjuga- tion. — Irregular Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions 57 XXII. The Fourth Declension of Nouns .... 60 XXIII. Future Indicative Active and Passive of the First and Second Conjugations 63 XXIV. Future Indicative Active and Passive of the Third Conjugation. — The Grenitive of the Whole . . 65 XXV. Imperfect Indicative Active and Passive of the Third Conjugation in io. — Accusative of Extent . . 68 XXVI. Fifth Declension of Nouns. — Declension of the Re- flexive and Intensive Pronouns .... 71 Third Review : Rules for the Gender of Third Declen- sion Nouns 74 XXVII. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Pas- sive of Three Conjugations. — Ablative of Agency 76 XXVIII. Declension of Idem. — Synopsis of Verbs. — Ablative of Time 79 XXIX. Present Subjunctive Active and Passive. — Declension oflUe 82 XXX. Imperfect Subjunctive Active and Passive. — Clauses of Purpose . . . 85 XXXI. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive Active and Pas- sive. — Result Clauses 88 XXXII. Place to Which ; Place from Which. — Declension of Domus 92 XXXIII. Fourth Conjugation of Verbs. — Ablative of Place in Which 95 XXXIV. Participles. — The Dative with Special Verbs . . 98 Fourth Review 101 XXXV. The Use of Participles in the Ablative Absolute . 102 LESSON XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XL VII. XLVIIL XLIX. L. LL LII. LIIL LIV. LV. LVI. LVII. LVIII. TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix PAGE Formation and Uses of Infinitives .... 105 Declension of Duo. — Conjugation of Possum. — Da- tive with Adjectives 109 Infinitive in Indirect Discourse Ill Deponent Verbs. — The Ablative with Utor, etc. . . 115 Ablative and Genitive of Quality. — Declension of Vis 118 Comparison of Irregular Adjectives, Facilis, Liber, etc. — Conjugation of E6 122 Ablative of Manner. — Cum Temporal . . . . 125 Fifth Review 128 Comparison of Irregular Adjectives {continued). — De- clension of Plus 129 Comparison of Irregular Adjectives {continued). — Formation and Comparison of Adverbs . . . 132 Conjugation of Volo, Nolo, Malo 135 Comparison of Irregular Adverbs. — Ablative of Com- parison 137 Relative Clauses of Purpose 140 Ablative of Degree of Difference 143 Cum Causal and Concessive 145 Sixth Revieiv 148 Conjugation of Fero and its Compounds . . . 150 Dative of the Possessor 152 Compounds of Sum. — Dative with Compound Verbs 155 Gerunds and Gerundives 157 Formation and Uses of Supines. — Various VTays of Expressing Purpose 160 Seventh Revieio . . . . . . . .163 Conjugation of Fio. — Compounds of Facid . . . 164 The Periphrastic Conjugations. — Dative of Agent . 108 Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns. — Interrogative Particles. — Direct Questions 170 Substantive Clauses with the Subjunctive. — Verbs of Fearing with the Subjunctive 174 X TABLE OF COXTENTS. UltSSON PAGE LIX. Subjective and Objective Genitives .... 177 LX. Dative of Purpose. — Accusative with Compound Verbs . 179 LXI. The Imperative Mood. — Commands and Exhortations . 182 Eighth Review 184 LXII. Personal Pronouns. — Possessive Adjectives . . . 185 LXIir. Conditional Sentences . 188 LXIV. Indirect Questions. — Sequence of Tenses . . . 191 LXV. Defective and Impersonal Verbs 195 LXVI. Verbs with Two Accusatives 198 Ninth Revieiu 201 LXVII. The Optative Subjunctive . . . . . .202 LXVIII. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse. — Quod Causal . . . . , . . . . .204 LXIX. Numeral Adjectives 207 LXX. Temporal Clauses with Postquam, Ubi, Priusquam. — Review of Subjunctives ...... 210 Tenth Revieiv 213 Chapters XVIII-XXIX of Caesar's Gallic War . . 215-243 Appendix Tables of Declensions, Conjugations, Comparisons, and Numerals 247 Models of Original Schemes for Form Drill .... 274 List of Five Hundred Words 275 Syntactical Syllabus 279 Latin-English Vocabulary . . . . . . . . 283 English-Latin Vocabulary 301 Index 309 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. In presenting to the educational public a text-book of an uncon- ventional type, containing many novel devices for the promotion of interest and apperception, for the acquisition of vocabulary and forms, and for the formation of proper methods of attack in translation, the authors desire at the outset to make an appeal for the sympathetic cooperation of the teacher, and to beg the indul- gence of discussing in some detail those features of the work requiring attention in order to get the best results from its pur- suit. The teacher who looks upon devices calculated to add attractiveness to his subject as a waste of time is comparable to the teamster who lacks the time to oil his wagon axles. Insistence upon the constant use of maps and of all legitimate helps to the understanding of the story, will surely be repaid in a greatly increased capacity for progress on the part of the class. The same may be said of the time spent with the class in giving helpful hints as to the preparation of the next day's lesson. All model sentences and observations in the first half of a lesson should be read over with the pupil in advance. Attention should be repeatedly called to the importance of memorizing the words in heavy type in the vocabularies, to any peculiarities in their inflection and in the next day's Written Work to keep the pupil from falling into pitfalls of error. In the second half of a lesson, the benefit to be derived from English-Latin exercises may be greatly increased by preparatory work that will rivet the pupil's attention upon those points requiring emphasis or caution. In this way the teacher makes his requirements so definite as to leave little latitude for excusable error. The seventy lessons are intended to occupy one hundred forty teaching days. The first ten lessons are somewhat shortened, allow- xi xii SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. ing for abundant oral drill on forms and for emphasis on the sketches of Caesar's life, which the pupil should be required to re- late in substance, as essential to interest in the narrative to follow. Beginning with Lesson XIV, the lessons admit of a natural division into two days' work, the first to comprise the reading of the text, the memorizing of the heavy type words in the vocabu- laries, of the paradigms, and rules, the performance of the Written Work and the translation of the Latin-English division of the Exercises for Practice. The second day's work will then comprise the writing out as a preparation for oral translation of the English-Latin division of the Exercises for Practice, the trans- lation of the Development Exercise with review of the paradigms and rules taught in the first half of the lesson. Especial attention is requested to the schemes for the acquisi- tion of a vocabulary. To require the pupil to memorize and inflect all words can result only in failure. The words printed in heavy type are those occurring six or more times in Caesar, as shown by the Lodge Vocabulary of High School Latin, and should be thoroughly memorized. In the Word List (pp. 275-278), the most important of these heavy type words are assembled, while they are made to occur six or more times in the various exercises for reading. The aim perfectly to familiarize the pupil with this select vocabulary is still further attained through the Written Work, which as far as is practicable is limited to the inflection in various ways of these frequently used words. The authors have found it helpful in class to assign the Written Work in segments for board work. This board work, when corrected and rated by the teacher, encourages the diligent and enables all pupils to cor- rect their written exercises, relieving the teacher of the burden of revising the same. The Reviews also can be made most effective through board assignments, which like the daily Written Work when corrected and rated by the teacher will enable the pupil to correct his own home work. The authors have found it possible to devote two days to these Reviews and still have left twenty-five out of one hundred eighty-five teaching days for the reading of the text beyond the SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. xiii seventy lessons. Such written tests as they have given, the authors have found it practicable to give on the second day of review- work. The original devices such as consecutive declensions, conjuga- tions, synopses, and consecutive infinitives and participles have been thoroughly tested out and found practicable by the authors. While they may require a little time and patience on the part of the instructor to render intelligible to the pupil, they will be found to repay the effort, as even the dullest pupil will take an active interest in this mechanical form of drill and will acquire a con- siderable proficiency in forms. It should be borne in mind that it is of vastly more importance to complete the seventy lessons and the ten Reviews in a thorough manner than to complete the reading of the twenty-nine chapters. The authors believe that the teacher who covers with his class only the seventy lessons — and the weakest teacher will hardly fail to do more than this — will have given his pupils a better preparation to read Caesar than can be obtained by the use of any beginning book heretofore published. At the worst, the class will have only to complete the story of the Helvetian War in the sec- ond year in a Caesar text without the help of the Development Exercises. - In conclusion, the authors wish to state that the directions con- tained in the latter Reviews as to the use of the Word List and Syntactical Syllabus (pp. 275-281) are intended to convey nothing more than hints as to the possibilities of their use in preparation for final examinations. These compilations will be found to afford large opportunities for the exercise of ingenuity in working out final reviews. INTRODUCTION. The sections of this chapter are intended only for reference. Pronuncia- tion can be best acquired through imitation. Rules are valuable only as checks and correctives. 1. The Latin Language is so named because it was first spoken by the Latini, or Latins, an ancient tribe which lived in the vicin- ity of Rome. Spreading gradually as the conquests of the Latins increased, it finally became the official language of the Roman Empire, which included at one time the whole western civilized world. During the long centuries of Roman supremacy in Europe, Latin came to have a peculiar preeminence, which no other lan- guage has ever enjoyed. French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese are merely the modern representatives of Latin as it was spoken in various parts of the Roman Empire. Through the Middle Ages and down to modern times, Latin was the language of learn- ing and diplomacy. It is estimated that about forty per cent of all English words are derived from Latin. THE ALPHABET. 2. The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English except that it has no j or w. The letter i does duty for both i and j. 3. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y. The other letters are conso- nants. The diphthongs are ae, oe, au, eu, ui. PRONUNCIATION (Roman Method). 4. Vowels. The mark v^ over a vowel means that it is short, the mark — that it is long. An unmarked vowel is presumed to be short. xvi INTRODUCTION. & is pronounced as the first a in aha ; a as the last a in aha. 6 is pronounced as e in met ; 6 as the e in they. i is pronounced as i in pm ; i as the i in machine. 5 is pronounced as the first o in o/io; 6 as the last o in oho. tQl is pronounced as u in pwZ^; u as the oo in pooZ. Comparison of the long and short sounds shows no essential difference in quality, but a difference only in the time taken to pronounce them. Hence the quantity of Latin vowels becomes important. 5. Consonants. c and g are always hard, as c in come v always as w in wine. and ^ in go. x like ks. i consonant as y in yet. bs like jjs. s always sharp, as in sun, sea. bt like^^ t always as t in timey never as in nation. ch like ch in chasm. 6. Diphthongs ae as at in aisles. eu as eu in feud. oe as oi in oil. ei as ei in eight. au as oi« in owl. ui as we. 7. SYLLABLES. (1) A Latin word has as many syllables as it contains separate vowels or diphthongs ; as, miles, fi-ne, mo-re, fu-r6-re, re-si-de. (2) In dividing words into syllables, note that : — (a) A single consonant between two vowels is pro- nounced with the following vowel ; as, ha-b6-mus. (b) When two or more consonants stand together, as many are joined with the following as can be pronounced with it ; as, fra-trem, c6-gn6-sc6, f or-tis. (c) Compound words are divided into their component parts ; as, ab-sum. (cl) Doubled consonants are separated ; as, fos-sa. INTRODUCTION. . xvii 8. QUANTITY OF VOWELS AND SYLLABLES. (1) Vowels are long or short. The long vowels in this book are marked long. All others must be considered short. (2) A syllable is long or short according to the time it takes to pronounce it. (3) A syllable is long by nature if it contains a long vowel or diphthong; as, dico. (4) A syllable is long by position if it contains a short vowel followed by the double consonants x and z, as in sex, or followed by two consonants, as in pars, except a mute and liquid. The mutes are b, c, d, g, k, p, q, t, and the liquids are 1, m, n, r. The vowel in a syllable long by position is given the short sound in pronunciation ; as, s6x, pfirs. 9. RULES FOR QUANTITY OF VOWELS. (1) A vowel followed by another vowel or h is short ; as, Gal- li-a, pr6-hi-b6-6. (2) Vowels resulting from contraction are long; as, c6-4-g6 gives co-go. (3) Vowels are long before nf, ns, net, ncs; as, cSnfero, c6n- silium, iunctus. (4) Diphthongs are long ; as, causa. 10. ACCENT. (1) Words of two syllables are accented on the first syllable ; as, bellum, pater. (2) Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult (next to the last syllable) if that is long ; as, RSminus ; otherwise they are accented on the antepenult (the syllable before the penult) ; as, provincia. (3) A few short words called enclitics are added to the end of other words. The accent then falls on the syllable before the enclitic ; as, Belgaque, ibisne. xviii INTRODUCTION. 11. GENERAL RULES FOR GENDER. (1) Masculine gender. (a) Names of males are masculine gender; as, Caesar, Caesar \ rex, king. (b) Names of rivers, winds, and months are masculine; as, Rhenus, the Rhine. (2) Feminine gender. {a) Names of females are feminine; as, CornSlia, Cor- nelia; regina, queen. (b) Names of countries, towns, islands, and trees are feminine; as, Dglos, the island of Delos; Roma, Home. (3) Neuter gender. Indeclinable nouns, infinitives, and clauses used as nouns are neuter; as, nihil, nothing; fas, right. CAESAR^S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON I. FIRST DECLENSION OF NOUNS. A Foreword. We are about to begin reading a story of the ancient Swiss, just as it was written in the Latin tongue nearly 2000 years ago. The author of this story, Julius Caesar, was one of the most re- markable men that ever lived. He was born in the city of Rome one hundred years before Christ. Most of the prominent Romans of the time came from rural districts, but Caesar, though city-bred, was too great Koman Books webb to lead a life of idle pleasure, as did most of his ^kre wrxtteIwith fellows. AN Iron Stylus. 1. In English there are three cases: nominative, possessive^ and objective. In Latin there are six: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. The nominative is the case of the subject; the genitive generally denotes possession and is rendered either by the English possessive or by the objective case with of. The dative is usually the case of the indirect object ; and the accusative, of the direct object. The vocative, the case of direct address, occurs very infrequently in Latin, and as it is ordinarily the same as the nominative in form, it is omitted in the paradigms to follow. The use of the ablative may be best learned from the observation of the paradigms. 2. Latin nouns are divided into five declensions, or classes, which are distinguished from one another by the ending of the genitive singular. In the First Declension, this distinguishing 1 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. ending is -ae. By dropping this ending from the genitive singular, we find the base, the part of the noun which remains unchanged throughout the declension, as in the paradigm below. 3. Latin nouns of the First Declension end in the nomina- tive in &. All are feminine, except names of male beings, rivers, winds, and months, which are masculine. 4. PARADIGM. Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative fossa, ditch; Base, foss-. Singular. Case Endings. fossa, a ditch (as subject) -a fossae, of a ditch -ae fossae, to or for a ditch -ae fossam, a ditch (as object) -am fossa, by, from, in, or with a ditch -a Plural. Nominative fossae, ditches (as subject) -ae Genitive fossarum, of ditches -arum Dative fossis, to or for ditches -is Accusative fossas, ditches (as object) -as Ablative fossis, by, from, in, orijsvith ditches -is Observe : — (1) that the ablative singular ending -a is long. (2) that there are no articles, definite or indefinite, in Latin. Therefore fossa may mean a ditch, the ditch, or simply ditch. 6. VOCABULARY. Memorize all words in heavy type, ten work and exercises. Use other words for reference in writ- Belga, -ae, m., Belgian. Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. causa, -ae, f., reason. lingua, -ae, f., language. fossa, -ae, f., ditch or trench. provincia, -ae, f., province. fuga, -ae, f., flight. Sequana, -ae, m., the Seine. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, the Roman name for a country comprising France, Bel- gium, Switzerland, and northern Italy. LESSON I. Note : — (1) that two of the above nouns are masculine. Why? (2) that Sequana has no plural. Why not? (3) that four of the nouns have bases ending in a vowel. Give these bases. 6. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline with full names of cases, and with meanings, as in §4, the words: fuga, lingua, provincia.i (2) Translate into Latin § 7-II, as a preparation for reciting it orally. (3) Mark all long vowels, noting how a long penult must be accented as directed in the Introduction, § 10. 7. EXERCISES. (Pronounce, give G. N. C.,^ and then translate, noting that several of the forms may be in more than one case and must be translated accordingly.) T. (1) Belgas. (2) Linguae. (3) Sequanam. (4) Fuga. (5) Belgis. (6) Lingua Galliae. (7) Fugam Belgarum. (8) Provinciae Hispaniae. (9) Lingua provinciae. (10) Causas Belgarum. (11) Fossa. (12) Causa fugae. XL (1) Of Gaul. (2) With the Belgians. (3) The Seine (used as object). (4) For the language. (5) To the provinces. (6) By the Seine. (7) To the Belgians. (8) Of the provinces. (9) In the language of Spain. (10) To the province of the Belgians. 1 Observe that these words appear in the vocabulary in heavy type, signifying that they occur six or more times in Caesar according to the Lodge Vocabulary of High School Latin. There are over 600 of these words in Caesar's First Campaign. Five hundred that occur most frequently have been assembled in the Word List on pages 275-278. 2 Throughout this book, the abbreviation G. N. C. will be used for gender, number, case, and is recommended for use in recitation. CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON II. PRESENT INDICATIVE OF THE VERB SUM. Caesar's Boyhood. The fact that Julius Caesar was not like other city boys may have been due in part to his mother, who was a very upright and cultivated woman. She took charge of his early education and never seut him to the Roman schools, whose flogging mas- ters were often very cruel to the pupils. She later placed him under a tutor, a learned Gaul, to whom Caesar doubtless owed his lively in- terest in the people of that country. As was the fashion in that day, the young Roman took a course in oratory, in which he made so marked progress that he became one of the ablest public speakers of his time. A Flogging Roman School MASTER. PARADIGM. Conjugation of Present Indicative of Sum. Prin. Parts: pres. ind. sum, lam; pres. inf. esse, to be. 1st Person 2d Person Sd Person Singular. sum, I am. es, you are. est, he (she or it) is. Plural. sumus, we are. estis, you are. sunt, they are. 9. Adjectives of the First Declension are declined exactly like nouns of the same declension. All adjectives given in the vocab- ulary below are feminine adjectives of the First Declension. Ob- serve the combination fossa magna, a great ditch ; bases foss- magn-. Note that in Latin the adjective may follow the noun. 10. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Nostra causa est bona. — Our reason is good. (2) Nostrae causae sunt bonae. — Our reasons are good. LESSON 11. Observe : (1) that in the above sentences the subjects causa and causae are in the nominative case. (2) that nostra and nostrae, attributive adjectives and bona and bonae, predicate adjectives, agree in G. N. C. with these nouns. (3) that the verb in sentence 1 is 3d singular because the sub- ject is 3d singular, and the verb in sentence 2 is 3d plural because the subject is 3d plural. 11. RULES. — 1. The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative case. 2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 12. VOCABULARY. Memorize all words in heavy type. Use other words for reference. Celta, -ae, m. , a Celt. nostra, our. bona, good. proxima, nearest. divisa, divided. reliqua, remaining., the-rest-of. magna, great. tertia, third. in, preposition, with ablative, in or on ; with accusative, into^ to, or upon. 13. WRITTEN WORK. Decline together, writing in full, names of cases and meanings: — Gallia divisa (singular only), nostra causa, provincia proxima. 14. EXERCISES. I. (1) Magnae causae (translate in three ways) ; proxima pro- vincia ; nostrarum causarum. (2) Gallia est proxima. (3) Belgae sumus. (4) Provincia est divisa. (5) Hispania est proxima. (6) Nostrae linguae sunt bonae. (7) Sum in Gallia. (8) Nostrae provinciae sunt magnae. (9) Es in provincia. II. (1) Of our reasons ; in our trenches ; to the great provinces. (2) Gaul is divided. (3) The trenches are nearest. (4) The provinces are large. (5) The third trench is nearest. (6) The Celts are in the great province. (7) You (plu.) are in Gaul. CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN LESSON III. PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. ACCUSATIVE OF DIRECT OBJECT. A Youthful Official. Roman boys became voters at seventeen, but even before that age, Caesar was appointed through influential relatives to a priestly office in the tem- ple of Jupiter, the principal god of the Romans. This gave him an honorable social „ „ ^ r. position and a fixed income. The Temple in which Caesar served as Priest. ^ Many of his young friends, finding themselves in such comfortable positions, were so well satisfied that they made no efforts to improve themselves, but Caesar could never rest contented so long as there was any higher honor to be won. 15. Latin verbs are divided into four conjugations, which are distinguished from one another by the vowel preceding -re, the ending of the present infinitive. In the First Conjugation, this characteristic vowel is a, as may be seen from the principal parts and stem of libero in the following paradigm. 16. PARADIGM. Present Indicative Active of the Verb Libero. Prin. Parts: pres. ind. libero,/ liberate; pres. inf. liberate, to liberate. Pres. Stem : libera-. Singular. Personal Endings. \st Person libero, I liberate. -6 (or -m as in sum), I. 2d Person libera s, you liberate. -s, you (or thou). Zd Person liberal, he liberates. -t, he (or she or it). LESSON m. / 7 Plural. Pebsonal Endings. 1st Person liberamus, we liberate. -mus, we. 2d Person liberatis, you liberate. -tis, you. 3d Person liberant, they liberate. -nt, they. Observe : — (1) that the personal endings are so called because they take the place of personal pronouns, which are rarely expressed as subjects. The above endings are used with all tenses of the active voice except the perfect indicative. (2) that these personal endings are added to the present stem libera- except in the iirst person singular, where a of the stem is lost. (3) that the present stem is found by dropping -re, the last two letters of the present infinitive. (4) that a is short before -t and -nt of the third person. 17. * MODEL SENTENCE. Belgae^ Galliam occupant. — The Belgians seize Gaul. Observe : — (1) that occupo is a transitive verb. (2) that Galliam, its direct object, is put in the accusative case. 18. R ULE. — The direct object of a transitive verb is put in the accusative case. 19. VOCABULARY. appello, appellare, call^ name. occupo, occnpare, seize. importo, importare, import.^ carry in. supero, superare, conquer, overcome. incito, incitare, incite, arouse. yasto, vastare, lay waste, ravage. libero, liberate, liberate, free. 20. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Write the present stem of each verb in the above vocabulary. (2) Write the present indicative active of appell5 and occupd with meaning of each form. CAESAR'3 FIRST CAMPAIGN. EXERCISES. I. (1) Appellamus; occupatis; vastant; incitas; superant. (2) Belgae superant. (3) Celtae Belgas superant. (4) Pro- vinciam vastatis. (5) Fossam occupamus. (6) Galliam superas. (7) Nostra fuga Belgas incitat. (8) Belgae provinciam vastant. (9) Celtae magnam fossam occupant. (10) Mispania est magna provincia. II. (1) You (sing.) call; they are liberating^; we lay waste; you ^ are importing ; he does arouse Spain. (2) The Belgians are arousing Gaul. (3) The flight arouses the Celts. (4) We are conquering the provinces. (5) You seize the nearest trenches. (6) The Celts are laying waste our provinces. 1 The Latin verb libero may mean I am liberating or I do liberate as well as / liberate. In other words, the progressive and emphatic forms of the English verb may be translated into Latin by the same word as is used to express the ordinary declarative sense. 2 Unless otherwise directed, the pronoun tjou should be regarded as plural. LESSON IV. PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. — THE GENITIVE CASE. Tub Great Hall of a Koman Hocse. Caesar's Wife. When Caesar was about twenty years old, he lost his political office and all his prop- erty and had to flee from Rome for his life, because he firmly refused to obey the orders of a tyrannical ruler and give up his girl-wife Cornelia. Such loyalty to those he loved char- acterized Caesar throughout his life. LESSON IV. 9 22. When the subject of a verb does something, we say the verb is in the active voice, as he liberates, he is liberating, or he does liberate. When something is done to the subject, we say the verb is in the passive voice, as fie is liberated, or he is being liberated. 23. PARADIGM. Present Indicative Passive of the Verb Libero. Singular. Personal Endings 1st Person liberor, I am liberated -r 2d Person llberaris (liberare), you are liberated -lis (or -re) 3d Person liberatur, he is liberated -tur Plural. Personal Endings. 1st Person liberamur, we are liberated -mur 2d Person llberamini, you are liberated -mini Sd Person liberantur, they are libei-ated -ntur Observe : — ^ (1) that the passive forms differ from the corresponding active forms only in the personal endings. (2) that as in the active voice, the personal endings, which take the place of personal pronouns, are added to the present stem libera- except in the first singular, where a of the stem is lost. (3) that the a is short only before -nt of the plural. 24. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Belgae Galliam provinciam appellant. — Hie Belgians call Gaul a province. (2) Gallia provincia appellatur. — Gaid is called a province. (3) Fossa Belgarum est lata. — TJie Belgians^ trench is wide. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 provinciam, a predicate noun, describes Galliam, means the same thing, and agrees with it in the accusative. This construction is known as the predicate accusative. (2) that in sentence 2 provincia, a predicate noun, describes 10 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Gallia, means the same thing, and agrees with it in the nominative. This construction is known as the predicate nominative. (3) that in sentence 1 the verb is in the active voice, because the subject, Belgae, does something, while in sentence 2 the verb is in the passive voice, because something is done to the subject. (4) that in sentence 3 Belgarum is used to limit or define fossa and does not mean the same person or thing, and is put in the genitive. 25. RULES. — 1. A noun used to describe another noun, and denoting the same person or thing, agrees ivith it in case. 2. A noun used to define or limit another noun, and not meaning the same person or thing, is put in the genitive. 26. VOCABULARY. accus5, accusare, accuse, blame. lata, wide, broad. arm5, armare, arm, equip. longa, long. commeo, commeare, go often, resort. 27. WRITTEN WORK. Write out with meanings the present indicative, active and passive, of accuso and armo, underlining the personal endings. 28. EXERCISES. (Note carefully the voice as well as person and number of all verb forms.) I. (1) Accusas ; accusaris ; accusamus ; accusamur ; superatis ; superamini; appellatur. (2) Belgae superantur. (3) Provincia Celtarum est magna. (4) Celtae accusantur. (5) Fossae Belga- rum occupantur. (6) Reliquae provinciae vastantur. (7) Pro- xima provincia Hispania appellatur. (8) Belgae nostra lingua Celtae appellantur. (9) Belgas nostra lingua Celtas appellamus. II. (1) We arm, we are armed ; you call, you are called (sing.); he conquers, he is conquered ; you are accused ; they are liberated. (2) The Belgians are liberated. (3) The province is aroused. (4) Spain is called a large province. (5) We call Spain a large province. LESSON V. 11 LESSON V. SECOND DECLENSION OF NOUNS. — THE DATIVE CASE The Pirates. — At one time Caesar went on a sea voyage and was captured by some pirates who were cruising about in an old trireme, or war galley. He took his capture very coolly and charmed the rascals by wit and good humor till his friends could collect money for his ran- som. As soon as he was free, he made good a promise, which his captors had taken as a joke ; and getting together some ships, he captured and hanged the whole band. ^ ^;^ Section of a Trireme. Note how the Galley Slaves rowed in Three Rows. 29. Nouns of the Second Declension end in -us, -er, -ir, -um. Those ending in -um are neuter ; most others are masculine. 30. PARADIGM. Gallus, a Gaul; Base, Gall- SiNGULAR. Case Endings. Nominative Gallus, the Gaul (as subject) -us Genitive Galli, of the Gaul -i Dative Gallo, to or for the Gaul -0 Accusative ' Galium, the Gaul (as object) -um Ablative Gallo, by, from, in, or with the Gaul -6 Plural. Nominative Galli, the Gauls (as subject) -i Genitive Gallorum, of the Gauls -5rum Dative Gallis, to or for the Gauls -is Accusative Gallos, the Gauls (as object) -6s Ablative Gallis, by, from, in, or with the Gauls -is 12 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Observe : — (1) that the ending of the genitive singular is -i, which is the distinguishing ending of this declension. (2) that by dropping this ending from the genitive singular, we obtain the base, Gall-. The vocative singular of Second Declension nouns in -us ends in -e, i.e. Galle, O Gaul. In all other nouns of all declensions, the vocative of each number is the same as the nominative of the same number. 31. Masculine adjectives ending in -us are declined exactly like Gallus. All the adjectives already studied, except nostra, have this ending in the masculine, as magnus Gallus, the large Gaul. 32. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Garros Gallis damns. — We give carts to the Gauls. (2) Galll ad Hispaniam commeant. — Gauls go-often to Spain. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 carros, the direct object, is in the accusa- tive, and that Gallis, the indirect object, is in the dative. (2) that in sentence 2 the prepositional phrase, to Spain, is used with a verb denoting motion or direction and is expressed in Latin by ad with the accusative. On the other hand, in sen- tence 1 the phrase, to the Gauls, is used with the verb give, con- veying no idea of motion or direction, and is put in the dative. 33. H ULE. — The indirect object of a transitive verb is put in the dative case, 34. VOCABULARY. amicus, -i, m., friend. Gallus, -I, m., Gaul, a native of Aqultamis, -!, m., Aquitanian, a na- Gallia. tive of the southwestern part of Germanus, -i, m., German. France. numerus, -i, m., number. carrus, -i, m., cart. Oceanus, -i, m., ocean. do, dare, give. vicus, -i, m., village. ad, prep., to or towards, governing ace. v*-^' OFTH UNIVER OF SI'TY J LESSON V. 13 35. ^-^^^^^^^-^^^-^ WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline in full with meanings bonus amicus and proximus numerus, including the vocative. (2) Conjugate with meanings in the present indicative, active and sive, the verb do.^ 36. EXERCISES. I. (1) Belgas Gallos appellant; Belgae Gall! appellantur. (2) Proximi vici sunt in provincia. (3) Ad provinciam commea- mus. (4) Garros Gallis datis. (5) Aquitani ad proximum pceanum commeant. (6) Galli proximos amicos armant. (7) Reliqui vIci Gallis dantur. (8) German! magnos v!cos Gallis dant. (9) German! ad magnos v!cos Gallorum commeant. (10) Nostra lingua Aquitani Gall! appellantur. II. (1) The villages are large. (2) They ravage the large villages. (3) We give the villages to the Gauls. (4) The Gauls often-go-to the villages of the Germans. (5) The Gauls give the trenches to the Germans. (6) We import the rest-of-the carts to our provinces. 1 Note that a of the stem of the verb do is short, but is lengthened in the 2d singular. So we have do, das, dat, damus, datis, dant, in the present indicative active. EomaK Wae Galley. 14 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON VI. PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. Political Honors. When Caesar was only forty-one years old, he had held the highest offices in the Roman government, ending with the consulship. Had he not been a very great man, he would have been satisfied with these honors, and we would then have heard not even his name. However, Caesar realized that great renown in his age could come only through a '%"::.?:T\V:,VTZ brilUantmiUtary career, and so he scorned an STANDS Onk of HIS TwELVB aDDointment as governor of a rich and tranquil Attendants or Lictors WITH THE Bundle of Rods province, where he might have become very OR Fasces over his Left -^, , , ^ , ,, . Shoulder. wealthy but not at all famous. 37. The present infinitive of the Second Conjugation ends in -ere, therefore the characteristic vowel (the vowel before -re of the present infinitive) is long e. PARADIGMS. Present Indicative of the Verb MoveQ. Principal Parts : moveo, movere. Pre 8. Stem : move-. Active Passivb. SINGULAR. ENDINGS. SINGULAR. ENDINGS. 1. moveo, I move -o 1. moveor, I am moved -r 2. moves, you move -s 2. mov6ris (movere), you are moved -ris or -re 3. movet, he moves -t 3. movetur, he is moved -tur LESSON VL 15 PLURAL. ENDINGS. PLURAL. ENDINGS. 1. movemus, we move -mus 1. movemur, we are moved -mur 2. movetis, you move -tis 2. mov§mini, you are moved -mini 3. movent, they move -nt 3. moventur, they are moved -ntur Obset've : — (1) that the personal endings, both active and passive, are exactly the same as those of the First Conjugation verb liberd, and are added to the present stem mov6- in the same manner. (2) that this stem is found by dropping -re of the present infinitive. (3) that e of the stem is not lost before -6 of the first person, but is shortened, as moved. (4) that e is short in the same persons and numbers as a in libers ; § 16 (4), § 23 (3). (5) that the active may also be translated / am moving, you are moving, etc., and the passive, lam being moved, etc. 38. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Galli, amici Belgarum, sunt in provincia. — The Gauls, friends of the Belgians, are in the province. (2) Hispania, magna prSvincia, occupatur. — Spain, a large province, is being seized. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 amici, an appositive noun, describes Galli, denotes the same persons, and agrees with it in case accord- ing to rule in § 25-1. (2) that in sentence 2 the same is true of provincia, denoting the same thing as Hispania. 39. VOCABULARY. habed, habere, have^ hold. a (ab before vowels or ^), prep, gov- moved, movere, wove, disturb. erning abl., from, away from. obtineo, obtinere, hold. e (ex before vowels or ft), prep, gov- pertineo, pertinere, pertain, extend. erning abl., from, out of. prohibeo, prohibere, prevent, keep away. 16 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 40. WRITTEN WORK. Conjugate as in § 37 the present indicative, active and passive, of habed, obtineo, prohibeo, writing meanings and tabulating the personal endings. 41. EXERCISES. I. (1) Habemus; movetis; prohibes; pertinet; habemiir; movemini; prohiberis. (2) Liberaminl; habemini; accusamur; movemur; superantur; prohibentur. (3) Galli amicl Gerina- norum appellantur. (4) Germanos, amicos Belganim, superamus. (5) Celtae Belgas^ amicos habent. (6) Reliquos vicos Celtarum obtinetis. (7) Proximl vicl a Sequana ad Oceanum pertinent. (8) Galll carros e proximis vicis movent. (9) Fiiga Germanorum Gallos, nostros^ amicos, movet. (10) Galli Hispaniam, magnam provinciam, obtinent. II. (1) We hold, you are held ; we move, we are moved ; they are kept away ; they are held ; we are accused ; you are being moved (sing.) ; you are being liberated. (2) The Germans are kept away from Gaul. (3) The Germans have the Gauls (as)^ friends. (4) Spain, a great province, extends to Gaul. (5) The carts are held in Spain. (6) The Belgians move a great number of carts from (out of)^ Gaul. (7) The Gauls give the villages of (their) ^ friends to the Germans. (8) You are kept away (from)^ the province. 1 Supply as. 2 Masc. plu. ace. of nostra. 8 Words enclosed in parentheses are not to be translated. A SiLVEE Denakius, a Common Eoman Coin, WOBTH 17 Cbnts. LESSON VII. 17 LESSON VII. NEUTER NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. — AD JECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. Caesar in Gaul. As already stated, Caesar's deter- mination to carve out for himself a great career led him to accept the governorship of Gaul, where by eight years of the hardest sort of campaigning, he greatly extended the boundaries of Gaul and proved himself not only a very clever politician, but also a peerless military cap- tain. As the law did not allow a general to enter Rome while commanding an army, Caesar, during all this time, did not visit that city and was deprived of all the social pleasures and exciting open-air spectacles that made a Roman's life worth living. Roman Impera- TOK. 42. PARADIGM. Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension. oppidum, town; Base, oppid-. Singular. Case Endings. Plural. Case Endings. Nominative oppidum -um oppida -a Genitive oppidi -i oppidorum -orum Dative oppido -6 oppidis -is Accusative oppidum -um oppida -a Ablative oppido -« oppidis -is Observe : — (1) that the ending -um is the ending of all neuter nouns of the Second Declension according to, the gender rule of § 29. (2) that the nominative and accusative plural end in short -a, and that the accusative singular has the same ending as the nomi- native singular. This is true of neuter nouns of all declensions. (3) that all other case endings are the same as those of mascu- line nouns of the Second Declension, § 30. 18 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Neuter adjectives of the Second Declensiou are declined exactly like neuter nouns of the same declension. Observe the combina- tion magnum oppidum, a great town; bases magn- oppid-. 43. All the adjectives given in the preceding lessons belong to the First and Second Declensions ; the masculine and neuter ad- jectives belonging to the Second and the feminine to the First. These forms are summarized in the paradigm below. The Adjective Latus, wide. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. Nom. latus lata latum lati latae lata Gen. lati latae lati latorum latarum latorum Dat. lato latae lato latis latis latis Ace. latum latam latum latds latas lata Ah. lato lata lata latis latis latis 44. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Provinciam magnam vastamus. — We are laying waste a great province. (2) Reliquos Belgas incitatis. — You arouse the rest-of-the Belgians. (3) Proxima oppida sunt divisa. — The near- est towns are divided. Observe: — (1) that the adjective magnam is in feminine singular accusa- tive to agree with provinciam in G. N. C. (2) that the adjective reliquos is masculine plural accusative to agree with Belgas in G. N. C. (3) that the adjective proxima is neuter plural nominative to agree with oppida in G. N. C. (4) that all adjectives in these sentences are attributive except divisa. Explain its agreement, § 10 (2). LESSON VII. 19 45. RULE. — Adjectives and participles agree with their nouns in G. N. O. 46. VOCABULARY. Nouns. Adjectives. bellum, -i, n,, war. bonus, -a, -um, good. institutum, -i, n., custom. magnus, -a, -um, greats large. oppidum, -i, n., town. multi, -ae, -a (plu.), many. periculum, -i, n., perils danger. proximus, -a, -um, nearest. regnum, -i, n., royal power. reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, the-rest-of. responsum, -i, n., response. 47. WRITTEN WORK. Decline together, naming cases : magnum bellum, periculum proximum, bonum responsum. 48. EXERCISES. I. (1) In nostra provincia sunt magna oppida. (2) Bella Gal- lorum multa pericula habent. (3) Instituta Germanorum Gallia ^ prohibentur. (4) Celtae regnum obtineut. (5) German! multa responsa Belgis dant. (6) German! reliquos Belgas multls v!c!s prohibent. (7) German! reliqu! Belgas in multls vic!s habent. (8) Multa bella proximas provincias vastant. (9) Proxima bella multas provincias incitant. (10) Reliquae provinciae multa op- pida habent. II. (1) The Gauls keep away danger (from) the towns. (2) The Germans have many friends in the villages. (3) The Germans have friends in many villages. (4) Many carts are im- ported into Gaul. (5) The Belgians import many carts into Gaul. (6) The Gauls hold the royal power in the nearest prov- inces. (7) The nearest towns are divided. 1 Prohibeo in Caesar is regularly followed by the ablative without a preposition. 20 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON VIII. THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS: CONSONANT STEMS. Caesar, Dictator. Controlled by Caesar's enemies, the Roman senate not only refused him a hard-earned triumphal celebration, but voted to de- prive him of the office in which he had so well served his country. With his loyal army of Gallic veterans, Caesar marclied to Rome, where he was elected dictator. No massacres marred Caesar's triumph, which resulted in the best government Rome ever had. His plans for the happi- ness of his country were cut off by his assassination at the hands of men who owed to their noble victim their honors and lives. Roman Triumphal Cab. 49. In the Third Declension there are two classes of nouns : (1) those whose stems ^ end in a consonant, and (2) those whose stems end in the vowel i. 50. PARADIGMS. First Class. — Consonant Stems. lex, f., virtus, f., mercator, m. , flumen, n., law bravei'y trader river Stem OR leg- virtut- mercator- flumin- Base: SlNGDLAB. Casb Endings. Nom. lex (= legs) virtus (=virtuts) mercator M, F. N. flumen _ _ Gen. Iggis virtutis mercatoris fluminis -is -is Dat. legi virtuti mercatori flumini -i -i Ace. legem virtutem mercatorem flumen -em — Abl lege virtute mercatore flumine -e -e 1 The stem of a noun may differ from the base in the addition of a vowel, which is often dropped before the case ending; e.g. Gallus, base Gall-, stem Gallo, genitive singular Galli. LESSON VIIL 2 Plural. Nom. leges virtutes mercatOres fltimina -es -a Gen. legum virtutum mercatorum fluminum -um -um Dat. legibus virtutibus mercatoribus fluminibus ibus -ibus Ace. leges virtutes mercatores flumina -es -a Abl. legibus virtutibus mercatoribus fluminibus -ibus -ibus 21 Observe : — (1) that the genitive singular of all these nouns ends in -is, the distinguishing ending of this declension. (2) that the base (in nouns of this class the same as the stem) is found by dropping this ending -is from the genitive singular. (3) that as the nominative singular is often unlike the stem, it is necessary in nouns of this declension to memorize the geni- tive singular as well as the nominative singular. (4) that the nominative and accusative plural of the neuter noun fliimen ends in -a, while the accusative singular is the same as the nominative singular like neuter nouns of the Second De- clension. Compare oppidum, § 42. 51. VOCABULARY. consul, c5nsulis, m., consul, one of lex, legis, f., law. the two chief magistrates of Rome. mercator, mercatoris, m., trader. fliimen, fluminis, n., river. nobilitas, nobilitatis, f., nobility. humanitas, humanitatis,f.,re^nemen<. virtiis, virtiitis, f., bravery, virtue. cum, prep, governing abl., with, in company with. 52. WRITTEN WORK. Decline together, underscoring endings : magnus Belga, consul bonus, reliqua nobilitas (sing, only), proximum fliimen (plu. only). 53. EXERCISES. I. (1) Mercatores ad Gallos commeant. (2) Nobilitas Galliae instituta bona habet. (3) Humanitas et virtus consulmn mag- nae appellantur. (4) Consules Hispania prohibentur. (5) Belgae ad Sequanam, magnum flumen, pertinent. (6) Mercatores mul- 22 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. tos carros ad Belgas important. (7) Consules bonas leges Belgis dant. (8) Celtae sunt cum mercatoribus in vicis. II. (1) The consuls give many laws to the Germans. (2) The traders go-often with the-rest-of the Gauls to the great rivers. (3) The river Seine extends to the nearest province. (4) Many carts are imported to the large villages. (5) The bravery of the consuls keeps the Germans away (from) the nearest towns. LESSON IX. PRESENT INDICATIVE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE, OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 'J^^ A Bit of Swiss Scenery. The Ancient Swiss. Caesar's first campaign was against the Swiss, whom the Romans called Helvetii. We all know the sort of country Switzerland is — three-fourths of its surface mountains and glaciers, not one acre in six fit for ploughing and planting. Small wonder that these brave Swiss determined to take away from their weaker neighbors, the Gauls, the green and fertile fields of " the pleasant land of France." LESSON IX. 23 54. The present infinitive of the Third Conjugation ends in -ere ; therefore the characteristic vowel (vowel before -re of the present infinitive) is short e. The verbs studied may be grouped as follows : — !^ONJ. Pres. Indic. Pres. Infix. Pres. Stem. Char. Vowel. I. libero liberare libera a II. moveo movere move e III. divide dividere divide e (variable) 55. PARADIGMS. Present Indicative of the Verb Divido. Prin. Parts : divido, dividere. divide-. Stem Active, singular. 1. divido, I divide. 2. dividls, you divide. 3. dividit, he divides. 1. dividimus, we divide. 2. dividitis, you divide. 3. dividunt, they divide. Passive. ENDINGS. ENMNGS. -6 1. dividor, I am divided. -r -S 2. divideris (re), you are -ris (-re) -t divided. 3. dividitur, he is di- vided. -tur -mus 1. dlvidimur, we are -mur -tis divided. -nt 2. dividimini, you are divided. -mini 3. dividuntur, they are divided. -ntur Observe : — (1) that the personal endings, both active and passive, are the same as in the First and Second Conjugations. (2) that the short e of the stem appears only in the second singular passive. (3) that in the first singular, active and passive, the character- istic vowel of the stem is lost before -6 and -or as in the First Con- jugation. (4) that in other forms it becomes i or u. 24 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 56. The adjective noster, nostra, nostrum, our, differs from other adjectives of the First and Second Declensions only in the nomi- native singular masculine. It accordingly has as genitive singular forms nostri, nostrae, nostri, having as its base nostr-. 57. VOCABULARY. contends, contendere, contend, Jight, duco, ducere, lead, draw. hasten. gero, gerere, carry on or wage. divido, dividere, divide, separate. incolo, incolere, inhabit, dwell in. inter, prep, governing ace, between, among. 58. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Present indicative, active and passive, of duco and gero. (2) Decline noster in full in all genders. 59. EXERCISES. I. (1) Ducitis, ducimini ; dividimus, dividimur ; incolunt, inco- luntur; ducis, duceris ; liberamur; habemur; ducimur; dant; pro- hibent ; gerunt. (2) Belgae nostra oppida incolunt, (3) Celtae ab Aquitanis flumine dividuntur. (4) Consules multa bella cum Gallis gerunt. (5) Mercatores ad Sequanam flumen ducitis. (6) Virtus Germanorum nostros consules movet. (7) Bellum cum magno numero Gallorum geritur. II. (1) We lead, v^e are being led; you divide, you are divided; they inhabit; you (sing.) fight; it is inhabited; they are being divided. (2) A large river divides our provinces from the Gauls. (3) Our consuls carry on many wars with the nobility of the divided Belgians. (4) The nearest towns ex- tend to the large rivers. (5) The traders are led to the nearest rivers. (6) The Germans fight with the Gauls between the rivers and the villages. LESSON X. 25 LESSON X. THIRD DECLENSION J-STEMS, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. A Great Emigration. In search of other and better homes, the Swiss started westward, 368,000 strong, driving before them their cattle and carrying with them their wives and children loaded in big wagons, which must have looked something like the "prairie schooners" once to be seen on our Western plains. The story of this great emigration and of the plucky fight put up by these ancient Swiss in their eifort to escape from the rough, icebound fastnesses of Switzerland, we shall be prepared to begin in Lesson XL 60. The sterns^ of the second class of the Third Declension nouns end in -i. Such nouns have (1) nominatives ending in -is and -es, as finis, end, and no more syllables in the genitive than in the nominative; (2) nominatives ending in -ns and -rs, as cliens, dependent; (3) neuter nominatives ending in -e, -al, and -ar, as vectigal, (ax ; (4) nominatives that are monosyllables ending in an -s or -X preceded by a consonant, as pars, part. PARADIGMS. pars, f . , part finis, m., end, territories (in plu.) Base : part- fin- Stem: parti- Singular. fini- Case Endings, Nominative pars finis — Genitive partis finis -is Dative parti fini -i Accusative partem finem -em Ablative parte Plural. fine or fini -e (-i) Nominative partes fines -es Genitive partium finium -turn Dative partibus finibus -ibus Accusative partes (-is) fines (-is) -es (-is) Ablative partibus finibus -ibus 1 See footnote, page 20. 26 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Observe : — (1) that, unlike consonant stems, nouns of this second class do not have the base and stem the same. (2) that the genitive plural ends in -ium and accusative plural in -is as well as in -es. (3) that the ablative singular sometimes ends in -i. 61. Most adjectives of the Third Declension have the masculine and feminine alike, but have distinct forms in the neuter nomina- tive and accusative, as may be observed in the paradigms below. Such adjectives are known as Adjectives of Two Terminations, and have i-stems. PARADIGM. M. and f. omnis, n. omne, all. Base: omn- Stem: omni- SlNGULAR. Plural. M. r. N. M. F. N. Nominative omnis omne omnes omnia Genitive omnis omnis omnium omnium Dative omni omni omnibus omnibus Accusative omnem omne omnes, omnis omnia Ablative omni omni omnibus omnibus Note the ablative singular ending in -i and neuter nominative and accusa- tive plural ending in -ia. 62. VOCABULARY. alius, alia, aliud, other. fortis, -e, brave. nobilis, -e, noble, well-known. omnis, -e, all. tres, tria, three. unus, -a, -um, one. animus, -i, m., mind, spirit. finis, finis, m., end (in sing.), territories (in plu.). mons, montis, m., mountain, hill. pars, partis, f ., part. efEemino, effeminare, weaken. et, coordinate conj., a7id. de, prep, governing abl., from, down from, about, concerning. The adjectives alius and iinus are somewhat irregular in declension, but the forms occurring in the exercises present no diflQculties, FIRST REVIEW. 27 63. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline together : finis n5bilis, fortis animus. (2) Decline tres in full like the plural of omnis. 64. EXERCISES. I. (1) Galli tres vicos et omDia oppida obtinent. (2) Merca- tores animos omnis nobilitatis effeminant. (3) Gallia est omnis divTsa in partes tres. (4) Belgae tinam partem incolunt. (5) Aquitani aliam partem Galliae incolunt. (6) Fltimen de mon- tibus ad Oceanum pertinet. (7) Celtae tertiam partem finium incolunt. (8) Multa bella in omnibus nostris finibus geruntur. II. (1) Our territories extend between the mountains and the rivers. (2) The town is divided into many parts. (3) We inhabit three parts of Gaul. (4) (In) our language the river is called the Seine. (5) All the traders weaken the spirits of the brave Belgians. FIRST REVIEW. WRITTEN WORK. I. (a) List in a column on the left margin of a sheet of paper the Latin nouns from which the following English words are wholly or partly derived: amicable, belligerent, cause, consular, finish, flume, fossil, fugitive, institution, legal, linguist, magnani- mous, mercatorial, mountain, nobility, numerical, partial, perilous, provincial, reign, response, virtue. (6) Index the Latin nouns thus obtained in seven vertical columns as follows, indicating the stem of the Third Declension nouns by c or i (see § 49) above the number 3 : — NoM. Sing. Gen. Sing. Gender Dec. NoM. Plu. Gen. Plu. Meaning. carrus carri M. 2 carri carrorum cart oppidum oppidi N. 2 oppida oppidoruin town virtus virtutis F. 3c virtutes virtutum bravery (plu. acts of bravery) 28 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. II. (a) List in a column the Latin adjectives from which the following English words are wholly or partly derived : bonus, fortitude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, nobility, nostrum, omni- bus, proximity, relic. (6) Index the Latin adjectives thus obtained in the following manner : ) NoM. Sing. Gen. Sing. Nom. Plu. Gen. Plu. Meaning. raagnus, -a, um magni, -ae, -I magnl, -ae, -a magnorum, great, -arum, -oruni large. fortis, -e fortis, -is fortes, -ia i'ortium, brave, -ium strong. tertius, -a, -um tertii, -ae, -i not found in third. plural. Why ? III. (a) List in a column the Latin verbs from which the fol- lowing English words are wholly or partly derived : accusation, appellation, army, belligerent, contention, devastation, division, effeminacy, essence, habit, incitement, inducement, spectator, (in)superable, liberty, movable, obtain, occupation, pertinacious, prohibition. (b) Index the verbs thus obtained as follows : Pres. Indicative. Pres. Infinitive. Stem. Con J. Meaning. incolo incolere RAPID ORAL incole- DRILL. 3 inhabit IV. Make any intelligible combination of Latin adjectives ob- tained in the second list with Latin nouns in the first list, taking care to make a proper G.N. C. agreement and to use the same noun but once. If time permits, this drill may be profitably ex- tended by giving the genitive singular and the nominative plural of each of these combinations. V. Translate into Latin, using appropriate prepositions : away from the town, out of the town, down from the town, in the town, to the town, into the town ; among the Celts, with the Celts. LESSON XI. 29 VI. Give short original English sentences to illustrate each of the following constructions : predicate noun, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object, genitive case, appositive (1) of sub- ject, (2) of direct object, (3) of indirect object. MEMORY WORK. VII. Review all verb paradigms by giving the corresponding active and passive together, as libero, liberor, liberas, liberaris. VIII. Review the gender rules of the First and Second Declen- sions. LESSON XI. DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE fl^ZC. — ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION. 65. Tlie divisions of Gaul. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres ; quarum^ tinam incolunt Bel- gae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui^ ipsorum^ lingua Celtae, nostra^ Galli appellantur. The Three Parts of Gaul. 1 quarum, fem. plu. gen. of the relative pronoun, of which, qui, masc. plu. nom. of ss.me, who ; supply antecedent those. 2 ipsorum, masc. plu. gen. of pronoun ipse, of themselves^ their own. * nostrS agrees in G. N. C. with what word understood ? 4 30 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 66. PARADIGM The Demonstrative Hie, this. Singular . Plural. M. p N. M. p. N. Nom. hie haec hoc hi hae haec Gen. huius huius huius hOrum harum horum Dat. huic huic huic his his his Ace. hunc hanc hoc hOs has haec Abl. h5c hac hoc his his his 67. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Hi omn6s oppido mercatores prohibent. — All these keep the traders away from the town. (2) Haec flumina Gallos a provincia dividuiit. — These rivers separate the Gauls from the province. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 Hi is used as a demonstrative pronoun and is the subject of prohibent. (2) that in sentence 2 haec is used as a demonstrative adjective, agreeing in G. N. C. with flumina according to the rule already given : adjectives and participles agree with their nouns in G. N. C. (3) that the verbs in these sentences denote separation, and that oppido and provincia, the things from which there is sepa- ration, are put in the ablative, the latter with and the former without a preposition. 68. RULE. — Words signifying separation or privation are followed hy the ablative with or without the prepositions ab, de, or enc» Garumna, -ae, m., the Garonne, Matrona, -ae, m., the Marne, VOCABULARY. se, ace. plu. of the reflexive pro- . rivers in Gaul. ^^^^' meaning themselves. differO, differre, differ. LESSON XII. 31 70. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Put hie in agreement with each of the following nouns: virtus, oppidum, consul. (2) Decline together each combination thus formed. 71. EXERCISES. I. (1) Haec flumina Aquitanos a montibus dividunt. (2) Hi Belgae legibus inter se differunt. (3) Garumna fiumen Gallos ab AquTtanis dividit. (4) Nostri fines his montibus ab Oceano dividuntur. (5) Reliqui Galli huius provinciae institutis inter se differunt. (6) Tres partes nostrorum finium incoluu- tur. (7) Nostri consules hos mercatores provinciis prohibent. (8) Lingua German! inter se differunt. IT. (1) Many rivers separate the Germans from all these terri- tories. (2) These mountains are between the river and the town. (3) The brave nobility of the Gauls fights with these Germans. (4) The spirits of all the Gauls are weakened (by) these laws. (5) The brave Celts are being led to these large towns. (6) The consuls are giving three parts of these territories to the Gauls. LESSON XII. DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE IS —THE POSSESSIVE GENITIVE. 72. The nations of Gaul. (1) Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam in- colunt Belgae, aliam AquitanI, tertiam ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnSs lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. 73. Like the demonstrative hie, is may be used both as a demonstrative adjective and as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning this or that in the singular, and these or those in the plural. As the Latin language has no third personal pronoun, is supplies this want, meaning he, she, it, or they, according to its form. 32 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 74. PARADIGM. The Demonstrative Is. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. Nom. is ea id ei, ii eae ea Gen. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum Dat. ei ei ei eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis Ace. eum earn id eos eas ea Abl. eo ea eo eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis Compare the endings of is with those of magnus and hie. 75. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Mercatores ea in oppida Belgarum important. — The traders import these things to the toivns of the Belgians. (2) Id flumen fines Gallorum dividit. — That river separates the territories of the Gauls. (3) Consul earn liberat. — Tlie consul frees her. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 ea is used as a demonstrative pronoun and is the direct object of important. (2) that in sentence 2 id is used as a demonstrative adjective, agreeing in G. N. C. with fliimen. (3) that in sentence 3 earn is used as a personal pronoun and is the direct object of the verb liberat. (4) that in sentences 1 and 2 the nouns Belgarum and Gallorum are in the genitive case and denote the persons to whom oppida and fin6s belong. 76. R TILE. — The possessive genitive denotes the person to whom or thing to which something belongs. 77. VOCABULARY. cultus, m. (a noun of the fourth de- fortis clension), civilization., abl. cultti. absum, abesse (compound of prep, ab and verb sum), to he away., to he distant. hrave ; superlative fortissi- mus, -a, -um, bravest (declined like latus). longe, adv. (from adj. longus) , /ar ; superlative longissime, farthest^ very far. LESSON XIL 33 minime, adv., superlative degree, atque, coordinate conjunction, and, least; minime saepe, very seldom. and also. saepe, adv., often. -que,! a coordinate conjunction, and. 78. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Put the demonstrative pronoun is in agreement with each of the following nouns : lex, flumen, mercator. (2) Decline together each combination thus formed, giving double forms of the demonstrative when such occur. (3) Decline fortissimus, -a, -um, by endings only, writing out the entire nominative singular. 79. EXERCISES. I. (1) Fortissiml Belgarum a flnibus eorura Aquitanorum longissime absuiit. (2) Mercatores ad ea oppida Gallorum saepe comraeant. (3) Carrl in eas provincias minime sa^pe importan- tur. (4) AquitanI Germanlque sunt fortissiml horum omnium minimeque saepe ad flumina commeant. (5) El GermanI a cultu atque humanitate eorum oppidorum longissime absunt. (6) Con- sules cum els Germanis saepe contendunt. (7) Oppida eorum mercatoribus dantur. (8) Consul eos accusat. (9) Leges els damns. (10) Mercatores ad eos dticuntur. IT. (1) All the consuls often give laws to those villages of the Celts. (2) These rivers divide the bravest (masc. plu.) of them from the Germans. (3) The trader's friend arms him. (4) You give him a brave spirit. (5) We lead her to that town. (6) He divides it among the traders, 1 Que is called an enclitic because it never stands alone, but is used as a suffix of the word before which it is translated, e.g., minimeque, and least. A Gold Denarius worth $4 84 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON XIIL THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. 80. The Belgians characterized. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod ^ a cultu atque htimanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores 2 saepe commeant^ 81. PARADIGMS. The Relative Qui. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum Bat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Ace. quem quam quod quos quas quae Abl, quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus Meanings of THE Relative Pronoun. Nominative who, which, that. Genitive whose. of whom, of which. Dative to or for wh om, which. Accusative whom, which, that. Ablative by, from, in , with whom, which. Qui, though masculine, may be translated by either who or which, e.g. cdnsul qui, the consul who; mons qui, the mountain which. The same is true of the feminine quae. 82. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Gallia quam incolimus in partes tres divisa est. — Gaul which we inhabit is divided into three parts. (2) Celtae quos accu- samus Galliam incolunt. — The Celts whom we blame inhabit Oaul. 1 Propterea quod, a combination usually translated because, formed of propterea, adv., on this account, and quod, subordinate conj., because. ^ Mercatores is nominative.- LESSON xm. a5 (3) German!, quibuscum* Belgae bellum gerunt, sunt fortes. — The Germans, with whom the Belgians carry on war, are brave. (4) Is qui est consul acousatur. — He (i.e. any one) who is consul is blamed. Observe : — (1) that in each sentence the relative pronoun is in the same gender and number as its antecedent. (2) that in each sentence the case of the relative pronoun differs from that of the antecedent, if the construction of the subordinate clause requires it. (3) that in sentence 4 Is, the antecedent of the relative pronoun, does not refer to any particular person, but means the man, he, or 07ie, a usage of very common occurrence in Latin. 83. RULE. — A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number.^ but its case depends upon its construc- tion in the clause in which it stands. 84. VOCABULARY. Helvetius, -i, m., Swiss, Helvetian. continenter, adv., continually, con- Rhenus, -i, m., the Rhine. stantly. Rhodanus, -i, m., the Rhone. non, adv., not. Sequanus, -i, in., Sequanian, one of quoque, conj., also (placed after em- the Sequani. phatic word). trans, prep, governing the accusative, across. 85. EXERCISES. I. (1) Mercatores ad eos Belgas ea, quae animos effeminant, important. (2) German!, quibuscum bellum continenter geritur, sunt proxim! eis Belg!s. (3) Hi German!, quibuscum Belgae multa bella gerunt, trans Rhenum incolunt. (4) Animi reliquo- rum Gallorum, ad quos mercatores ea important, effeminantur. (5) German! Belgaeque hos mercatores prohibent, qui ea impor- 1 The preposition cum is enclitic with the relative, reflexive, interrogative, and personal pronouns. 36 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. tant. (6) Helvetii quoque a cultu et htimanitate longe absunt. (7) Rhodanus, trans quern Helvetii incolunt, longe pertinet. (8) Id fliimen ad vicos pertinet, quos fortissimi German! incolunt. (9) German! ea prohibent, quibus animi effeminantur. (In sentences 5, 8, and 9, the antecedents are separated by one or more words from the relative pronouns, an arrangement not permitted in English, which lacks distinct G. N. C. forms of the relative.) (In the sentences below place each verb, except sum, at the end of its own clause and determine the G. N. C. of each relative before translating.) II. (1) The Gauls, whose towns the Germans hold, are nearest to the Belgians. (2) The Helvetians hold these large towns, which are across the. Rhone. (3) (From) all these towns are kept away all those (things) that the trader imports from (i.e. out of) Gaul. (4) The Sequanians, to whom the Helvetians give customs and laws, are far away from the Aquitanians. (5) The wars, which we carry on, are waged with these Gauls. LESSON XIV. SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN lUS AND J tTilf. — ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT. 86. Hostile peoples. A Gaul. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flu men, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Ho- rum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, prop- terea quod a cultu atque htimanitate pro- vinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe com meant atque ea, quae ad effeminandos animos^ pertinent, im- portant; proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Ehenum incolunt, quibuscum conti- nenter bellum gerunt. 1 Ad effeminandos animos (known as a gerundive construction) is best trans- lated to weaken their spirits or courage. LESSON XIV. 37 87. PARADIGMS. Helvetius, a Swiss; Base, Helve ti-. proelium, battle; Base, proeli- Singular. Nominative Helvetius proelium Genitive Helve'ti (Helvetil) proeli (proelii) Dative Helvetia proelio Accusative Helvetium proelium Ablative Helvetia Plural. proelid Nominative Helvetii proelia Genitive Helvetiorum proeliorum Dative Helvetiis proeliis Accusative Helvetios proelia Ablative Helvetiis proeliis Observe : — (1) that these nouns differ from the nouns of the Second Declen- sion formerly declined only in the genitive singular, where ii is usually contracted to a single i. (2) that the accent of this form is on the same syllable as in the nominative, cf. consi'li and impe'ri in the vocabulary § 90. 88 MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Galli cum mercatoribus ad provinciam commeant. — 77ie Gauls go often icith the traders to the province. (2) Bellum cum Germanis gerimus. — We carry on war with the Germans. Observe : — (1) that in these sentences mercatoribus and Germanis are abla- tives governed by the preposition cum and denote the persons in company with whom the action of the verb takes place. (2) that this ablative, known as the Ablative of Accompani- ment, answers the question " With whom ? " 89. RULE. — Accompaniment is expressed hy the ablative regularly with cum, OF- THE Uril\/r ooi-*.. 38 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 90. VOCABULARY. c5nsilium, consi'li, n.^plan, design. fere, adv., almost, nearly. imperium, impe'ri, n., command, aut, coordinate conj., or; aut . . . control. aut, either . . . or. proelium, proell, n., battle. cum, subordinate conj., token, while. cotidianus, -a, -um, daily. quibuscum, abl. of interrogative pro- 8UUS, -a, -um, poss. adj., his, her, its, noun and prep, cum (§ 82, note), their, according to the subject. with whom f praecedo, praecedere, precede, surpass. 91. WRITTEN WORK. Put into agreement and decline together cotidianus and c5nsilium hie and imperium. 92. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Hi Galli proximos Belgas humanitate praecedunt. (2) HelvetiT, quorum consilia et Instituta differunt, cum eis Bel- gis contendunt. (3) Nostri amici, Galli, in suls finibus cum Sequanis aut cum Belgis cotidiana proelia gerunt. (4) Bellum magnum cum eis German is geritur. (5) Multi German! cum Belgis ad eos fines commeant. (6) Hos mercatores cum suis amicis ad oppida Helvetiorum duxerunt. (7) Quibuscum Galli bellum continenter gerunt? II. (1) The Germans contend (in) daily battles with the Gauls. (2) War is waged with these Germans in the territories of the Belgians or of their ^ friends. (3) We often resort to the towns of the Swiss with our^ friends. (4) The Belgians carry on wars with the rest of the Gauls. (5) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the question in sentence 7, part I.] 1 The Romans rarely used a possessive adjective when the possessor was clearly indicated without it. The possessive adjectives should therefore be frequently supplied in translating from Latin into English and omitted in translating from English into Latin. LESSON XV. 39 93. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Qua* de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virttite prae- cedunt. Reliquos Gallos praecedunt quod cum Germanis coriten- dunt. Fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt. Aut suisfinibus Helvetii eos prohibent, aut ipsi^ in finibus eorum (Germanorum) bellum gerunt. Helvetii cum Germanis conten- dunt, cum eos suis finibus prohibent. 1 Qua, rel. adj. qua de causa, /or which reason, or better, /or this reason. At the beginuiug of a sentence, the relative is usually translated by a demonstrative. 2 ipsi, intensive pronoun, nom. plu., themselves. LESSON XV. VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION IN JO —ABLATIVE OF MEANS. 94. Tlie warlike Swiss. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virttite praeced- unt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suls finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsI in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. 95. A few verbs of the Third Conjugation end in -io in the first singular, and are conjugated in the present indicative according to the following paradigms. PARADIGMS. Present Indicative of the Verb Capio. Principal Parts : capio, capere. Pres. Stem : cape-. Active. Passive. singular. 1. capi5, I take. 1. capior, I am taken. 2. capis, you take. 2. caperis (-ere), you are takeii. 3. capit, he takes. 3. capitur, he is taken. 40 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. PLURAL. 1. capimus, we take. 1. capimur, we are taken. 2. capitis, you take. 2. capimini, you are taken. 3. capiunt, they take. 3. capiuntur, they are taken. Observe : — That the present indicative of capio differs from that of divido only in the first singular and the third plural. 96. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Nostri fines fluminibus continentur. — Our territories are bounded by rivers. (2) Ea carris importamus. — We import these things in carts. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 the ablative fluminibus denotes the means by which our territory is bounded. (2) that in sentence 2 the ablative carris denotes the instrument or means by or in which we carry these things. This construction, known as the Ablative of Means, answers the question " By what means ?" 97. It ULE. — The means or instrument of an action is de- noted hy the ablative without a preposition. 98. VOCABULARY. initium, ini'ti, n., beginning. attingo, attingere, touch upon. septentrio, septentrionis, m. (usually capio, capere, take. plu.), literally the Seven Plough contineo, continere, hound, hem in. Oxen, the constellation known as dico, dicere, say, appoint. the Great Bear or Dipper, hence iacio, iacere, throw, hurl. the North. vergo, vergere, incline, slope. telum, -i, n., missile, spear. etiam, adv., also, even. quo, abl. sing, of interrogative, hy what f LESSON XV. 41 99. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate iacio in the present indicative, active and passive ; at- tingo in the present indicative, active, and dico in the passive. (2) Decline septentrio in the plural only. 100. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Capimus, capimur ; iaciunt, iaciuntur ; capitis, capimim ; iacis, iaceris ; capit, capitur. (2) Capiunt, duciint ; caperis, du- ceris, moveris; iaciuntur, dividuntur, continentur. (3) Celtae nostra lingua^ Galll appellantur. (4) Multos vicos Gallorum nostris longis tells vastamus. (5) Nostri fines, qui ad septentrio- nes vergunt, montibus continentur. (6) Belgae, qui cum Germa- nis continenter contendunt, tells Sequanoruin superantur. (7) Quo fltimine Galli ab Aquitanis divisl sunt ? II. (1) We take, we are taken ; you (sing.) hurl, you (sing.) are hurled, they hurl, they are hurled. (2) You are thrown ; you are divided ; you are held ; they are being taken ; they are being led ; they are being held; he is led; he is taken; he is aroused. (3) With our spears we keep away the Germans from the towns. (4) Our friends, the Germans, are hemmed in by many mountains and rivers. (5) Our province is separated from the Germans by three rivers. (6) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the ques- tion in sentence 7, part I.] 101. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Eorum finium pars initium capit a flumine Rhodano. Earn partem Gallos obtinere dictum est.^ Pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a Rhodano. Ea pars continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum. Attingit etiam ab Sequanis ^ et Helvetiis fltimen Rhenum. Ea pars vergit ad septentriones. 1 What ablative is lingua? 2 dictum est, passive ind. perf., 3d sing, of dico, it has been said. Earn partem . . . dictum est, it has been said the Gauls hold this part (literally, to hold). * ab Sequanis, etc., on the side occupied by the Sequani, etc., i.e. on the east. 42 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON XVI. PERFECT INDICATIVE OF >S Z7i»f. — COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 102. The third part of Gaul Eorum una pars, quam Gallos ob- tinere dictum est, initium capit a fltimine Rhodano; coutinetur Ga- rumna flumiue, Oceano, flnibus Bel- garum ; attiugit etiani ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Khenum ; vergit ad septentriones. 8EPTENTRIONE8. 103. TliG pcrfect in Latin is the past time tense of greatest importance and of most frequent occurrence. PARADIGM. Perfect Indicative of the Verb Sum. Principal Parts : sum, esse, fui. Pkrfect Stem : fu-. Singular. 1. fui, I was, I have been. 2. fuisti, you were, you have been= 3. fuit, he was, he has been. Plural. 1. fuimus, we were, we have been. 2. fuistis, you were, you have been. 3. fuerunt (or fuere), they were, they have been. Personal Endings. -i -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt (or -ere). Observe : — (1) that the perfect stem fu-, to which the personal endings are attached, is found by striking off the ending -i from the third principal part. LESSON XVI. 43 (2) that the perfect tense has a different set of personal end- ings. These personal endings are the same for the perfect indica- tive tenses of all conjugations in the active voice. (3) that the perfect tense has two meanings, corresponding to the English past and to the present perfect respectively. 104. As in English, adjectives in Latin have three degrees of comparison, — positive, comparative, and superlative, — and are regularly compared as follows : Positive. M. F. N. fortis, -e (base fort-) brave M. F. N. longus, -a, -um, long (base long-) : Comparative. M. F. N. fortior, -ius ; braver M. F. N. loiigior, -ius ; longer Superlative. M. F. N. fortissimus, -a, -um bravest or very brave M. F. N. longissimus, -a, -um longest or very long Observe : — (1) that the comparative is formed by adding to the base of the positive -lor for the masculine and feminine, and -ius for the neuter. (2) that the superlative is formed by adding to the base of the positive -issimus, -a, -um. 105. The masculine and feminine of comparatives are declined exactly like the noun mercator in § 50, while the neuter conforms to the principles governing the declension of neuter nouns § 42, (2). PAKADIGM. The Comparative Adjective Inferior. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. Nominative inferior inferius inferiores inferiora Genitive inferioris inferioris inferiorum inferiorum Dative Inferior! inferior! inferioribus inferioribus Accusative inferiorem inferius inferiores inferiora Ablative inferiore inferiore inferioribus inferioribus 106. Superlatives as fortissimus, -a, -um, are, as already stated, declined exactly like latus, -a, -um, in § 43. 44 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 107. VOCABULARY. sol, solis, m. (no gen. plu.), sun. orior (what is known as a deponent extremus, -a -um, sup. adj., farthest, verb, passive in form but active most distant. in meaning ; conjugated in the Inferior, inferius, comp. adj., lower. present like the passive of capio), oriens, m., f., n. (orientis, genitive), begin, arise. adj., rising. specto, spectare, /ace, ZooA:. 108. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Compare latus (lat-) and nobilis (nobil-). (2) Decline in full : the comparative fortior ; oriens as liberans in App. § 10. Why is oriens called an adjective of One Termination ? (3) Conjugate the verb absum, abesse, afui, § 77, in the perfect indica- tive, and orior with meanings in the present indicative. 109. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Fuimus, fuistis, afuerunt, afuisti, fuit, afui. (2) Lon- gius flu men in finibus Belgarum fuit. (3) Nostri fines fuerunt longissimi. (4) Fortissimos Gallorum longioribus tells supera- mus. (5) In vicls fortiorum AquTtanorum fuistis. (6) Longe afuinius ab oppidis Germanorum, qui fuerunt nobilissimi. (7) In latioribus partibus nostrorum finium fuimus. II. (1) We were in the widest parts of the territory. (2) He was far away from the three longer rivers. (3) You were be- tween the rivers and the mountains. (4) We lead the traders to the farthest villages. (5) You have been in the territories, which the consuls are laying waste. (G) The consuls were with the braver Gauls in the lower parts of this territory. 110. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Fines Belgarum initium ab extrema parte Galliae capiunt. Id est : Belgae oriuntur ab extremis Galliae finibus. Fines Belga- rum pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni. Belgae spec- tant in septentrionem et earn partem qua ex parte sol oritur. LESSON XVII. 46 LESSON XVII. PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF THE FIRST THREE CONJU- GATIONS: PRINCIPAL PARTS. 111. The Belgians. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad in- feriorem partem fltiminis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. 112. The principal parts of a Latin verb consist of: (1) pres. ind. act. 1st sing. (2) pres. inf. act. (3) perf. ind. act. 1st sing. (4) perf. pass, participle. The principal parts of a verb must be thoroughly memorized, because from them are formed all other parts of the verb. The Latin verb has three stems found in the last three principal parts : the present stem, the perfect stem, and the participial stem. The method of finding these stems from the principal parts is indica- ted in the following table : II. III. Principal Parts. PBB8. IND. ACT. PRES. INF. ACT. PERF. IND. ACT. PERP. PA88. PART. libero liberare liberavi hberatus I liberate to liberate I liberated having been liberated STEMS: PRES. libera- PERF. liberav- part, . liberat- moveo movere movi motus / move to move / moved having been moved STEMS: pres. move- PERF. mOV- PART . mot- divide dividere divisi divisus Idtvide to divide / divided having been divided STEMS: PRES. divide- PERF. diviS- PART. divis- capio capere cepi captus I take to take I took having been taken stems: 5 PRES. cape- PERF. Cep- PART . capt- 46 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 113. PARADIGM. Perfect Indicative Active of Liberd. Perfect Stem: liberay-. Singular. Personal Endings. 1. llberavi, I liberated, I have liberated, I did liberate -i 2. liberavisti, you liberated, you have liberated, etc. -isti 3. liberavit, he liberated, he has liberated, etc. -it Plural. 1. liberavimus, we liberated, we have liberated, etc. -imus 2. liberavistis, you liberated, you have liberated, etc. -istis 3. liberaverunt or liberavere, they liberated, they have liberated, etc. -erunt or -ere Observe : — That the personal endings are the same as those of fui in § 103 and are added to the perfect stem. 114. Table of the Perfect Indicative Active of the Second and Third Conjugations. Singular. Plural. mov- ) [-1 f-imus divis- [ I -isti j -istis cep- J 1-it 1-erunt (or-ere) Observe : — That the forms mOv-, divis-, cSp- are perfect stems, to each of which are added the personal endings. 115. VOCABULARY. Aqultania, -ae, f., Aquitania, one of Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, Pyrenean (moun- the three parts of Gaul. tains). appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus, call, name. diico, ducere, duxi, ductus, lead, draw. habe5, habere, habui, habitus, have, hold. iacio, iacere, i6ci, iactus, throw, hurl. LESSON XVIL 47 116. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate with meanings the perfect indicative active of the verbs of the vocabulary. C23 Tabulate as in § 112 the several stems of these verbs. 117. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Appellavimus ; duxistis; habuimus. (2) Appellavistis ; duximus; habuistis. (3) Appellaverunt ; duxi; iecisti. (4) lece- runt; liberavimus; movi. (5) Movit; divTsistis; ceperunt. (6) Habuimus; duxisti; appellavi. (7) Cepit; liberavistis ; divisi- mus. (8) Moverunt ; iecimus ; appellavistis. (9) Multa tela in oppida iecisti. (10) Nostros fines divisimus. (11) Vicos Gal- lorum ceperunt. (12) Belgas amicos appellavistis. (13) Gallos in Aquitaniam duximus. (14) Aquitanos liberavit. (15) Multa oppida cepistis. (16) Garros duximus. II. (1) We led ; you have had, they have had. (2) You (sing.) have called ; he led ; you had. (3) They led ; we have had ; they hurled. (4) We divided ; you took ; he has moved. (5) They have moved ; they have divided ; they have taken. (6) We took ; I liberated ; you (sing.) have hurled. (7) I have divided ; they took ; we moved. (8) You divide, you divided ; he moves, he has moved. (9) You have divided the territories. (10) You have the noblest friends. 118. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Aquitania est una trium partium Galliae. A Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes pertinet. Aquitania pertinet ad Pyrenaeos montes et partem Oceani. Ea pars Ocean! est ad^ Hispaniam. Fines Aquitanorum spectant inter occasum solis^ et septentrio- nes. 1 ad, towards, near, off. 3 occasum soils, setting of the sun, i.e. the west. 48 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON XVIII. IMPERFECT AND FUTURE OF ^ tTilf. — ABLATIVE OF SPECI- FICATION. 119. The Aquitanians. Aquitania a Garumna fluinine ad Pyrenaeos montes et earn par- tem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet ; spectat inter occa- sum solis et septentriones. [Cap. I. Finis.] ^ 120. PARADIGMS. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative op the Verb Sum. Singular. Plural. 1. sum, I am. 2. es, you are. 3. est, he is. 1. eram, I was. 2. eras, you were. 3. erat, he was. IMPERFECT. sumus, we are. estis, you are. sunt, they are. eramus, we were, eratis, you were, erant, they were. 1. er5, I shall be. 2. eris, you will be. 3. erit, he will be. erimus, we shall be. eritis, you will be. erunt, they will be. Observe : — That the first personal ending of the first two tenses is -m in stead of -6. 121. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Hi omnes lingua inter se differunt. — All these differ from one another in language. (2) Helvetil reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt. — The Helvetians surpass the rest of the Gauls in bravery. 1 Capitis primi finis, i.e., end of Chapter I of Caesar's story. LESSON XVIII. 49 Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 the ablative lingua denotes that in re- spect to which all these differ from one another. (2) that in sentence 2 the ablative virtute denotes that in re- spect to which the Helvetians surpass the rest of the Gauls. (3) that with this ablative no preposition is used. This construction is called the Ablative of Specification. 122. B, ULE. — Specification is denoted hy the ablative with- out a preposition. 123. VOCABULARY. contendo, contendere, contendl, contentus, fight, hasten. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, carry on, wage. incite, incitare, incitavl, incitatus, incite, arouse. obtineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentus, hold, obtain. supero, superare, superavi, superatus, overcome, surpass. qua, abl. fem. sing, of interrogative, in what f in what respect f 124. WRITTEN WORK. (1) The imperfect and future indicative of absum with meanings. (2) The principal parts of pertineo, extend (like obtineo), with the meanings of each part as in table, § 112. (3) The perfect indicative active of gero with meanings. 125. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Eriraus, eramus, fuimus. (2) Erunt, fuerunt, erant. (3) Ero, erat, eris. (4) Fuistis, estis, eritis, eratis. (5) Erat, erit, fuit, ful, eram, sum. (6) Oppida, quae cepimus, sunt tria numero. (7) Galll, quos virtute praeceditis, erant nobilissimL (8) Galll, quorum vicos GermanI superaverunt, legibus inter se differunt. (9) Belgae, quibuscum multa bella gessistis, erant divisi consilils. (10) Qua Galli Germanos superaverunt ? 60 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. II. (1) You (sing.) were, you will be, you are, you have been. (2) We shall be, we were, we have been. (3) He is, he was, he will be, he has been, they have been, you were, I shall be. (4) We led our friends to the towns, which are many in number. (5) You fought in the lower province with the consuls, who are far different in customs and bravery. (6) We, who surpass many in bravery and refinement, have aroused the braver Germans. (7) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the question in sentence 10, part I.] LESSON XIX. THE PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF THREE CONJUGATIONS. 126. Tlie nations of Oaul and their characteristics, (In reading this description of Gaul, the student should verify on the map the several divisions and boundaries. Remember that Caesar is writing a history, which will be unintelligible without a geographical foundation.) Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres; quarum unam inco- lunt Belgae, aliam AquitanI, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutls, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Bel- gae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longis- sime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea, quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, important ; proxi- mique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum con- tinenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Ger- manis contendunt, cum aut suls finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Quote verbatim the case rules applying to the words underscored in the above passage and show how these rules apply. f G •g'ovia 'ien;*^^ ( ^^ / ^1 Mediolamum ■» y^ C I S A •'* \ L 1 ron«L LESSON XIX. 51 127. PARADIGMS. Pluperfect and Future Perfect Active of Libera. Pbkfkct Stem : liberiY-. Pluperfect Tense, singular. plural. 1. libera veram, I had liberated. libera veramus, we had liberated. 2. liberaveras, you had liberated. liberaveratis, you had liberated. 3. liberaverat, he had liberated. liberaverant, they had liberated. Future Perfect Tense. 1. liberavero, I shall have liberated, libera verimus, we shall have liberated. 2. liberaveris, you will have liber- libera veritis, you will have liberated. ated. 3. liberaverit, he will have liberated, liberaverint, they will have liberated. Observe : — (1) that the pluperfect tense is formed by adding to the perfect stem the various forms of the imperfect of the verb sum. (2) that the future perfect tense is formed by adding to the perfect stem the various forms of the future of the verb sum with the exception of the third plural, where erunt is changed to erint. 128. Table of the Pluperfect and Future Perfect In- dicative OF THE Second and Third Conjugations. Perfect Stems. mov- divis- c6p- m6v- 1 divis- 1 c6p- J By adding the above tense endings to fu-, the perfect stem of the verb sum, we obtain the pluperfect and future perfect of this verb. In precisely the same way are formed the same tenses of all verbs. Singular Tense Endings. Plural Tense End Pluperfect. -eram -eramus -eras -eratis -erat [-erant Future Perfect. f-ero T-erimus J-eris J-eritis -erit -erint 52 * CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 129. VOCABULARY. coniuratio, coniGrationis, f., conspir- cupiditas, cupiditatis, f., ambition^ acy, plot. desire. accuse, accusare, acctisavi, accusatus, accuse, blame. contineo, continere, continui, contentus, bound, hem in. facio, facere, feci, factus, make, do, form. induco, inducere, induxi, inductus, lead in or on, induce, influence. occupo, occiipare, occupavi, occupatus, seize. prohibeo, prohibere, prohibul, prohibitus, keep aioay, prevent. vasto, vastare, vastavi, vastatus, lay waste, destroy, devastate. 130. WRITTEN WORK. Conjugate fully the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect of sum, vasto, induco, and facio, underscoring the perfect stems of each form, and writing the meaning of the third plural of each tense. 131. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Acciisavimiis, accusaverimus, aocusaveramus. (2) Pro- hibueras, prohibueris; fuisti. (3) Fecerunt, fecerint, fecerant ; fuerant. (4) Inducuntur, induxeris, induxerant ; fuerit. (5) Vas- tas, vastaveris, vastaverant; fuerant. (6) Eras, eris, erunt, fue- runt, fuerint. (7) Bella gessisti et superaris. (8) Fuga eorum Gallorum Belgas movit. (9) Cupiditas regni eum Helvetium induxit. (10) Coniuratio eius nobilissimi Helveti hos onmes incitaverat. II. (1) They seize, they have seized, they had seized, they will have seized. (2) You lay waste, you laid waste, you had laid waste, you will have laid waste. (3) We hem in, we are hemmed in, we shall have hemmed in, we had hemmed in. (4) You (sing.) are being led, you have led, you had led, you will have led. (5) He has made, he makes, he had made, he will have made. (6) I am kept away, I have kept away, I had kept away, I shall have kept away. (7) The Germans had seized many towns of the Belgians, who were across the river Rhine. (8) The nobility of the Helvetians formed a conspiracy. (9) A LESSON XX. 53 desire of royal power had influenced the noblest of the Helve- tians. (10) We threw our missiles down from a great mountain. LESSON XX. THE IMPERFECT, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE, OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. — ABLATIVE OF CAUSE. 132. Boundaries of these natioiis. Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano; continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhe- num ; vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni ; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flu- mine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem OceanT, quae est ad His- paniam, pertinet ; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones. State the reasons for the cases of all words underscored in the above passage, quoting rules whenever possible. 133. Those forms of the English verb which denote the action as continuous or progressive in past time, as, / was liberating, are represented in Latin by the imperfect tense. 134. PARADIGMS. Imperfect Indicative, Active and Passive, of the Verb Libero. Present Stem : libera-. Active Voice, singular. plural. 1. liberabam, I was liberating, I liberabamus, we were liberating, liberated. etc. 2. liberabas, you were liberating, liberabatis, you were liberating, etc. etc. 3. liberabat, he was liberating, etc. liberabant, they were liberating, etc. 64 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Passive Voice. 1. liberabar, I was being liberated, I was liberated. 2. liberabaris, you were being liber- ated, etc. liberabamur, we were being liber- ated, etc. liberabamini, you were being liber- ated, etc. 3. liberabatur, he was being liber- liberabantur, they were being liber- ated, etc. ated, etc. 135. TABLE OF THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE, OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. iSENT Stems. Tense Sign. ACTIVE. Personal Endin( SING. PLU. occupa- r-m -mus move- •hi- -s -tis prohibe- PASSIVE. -t -nt occupa- ] f' -mur mone- I -bi- -ris -mini prohibe J -tur -ntur Observe : — (1) that the imperfect tense of these conjugations is foVmed by adding to the present stem the sign of the imperfect tense, -ba, and the personal endings, both active and passive. (2) that the tense sign, -ba, naturally long is shortened before final -m, -r, -t, and before -nt. 136. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Nobiles virttite appellantur. — They are called noble because of their bravery. (2) Cupiditate regni id fecit. — He did this on account of his desire for royal power. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 the ablative virtute expresses the cause or reason why they are called noble. (2) That in sentence 2 the phrase cupiditate regni expresses the reason why he did this. This ablative is called the Ablative of Cause and answers the question " Why ? " LESSON XX. 55 137. RULE. — Cause is expressed hy the ablative (^usually without a preposition) . 138. VOCABULARY. civitas, civitatis, f., state. dives, m., f., n. (divitis, genitive), copia, -ae, f., ;)Z6W«I/, in sing.; /orces, rich; superlative dltissimns, -a, in plu. -um, richest. Orgetorix, Orgetorigis, m., Orc/efonaj, qua re, on account of what thing, a leader of the Swiss. why f apud, prep, governing ace, among, with. arm5, armare, armavi, armatus, arm, equip. effemino, effeminare, effeminavi, effeminatus, weaken. imports, importare, importavi, importatus, import, carry in. persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasus, persuade (followed by dative translated as direct object) , spect5, spectare, spectavi, spectatus, look, face. 139. WRITTEN WORK. Conjugate with meanings anno and contined in the imperfect, active and passive, also persuadeo in the perfect active. 140. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Effemiuant, effeminantur, effeminabantur. (2) Armat, armabat, armatur, armabatur. (3) Spectatis, spectabatis, specta- vistis, spectaveratis, spectaveritis. (4) Persuadet, persuadebat, persuaserunt, persuadebant. (5) Prohibebant, prohibuerunt, pro- hibebamus, prohibebamur. (6) Orgetorix regni cupiditate indu- citur. (7) Ea coniuratione nobilitatis Orgetorix Helvetiis persuaserat. (8) Qua re Orgetorix coniurationem fecit ? II. (1) We are armed, we were armed, you had armed, you were arming. (2) They were importing, they were being im- ported, we were importing, we have imported. (3) I was per- suading ; you (sing.) were facing ; he was keeping away ; we were accusing; you were moving; they were liberating. (4) On ac- 56 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. count of his bravery, he persuaded the Swiss. (5) On account of this conspiracy, the consuls waged these wars. (6) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the question in sentence 8, part I.] 141. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Orgetorix fuit nobilis et dives. Apud Helvetios fuit longe nobilissimus et ditissimus. Cum (when) Marcus Messala et Marcus Piso erant consules, Orgetorix cupiditate regni induce- batur. Marco Messala et Marco Pisone consulibus,^ inductus^ cupiditate regnl, Orgetorix conitirationem nobilitatis fecit. Clvi- tati Helvetiorum persuasit ut (that) de suls finibus exirent (they should emigrate). Helvetiis persuasit ut cum omnibus copiis exirent. 1 Marco Messala . . . consulibus, M. Messala, etc., being consuls, a construc- tion known as the ablative absolute, best translated by the cum clause in the previous sentence. 2 inductus, a perf. pass, participle. The perfect passive participle, the fourth principal part of a transitive verb, is declined exactly like the adjective Ifttus, -a, -um, agreeing in G. N. C. with the noun or pronoun to which it belongs. SECOND REVIEW. I. List in a column and index as taught in the First Review the Latin nouns from which the following English words are wholly or partly derived : copious, counsel, flume, imperial, initial, mountainous, solar. Add to this list in the index the following: civitas, proelium, telum. II. List in a column and compare as in § 104 the Latin adjectives from which the following English words are derived : fortitude, latitude, longitude, nobility. III. List in a column the Latin verbs from which the following English nouns are wholly or partly derived and give the conjugation, principal parts, and meaning of each, distinguishing as in § 112 the various stems of each : absence, accusation, appellation, arma- ment, capture, content, contention, (con)tingency,* (de)vastation, * Only the first two principal parts are required of verbs found from nouns marked with an asterisk. LESSON XXI. 67 duct, (e)jection, fact, habit, incitement, inducement, (in)spec- tion, obtaining, occupation, persuasion, prohibition, (in)superable, verge.* Add to this list the verb gero. IV. List the following English adverbs in a column, placing opposite each in a second column their Latin equivalents : almost, continually, even, far, least, not, often. V. Decline consecutively the list of ten nouns formed in L, by giving the nominative singular of the first noun, the genitive singular of the second, etc., the nominative plural of the sixth, the genitive plural of the seventh, etc., and finally the ablative plural of the tenth noun, thus giving one form of each noun, and place the demonstrative hie in G. N. C. agreement with each form, t In a second column decline consecutively the same list, starting with the nominative singular of the fourth and ending with the ab- lative plural of the third, placing the demonstrative is in G. N. C. agreement with each form. Continue the same exercise, starting with the sixth noun and placing the relative qui in G. N. C. agree- ment with each form. VI. Conjugate in full in the active voice the present indicative of iaciS, imperfect of habeS, future of absum, perfect of persuaded, pluperfect of faciS, future perfect of induce. In the passive voice present indicative of obtineO, imperfect of obtineS. * Only two principal parts are required. t A model of this scheme will be found in the Appendix, § 30. LESSON XXL IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OF THE THIRD CONJUGA- TION. — IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SEC- OND DECLENSIONS. 142. A powerful noble plots to make himself king of the Swiss. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorlx. Is, M. Messala et M. Pisone consulibus, regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. 58 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 143. Memorize the imperfect indicative, active and passive, of divide, App. § 21, noting that g of the present stem, divide-, is lengthened before -ba, the tense sign of the imperfect. 144. PARADIGM. Declension of TOtus, whole, an Irregular Adjective of the First and Second Declensions. Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Singular. M. F. N. tOtus tota tdtum totius totius totius tdtl toti toti totum totam totum toto tota toto Plukal. The plural of this adjective is declined like that of the ad- jective latus, § 43. Observe : — (1) that the singular of totus is declined exactly like latus in all cases except the genitive and dative. (2) that the genitive singular ends in -ius and the dative singular in -i in all genders like the same cases of ille. 145. The following nine adjectives have the genitive in -ius and the dative in -i : alius, alia, aliud, another. niillus, nQlla, nullum, no. solus, sola, solum, alone. totus, tota, totum, whole^ entire. ullus, ulla, Gllum, any. unus, una, tinum, one. alter, altera, alterum,i the other, the second. neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither. uter, utra, utrum, which (of two). 1 Alter usually has short -ius in the genitive singular, alterius. 146. VOCABULARY. locus, -i, m., place; plu. (neuter), loca, loc5rum. natiira, -ae, f., nature, character. perfacilis, -e, adj., very easy. facile, adv., from facilis, easily ; com- parative degree, facilius. undique, adv., on all sides, from all sides. cum, conj., with subj., since. quod, conj., because, with indicative and subjunctive. LESSON XXI. 69 dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, say, speak, appoint. potior, potiri, potitus sum, get control of. (This verb governs the ablative translated as direct object. Potior is passive in form, but active in meaning. Such verbs are called deponents.) praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestatus, stand before, surpass. (Like persuadeo this verb governs a dative translated as a direct object.) 147. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate with meanings the imperfect indicative active and pas- sive of duc6 and the perfect indicative active of dic6. (2) Decline in singular and plural alius; also alter and locus in G. N. C. agreement. 148. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Incolebat, incolebatur; gerebat, gerebatur; ducebat, ducebatur ; dicebat, dicebatur, (2) Gerebamus ; incolebamus ; ducebamus, dficebamur; dicebamus, dicebamur ; dividebamus, dividebamur. (3) Dicebant, dicebaris ; ducebar, ducebamini ; gerebatis; dividebamini. (4) Helvetii inducebantur ; flumina vergebant ; bella gerebantur ; alios praecedebatis. (5) Alii con- sules cupiditate regnl inducebantur. (6) Orgetorix solus oranes nobilissimos et ditissimos virtute praecedebat. (7) Quod undi- que fluminibus latissimis continebamur, eos facilius prohibebamus. (8) Aliud flumen Rhenus appellabatur. II. (1) We were leading, we were being led; we were dividing, we were being divided ; we were inhabiting. (2) You were divid- ing, you were being divided. You (sing.) were leading, you (sing.) were being led ; you were hastening. (3) We were carrying on war ; they were touching upon another river ; you were surpass- ing the whole state. (4) The rivers of the whole of Gaul are very wide and deep. (5) The noblest Helvetians were led by Orgetorix, the richest (man) of the whole state. 149. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Imperium totius Galliae erat perfacile. Totius Galliae imperio potiri erat perfacile. Id erat perfacile cum (since) Helvetii vir- 60 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. tute omnibus praestarent.^ Orgetorix dixit id esse perfacile cum Helvetil virttite omnibus praestarent.^ Orgetorix dixit potiri imperio totius Galliae esse perfacile cum Helvetil virtute omnibus praestarent. Helvetil undique loci natura continentur. Hoc^ id ^ eis facilius persuasit, quod Helvetil undique loci natura con- tinentur. 1 praestarent, imperfect subjunctive ; translate here as imperfect indicative. 2 An ablative of cause, translated on this account, fo?' this reason. 8 Id is the direct object of persuasit. Since the indirect object, eis, is trans- lated after this verb as direct object, supply " to do " before id. LESSON XXII. THE FOURTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 150. Tlie bravery and restlessness of the Swiss favor the plans of Orgetorix. Dixit perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius els persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetil continentur. 151. Nouns of the Fourth Declension end in -us and-u. Those ending in -us are usually masculine ; those in -u are always neuter. 152. PARADIGMS. The Fourth Declension of Nouns : Stems ending in U. passus, m., pace. cornu, n.. , horri, wing (of an ! army Stem: passu 1-. Stem : cornu-. Base: pass-. Base : corn-. SiNOULAK Case Endings. M. N. Nominative passus cornu -US -a Genitive passus cornus -us -08 Dative passui cornu -ui -U Accusative passum cornu -um -U Ablative passu cornu -u -a LESSON XXII. 61 Plural Case Endings. Nominative passus cornua M. -US -ua Genitive passuum cornuum -uum -uum Dative passibus cornibus -ibus -ibus Accusative passus cornua -US -ua Ablative passibus cornibus -ibus -ibus Ohsenie : — That the quantity of the -u in passus serves to distinguish cases otherwise alike in form. Lacus, m., lake, is declined exactly like passus with the excep- tion of the dative and ablative plural, which end in -ubus instead of -ibus. 153. VOCABULARY. ager, agri, m., field, territory (de- clined like the masculine of the adjective noster in § 56). cornu, cornus, n., hoim, icing (of an army). exercitus, -us, ra., trained army. liira, -ae, m., the Jura mountains, a range extending from the Rhone to the Rhine. lacus, -us, m., lake. Lemannus, -i, m., the ancient name for Lake Geneva, occasus, lis, m., setting. passus, -us, m., pace (the distance covered in two steps, about live feet). alter, -a, -um, the other, the second of a series. altus, -a, -um, high, deep. t5tus, -a, -um, whole, entire. 154. WRITTEN WORK. lacul. (1) Decline in full lacus, exercitus ; occasus in sing. only. (2) Decline ager ; also altera pars. (3) Compare with meanings altus (alt-). 155. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Passu, passuum ; lacubus ; cornua ; passibus ; (2) Inter lacus et montes sunt latissima flumina. (3) Una ex parte (on one side) nostri fines ad inferiorem partem Rheni per- tinebant. (4) Tertia ex parte nostra provincia ab Helvetils lacu Lemanno dividitur. (5) Consules ad agros Helvetios ^ cum tino cornu exercitus contendebant. (6) Omnes alios yirtute facile 6 62 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. praecedebamus quod cotidianis proeliis cum exercitu Germanorum contendebamus. (7) Nobilissimi eramus, quod institutls et legi- bus differebamus. (8) Orgetorix coniurationem fecit et toti no- bilitati persuasit. (9) Totum exercitum ex agris duxerat et im- perium alterius partis Galliae occupabat. (10) Lacus Lemannus altissimus agrum Helvetium* a nostra provincia dividebat. II. (1) Of many paces; of one lake; in the other lakes; by the wings of the other army. (2) On one side our fields are sepa- rated from the Germans by the highest mountains. (3) Those places were hemmed in by other rivers. (4) One Gaul was lead- ing a wing of the army, a second held the control of the fields, a third was hastening to the lake. (5) This river, which was called the Rhine, was very far away from our fields. (6) Many paces were between our armies and the army of the whole of Gaul. (7) We were separated from these traders by wider rivers and deeper lakes. 156. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISES. Una ex parte fines Helvetiorum flumine Rheno continentur. Rhenus est flumen altissimum et latissimum, quod flumen agrum Hel- vetium^ a Germanis dividit. Ei fines altera ex parte monte lura continentur. Is mons altissimus est inter Sequanos et Helvetios. Tertia ex parte fines Helvetiorum lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano con- tinentur. Id flumen nostram pro- EoMAN Centurions or Captains . . i tt i • j -j* CARRYING THEIR staff OF OFFICE, viuciam ab Hclvetiis dividit. 1 Tbi^ word, usually used substantively, is bere an adjective. LESSON XXIII. 63 LESSON XXIII. FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. 157. The ancient Siviss were hemmed in by mountains and rivers. Id hoc faciliiis els per- suasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine K-heno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Ger- ■ manls dividit ; altera ex parte monte lura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Le- manno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab HelvetilS dividit. Ancient Switzerland. 158. PARADIGMS. Future Indicative of the Verb LiberS. Present Stem : libera-. Active Voice. OERMANI SINGULAR. 1. liberabo, I shall liberate. 2. liberabis, you will liberate. 3. liberabit, he will liberate. PLURAL. liberabimus, we shall liberate, liberabitis, you will liberate, liberabunt, they will liberate. Passive Voice. 1. liberabor, I shall be liberated. liberabimur, we shall be liberated. 2. liberaberis, you will be liberated. liberabimini, you will be liberated. 3. liberabitur, he will be liberated. liberabuntur, they will be liberated. Observe : — That the future tense of this verb is formed by adding to the present stem the sign of the future tense -bi, and the personal 64 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. endings, both active and passive. In the first singular active, the 1 of the -bi is lost before 6, while in the third plural, active and passive, the i becomes u. In the second singular passive, the i becomes e. All verbs of the First and Second Conjugations form their futures in the same way, as may be seen by the following : present occupo, future occupabo, present moveo, future movebo. 159. VOCABULARY. dolor, doloris, m., grief. finitiinus, -a, -urn, wear, neighboring ; hom5, hominis, m. or f., man, hu- when used substantively, «eiV//i,&or. man being. late, adv., from latus, widely. iumentum, -i, n., beast of burden. minus, adv., in comparative degree, cupidus, -a, -um, fond, desirous, less, eager for (followed by genitive). aificio, aflBcere, affeci, affectus, affect, afflict. bello, 1,^ wage war, bellandi, gen. of what is known as the gerund, translated, of warring. fio, fieri, f actus sum (used as the passive of facio), be made, become, happen. infero, inferre, intuli, illatus, wage (war) upon; bellum finitimis inferre, wage war upon neighbors. possum, posse, potui, be able; possent, imperfect subjunctive, vagor, vagarl, vagatus sum (deponent verb), wander about, roam. 160. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate with meanings armo, moved, and contineo in the future indicative, active and passive. (2) Compare cupidus (cupid-)- 161. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Appellabit, appellabitur ; habebit, habebitur ; prohibebit, prohibebitur. (2) Superabimus, superabimur; prohibebimus, prohibebimur ; accusabimus, accusabimur. (3) Obtinebunt, obtinebuntur ; dabunt, dabuntur; incitabunt, incitabuntur. 1 A numeral to the right of a verb indicates that its principal parts are regu- lar ; that is, like those of the model verb of the conjugation indicated. LESSON XXIV. 65 (4) Effeminabitis ; importabuntur ; commeabis; prohibeberis ; habebimini. (5) Haec iumenta magna cornua habebant et late vagabantur. (6) Magno dolore afficiebamur quod montibus et fliiminibus a Gallis dividebamur. (7) Fortissimi Gallorum suls finibus (see § 68), Germanos cotidiaius proelils proliibebunt. (8) Germani agros Gallorum obtinebunt quod els virtute praesta- bunt. (9) Haec oppida quae sunt inter montes et lacus, multis bellls vastabuntur. (10) In nostris finibus ad vicos Gallorum vagabimur. II. (1) He will move, he will be moved ; he will conquer, he will be conquered ; he will hold, he will be held. (2) We shall call, we shall be called ; we shall give, we shall be given ; we shall move, we shall be moved. (3) They will accuse, they will be accused ; they will prevent, they will be prevented ; they will free, they will be freed. (4) You will wander; we shall be weakened ; I shall hold ; they will resort. (5) The Gauls will resort with all their forces to these lakes and rivers. 162. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. His rebus (abl. of cause, on account of these facts) minus late vagabantur. His rebus flebat ut minus late vagarentur (imperf. subj., trans, as if vagabantur). Flebat ut bellum finitimis minus facile Inferre possent (trans, last word as if imp. ind.). Qua ex parte (abl. of cause, trans, on this account) magno dolore afficie- bantur. LESSON XXIV. FUTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OF THE TfflRD CONJUGATION. — THE GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE. 163. Tlie Swiss long for opportunities of war and conquest. His rebus flebat, ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile fmitimis bellum Inferre possent ; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore afficiebantur. Q6 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 164. PARADIGM. Future Indicative, Active and Passive, of the Verb Divido. Present Stem : divide-. Active Voice, singular. plural. 1. dividam, I shall divide. dividemus, we shall divide. 2. divides, you will divide. dividetis, you will divide. 3. dividet, he will divide. divident, they will divide. Passive Voice. 1. dividar, I shall be divided. dividemur, we shall be divided. 2. divideris, you will be divided. dividemini, you will be divided. 3. dividetur, he will be divided. dividentur, they will be divided. Observe : — (1) that in the future of the Third Conjugation the final e of the stem is lengthened, and to this modified form are added the personal endings. (2) that this final e of the stem is lost in the first singular and is short before final -t and before -nt. 165. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Unam partem Galliae Belgae incolunt. — The Belgians in- habit one ixirt of Oaul. (2) Fines multa milia passuum patebant. — Tlie territories extended many thousands of paces; i.e. many miles. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 unam partem denotes a part, while the genitive Galliae denotes the whole to which the part belongs. (2) that the same will be seen to be true of milia and passuum in sentence 2. This construction is known as the Genitive of the Whole. 166. R ULE, — The whole, depending upon a word denoting a part, is expressed by the genitive. LESSON XXIV. 67 167. VOCABULARY. fortitudS, fortitudinis, f., bravery. multitudo, multitudinis, f., mnlti- gloria,-ae,f.,firZory; gloria belli atque tude, a large number; multitudo fortitudiuis, reputation for bravery hominum, population. in war. se, reflexive pronoun, ace. or abl. Iatitud5, latitudinis, f., icidth. case, himself, herself itself them- longitiido, longitudinis, f., length. selves, according to the meaning of mille, n., thousand. In singular in- the subject. declinable and usually an adjec- angustus, -a, -um, narrow. tive. The plural, milia, mUium, autem, conj., moreover, however. a noun, is declined like the neuter pro, prep, governing abl. case, for^ in plural of omnis, § 61. view of arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum (deponent verb), think. pate5, patere, patui, — , extend. 168. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate with meanings the future indicative, active and passive, of duco and the future indicative active of gero. (2) Put omnis in agreement with mille in the plural and decline them together. (3) Compare angustus (angust-) showing all gender endings. (4) Decline latitude in the singular only. 169. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Dticemus, ducemur; dividemus, dividemur; incolet, in- coletiir. (2) Dividet, dividetur; bellum geret, bellum geretxir; diicet, ducefcur. (3) Prohibebimini; inducemini, inducetis ; dicent, dicemur. (4) Agri eius Helveti tria milia passiium patebant. (5) Haec flumina Germanos a finibus Gallorum dividebant. (6) Cum tribus milibus Germanorum bellum geremus. (7) Hel- vetii multa milia passuum ad fines Gallorum vagabantur. (8) Haec oppida Gallorum omnibus nostris copils occupabimus. (9) Omnes finitimos gloria belli atque fortitudinis praec6demus. (10) Hi homines erant bellandi cupidi et ad nostram provinciam vagabantur. 68 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. II. (1) You will lead, you will be led; you will divide, you will be divided ; you will inhabit ; you will wage. (2) We shall influence, we shall be influenced ; we shall say ; we shall prevent, we shall be prevented. (3) He will lead, he will be led; it will be inhabited ; he will hasten ; it will be waged. (4) The consuls with a large part of their forces will hasten into the territories of the Swiss. (5) In the number of large towns, the Gauls sur- passed the Swiss. (6) The Swiss will lead a great number of troops into the territories of their neighbors and will fight (in) many battles. 170. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Helvetii angustos fines habebant. Helvetii arbitrabantur s6 habere angustos fines. Ei fines erant angusti pro mnltitudine hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis. Fines Helveti- orum multa milia passuum in latitudinem et longitudinem pate- bant. LESSON XXV. IMPERFECT INDICATIVE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE, OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION IN JO. — ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT. 171. Tlieir bravery and population entitle them to larger territories. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque forti- tudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudi- nem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant. [Cap. II. Finis.] 172. The imperfect and future of capio differ from the same tenses of other verbs of the Third Conjugation only in the insertion of i before e of the present stem. Review the present and memorize the imperfect and future of capi5, App., § 22. LESSON XXV. 69 ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT. 173. (1) Regnura miiltos annos obtiniierat. — He had held the royal power for many years. (2) Agri tria milia passuum patebant. — The fields extended three miles. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 the accusative multos annSs denotes the time during which he had held the royal power. (2) that in sentence 2 the accusative milia denotes the extent of space over which the fields extended. This accusative, known as the Accusative of Extent, answers the question " How far ? " "How long?" 174. R ULJEJ. — Duration of time and extent of space are expressed hy the accusative without a preposition, 175. VOCABULARY. amicitia, -ae, f., friendship^ alliance, pax, pads, f., peace. annus, -i, m., year. semen tis, sementis, f., planting, auctoritas, auctoritatis, f., authority, sowing. influence. maximus, -a, -um, greatest, superla- frumentum, -i, n., grain; in plu., tive of adj . magnus. standing grain. quot, interrogative, how many ? iter, itineris, n. road, march, route ; iter facere, to march. adduco, -diicere, -duxi, -ductus, lead to, influence. coemo, coemere, coemi, coemptus, buy up, purchase. compare, 1, prepare. confirm5, 1, confirm, establish. constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus, decide. permoveo, 2, move thoroughly, arouse, alarm. suppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitus, be available, hold out. 176. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate with meanings afficio, iacio, and dico in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive. (2) Decline iter and proximus in agreement. 70 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 177. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) lacis, iaceris; afficis, afficeris; capiebas, capieMris. (2) Afficiunt, afficiuntur ; iaciebat, iaciebatur ; capient, capientur. (3) Iaceris, iacieris, iaciebaris ; capietis, capiebant. (4) Affici- mus, afficiemus; iaciebantur, iaciuntur, iacientur, iacietis. (5) Auctoritate Orgetorigis adducti, bellum multos annos gereba- mus. (6) Agri, qui flumine Rheno continebantur, multa milia passuum patebant. (7) Helvetil magno dolore afficiebantur et ad fines Gallonim vagabantur. (8) Quot milia passuum fines Helvetiorum patebant? II. (1) They hurl, they are hurled, they will be hurled ; they will take, they were being taken. (2) You were being affected, you will be affected; you will be alarmed; you will be hurled. (3) We were making, we shall make; we shall establish, we shall be established ; we shall be affected. (4) We shall have narrow territories, which will extend many miles in (in with ace.) length. (5) They will make a march three miles with all their forces. (6) Because of their bravery the Helvetians waged war for many years. (7) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the question in sentence 8, part I.] 178. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. His rebus (by these things) Helvetii adducebantur. Auctoritate Orgetorigis permovebantur. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, Helvetii constituerunt ea comparare. Ea ad proficiscendum (to starting out) pertinebant. Constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent (imp. subj., transl. as if perti- nebant) comparare. Constituerunt iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum (transl. greatest possible) numerum coemere. Consti- tuerunt quoque sementes quam maximas facere ut (that) in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret (imp. subj., transl. might be available). Cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmabant. Ea omnia Helvetii constituerunt facere. LESSON XXVI. 71 LESSON XXVI. FIFTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS. — DECLENSION OF REFLEX- IVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS. 179. Tlie Swiss make elaborate preparations for their great trek. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea, quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent, comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret,cum ancient ploughbot. proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam conflrmare. 180. Nouns of the Fifth Declension are feminine except dies, which is usually masculine, though often feminine in the singular. 181. PARADIGM. Fifth Declension of Nouns. dies, m., f., day. res, f., thing. Stem : die-. Stem : re-. Base : di-. Base : r-. Case Ending s. Singular. Nominative dies Genitive diei Dative diei Accusative diem Ablative die Plural. Singular. Plural. dies res res dierum rei rerum diebus rei rebus dies rem res diebus re rebus Plu. Sing. -es -es -li -erum -8i -ebus -em -es -e -ebus Observe : — That in dies e is long except in the accusative singular, although according to the general law of quantity one would expect to find a short vowel before another vowel. 72 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Dies and res are the only nouns of this declension which are fully declined in the plural. 182. Sui is a reflexive pronoun, reflecting back to the subject for its meaning, of himself, herself itself themselves. Memorize its declension in the App., § 15. It will be found to have no nom- inative. Why? 183. Ipse, -a, -um is an intensive pronoun, ordinarily an apposi- tive, himself herself itself Memorize its declension in the App., §16. 184. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Se amicos Belgarum appellant. — TJiey call themselves friends of the Belgians. (2) Helvetii ipsi eos suis finibus prohibent. — Tlie Helvetians themselves keep them aivay from their (the Helve- tians^) territories. (3) In eorum finibus bellum gerunt. — They wage ivar in the territories of these (i.e. their enemies). (4) Copias secum duxit. — He led his forces with him. (5) Suas copias cum eo miserunt. — They sent their forces with him. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 themselves is a reflexive pronoun referring to the subject of the verb and is translated by se, while in sentence 2 themselves is in apposition with Helvetians, intensifies its mean- ing, and is translated by ipsi. (2) that in sentence 4 him refers to the subject he and is trans- lated by s6, while in sentence 5 him does not refer to the subject and is translated by eo, the ablative of is. (3) that in sentence 4 the preposition cum becomes enclitic with se. (4) that in sentence 2 their denotes the same person as the sub- ject and is translated by the possessive adjective suus, -a, -um, while in sentence 3 their does not refer to the subject and is translated by eorum, the genitive plural of is, ea, id. (5) that in sentence 4 the possessive is omitted because not re- quired for clearness or emphasis. LESSON XXVI. 73 SUMMARY. A third personal pronoun is translated by the reflexive when referring to the subject ; otherwise by a demonstrative. Similarly, possession in the third person is translated by suus, -a, -um, when referring to tlje subject, otherwise by the genitive, singular or plural, of a demonstrative. When merely intensive and not^re- flexive, the compound personal pronouns, himself^ etc. are trans- lated by ipse, -a, -um. 185. VOCABULARY. \iiermmva.,-\ji\., a period of two years. ipse, -a, -um, intensive pronoun, dies, diei, m., day. himself herself itself legatio, legationis, f., embassy., mis- sui, genitive of the reflexive pronoun, sion. meaning of himself themselves^ profectio, profectionis, f., departure. etc., according to the subject. res, rel, f., thing. satis, adv., enough. conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus, accomplish, complete, exhaust. deligo, deligere, delegi, delectus, choose, select. suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus (sub, under; capio, take), undertake; sibi suscipere, to take upon one^s self. 186. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Write out the imperfect and future indicative, active and passive, of deligo and suscipio. (2) Decline annus and legati5. 187. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Belgae ipsi se et eos accusant. (2) Orgetorix ipse has res fecit ; Orgetorix has res ipsas fecit. (3) Galll suas copias in eorum fines multos dies ducent. (4) Mercatores ipsI eos fortes appellant. (5) Helvetii eas res sibi susceperunt. (6) Ipsi sua oppida occupant; ipsi eorum oppida occupant. (7) Galli ipsi legibus et institutls inter se differunt. (8) Arbitrabantur se^ angustos fines habere. (9) Sunt inter eos montes et fltimina. (10) Suas copias secum dtixerunt. 1 Masculine plural accusative. Accusative because subject of the infinitive habere. Why masculine plural? 74 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. II. (1) The Belgians are liberating themselves. (2) The Bel- gians themselves liberated them. (3) The town itself was near to them. (4) Orgetorix arouses him. (5) Orgetorij^ arouses himself. (6) Orgetorix himself arouses the Gauls. (7) They will complete these things for themselves. (8) Th^ey will march with him into his territories. (9) He will give his territories to them. 188. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISES. Ad eas res conficiendas (for completing these things) biennium est satis. Biennium esse sibi satis duxerunt.^ In (for) tertium annum profectio lege confirmatur. Legationem ad civitates Orge- torix sibi suscepit. 1 With the accusative and infinitive duco means, consider. THIRD REVIEW. I. List in a column with meanings the Latin nouns from which the following English words are wholly or partly derived : authori- tative, locality, itinerary, lake, pacify, agrarian, real, human, pace, multitudinous, natural, million, latitude, legation, annual. Add to this list the Latin nouns for friendship, grain, departure. II. List in a column and index as in the First Review the Latin adjectives meaning : easy, neighboring, great, desirous, com- paring the last named. III. List in a column and give the principal jjarts and mean- ings of each Latin verb from which the following English words are wholly or partly derived : vagrant, potent, patent, adduce, con- stitution, confirmation, confection, delegation. Add to this list the Latin verbs meaning : prepare, alarm, get possession, under- take. IV. Write in a column the following English words, placing opposite each its Latin equivalent : from all sides, moreover, than, enough. THIRD REVIEW. 75 V. Decline consecutively as in the Second Review the first ten nouns in I., starting (a) with the third noun and putting t5tus in G. N. C. agreement with each form ; (b) with the sixth noun, put- ting alius in agreement with each form ; (c) with the eighth, put- ting alter in agreement with each form. Index as in the previous review lessons the remaining nouns in I, noting that one of these nouns varies in the meaning of the plural. VI. Conjugate in full the imperfect and future indicative, active and passive, of permoveo, delig5, and suscipid, marking all long vowels with care. VII. Review the translation of the text at the head of Lessons XXI-XXV, inclusive. Select in this text all examples of the Genitive of the Whole and of the Accusative of Extent, illustrat- ing these constructions by short original Latin sentences translated into English. RULES FOR THE GENDER OF THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. VIII. (1) Most nouns in -€s, which increase (have more syl- lables) in the genitive, nouns in -er, -or, and -6s are masculine. (2) Most nouns in -€s, which do not increase in the genitive, nouns in -6, -as, -is, -us (genitive -utis or -udis), -x, and in -s pre- ceded by a consonant are feminine. (3) Nouns in -c, -i, -t, -y, -1, -a, -n, -e, -ar, -us (genitive -oris or -eris), are neuter. Many exceptions to these rules will be found, but these are best learned from practice. Remember that, whatever their endings, nouns denoting males are masculine and those denoting females are feminine. Apply these rules to the following third declension nouns, giv- ing the gender only of each: pater, tempus, 5rati5, ius, frater, mos, mors, reditio, facultas, urbs, altitudO, ratis, nox, servitus, nomen, animal 76 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON XXVII. PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF THREE CONJUGATIONS. — ABLATIVE OF AGENCY. 189. Orgetorix secretly develops his ambitious schemes to make himself king. Ad eas res conficieiidas biennium satis esse duxerunt ; in tertiiim annum profectionem lege conflrmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit. 190. PARADIGMS. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive op the Verb Libero. Singular. Plural. PERFECT. 1. llberatus, -a, -um sum, I was 1. liberati, -ae, -a sumus, we were (or have been) liberated. (or have been) liberated. 2. liberatus, -a, -um es. 2. liberati, -ae, -a estis. 3. liberatus, -a, -um est. 3. liberati, -ae, -a sunt. PLUPERFECT. 1. liberatus, -a, -um eram, I had 1. liberati, -ae, -a eramus, we had been liberated. been liberated. 2. liberatus, -a, -um eras. 2. liberati, -ae, -a eratis. 3. liberatus, -a, -um erat. 3. liberati, -ae, -a erant. FUTURE PERFECT. 1. liberatus, -a, -um ero, I shall 1. liberati, -ae, -a erimus, we shall have been liberated. have been liberated. 2. liberatus, -a, -um eris. 2. liberati, -ae, -a eritis. 3. liberatus, -a, -um erit. 3. liberati, -ae, -a erunt. Observe: — (1) that these tenses are formed by adding to the perfect pas- sive participle : for the perfect, the present of the verb sum ; for the pluperfect, the imperfect of the verb sum ; and for the future perfect, the future of the verb sum. mOtus, -a, -um divisus -a, -um captus, -a, -um J LESSON XXVII. 77 (2) that this participle, like an adjective, agrees in G. N. C. with the subject 191. Table of the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive of the Second AND Third Conjugations. PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES. Singular. Plukal. PERFECT. in5tus, -a, -um 1 moti, -ae, -a 1 divisus, -a, -um \ sum, es, est. divisi, -ae, -a [ sumus, estis, sunt. captus, -a, -um J capti, -ae, -a J PLUPERFECT. mOti, -ae, -a 1 eram, eras, erat. divisi, -ae, -a > eramus, eratis, erant. capti, -ae, -a J FUTURE PERFECT. motus, -a, -um 1 moti, -ae, -a 1 divisus, -a, -um | ero, ens, erit. divisi, -ae, -a J erimus, eritis, erunt. captus, -a, -um J capti, -ae, -a J 192. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Helvetii agros vastaverunt. — The Swiss devastated the fields. (2) Agri ab Helvetiis vastati sunt. — The fields ivere devastated by the Swiss. (3) AgrI fluminibus vastati sunt. — TJie fields were devastated by the rivers. , Observe : — (1) that sentences 1 and 2 have the same meaning, the one being active, the other passive. (2) that the Helvetii, persons and voluntary agents, while the subject in the active, sentence 1, are put in the ablative with ab in the passive, sentence 2. This ablative is called the Ablative of Agency and answers the question " By whom ? " 7 78 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. (3) that fluminibus in sentence 3 is put in the Ablative of Means without a preposition, since rivers are not persons and voluntary agents. 193. R ULE. — The voluntary agent after a passive verb is expressed by the ablative with a or ah, 194. VOCABULARY. Casticus, -!, Casticus, a leader of the senatus, -us, m., senate, Sequani. Romanus, -a, -um (an adj. often Catamantaloedes, -is, m., Cataman- used substantively) , Boman. taloedes, a former leader of the ante, adv., before. Sequani. quo, masc, abl. sing, of interroga- filius, fill, m., son (voc. sing. flli). tive, (by) whom. pater, patris, m., father. a or ab, prep., by (with Ablative of populus, -i, m., people, nation. Agency). 195. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate, with meanings, prohibeo, gero, and faci5 in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative, active and passive. (2) Decline filius, pater, senatus. 196. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Superatus est ; motus erat ; gestum erit ; iactus es ; pro- hibit! sumus. (2) Gessisti, gestum est ; duxeras, ductus eras ; dl- viseris, dlvisus eris. (3) Comparaveras ; dixerunt, dicti eratis, liberati sunt ; capti sumus ; armati erunt. (4) Multos annos proximis cum civitatibus pax ab Helvetiis confirmata est. (5) Nostri fines biennium a Castico vastati sunt quod pacem non confirm averamus. (6) Fortitudine et gloria belli Helvetii Gallos omnes praecedebant. (7) Exercitus Sequanorum ex pro- vincia ab Castico ductus erit. (8) X quo Orgetorix ad eas res conficiendas delectus est? II. (1) They have been prevented, they have prevented ; you have been led, you have led ; he had been called, he had called. (2) They shall have been given, they shall have given; you have been chosen, you had chosen ; she has been affected, she has af- LESSON XXVIII. 79 fected. (3) We shall have been conquered, we shall have con- quered ; I had been accused ; you (sing.) have been influenced ; it will have been weakened. (4) For many years we were weakened by the wars. (5) A large part of these territories had been seized by the Belgians. (6) The Germans, whose towns had been seized by the Romans, did not make peace for many years. (7) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the question in sen- tence 8, part I.] 197. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. In eo itinere Orgetorix Castico, Sequano, persuasit, ut (that) regnum in sua civitate occuparet (should seize). Casticus erat filius Catamantaloedis, qui regnum in Sequanis multos annos ob- tinuerat. Catamantaloedes populi Roman! amicus a senatu appel- latus erat. Orgetorix Castico persuasit ut regnum occuparet quod pater ante habuerat. LESSON XXVIII. DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE JI>^M. — SYNOPSIS OF VERBS. — ABLATIVE OF TIME. 198. Orgetorix appeals to the noblemen of neighboring states to set up monarchies. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus ap- pellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat. To THB West of the Swiss. 80 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 199. The demonstrative idem, used as a pronoun or adjective, is a compound of the demonstrative is and the suffix dem. Mem- orize its declension in the App., § 16. 200. Synopses of the Verb Duco in the Indicative. Active 3d Singular. PAssive 2d Plural. dQcimini, you are led. ducebamini, you were being led. ducemini, you will be led. ducti estis, you were led. ducti eratis, you have been led. Future Perfect dtixerit, he will have led. ducti eritis, you will have been led. Such an arrangement of a verb as is shown above, giving each tense in some designated person and number, is called a synopsis. Present ducit, he leads. Imperfect ducebat, he was leading. Future ducet, he will lead. Perfect duxit, he led. Pluperfect duxerat, he had led. 201. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Eodem tempore principatum obtinebat. — At the same time he teas holding the leadership. (2) Tribus annis eas res confici- emus. — Within three years we shall accomplish these things. . Observe : — That in sentence 1, the ablative phrase eodem tempore denotes the Time When he was holding the leadership, and in sentence 2, the ablative phrase tribus annis denotes the Time Within Which we shall accomplish these things. 202. E ULE. — Time When or Within Which is denoted hy the ablative without a preposition. 203. VOCABULARY. Aeduus, -a, -una, Aeduan^ one of the Aedui, an important Gallic nation. Diviciacus, -i, m., Diviciacus^ an Aeduan leader. Duranorix, Dumnorigis, m. , Dumno- rix, brother of Diviciacus. dux, ducis, m., leader, guide, general. filia, -ae, f., daughter (dat. and abl. plu. filiabus to distinguish from filiis). f rater, fratris, m., brother. matrimonium, -i, n., marriage. LESSON xxviri. 81 plebs, pl6bis, f., common people. maxime, adv., very, especially. principatus, -us, m., leadership. idem, eadem, idem, dem. pro. and tempus, temporis, n., time. adj., the same. acceptus, -a, -um, acceptable (fol- ac, conj., and also (atque before lowed by dative). vowek). item, adv., likemse ; for itemque see -que, § 77. 204. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Write with meanings, synopses of prohibeo in active 1st plural and gero in the passive 3d singular, assuming the subject of gero to be neuter. (2) Put idem into agreement with each of the following nouns and decline each combination in full : filia, frater, tempus. 205. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Nostra prOvincia ab Helvetils elsdem fluminibus dividi- tur. (2) Tertio anno Orgetorix, regni cupiditate inductus, con- iurationem fecit. (3) Quot annis eaedem res ab Helvetils confectae erimt ? (4) In * eundem annum profectio lege confirmata erat. (5) Multa bella ipsis cum Germanis hoc anno gerentur. (6) Tres annos Orgetorix principatum suae civitatis obtinuerat. (7) Fines Gallorum eodem anno vastati sunt. (8) Magnum numerum carrorum et magnam copiam frumenti secum duxerunt. (9) Bel- gae ipsi suas copias ex agris Sequanorum in oppida eorum dticent. (10) Auctoritate eiusdem ducis permovebantur ac pacem proximis cum civitatibus confirm averunt. II. (1) Marcus Messala was selected consul for one year. (2) In the same year Orgetorix was chosen leader and led the Swiss into our province. (3) Within three days a large number of carts was bought in the villages of the same people. (4) For many days he held the royal power in his state. (5) Our fields will not be laid waste this year. (6) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the question in sentence 3, part I.] 1 In as here may have the sense of for or against followed by the accusative. Compare English " against that day." 82 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 206. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Item Dumnorlgi, qui erat frater DiviciacI, persuadet. Divi- ciaciis eo tempore principatum in civitate Aeduorum obtinebat ac maxim e plebi acceptus erat. Dumnorlgi persuasit ut (that) idem conaretur (imp. subj., transl. should attempt). Ei filiam suam in matrimonium dat. LESSON XXIX. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, PRESENT TENSE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. — THE DEMONSTRATIVE ILLE. 207. Orgetorix wins the support of an ambitious Aeduan by making him his son-i7i-law. Itemque Dumnorigl Aeduo, fratrl DiviciacI, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet, elque filiam suam in matrimonium dat. 208. The indicative mood states the action of the verb as a fact, while the subjunctive states the action of the verb as desired, doubtful or dependent for its truth upon a statement of fact either expressed or implied. No meanings are given for subjunctive forms because the meanings vary widely according to the degree of uncertainty expressed or implied. 209. PARADIGMS. Present Subjunctive, Active and Passive, of the Verb Libero, and Sum. Active. Passive. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. liberem llberemus. 1. liberer llberemur. 2. liberes liberetis. 2. llbereris or -re llberemini. 3. liberet liberent. 3. liberetur liberentur. 1. sim simus. (No Passive.) 2. sis sitis. 3. sit sint. ' libere- V libere- movea- -m, -s, -t, movea- divida- -mus, -tis, -nt. divida- capia- capia- LESSON XXIX. 83 Observe: — (1) that the active first personal ending is -m instead of -6. (2) that the vowel preceding the personal endings is long, except before -nt and -m, -r, -t final. These observations are true of all tenses of the subjunctive of whatever conjugation. 210. Table of the Present Subjunctive, Active and Passive, of Three Conjugations. AcTivK. Passive. -r, -ris or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. How does the present subjunctive of dividam and capiam differ from their future indicative ? The present subjunctive of any verb in the Latin language can be formed without difficulty by any student who will memorize the following five forms : sim, liberem, moveam, dividam, capiam. 211. Memorize the declension of the demonstrative ille, ilia, illud, in the App., § 16. Ille (transl. that in sing., those in plu.) is contrasted as to use with hie (transl. this in sing., these in plu.). In general, hie is used to designate what is thought of as near in time, place, etc., to the speaker, while ille denotes what is remote. For this reason hi, the plural of hie, is used very frequently by Caesar to refer to his own soldiers, while illi is made to refer to the enemy. Hie often means the latter, and ille, the former. 212. VOCABULARY. conatum, -i, n., attempt reason; regularly followed by dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful. conj., quod, with which it is trans- ille, ilia, illud, demonstrative adj. or lated by the single word because. pro., that. quin, conj. (followed by subj., often propterea, adv., therefore^ for that trans, as ind.) f^ai, ftwi «/ia^ concilio, 1, conciliate^ win over. do, dare, dedi, datus, give. perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, accomplish. probo, I, prove ^ approve. 84 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 213. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Write, with careful attention to marking long vowels, the present subjunctive, active and passive, of concilio, prohibeo, deligo, and perficid, and write a synopsis of the last-named verb in the 2d plural passive indic- ative. (2) Put ille in agreement with each of the following nouns and de- cline together : ezercitus, coniuratio, c5natum. 214. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Hi fines angusti, ill! lati sunt. (2) Belgae et Hel- vetii eos fines incolunt ; illi latissimos, hi angustissimos. (3) Illi sunt in nostris finibus. (4) Tres dies nostri agri ab Gallis vastati sunt. (5) Dux Helvetiorum Castico exercitum dedit quern in Galliam duxit. (6) Orgetorix regna suis amicis suo exercitti conciliabit. (7) Helvetii arbitrantur se fortes copias habere. (8) Galli ipsi se liberabunt. (9) Tres partes illorum finium ab Helvetiis vastatae erant. (10) Illis probat se esse fortem. II. (1) These towns were captured, those were freed. (2) These rivers are wide, those are long. (3) We were holding the royal power in the state at that time. (4) For three years the fields of the Gauls were laid waste by those Germans. (5) The Swiss were afflicted with great distress on account of (their) narrow territories. 215. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. 1. Conata perficere est perfacile factu.^ 2. Illis probat conata perficere esse perfacile f actti ^ : id erat perfacile factu ^ propterea quod suae civitatis imperium obtenturus^ esset (imp. subj. of sum : transl. as imp. ind.). 3. Non erat dubium quin Helvetii totius Galliae pltirimum possent (were the most powerful). 4. Dixit non esse dubium quin Helvetii totius Galliae plurimum possent. 5. Suis copiis suoque exercitti illis regna conciliaturus ^ erat. 6. Illis regna se conciliaturum esse confirmat. LESSON XXX. 85 1 factu, what is known as the supine in u of facio, transl. as present infinitive. 2 obtenturus, future active participle of obtineo, transl. going to get or obtain. 8 conciliatorus, future active participle of concilio, transl. going to win over. Note how in the above short sentences the even-numbered sentences ex- press the same thought as those immediately preceding with the addition of an introductory word of saying or thinking, as probat, dixit, or confirmat. After such introductory words the main verbs of the thought, as est and erat, are changed into the infinitive, though best translated by the indicative in English. Point out how the same change has taken place in the development exercises of Lessons XXI, XXIV, and XXVI. A thought thus expressed is said to be in indirect discourse because it is indirectly stated. LESSON XXX. THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE.— CLAUSES OF PURPOSE. 216. Orgetorix explains to his confederates the grounds of his confidence. Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset : [dixit] non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. 217. PARADIGMS. Imperfect Subjunctive, Active axd Passive, of the Verb Libero. Present Infinitive liberare. Active. Passive, singular. plural. singular. plural. 1. liberarem liberaremus. 1. liberarer liberaremur. 2. liberates liberaretis. 2. liberareris or -re liberaremini. 3. liberaret liberarent. 3. liberaretur liberarentur, movere- dividere- -m, -s» -t, capere- -mus, -tis, -nt. 86 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Observe: — (1) that the imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the per- sonal endings, both active and passive, to the present active in- finitive. This is true of all verbs of all conjugations. (2) that the principle already stated in § 209 holds true regard- ing the length of the vowel preceding the personal endings. 218. Table of the Imperfect Subjunctive, Active and Passive, of Other Verbs. Active. Passive. present infinitives. present infinitives. -r, -ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. 219. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Conitirationem facit ut regnum occupet. — He forms a con- spiracy in order to seize the royal poiver (literally, that he may seize the royal power). (2) Coniurationem fecit ut regnum occuparet. — He formed a conspiracy-in-order to seize the royal j)Otver (literally, that he might seize the royal poiver). (3) Caesar bellum geret ne Helvetil fines Galliae obtineant. — Caesar will make war, that the Swiss may not hold the terntories of Gaid. (4) Caesar bellum gesserat ne Helvetil fines Galliae obtinerent. — Caesar had made war, that the Swiss might not hold the territories of Gaul. Observe : — (1) that the verbs in the subordinate clauses are all in the sub- junctive mood. (2) that these subordinate clauses express the purpose or will of the action of the principal clauses, ut affirmative and ne negative. (3) also that when the main verb is in the present or future tenses, as in sentences 1 and 3, the subordinate verb is in the present subjunctive. On the other hand, when the main verb is LESSON XXX. 87 in a past time tense {i.e. imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect), the subordinate verb is in the imperfect subjunctive. 220. R ULE. — Purpose is expressed hy the subjunctive mood with tit (or utT) affirmative^ and ne negative, 221. VOCABULARY. fides, fidel, f. (nom. and ace. only in firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm. ]^\\x.), pledge, trust, loyalty. potens m., f., n., (potentis, gen.), ius iurandum, iuris iurandi, n. (a powerful. compound noun, with both parts per, prep, governing ace, through, declined, d. iurl iurando, ace. ius by means of. iurandum, abl. iure iurando, nom. ut (uti), conj., as, with the ind., and ace. plu. iura iuranda), oath. that, in order that, with subj. oratio, orationis, f., speech, plea. ne, conj., with subj., that not. quo consilio, with what purpose? sper5, 1, hope (followed by inf., usually fut., with subject ace.). 222. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate in the present and imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, sper5, obtineo, diic5, afficio. (2) Decline in G.N.C. agreement: idem and oratid ; firmior and fides. (3) Compare firmus (firm-) and potens (potent-). 223. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Orgetorix delectus est ut eas res conficeret. (2) His rebus adducti sunt ne cum finitimis bellum gererent. (3) Hel- vetils persuadet ut frumentum coemant.^ (4) Hi latissimos, ill! angustissimos fines incolunt. (5) Multa bella gerebant ut latiores fines obtinerent. (6) Dumnorix et Casticus coniurationem fece runt ut regnum in suis civitatibus occuparent. (7) Ea bella biennium gerimus ut Germanos nostrls finibus prohibeamus. (8) Pacem cum GermanTs fecimus ne nostri fines vastarentur. (9) Orgetorix ab Helvetiis delectus est ut copias ad eosdem fines duceret. (10) Quo consilio ad nostram provinciam mercatores saepe com meant? 1 ut . . . eoemant, a Substantive Clause of Purpose. Why substantive? 88 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. II. (1) He gave the Belgians his forces that they might wage war with the Germans. (2) They had established peace with their neighbors that their fields might not be devastated. (3) We shall march three miles into the territories of the Sequanians to lay waste their fields.^ (4) (In order) to free themselves^ the Swiss prepared these (things). (5) We purchased many beasts of burden that we might have a supply of grain on the march. (6) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence containing a purpose clause the question in sentence 10, part I.] 224. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Hac oratione adducebantur. Hac oratione adducti, inter s6 fidem et ius iurandum dant.^ Regno occupato (the royal power having been seized), imperio totius Galliae potientur (Fut. Ind. of potior). Sperant, regno occupato sese posse potiri imperio totius Galliae. Per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos sperant imperio ^ totius Galliae sese potlrl posse. 1 Purpose cannot be expressed by the infinitive in Latin prose as is done in English. 2 dant inter se = exchange (literally, give among themselves). 3 imperio may be omitted allowing potiri to be followed by the genitive in- stead of the ablative. See § 146. LESSON XXXI. THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. — RESULT CLAUSES. 225. Tlie princely conspirators plan to extend their kingdoms over the whole of Gaul. Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant, et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. [Cap. III. Finis.] LESSON XXXI. 89 . Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, Active and Passive, of the Verb Libero. ACTIVE. Singular. Plural, perfect tense. 1. liberaverim. libera verimus. 2. liberaveris. liberaveritis. 3. liberaverit. libera verint. PLUPERFECT TENSE. 1. liberavissem. liberavissemus. 2. liberavisses. liberavissetis. 3. liberavisset. libera vissent. PASSIVE. Singular. Plural, perfect tense. 1. liberatus, -a, -um sim. liberati, -ae, -a simus. 2. liberatus, -a, -um sis. liberati, -ae, -a sitis. 3. liberatus, -a, -um sit. liberati, -ae, -a sint. pluperfect TENSE. 1. liberatus, -a, -um essem. liberati, -ae, -a, essemus. 2. liberatus, -a, -um esses. liberati, -ae, -a, essetis. 3. liberatus, -a, -um esset. liberati, -ae, -a, assent. Observe: — (1) that the perfect and pluperfect active subjunctive are formed by adding to the perfect stem liberav- the suffixes -erim, -eris, etc., and -issem, -isses, etc., respectively. In what person does the perfect active subjunctive differ from the future perfect active indicative ? (2) that the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive differ from the corresponding tenses of the indicative only in the mood of the auxiliaries. (3) All verbs in Latin form these tenses in precisely the same way, as may be seen by reference to the Appendix. 90 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 227. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Belgae tam potentes sunt iit Germanos suis finibus prohi- beant. — The Belgians are so powerful that they keep the Germans from their territories. (2) Helvetii montibiis et flu minibus conti- nebantur ut non vagarentur. — The Swiss were hemmed in hymouii- tains, so that they did not wander about. Observe : — (1) that prohibeant and vagarentur, the verbs in the subordinate clauses, are in the subjunctive and express, not purpose, but a fact resulting from the action or state expressed by the main* clause, ut (that) denoting affirmative, and ut non {that not) denot- ing negative result. (2) that these subjunctives are translated by the indicative. Note that the tenses of the subjunctive are determined by the same principles as in purpose clauses in § 219 (3). 228. R ULE. — Result is expressed hy the subjunctive with ut, that, so that (^negative, ut non}. 229. VOCABULARY. causa, -ae, f., cause, reason, case; mos, moris, m., cws^om. causara dicere, to plead a case. poena, -ae, f., punishment. ignis, ignis, m. (an i-stem with abl. vinculum, -i, n., chain, fetter; ex sing. igni),^re. vinculis, in chains. indicium, indici, n., informQtion, quam, interrog. adv., how? evidence. tam, adv., so. cogo, cogere, co6gI, coactus, compel, collect. cremo, 1, burn (igni cremare, to burn to death). damno, 1, condemn. enuntio, 1, announce, tell. oportet, oportere, oportuit, impersonal ^ verb, it is necessary. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, deponent yevh, follow. 1 An impersonal verb is one used only in the third person and having no personal subject. LESSON XXXI. 91 230. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Conjugate in full the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of enuntio, moveo, cogo, iaciS, and sum. (2) Decline ignis and mos. 231. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Hae copiae fueriint firmissimae ut eas non superaremus. (2) His rebus flebat ut minus late vagarentur. (3) Hi montes eos undique continebant ut mercatores ad eos non commearent. (4) Hac oratione addticemur ut regnum occupemus. (5) Pacein Helvetii confirmant ne agri vastentur. (6) Ex vinculis causara dixit ne igni cremaretur. (7) Orgetorix erat tarn potens ut ad eas res conficiendas deligeretur. (8) Fines tain angusti erant ut magno dolore afficerentur. (9) Casticus est tarn acceptus Orgetorigl ut hic suam flliam in matrimonium illi det. (10) Quara acceptus plebi erat Orgetorix ? II. (1) The Belgians were so brave that they surpassed all the-rest-of the Gauls. (2) They are very far away from the province so that they are least weakened by the traders. (3) This Sequanian was very acceptable to the common people, so that he easily persuaded them. (4) The trader imports all these things, that he may be the richest of the Gauls. (5) They con- tend so often in almost daily battles that they are very brave. (6) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence containing a result clause the question in sentence 10, part I.] 232. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Ea coniuratio est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis (abl. of cause) Orgetorigem^ ex vinculis causam dicere (to plead) coegerunt. Oportebat poenam Orgetorigem damnatum sequi. Haec poena erat ut igni cremaretur. 1 Orgetorigem, accusative, subject of the infinitive dicere. 92 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON XXXII. PLACE TO WHICH AND FROM WHICH. — DECLENSION OF DOMUS. 233. Discovering his conspiracy, the Swiss arrest Orgetorix. Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium entin- tiata. Moribus suis Orgetorlgem ex vin- culls causam dicere coegerunt; damnatum Ancient Fetters. poenam SCquI OpOfteb at, ut Ignl cremareti 34. PARADIGM. Declension of THE Noun Domus, house, home. Singular. Plural. Nominative domus domus Genitive domus domuum, domorum ' Dative domui, domo domibus Accusative domum domos, domus Ablative domo, domu domibus Locative i domi, at home. Observe : — (1) that domus is declined according to the Fourth Declension but also shows certain forms of the Second Declension. (2) that in the ablative singular and the accusative plural these second declension forms occur more frequently than the alternative form, and should therefore be learned first. Domus is feminine, though we should expect to find it mascu- line, whether regarded as a fourth or second declension noun. 235. MODEL SENTENCES. ad Galliam, to or towards Gaul. in oppidum, into the town. Genavam, to Geneva. domum, home. rus, to the country. 1 The locative case (denoting place where) occurs in names of towns and a few other words. (1) Exercitum ducit, he leads the army. LESSON XXXII. 93 (2) Exercitum dticit, he leads ab Hispania, away from Spain. de monte, down from, the mountain. ex oppido, out of the town. the army. \ Genava, from Geneva. domo, from home. [ rure, from the country. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 Place To Which is expressed by the accusative with ad or in. (2) that in sentence 2 Place From Which is expressed by the ablative with ab, de, or ex. (3) that in both constructions, with names of towns, domus, and rus, the prepositions are omitted. These constructions may also refer to persons, as ad Caesarem, to Caesar; a Caesare, /rom Caesar. 236. E ULES. — 1. Place To Which is expressed hy the accu- sative with ad or in, hut with names of towns, cloinus, and rus the preposition is omitted. 2. Place From Which is expressed hy the ablative with ah, de, or exy but with names of towns., dotnus, and rus, the preposition is omitted. 237. VOCABULARY. cliens, clientis, m. or f ., retainer. Roma, -ae, f., Rome. dictio, dictionis, f., pleading. rus, ruris, n., counti^ as opposed to domus, -us, f., home, house. the town. f am ilia, -ae, f., house servants, retinue, decern, mimeral adj., indeclinable, ten. Genava, -ae, f., Geneva, a town of the eodem, adv., to the same place. Allobroges. quo, int. adv., whither f to what place ? iudicium, -i, n., trial. unde, interrog. adv., whence f from obaeratus, -I, m., debtor. what place f condiico, 3, lead together, lead. eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus, snatch away, rescue. 238. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline cliens in full. (2) Write synopses of eripi5 in the active 3d plural, and c5nstitu6 in the passive 3d singular, indicative and subjunctive. 8 94 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 239. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Decern milia obaeratoruin ad iudicium contendent. (2) Consules exercitum Roma ad oppida Belgarum duxerunt. (3) Galli domum cum suo exercitu contend6runt. (4) Helvetii, a quibus haec oppida capta sunt, Genava iter facient. (5) Suam filiam Orgetorigi dedit ut ei persuaderet. (6) Roma rus iter fac- iam. (7) Orgetorix delectus est ut legationem ad civitates susci- peret. (8) Vici, ad quos mercatores corameabant, a Belgis capti erant. (9) Nostri fines de montibus ad haec flumina pertinent. (10) Unde et quo Orgetorix legationem duxit ? II. (1) Orgetorix led a powerful army from these states to Geneva. (2) Caesar hastened from Rome and led his friends with him into the country. (3) Dumnorix will hasten home to collect^ a large army. (4) The towns from which Orgetorix will lead his forces will be captured by the Belgians. (5) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the question in sentence 10, part I.] 240. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Dies causae dictionis constituta est. Die constituta Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam f amiliam undique coegit. Ea f amilia erat ad ^ hominum milia decem. Omnes clientes ob- aeratosque suos eodem conduxit. Eorum magnum numerum habebat. Per eos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, se eripuit ne causam diceret. A SiGNIFER, OR BeAKRK OF THE SiGNUM, WHICH WAS THE Standard OF A Cohort. 1 Not infinitive in Latin. Why not ? § 220. 2 ad, used as an adverb, nearly, about. LESSON XXXIII. 95 LESSON XXXIII. FOURTH CONJUGATION OF VERBS. — ABLATIVE OF PLACE IN WHICH. 241. Orgetorix assembles a large number of supporters, tvho inter- rupt the trial and rescue him. Die constitiita causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decern, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit ; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit. 242. The characteristic vowel of the Fourth Conjugation is i preceding -re, the ending of the present infinitive. PARADIGMS. Present Indicative Active and Passive op the Fourth Conjugation op the Verb Impedld. Fkin. Parts : impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditus. Present Stem : Imped!-. Active Voice, singular. plural. 1. Impedio, I impede, am impeding, impedimus, we impede, are impeding. 2. impedis, you impede, etc. impeditis, you impede, etc. 3. impedit, he impedes, etc. impediunt, they impede, etc. Passive Voice. 1. impedior, I am impeded, am being impedimur, we are impeded, etc. impeded. 2. impediris, you are impeded, etc. impedimini, you are impeded, etc. 3. impeditur, he is impeded, etc. impediuntur, they are impeded, etc. Observe : — That the present of this Fourth Conjugation verb is exactly the same as the present of capio, the model verb of the Third Con^ 96 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. jugation in io, except in the second singular passive and in the quantity of the characteristic vowel. All other tenses, both indicative and subjunctive, are formed in precisely the same way as the same tenses of capio. 243. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) In eis finibus bellum gerunt. — They ivage ivar in these territories. in oppido, in the town. (2) Exercitus est, the army is Genavae, in Geneva. domi, at home. riiri, in the country. Observe : — That Place in Which is expressed by the ablative with in, but names of towns, domus and rus, omit the preposition and show a form known as the locative. This case in names of towns of the First and Second Declensions is the same as the genitive singular, in names of towns of the Third Declension is the same as the dative. Domi, at home, and ruri, in the countryj are the only other locative forms in common use. 244. M ULE. — Place In Which is expressed hy the ablative case with the preposition in, hut with names of towns, dotnus, and rus, the preposition is omitted and the locative is used when- ever such a form occurs. 245. VOCABULARY. arma, armorum, n., anns, weapons cum, conj. (with past time tenses usu- ( wanting in sing.) . ally followed by subj. trans, as ind.), ius, itiris, n., right. when, while. magistratus, -us, m., magistrate. neque, conj., and not, nor, neither mors, mortis, f ., death. (neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor). suspicio, susplcionis, f., suspicion. ob, prep, governing ace, literally, ubi, interrog. adv. , where f against, facing ; freely, on account o/. audio, audire, audivi, audltus, hear. conscisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus, decree, ordain (mortem sibi cOnsciscere, to decree death to one's self, i.e. to commit suicide). LESSON XXXIIT. 97 exsequor, exsequi, exsecutus sum, follow out, perform, execute, impedio, impedire, impedivl, impedltus, hinder^ impede. incito, 1, urge on, impel, arouse (perf. pass. part, incitatus, -a, -um, aroused) . morior, mori (raoriri), mortuus sum, die. 246. WRITTEN WORK. . (1) Decline magistratus and mors. (2) Write synopses as directed in § 200 of the following Fourth Con- jugation verbs : impedio in 3d plural active ; audio in 2d plural passive. (3) Write the imp. subj. act. and pass, of impedio and audio, § 217 (1). 247. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Impediunt, impediuntur ; aiidiunt, audiuntur, audient, audientur. (2) Impedivimus, impediti sumus ; aiidlveras, audi- tus eras; impediebamus, impediebamur. (3) Irapediris, impe- dieris, impedivisti, impediveris. (4) Ei persuadet ut orationem audiat. (5) Els persuasimiis ut oratio audiretur. (6) Genavae multi clientes igni cremati sunt. (7) Mercatores ad multa oppida commeant in quibus sunt nostrae copiae. (8) GermanI in finibus Helvetiorum ab Orgetorige impedientur. (9) Exer- citus, quern Helvetil domi habebant, erat in agrls. (10) Ubi fuit Caesar cum esset ^ consul ? II. (1) He is impeding, he is being impeded, you will impede, you will be impeded; they will have heard, they will have been heard. (2) He is heard, he was being heard, he will be heard. (3) You (sing.) were at home ; I was at Geneva. (4) He will per- suade Casticus to seize the royal power in his state. (5) Ten thou- sand men will be led from their homes to Geneva. (6) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence the question in sentence 10, part I.] 248. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Civitas, ob eam rem incitata, armis ius suum exsequi conaba- tur.^ Magistratus multitudinem hominum ex agris cogebant. I Translate by same tense of indicative. 2 A deponent verb, translate as active voice. 98 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Cum ea facerent,^ Orgetorix raortuus est. Ut ^ Helvetii arbitran- tur, ipse mortem sibi conscivit. Neque abest susplcio quin mor- tem sibi consclverit.^ 1 Translate by same tense of indicative. 2 por translation of ut see § 221. 8 Perfect subjunctive, see § 212 under quin. LESSON XXXIV. PARTICIPLES. — THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS. 249. The Swiss prepare to rearrest him. Orgetorix unexpectedly dies. Cum civitas, ob earn rem incitata, armis ius suum exsequi cona- retur, multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est ; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitran- tur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. [Cap. IV. Finis.] 250. The participle is a verbal adjective, often governing a case as a verb and always agreeing as an adjective in G. N. C. with its substantive. Participles are so much more frequently used in Latin than in English that a thorough knowledge of their forms and uses becomes of great importance. Before attempting to study the table given below, the student must thoroughly re- view the treatment of verb-stems in § 112. 251. TABLE OF PARTICIPLES. Active Voice. Passive Voice. PRESENT tense. liberans, liberating movens, moving dividens, dividing Latin has no present passive capiens, taking participle. impediens, inipeding future tense. liberatiirus, -a, -urn, going to liberate liberandus, -a, -um, to be liberated motiirus, -a, -um movendus, -a, -um divistirus, -a, -um dividendus, -a, -um (commonly known capturus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um as gerundives) impeditiirus, -a, -um impediendus, -a, -um LESSON XXXIV. 99 PBRFECT TENSE. Latin has no perfect active liberatus, -a, -um (having been) liberated participle. motus, -a, -um divisus, -a, -um captus, -a, -urn impeditus, -a, -lim Observe : -^ (1) that the present active and future passive (or gerundive) participles are formed by adding to the present stem -ns and -ndus respectively. The verbs in io form their present active and future passive participles in -i6ns and -iendus. (2) that the future active and perfect passive participles are formed on the participial stem. To this stem -urns is added to form the future active, while the perfect passive participle is simply the fourth principal part. 252. All present participles and adjectives ending in -ns pre- sent the peculiarities of i-stems. Memorize the declension of the present participle liberans in the App., § 10. 253. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Id eis persuasit. — He persuaded them (to do) this. (2) Dum- norigi ut idem conaretur persuasit. — He persuaded Dumnorix to attempt the same thing. (3) Galll Germanis resis^ebant. — Gauls resisted the Germans. Observe: — That in the English sentences the words, them, Dumnorix, and Germans are the direct objects of their verbs, while the Latin equivalents are put in the dative case, becoming indirect ob- jects though translated as direct objects. This construction is called the Dative with Special Verbs. 254. R ULE. — Many verbs signifying to favor ^ help^ please, trusty and their contraries^ also to believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, resist, envy, threaten, pardon, and spare, take the dative translated as direct object. 100 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 255. VOCABULARY. aedificium, i, n., building. iam, adv., at that or this time, now. duodecim, num. adj., twelve. nihilo minus, adv., nevertheless. paratus, -a, -um, ready. post, prep, governing d^cc, after. privatus, -a, -um, private, personal. ubi, conj., where, when. quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., four hundred. exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go forth, emigrate. incendo, incendere, incendl, incensus, set on fire. resisto, resistere, restiti, — , ivithstand, resist. studeo, studere, studui, — , be eager or zealous for, desire (with dative). 256. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline oriens, present participle of orior, like liberans, in App., § 10. (2) Tabulate in vertical columns as below, with meanings, the four participles of the following verbs: confirmo, persuaded, diico, facio, audid. Present Active movens, moving. Future Active moturus, going-to-move. Perfect Passive motus, having been moved. Future Passive movendus, to-be-moved. 257. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Galli quoque GermanTs non facile resistebank (2) Civi- tas autem, ob eam rem incitata, coniurationi Orgetorigis restitit. (3) His rebus adductus, Orgetorix Castico persiiasurus est. (4) Helvetii, studentes amicitiae finitimorum, legationem susci- pient. (5) Ea aedificia sunt incendenda. (6) Eos resistentes superat. (7) OrgetorTgi regnuni occupant! Helvetii restiterunt. (8) Galli aedificia capta incendent. (9) Id magnum aedificium item incensuri sumus. (10) Quibus Orgetorix persuasit ? II. (1) They are going-to-hasten into Gaul. (2) The Swiss overcame the neighbors resisting them. (3) He also persuaded the Swiss to resist them. (4) At that time all the Gauls were zealous for peace. (5) He will likewise desire our friend- ship (6) [Answer in a complete Latin sentence containing a purpose clause sentence 10 in part I.] FOURTH REVIEW. 101 258. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Post eiiis mortem nihilo minus Helvetii conantur^ e fmibiis snis exire. Id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus exeant.^ lam arbitrati sunt se ad earn rem paratos esse. Ubi iam s6 paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia incendunt.* Atque vicos numero ad quadriugentos et reliqua privata aedificia incendunt.* 1 Historical present, translate as if perfect. 2 Translate ut . . . ezeant like the infinitive phrase in the previous sentence. FOURTH REVIEW. I. Write in a column, with meanings, the Latin nouns, from which the following English words are wholly or partly derived : filial, paternal, senatorial, popular, temporal, oration, diurnal, jury, ignite, mortal, amicable, fraternal, fidelity, clientage, armorial, magisterial, suspicious, moral, adding to this list the Latin word for army. II. Decline consecutively the first ten of these nouns (a) start- ing with the first and putting the demonstrative ille in agreement with each form, (h) starting with the fifth and putting the de- monstrative idem in agreement with each form. Index as directed in the First Review all other nouns in I. III. Give the Latin adjectives from which the following English words are derived : multitude, firmness, potential. Compare the second and decline the last like liberans in the A pp., § 10. IV. Write in a column (giving principal parts and meanings) the Latin verbs from which the following English words are derived: data, probe, perfect, conciliate, (de)sperate, enunci- ate, cogent, conduce, sequence, adding to this list the Latin verbs meaning to attempt and it is Jitting. V. Write synopses as follows : in the active voice, enuntio in the 3d singular, perficio in the 1st plural, cogo in the 3d plural ; in the passive voice, d6 in the 3d singular, conduce in the 2d plural. 102 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. VI. Make a table giving in one column all the uses of the nominative you have studied; in the second, the genitive uses, etc., through the ablative. Review the rules of Purpose and Result. VII. Translate text at the head of Lessons XXVI-XXXIV in- clusive, pointing out all examples of the rules mentioned in VI. LESSON XXXV. THE USE OF PARTICIPLES IN THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 259. The Swiss continue their jji-eparations and burn their homes behind them. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id, quod constituerant, facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duo- decim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt. 260. In the sentence. The teacher being absent, there icas no school, the word teacher is said to be nominative independent or absolute because the phrase in which it stands is independent of the rest of the sentence. What is known in English grammar as the nominative independent or absolute is represented in Latin by the Ablative Absolute. The literal translation of each model sentence below will be recognized as containing an example of the nominative independent. 261. (1) Omnibus rebus ad profectionem com- paratls, diem dicent. MODEL SENTENCES. ■ (Literally, every thiiig havirig been pre^^ared, a trans- lation inadmissible in English), After, if, since, or when everything has beeyi pre- pared, they will appoint a day. LESSON XXXV. 103 (2) Multis o-pipugnan- ( (ltitei8i\]y, many attack-) the tcrwn was tibus, oppidum non captum ii^g), Tliough manyK not cap- est. attacked it, I tured. Observe : — That in each of these sentences we find an independent phrase having a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative; in the first a perfect participle to denote completed action at the time of the main verb, in the second a present participle because the action is going on at the time of the main verb. Since the verb sum has no present participle, two substantives or a substantive and an adjective in agreement in the ablative may constitute an Ablative Absolute. The following familiar example sufficiently illustrates this con- struction and its various translations : — M. Messala, M. Pl- sone consulibus, Orgetorix coniu- rationem fecit. (Literally, Marcus Messala and Marcus Pi so being consuls), When Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso were consuls. Orgetonx formed a conspiracy. This ablative answers the questions, "When?" "Why?" " How ? " " By what means ? " " Under what circumstances ? " 262. RULE. — A noun or pronoun with a participle in agreement may he put in the ablative to define the time or cir- cumstances of an action. This construction is called the abla- tive absolute. 263. VOCABULARY. mensis, mensis, m., month. reditio, reditionis, f., return; reditio domum, return home. spes, spel, f., hope (inplu. only nom. and ace), quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pro., each one. cibarius, -a, -um, of ot pertaining to food ; cibaria molita, ground food, flour. difficilis, -e, difficult. quando, interrog. adv., when? praeter, prep, governing ace, except, beyond. 104 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGX. comburo, comburere, combussi, combustus, burri up. effero, efferre, extuli, elatus, carry or take away. iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, order. oppugno, 1, attack. porto, 1, carry. subeo, subire, subii, subitus, undergo ; gerundive, subeundus, -a, -um, to-he-underyone. toUo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus, take away, remove. 264. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Combine Orgetorix, in the Ablative Absolute, with the perfect passive and present active participles of adduco and translate each com- bination in all possible ways, as suggested in the translations in § 261. (2) Similarly combine and translate consul and superS, Belgae and libero. (3) Decline mensis and spes, noting that one of these nouns is defec- tive in certain cases of the plural. 265. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. (Translate the Ablative Absolutes in all possible ways and tell what question each answers.) I. (1) Hac re enuntiata, Orgetorigem damnaverunt. (2) Copiis iam coactis, German! agros Belgarum vastare constituerunt. (3) His rebus confectis, Orgetorix sibi legatiouem ad civitates suscepit. (4) Miiltis oppidis incensis, Helvetii domura reditionis spem sustulerurit. (5) Civitas, ob earn rem incitata, magnum numerum hominum ex agris coegit. (6) Helvetiis omnia oppida incendentibus, spes tolletur. (7) Spe reditionis sublata, omne frumentum comburemus praeter id quod carris portabimus. (8) Orgetorige persuadente, nobilissimi Gallorum regna occupave- runt. (9) Regnis Gallorum occupatis, totlus Galliae imperio potientur. (10) Quando Orgetorix coniurationem fecit ? (In sentences 1-4, translate the subordinate clauses by the Ablative Absolute.) II. (1) After many carts had been bought up, the Swiss UNIVERSITY OF LESSON XXXVI. 105 marched from their territories. (2) When the towns of their neighbors have been burned, the Belgians will hasten to Geneva. (3) Though many attack (it), this town will not be taken. (4) Since a conspiracy had been made, the magistrates seized the royal power. (5) The march (being) long and difficult, the Swiss will buy and carry with them much grain. (6) [Answer in a com- plete sentence containing an ablative absolute the question in sentence 10, part I.] 266. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Frumentum omne comburunt ^ praeter id quod secum portaturi erant. Itaque spem domum reditionis tollunt^et paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda^ sunt.^ Erumentum comburunt^ ut, domum reditionis spe sublata, paratiores ad omnia pericula sub- eunda ^ essent. lubent ^ cibaria domo efferre. quemque^ sibi trium mensium* molita 1 Historical present, translate past. 2 Gerundive, translate phrase as if omnia pericula subire. 8 Accusative case, subject of infinitive efferre. * Genitive of measure; translate, /or three months. LESSON XXXVI. FORMATION AND USES OF INFINITIVES. 267. TJiree months^ provisions are allowed each man; all other supplies are destroyed. Frumentum omne praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut, domum reditionis spe sublata, % paratiores ad omnia pericula sub- ancient mills. eunda essent, trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quemque domq efferre iubent. 106 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 268. TABLE OF INFINITIVES. Active Voice. Passive Voice, present tense. endings. endings. I. liberare, to liberate. -are liberari, to be liberated. -ari II. movere, to move. -ere moveri, to be moved . -eri jdividere, to divide. | dividi, to be divided. | [capere, to take. j '®^® capi, to be taken. j "^ IV. impedire, to impede. -ire impediri, to be impeded. -iri PERFECT TENSE. liberavisse, to have liberated. liberatus, -a, -urn esse, to have been liberated, movisse, to have moved. motus, -a, -um esse, to have been moved, divisisse, to have divided. divisus, -a, -um esse, to have been divided, cepisse, to have taken. captus, -a, -um esse, to have been taken, impedivisse, to have impeded. impeditus, -a, -um esse, to have been impeded. FUTURE TENSE. liberatiirus, -a, -um esse, to be going llberatum iri, to be going to be lib- to liberate. erated. moturus, -a, -um esse. motum iri. divisiirus, -a, -um esse. divisum iri. capturus, -a, -um esse. captum iri. impediturus, -a, -um esse. impeditum iri. Observe : — (1) that the perfect active infinitive is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem, while the future active infinitive is simply the future active participle and esse. (2) that the present passive infinitive is formed by changing the final -e of the present active infinitive to -i except in the Third Conjugation, where the-er is syncopated (or cutout) after making the same change. LESSON XXXVI. 107 (3) that the perfect passive infinitive is simply the perfect pas- sive participle and esse. (4) that the future passive infinitive is formed by combining iri and what is called the supine of the verb, a form which always is the same as the neuter singular accusative of the perfect pas- sive participle. The verb sum having no passive voice has but three infinitive forms: present, esse, to be; perfect, fuisse, to have been; future, futurus, -a -um esse, to be going-to-be. 269. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Facile est totius Galliae imperio potirl. — It is easy to get control of the whole of Oanl. (2) Orgetorix paratus esse conabi- tur. — Orgetorix will try to be prepared. (3) Pacem conf irmare possunt. — TJiey are able to establish jjeace. (4) Orgetorigem causam dicere coegerunt. — They compelled Orgetorix to plead his case. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 the infinitive potiri is the subject of the main verb est. (2) that in sentence 2 the infinitive esse is the direct object of the main verb conabitur. (3) that in sentence 3 the infinitive confirmare is the comple- ment of the main verb possunt. (4) that in sentence 2 the adjective paratus agrees in G. N. C. with Orgetorix, the subject of the main verb, according to § 45. (5) that in sentence 4 Orgetorigem, the subject of the infinitive dicere, is put in the accusative case. 270. RULES. — 1. The infinitive may he used as subject, object^ or complement. 2, The subject of the infinitive mood is in the accusative. 108 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 271. VOCABULARY. Latobrigi, -orum, m.,"! tribes to the una,, Sidy., together with. Rauraci, -orum, m., V north of the quid, interrog. pro, neut. sing. Tuiingi, -orum, m., J Swiss. nom.ora,cc.,whatf exuro, exurere, exussi, exustus, hum up^ consume. proficiscor, proficlsci, prof ectus sum, setforth^ go (deponent, transl. actively). utor, uti, usus sum, use, employ (deponent translated actively). 272. WRITTEN WORK. Tabulate in a vertical column with meanings the six infinitive forms of each of the following verbs : occupo, iubeo, exuro, conficio, audio. 273. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Rauracis persuadere constituerunt ut eodem tempore iter facerent. (2) Multos annos regnum in sua civitate occu- pare conatur. (3) Helvetios omnia aedificia incendere coegit. (4) Diviciacus iam constituit amicus populi Roman! esse. (5) Perfacile erat Helvetiis persuadere ut suos vicos exurerent. (6) lumentorum et carrorum quam maximum nuraerum coemere constituent. (7) Orgetorix conatur potentissimus totius Galliae esse. (8) Helvetios omne frumentum, praeter quod secuiri por- taturi erant, comburere coegit. (9) German! agros Belgarum vastare et oppida oppugnare constituunt. (10) Quid Orgetor!x conabatur ? II. (1) The Swiss will now decide to enforce their rights (sing.) by arms. (2) Caesar will compel his troops to march from Gaul to Rome. (3) He will attempt to lead a great number of men from Geneva to another part of Gaul. (4) We shall compel him to purchase grain for three months. (5) [Answer, in a complete Latin sentence containing an infinitive as object, the question in sentence 10, part I.] LESSON XXXVII. 109 274. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Eodem consilio* tituntur. Oppida sua vicosque extirunt. OppidTs vicisque exustis, una cum els proficiscuntur. Persua- dent f mitimis utT, tisl ^ eodem consilio, una cum els proficlscantur.^ 1 Ablative with utor translated as direct object. 2 usi^ perf. pass, participle of utor, transl. actively, s Present subjunctive. Why? LESSON XXXVII. DECLENSION OF 1> UO. — CONJUGATION OF POSSUM.— DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. 275. TJieir neighbors adopt the same plan and start out along with them. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis flnitimis, uti eodem usi consilio, oppidis suls vicisque exustis, una cum iis proficiscantur. 276. Memorize the declension of the numeral duo, two, App., § 9 ; also the conjugation of possum, I am able, App., § 26. The verb possum is a compound of the verb sum and the adjec- tive potis, able ; base, pot-. — This combination undergoes certain euphonic changes when two consonants occur together. 277. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Dumnorix erat amicus Helvetiis. — Dumnorix was friendly to the Siviss. (2) Genava erat oppidum proximum finibus Helve- tiorum. — Geneva was the town nearest to the territories of the Swiss. Observe : — That HelvStiis and finibus are in the dative case, with the ad- jectives amicus and proximus. 278. R ULE. — Tlie dative is used with adjectives denoting fitness^ friendliness, likeness, nearness. 110 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 279. VOCABULARY. Boil, -orum, in., a Gallic tribe. duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two. Noreia, -ae, f., N'oreia, the chief town Noricus, -a, -um, belonging to the' of the Norici. Norici, a tribe north of the Alps. socius, -i, m., ally. dissimilis, -e, m., f., n., unlike. amicus, -a, -um, friendly. similis, -e, m., f., n., like, similar to. adscisco, adsciscere, adsclvi, adscitus, take to, add, adopt. recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus, take hack, receive. transed, -ire, -ii, -itus, go across, cross. 280. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Write a synopsis of possum in the 3d singular. (2) Decline unum iter in the singular and duo itinera in the plural. 281. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Haec oppida f inibus Helvetiorum proxima sunt. (2) Or- getorlx erat reliquis Gallls virtute dissimilis. (3) Illi agri qui late patebant nostrls agris similes erant. (4) Iter erat difficile ut Helvetii iter facere non facile possent. (5) Boil Helvetiis erant araici. (6) Duo oppida erunt quae Belgae oppugnare pote- runt. (7) GermanI erant proximi nostrls sociis, quorum agros vastare poterant. (8) Nostri agri sunt dissimiles agris nostrorum duorum amicorum. (9) Belgae erant dissimiles reliquis Gallis. (10) Noreia non erat arnica Genavae. II. (1) We were not able to march from home by the two roads which were nearest our territories. (2) The Swiss were unlike their allies. (3) He had been able to seize the royal power, which his father had held. (4) These two rivers are like those three. (5) To his two daughters, he will give this hope. 282. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Boii trans Ehenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transi- erant Noreiamque oppugnaverant (oppugnarant). Helvetii eos Boios socios ad se recipiunt et sibi adsciscunt. Boios receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt. LESSON XXXVIII. Ill LESSON XXXVIII. THE INFINITIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 283. The Swiss form an alliance with the Boii. Persuadeiit Rauracis et Tuliiigis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem ilsi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una cum iis pro- ficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Hhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsclscunt. [Cap. V. Finis.] 284. Direct Discourse gives the exact words of a speaker or writer; as, Caesar is coming. Indirect Discourse gives the words of a speaker or writer as reported by another or by the same person after a verb of knowing, telling, thinking, and perceiving ; as, he says that Caesar is coming. Direct Discourse. Indirect Discourse. Belgae bellum gerunt. — The Dicit Belgas bellum gerere. Belgians are carrying on war. — He says that the Belgians are carrying on tvar, or He says the Belgians are carrying on war, or (literally), He says the Belgians to be carrying on war. Observe : — (1) that the indicative gerit in the Direct Discourse becomes the infinitive gerere in the Indirect Discourse. (2) that the infinitive phrase is the direct object of dicit accord- ing to § 270 (1). (3) that Belgae, the subject nominative in the Direct Discourse, becomes Belgas, the subject accusative of the infinitive in the In- direct Discourse. 112 CAESARS FIRST CAMPAIGN. 285. RULE. — Verbs and other expressions of hnoiving., telling., thinking., and perceiving are followed in indirect dis- course by the infinitive with subject accusative. USES OF THE INFINITIVE TENSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 286. MODEL SENTENCES. Dicit Belgas bellum gerere. — He says that the Belgians are carrying on ivar. Dixit Belgas bellum gerere. — He said that the Belgians ivere carrying on war. Observe: — That the present infinitive represents the action as being per- formed at the time of the verb on which it depends. Dicit Belgas bellum gessisse. — He says that the Belgians have carried on war. Dixit Belgas bellum gessisse. — He said that the Belgians had carried 07i war. Observe : — That the perfect infinitive represents the action as already performed at the time of the verb on which it depends. Dicit Belgas bellum gestures esse. — He says that the Belgians will carry on war. Dixit Belgas bellum gesturos esse. — He said that the Belgians would carry on war. Observe : — That the future infinitive represents the action as going to be performed after the time of the verb on which it depends, and that the participle gesturos agrees in G. N. C. with Belgas, the sub- ject of the infinitive. In all these sentences the conjunction that introducing the sub- ordinate clause in English has no equivalent in the Latin sentence. SUMMARY. The tenses of the infinitive present, perfect, or future represent the action as being performed, already performed, or goijig to be performed relative to the time of the verb on which it depends. LESSON xxxvm. 113 287. VOCABULARY. perpauci, -ae, -a, very few. singuli, -ae, -a (distributive numeraO, one each, one by one. omnind, adv., altogether, in all. qua, rel. adv., where. vix, adv., hardly, scarcely, with diffi- culty. impendeo, impendere, overhang, threaten (with dat.). exe5, -ire, -ii, -itus, go out, emigrate. 288. WRITTEN WORK. (1) With the present 3d plural active of enunti5 as an introductory verb and se as subject accusative of the infinitive, form expressions of In- direct Discouree, employing each of the three active forms of the infini- tive of diico and translating each as in § 286. (2) Do likewise with the perfect and future active of enunti5. 289. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. Note that each infinitive phrase in sentence 1 is the direct object of the main verb according to § 270, 1. What of the infinitive phrase in sentence 4 ? I. (1) (a) Dlcit (6) Dicet (c) Dixit (2) (a) Dicunt (6) Dicent (c) Dixerunt Orgetorigem coniurationem facere. Orgetorigem coniurationem fecisse. Orgetorigem coniurationem facturum esse. se oppida oppugnare. se oppida oppugnavisse. se oppida opptignaturos esse. (3) (a) Arbitrantur (h) Arbitrabuntur (c) ArbitratI sunt exercitum a se duci. exercitum a se ductum iri. exercitum a se ductum esse. (4) Helvetios iter facturos esse enuntiatum est. (5) Monies impendere enuntiaverant. (6) Dixit se regna illls concilia- turum.^ (7) Enuntiabitur Orgetorigem ab Helvetils delectum 1 Esse is frequently understood with the future infinitive, also with the per- fect passive. 114 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. esse. (8) Arbitratus erat Casticum regnum in sua civitate occu- paturum esse. (9) Enuntiavit se amicum popull Roman! appel- latum esse. II. (1) They thought that they were being accused. (2) He thinks that they are being accused. (3) They said that their fields had been laid waste. (4) The Aedui announced that arms were being imported by the Swiss.' (5) The Swiss thought that they had narrow territories. (6) It was announced that he would attack their towns. 290. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Els duobus itineribus domo exire poterant. Erant omnino duo itinera quibus itineribus domo exire possent. Unum iter per Sequanos erat inter montem Itiram et flumen Rhodanum, angustum et difficile, qua singull carri vix ^ ducerentur.^ Perpauci facile eos prohibere potuerunt. Mons autem altissimus impendebat ut perpauci facile prohibere possent.^ 1 Caesar places this adverb before qua, thus making it very emphatic and giv- ing a superlative force to an adverb that could not be compared. For greater emphasis Caesar also places the adverb facile before perpauci. Compare the position of these adverbs in the above and in the text in § 291. 2 A clause of Result, see § 228. Ancibnt Cabts. LESSON XXXIX. 115 LESSON XXXIX. DEPONENT VERBS AND ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS. 291. The Swiss must choose one of two roads in leaving home. Tfie first of these j with narrow passes and overhanging mountains j traverses the Sequani. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent : unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem luram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singull carri ducerentur ; mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent. The Road Nakeow and Difficult. 292. A deponent verb is one which is passive in form but ac- tive in meaning. Deponent verbs occur in all conjugations, and in the indicative and subjunctive are conjugated exactly like the passive voice of their respective conjugations, as may be seen by reference to the App., § 24. The participles and infinitives pre- sent peculiarities, which will be noted in the following paradigms. 116 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. PARADIGMS. Participles and Infinitives op Deponent Verbs. PRINCIPAL PARTS. I II Ill IV Pres. Ind. Conor vereor sequor potior Pres. Inf. conari vergri sequi potiri Perf. Ind. conatus sum Veritas sum secutus sum potitus sum Participles. PRESENT. conans, attempting verens, fearing sequens, following potiens, getting control FUTURE. conaturus, going-to- veriturus secuturus potiturus attempt. PERFECT. conatus, having at- tempted. veritus secutus GERUNDIVE. potitus conandus, to he at- verendus sequendus potiendus tempted. Observe: — That deponent verbs have all four participles: (a) present and future participles active in both form and meaning; (h) perfect participles passive in form and active in meaning; (c) gerundives passive, not only in form, but even in meaning, not- withstanding the nature of deponent verbs. Infinitives. PRESENT. c5nari, to attempt vereri, to fear sequi, to follow potiri, to get PERFECT. cOnatus esse, to have veritus esse secutus esse control potitus esse attempted. \naturus esi going-to-attempt. FUTURE. cOnaturus esse, to be veriturus esse secuturus esse potiturus esse LESSON XXXIX. 117 Observe ; — That deponent verbs have three instead of six infinitive forms, and that they substitute the future active infinitive for the future passive. What are wanting ? 294. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Eodem consilio usi sunt. — TJiey adopted the same plan. (2) Imperio totius Galliae potiti sunt. — They got control of the whole of Gaul. Observe : — That in the English sentences plan and control are the direct objects of their verbs, while their Latin equivalents are put in the ablative though translated as direct objects. 295. E ULE. — Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor, with their compounds^ govern an ablative translated as direct object. 296. VOCABULARY. vadum, -i, n.,ford, shoal. extremus, -a, -um, farthest, most dis- expeditus, -a, -um, unencumbered, taut, easy. nonnullus, -a, -um, some. nuper, adv., recently. fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxus, flow. orior, oriri, ortus sum, rise. See § 107. paco, 1, subdue, pacify. 297. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline id vadum. (2) Write synopses of the following verbs, giving infinitives and par- ticiples with meanings : arbitror in the 1st plural and utor in the 2d plural. (3) Write infinitives and participles only of orior. 298. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Frtimentum, quo Helvetil non usi erant, combustum est. (2) Belgae armis, quae undique coemerant, non usi sunt. (3) Non- nuUis oppidis, quae nuper liberavimus, potiti sumus. (4) Omni 118 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. frumento, quod non combusserant, uti constituerunt. (5) Dixit Rauracos Tulingis persuasisse ut eodem consilio titerentiir. (6) Dixit solem oriri. (7) Dixerunt se extremis vadis Rhodani non Qsuros esse. (8) Imperio horum finiuni Helvetii eo die potiti erant. (9) Rauracis persuadere conabuntur ut omnia sua oppida ad duodecim numero exurant. (10) Helvetii frumento, quod secum portaverant, uti non potuerunt. II. (1) They will decide not to use this grain. (2) They thought that all hope had been taken away by the return of Orget- orix. (3) The Swiss are carrying from home all the grain that they will use. (4) They had thought that they would get control of all the towns of the Belgians. (5) The troops, which we led to Geneva, had used all the grain. 299. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Alterum iter per nostram provinciam erat multo^ facilius atque expeditius. Inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum Rhodanus fluit. Allobroges a populo Romano niiper pacati erant et ob cam causam non erant amici. In finibus Allobrogum Rhodanus non- nullis locis vado transitur, 1 Neuter singular ablative, translate much. LESSON XL. ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE OF QUALITY. — DECLENSION OF VIS. 300. The second road affords easy access to the territories of the Allobroges, who on account of a recent defeat are hostile to Rome. Alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expedi- tius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nonnullis locis vado transitur. 301. LESSON XL. PARADIGM. vis, force, strength. Base :vi-. Singular. Plural. Nominative vis vires Genitive VIS vTrium Dative VI vlribus Accusative vim vires Ablative vi viribus 119 The genitive and dative singular of vis are rarely found. 302. MODEL SENTENCES. fbono animo] . bo " animi I i^^ P<^P^l^"i I^^manum non erant. — Tlie Allobroges were not in good humor towards the Roman people. (2) Trium mensium molita cibaria domo efferunt. — They carry from home flour for three months. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 the bracketed phrase is used to describe the Allobroges by denoting a Quality ; that this phrase contains both an adjective and a noun and is expressed by either the geni- tive or ablative. Unlike all other ablatives heretofore studied, the ablative of quality modifies nouns, either directly or as predicate. (2) that in sentence 2 mensium denotes the Measure of Time, is modified by a numeral trium, and is expressed only by the genitive. 303. RULES. — 1. The genitive or ablative is used to de- note quality but only when modified by an adjective. 2. The gfenitive of quality with numerals is used to define measure of time ^ length, etc.^ and is theyi known as the genitive of measure. 120 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 304. VOCABULARY. Allobroges, Allobrogum, m., plu., a bonus, -a, -um, good. Gallic tribe in the north of the prov- quails, -e, interrog. adj., what sort of? ince. nondum, adv., not yet. pons, pontis, m., bridge. vel, coordinate conj., or ; vel . . . vis, vis, f., force^ strength^ violence. vel, either . . . or. eo, ire, ivT or il, itus, go. existimo, 1, think, believe. patior, pati, passus sum, permit, endure. video, videre, vidi, visus, see ; passive, be seen, therefore, seem, appear. 305. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Write M^ith meanings the infinitives and participles of video and patior, noting that the latter is a deponent of the Third Conjugation in io. (2) Write synopses of video in the 2d singular active and patior in the 3d plural. (3) Decline pons after reviewing pars in § 60. 306. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Helvetii iter trium milium passuum per fines Sequa- norum fecerant. (2) Transire Rhodaniim, fltiraen magna latitu- dine, conati sunt. (3) Existimabant Orgetorlgem esse magna auctoritate apud Helvetios. (4) Auctoritate Orgetorigis inducti, de suis finibus exire constituerunt. (5) Helvetii arbitrabantur se montibus altissimis contineri. (6) Hos agros, qui erant magna latitudine, vastare non poterant. (7) Dumnorlgl, qui erat magnae auctoritatis in eius civitate, persuasit. (8) Civitas eum causam dicere vl coget. (9) Illo frumento omnl utentur. (10) Qualis populus erant Helvetii? (In the following sentences, translate all expressions of quality without measure by both genitive and ablative as hi Model Sentence (1), § 302.) II. (1) From this village a bridge of great length extends to the town. (2) The Swiss, who are (men) of great bravery, will get control of all this territory. (3) They will lead with them an army of three thousand men. (4) The army had made a LESSON XL. 121 march of two miles altogether that day. (5) We had used weapons of great length. (6) [Answer in a complete Latin sen- tence containing an ablative or genitive of quality the question in sentence 10, part L] 307. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Genava est extremum oppidum Allobrogum proximumque finibus Helvetiorum. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. The Present Bridge at Geneva. Allobroges nuper pacati erant et nondum bono animo in populura Romanum videbantur. Quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur (transl. as if videbantur), Helvetii sese Allobrogibus persuastiros esse existimabant. Existimabant AUo- brogibus sese vel persuastiros vel eos vi coacttiros. Helvetii Allobroges vi coacturl erant ut eos per fines ire paterentur. 122 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. LESSON XLI. COMPARISON OF CERTAIN IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. VERB E6. THE Lbgionariits Expe- DITUS. 308. The Swiss plan to cross the Rhone at Geneva by persuasion or force, believing that the recently sicbjugated Allobroges will grant them the right of way, Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proxi- mumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant, vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos Ire paterentur. celer, celeris, celere celerior, -ius swift swifter liber, libera, liberum liberior, -ius free freer 309. Celer, celeris, celere (base celer-) is a Third Declension adjective of Three Terminations. Memorize its declension in the App., §10; also declension of liber in the App., §8. Note their comparison below. celerrimus, -a, -um swiftest or very swift liberrimus, -a, -um freest or very free Observe : — That the comparative of the above adjectives is formed reg- ularly by adding -lor and -ius to the base, but that the superlative is formed by adding -rimus to the masculine singular nominative of the positive. All adjectives ending in -er are thus compared. 310. facilis, -e (base facil-), easy ; facilior, -ius, easier; facillimus, a, -um, easiest. LESSON XLI. 123 Observe : — That the comparative of this adjective is formed regularly, but that the superlative is formed by adding -limus to the base. The following adjectives are similarly compared : difficilis, diffi- cult, dissimilis, unlike, gracilis, slender, humilis, low, similis, like. 311. PARADIGM. Present Indicative of the Irregular Verb E5. eo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go. Present Stem : i. Singular. Plural. 1. e5 imus 2. is Itis 3. it eunt Synopsis of E6 with Infinitives and Participles. Indicative. Subjunctive. Participles. Infinitives. Pres. eo earn iens (base eunt-) ire Gen. euntis lifp. ibam irem FUT. ibo iturus iturus esse Perf. ivI or il iverim (ierim) ivisse (isse) Plup. iveram (ieram) ivissem (issem) Gerundive eundum (no m. or f .) FUTP. ivero (iero) Transitive compounds of eo are fully conjugated in the passive. Transitur, transitum est, and the present infinitive transiri occur frequently. Observe : — (1) that i, the present stem of e6, becomes e before a vowel in the present indicative and present subjunctive. (2) that eo forms its future and imperfect indicative by adding to the present stem the tense signs of the First and Second Con- jugations and the personal endings. (3) that the v may b*e dropped in the forms based on the perfect stem. This letter is regularly dropped in compounds, as trans- ierant. 124 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 312. VOCABULARY. Kalendae,-arum,f.,plu.,iraZewtZs,the Aprilis, -e, April, of April. first day of the month. celer, -is, -e, sioift. ripa, -ae, f., bajik (of a river). liber, -a, -um, free. ante, prep, governing &cc., before. quintus, -a, -um, ^/i^. convenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, come together, assemble. 313. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Compare fully the adjectives : difficilis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis, similis. (2) Write synopses of transed in the 3d singular active and exeo in the 3d plural active, noting particularly the warning contained in the last sentence of § 311, (3). (3) Decline fully the present participle of eo, noting in § 311 how the base differs from the nominative. 314. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Difficillimis itineribus non titi constituerunt. (2) Flumen magna latitudine transire conabimur. (3) Caesar dicit flumen Rhodanum non niillls locis transirl. (4) Oppidis incensTs, itinere facillimo domo exire conati sunt. (5) Helvetii e suis finibus exierunt ut llberiores essent. (6) Enuntiavit arma Belgarum esse simillima armis Helvetiorum. (7) Reliquo frumento combusto, ad alteram ripam RhodanI translbunt. (8) Socii dlxerunt se esse amicos Belgis. (9) Constituerunt se eo frumento non tisuros esse. (10) Arbitrati sunt reditionem domum celerrimam futuram esse. II. (1) The roads by which we went home were very easy. (2) They announced that their towns were the freest of all Gaul. (3) Caesar thought that he would cross this very swift river. (4) After the most difficult roads have been seized, the Swiss will assemble at Geneva. (5) They crossed this river by the easiest ford. (6) The same river was crossed by our sold^iers by means of a bridge. LESSON XLII. 125 315. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Oinngs res ad profectionem comparatae sunt. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt. Diem dicunt, qua * die (=ut ea die) omnes ad ripam RhodanI conveniant. Is dies erat ante diem quintum Kalendas Apriles,^ Lucio Pisone, Aulo Gabinio consul ibus. 1 qua : a relative adjective introducing a relative clause of purpose. 2 The fifth day before the first of April, that is, the twenty-eighth of March, counting according to the Roman system the twenty-eighth and the first as two of the five days. LESSON XLII. ABLATIVE OF MANNER. — CUilf TEMPORAL. 316. Tlie Siviss name March 28, 58 B.C. as the date of assembling. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant: is dies erat, a. d. v. Kal. Apr., L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus. [Cap. VI. Finis.] Confluence of the Ehonb and Abne at Geneva. 10 126 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 317. MODEL SENTENCES (1) Cum virtute Magna virtute or Magna cum virtute Obsei've : — With bravery or Bravely, resistimus { ^FiY^ great bravery, or Very bravely, do we resist. That in the above sentence Manner is expressed by the Abla- tive with the preposition cum when the noun in the phrase is not modified by an adjective, but that cum is preferably omitted when the noun is so modified. This is called the Ablative of Manner. 318. M ULE. — The manner of an action is denoted by the ablative with cutn, but cum may be omitted when the ablative is modified by an adjective. 319. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Cum in Galliam iter facient, oppida vicosque incendent. — W7ien they make the march into Gaul, they will burn their towns and villages. (2) Cum magistratils multitudinem hominum ex agrls cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est. — While the magistrates were as- sembling from the country a large number of men, Orgetorix died. Observe : — (1) that in these sentences the conjunction cum means ivhen (its usual meaning) and introduces a clause expressing time. (2) that in sentence 1 the verb of the subordinate clause refers to future time and takes the indicative. (3) that in sentence 2 the verb of the subordinate clause refers to past time and takes the subjunctive. 320. R ULE. — A temporal clause with cum, when refer- ring to present or future, regidarly takes the indicative ; when referring to the past, generally takes the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive. LESSON XLII. 127 321. VOCABULARY. Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caesar. miles, niilitis, m., soldier. legio, legionis, f., legion, correspond- urbs, urbis, f., city, always referring ing roughly to a brigade in modern to Rome in Caesar, armies. ulterior, -ius, comp. adj., /ar^Aer. impero, 1, command (see § 264). matiir5, 1, hasten, make haste. nQntio, 1, announce. pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, get through, arrive, reach (with prep, ad and ace). rescindo, rescindere, rescidi, rescissus, tear down,, destroy. 322. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline miles and legio. (2) Write a synopsis of pervenio in the 3d plural active and write out with meanings the infinitives and participles of nuntid. 323. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Cum Genavam iter faciemus, oppida Allobrogum magna VI oppugnabimus. (2) Cum Boil Noreiam occupant, Norici magno dolore exeunt. (3) Cum civitas suuni ius vi exsequi conaretur, Orgetorix mortuus est. (4) Cum Casticus regnum magno periculo occupavisset, pacem cum fmitimis civitatibus conflrmavit. (5) Helvetii cum omne frumentum combussissent, ex suis finibus cum spe profecti sunt. (6) Cum flumen transisset, Caesar Gena- vam Ire maturavit. (7) Cum iter in fines Celtarum facerent, frumento sociorum tisl sunt. (8) Ponte rescisso flumen trans- Ire non poterunt. (9) Urbe capta, nostri mllites magna copia frumenti potientur. • (Translate the subordinate clauses in the first three sentences below by both ablative absolute phrases and cum-clauses. ) II. (1) After they had made peace, they bravely^ set out. (2) When they had captured the city, they burned the grain. (3) While Orgetorix was dying, the Swiss collected men from the fields. (4) When we attack^ the town, Caesar will be in Gaul. 1 Translate by an Ablative of Manner. 2 Latin is very exact as to tenses. To what time does attack refer? 128 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. (5) While Caesar was trying to collect soldiers, the Swiss laid waste the territory of his allies with great violence. 324. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Caesarl^ enuntiatura est eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari. Caesarl cum id ntintiatiun esset,^ ab urbe proficlsci matu- rat.^ In Galliam ulteriorem qiiam maximis ■* potest itineribus con- tendit. Quam maximis'* itineribus contendit, et ad Genavam* pervenit. Quam maximum numerum militum potest toti proviuciae im- perat. In Gallia ulteriore erat omnino legio una. Pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindl. 1 Caesar now first mentions his own name, placing it in an emphatic position in the sentence. How do we make a word emphatic in English? 2 Pluperfect, to denote action already performed at the time of the main verb. * Historical present. Caesar rode on horseback, averaging ninety miles a day. * Translate quam maximis, greatest possible. 5 Names of towns occur with ad or ab in the sense of to or from the vicinity. FIFTH REVIEW. I. Write in a column with meanings the Latin nouns meaning : town, house, hope, month, ally, bridge, force, bank, plan, village, building, ford. Decline consecutively the first ten of these nouns, starting (a) with the first and putting the adjective nullus in agreement with each form, (b) with the second, putting the adjec- tive bonus in agreement with each form. Decline in full duo in agreement with the plural of the eleventh word and tres in agree- ment with the plural of the twelfth word. • II. Compare with meanings liber and facilis, reviewing the rules for their comparison in §§ 309 and 310. III. Write in a column with principal parts and meanings the Latin verbs from which the following English words are wholly or partly derived : porter, incendiary, (ex)tol, transition, reeipient, pugnacious, vision, convene, susceptible, fluent, estimate, pacify, (pre)pare, adding to this list the Latin verbs meaning: order, go, undertake, be able. LESSON XLIII. 129 IV. Write synopses consecutively in the 3d plural of the first ten of these verbs by giving the present indicative of the first, the imperfect indicative of the second, etc., ending with the pluperfect subjunctive of the tenth. ^ V. Tabulate with meanings the infinitives of paco and trSns- eo (active only) and the participles of existimo and iubeo. VI. Summarize four uses of the infinitive already studied. VII. Tabulate in three separate columns the case constructions that modify (1) nouns, (2) adjectives, (3) verbs. VIII. Translate the text of Lessons XXXV-XLII inclusive, pointing out all examples of the rules mentioned above. IX. Arrange the following prepositions with meanings in two columns, one for prepositions governing the accusative, the other for those governing the ablative, noting that one of these prepositions must appear in both columns : ab, ad, cum, de, ex, in inter, ob, per, post, pro, trans. 1 A model of this scheme will be found in the App., § 30. LESSON XLIII. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.— DECLENSION OF PLUS. 325. Caesar hastens from Rome to Geneva and orders the destruction of the bridge across the Rhone. Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provin- ciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et, quam maximis potest itineribus, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam per- venit. Provinciae tot! quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Gena- vam, iubet rescind!. A Soldier OF the Legion. 130 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 326. The following adjectives are irregular both in the com- parative and the superlative : bonus, dives, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, vetus. Memorize with meanings their comparison in the App., §12. 327. In the following adjectives the positive rarely occurs: exterus, inferus, posterns, superus. Memorize with meanings their comparison in the App., § 12. 328. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Fltimen erat celerius. — The river tvas rather sivift or too swift. (2) Montibus altissimis continentur. — They are hemmed in by very high mountains. (3) Quam maximum numerum carroruin coemerunt. — They bought up the greatest possible num- ber (or as great a number as possible) of carts. Observe : — The variations possible in the translation of the comparative and superlative degrees. 329. PARADIGM. Declension of Plus. Singular. Plural, m. and f. n. m. and f. n. Nominative plus, more plur6s, { \ plura <- or more i Genitive pluris plurium plurium Dative pluribus pluribus Accusative plus plures, -is plura Ablative plure pluribus pluribus Plus in the singular is always a noun (defective in the dative), and is often followed by the Genitive of the Whole. Note the genitive plural in -ium. Complures, very many, is a compound of pliis having no singular and declined in the plural like plus except that the neuter nominative and accusative plural may have ia instead of a. LESSON XLIII. 131 330. VOCABULARY. adventus, -us, m., arrival, approach. voluntas, voluntatis, f., wish, desire, legatus, -i, m., envoy, ambassador, good will. lieutenant. certus, -a, -um, certain. maleficium, -i, n., evil deed, outrage, princeps, m., f., n., (gen,, principis), hostile act. first, (as substantive), prince. Nammeius, -i, m., 1, c. . uUus, -a, -um, any, any one. , ,. - }- Swiss envoys. . . \., Verucloetius, -i, ra., j sine, prep, governing abl., without. licet, licere, licuit, impers. verb, it is permitted (with dat. of pers. and inf.). mitto, mittere, misi, missus, send. rogo, 1, ask, beg, request. 331. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline the nouns adventus and maleficium. (2) Decline princeps, a third declension adjective of One Termina- tion, like audax in the App., § 10. (3) Write the infinitives and participles of mitto with meanings. 332. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Komani milites optimis arm Is utentur. (2) Eorum maxima oppida erant simillima nostris minimis vicis. (3) Infimis locis captis, nostrl milites pluribus montibus potientur. (4) Hi months erant altiores ut ^ Helvetii itinera occupare non possent. (5) Eo tempore GermanI Helvetios sum mis locis prohibere con- abantur. (6) Infimi Gallorum cum eo Genavam Ibunt. (7) Or- getorix quam plurimos milites secum ducet. (8) Itinera erant longiora et montes erant difficiliores. (9) Caesar quam maxima itinera faciet ut ad id oppidum perveniat. (10) Belgae erant summae virtutis. II. (1) The higher parts of these mountains will be seized by the better Swiss. (2) The best soldiers will use the worst arms. (3) The Swiss will carry with them as much grain as possible. (4) Caesar sent his best soldiers to Geneva, the worst home. (5) The arms were too long so that the soldiers could not use them. 1 Clause of Result. By what mode must possent then be translated ? 132 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 333. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Ubi de eius adventti Helvetii certiores facti sunt,^ legates ad eum mittunt. Huius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius prin- cipem locum obtinebant. Eos mittunt qui ea dlcerent.^ Dice- bant sibi^esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere. Legati rogant ut Caesaris voluntate id sibi facere liceat. 1 Certiores facti sunt, were made more certain, i.e. were informed. 2 Relative Clause of Purpose. 8 To them it was in mind; freely, they had it in mind to make, etc. LESSON XLIV. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (continued).— FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 334. TJie S'wiss send cnnbassadors to ask ^ Caesaris consent to making a march through BMyn^^^S^ Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores rPifflWr , BIISM fact! sunt, legates ad eum mittunt nobilis- .ii'.Rky K. WW^ simos civitatis, cuius legationis Nam m eius |. . . . .i..ll)U( )\ jt, , et Verucloetius principem locum obtine A Roman General Holding bant, qUl dlcercnt, sibi CSSC in animo siuc A Conference. i n •_ •, - • • n ullo malencio iter per provinciam lacere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum : rogare, ut eius volun- tate id sibi facere liceat. 335. The adjectives citerior, prior, propior, and ulterior have no positive. Memorize with meanings their comparison in the App., § 12. LESSON XLIV. 138 336. FORMATION Positive. Adj. latus, -a, -um, vride. Base : lat-. Adv. late, widely. Adj. liber, -a, -um, free. Base : liber-. Adv. libere, freely. Adj. fortis, -e, brave. Stem : forti-. Adv. fortiter, bravely. Adj. potens, powerful. Stem : potent-. Adv. po tenter, power- fully. AND COMPARISON OF Comparative. latior, -ius, wider. latins, more widely. liberior, -ius, freer. liberius, more freely. fortior, -ius, braver. fortius, more bravely. potentior, -ius, more powerful. potentius, more power- fully. ADVERBS. Superlative. latissimus, -a, -um, widest. Base : latissim-. latissimg, most widely. liberrimus, -a, -um, freest. Base : liberrim-. Ilberrime, most freely. fortissimus, -a, -um, bravest. Base : fortissim-. fortissime, most bravely. potentissimus, -a, -um, most powerful. Base : potentissim-. potentissime, most pow- erfully. Observe : — (1) that from latus, an adjective of the First and Second Declen- sion, the positive of the corresponding adverb is formed by adding -e to the base. (2) that from fortis, an adjective of Two Terminations of the Third Declension, the positive of the corresponding adverb is formed by adding -ter to the stem. (3) that from potens, an adjective of One Termination of the Third Declension, the positive of its corresponding adverb is formed by dropping the final t of its stem before adding -ter. (4) that the comparative of each adverb is the same as the nominative neuter singular comparative of the adjective, while the superlative is in all cases formed by adding -g to the base of the superlative of the adjective. Adverbs are regularly formed and compared in this way, and in the comparative and superlative degrees they show the same variations in translation as do the same degrees of the adjectives. For these variations in translation, see § 328. 134 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 337. VOCABULARY. facultas, facultatis, f., ability, oppor- memoria, -ae, f., memory ; memoria tunity. tenere, to remember. iniuria, -ae, f., injustice, wrong, inimicus, -a, -um, ww/nendZy; when affront. used substantively, enemy. iugum, -i, n., yoke. sub, prep, governing ace. or abl., under. concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, retire, withdraw, yield, grant. occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, cut down, kill. pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus, beat, drive, strike, rout. puto, 1, reckon, think. tempers, 1, regulate, restrain; with se, refrain from. tened, tenere, tenui, tentus, hold. 338. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Compare the following adjectives and the adverbs formed from them : altus, angushis, cupidus, celer, longus, nobilis. (2) Decline facultas. (3) Write a synopsis of pello in 2d singular active. 339. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Helv^tii haec oppida fortissime opptignabant. (2) Cae- sar cum omnibus suis mllitibus inulteriorem Galliam celeriter ibit. (3) Haec flumina erant proxima nostrae citeriori provinciae. (4) Nostro exercitu pulso, fiiiitimi oppidis potientur. (5) Ilia oppida longissime aberant ut celerrime non occuparl possent. (6) Id iter erat difficillimum ut vix proficisci possent. (7) Hel- vetii amicitiae proximarum civitatum cupidissime studebant. (8) Hi meliores agri latissime patebant. (9) Eoruni fines monti- bus altioribus angustissime continebantur. (10) Quam maximum exercitum coget ut bellum celerius conficiat. II. (1) They attacked the nearest towns very eagerly. (2) Cae- sar will march very quickly through the hither province. (3) Very high mountains overhang, so that they can cross this river with difficulty. (4) Several soldiers will be led to LESSON XLV. 135 Geneva. (5) Caesar remembered that these roads were narrowly hemmed in by mountains. 340. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Caesar memoria tenebat Lticium Cassium ^ consulem occlsum esse. Atque memoria tenebat exercitum eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum ^ missum esse.^ Quod ea memoria tenebat, conce- dendum* esse^ non putabat. Neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi/ ab iniuria et maleficio temperaturi erant. Neque exTstimabat homines inimico animo ab iniuria et maleficio temperatures esse.^ 1 This humiliating defeat had occurred fifty years before near Lake Greneva. 2 iugum : a sign of humiliation formed of a spear maintained in a horizontal position by two vertical supports. Under this filed the subjugated army. 8 Caesar omits esse with most infinitive compounds. 4 non concedendum : not to-be-granted, i.e. ought not to be granted. 5 faciundi : gerundive (future passive participle) of facio. Itineris faciandi, of a march to-he-made, i.e. of making a march. LESSON XLV. CONJUGATION OF VOLO, NOLO, AND MALO. 341. Caesar decides not to grant the request. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L, Cassium consulem occlsum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, con- cedendum non putabat ; neque homines inimico animo, data facul- tate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperattiros ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. 342. From the verb vol5, / wish, are derived nSlo (n6n volo), / do not wish, and malo (magis volo), / wish rather, prefer. Memorize their conjugation in the App., § 26. 136 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 343. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Helvetii per provinciam exire volunt. — Tlie Swiss wish to emigrate through the province. (2) Caesar Helvetios per provin- ciam exire non vult. — Caesar does not wish the JSwiss to emigrate through the province. Observe: — That these verbs of wishing (vol5, n515, mal5) are followed by an infinitive used as object with or without a subject accusative. For this use of the infinitive, see § 270. 344. VOCABULARY. Idus, -uum, f., plu., Ides; the 15th of quis, m., f., quid, n., indef. pro., any March, May, July, October ; the owe, anything. 13th of all other months; abbr. Id. dum, subord. conjunc, while, with spatium, spati, u., space (of time or ind, ; until, with subjunc. place). si, subord. conjunc, if. tamen, adv., still, yet, nevertheless, notwithstanding. delibero, 1, think about, consider. intercedd, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, go between, intervene. malo, malle, malui, , wish, rather, prefer. nolo, nolle, nolui, , be unwilling. respondeo, respondere, respond!, responsus, reply, answer. reverts, revertere, reverti, revei-sus, turn back, return. (Usually deponent except in perf., plup., and fut. perf.) ^ sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus, take up, take. YOlo, velle, volui, wish, be willing. 345. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Write synopses of vol5 in the 2d singular, nolo in the 1st plural, malo in the 3d plural. (2) Write with meanings the infinitives and participles of siim5. 346. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Non vult, volunt, vis. (2) Non vis, nolumus, nolunt. (3) Mavis, mavultis, malunt. (4) Voluisti, volueras, volueris. (5) Malet, malent, maluistis. (6) Noluerunt, noluerant, nolueris. LESSON XL VI. 137 (7) Itinera erant difticillima ut proficlsci nollent. (8) Helvetii faciliore itinere exire maluerunt. (9) Caesar respondit se velle Genavam ire. (10) Haec loca sunt proxima ut flumen transire malint. (11) Helvetii frumento titi volebant quod secum porta- verant. (12) Eo tempore longiore itinere uti nialebant. II. (1) They will be willing, you are willing; lie prefers. (2) We had been unwilling; they will have preferred, they were preferring. (3) You are unwilling; you have preferred; they were wishing. (4) The mountains were so high that they pre- ferred to return home. (5) The Swiss preferred to send their army to Geneva. (6) He said that he had preferred to persuade the Allobroges. 347. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Caesar voluit spatium intercedere dum milites, quos imperaverat, convenirent. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset, Caesar legatis respondit: "Diem ad deliberandum^ sumam." Legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum esse. Si quid vellent, ad Idus Apriles reverterentur.^ 1 Ad deliberandum : gerund expressing purpose ; transl. as if deliberare. 2 Reverterentur : they should return. LESSON XLVI. COMPARISON OF IRREGULAR AD VERBS. — ABLATIVE OF COM- PARISON. 348. To gain time, Caesar replies that he will think it over. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset, dum milites, quos im- peraverat, convenirent, legatis respondit, diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. Apr. reverterentur. [Cap. VIL Finis.] 138 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 349. Certain adverbs show irregularities in one or more degi-ees of comparison. Memorize their comparison with meanings in the App., § 13. longer Rhone. 350. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Khenus est longior 1 1^^^^ Rhodanus. | The Rhine is ^ ^ I Rhodano. J than the R) (2) Hi montes sunt propiores Helvetils quam Belgis. — These mountains are nearer to the Swiss than to the Belgians. Observe : — (1) that in sentence 1 when quam is used, Rhodanus is in the nominative, the same case as the word with which it is compared ; when quam is omitted, the word for Rhone is in the ablative. Either construction may be used without difference of meaning. (2) that in sentence 2 Helvetiis and Belgis are both in the dative case, Quam can be omitted only when the former of the two things compared is in the nominative or accusative. 351. RULE. — The comparative is followed hy the ablative of comparison when quam, than, is omitted; otherwise the same case follows quatn as precedes it. 352. VOCABULARY. altitudo, altitudinis, f., height or novem, num. adj., nine. depth. sedecim, num. adj., sixteen. mums, -i, m., loall. interea, adv., meanwhile. pes, pedis, m., /oo^ quam, conj., '^C^iy^^:^^ j ^ V ._y A < 1 ^ ^v \/ (^ // °\\ . p_^^ A ^ Y >, ^~ — . > ' /h- s sS.^^ , T { O' PaJ^ \?y^ ^^ '^Ify V/ 1 xTEgWsj CAUSAL. 519. Tlie Aedui put off Caesar with excuses until he loses patience 2vith thenif and calling together their leaders, bitterly upbraids them. Diem ex die ducere Aedui : conferri, comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem instare, quo die frumentum LESSON LXVITI. 205 militibus m6tlri oporteret, convocatis eorum prmcipibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, in his Diviciaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui praeerat, quern * vergobretum ' appellant Aedui, qui creatur annuus et vitae necisque in suos habet potestatem, graviter eos acctisat. 520. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) AeduI frumentum, quod debent, non conferunt. — The Aedui do not collect the grain which they ought. (2) Caesar dicit Aeduos frumentum, quod debeant, non conf erre. — Caesar says that the Aedui do not collect the grain which they ought. (3) Quod ab els non sublevatus est, Caesar principes convocat. — Caesar calls to- gether the leaders, because he has not been assisted by them. (4) Caesar Aeduos acctisat quod ab eis non sublevatus sit. — Caesar blames the Aedui, because (as he says) he has not been aided by them. Observe : — (1) that sentence 1 is a complex sentence, whose subordinate verb debent is in the indicative mood. (2) that when sentence 1 is thrown into indirect discourse after verb of saying, as in sentence 2, the verb of the subordinate clause debent becomes the subjunctive debeant. 521. RULE. — A subordinate clause in indirect discourse takes the subjunctive. Observe : — That in sentence 3 the subordinate clause is in direct discourse, expresses cause, and takes the indicative, while in sentence 4 the subordinate causal clause is in indirect discourse after accusat, a verb of saying ^ and therefore takes the subjunctive. 522. R ULE, — Causal clauses with quod take the indicative in direct discourse, the subjunctive in indirect discourse. 15 206 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 523. VOCABULARY. prex, precis, f., prayer^ entreaty. antea, adv., before that., previously. iraprobus, -a, -urn, wicked., depraved. demum, adv., at last. propinquus, -a, -um, wear, dose (used praesertim, adv., especially, partic- substaiitively, relative). ularly. seditiosus, -a, -urn, seditious, trea- privatini, adv., privately, personally- sonable. turn, adv., then. destituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus, abandon, desert. deterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -territus, frighten off, prevent. emo, emere, emi, emptus, buy. prop5no, -ponere, -posui, positus, put forward, set forth, propose. queror, queri, questus sum, complain of, lament. sublevo, 1, lighten np, assist, support. taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitus, be silent. valeo, valere, valui, — , be strong, well, or powerful. 524. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline potestas in the singular and prex in the plural. (2) Write synopses of propon5 in the 1st plural active and queror in the same person and number. (3) Tabulate with meanings the participles of emo, infinitives of vale5, and the supines and gerunds of deterred. 525. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. (Explain the mood and tense of all subjunctives.) I. (1) Ntintiant Aeduos non conferre frumentum quod de- beant. (2) Exploratores renimtiaverunt hostes oppidum quod opptignavissent non cepisse. (3) Caesar suas copias eduxit quod Labienus Helvetios non adortus erat. (4) Cum Caesar ad- est, milites fortissime resistunt. (5) Labienus vidit mllites fortissime resistere cum Caesar adesset. (6) Caesar Labienum accusabat quod Helvetios non adortus esset. (7) Aedui mag- nopere quest! sunt quod liberi in servittitem abducti essent. II. (1) The Aedui sent ambassadors to Caesar because their fields had been laid waste. (2) The Aedui bitterl}^ complained because their fields had been laid waste. (3) The scouts LESSON LXIX. 207 announced that Labienus was bravely defending the town of which he was in charge. (4) When the grain (plu.) was ripe, the Komans took it from the fields. (5) The leaders knew that the Romans took grain (plu.) from the fields when it was ripe. 526. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Cum ^ f rumentum neque emi neque ex agris sum! potest, tam ne- cessario tempore,^ tam propinquis hostibus,^ ab eis non sublevatur. Graviter eos acciisat, quod ^ ab eis non sublevetur. Multo etiam gravius queritur, quod ^ sit destitutus, praesertim cum ^ magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit. Liscus dicit : non nullos principgs Aeduorum seditiosS, et im- proba oratione multitudinem deterrere ne frumentum conferant^ quod debeant. 1 Cum Temporal. Why indicative? §320. 2 Ablative Absolute, § 261 (2). * Qwpd Causal. Why subjunctive? §522. ^ C'ww Causal. Why subjunctive? §372. 5 ne . . . conferant, Substantive Clause of Purpose. Transl. from collecting, etc. Literally, that they should not collect. LESSON LXIX. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 527. Caesar arraigns the allies for deserting him after inducing him to undertake the war. Liscus says that powerful men in private life hold up the supplies. Graviter eos accusat quod, cum neque emi neque ex agris sum! possit, tam necessario tempore, tam propinquis hostibus, ab iis non sublevetur ; praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum precibus ad- ductus bellum susceperit, multo etiam gravius, quod sit destitu- tus, queritur. [Cap. XVI. Finis.] Tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacuerat, proponit: Esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas apud 208 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. plebem plurimum valeat, qui privatim plus possint quam ipsi magistratus. Hos seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem tleterrere ne frumentum conferant, quod debeanfe. ■Wm Near this Place Occurred the Conference with the Allies. 528. Learn thoroughly the cardinals as far as twenty in the App., § 14, and study carefully the method of formation of all other cardinals. Review the declension of unus, duo, tres, in the App. , §. 9, and mille in § 167. Observations. (a) The cardinals from quattuor to centum inclusive are indeclinable, as quattuor milites, four soldiers, decern militum, of ten soldiers. (6) The multiples of centum, ducenti, -ae, -a, etc. are declined like the plural of latus. (c) In compounds such as viginti duo, triginta unus, centum tres, etc. the declinable numeral retains its declension, as viginti trium hominum, of twenty-three men. LESSON LXIX. 209 529. VOCABULARY. libertas. -tatis, f . , freedom. quantus, -a, -um, interrog. and rel. adj. , how great ? as great. coerceo, -ercere, -ercul, -ercitus, restrain, check. dubito, 1, doubt (followed by quin and the subj.), hesitate (followed by complementary inf.). perfero, -ferre, -tull, -latus, bear through, carry through, endure to the end. praesto, -stare, -stitT, -stitus, stand before, excel; praestat, (imper- sonal), it is preferable. 530. WRITTEN WORK. (1) Decline libertas in the singular. (2) Write in Latin of 352 men, with three thousand soldiers, for four miles and the cardinals 545, 648. (3) Write a synopsis of perfero in the 2d singular active. (4) Tabulate with meanings the infinitives and participles of dubito. 531. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Quingentos equites mittamus, qui Caesarl auxilio sint. (2) Caesar verebatur ut Labienus cum mille militibus veniret. (3) Legates mittemus rogatum Caesarem quadringentos milites. (4) Liscus demum proposuit quanto cum periculo id fecisset. (5) Non nulli Aedui timebant ne Caesar libertatem erepturus esset. (6) Casu accidit ut quattuor milia militum Genavae essent. (7) Labienus rogavit quas iniurias Helvetil finitimis intulissent. (8) Haec omnia Aeduis dititissime perf erenda sunt. II. (1) Let us march to Geneva with two thousand soldiers. (2) If Caesar had been present, our freedom would not have been snatched away. (3) Would that our allies had not joined battle on that day. (4) If the Swiss hate ^ the Romans, they will not lay down their arms. (5) I fear that Caesar is greatly alarmed by the recent calamity. 1 Remember that I^tin is very exact as to tenses, always employing the tense that will precisely express the time. What is the time of this feeling of hatred ? 210 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 532. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. El principes, qui privatim plus possunt quam magistratus ipsi, dicunt haec: "Praestat imperia Gallorum quam Romauorum perferre, si iam principatum Galliae obtinere non poterimus. Neque debemus dubitare quin Roman! llbertatem Aeduis una cum reliqua Gallia sint erepturl, si Helvetios superaverint.* " Ei prin- cipes dicunt praestare imperia^ etc. Dicunt neque se debere etc.^ Liscus etiam haec dicit : " Nostra consilia quaeque in cas- tris geruntur ab eisdem principibus hostibus enuntiantur. Hi a me coerceri non possunt. Quin etiam,^ quod necessario * coactus rem Caesari enuntiavi, intellego quanto cum periculo id fecerim.^ Ob eam causam quam diu*potui tacui.'^ Liscus etiam dicit ab eis- dem enuntiari nostra consilia ^ etc.; hos a se coerceri non posse ^ etc.; sese intellegere^ quanto cum periculo rem Caesari enuntiaverit.^ 1 Why subjunctive ? § 488. 2 The student will observe that this clause is the indirect form of a preceding sentence. This indirect form he should complete in Latin and then translate. 3 Quin etiam, but even, nay more. 4 necessario, abl. as adv. necessarily. 5 quam diu, as long as. LESSON LXX. TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH rOSTQUAM, UBI, PRIV8- QUAM.^ — REWIEW OF SUBJUNCTIVES. 533. Liscus shows how these treacherous leaders secretly ivish for the success of the Swiss. Acting as spies, they report Caesar^ s plans to the enemy and intimidate the magistrates so that Liscus, the ab- solute ruler, has feared to tell the truth. Praestare, si iam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre; neque dubitare debere quin, si Helvetios superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua ♦ See remark regarding these clauses in the Syntactical Syllabus, page 281. LESSON LXX. 211 Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint erepturi. Ab eisdem nostra cousilia, quaeque in castris gerantur, hostibus enuntiari : hos a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod necessario rem coactus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese, quanto id cum periculo fecerit, et ob eam causam, quam diu potuerit, tacuisse. [Cap. XVII. Finis.] 534. MODEL SENTENCES. (1) Ubi se paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua incenderunt. — When they thought they were ready, they set on fire their toivns. (2) Postquam Caesar id intellexit, castra movit. — After Caesar learned this, he moved his camp. (3) Galll superiora loca occupa- verunt priusquam oppidum oppugnaverunt. — The Gauls seized the heights before they attax^ked the town. (4) Galli adventum Caesaris exspectabant, priusquam oppidum oppugnarent. — The Gauls were waiting for the arrival of Caesar before they attacked the towiij (the presumption being that they did not attack at all) . Observe: — (1) that in sentences 1 and 2 ubi, when, and postquam, after, introduce Temporal Clauses and are followed by the perfect indicative. (2) that in sentences 3 and 4 observe that priusquam, before, takes the indicative when the Temporal Clause states a Fact, the subjunctive when the Temporal Clause implies Purpose or Expectation. 535. RULE. — 1. The conjunctions postquam and ubi introduce temporal clauses and are followed hy the perfect indicative. 2. Priusquam takes the indicative when its clause states a fact^ the subjunctive when its clause implies purpose or expecta- tion. 212 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 536. SUMMARY OF USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. I. In Subordinate Clauses. f aflBrmative ut or qui, or qu5 with comparatives, 1. Purpose I ^^^^^^^ ^- afi&rmative ut, negative ut non. 3. Cause and concession — cum. Ilnd. with primary tenses. Subj. with secondary tenses, verbs of fearing : ne afl&rmative, ut negative ; perficit, accidit, etc., or in 1 apposition with a substantive J I. Present and Past Time, (a) Simple — Ind. f pres. Time — Imp. Subj. (&) Contrary to Factj Pact Time — Plup. Subj. II. Future Time, (a) More Vivid — Ind. (6) Less Vivid — Subj. Pres. or Perf. 7. Indirect Questions — interrogative pronoun, adjective, adverb, or parti- 2. Result 4. Time — cum 5. Substantive 6. Conditions in Protases ut. cle. 8. Indirect Discourse, including quod Causal. „ . J Ind. to state a fact ; ^ [Subj. to imply purpose or expectation. II. In Principal Clauses. 1. Commands and f Subj. in 1st and 3d pers., negative ne ; Exhortations |^ Imperative in 2d pers., negative noli or nolite with inf. Future — Possible — Pres. Subj. , 2. Wishes Pres. — Unfulfilled — Imp. Subj., utinam affirmative. Past — Unfulfilled — Plup. Subj., ne negative. 3. Apodoses of Conditions like protases in mood and tense. 537. WRITTEN WORK. Tabulate as above the uses of the subjunctive, illustrating each variety by a short original Latin sentence. TENTH REVIEW. 213 538. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. I. (1) Ubi hostes adortus est, se f iigae mandav6runt. (2) Post- quam id Caesari nuntiatum est, equitatura agmini praeraisit. (3) Priusquam principes convocavit, castra movit. (4) Caesar adventum Labieni exspectabat, priusquam pacem confirmaret. (5) Cum Belgae suos ex hibernis eduxissent, Roman! eos aggressi sunt. (6) Cum Labienus hibernis non praeesset, milites vere- bantur ne castra expugnarentur. II. (1) After Caesar arrived, the enemy withdrew. (2) When Labienus crossed the river, he waited for Caesar. (3) Labienus will wait for Caesar before he will cross the river. (4) Let us find out who is in charge of this fortification. (5) Before he should attack the enemy, Caesar sent out scouts. TENTH REVIEW. I. List in a column with meanings and index as formerly di- rected the Latin nouns numbered 126, 127, 128, and the Latin adjectives numbered 92, 93, 94, in the Word List on pages 275-278. II. List in a column with principal parts and meanings the Latin verbs numbered 147-171, inclusive, in the Word List on pages 275-278. III. List in a column and number the Latin verbs meaning : arrive J bear, be willing j be unwilling ^ hasten, cross, prohibit, receive, persuade, drive, drive back, put in command of, remove, take by storm, have, hinder, kill, order, conquer, burn, lay aside, accuse. Conjugate consecutively both in the present indicative and present subjunctive active the first six of these verbs as follows : the 1st singular of the first, the 2d singular of the second, the 3d singular of the third, the 1st plural of the fourth, etc.^ In like manner conjugate in the perfect indicative active and passive, the second six verbs, in the future indicative the third six, and in the imperfect subjunctive the last six. J A model of this scheme will he found in the App. § 30. 214 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. IV. List in a column and number the verbs meaning: set out, attempt, follow, use, attack, promise, get possession of. Noting that all of the above verbs are deponents, tabulate consecutively with meanings the infinitives and participles. V. Translate text at the head of Lessons LXVII-LXX, inclu- sive, pointing out all examples of the rules mentioned above. VI. Arrange four columns, one each for the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative, and place each of the following construc- tions under its proper heading, noting that four of these con- structions should appear in more than one column : Direct Object, Indirect Object, Possessor, Specification, Extent of Time and Space, Time When, Place in Which, Place to Which, Place from Which, Verbs Compounded with Prepositions, Utor, etc.. Special Verbs, the Whole, Means, Agency, Manner, Verbs of Asking, De- manding, etc.. Degree of Difference, Cause, Subjective and Objec- tive, Separation, Comparison, Verbs of Making, Choosing, etc., Absolute, Quality. ■f^P*ll The RriNs of the Roman Forum. To the Left is the Basilica, an Edifice fok Courts AND Business Offices, Erected by Caesar. In the Foreground is the Temple of thb Deified Caesar. CHAPTERS XVIII-XXIX INCLUSIVE OF THE GALLIC WAR. CONTINUING THE STORY OF CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. Note. — The student has now studied all forms and principles necessary to the reading^ of Caesar. The remainder of the story of the First Campaign must be read by reference to the general vocabulary, and with the aid of Development Exercises, which will no longer attempt to give a connected account of the story, but will be limited to a treatment of those sentences likely to present difficulty in their original form. Indirect Discourse will generally be simplified by giving in the Development Exercises the equivalent Direct Discourse, as has been done in the exercise immediately following. The English-Latin exercises occurring at the end of each chapter should be divided by the teacher into as many parts as the days required to complete a chapter. Lack of time may necessitate the omission of some of the sen- tences, but should not be permitted to crowd out of consideration the review of the principles involved as indicated by the references preceding each exercise. The sentences numbered in heavy type contain those construc- tions of most frequent occurrence, as indicated in the Syntactical Syllabus. 539. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Pluribns praesentibiis, Caesar eas res iactari nolebat. Itaque ex Dumnorige solo ea quaerit. Turn Dumnorix llberius et auda- cius dicit. Caesar reperit haec esse vera : Homo ipse erat Dum- norix, homo summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberal- itatem gratia, cupidus rerum no varum. PART I. 540. Liscus, when questioned in private^ confirms Caesar^s sus- picion that Dumnorix is the mischief maker. 215 216 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. The Scutum, oe Heavy Shield of A LlGIONABIUS. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Divi- ciaci fratrem, designari sentiebat, sed, quod pltiribus praesentibus eas res iactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet. Quaerit ex solo ea, quae in conventti dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit; reperit esse vera: Ipsuni esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud ple- bem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum. 541. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Dumnorix complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aedu- orum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habebat. His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxerat et facultates ad largiendum magnas comparaverat. Dumnorix magnum numerum equitattis suo stimptu semper alebat et circum se habebat. Non solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter poterat. Huius potentiae causa matrem homini in Biturigibus illic nobilissimo in matrimonium colloca- verat. Dumnorix ipse ex Helvetiis uxorem habebat. Sororem ex matre et propinquas suas in alias civitates nuptum collocaverat. PART II. 542. By bullying other bidders, Dumnorix procures the contract for collecting the Aeduan taxes at a figure that enables him to accumidate a great fortune and bribe his way to popular favor. He further strength- ens his hand by cleverly planned marriages with the princely houses of neighboring states. Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod illo licente contra licerl audeat nemo. A Roman Le- gionary Stand- ard. His rebus CHAPTER XVIII OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 217 et suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse; magnum niimerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se habere ; neque solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse, atque huius potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illic nobilissimo ac potentis- simo collocasse, ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas ntiptum in alias civitates collocasse. 543. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Propter earn afflnitatem Helvetiis favet et cupit.^ Suo nomine Caesarem et Romanes oderat.^ Si quid accidit Romanis, in summam spem regni obtinendl per Helvetios venit. Imperio popull Roman! non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea gratia quam habet desperat. In quaerendo reperiebat proelium^ equestre adversum, quod panels ante diebus factum esset, initium eius f ugae a Dumnorige et eius equitibus factum esse, eorum fuga reliquum equitatum esse perterritum. 1 cupit, desires ^eir success. 2 The pluperfect of the defective verb odi has the sense of the imperfect. 8 On inquiry he found out, in regard to the unfortunate cavalry battle, which had been fought a few days before, that the beginning of this flight had been, etc. PART III. 544. Dumnorix favors the Swiss on account of his Swiss wife and hates the Romans, homing in the event of the latters' defeat to make himself a king. Caesar also finds out that Dumnorix had treacherously brought about the repulse in the cavalry skirmish a few days before. Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter earn afflnitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanes, quod eorum adventu potentia eius deminuta et Diviciacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restittitus. Si quid accidat Romanis, summam 218 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire; imperio populi RomanI non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum panels ante diebus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque eius equitibus (nam equitatui, quern auxilio Caesarl Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat) : eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum. 545. EXERCISES.* Review Ablative and Genitive of Quality in § 308, Dative of Purpose in § 467, Indirect Discourse in §§ 284-286. (1) Caesar thought that Diviciacus was of a friendly spirit toward ^ him. (2) We desire our clients to be of great loyalty ^ toward^ Caesar. (3) Caesar sent nine ships as a protection to this bridge. (4) We sent away the leaders who were not of great good will ^ towards us. (5) Among the Swiss were very many re- tainers of distinguished loyalty. (6) This bank was fortified by a band of 500 cavalry. (7) Caesar replied that the soldiers were of remarkable good will ^ towards himself. (8) This town had been fortified by a wall of sixteen feet. (9) Caesar hoped that the senate would be (fut. inf.) of friendly disposition toward him. (10) Caesar perceived that the seventh legion had been left as an aid to him. (11) A bridge was made over (in) this river with rafts. (12) The senate replied that this was (for) a great calamity to them. (13) Very many soldiers assembled at the banks of the Rhone as an aid to Caesar. (14) Caesar ordered the soldiers to march one by one. (15) A space of fifteen feet intervened be- tween the banlf of the river and these buildings. 1 in with ace. 2 fides. s voluntas. * See Note, p. 215. CHAPTER XIX OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 219 546. CHAPTER XIX. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Ad has suspiciones certissimae r6s accedebant, quod ^ Dumnorix obsides inter eos dandos curasset,^ quod ^ ea omnia, Caesare et civi- tate inscientibus, fecisset. Eas res satis esse causae arbitrabatur quare in eum animadverteret.^ His omnibus rebus unura resiste- bat, quod^ Diviciaci summum studium in* populum Romanum cog- noverat. 1 quod, conj., trans, the fact that. 2 dandos curasset, see § 470, note 2. 3 in eum animadverteret, indirect question, transl. punish him. * in, towards. PART I. 547. Having learned these facts regarding Dumnorix, and having confirmed his suspicions regarding him, Caesar tho^lght he had good reasoyi to punish him or order the Aedu- ans to do so. Regard for his hrotlier, Diviciacus, stays Caesar^ s hand. Quibus rebus cognitTs, cum ad has suspiciones certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequa- norum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo iniussti suo et cTvitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsTs fecisset, quod a magistratu Aeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur, quare in eum aut ipse animadverteret aut civitatem animadvertere Pila, or Heavy . Javelins, THROWN luberet. His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, at the beginning quod Diviciaci fratris summum in populum Roma- ^"^ ^ battle. num studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iusti- tiam, temperantiam cognoverat. 220 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. 548. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Cotldianis interpretibus remotis, per Caium Valerium Troucillum cum Diviciaco Caesar coUoquitur. Hic Troucillus fuit princeps Galliae provinciae et familiaris Caesaris, cui^ Caesar summam omnium rerum fidem habebat. Caesar com monefacit quae ipso ^ praesente dicta sint. Caesar hortatur ut ipse ^ de eo statuat. 1 cui, dative after expression of trusting, transl. in lohom. 2 ipso praesente, ablative absolute, transl. in his presence. 8 ipse like ipso above refers to Caesar. PART II. 549. Caesar's fear that he ivould wound the feelings of Dividojcus leads him to consult with his faithful ally before deciding upon the punishment of Dumnorix. Nam ne eius supplicio Diviciaci animum ofPenderet, verebatur. Itaque prius quam quicquam conaretur, Diviciacum ad se vocari iubet et cotldianis interpretibus remotis per C. Valerium Troucil- lum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur: simul com- monefacit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dum- norige sint dicta, et ostendit, quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. Petit atque hortatur, ut sine eius offensione animi vel ipse de eo, causa cognita, statuat, vel civitatem statuere iubeat. 55a EXERCISES. Review Objective and Subjective Genitive in § 450, Genitive of the Whole, § 166, and Demonstrative Pronouns in § 66, 74, App. 16. (1) Very many of his soldiers were driven back almost in sight of Caesar. (2) A space of nine miles intervened daily between the cavalry and the rest of the army. (3) A garrison of sixteen soldiers was left there as an aid to the cavalry. (4) The good will of that whole army was sought by Labienus. (5) The Swiss were elated by the memory of this victory. (6) The senate was greatly CHAPTER XX OF CAESARS GALLIC WAR. 221 alarmed by the bold plots of this leader. (7) The whole number of their soldiers returned to that camp without hope of victory. (8) On the arrival of five legions of the army, Caesar decided to join battle. (9) Without the aid of the cavalry, Caesar will not attempt to follow the enemy. (10) Many of the Swiss were greatly alarmed by their recent change of fortune. CHAPTER XX. 551. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Diviciacus Caesarem complexus est. Caesarem complexus, obsecrare coepit his verbis : " Scio * ilia ^ esse vera. Nee quisquam ex eo plus doloris capit * ^ quam ego. Pliis doloris capio propterea quod, cum (when) ego domi atque in reliqua Gallia gratia^ plurimum poteram,t Dumnorix minimum propter adulescentiam poterat.f Per m6 gratia crevit.f Quibus^ opibus ac nervis non solum ad min- uendam meam gratiam sed paene ad meam perniciem tititur." f 1 ilia, those charges. 2 capit, takes, i.e. feels grief. 8 gratia plurimum posse, to he very great in influence. * Quibus : translate as demonstrative. Why? PART I. 552. With tears and embraces, the frightened prince entreats Caesar not to decide upon anything too severe against his brother, in spite of the fact that Dumnorix is using power acquired through Diviciacus to the latter^ s ruin. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimls Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret : Scire se ilia esse * t In the Indirect Discourse in Part I, those verbs marked with an asterisk become infinitives, while those marked with a dagger become subjunctive. Why? 16 222 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. vera, nee quemquain ex eo plus quam se doloris capere, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adulescentiam posset, per se crevisset ; quibus opibus ac nervis non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem suam titeretur. 553. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Dwidacus continues his plea for his brother's life. Ego tamen commoveor et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi. Quod sT^ quid gravius Dumnorigi acciderit,^ cum ego eum locum amicitiae apud te teneo, nemo existimabit id non mea voluntate factum esse. Qua ex re erit ^ uti totius Galliae animi a me aver- tantur." Haec cum (when) si. Caesare petit, Caesar rogat ut finem orandi faciat. 1 quod si, but if. 2 accident, future perfect becomes pluperfect subjunctive in the Indirect Dis- course in Part II, being a subordinate clause after a secondary tense. Why does the present subjunctive avertantur become imperfect subjunctive? ^ erit, will be, i.e. will come to pass. PART II. 554. Love for his brother and regard for popular opinion will not permit Diviciacus to consent to the punishment of Dumnorix. Moved by the tears of Diviciacus, Caesar consoles him. Sese^ tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi com- moverl. Quod si quid el a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futtirum, uti totius Galliae animi a se averterentur. Haec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram prendit ; consolatus rogat, finem orandi faciat. 1 A verb of saying must be understood before sese. CHAPTER XX OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 223 555. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Caesar Diviciaco ostendit eius gratia m ^ apud s6 esse tanti lit eius voluntatis initiriairi condonet. Diimnorigi ostendit quae in eo reprehendat.^ Quae civitas queratur,^ proponit. Dicit s6 Diviciaco * praeterita condonare. Caesar scit quae agat,^ quibus- cum loquatur.^ 1 gratiam . . . tanti, his favor is of so much weight toith him. 2 Dative, indirect object of condono ; translate, he forgives the wrong in con- sideration of e^ic. 8 Indirect Question ; quae is an interrogative pronoun. PART III. 556. Caesar summons DumnoHx andj in the presence of his brother, warns him of the danger in which he stands. Caesar then puts spies on the track of the ambitious Gaid to insure his good behavior. Tanti eius apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti et rei publicae iniuriam et suum dolorem eius voluntati ac precibns condonet. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fratrem adhibet; quae in eo repre- hendat, ostendit ; quae ipse intellegat, quae cTvitas queratur, proponit ; monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet ; praeterita se Diviciaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut, quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire possit. 557. EXERCISES. Review Dative with Special Verbs in § 264, Ablative with Utor, etc., in § 295, Optative Subjunctive in §§ 513 and 514. (1) Oh that we may persuade the Swiss not to attack those forts. (2) We think that the senate is opposing Caesar. (3) The Swiss were-anxious-for (studeS) the forts. (4) Oh that we had not relied on our recent victory. (5) They were using these buildings also (as) a protection. (6) On account of their desire of freedom, the hostages were anxious for a change of fortune. (7) Caesar likewise relied on the loyalty of these nine legions. 224 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. (8) Would that our leader had got-possession-of the buildings of this town. (9) Caesar did not allow his allies to use treachery. (10) For this reason, the fathers of these children opposed the customs of the Gauls. (11) Orgetorix wished to use the influence of his relatives. (12) On account of his recent victory, the Gauls were-anxious-for Caesar's good will. (13) Caesar did not use the cavalry before the fourth watch. (14) On account of his kindness, we are-anxious-for peace. (15) Oh that our friends had not resisted his kindness. CHAPTER XXI. 558. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Caesar certior factus est hostes sub rnonte consedisse. Certior factus etc., Caesar misit (homines) qui^ cognoscerent qualis^ in circuitu^ ascensus esset. Titum Labienum, legatum pro praetore, iubet summum iugum montis ascendere. Cum eis ducibus,* qui iter oognoverant, Labienum montem ascendere iubet. Cum ex- ploratoribus Considius praemittitur. 1 qui c5gn5scerent, Relative Clause of Purpose. 2 qualis . . . 'fesset, Indirect Question. 8 in circuitu, vi a roundabout way (so as not to be seen by the enemy at the foot of the mountain). 4 ducibus, an appositive of eis, with those as guides who etc. {i.e. the homines sent out before) . 559. Caesar lays a cunning trap to catch the Swiss by sending Labienus up the mountain above their camp while he himself is to attack them in front. Considius, a Gaul with a high military repu- tation, takes part in the enterprise. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus, qui cognoscerent, misit. Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labienum, CHAPTER XXI OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 225 Iggatum pro praetore cum duabus legionibus et iis ducibus, qui iter cognoverant, suinmum iugum montis ascendere iubet; quid sui consill sit, ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. Considius, qui rei mllitaris perltissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in M. CrassI fuerat, cum explora- toribus praemittitur. Near here Caesar planned to trap tue Swi 560. EXERCISES. Review Genitive and Dative with Adjectives, §§ 278, 450, 2 ; Indirect Question, § 488 ; Relative Pronouns, §§ 81-83. (1) These leaders also were skilled in military affairs. (2) They did not desist, because they were desirous of victory. (3) Caesar wondered why (quarS) the leaders had not enrolled five legions. (4) Meanwhile they replied that their legions were friendly to the enemy. (5) The soldiers desired to know what military standards had been captured. (6) Caesar wished to find out what legions were desirous of battle. (7) Around the military stand- ards were those soldiers most skilled in fighting.^ (8) Caesar 1 For the word *' fighting " use the gerund of pugno. For case see § 450 (2). 226 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. led out the soldiers who were most friendly to him. (9) The rivers which arise in the mountains are nearest the ocean. (10) Our fathers, who were very skilled in military affairs, en- gaged-in (facio) many battles. 561. CHAPTER XXII. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Cum (when) summus mons^ a Labieno ten6r6tur, cum ipse^ ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentls passibus^ abesset, cum neque aut ipsius^ adventus aut LabienI cognitus esset, Con- sidius equo admisso* ad eum accurrit. Considius dicit montem ab hostibus tenerl, se id a Gallicis inslgnibus cognovisse. A Roman Co- hort Standard. PART I. 562. }Vhen Caesar has his trap all ready to spring, with Labienus above the enemy and his own forces in front and neither observed, Corisidius rushes up with an important piece of misinformation. Prima luce, cum summus mons a Labieno tenerg- tur, ipse ab hostium castris non longius mllle et quingentls passibus abesset, neque, ut postea ex captlvis comperit, aut ipslus adventus aut LabienI cognitus esset, Considius equo admisso ad eum accurrit; dIcit montem, quem a Labieno occuparl voluerit, ab hostibus tenerl ; id se a Gallicis armis atque Inslgnibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem Instruit. 1 summus m5ns, the top of the hill. 2 ipse and ipsius refer to Caesar. * passibus, Ablative of Degree of Difference. ^ equo admisso, his horse let go, i.e. on a gallop. CHAPTER XXII OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 227 563. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Labieno ^ erat praeceptum a Caesare ne proelium conunitteret. Erat praeceptum ne Labieims proelium committeret nisi ipslus^ copiae visae essent. Id erat praeceptum ut ^ impetus undique uno tempore in hostes fieret. Labienus, ut^ ei^ a Caesare praeceptum erat, proelio abstinebat. Multo^ die Caesar cognovit raontem a Labieno tenerL Caesar item cognovit Helvetios castra movisse. Considius, timore perterritus, Caesari renuntiaverat pro viso* id quod non viderat.^ 1 Indirect Object of praeceptam erat, translate as if subject, though the ac- tual subject is the order given. See § 498. ^ I.e. Caesar's forces. * ut with the subjunctive means that or so that ; with the indicative ut means a«. < multo die, late in the day. 6 pro viso, as seen. • viderat in the Indirect Discourse in Part II becomes subjunctive. Why? PART II. 664. Labienus, unable to understand why Caesar did not attack the Swiss in front, waited for his commander a>ccording to orders. The Swiss, becoming aware of the danger of their situation, decamped, leaving Caesar to find out how he had been misled through the foolish imagination of Considius. Caesar then resumes his pursuit of the Swiss at the usual distance. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare, ne proelium com- mitteret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visae essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat. Multo denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit, et montem a suis teneri et Hel- vetios castra movisse et Considium, timore perterritum, quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hostes sequitur et milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit. 228 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN^. 565. EXERCISES. Review Ablative of Degree of Difference, § 365 ; Ablative of Comparison, § 351 ; Ablative of Specification, § 122 ; Comparison of Adjectives and Ad- verbs, §§ 104, 105, 309, 310, App., §§ 12, 13. (1) Caesar did not follow the enemy more than twelve miles. (2) In the second watch the enemy were in all more than five miles away from our camp. (3) These territories are wider than territories which border on the ocean. (4) The rivers which arise in the mountains are more than five miles away from our camp. (5) The Swiss are much more powerful in arms than the Allo- broges. (6) The Gauls began to burn their towns, twelve in number. (7) Our camp was pitched twelve miles away from this town (8) These roads are greater in width than the roads of Gaul. (9) Our army underwent far greater dangers than (did) the Gauls. (10) The Aedui obtained their request from Caesar more easil}'' than (did) the Belgians. CHAPTER XXIIL 566. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Biduum omnino supererat, cum^ frumentum exercitui metiri oporteret. Bibracte erat oppidum Aeduorum longe maximum et copiosissimum. Quod a Bibracte non amplius mllibus passuum xviii aberat, rel^ frumentariae prospiciendum existimavit. Helvetii existimaverunt, Eomanos timore perterritos, a se dis- cedere. Helvetii id eo^ magis existimaverunt, quod (because) pridie Romani, superioribus locis a Labieno occupatis, proelium non commisissent.** Helvetii, seu quod id existimarent,* sive eo,^ quod conf iderent * Romanos re f rtimentaria intercltidi posse, 1 cum, to the time when. ^ rei frumentariae, dative after pro in composition ; transl. he thought he ought to look out for provisions. * eo, Ablative of Cause ; transl. on this account. * Subjunctive, because Caesar is stating the reasoning of the Swiss. See § 522. CHAPTER XXIII OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 229 consilium comnmtaverunt. Consilio commutato et itinere con- verse, nostros insequi coep^runt. 567. The next day Caesar abandons his pursuit of the Siviss in order to go to Bibracte after provisions, TJie JSwiss now turn around andfollotv Caesar, either because they believe him afraid of them or because they hope to cut him off from supplies. They thus give him the advantage of choosing the battlefield, Postridie eius diei, quod omnlno biduum supererat, cum exer- citui frtimentum metiri oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Aeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius milibus passuum xviii aberat, rei frumentariae prospiciendum existimavit; iter ab Helvetils avertit ac Bibracte ire contendit. Ea res per ^-h~ On the Hill in the Background was the Old Town of Bibeactb. fugitivos L. Aemili, decurionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus nun- tiatur. Helvetii, seu quod timore perterritos Romanos discedere a se existimarent, eo magis, quod prldie, superioribus locis occu- 230 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. patis, proelium non commisissent, sive eo, quod re frumentaria intercludi posse confiderent, commtitato consilio atqiie itinere con- verso, nostros a novissimo agmine insequi ac lacessere coeperunt. 568. EXERCISES. Review Ablative of Means, § 97 ; Ablative of Cause, § 137 ; Quod Causal, § 622; Ablative Absolute, § 262. (1) On account of his popularity, Dumnorix gained-his-re- quest from the people. (2) Driven back by the onset of our (men), the enemy hid themselves in the woods. (3) When this thing was announced (abl. abs.), Caesar began to make an attack on the enemy. (4) Since the enemy had drawn up their line of battle, Caesar placed his legions at intervals. (5) By leading away the horses (abl. abs.), Caesar cut off all hope of flight. (6) Caesar placed the cavalry and horses around the military standards because the soldiers were thoroughly alarmed. (7) Having called his lieutenants to a council of war, Caesar showed them how great the danger was. (8) Our army hastened to cross the river by joining boats together (abl. abs.). (9) Caesar blamed his lieutenants because they had not attacked the enemy. (10) Driven back on account of the speed of the enemy's onset, our men desisted from the attack on (of) the fortification. CHAPTER XXIV. 569- DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Caesar id ^ animum advertit. In medio colle ^ triplicem ^ aciem legionum quattuor veteranarum ihstruxit. Duas legiones, quas 1 id, ace. after ad in composition; literally, Caesar turns his mind to this, i.e. notices this. 3 in medid colle, on the middle of the hill, halfway up. Caesar needed such a vantage ground from which to hurl the heavy javelins with force. « triplicem, in three ranks, the first two of which took turns in engaging the enemy in front, while the third remained in the rear as a reserve. CHAPTER XXIV OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 231 proxime conscripserat, in summo iugo ^ collocari iussit. lussit duas legiones et omnia auxilia in summo iugo collocari ac totum mon- tem hominibus complerl. Helvetii, confertissima ^ acie, phalange facta, successerunt. 570. Caesar selects a hill as a battle ground and arranges Jiis small force with consummate skill. TJie Siviss, outnumbering him four to one, expose themselves to the Roman javelins in a solid mass. Postquara id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subduxit equitatumque, qui sustineret liostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim in '■ Jith Cohort Sfff Cohort ind Cohort fst Cohort colle medio triplicem } | ■ | || | ] || | | || | | | acieni Instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum; nn eth eth sed in summo iugo duas I'll I I I I I I I I legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore proxime con- , — J^ — . . — ^^^ — . | — ^^ — . scrlpserat, et omnia auxi- — — — — — The Triple Battle Line. lia collocari, ac totum raontem hominibus complerl, et interea sarcinas^ in unum locum conferri, et eum ab ils, qui in superiore acie constiterant, munlri iussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suis carris sectitl, impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt; ipsi confertissima acie, reiecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta, sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. 571. EXERCISES. Review Dative with Compound Verbs, § 394 ; Accusative with Compound Verbs, § 489 ; Double Accusatives, §§ 505-507. (1) Caesar placed Labieuus in charge of the line of battle which he had drawn up. (2) Caesar dismissed the assembly 1 in sumind iugo (compare summus mons) , oh the top of the ridge. The raw re- cruits and the auxilia, consisting of Gallic cavalry, bowmen and sliugers, could not be depended upon for serious fighting ; and so are put in a safe place where they would appear formidable to the ignorant Swiss. '■^ A rude square or phalanx proved an admirable target for the Roman javelins. 3 For sarcinae carried by marching soldier, see cut on page 195. 232 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. and led his forces across the river. (3) The leaders perceived that the tenth legion was not present at the battle. (4) Caesar asked why the tenth legion had not crossed the river of their own accord. (5) Meanwhile the lieutenant who was in charge of the military standards withstood the attack of the enemy. (6) Hav- ing drawn up a triple line of battle (abl. abs.), Caesar was anxious for the onset. (7) Caesar was anxious (cupio) to know which legion had crossed the river first. (8) The tenth legion surpassed all the others in bravery and (atque) loyalty. (9) His friends elected Caesar consul at Rome. (10) Labienus was selected lieu- tenant on account of his distinguished bravery. CHAPTER XXV. 572. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Caesar, primum suum equum, deinde equos omnium ^ ex con- spectu removit, ut aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret. Caesar, primum suo equo remoto, deinde equls omnium ex conspectti remotis, cohor- tatus suos, proelium commisit. Milites RomanI primum plla ^ miserunt e superiore loco. Pills ^ missis, hostium phalangem facile perfrggerunt. Ea phalange disiecta, gladios destrinxerunt. Gladiis destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. Pliira hostium scuta tino ictti pilorum transfixa et con- ligata sunt. Eis sctitis conligatis,* cum (when) The Romans first ■ HURLED THE 1 omnium, i.e. of all the mounted officers. AND THEN ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ Tegulat mcthod of fighting on the part of CHARGED WITH ^^^ Romaus : first, to disorganize the ranks of the enemy by Drawn Swords, a series of volleys of javelins; and then, to charge the demoralized foe with swords. 8 pilum, a long heavy spear intended for throwing and not thrusting. * The enemy were so crowded together that their large scuta overlapped and were easily pinned together. CHAPTER XXV OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 233 ferrum^ se inflexisset, id evellere non poterant. Neque pila evellere neque sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant, ut multi, bracchio^ diu iactato, praeoptarent nudo corpore^ ptig- nare. 1 femim, the iron neck of the javelin was purposely made soft so as to bend and render the weapon useless to the enemy. 2 bracchio diu iattato, after their arms had been tossed about for a long time. 3 nudo corpore, with body exposed. PART I. 573. The javelins hurled down upon the Swiss demoralize their crowded throng, whose bravery avails nothing against the military science of the Romans. Caesar, primum suo, deinde omnium ex consjjectu remotis equls, ut aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commisit. Milites e loco superiore pills missis facile Thb Battle Gbound from Caesar's Position. 234 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. hostium phalangein perfregerunt. Ea disiecta, gladiis destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. Gallls magno ad pugnam erat iinpedi- mento, quod pluribus eorum scutis uno ictu pilorum transflxis et colligatis, cum ferrum se Inflexisset, neque evellere neque sinistra impedita satis commode ptignare poterant; multi ut diu iactato bracchio praeoptarent scutum manu emittere et ntido corpore pugnare. 574. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Coeperunt et pedem ref erre ^ et eo ^ se recipere. Boil et Tulingi agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant. Aggress! nostros ex itinere ^ ab latere aperto/ Boil et Tulingi circumvenire coeperunt. Monte ab Helvetiis capto^et nostris succedentibus, Boil et Tulingi nostros circumvenire coeperunt. Helvetii, id con- spicatT, rursus instare coeperunt. Roman! s!gna converterunt ^ et bipertito intulerunt. ^ ^peiemteferte, to withilraio. Literally, what? ^ e6,a,dy., thither. 8 ex itinere modifies nostros, they attacked ours on the march, i.e. lohile march- in(f in pursuit of the. Swiss. 4 ab latere apertd, 07i the exposed flank, i.e. on the rear and side exposed in swinging around after the retreating Swiss. ^monte capt5 et nostris succedentibus, ablative absolutes; translate by tem- poral clauses, making capid mean reach. * The third line had to turn around to resist the Boii and Tulingi behind them. PART II. 575. Tlie Swiss give way and ivithdraw to a near-by hill. Tlie Romans ivhile pursu- ing them are exposed to a very dangerous attack in the rear. The third and rear line wheels about to face the new foe. Tandem vulneribus defess! et pedem referre et, quod nions aberat circiter mille passus, eo se recipere coeperunt. Capto ^Zte^'of^T^^^c c'j^aIII', nionte et succedentibus nostr!s, Boi! et BowMBN AND slingbes. TuHug!, qu! hominum m!libus circiter xv CHAPTER XXV OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 235 agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere iiostrCs ab latere aperto aggr^bsl circum venire ; et id con- spicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, rursus instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. RonianI conversa signa bipertito intulerunt ; prima et secunda acies, ut victis ac submotis resisteret, tertia, ut venientes sustineret. 576. EXERCISES. Review Ablative of Accompaniment, § 89 ; Ablative of Manner, § 318 ; Subjunctive of Purpose and Result, §§ 220, 228 ; Substantive Clauses, §§ 442, 443. (1) Labienus will exhort the soldiers to fight boldly. (2) Cae- sar feared that the Acdui would not be able to sustain the attack of the Swiss. (3) That he might not be cut off from nearer Gaul, Hill where the Boii and Tulingi Attacked. Caesar hastened to attack the cavalry with two legions. (4) Cae- sar feared that the enemy would use swords and heavy javelins in this battle. (5) It happened that our soldiers had been cut off 236 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. from their baggage. (6) For sixteen days, Caesar followed up the cavalry with the ligh termed (expeditus) soldiers. (7) Our soldiers attacked the town with such violence that they received many wounds. (8) Caesar seized the heights, that his men might harass the enemy more easily. (9) On account of their recent disgrace, Caesar did not lead this legion with him. (10) It happened that Caesar had enrolled five legions there. CHAPTER XXVI. PART I. 577. After a long double-headed battle, the Swiss and their allies withdraw, stubbornly fighting among the baggage wagons till late at night. I Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est.^ Diutius cum - sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, alterl^ se, ut coe- perant, in montem receperunt, alter! ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio,^ cum^ ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,^ aversum^ hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, prop- terea quod pro vallo carros obiecerant et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela coniciebant, et non nulli inter carros raedas- que mataras ac tragulas subiciebant, nostrosque vulnerabant. Diu cum ^ esset pugnatum, impedlmentis castrisque nostrl potiti sunt. ^ pugnatum est, passive of an intransitive verb used impersonally ; translate they fought. 2 cum, causal. 8 alteri . . . alteri, the one party (the Swiss) . . . the other party (the Boii and Tulingi). 4 proelio, ablative instead of accusative to express Duration of Time, especially common with a noun modified by totus. s cum, concessive. 6 aversum, turned inflight. i^ cum, temporal. Why followed by subjunctive ? CHAPTER XXVI OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 237 PART n. 578. Bereft of food, shelter ^ and hope, a dejected multitude of one hundred and thirty thousand men, loomen, and children, ivorii ivith the fatigue and anxieties of battle, 2yress fonvard across a strange country all night long and for three days thereafter in a vain effort to escape the Roman conqueror. TJiough so severely crippled himself as to feel unable to pursue them, Caesar sends messages ahead for- bidding the Gallic natives to afford the wretched refugees the least aid or comfort. Three days later he sets out with all his forces to overhaul the demoralized host. Ibi Orgetorigis fiiia atque unus e filiis captus est. Ex eo proelio circiter horainum milia cxxx superfuerunt eaque tota nocte continenter ieriint: niillam partem noctis itinere intermisso in fines Lingonum die quarto^ pervenerunt, cum ^ et propter vulnera militum et propter sepulturam occisorum nostrl tridimm morati eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas lit- teras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia Letters wkre WRITTEN ON re iuvarent : qul^ si iuvissent, se eodem loco, quo thin, polished Helvetios, habiturum. Ipse triduo intermisso, with wax. cum omnibus copils eos sequI coepit. 579. EXERCISES. Review Time When, § 202 ; Duration of Time and Extent of Space, § 174 ; Temporal Clauses, § 320. (1) For a space of four days Caesar will follow up the enemy. (2) At sunset the Gauls sent messengers to announce the unfavor- able battle. (3) Influenced by the kindness of Caesar, the Gauls 1 die quartd, in three days (counting the day of hattle made die quarto, 07i the fourth day). 2 cum, causal. Caesar's loss must have heen heavy. Why? ^ qui . . . habiturum, Indirect Discourse habitiirum, future iufinitive principal verb Indirect Discourse. 17 238 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. sought peace on the same day. (4) The Romans followed up the enemy for about sixteen miles with the light-armed (expeditus) cavalry. (5) Within five hours the enemy were driven back to their trenches. (6) On the previous day Caesar had engaged in battle that he might avenge this insult. (7) When Caesar had joined the ships together, he placed guards at intervals. (8) The ramparts were sixteen feet in width. (9) A few of our men fell while they were fighting fiercely around these ramparts. (10) After they had fought fiercely for three hours around the baggage, our men quickly withdrew into camp. CHAPTER XXVII. 680. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Caesar obsides, arma, servos poposcit. Dum ea^ conquiruntur et conferuntur, circiter vi milia hominum 6 castris Helvetiorum egress! ^ sunt. Ei homines sive timore perterriti sunt ne armis traditis supplicio afficerentur, sive spe salutis induct! sunt, quod^ ex!stimarent suam fugam in tanta multitudine dediticiorum aut occultar! aut omn!no !gnorar! posse. Sive timore perterrit!, sive spe salutis induct!, prima nocte* e castris Helvetiorum egress!, ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum contenderunt. 581. Tlie Swiss, without baggage or provisions, are forced to sue for peace. JSix thousand attempt to escape across the Rhine to Germany. Helveti!, omnium rerum inopia adduct!, l6gatos de deditione ad eum miserunt. Qu! cum eum in itinere convenissent seque ad pedes proiecissent suppliciterque locut! flentes pacem petissent, 1 ea, these, i.e. obsides, servos, and arma. ^ egressi agrees with milia in sense, not form. 8 quod, causal. Why followed by subjunctive? 4 prima nocte, in the evening. Compare prima luce, mult5 die. CHAPTER XXVIir OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 239 atque eos in eo loco, quo tuni essent, suum adventuni exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos qui ad eos perfugisseiit, poposcit. Duin ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte intermissa, circiter hominum milia vi eius pagi, qui Verbigeniis appellatur, sive timore perterriti, ne armis traditis supplicio afficerentur, sive spe salutis inducti, quod in tanta multitudine dediticiorum suam fugam aut occultari aut omnino ignorari posse existimarent, prima nocte e castris Helve- tiorum egress! ad Rhenuin finesque Gerinanorum contenderunt. 582. EXERCISES. Review Place to Which and from Which, §§ 235, 236; Place in Which, §§243, 244 ; Ablative of Separation, § 68 ; Reflexive Pronouns, §§ 182-184. (1) Having been driven back into camp, our (men) were cut off from their baggage. (2) In this battle, the Gauls used long swords and broad shields. (3) After receiving many wounds, their (men) retreated (se recipere) into camp. (4) At sunset, the soldiers left the ramparts that they might harass the enemy. (5) Our (men) were driven back from the ramparts of the enemy by their long javelins. (6) The Romans cut to pieces the enemy, who had hidden themselves in the woods. (7) At Rome, Caesar enrolled two new legions. (8) The legions, which were wintering at Geneva, did not leave their winter quarters. (9) The enemy used their javelins and swords in order to drive back the Romans from their ramparts. (10) The legion that left Rome with La- bienus was cut to pieces at Geneva. CHAPTER XXVIII. 583. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Quod^ ubi^ Caesar resciit, his, quorum per fines sex milia ierant, imperavit uti conquirerent et reducerent. Eos reductos 1 quod, an initial relative ; translate as demonstrative. 2 ubi, when. 240 CAESAR'S FIRST CAMPAIGN. in numero hostium^ habuit. Omnibus frtigibus amissis, nihil domi erat Helvetiis, quo famem tolerarent. Quod nihil domi erat, Caesar Allobrogibus imperavit, ut Helvetiis frumenti copiam facerent. 1 in numerd hostium, a polite way of saying that Caesar butchered the whole six thousand in order to teach the Gauls the necessity of keeping faith with the new Roman governor. • 1.;". ■%••.»-■„-. •^•■jxS The Last Stand : The Scene of the Fight over the Baggage WAGt)NS. PART I. 584. Caesar recajytures and slaughters the six thousand. The others are received in surrender. The Siciss are ordered back to their desolate country, to be fed for a time on the supplies of Roman allies. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fines ierant, his uti con- quirerent et reducerent, si sibi purgati esse vellent, imperavit; V CHAPTER XXVIII OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 241 reductos in hostium numero habuit; reliquos omngs, obsidibus, armis, perfugis traditis, in deditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tu- lingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, revert! iussit; et quod omnibus frugibus amissis domi nihil erat, quo famem tolerarent, AUobrogibus imperavit, ut iis frumenti copiam facerent. 585. DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE. Helvetios ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod noluit agrum Helveti- orum vacare. Noluit eum locum vacare, ne German! in f!nes Helvetiorum translrent. Timebat ne finitimi Galliae provinciae German! essent. Aedu! petierunt ut Boios in suis f!nibus collo- carent. Id petierunt quod Boi! egregia virtute cognit! erant. Aeduis^ petentibus ut Boios in su!s finibus coUocarent Caesar concessit. Quibus Boi!s Aedu! agros dederunt et quos (Boios) postea in parem condicionem iuris et libertatis receperunt. 1 Aeduis, dative after concessit. This makes ut . . . collocarent the direct object of petentibus. Translate freely, Caesar granted the request of the Aedui that they might settle^ etc. PART n. 586. Caesar makes Switzerland a buffer state between the Ger- mans and the Roman province. He pei^nits his faithful allies, the Aedui, to strengthen themselves by annexing to their state the brave Boii. Ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod noluit eum locum, unde Helveti! discesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum German!, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, e su!s finibus in Helvetiorum fines transirent et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boios petentibus Aeduis, quod egregia virtute erant cogniti, ut in finibus suis collocarent, concessit ; quibus ill! agros. dederunt quos- 242 CAESAR'S P^IRST CAMPAIGN. que postea in parem iuris libertatisque condicionem, atque ipsi erant, receperunt. 587. EXERCISES. Review Genitive and Dative of Possessor, §§ 76, 386 ; and Conditional Sentences, §§ 479-482. (Express possession in following sentences by the Dative of Possessor.) (1) Caesar had many relatives who were wounded in that bat- tle. (2) If these messengers had been wounded, we would not have been led back in safety. (3) If their fathers should be handed over, these boys would return home. (4) Our soldiers had heavy shiekls and long swords, with which they wounded very many of the enemy. (5) If the enemy conceal themselves in the woods, our men will be led back to their ramparts. (6) The leader wondered how many of the horses had been wounded in this battle. (7) The messengers handed over the shields which they had to our men. (8) The wounds which the cavalryman had were received in the recent battle. (9) Our soldiers had nothing left except their swords and shields. (10) If the enemy were to withstand the attack of our cavalry, they would conquer. CHAPTER XXIX. 588. In the captured Swiss camp Caesar finds lists containing a census of the number of emigrants, men, women, and children. Out of 368,000 only 110,000 survivors were found. The Swiss noiv find their territories ample for their diminished numbers. In eastrls Helvetiorum tabulae ^ repertae sunt litterls Graecis confectae ^ et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulis nominatim 1 tabulae, lists ; literally, tablets, presumably of wood bound together by a hinge and waxed inside after the Roman fashion. 2 litteris Graecis confectae, made out in Greek characters. The Gauls may have become familiar with the simpler method of notation through the Greek traders from Marseilles. CHAPTER XXIX OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 243 ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset eorum, qui arma ferre possent, et item separatim pueri, senes mulieresque. Qua- rum omnium rerum summa erat capitum^ Helvetiorum milium ccLxiii, Tulingorum milium xxxvi, Latobrlgorum xiv, E-aura- corum XXIII, Boiorum xxxii ; ex his, qui arma ferre possent, ad milia nonaginta duo. Summa omnium fuerunt ad milia ccclxviii. Eorum, qui domum redierunt, censii habito, ut Caesar impera- verat, repertus est numerus milium c et x. 1 capitum, literally, heads, as we say head of cattle. Translate, persons. 589. EXERCISES. Review Ablative and Dative of Agency, §§ 193, 425 ; Periphrastic Conju- gations, § 423 ; Adjectives with genitive in -ius, §§ 144, 145. (1) These children must be led back into safety by us. (2) This assembly ought to be dismissed by Caesar before the flight of the whole army. (3) After the heights have been seized (abl. abs.) by us, the Romans are going to pitch their camp there. (4) The children of our soldiers must not be sent under the yoke of the Gauls. (5) On the next day a triple line of battle was drawn up by Caesar before the town. (6) When the messengers return, the children are going to leave the camp. (7) The Gauls must not be despised by us on account of this unsuccessful battle. (8) We are going to exhort the tenth legion to come at the critical moment (i.e. at the necessary time). (9) Caesar knows that he must win over the minds of the Gauls by another victory. (10) Caesar is not going to allow the mes- sengers to leave the camp before sunset. APPENDIX AND VOCABULAKIES. TABLES OF DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, COMPARISONS, AND NUMERALS. NOUNS. 1. First Declension — Stems in -a. fossa, f., ditcJi. provincia, f ., province. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Nominatwe fossa fossae provincia provinciae Genitive fossae fossarutn provinciae provinciarum Dative fossae fossls provinciae provinciis A ccusative fossain fossas provinciam provincias Ablative fossa fossis provincia provinciis 2. Second Declension. Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul. oppidum, -i, n., town. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Nominative Gallus Galli oppidum oppida Genitive Galli Gallorum oppidi oppidonim Dative Gallo Gallis oppido oppidis A ccusative Galium Gallos oppidum oppida A hlative Gallo Gallis oppido oppidis Vocative Galle ager, i, m^Jield. puer, -i, ra., f., child. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Nominative ager agri puer pueri Genitive agri agrorum pueri puerorum Dative agro agris puero pueris Accusative agrura agros puerum pueros Ablative agro agrls 247 puero pueris 248 APPENDIX. Third Declension. o. CONSONANT STEMS. lex,f ., law. virtus, f . ,, bravery. mercator, m., trader. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Norn. lex leges virtus virtutes mercator mercatores Gen. legis legum virtiitis virtiitum mercatoris mercatorum Dat. legi legi bus virtiiti virtutibus mercatorl mercatoribus Ace. legem leges virtutem virtutes mercatorem mercatores AM. lege legibus virtute virtutibus mercatore mercatoribus consul, m., consul. nobilitas, f., nobility. flumen, n., river. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Nom. consul consules nobilitas no plural flumen flumina Gen. consulis consulum nobilitatis fliiminis fliiminum Dat. consul! consulibus nobilitati flSmini fliiminibus Ace. consulem consules nobilitatem flumen flumina Abl. consule consulibus nobilitate fliimine fliiminibus 4. 6. I-STEMS. pars, Upart. finis, m I., f., end. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Nominative pars partes finis fines Genitive partis partium finis finium Dative parti partibus fini finibus A ecusative partem partes (is) finem fines (is) Ablative parte partibus fine (i) finibus hostis, m ., enemy. vectigal. n., tax. Sing. Plu. Sing Plu. Nominative hostis hostes vectigal vectigal ia Genitive hostis hostium vectigalis vectigalium Dative hosti hostibus vectigali vectigalibus Accusative hostem hostes vectigal vectigalia Ablative hoste hostibus vectigali vectigalibus APPENDIX. 249 5. Fourth Declension. STEM IN U. passus, m., pace. cornu, n., horn. Sing. Plu. Sing. Put. Nom. passus passus cornu cornua Gen. passus passuum cornus cornuum Dat. passu! passibus cornu cornibus Ace. passum passus cornu cornua Ahl. passu passibus cornu cornibus Loc. domus, Sing. domus domus r domui, L domo domum domu, domo domi f., house. Plu. domiis I domuum, 1 domorum domibus f domus, 1 domos domibus 6. Fifth Declension. dies, m., f., , day. res, f., thing. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Nominative dies dies res res Genitive diei dierum rei rerum Dative diei diebus rei rebus Accusative diem dies rem res Ablative die diebus re rebus 7. ADJECTIVES. First and Second Declensions. MAS. Nom. latus Gen. lati Dat. lato Ace. latum Abl. lato latus. wide. Singular. Plural. FEM. NEU. MAS. FEM. NEU. lata latum lati latae lata latae lati latorum latarum latorum latae lato latis latis latis latam latum latos latas lata lata lato latis latis latis 250 APPENDIX. liber, free. Singular. Plural. MAS. FEM. NBU. MAS. FEM. NBU. Norn. liber libera liber um liberi liberae libera Gen. liberi liberae liberi liberorum liberarum liberorum Dat. libero liberae libero liberis liberis liberis Ace. liberura liberam liberum liberos liberas libera AM. libero libera Singular libero noster, liberis our. liberis Plural. liberis MAS. FEM. NEU. MAS. FEM. NEU. Nam. noster nostra nostrum nostri nostrae nostra Gen. nostri nostrae nostri nostrorum nostrarum nostrorum Dat. nostro nostrae nostro nostris nostris nostris Ace. nostrum nostram nostrum nostros nostras nostra AM. nostro nostra nostro nostris nostris nostris 9. Adjectives with Genitives in -ius — Declinable Numerals. Nine adjectives of the First and Second Declensions have the geni- tive singular in -ius (in alter usually -ius) and the dative singular in -i in all genders. These are alius, another, solus, only, totus, tchole, ullus, any, nullus, no, unus, one, alter, the other, uter, ivhich (of two), neuter, neither. In the plural the case-endings of these adjectives are exactly the same as in latus. Singular. MAS. FEM. NEU. MAS. FEM. NEU. Nom. iinus una iinum totus tota totum Gen. unius Unius iini us totius totius totius Dat. iini iini iini toti toti tot! Ace. iinum iinam iinum t5tum totam totum A hi. iino iina lino toto tota toto Nom. alius alia aliud alter altera alterum Gen. alius alius alius alterius alterius alterius Dat. alii alii alii alter! alter! alter! Ace. alium aliam aliud alterum alteram alterum Abl. alio alia alio altero altera altero APPENDIX. 251 MAS. FEM. NEU. MAS., FEM NEU. Nom. duo duae duo tres tria Gen. duorum duarum duorum trium triuin Dat. duob us duabus duobus tribus tribus Ace. duos (duo) duas duo tres, -is tria Ahl. duob us duabus duobus tribus tribus 10. Third Dect