A Modern
French Grammar
Philippe de LaRochelle
How to use La Rochelle's Grammar for the
First Year's Work in French
Madame de Sevigne" compared La Fontaine's fables to a basket of
cherries: First we wish to eat only the ripest ones, then we finally
devour every one.
In studying a language for the first time it is often a question of
going to the trouble of picking, of securing a basket, and of eating and
digesting its contents.
Now let us proceed as follows:
LESSON
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
Alphabet. Orthographic marks.
Table of French Sounds and Syllables.
Rapid glance over Punctuation.
Drill on a, and dictate.
" two vowels (pp. 14-15)
" eo, ie, eu, etc. (pp. 15-16)
" ou and oi.
" ui, oui. Dictation.
Nasal vowels. Review same as per table (p. 8).
Drill on an, or dictate, p. 18.
" en, " " 18-19.
" am," " 19.
" em, " " 19.
Drill on in, or dictate, pp. 19-20.
" im, etc. p. 20
" on, " " 20.
" un, " Review.
Consonants. Pronunciation, p. 21.
Syllables. Spelling.
Drill on 6, c, d,f.
" g, or use Table, p. 8.
" h, " dictate.
Home work: 25 sentences illustrating the use of the
various tenees.
LXIX. Pp. 216-223 for one week. Follow directions within
same, and look up Index for further use of regular verbs
or idioms, etc. The soul of a sentence is always the
verb. See sec. 105 for instance and note. Home
work: 25 typical sentences.
LXX. Pp. 223-230 for one week. Peculiarities of the verbs
of the first group, and oral drills on parler, and its uses
with various tenses emphasized. Home work: 25
typical sentences.
LXXI. Pp. 230-237 for one week. Same directions as parler
followed, and Index, p. 450-2, closely adhered to. Home
work: 25 typical sentences.
LXXII. Pp. 237-248 for one week (and ne for variety).
Home work : 25 sentences.
LXXIII. Pp. 248-264 for one week. Third irregular verb (so
far) and of frequent use with review of plus (and de),
etc. Note sec. 73, or p. 452 or sec. 78. Home work:
25 sentences as above.
LXXIV. Pp. 264-271 for one week. Sec. 75-8 to be noted
specially. Home work: 25 sentences.
LXXV. Pp. 271-280 for one week. Drill on equivalents, etc.
See p. 452. Home work : 25 sentences.
LXXVI. Pp. 280-5 f r one week. Pupils are given an oppor-
tunity (for the last time) to review not only the sub-
junctive but the imperfect of the subjunctive, etc., with
a synthetical tableau. Home work: 25 sentences
based on all previous types of conjugations.
LXXVII. Pp. 285-291 for one week. Sees. 156, 163 should be
reviewed for oral drill, etc. Home work: 25 typical
sentences.
LXXVIII. Pp. 291-7 for one week. Sees. 156-169 to be reviewe ^
and Sees. 126-7 or 128 distinguished. Home work: :
sentences.
LXXIX. Pp. 298-301 for one week. Sec. 177 (pp. 202-206) 1
Sec. 181 to be mastered. The reflexive verbs in Frenc,
being of frequent use, are to be specially emphasizea
Home work: 25 sentences.
LXXX. Pp. 302-306 for one week. Compare y avoir, p. 1 16, or
tl est (there are) p. 122 or sec. 128. Time also : Pp. 139-
140. Homework: 25 sentences.
Irregular verbs: 3 or 4 may be assigned at a time preferably
with the Reader. Cognates or other words relative to the same idea
should be written in the margin (or across each verb from p. 309 to
the very end). For instance: allee, allure, envahir, s' en oiler, vade-
mecum, evasion, or ambulant, etc., contribute to better understanding.
Other suggestions like these:
vas-y; n'y va pas. See sec. 105, 108, p. 155.
N.B. Some teachers combine Lesson I. with Lesson LI.; Lessen
II. with Lesson LI I. , etc. , for quick survey of the whole book ; others
prefer to use both Modern Grammar and Composition book together
as the latter with its copious Vocabulary, brings out more clearly
the practical aspects of the former. For prose composition both
vocabularies (in either text) and verb index are found exceedingly
A MODERN FRENCH
GRAMMAR
FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND
COLLEGES
BY
PHILIPPE DE LA ROCHELLE
ROMANCE DEPARTMENT, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Cbe f?nicfcerbochet press
1919
COPYRIGHT. 1919
BY
PHILIPPE DE LA ROCHELLE
ttbe Htnfcfeerbocfter press, mew
PREFACE
THE purpose of the author in the preparation of this
book is indicated in the title : A Modern French Grammar.
In this Grammar, special attention has been given to
the points of contact between the English and the French
tongues.
The author believes that his text will be found both
comprehensive and practical for the use of instructors
in colleges and in higher grade schools. The attention
given to the grammatical nomenclature, to drill in oral
and reading exercises, to topics of composition and con-
versation, and to the presentation of idiomatic expressions
and of the equivalent terms in the two languages, will,
the author believes, have value in making clear to the
student the nature of the French language, and the
relations borne by it. to the English language.
The Section of Pronunciation has been placed at the
beginning of the book for use in reference, and with
this is connected a phonetic transliteration for the use
of elementary classes. It is important that the voice
of the instructor should be heard in all grades, in each
and every lesson, and in Dictation and Oral Drills. Care
should be taken to emphasize with the student the fluent
cadence or ring of the French language and the method
of the blending of words.
Two University Professors, in recent addresses to
French high school instructors, on Methods of Improv-
ing the Teaching of Modern French in Secondary Schools,
have pointed out that in such instruction sufficient em-
phasis had frequently not been given to the Gender
of Nouns. In the present work, this subject has been
iii
2032078
iv PREFACE
very thoroughly cared for, and a long series of examples
is presented.
In not a few Grammars, the elimination or the mini-
mizing of introductory work has left the student without
the ability to compose correctly even short sentences.
To students who desire simply to learn to read French,
the usual course of grammatical topics, together with
an Elementary Reader may properly be recommended;
but for the student who is anxious to solve the problem
of wording a sentence correctly, and to make further
progress towards accurate and graceful expression, it
is essential that the two languages be compared and
contrasted. It is through comparison and assimilation
that the interest of the pupil is aroused and his mind
is sharpened. When a certain mastery has been secured
of French composition, the pupil is able to make com-
paratively rapid progress in the expression of his ideas
with a wider choice of phrases and a trustworthy
vocabulary.
A method of study of a foreign tongue which aims at
simplicity may easily lead to a knowledge that is but
superficial. An intelligent study of French calls for a
wide range of treatment ; and the examples of expression
given in this volume have been selected with the purpose
of enabling the student to secure a proper form of
expression for his ideas.
It has been thought, advisable to group together the
vital divisions of the Grammar, and for this purpose
the presentation of a verb, a tense, a pronoun, or an
idiomatic expression is interpreted and illustrated under
various relations so as to meet as far as possible varied
requirements.
The use of a Modern Reader and the reading of se-
lected stories will bring to a pupil a reading facility, but
if he is ambitious to secure familiarity with the intrica-
cies of a living language, it is essential that he shall
PREFACE V
obtain a mastery of Syntax. The student must observe,
compare, analyze, connect, and direct the mechanism
of the language so as to secure a fair grasp of its nature
and its genius.
The author emphasizes the importance of the mastery
of a comprehensive vocabulary, which alone can bring
to the student the requisite knowledge of the various
interpretations or phases of meaning of words; but in
this Grammar it is the structure of a sentence that receives
special attention. Unless a trustworthy model is kept
before the student or a text-book be utilized as a guide
or reference, he may easily be led into a pitfall of clumsy
expression as a result of the different phases of meaning
attaching to the same word when connected with different
prepositions or verbs.
// est ban de limer et de f rotter notre cervelle contre celle
d'autrui. MONTAIGNE.
P. DE L.
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Table des Matieres)
PAGE
PREFACE ... iii
INTRODUCTION
PART I
PRONUNCIATION AND PRACTICAL PHONETICS
PAGE
I. PUNCTUATION ..... 3
II. FRENCH ALPHABET .... 6
III. ORTHOGRAPHIC MARKS .... 6
IV. PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND FRENCH SOUNDS 8
V. PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS ... 9
VI. NASAL VOWELS . . . . .17
VII. CONSONANTS AND THEIR PRONUNCIATION 21
VIII. SYLLABLES ...... 22
IX. LINKING . ' . . . -35
X. ELISION ...... 43
XI. PRACTICAL FRENCH PROSODY . 46
XII. LIST OF h (aspirated) . . . . 49
Viii CONTENTS
PART II
ETYMOLOGY OR PARTS OF SPEECH
PAGE
LESSON I ....... 63
I gender of nouns; parts of speech; the definite article ;
nouns are either masculine or feminine
2 Latin feminines
3 general rule
4 double gender
5 few change their meaning according to the gender
6 few are either masculine or feminine
LESSON II ....... 70
PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
7 general rule
8 double plurals
9 invariable nouns
i o substantives always in the plural
1 1 noun with an adverb or a preposition
12 when de is understood
13 foreign nouns
14 determinatives of nouns (with a; de; en; sans; pour]
1 5 definite, indefinite and partitive article
1 6 gender and number
17 general rule; use of the article
LESSON III 77
QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES
1 8 rule
19 exceptions
LESSON IV .... gj
20 avoir to have; principal parts
21 indicative mood
22 imperfect
CONTENTS IX
PAGE
23 past definite (preterit)
24 past indefinite (perfect)
25 review rules governing nouns and adjectives
26 past anterior
27 pluperfect
28 future
29 future past
30 conditional mood
31 material for review and dictation
32 conditional past (ist Form)
33 conditional past (ad Form)
34 imperative mood
35 subjunctive mood
36 imperfect (subj.) and review of rules with nouns and
adjectives
37 past (subj.)
38 pluperfect (subj.)
39 infinitive mood
40 participial mood ; material for short compositions
and review of adjectives
41 comparison of adjectives (with plus, mains)
42 " " " (continued)
42 " " " (continued) with ban and
mauvais
43 comparison of adjectives (with comme)
44 adverbs: bien, mal, pen, mieux followed by review on
adverbs and adjectives
LESSON V . ... . . .98
45 Ure to be (conjugated at p. 291) and its various uses
46 position of certain adverbs
47 a; de; en; envers as complement of adjectives with
impersonal verbs
48 oral drill with: a; de on adjectives, etc.
49 adjectival forms: certain, chaque, chacun, etc.
50 " " (with oral drill) etc.
51 " ( " " " continued) and on
LESSON VI . . . . . .116
52 y avoir to be (there to be) [conjugated in full);
con ersational exercise with: le; en
CONTENTS
53 present indicative and its uses
54 review: rules for using le; la; les; un(e)
55 possessive adjectives
56 il y a and wild.
57 negative and interrogative forms
58 review of interrogative forms
59 en and le; (I'); la; les as pronouns
60 avoir faim; avoir soif; avoir chaud, etc. ; various ex-
amples on avoir and etre ; general review on :
there is (are)
LESSON VII 124
61 de plus le contracted; de plus les; des; de I'; de la;
au; a I'; a la; aux (partitive sense^
62 imperfect (indicative) and its uses
63 rules requiring same
64 de (some or any) in partitive constructions after
adverbs of quantity; verbs, adjectives or expres-
sions requiring it
65 de or du; de I'; de la; des in negative interrogations
66 past definite (preterit) and its uses
67 rule; also de plus infinitive of narration
68 possessive pronouns
69 past indefinite and its uses
70 rule on same; past indefinite and definite distin-
guished
71 demonstrative adjectives: ce (cet); cette; ces
72 demonstrative pronouns: celui; celle; ceux; celles;
ceci; cela (ca); -ci; -la
73 future and its uses
74 relative pronouns : qui; que; ce qui; ce que
75 important rule on futurity (implied)
LESSON VIII . . . . ; . . .132
76 ce (plus est) or: y sont; demonstrative pronouns
before a proper noun, pronoun, superlative; general
review
77 ce as a conclusive statement or as above and general
review
78 rule and si (if) plus present (indicative) etc. ; con-
versation; time of day, etc.
CONTENTS XI
79 conditional present and its uses
80 conditional present answers to the imperfect with si
8 1 quel; guelle; quels; quelles as adjectives
82 interrogative pronouns: lequel; laquelle; lesquels; les-
quelles and duquel or auquel, etc.
83 lequel, etc., in the body of a sentence
84 imperative and its uses and review of above pronouns
LESSON IX 138
85 subjunctive present or future
86 rule; main clause; subordinate clause; after verbs
implying will, order, fear, etc.
87 subordinate clause with present or past idea ; uncer-
tainty or certainty; independent clauses and: que;
what time is it? etc.; verbs of emotion: esperer
and 'penser; impersonal verbs; superlatives; after
le seul, etc. ; after que preceded by soil; after adver-
bial clauses, substantive, temporal, concessional,
hypothetical, final, consecutive clauses and: que,
subject or object of a verb; adjectival clauses;
adverbial clauses; general review; conversation
LESSON X 144
88 moods and tenses reviewed ; infinitive mood and its
uses; as a noun or subject; as direct (indirect)
object; as attribute; in prepositional phrases;
infinitive of narration
89 present indicative (reviewed) ; its uses
90 direct interrogation ; examples
91 imperfect (indicative) ; its uses and fully illustrated
92 imperfect in speaking or quotations ; rule ; imperfect
and past definite distinguished
93 past definite (preterit) ; its uses
94 past indefinite (perfect) ; and its uses
95 past anterior or pluperfect
96 compare the pluperfect and perfect
97 pluperfect used with the imperfect
98 future (absolute and simple) ; its uses
99 future past (anterior) ; with quand (mdme) :
too two future past (anterior) in one sentence
Xil CONTENTS
PAGE
i oi conditional (present); its uses; fully illustrated
102 would and should distinguished
103 conditional past; its uses
104 conditional past (2nd Form)
105 imperative; its uses
1 06 few verbs as interjections
LESSON XI . . 155
107 personal pronoun; its uses; complex pronouns, etc.
1 08 two possible pronouns after the verb
109 two possible pronouns before the verb
no imperative of command (wish)
1 1 1 infinitive instead of imperative
LESSON XII . .158
112 subjunctive fully explained and illustrated
113 " after verbs of doubt, etc.
114 " " adjectives or various expressions of
joy, etc.
1 1 5 subjunctive after interrogative or negative verbs, etc.
116 " " other verbs of uncertainty
117 " impersonal verbs
1 1 8 indicative after certain impersonal verbs
119 " or subjunctive in special cases
1 20 subjunctive always after certain conjunctive clauses
121 que may stand for: sans que, etc.
122 general review on the above
LESSON XIII . . - v . . . . . 167
1 23 drill on the indicative with temporal clauses
124 observe de maniere que; de sorte que, etc.
125 subjunctive (absolute) with or without que
126 " with relative pronouns or conjunctive
adverbs
127 ne after a principal clause (negative), verbs of fearing,
etc.
128 general rule and final review: subjunctive or indica-
tive
i 129 few exceptional cases after verbs of saying, etc., and
a past subjunctive
CONTENTS Xlii
PAGE
LESSON XIV . 173
130 infinitive reviewed with d or de; etc., and rules
131 answering to a present or past idea may
replace all tenses of indicative
132 infinitive (perfect) corresponds to what? .
133 as subject; de after nouns, etc.
134 as attribute; de in predicate uses
135 as direct object; le or /*, etc., with faire,
etc.
136 infinitive after de; illustrative sentences
137 " as indirect object; a or de?
138 clause
139 absolute infinitive; independent propositions
140 infinitive in subordinate clause and que
141 used alone; oral drill; seasons; months
142 infinitive etre omitted; various examples
143 few verbs linked without preposition
144 all prepositions followed by infinitive except en;
general review
LESSON XV 183
145 participle in general
146 participial clause
147 participle related to subject (object)
148 gerund and en
149 specific distinction
150 present participle as adjective
151 " preposition
152 " " " substantive
! 53 prepositional locutions, etc.
154 orthography varying in verbal adjectives
155 en plus a verb; its use; further drill on prepositions
LESSON XVI 190
156 past participle
157 " " implying a state of being
158 " as adjective
159 " " plus de
1 60 " " related to a pronoun
161 as a noun; en with names of countries
162 " " as preposition
XIV CONTENTS
PAGE
163 past participle with Ure
164 " " in passive verbs
165 " " in neuter verbs and fare
1 66 " " of passive and neuter verbs
167 " " of impersonal verbs
LESSON XVII . . . . 196
1 68 past participle with avoir (or etre in the reflexive
verbs); after combien de; autant de; que de; la joule
de, etc. ; after a few gallicisms ; after redundant past
169 remarks on avoir plus past participle
170 special rules on past part, plus an infinitive, etc.
171 same rule when followed by another past or present
participle and exceptions
172 past participle between two que
173 past participle preceded by le (I'); cela
1 74 en and the past participle
175 " " " " " (continued)
176 and after le pen de; la joule de
177 past participle of a reflexive verb
178 a reflexive verb expresses what?
179 reciprocal, reflexive, pronominal verbs
1 80 list of verbs essentially pronominal
181 active or neuter (intransitive) may take reflexive
form; illustrated
PART III
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -ER CONJUGATED IN FULL
LESSON XVIII 209
i parler to speak ; present indicative, etc. ; conversation
only
2 tout (m.) toute (f.); tons (m. pi.) toutes (f. pi.)
all, every, whole, any; all, every, whole, any
3 imperfect of parler and previous rules applied
4 je parlai past definite (preterit)
5 J e parlerai future; its uses
6 je parlerais conditional (present)
7 parle; parlous; parlez imperative
CONTENTS XV
PAGE
LESSON XIX . . . .216
8 queje parle subjunctive present
9 queje parlasse imperfect (subj.)
10 subjunctive past and pluperfect
ii past indefinite j'ai parle
12 pluperfect (indicative) j'avais parle
13 past anterior j'eus parle
14 future past j'aurai parle
15 conditional past (first form) j'aurais parle
1 6 conditional past (second form) j'eusse parle
1 7 imperative perfect aie parle
1 8 subjunctive past quej'aie parle
19 subjunctive pluperfect que j'eusse parle
LESSON XX ... .223
20 various expressions on : parler and verbs of the first
group
2 1 verbs ending in -ger
22 " ending in -cer
23 " with e on the penultimate
24 " with an unaccented e
25 " ending in -ler or -ler
25 " ending in -ler or -ter; eer or -ier
26 " " " -oyer; -uyer
27 " -ayer; -eyer
LESSON XXI 230
REGULAR VERBS OF THE SECOND GROUP IN -IR
28 present indicative je finis with full practice
29 imperfect jefinissais; its uses
30 past definite (preterit) je finis
31 past indefinite (perfect) j 'ai fini and with le; la;
les; en
32 redundant past
33 past anterior j'eus fini
LESSON XXII . . ..." -237
34 pluperfect j'avais fini
35 future (and near future) jefinirai
XVi CONTENTS
36 future past j'auraifini
37 redundant past
38 conditional present je finirais
39 " past (first form) j'auraisfini
40 " (second form) j'eussefini
41 ne after si (unless); depuis que; il y a (voild) . . .
que
42 ne in a subordinate clause, etc.
43 ne in certain independent clauses
44 ne preceded by a negative interrogative
45 ne and negation implied
46 imperative finis; finissons; finissez
47 imperative perfect aiefini
48 subjunctive (present) quejefinisse
49 imperfect (subj.) quejefinisse
50 subjunctive past que j 'aiefini
51 subjunctive pluperfect que j'eussefini
LESSON XXIII . . . . . .248
52 recevoir (to receive) of frequent use; present indica-
tive je re$ois
53 imperfect indicative je recevais with important
vocabulary
54 past definite (preterit) je regus
55 past indefinite (perfect) j'ai re$u
56 note: plus; mains; autant; combien, etc.; tant; assez;
trap; un peu
57 positive; comparative; superlative
58 and with possessive adjectives
59 pluperfect (indicative) j'avais re$u
60 de after a negation ; before an adjective as some (any) ;
reviewed:
6 1 du; de I'; de la; des
62 past anterior j'eus re$u
63 future je recevrai; and near future, etc.
64 future anterior (past) j'aurai re$u
65 conditional present je recevrais; imperfect with si;
as review
66 conditional past (first form) j'aurais re$u
67 ' (second form) j'eusse re$u
68 imperative regois; recevons; recevez
CONTENTS XV11
69 subjunctive present gueje refoive
70 imperfect subj. gueje re$usse
71 subj. past que j'aie requ
72 pluperfect subj. que j'eusse re$u
73 six verbs conjugated likewise
LESSON XXIV 264
74 devoir to owe (and which is of frequent use) followed
by a verb may mean: must, etc.; its compound
tenses: j'ai du; etc.
75 devoir as auxiliary
76 du as a noun ; also devoir
77 re ? M as a noun
78 various examples on: devoir, recevoir, etc.; material
for composition
LESSON XXV 271
THIRD GROUP OF REGULAR VERBS ENDS IN -RE
79 rompre to break (off, up, etc.) : present indicative
je romps; its uses
79 note other verbs ending in (d) re
80 present indicative je romps; its uses
8 1 imperfect je rompais; its uses
82 past definite je rompis; its uses
83 past indefinite j'ai rompu; its uses
84 pluperfect j'avais rompu; its uses
85 past anterior j'eus rompu; its uses
86 future je romprai; its uses
87 future past j'aurai rompu; its uses
88 conditional present je romprais, etc.
89 past (first form) j'aurais rompu
90 past (second form) j'eusse rompu
91 imperative rom ps; rompons; rompez
LESSON XXVI 280
92 present subjunctive que je rompe
93 imperfect subjunctive que je rompisse
94 review of above
CONTENTS
95 hypothetical clause
96 subjunctive past (perfect) que j'aie rompu
97 pluperfect subj. quej'eusse rompu
98 pluperfect subj. and final review
LESSON XXVII 285
99 all tenses of a passive verb (conjugated) in -er
100 present indicative je suis dime (e)
101 imperfect j'etais aime (e)
1 02 past definite jefus aime (e)
103 past indefinite (perfect) j'ai etc aime (e)
104 pluperfect j'avais ete aime (e)
105 past anterior feus ete aime (e)
1 06 future je serai aime (e)
107 future anterior j'aurai ete aime (e)
1 08 conditional present je serais aime (e)
109 past j'aurais ete aime (e)
no imperative sois aime (e)
1 1 1 perfect aie ete aime (e)
112 present subj. que je sois aime (e)
113 past subj. que j'aie ete aime (e)
114 imperfect subj. que jefus se aime (e)
115 pluperfect subj. que j'eusse ete aime (e)
116 infinitive present etre aime (e)
1 1 7 infinitive perfect avoir ete aime
118 present part, etant aime
1 19 perfect part, ayant ete aime
1 20 past (part.) aime; aimee
121 rule governing past part.
LESSON XXVIII . . ... 291
122 etre conjugated
123 present indicative, etc., je suis
124 conjugation of a neuter (intransitive) verb; tomber
to fall; conjugated in full
125 tomber and its compound tenses
126 other neuter verbs conjugated with etre
127 other neuter verbs with etre and avoir
128 other neuter verbs with avoir only; few impersonal
verbs ; material for general conversation
CONTENTS XIX
PAGE
LESSON XXIX . . .298
129 reflexives distinguished; pronominal; reflexive;
reciprocal
130 reciprocal action
131 reflexive for the passive voice
132 pronominal verb (conjugated) in -ir
133 s'etre repenti to have repented
LESSON XXX ....... 302
134 conjugation of an impersonal verb: neiger to snow
135 cardinal numbers
136 ordinal numbers
137 ages dimensions
138 time of day dates fractions
PART IV
IRREGULAR VERBS ....... 309
(all in alphabetical order)
ending in -er
ending in -ir
ending in -oir
ending in -re
GENERAL VOCABULARY 363
INDEX OF VERBS . . . . . . 439
PART I
PRONUNCIATION AND PRACTICAL PHONETICS
I. Punctuation
Its first use dates 200 years B.C. and is attributed
to Aristophanes of Byzantium. But it was not generally
used as the pauses replaced it. In French it plays an
important part.
i. Virgule. The comma (virgula or little rod used
by the Romans) was first us,ed in correcting sen-
tences, then for pauses in sentences.
Le pere, la mere, le fils sont bans.
Le frangais est facile, le travail difficile.
La Lexicologie, ou etude des mots, du vocabulairc.
La Morphologic, ou etude des formes.
La Syntaxe, ou etude des propositions.
L'inspecteur, dit le maire, est un dne.
L'an /pop, le 6 mars, a huit heures du soir, les eleves se sont reunis
en assemblee generate, au lieu ordinaire de leurs seances, a X. . ,
rue Z. . , no. . .
New- York, le 4 Janvier /pop.
Monsieur X. . , agriculteur a X. . , 25, rue Saint-Saens, Aix.
Monsieur,
.Je dis toujours la meme chose, el, si ce n'etait pas toujours la meme
chose, je ne dirais pas toujours la meme chose.)) (Don Juan, II, i.)
Le voila, le chameau.
A votre age, Napoleon etait mort.
La France, amis, sera toujours la France.
Et les Fran$ais seront toujours Fran$ais.
Petite dme errante, caressante.
Allans, enfants de la patrie,
Le jour de gloire est arrive!
Et moi aussi, je suis peintre.
La mer est belle, calme, tranquille.
Qui va doucement, va surement.
Je suis venu,j'ai vu,j'ai vaincu.
Le temps, c'est de I 'argent.
Madame, etes-vous protectrice de cette ecole?
4 PUNCTUATION
Rule: A comma contributes to clearness by indicating small
interruptions between subjects, attributes, verbs, and propositions.
Words in apposition, explanations, etc., require the comma; in
fact any group of words or short clause.
2. Point- Virgule ( ;) or semicolon marks, as in English,
the division of sentences somewhat more lengthy
although strictly connected by the sense.
Son rhumatisme le fait souffrir; la fievre I' a repris.
Man cheval est blanc; celui de man pere est noir.
3. Point (period) . In abbreviations or at the end of
a complete sentence.
M. ou Mme. Mile., etc.
L'Amerique, I'Europe, I'Asie, I'Afrique, el I'Oceanie.
4. Point d 1 Interrogation (?). In questions; not in
indirect questions.
Quel est cet homme?
But, je demande quel est cet homme.
5. Point d 1 Exclamation (!). In interjections or sen-
tences expressing joy, admiration, terror, etc.
O Libertet que de crimes on commet en ton nom.
Dieu sauve le roi!
6. Points de Suspensions (. . . ). In quotations they
mark the omission of superfluous words ; in descrip-
tions they mark interruptions, reticence.
Presents: MM. . .
Absents: MM. . .
Sur la premiere question, M. C. . . demande la parole et . . .
Je Vai vu, dis-je, vu, de mes propres yeux vu,
Ce qui s'appelle vu
Oh! sifavais des ailes
Vers ce beau del si pur je voudrais les ouvrir.
(Musset, Rolla)
7. Parentheses ( ), parentheses. Any special and com-
plete sentence is inserted between ( ).
PUNCTUATION 5
8. Crochets [ ]. brackets.
La grammaire nous enseigne d parler et d ecrire sans faire de
fautes (c'est-d-dire correctement}.
Saint-Saens [sanss].
Belise. Veux-tu toute ta vie offenser la grammaire?
Marline. Qui parle d'offenser grand'mere ni grand-pere?
(Moliere, Les Femmes savantes, acte II, sc. vi.)
Ouvrez la parenthese: ( ; fermez-la:)
9. Guillemets ( ))). In French special marks are used
which are placed at the beginning and end of a
quotation, but on the line, not above it, as in Eng-
lish; sometimes at the beginning of every line and
of each stanza quoted.
Madame de Sevigne comparait les fables de La Fontaine d un panier
de censes: ((D'abord, disait-elle, on veut ne manger seulement que
les plus belles, puis ensuite on finit par ne rien laisser du tout.
10. Tiret ( ) or dash. In a dialogue it serves to note
the remarks of a different speaker, also to replace
the words: repondit-il, dit-il.
((Mon moulin est d mot,
Tout aussi bien, au mains, que la Prusse est au roi.
Allans, ton dernier mot, bonhomme, et prends-y garde !
Faut-il vous parler clair? Oui. C'est que je le garden
(Andrieux.)
11. * asterisque.
12. { accolade.
13. f croix de r envoi,
14. Majuscules or Capital Letters. Mostly used as
in English, except when words are adjectives.
Le poete americain, franqais, allemand, anglais, etc.
15. Minuscules or small letters are used in the days
of the weeks, months, names of religions, philo-
sophical schools, etc.
6 FRENCH ALPHABET
Le mardi, le samedi, le dimanche.
Le catholicisme, le protestantisme.
L'ecole pythagoricienne, etc.
II. French Alphabet
Majuscules or Capital Letters :
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Minuscules or Small Letters:
ab cd efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
16. Old Pronunciation:
A as
ah
Has
ash
as
oh
V as
vay
B
bay
I
ee
P
pay
W
doobl-vay
C
say
J
jhee
Q
kii
X
iks
D
day
K
kah
R
air
Y
ee-grek
E
ay
L
ell
S
ess
Z
zed
F
eff
M
emm
T
tay
G
zhay
N
enn
U
{i
Modern Pronunciation of Consonants (see page 21) :
B as be H as he N as ne T as te CH as she
GN gne
C
se
J
zhe P pe V
ve
D
de
K
ke Q (que) ke W
ve
F
fe
L
le R re X
kse
G
jhe
M
me S se Z
ze
(the e as in water.)
III. Orthographic Marks
are: acute, grave, circumflex, cedilla, apostrophe, diaere-
sis and hyphen.
17. The acute accent occurs only on e which is sounded
as ay: ete, repete, etc.
1 8. The grave occurs on a, Id, voild, dejd, ou and
mostly on words ending in ere, ete, ene: pere,
mere, frere, je repete, je mene, etc.
ORTHOGRAPHIC MARKS 7
19. The circumflex (grave and acute) shows fre-
quently the loss of 5 in tete, fete, hopital, hote, etc.
In the old French those words are written teste,
feste, etc.
In 1680 P. Richelet wrote these words with the cir-
cumflex; the 5 being no longer pronounced in those
words from the I3th century to 1740 was continued
however to be used by some writers.
On certain vowels it is a sign of contraction: mr =
meur = maturum, stir = seur = securum.
20. Cedilla (introduced in 1529) in Italian zediglia
or little z was placed under c to give it the
sound of 5 before a, o, u.
FranQais, le^on, re$u.
21 . Apostrophe. As in English it shows the elision of
the vowels a, e, i, at the end of a word and before
another word beginning with h mute or a vowel:
thus: Vami, I'homme, Vame, s'il vous plait.
22. Diaeresis (trema) was introduced in 1540. The
two dots over 'i, e\ u in Noel, Sawl, hair, cigue, etc.,
indicate that the vowels are sounded separately:
No-el, Sa-wl, ha-ir, etc., etc.
Otherwise the words do not form a diphthong: ligue,
catalogue, etc.
23. Hyphen. To-day it has become optional in con-
necting words or groups of words into one; we
may write with or without the hyphen: chef-lieu
or chef lieu; moi-meme or moi meme; ai-je or ai je;
dis-le or dis le.
The hyphen was first used in 1573.
NOTE. It may not be advisable to omit it in Verbs of the first
conjugation such as aime-je, flatte-je or in a-t-il, etc.
PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND FRENCH SOUNDS
Classification of Vowels and Consonants
The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y. They are either short
or long: thus, d, a are short; a (letter) is long. More-
over, they are divided into tonic, atonic and nasal.
In the 1 6th century the j and the v (i and u con-
sonants) were often written i or j, u or v by the French.
Dubois (1531) first distinguished i from j and v from u.
In the following lessons, the vowels will be carefully
studied from a practical point of view.
24. Consonants:
7 dental d, I, n, r, s, t, z.
6 labial b, f, m, p, v, w.
3 palatal A: (c), g, h.
2 spirants ch,j.
IV. Table of French Sounds and Symbols with approximate
English Equivalents
VOWELS
SYMBOL EXAMPLES
ENGLISH
APPROXIMATE
a ,potte
rat
a pas
calm
a an
want
e ete
fate
e tait, fete
met
vin, pain
camp
3 le, mener
villa
i si, lyre
police
o roti, sot
rose
o opeYa
rwb
5 ban, pompe
<t> pen, Mewse
don't
search
ce seul, soeur
tub
ce un, partum
(r)n
u sow, bowt
mood
y su, sdr
u(German)
SEMI-VOWELS
j rt'en, bien
year
q htttt, tua
sweet
w oui, poele
swell
CONSONANTS
IBOl. EXAMPLES
ENGLISH
APPROXIMATI
b beau, sobre
beau
d dans, sud
seedy
f /aux, neu/
fool
g gargon
rig
h haut, hair
w(A)ere
k cargo, cure
sick
1 la, seul
Lee
m ma, rame
me
n won, wi
not
/* cawon, signe
cation
p papa, taper
caper
r rat, tres
error
s si, lance
see
f machine
machine
t trop, patte
senary
v vu, arrii>er
arrive
z ro^e, zest
breeze
ge, si, gy = /s>, ^
H, Of; J9, ji
: sign of length
PRONUNCIATION OK VOWELS 9
V. Simple Vowels
25. A. Its timbre or quality of voice. When long
the a is uttered fully and deeply in upward
direction :
La (note in music), Jacques, a (letter of the alphabet), ante, dne,
grace, mat, Idche, gars, Dumas, matin, male, rage, pale, tas, bat, crane,
cable, fable, etc.
Short a: // a, a, ma, ta, sa, la, la, ca, sofa, il parla, in all verbs
ending in er: nous parldmes, vous parl&tes, Versailles, paille, bague,
champagne, sicre, tache, place, acte, pacte, patisserie, lame, etc.
NOTE. On the last syllable but one, the vowel is generally short
when followed by a double consonant: salle, pelle, folle, motte, butte,
ville, etc.
The a grave sound under the roof of the mouth; it is louder,
larger, fuller than a aigu. The latter requires only a slight effort
and expires on the lower lip.
In the French language the vowels (short) are always voyelles
aigues and the graves always long. From the grave to the aigu
there are degrees of sonority or nuances of sound, but they are not
as sharply defined as in the case of the vowel e.
Some writers maintain that a may be uttered in five different
ways according to its position in a word. The first a in papa is
shorter than the last; the a in Paris is shorter than a circumflex in
Paris; the a in pate reaches the roof of the mouth while the a in
patte is flat; the a in phrase, ecraser is deeper than a in race, face;
a in car sounds further back into the mouth than avoir; the last a
in Canada more upward than at in avocat.
E
26. E naturel in le, me, te, ce, se, qtte, ne, andje.
Efermeinverite, ete, repete. parler (verbs of the first
conjugation) ; leger, chez, entrez, nez, etc.
E ouvert in pere, mere, frere, hiver, fer, vert, cher,
hier, mer, etc., sounds as ai in air.
Also in les, des, mes, ses, tes, ces, est, etc.
E ouvert allonge in bete, tete, fete, meme, tempete,
etc., sounds as a prolonged ai in air.
NOTE. The e ferme is called masculin, because at the end of an
adjective or past participle, it denotes the masculine gender: aimt..
10 PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
E mute without accent is slightly pronounced at the end of a
syllable: monde, pelle; it is silent in soie, soierie.
The mute e, medial or final, seems since the isth century, to
have been either mute or heard as it is to-day in conversation.
Ex.: J' n'en sais rien, but, we say: je n'sais pas. Other examples:
j'vais mettre un' let' a la pas' for je vats mettre une lettre a la poste;
c'est un' fenetre, although we say, laf'netre.
E mute is also silent in: prierai, jouerai, prie, pries, prient, oublierai,
etc.
Rule: After an unaccented (atonic) vowel, after an accented
(tonic) vowel, the e is silent; after a consonant it is almost silent:
11 criera, il louera, samedi; in other words, the mute e is the weakest
of our French sounds generally audible at the end of words like:
monde, fidele, but silent in jolie, folie.
E mute is often elided at the end of words immediately followed
by a vowel or h mute: une oreille attentive, une heureuse annee, la
vie est un songe.
NOTE. In poetry, a mute syllable does not count at the end of
a line, neither in any part of the line when elided.
E mute is called feminin because it forms the feminine of adject-
ives: pur, pure; cher, chere; saint, sainte; complet, complete; in
poetry, it designates the rimes feminities.
Grammarians say: there cannot be two mute e's in succession
at the end of a word.
Dieu a cree le monde; in this example both e's are acute. L'ecole
fut fondee; the final e is silent.
In words of one syllable, the voice hardly attacks the e; especially
in colloquial utterance: je ne le ferai pas; qu'est-ce que c'est que fa?
Pronunciation of the E. Open the mouth (drawing a long breath)
expel the breath; the full sound of e in water (no r sound) is reached
in French by advancing the lower lip downwards.
Modern pronunciation of French consonants: be, ce, de, fe, etc.
From the preceding remarks pupils may be able to read several
words, to spell at least their names in French, to divide words into
syllables, etc.
Review
27. For our practical purposes we review briefly:
In conversation the a, e (simple vowels) are
sounded more quickly than in elocution, singing
or poetry.
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS II
Feminine syllables characterized by the so-called
e mute are very quickly sounded.
To avoid monotony, articulate the division of syllables.
Dictation from the first lessons will gradually help
you to hear and distinguish simple sounds.
Regies Generates
28. Any syllable is short whose last vowel is followed
by a final consonant (except s or 2) :
Le sac, le bac, croc, trie, trac, bal, aval, pal, car, instar, par, pare,
arc, cap, combat, avocat, in adjectives: plat, ingrat.
Grec, sec, and verbs of the first conjugation: parler, chanter,
etc.; et, il remet, il met, and its compounds.
All the preceding nouns, any masculine syllable (i. e., not ending
in mute e) , short or not in the singular, is long in the plural : les sacs,
les Grecs, les bals, etc.
A and E a^ long before two indivisible RR: bizarre, carreau,
arret, terre, verre.
S lengthens the a and e in the penultimate syllable: case, phrase,
base, table, rase, diocese, these.
Words of dictation:
Pre, gaz, has, bras, mal, the, est, rat, ble, arc, chat, sac, mer, dtre,
etre, dne, hate, rale, reve, rene, peche, cdpre, patre, chene. Le pre,
le gaz, le bras, le mal, le the, le rat, le ble, I'arc, le chat, le sac, la mer,
i'dtre, I'etre, Vane, la hdte, le rdle, le reve, la rene, la peche, la cdpre,
le patre, le chene, etc.
Other examples:
L'ete, le cafe, la pate, le trema, le chene, la serre, la terre, le nectar,
la vie, la patte, I'armee, la mer, le general, le lac, la tdche, la tache,
le Idche, la vache, I'acre, la cascade, la salade, la carafe, la balafre,
le male, la dalle, Cesar, la trappe, la cabane, la cave, la taxe, la Grece,
la pelle, la scene, Athenes, la gene, Helene, la lepre, je pese, le metre,
Geneve, la seve, I'orfevre, la levre.
I
29. / has the sound of ee in English : ami, image
timide.
I2 PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
NOTE. ai, la, oi are sounded separately in ]amaique, iambique,
egoiste, etc.
/ in the Parisian pronunciation, preceded by two different con-
sonants, is always long: patriarche, etc.
Dictation:
L'ami, I'amie, les amis, les amies, le mardi, les mardis, le samedi,
les samedis, la biche, les biches, la bible, les bibles, la vie, I'amitie,
la maxime, la rime, I'epine, la cire, le Christ, le litre, I'epUre, la
vitre, le litre, la piste. Hair, Sinai, Thais, Mo'ise, etc.
Id, Daniel, animal, aride, acide, defi, garni, minime, niece,
optique, palmiste, pipe, rapide, retreci, riche, ride, rire, rive, the-
baique, visile, vice, la vie, vizir.
30. Long and closed, generally with the circumflex
accent, followed by: le, me, ne, at the end of a
word: drole, pole, role, dome, fantome, je chome,
Rhone, cone, prone, also in apotre, le notre, le votre,
la votre, les notres, les votres, etc.
Short in any syllable when vowel o is followed by
final consonant (not 5 or 2).
Roc, bol, Medoc, pot, robe, globe, sobre, broche, etoffe, ode, loge,
golfe, volte, philosophe, propre, epoque, mot, sot, hotel, roti, notre,
votre, col, echo, etc.
Medium in homme, comme, somme, pomme, il tonne, je donne,
etc.
Dictate o long in the following words :
Tot, hote, rose, les dominos, le, la poele, il rode; a few Greek words :
zone, arome, atome, hippodrome, idiome, axiome, chrome, atone, tome,
gnome, Sodome, amazone, also corps, pore (no c), repos, gros, prevot,
depot, table d'hote, alcove.
Dictate o short in:
Rosee, rotir, devot, orge, orgue, orme, morgue, madone, Rome,
econome, ecole, solde, vogue, loge, dogme, coffre, noble, opera, hopital,
bloc, docte.
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS 13
O has the same sound in eau, au, eaux, aux: tableau, tableaux,
chateau, chateaux, beau, beaux, chapeau, chapeaux, peau, peaux, etc.
Endings in and, auld, aut, ault, have same sound as o: chawd, La
RochefoucawW, saut, Escaut, Duiault, etc.
Review: 5 lengthens o in the penultimate: prose, chose, etc.
55 shortens it: brosse, bosse, brosse, Ecosse: a few exceptions;
fosse, grosse, etc.
O long in rose, etc., becomes shorter before masculine syllable:
arroser, oser, poser, etc.
O before r or 5 (sounded) is short: ordre, riposte, paste, posterite,
pastiche, porter, apporter, rosbif, sorbet, bosquet, etc.
O final is short in the singular: zero, duo, cacao, dynamo.
31 . U is difficult to master at first ; by placing 5 before
it you control your lips without moving them,
first hissing slowly su (without parting lips nor
rounding them) then more forcibly (always avoid-
ing oo sound), you hear gradually u on the tip
of the tongue, then produce it suddenly as if be-
ginning to hum.
Constant practice with 5 before u as if striking the
notes on a piano or humming may help you greatly.
NOTE. Once you control the lips, then practice without s.
U as a, e, i, o is generally short before double consonants: lutte,
butte, Russe, Russie, Prusse, Hussard.
U short in past participles: vu, perdu, su, except cru, du, mu, and
in du, cru.
U short in words ending: Me, wme, ttl, wlbe, ttlpe, ttble, Mbre, MC,
ce, wrne; u with s (sounded) jwste, bwste, etc., or MX, xe, wne,
tribwne, brwme, nul, bwlbe, pwlpe, chasble, dwc, dittrne, laxe, etc.
U long generally with a circumflex: flute, affut, fut, piqure, sur,
mure; also in verbs.
U with plural nouns is long : les dues, les menus, etc.
Ue always long; cigue, morue, tortue, statue, vue.
Dictation:
Du, tu, lu, su, nu, parvenu, club, il remuera, parfumerie, dune,
unanime, unieme, Ruth, minute, il fut, il est ruse, elle est rusee,
dur, duree, omnibus, sur, sur, gageure, eu, la jupe, nous eumes,
etude, la buche de Noel, etc.
14 PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
Y(ee)
32. Y was often used at the end of words instead of i
and had the same pronunciation.
To-day it is used for an i in words derived from
the Greek; and for two i in words strictly French:
myriade, gymnase, lyre, style, but ayant (as two
i in a few French verbs), in pays, pay sage, rayon,
crayon, aloyau, payer, etc.
Dictation:
Physique, mystere, Syracuse, Syrie, syllabe, La Fayette, La Haye,
Cayenne, Biscaye, Mayence, mayonnaise, analyse, Tyrol, Egypte,
gymnastique, cynique, il y a, etymologic, il a paye sa note, Ivry,
acolyte, psyche, Babylone, homonymes, Cyrus, Le Puy, Thermopyles,
polygone, Voxygene, les Pyrenees, paronymes, Sylvestre, Bayard,
La Bruyere, Sully, Valmy, myope, myosotis, Tyr, Pyrrhus, Yvonne,
Yves, Ulysse, Chateau-Thierry, cyclone, paysan.
Union of Vowels: ae, ao, ea, ai, ale, ey, ei, eai, eau, eo, ie, oeu, eu
33. AE in Caen, Saint-Saens, the a is silent: kan,
sain-sanss.
AO. is silent in Laon, faon, paon: an in want
(no /) as Ian, fan, pan.
AO. A is silent in aout, Saone, taon, but in the
verb aouter a is sounded: oo, sone, ton, in long
(no g) and ah-oo-tay.
EA. e before a softens the g in verbs: il songea,
mangea, etc.
34. AI. 4 sounds of ai.
(1) as ay (or e) in verbs; j'ai,je parlai, je chantai, je parlerai, etc.
(2) as e in fazsant, nous faisons, satisfaisant.
(3) as e in ais, ait, aie, aies, aient (verb endings) or nouns ais,
ait, aix, aid, air, etc. J'avais, tu avais, il avail, quej'aie, que tu aies,
qu'il ait, qu'ils aient. In plaie, maison, maitre, air, clair, eclair,,
chaise, paire, palais, Anglais, Franqais, Ecossais, lait, s'il vous plait,
parfait, parfaite, aile, vrai, vraie, but not in gaie or je sais.
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS 15
(4) as a in douairiere, Montaigne. Larousse says: Monta-gne or
tegne. L 'abbe Rousselot says: dweryer as Larousse.
A IE. Is long and open sound of e (grave); raie,
futaie, etc.
EY. In whiskey has e open: e, also in bey,
Guernesey, Jersey, Brueys (bru-ess), Talleyrand-
Perigord: tal-e-ran. In other cases generally e
acute: Ceylan, asseyez-vous, etc.
El. As grave: reine, Seine, seigle, seize, treize,
beige, peigne, etc.
EAI. As e acute in je voyageai, mangeai, jugeai,
also in geai.
In d^mangeaison and eais, eait, eaient (verbs), has open sound of
e: je mangeais, tu mangeais, il mangeai, ils mangeaient.
EA U. As o in English: beau, chapeau, etc.
NOTE. A U is short in Paul, aussi, aussitot, paupiere, augmenter,
austere, Austerlitz, Haussmann, aurore, sauf, but long in sauve, in
other words au initial or medial is long before feminine syllable and
in endings aux.
Combined Vowels
35. EO. In geole, geolier, flageolet, rougeole, Georges,
the g is soft and e is silent.
IE final, e is silent: partie, sortie, also in je prierai,
supplierai, etc.
36. EU, (EU has 4 sounds of eu: eu, oeu, oe in ceil,
in endings ueil.
Eu as e in jeune.
EU, (EU (i in sir) . To avoid the sounds of e as in \e, de, ce, you
advance the lips while rounding them with the help of s in ,rir (no
r sound), you explode the long, upward eu, the lower lip slightly
downward. Practice first with s, then other consonants.
Eu is closed in peu, feu, chartreuse, berceuse, Meuse, deux, or plural
endings: yeux, ceux; oeu/s and boeu/y (fs silent), bleu, bleus, bleue,
lieue, lieu, jeuner, dejeuner.
!6 PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
Eu open in seu\, fieuve, auvre, fieur, neuf, heure, beurre, plusiewrs,
ailleurs.
Eu medium in hewreux, Europe, generally before a sonorous syllable.
Eu is u in eu (avoir), eue in gageurej'eus, tu eus, il eut, nous eumes,
vous elites, Us eurent, que j'eusse, que tu eusses, qu'il eut, que nous
eussions, que vous eussiez, qu'ils eussent.
EUR in monsieur: me-si-eu, or in the plural.
(EU as eu: ceuf, nceud, sceur, cceur, choeur, etc.
OE: eu in Goethe; in other cases is e acute:
(Edipe, assophage, aecumenique.
ou
37. Ou as oo in English: tout, sou, boue, atout, loup, ou,
ou, boule, Louvre, rouge; advance lips while round-
ing them.
OU medium in cowrte, langowste, bourse, source, bouc, crowte,
owtre, coupe, troupe, mousse, powce, oui\, bouche, fowle, trouble,
owbli.
Diphthongs: oi, ui, oui and oe
38. 01 was used frequently in the imperfect and
conditional: favois, je dirois, also in foible, roide,
harnois, etc.
To-day ai is used instead of above examples.
OI (o-a, long o with short a), in wot, toi, soi, hi, foi, roi, froid,
trois, mois, pois, etc.
OI medium in voix, choix, une fois, Gaulois, je dais, bourgeois, etc.
01 open in poivre, coiffeur, turquoise, bourgeoise, boire, soir, poire,
noir; in endings oive: que je recoive, etc.
01 in oignon, poigne, poignard, the i is silent.
01 in roide, roideur, roidir, we write now raide (re-de), etc.
Od sound in moelle; oS long in poele.
UI (u-i)
39. U is very long, then part the lips for i: lui, luisant,
luire, fuir, suivre, cuivre, Juif, juive, cuisine, cuir,
suisse, suite, suivi, suicide, suie, truite, les Tuileries.
NASAL VOWELS IJ
UI in a few words with g: gu-i in le due de Guise,
aiguille (ay-gu-ee-ye), aiguiser, in other cases ui is
not a diphthong: qui, guitare, guide, Guy, quitte, etc.
GUI
40. OUI (00-i) in Louis, Louise, jouir, rejouir, oui,
joui, rejoui, eblouir, ebloui. ouir, etc.
-ouille, final in many words: (oo-eSye) houille,
fouille, rouille, grenouille, etc.
Dictation on Diphthongs (omitting nasal vowels which will be our
next study):
die!, bourgeois, la Pleiade, je priai, le fabliau, plie, pied, priere,
Dteu, violer, chwurme, piano, tonique, diurne, boa, Noailles,
moelle, poele, roi, Edouard, Douai, rastaquouere , roue, noueux,
Louise, fouine, suave, Suetone, Bossuet, Us suerent, Samuel, lueur,
fruit, yacht, hyene.
VI. Voyelles Nasales
Voyelles nasales (nasal vowels) are only four: an, en;
in, ein, ain, en; on, om; un, eun. Others can be classi-
fied under this division.
NOTE. Diphthongs may become nasal; viande, Vienne, lion,
point, Roanne, louange, Rouen, marsouin, trouons, Juan, juin,
excluons.
Double m or n weakens the nasal sounds.
41. An, am, en, em generally as an in want.
42. In, im, ain, aim, yn, ym, ein as an in anger (no g
sound).
43. On, om as on in long.
44. Un, um are more difficult. Un like the colloquial
nasalized sound er often used for "what?" between
children, when they wish anything repeated.
1 8 NASAL VOWELS
Nasal vowel: on
45. After having reviewed the simple vowels and their
union we will study the same vowels when they
are nasalized with n or m in the same syllable.
Nasalized Vowel Sounds: an, am (aen), en, em; in, im, ain, aim,
ein, eim, yn, ym; on, om; un, urn, eun; their nasal quality is pro-
duced only when those nasal vowels are followed by a different
consonant or at the end of a word.
NOTE. Followed by another n, or m, the latter destroys the nasal
quality.
Few words are exceptions: ennui, ennuyer, emmener, ennoblir,
rewmener, ewmagasiner; also in enivrer, enorgueillir, where em
or en are nasal.
AN. Open the mouth as if to pronounce a broad, then explode
a long nasal resonance under the roof of the mouth.
NOTE. No g sound in an, etc. Practice first with son (an in
want), then prolong san, san, repeatedly, till an comes naturally.
Fran(c), ban(c), blan(c), plan, danse, lance, gran(d), savan(t),
Alleman(d), an, dan(s), ran(g), san(g).
An is ann in few English words: alderman, policeman, etc.
AN followed by a, e, i, o, u, y is not nasal: dne, platane; or h
silent, sanhedrin (sa-ne-drin).
AN is nasal in 20 ways: aen, an, anc, and, ang, ans, ant, ants,
aon, can, em, emp, emps, empt, en, end, ens, ent, han, hen.
AN is a-n in annee, anneau, canne, Jeanne, Lausanne.
AN not nasal in manne (long d): in annoter, annexe, annales,
awnuaire, awnuite, annuler, aw is weak.
AEN like an, in Caen, Saint-Saens (sanss).
46. EN (as an)
EN also -ent, end like aw in enfant, Rouen, vente, Saint-Ouen,
science, patience, patiewt, diffe"rend.
ENT is an in adjectives, nouns and adverbs.
Exceptions. en with n is not nasal: newni, hennir, sokwnel;
as na-ni, a-nir, so-la-nel.
EN as an open e in many words (enn or iewn) : Ardennes, Etiewne,
la mienne, la tienne, la sienne (in the plural also), ils viewnent, ils
tiewnent, etc.
EN as in in Bewjamin, agenda, examen, sensorium, pentagone, la
Pewtateuque, appendice, benzine, Mentor, Penthievre, Agen.
NASAL VOWELS 1 9
NOTE. ten is t-in in bien, rien, mien, tien, sien, je viens, tu views,
il vient, je tiens, tu liens, il tient, je viendrai, tu viedras, il viendra,
tiendrai, -a*, -a, etc. ; also in many French names or foreign names
ending in -ien or e'en: Julien, Vendeen, Enghien (an-ghin).
EN as enn in amen, abdomen, hymen, pollen, specimen, and other
foreign words.
NOTE. Hymen as in and enn; as it is doubtful.
ENT. In verbs (third pers. plural), n is silent but / may be
linked. 7/5 aiment a jotter.
47- AM
AM followed by a vowel is not nasal; dme, j4mericain, ami tie",
ami, amour, amuser.
AM final is sounded in Abraham, Chaw, Priam, etc.
Exceptions: Adam, quidam, dam; a-dan, etc.
AM followed by n or m is as m in amnistie, etc., damner and its
derivatives are excepted: da-nay, etc.
AM before b or p always nasal: ambulance, amputation, etc.
AM before me, ma, mo is not nasal when medial: e'pigramme,
gramme; also in adverbs, constamment, etc.
MM is heard in grammaire, grammaticale, grammatiste.
48. EM
EM is a in femme, and adverbs: prudemment, re"cewment, etc.
EM is e open in Emma, dilemme, ad rem.
EM is an in emmagasiner, emmener.
EMB or EMP initial or medial, the em is an in most words:
empire, tempete, temps, emileme, Luxembourg, etc.
EM in a few words is ain as in sempiternel, Rembrandt (Larousse
says ran-bran).
EM is emm final or medial: item, Jerusalem, de'cemvir, also in
iniemne: in-dem-ne.
EM followed by vowel is heard separately: semer (se-mer), re-
words, etc.
49- IN
77V as an in anger. Practice first with 5 in avoiding g sound,
then repeatedly: sin, s-in as if striking the keys on a piano.
NOTE. The back part of the tongue slightly approaches the
soft palate.
For practice pronounce the following words: vin, serein, seing,
tet'ttt, pat'n, saint, fat'm, je cratns, tu crai'ns, il craint, je teins, tu
20 NASAL VOWELS
terns, il teint, je vaiwcs, tu vaincs, il vatnc, Reims, thym, syntaxe,
il viwt, instinct, vingt, or vingts, cinq (francs), tu vins, Charles-
Quiwt.
Je tiens, tu tiens, il tient, rien, impossible, Vendeen, European,
Mcwtor.
IN is not nasal before vowels or h mute: Chine, cuisine, inexact,
inhumain.
IN is nasal followed by any other consonant than n: vtngt,
inte>et, zn-folio.
IN is i in innocence and derivatives -ment, -ter, innocent.
INN sounded in iwnover, -ation, innombrable.
50. IM
IM is nasal when followed by any other consonant than m:
simple, Uwbre, etc.
IM not nasal between two vowels: i-wa-ge, centime.
IMM is imw when initial: immortel, iwmeuble, etc.
IM (m) is ain in a few words: immesurable, imm or ain in im-
wanquable, iwmangeable.
IM is not nasal at the end of a few foreign words: interim, Grimm.
51- AIN, AIM
A IN final is nasal: pain, saint, mat'nt.
AIN is ene before vowels: haine, saine.
AIM is nasal in faim, daim, etc.
AIM is erne in aimant, j'aime.
52. YN, YM
FAT, YM are nasal in many words: syntaxe, symbole, syndic,
sjnthese, symptome, etc.
YN, YM not nasal between vowels: synagogue, dynastie, homo-
nyme, or before n, gymnase, etc.
53- ON, OM, OMB, OMP
ON, OM long in sombre, pompe, aplomb, Colomb (no b).
ON, OM short in mon, ton, son, nom, surnom, prenom.
NOTE. one, ome long: Sadne, Rhone, zone, atome, etc.
ON, ONT, OND, ONS, ONC long: bronze, bon/e", bond, ayon*.
done, jonc.
ON, OM not nasal before a vowel or m or n: Bonaparte, donner,
comment, Rome, automne (m silent).
CONSONANTS AND THEIR PRONUNCIATION 21
54. UN, UM, HUM
UN, UM, UN(D), UN(T) nasal: un, parfum, \undi, hwwble,
d6tunt.
UM is om in Latin or English words: humbug, penswm, possum,
rumsteck, or romsteck, album, rhum.
NOTE. Urn is on nasal in Humbert; also un is on: de profundis,
punch, secuwdo, jungle, etc.
UN, UM, before a vowel, not nasal : une, parf umerie, etc.
UN is u-n in tunnel (tu-nell).
55. VII. Consonants and their Pronunciation
B is labial and heard softly: be.
C is explosive before a, o, u and pronounced k: ka, ko, ku; the c
with cedilla before a, o, u is s: sa, so, su.
C followed by e , i, y is pronounced s.
D is lingual and dental : de.
F labial: fe.
G lingual and palatal is soft before e or /: ge.
Cue called hard g before a, o, u is voiced strongly: ga, go, gu
H slightly audible when aspirate is guttural in a few words: he.
J identical with soft g: je and before any vowel.
K used only in a few words is explosive and back palatal: ke.
You must breathe hard upon the vowel.
L (sonorous, prolonged tongue-point sound) : le.
M labial and nasal sound with lips pressed together: me.
N (nasal dental sound) : ne.
Any vowel followed by two consonants of which the first is m or
n vibrates in the nose and is called nasal vowel.
P labial and explosive: pe; two p's are voiced as one p and PH
(classical origin) is heard as /.
Que. The q is usually followed by u and is explosive: ke.
R (classical r) has a vibration more or less prolonged from the tip
of the tongue and upper front teeth: re.
In Paris this sound is preferred in singing and elocution.
R (the re modern or grasseye) is uttered under the roof of the mouth
without any help from the tip of the tongue.
NOTE. TheZ, and R are often liquefied because they run smoothly
with other consonants such as b, c, g, p.
S is sonant or buzzing in rose, surd or continuable in gratis.
This sibilant or hissing sound is frequent in French. As if to
whistle we press the tip of the tongue against the teeth? se.
22 SYLLABLES
T when explosive has a front-lingual or tongue-tip sound : te.
V has a fricative or continuous labial sound in: ve.
W is not a French letter; in some English words it is pronounced
oo or v: in German words as v.
X has no sound by itself: it has the sound of s in Bruxelles, dix,
six; of z in dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf; of r in exception; of gz in
exaci, exode, etc. ; of ks in luxe, etc.
Z is a sonant sibilant like s in rose: ze.
Ch is & in Christ, cholera, Chretien, etc., and .?& in machine, cher,
chapeau, etc. ; silent in almanack.
Gn (lingual and palatal) is heard g-n in stagnant, agnosticisme,
Agnus; gn initial is aspirated in gnostique, gnome; gn medial is
generally ni in union: the tip of the tongue is at rest while the
back part of the tongue adheres firmly to the roof of the mouth.
The sudden separation produces the sound of gne as in Champagne,
signe, Allemagne, etc.
Few Consonants
B, c, d, g, p, t, called consonnes momentanees, are pronounced
sharply; in poetry they may be used to express noise or anger:
Dors-tu content, Voltaire, et ton hideux sourire, etc.
56. M and N
like the nasal vowels are lengthened and produce a soft quality:
maman.
57. L (11 liquid)
is an old appellation now rendered by ye short; these liquids, as the
name implies, tend to unite with other consonants.
VIII. Syllables
Spelling: monsieur may be spelled: m(em) on (en) = man s (ess)
* = si (and) e (er) u-r = (air) but pronounced: ma-si-Q.
Division of Syllables: a consonant (or two) plus the vowel:
pa-pa; pre-po-si-tion; o-pe-ra; i-nu-ti-le; ta-bleau; in-sen-si-bi-li-te;
res-pon-sa-bi-li-te; don-ner (first n not heard); homme for o-m, h
being silent and last e unstressed; ins-tru-ment ; per-dre; sug-ge-rer
= (siig-/e-re) ; di-gni-te; stag-nant; tra-va-ill-er = (tra-va-je) ; a-che-ter
but heard ash-te; che-veux (shf<i>); che-vaux (shfo); che-val (shfal).
NOTE. Double consonants are generally heard as one and the
last belongs to the following vowel or sound: al-ler = (a-ler), in-no-cent
SYLLABLES 23
for i-no-cent; few exceptions to the rule: im-mor-tel, gram-maire;
also: chercher (cher-cher); an er in the body of a French word is
never heard: urr but air; servir, per-dre, chere, etc.
58. F and V (Spirants)
59. S, Z, CH, J (fricative, continuous)
5 and Z of frequent use in French require as a starting point of
articulation a hissing sound capable of expressing strong feelings.
60. B
maintains nearly always its articulation. Few exceptions: Lefelrvre,
Colomb, plomb as b is silent.
61. C
C before a, o, u is ka, ko, ku.
Q before a, o, u, is sa, so, su.
C before e, i, y is se, si,
C is g in second and kz in Czar; also Tsar.
C at the end of the word is k: Languedoc.
NOTE. C silent in croc, accroc, marc, pore.
C in ac like ak, except in estomoc, tabac.
C final is k: sec, avec, but not in echecs.
C final in ic (ik) : silent in eric, not in eric crac.
C final in uc is uk: Luc.
C final heard in -inc, -euc, -ouc, except in caoutchouc.
C preceded by s, I, r is heard generally: arc, etc., but not in clerc,
marc, pore.
Ch is gh in drac&me, k in c/tceur, but silent in almanack.
Ch like sh in most ordinary words: chemise, mac&ine.
62. D
D final is heard in proper names: David, not in Gounod.
D silent in endings -rd: Edouard; -and: Allemand. Also in -ond,
Edmond; -and, Renaud; -oud, St. Cloud.
In adjectives, verbs or adverbs: second, froid, sied, quand.
D final is heard as t in liaisons: grand ami.
63. F(PH)
F initial as in English: /ils (fiss), /ete, etc.
F is v in liaisons: neu/ amis (neu-vami), neu/ hommes, etc.
But not before months: neuf/aout. Some Parisians say: neuf/amis.
24 SYLLABLES
F is silent in che/d'oeuvre (she-deuvr), oeu/s, boeu/s, cer/s, ner/s,
cer/-volant, bceu/gras.
64. G
G is j before e, i, y; gilet, voyage, gymnase.
NOTE. In some foreign words g h hard: Gibbons, etc.
G hard before a, o, ou, u: garcon, gondole, goujon, virgule; also
before the other consonants except n.
NOTE. In Italian words gAetto, etc.; in EngAien, ghien is gAin.
GN (liquid) in most words: tip of the tongue inactive while the
back part of it adheres closely to the roof of the mouth, and then
their sudden separation produces a French gne .
Ex. signe, vignc, signer, r6gner.
G-N divided in Agnus, diagwostique, cognition, cognation, gnome,
igwe, physiognomic, inexpugnable, recognition, stagwante.
CUE, GUA, GUer, as ghe, gha, ghe in blague, blagua, blaguer,
longue, longueur, etc.
GUI (ghee) in gui, guide, guider, Guy, angutlle, guillotine,
gutllemet.
NOTE. In arguer (gu-er), Guise, aiguille and its derivatives,
linguiste, g-u is separated in Vogue"; also in lingual (goo-al), Guade-
loupe, Guatemala, e"<?uateur, equation, Quaker, quantum, quartz,
guatuor.
Gueu (gheu) in gueux, fougueux, etc.
G silent in vingt, legs, Luxembourg, sang, bourg, long, coing, etang,
faubourg, hareng, rang, seing, Regnard, but is linked as k: long espoir.
G is hard in second, seconde, secondaire, seconder, instead of c.
65. H
H aspirate at page 49. The A aspirate is never heard in literary
French. It merely prevents elision: la/Aaine, les/Ae"ros, etc.
// medial is generally silent: le rAume, 1'aritAmdtique, istAme,
GotA, VisigotA, astAme, also in MacbetA, RutA.
NOTE. In the following cases, the liaison is not possible. O is
(h) o in h/oui, le/onze, la/ouate, le, or la/onzieme, also in le/un,
le/yard, le/yacht, lefyatagan.
CH is sh in chose, cAirurgie, cAat, cAasser, AcAille, arcAidiacre,
cAimere, arcAitecte, scAisme, scAe"ma; scAooner [skooner], etc.
CH is k in c/taos, HcAcn, cAiromancie, arcAiepiscopal, cAretien,
cAolera, CAald^en, CArist, BaccAus, CAam, chceur, MicAel-Ange,
locA, RocA, MunicA.
SYLLABLES 25
NOTE. CH is silent in almanack.
PH is /: philosophic, ]oseph, phtisie, etc.
TH is t in the, theatre, Theodore; silent in as/Ame, is<Ame, Go/A.
66. J (ge, gi)
/ (zh) in jadis, jamais, je, j'irai, fose, j'use, j'y vais, etc.
NOTE. G is j in geai, and in verbs in -ger.
67. K
K is hard in ilo, /kilogramme, ermesse, iosque, &irsch, etc.
NOTE. Qu is k in qui, gwalite, gwestion, que, marque, Inquisition,
quasi, Quasimodo, egwilib'fe, gwarante, gwinzieme, cinquante: also
in cinq, coq, or in g linked, etc., or c and ch in due, bloc, locA.
68. L
L initial is /: /e, /'ami, /'homme, /es, etc.
LL is never a liquid at the beginning of a word: i//ustre, etc
L or LL may or may not be liquid.
NOTE. Lh is liquid in Mi//an or Mi/Aan, etc., or in genti/Aomme.
L is silent in genti/, fusil, outi/, sourci/, bari/, cheni/, persi/, norn-
bri/, couti/, gri/, fi/s, sou/, fourni/, pou/s, fau/x, and in La Roche-
foucau/d, Be/fort, (be-fore), etc.
NOTE. In avri/, babi/, gri/, gr^si/, mil, peril, the / may or may not
be pronounced.
Fils atne: s is linked as ss (fis-sai-ne).
L final is heard in fi/, ci/, ba/, co/, bo/, mo/, so/, seu/, cheva/. gene?ra/,
mie/, nu/, calcu/, linceu/, vi/, filleu/, aieu/ (a-i-eul).
AIL, or at//e, is a- ye in final words: travail, Versailles, rail, etc.
EIL, or eille (e-ye) : soleil, Marseille, etc.
NOTE. Also euil, ueil, as eu-ye: rectieil, recueille, cercueil, etc.
ILL generally ye in: vanille, tt'//eul, ft'//e, iamille, bille, billard,
billet, quadrille, aiguille, Camille, cedille, "bouillon, etc.
NOTE. Camille, scintiller may be pronounced with or without
liquid sound.
ILL sounded in vt//e, village, villageois, mille, mil (no.), rm'//ion,
pupille, Achille, vaudeville, bacille, distiller, osciller, vaciller,
tranquille, codicille, il, bill, e-x.il, profil, subtil, viril.
NOTE. LL preceded by a, e, o, u, not liquids: ba//e, sy//abe,
co//e, etc.
/// initial not liquids: illuminer, etc.
2 6 SYLLABLES
UIL is u-ye in juillet (zhu-i-e"); also // liquid in jonqwt/le, aiguille,
tt/ler; angitt/le (ghi-ye) and qwtfle (ki-ye).
LL is / in college, collation, etc., except in co//ectif , and derivatives,
colliger, co//0cation, co/toque, collision.
69. M
M initial or between vowels is m: matin, midi, muse, semer, etc.
NOTE. In foreign words: item, idem, decemvir, opium, triumvir,
Bethleem, Sem, Chaw, Potsdam, also in mam'selle or mam'zelle
(colloquially). Exceptions: Adam, daw.
MM is m in cowme, comment, homme, fewme, commerce, commis,
etc.
Except in Emma, Emmanuel, ammoniac, commentaire, commotion,
cowwuable, comwemoratif (derivatives), commensal, commisera-
tion, sommite, grammaire, and its derivatives.
I MM initial : mm are sounded : tmmeuble, etc.
NOTE. /mwanquable, iwwangeable, the im may or may not be
nasal.
M before w is sounded: calomnie, indemne, etc.
NOTE. M in dawner, condamncr, automne, is silent.
M before b, p, t is long nasal : sombre, pompe, comte.
Emm initial is an: emmener, etc.
Emm is a-m in adverbs: prudemment, etc., and in femme.
NOTE. Not in dilemwe, gemme, lemme, Emma, etc.
M (see nasal vowels) is nasal when final: nom, pronom, surnofn,
pronom, parfum, etc.
70. N
N (see nasal vowels) initial or between vowels is n: neuf, Canada,
Panama.
NOTE. Enivrer and derivatives are exceptions.
TV in ent, 3d pers. plural is silent, but / may be linked: ils aimen/
a rire, ils expedient, etc.
N in nouns, adjectives, adverbs is nasal : vewt, patient, vraiment,
moment, souvent, expedient, etc.
N in bien and rien may be linked: bien ecrire, ne rien ajouter.
N nasal followed by any other consonant: encre, e'tang, chant,
etc.
NOTE. See nasal vowels when weak, short, long.
N in en is a: solennel and derivatives, hennir, nenni.
N in en is heard in a few words: amen, abdomen, Eden, etc.
SYLLABLES 27
N nasal is linked with following word beginning with // or vowel:
en ami, en ^crivant, mow ami, tow ami, sow ami.
NOTE. In liaisons it is preferable to say: bo-wami instead of
bow ami or bow na-mi.
NN may or may not be sounded as double consonants.
NN is n in dowwer, je donwe, il towwe, etc. The nasal sound is
Eww initial is an long: ennui, enndblir and derivatives.
NOTE. Enn is enn in ennemi.
Remarks on the linking of n. It is linked when two words are
closely connected in meaning: mow enfant, etc., but not in c'est
bow a manger.
Ce livre n'est pas biew ecrit, but not in: ce biew est a lui.
J'ew ai un, not in donnez-lui ew un.
Ow entend, en ont-ils, vous ew avez, etc.
L'uw et 1'autre, not in uw et uw font deux.
Je n'ai riew achete, but not in: vous ne devez rien a personne.
NN doubled is n in annee, innocent, ennemi, anniversaire, an-
noncer; in other cases it is aww: awnuel, etc.
NOTE. Enwui, enwoblir, iwnomme: long nasal.
N in verbs 3rd pers. singular is an in ment, but ee-ain in vient,
tient, soutient, etc., le siew, le mien, le tien; except in the feminine
singular and plural: la mienne, les tiewnes, and in viennent, etc.
N in monsieur silent: me-sieu.
N in -yen: moyew, doyew, as i-ien (see bien, rien).
EN in adjectives, nouns, nasal an: adherent, affluent, coincident,
convergent, couvent, content, divergent, equivalent, excellent,
expedient, negligent, president, parent, resident, violent.
N in compound words is an: enivrer, ennuyer, enorgueillir.
No. is for numero.
Note that in certain groups of words quickly pronounced as:
je ne sais pas cela, theje and ne become united: j'nsepahcela. Also
in renter (jd) ra l / r je; see gn, ign, nh (in words from the South
of France) as liquids.
On, en as pronouns are linked when preceding the verb, not after it.
Elles en ont, on est amis, donnez-lui en un peu.
71. O (aspirate)
By aspirate o we mean that no elision nor linking is permissible
in le oui, le onze, or la onzieme, le onzieme, la ouate.
Dites oui ou non; les <mze chapitres, etc.
2 8 SYLLABLES
72. P
P is silent at the end of words : trop, beaucoup, camp, champ, etc.
P initial and medial is sounded: papa, peuple, psaume, pseudo-
nyme, etc.
P medial before a dental is silent: anabaptisme, -iste, baptdme,
-iser, -ismal, -istaire, -iste, -istere, cep devigne (cep before a vowel),
cheptel, comptabilite", constable, constant, compte, -er, -eur,
-able, dompter, -able, -eur, exempt, -er, sculpter, -6, -eur, -ural, -ure,
sept, -ieme.
NOTE. accepter, excepter and derivatives the p is heard; also
in adoptif, -ion, captieux, redempteur, -ion, reptile, septante, -ieme,
-embre, -emvir, -ennaire, -ennal, -entrion, -al, -uagenaire, -e"gisme.
Assomption, corruption, sceptique, relays, biceps, symptome,
presomptif, somptueux, rapsodie, impromptu, the p is sounded.
P in trop, beaucoup is linked with little stress: beaucoup aime'.
P. P. C. means pour prendre conge.
NOTE. P is sounded in Gap, jalap, julep, cap; p in camp,
champ, drap, sirop, is silent always.
PP is one p: j'ai appris ma lecon (a-pri)
PH (aspirated in Greek) is heard in French as /: phare, etc.
73- Q
Q is always followed by u: que, qui. quoique, que\, ^welle, quelque,
gwelgwefois, etc.
NOTE. Q final is sounded in cinq, co^; q in cing is silent before
nouns beginning h aspirate or a consonant: cinq heYos, cinq Hvres.
Before months the q is k: le cinq d^cembre or in cin^ pour cent (5%),
etc. Before a vowel or h mute q in cing is k: cinq Sieves, etc.; also
in le cing de trefle, etc.
The q silent in co^ d'Inde.
QU may be koo, ke, ki, ku: aquatique (a-koo-ah-tik); ke or ki
in que, qui; ku or k in e"gestre (-ku-estr or ekestr).
QU is koo initial in gnadragthiaire, -ge'simal, -g^sime, -ngulaire,
-trice, -ture, -ifide, -lateral, -syllabe, -umane, -pede, -pie, -pier,
gwaker, gMantum, quassia, quater, -ternaire, -erne, quatuor, and a
few others.
Qu initial is ka in gwadrilie, quai, qualite, and derivatives, quand,
quant, gwantieme, gMantit^, gwarantaine, quarante, and derivatives,
gwart, -ier, g M asi, -modo, gwatorze, -ieme, gMatre, -ieme, -ment.
QUis ki in qui, gwidam, gMicongwe, gwille, quinine, gwittance and
SYLLABLES 29
derivatives, gwi-vive? ingttisition, inquiet, with derivatives, aquilon,
ligwide, cogwille, marquis, -e, etc.
QUIN initial is kain in quinze, -aine, quintal, quinte, quintessence
and derivatives; quincaille and derivatives; ginconce, Charles-
Quint, quinteux, St. Thomas d'Aquin.
Quin in other words is ku-in: quintuple, Quinquagesime, etc.
Qu in verbs is k: fabrigwer, mar?wer, embargwer, 6tigeter, gwali-
fier, gwereller, liquefier, and in nouns derived from them: fabrigwe,
marque, embargwement, e^igwette, gwalite, gwerelle, liqueur, etc.
74. R
R. In elocution and in singing the Parisians require the classical
r or the r trilled very forward on the tip of the tongue near the
upper teeth and caused by pressure of air.
R (re moderne) tip of the tongue touches roof of the mouth while
tongue is inactive and soft palate moves forward.
It is the Parisian r: grasseye.
It is palatal not throaty.
Moliere explains the classical r in le Bourgeois Gentilhomme: ((en
portant le bout de la langue jusqu'au bout du palais, de sorte qu'etant
frdlee par I'air qui sort avec force, elle lui cede el revient toujours
au nieme endroit, faisant une maniere de tremblement.))
R final is heard after a, i, o, u and sometimes after e: par, finir,
tremor, pur, amer, Jupiter, cuiller, etc.
NOTE. Monsieur (me-si-eu).
R in -er (verbs of 1st conj.) is e acute: parler, aimer, etc.
R in -er final is heard preceded by ch, f, v, m: cher, mer, ier, ver;
also in hier, hiver, fier (proud), vers, envers, divers, ~ers, -ert; in
verbs: je conquiers, Thiers, tiers; in foreign proper names: Luther,
rue Auber, Schiller, Quaker, etc.
R or er(s) is e in French towns: Angers, Poitiers, Alger, Mont-
pellier ; also French proper names : Boulanger, Cuvier and generally
in common nouns: cocher, boulanger, boucher, rocher, pommier,
etc.
NOTE. In polysyllabic nouns (or adjectives in -ier) same rule:
officier, teinturier, entier, particulier, etc.
RR medial is as one r: interroger, terre, beurre, leurre, etc.
NOTE. Rr is heard in correct, -ion, corroborer, corrosif ; in errer,
errant, erreur, errone, horrible, horreur, torrent; in future of verbs:
coun'r, mourtr, acqueVir; je courrai, etc., also in irr initial: trriter,
wregulier, etc.
30 SYLLABLES
ER initial (never sounded urr but air) in syllables: erg, erm, ert.
-inter-, perc-, perd-, peri-, pers-, pert-, serg-, serp-, sert-, serv-,
verm-, vert-, verv-.
NOTE. This simple rule covers many words and should be
specially noted.
R in conversation with verbs of ist conjugation is not linked:
aimer/a chanter; in reading, poetry, or public speaking the r is
linked before a vowel or h mute; aimer a chanter, etc.
RH (h is purely etymological) is r: r/tume, rteteur, etc.
75- S
5 initial before c, ch, ci is not heard in scene, schisme, scie, schel-
ling (she-lain), schema, sceptre, sceau, etc., also in descendre,
but is heard in ascendance, ascension, etc.
5 is z between two vowels: rose, prose, raser, presence, usage, etc.
NOTE. S is z in Alsace, -icien, transaction, -iger, transi, -ir,
transit, -taire, -itif, -ition, -itoire, -alpin, -atlantique, balsamique.
5 is not 2 in: monosyllable, desuetude, parasol, polysyllabe,
preseance, pr6supposer, vraisemblable, tournesol, soubresaut,
Lesage, Lasalle.
5 is sounded in scorpion, scandale, squelette, statue, scorbut, etc.
Also in the following words: gratis, bis, atlas, es, he"las, hiatus,
fils, jadis, lis (not in fleur de lis), prospectus, blocus, chorus, typhus,
mceurs (or no s), oasis, omnibus, Vnus, lapis, gens, os, sens,
ours, us, tous (pronoun), Mars, Ruy Bias.
NOTE. In linking the s of foreign words, the s (not as z) is heard:
V6nus est admirable as (V-nus se tad-mi-ra-ble) ; le fils est aimable.
In other words than the above words the s, x, z are linked as z:
Ex. Les amis, deux a deux, allez a la banque.
5 final heard only in connecting next word beginning with a
vowel or h mute has the sound of z: moins age\
5 is generally silent in endings of French names : Francois, Doubs,
Duclos, Amiens, St. Denis, Villars; also in common words: trois,
vers, pas, pays, plus, alors, dans, sous, gros, gras, jus, bois, buis,
depens, debris, pres, cas, cours, mais, tapis, roulis, avis, des, pis,
palais, paradis, precis, proces, tas, tracas, tiers, souris, lors, congres,
coloris, corps, depuis, niais, refus, tamis, mois, jamais, fois, expres,
colis, las, poids, souris, repos, repas, ramas, radis, puis.
5 medial is silent in many French names in which the s is followed
by b, c, d, g, I, Itn, n, p, q, r, I: Descartes, les Vosges, Rouget de Ylsle,
Du Guesclin, etc.
SYLLABLES 31
NOTE. Exceptions: Brest, Malesherbes (mal-zairb), Robespierre,
Gas/on, Boii/e.
Final s sounded in Reims (Anvers with or without s), Sieyes
(si-e-yess), Sens, Saint-Saens (sanss), Mons, Lesseps, Clovis, Brueys
(bru-ess); in Latin and Greek words: Fabius, Leonidas; in fact
words ending in -is, -us, -os, -as, -ns, -ms, -rs, from Greek, Latin, Ger-
man and Spanish sources.
NOTE. S not sounded in Londres, Athene.?, Paris, Orleans, etc.
SS the last is always heard sharply and the first gives usually
an open sound: essence (e-sence), confesser, paresse, etc.; in ass,
t'ss, oss, MSS only the second s sounded: assister, lisse, Ecosse, Rwssi'e,
etc.
NOTE. Vowels are short then, except in fosse, grosse,lasse (adj. f.).
5 medial after or before other consonants is hard s: conspirer,
conscience, converser, lorsque, puisque, etc.
NOTE. See exceptions under 5 as z. Many prefer s sound in
transi de froid; as in transe, transept, transfeYer, Transylvanie,
Pensylvanie (pain-seel).
Oss initial the ss heard: ossature, osseux, etc.
76. Important Remarks on s
In le Christ, Test, 1'ouest, plus-que-parfait, Antechrist, pst!
(interjection), in plus (counting), il y a plus, deux de plus, bien plus,
en plus, 5 francs plus dix centimes, vous avez recu plus que moi,
A plus B, tous as a pronoun; venez tous, fils, h6las, bachelier-es-
lettres, le sens, le lis the s is sounded.
5 not heard in plus petit, plus grand, etc., tous les enfants
(adjective), sens commun, sens dessus dessous, sens devant derriere.
Also in ceufs (eu), bceufs, nerfs (nair), serfs, Jsus-Christ (kree),
les ours, les os, echecy (e or e), les gens maladifs (s in gens is heard
before vowels or h mute) and tandis que where s is unheard.
05 sounded in the singular: 1'os; les os (o).
Ours (ourss) un ours instead of the old pronunciation oor.
NOTE. The latter preferred in reading to avoid cacophony or
ambiguity.
Fils is ^ss, sometimes fee in poetry or by aged persons.
Obus is obu by the soldiers; often sounded as z.
Us as MSS, les us et coutumes.
5 in mceurs is more frequently sounded.
S not heard in est: il est.
5 is heard in dix, six (isolated).
^2 SYLLABLES
S when final and silent is linked as z: dans une heure.
5 when final and uttered is linked as ss: le fi\s est aimable. Venu*
admirable.
NOTE. One hears 1'ours/affame (loorss af-fa-me"), but, les our*
aff am^s (lay mur za-la-me).
Plural adjectives followed by a noun the s is linked as z: les
grands hommes; in nouns having the plural form and followed by
an adjective, the s is usually not linked: un discours/eUoquent,
un me'pris/inutile; in the plural, of course, s is z: des discours
amusants, etc.
Same rule before verbs, adverbs or subjects: son me'pris/est
ridicule, le paradis/ou vous irez, quel secours/on me donne! because
the sense does not require it and a pause is made.
But we say naturally: des jours heureux (joor-zeu-reux) in nouns
(plural) followed by an adjective or adjectives with nouns: ses
aimables enfants. In conversation the liaisons are often omitted,
specially by children.
Special rules will be given after studying t, x, z.
77- T(tfa)
T and TH initial sound as /: temps, terre, the, theatre; about
70 words begin with th.
T final generally silent: tan/, autant, nui/, minui/, tout, gratuit,
etc.
NOTE. Te final syllable of feminine adjectives is heard: toute,
gratuite, petite, prompte, etc., as in nouns minute, flute, butte, etc.
T is not sounded in Montreal, Montmartre, Pon/martin, Pon/-
Neuf, etc.
TI or tie may or may not sound as tee.
NOTE. When the medial / in English is sh or s, it is soft in
French.
Ex. Ac/ion, imitation, friction, supposition (-see-on).
When medial or final / is not sh, or cy as a sound (English) then
the / is natural in French: parti, par/ie, dynas/ie, ques/ion; on that
principle read tie as s in the following: aristocra/te, autocra/te,
balbutie, calvetie, democratie, diplomatic, iacetie, inertie, ineptie,
imperitie, minutie, prophetic, prima/t>, peripetie, suprematie, theo-
cratie.
But tie as tee: antipathie, garantie, modestie, partie, sortie, sym-
pathie, Claretie, etc.
-TIONS in verbs always tee-on: nous portions, nous notions, etc.
SYLLABLES 33
NOTE. In nouns les portions, les notions, as s. The only nouns
when / is dental (t) are the following exceptions: ques/ion, bas/ion,
combus/ion, mix/ion, sugges/ion, ges/f'on.
Tial, tiel or tieux as see-al, see-ell: partial, esscntiel, captieux.
Bestial is an exception.
ITI is as s in initial, except in ttineraire, mot//e, pitie, and nouns
in itie.
TT as /: a//entif (a-ten-tif).
T final is not heard in e/, chat, rat, alphabet, cent, fort, concert,
for/, efiet, cabinet, biscui/, art, billet, bouquet, bosquet, Mahome/,
tor/, quart, pot, portrait, aspect, respect, suspect, instinct, succinct
(but not in distinc/), nor in verb endings: parlan/, parlen/, il vien/,
ils viennen/, ils on/, ils son/, ils font, etc.
TI hard before a consonant: partir, actif, etc.
77 in prefixes hard in an/i, cen/i, an/tpathie, cen/imetre.
Also in ti final or /i>n: le parti, il est sor//, le lien, chrctien.
Exceptions in proper names: Donatien, Diocletien, or their deri-
vatives: venitien, also satiate, insatiable, initier, balbutier, diffe-
rentier.
T is sounded in tact, accessi/, abject, brut, chut, contact, correct,
eel, deficit, dot, direct, exact, mat, est, ouest, rut, viva/, pre/tri/
strict, toast, Chris/ (no / in Jsus-Christ), huit, sept, transit, and a
few others.
TH is / in Luth, Ruth, Macbeth, Seth, Elisabeth, the, athee, theatre,
zenith, athlete, apathie, sympa/Aie, etc.
Silent in asthme, isthme, Goth, Visigoth.
As s in Chrestoma/Aie (or tee).
TZ is ess in Me/z.
T in liaisons: ET is never linked: Pierre et Ernest.
SEPT the / is heard in months, in interest: le sept decembre, le
sept pour cent (7%), or before a vowel or // mute: sept hommes,
sept amis. In other cases not sounded or linked: sept/iemmes (se),
sept/heros (se).
HUIT same rule as sept: le huit novembre, le huit du mois, huit
enfants, huit huitres.
VINGT from 21 to 30 the / is heard: vingt et un, and is linked.
From 8 1 to 90 the / is silent.
NOTE. The / after c and r is not heard and the c or r are linked:
Respec/ humain, un respect absolu, a tort et a travers.
Fort the / of for/ (adverb) is always linked as /: for/ en histoire,
for/ habile, etc.
Avan/-hier the / is linked.
3
34 SYLLABLES
ENT in plural verbs, although nt are silent, the / is linked: ils
partent ensemble.
D often linked as /: quand il est venu.
Cent un no / (101 ). In adding, the / is heard.
78. V
V is constant as v: t/euf, veuve, twl, avoir, saroir, etc.
NOTE. F is linked as v: neuf hommes, neu/ enfants.
VV may be seen in some old French inscriptions.
VV as W are to-day seen only in French words of foreign origin.
W is v in wagon-lit, wagon-poste, -restaurant, Wesphalie, and in
German words.
W is oo in whist, wiski, wattman, warrant, whiskey as in English.
7Q- X
Sixteen words begin with x.
X in the plural of nouns is silent: tableaux, beaux, etc.
Over one thousand words contain x which has no sound of its
own: X initial is ks, gz, or K; X medial is ks or z; x final is either
silent, or heard as Xe, S, ce or z in liaisons.
As Gz in -Xe"nophon, Javier, Xerxes; as K in ATeres.
Ex or Hex (initial) as gz before a vowel or h: exercice, exiger,
Aexametre. Exceptions: ex6crer, and its derivatives uttered as ks.
EX as gz (in 7 words) with the prefix -in: inexerc6, inexact, in-
exauc6, inex^cuter, inexigible, inexistant, inexorable.
INEX as ks in tnexcitable, -excusable, -peYience, -piable, -pie\
-plicable, -ploit, -plor6, -pressif, -primable, -pugnable, -tensible,
-tricable and derivatives.
X as ks in Aix, axe, axiome, Alexandre, borax, exces, exception,
excessif, exciter, flexible, luxe, larynx, maxime, pheYiix, pharynx,
silex, Styx, Luxembourg.
X as 5 in Auxerrois, Bruxelles, Auxerre, dix-sept, -ieme, soixante,
-ieme.
X is z in deuxieme, -ment, dix-huit, -ieme, dixieme, -ment, dix-
neuf, -vieme, -ment, sixieme, -ment, sixain, dizain.
IX as ess in Atx-les-Bains, Aix-la-Chapelle; as iss in Cadt'x,
Beatrix, except in F^ltx, prefix and Vercingd-tortx.
X silent in endings -oux, -aux, -oix, -nix, -eux, -houx, Foix, Lemi-
eux, Chamonix, Bayeux, Clairvaux, heureux.
Also in prix, Crucifix, perdrix, afflux, flux and reflux.
LIAISONS 35
X is ss in di.-c, six and before months: le dix septembre; le 10%:
le dix pour cent.
NOTE. Before other nouns beginning with consonant or h aspir-
ate dix and six are as dee, see: dix livres, six hros.
X is linked as z: dix enfants; also in 17 and 19.
80. Z
Z initial is z: zephir, zero, zone, Mazarin, etc.
Z is e in nez, chez, assez, rcz-de-chauss6e and in verbs: vous
avez, etc.
EZ in few proper names is heard as ez: Suez, Alvarez, Cortez,
Fez, Velasquez.
Z in -az, -0z, -wz is ozz, oze, uze: Diaz, gaz, Dalloz, Vera-Cru*.
Z is ts in Zimmermann and other German words.
Z in Metz (the tz is *M).
IX. Liaisons
Or the linking of two or more words
81.
Those ending with b, bs, c, d, g, I, m, p, r may or may not be linked.
B and BS:
Joab tait neveu de David.
Christophe Colomfe/a d^couvert 1'AmeYique.
La robe est rouge.
Le Dou&s/a de nombreuses cascades.
82. C
as 5 in: La force 6tait un attribut d'Hercule
as K: Des arcs-en-ciel
du blanc au noir
a franc eerier
C as k when final, c is heard : un roc escarpe"
Silent in ch: un almanaei int^ressant
CT as /: le tact et 1'esprit
CT as k: le respect humain
C as k in done before vowel or h mute:
il est done arrive^ or in conclusions:
je pense, done j'existe
C in DONC weakly heard in expressions of advice or surprise:
Soyez done sage
3 5 LIAISONS
Us nous a done trompe's
Silent: C'est un escroc/intelligent.
83. D
as d: le sud-est, le sud-ouest
le nord-ouest, le nord-est
as t (preceded by nasal vowel) :
elle prend une legon
le nid/a ete detruit
IVJ OTE . Except with adjective and its noun or group of words:
un f mid accueil
le froid et le chaud
de pied en cap
pied a terre
/?>. We avoid linking rd before many words:
un retard/inattendu
un brouillard/epais
il est sourd et muet
NOTE. In verbs d as t:
perd-on
repond-il a son frere?
84. F
as /: vi/ amour
sau/-conduit
sau/-erreur
bceu/ a la mode
neu/ et demi
neu/ mars
neu/ pour cent
neu/ pour Jean, neu/ pour moi
du bceu/ r6ti
j'ai achete un bceu/ gras et un bceu/ maigre
le chef de brigade est-il au che/-lieu?
silent in:
che/-d'ceuvre, che/s-d'ceuvre
la clef
bceu/ gras (sing, or plur.) du carnaval k Paris
le ner/ de la guerre
un ceu//rais ou des ceu/s/rais
NOTE. Also before plural nouns beginning with consonants or ft
aspirate.
LIAISONS 37
8 5 . G
as/fe:
Le Bourg est un chef-lieu
sang et eau
sang humain
un bourg anglais
as g in un joug e'crasant
Silent in endings: -ong, -ing, -ang, -ourg, -eng, or -oing, etc.
ce faubourg/extrieur
Cherbourg/est une place forte
86. H
final is silent and never linked:
un almanac/i/avec indications astronomiques, etc.
as k in: un krach e'pouvantable
See huit under T
87. J
never ends a French word; but je or /' often linked.
88. K
naturally carried on as k before vowels:
Un copeck est une monnaie russe
89. L
is linked in most words:
un fo/ espoir
un vol affreux
NOTE. Also in endings -eil (eille), -ail (aille) / is as y in yes:
un solei/ ardent
un travail exceptionnel
also in : genti/homme
Silent in genti/, fusi/ (see L) ; but in plural nouns s is linked as z:
des genti/shommes
fusi/s a percussion
9- M
s linked mostly in foreign words :
1 'opium a une propri^te narcotique
silent: nom et prenom
Adam et Eve
38 LIAISONS
91. N (see nasal vowels)
UN, ON, and EN are carried on :
on a; on entend; en ont-ils; vous en avez; en attendant; un
ami, un homme
Except in le un et le deux.
BIEN et RIEN as adverbs:
bien aimable
je n'ai rien achete"
NOTE. Not in nouns:
ce biew/est a mon frere
Jean est petit
But in en pletn air
le moyen age
N not elided in :
le vin et 1'eau
son et sa sont des adjectifs possessifs
le bow et le mauvais
c'est bon a manger
un et un font deux
chacun un
donnez-lui en un peu
selon eux
ii a dit non et oui
elle se plait bien en Amerique
il se conduit bien en classe
combiew y en a-t-il?
1'un ou 1'autre
1'un dit oui, 1'autre dit now
est-il venu quelqu'uw a 5 heures?
arrive-t-on a New- York?
92- O
No elision in:
le onze, le onzieme, la onzieme
le oui
la ouate
and in des oui-dire
93. P
silent in drap, loup, etc.:
un drap/excellent
le camp/ est endormi
LIAISONS 39
P in beau coup and tro/> often linked softly:
beaucou/> etudie
trop eclatant
94- Q
as k in:
le cing mars
cing enfants
cinq hommes
le ting pour cent
But not in:
cing/livres, cing/h6ros, etc.
95- R
(er) in verbs generally linked :
aimer a chanter
(er) in Poetry it is required
(er) in adjectives and nouns:
son dernier avis
le premier enfant
(r) when silent in nouns generally not linked :
Monsieur/Ernest
un boulanger/intelligent
96. S
as 2 with few exceptions:
depuis une heure
je voudrais tre riche
le tiers-e"tat
les Champs- Ely se^s
de temps en temps
les miens et les tiens
des ceufs a la coque
de plus en plus
de moins en moins
5 not linked in :
mais/oui
Georges/est riche
les/onze enfants
Paris/ est une belle ville
40 LIAISONS
c'est un avis/ important
il est 3 heurej/et demie
des veri/a soie
vers les/une heure .
NOTE. Avoid repetitions of linking the s or z as proper pauses
must be made:
la lecon des autrej enf ants/ est trop longue (see S).
97- T
as t very frequent :
adverbs: fort inte"ressant
verbs : ils on/ achete
on/-ils vu?
T in et never linked :
Paul et/un ami
Adjective and noun or object:
pret a sortir
charman/ homme
Verb and subject and object with or without et:
que diJ-on?
il fau* etudier
en allan/ a la banque
ils allaieni et venaient
Adverbs with et or on:
libremen/ et joyeusement
t6t ou tard
NOTE. (0 final and silent not linked:
un attenta//odieux
(rt) t generally silent:
il est for//et grand
la Mor//a decime son arm^e
Robert/a eu la lecon
un exper//en architecture
la pluparf/ont le mal de mer
98. X
as z: six ans
dix hommes
dix sept
NOTE. Not in dix/livres, six/hauteurs, etc. (see 76)
LIAISONS 41
99- Z
as z: ceux et celles
vous avez ecrit, etc.
But not in:
nez a nez
portez armes
presentez armes
nez aquilin
Remarks on Liaisons
100. The liaisons affect the final /, q, s, x specially in
boeu/, cog, sens, cinq, six, sept, hui/, neu/, dis-
according to the rules set forth previous!)'.
But the normal liaisons in the articles, nouns, adjec-
tives, etc., are sometimes optional, sometimes unper-
missible.
In eloquence, elocution, and poetry the liaisons are more
required than in conversation; they may be observed
but not multiplied. The ear must also be pleased, not
shocked.
les huitres but not in le/huit, les/huit
I'ouie but not in le/oui et le non
il est/huit heures
Jean/est serieux
Jeanne est jolie
J'en ai un
le sud et I' est (as d)
le nord et I'ouest
mats/out
vingt et un, but not in le chat/et le chien
When the liaisons are too close we must pause at least after the
verb to avoid discordant sounds:
vous nous avez avertis/en allant a I'hdtel
Children often omit the liaisons of s, t, d, x, z.
ioi. (i) Strictly speaking one must use discretion in
linking words:
Pierre et/un ami (et is never linked)
Pierre est un ami
42 LIAISONS
There is often a reason based on grammar or on the ear:
pot-au-feu (po-to-feu) has not the same meaning as mettre le pot au
feu; in the latter case the t is silent.
We link naturally the article with a noun: un ami, une amie,
I'ami, I'amie, les amis, les amies, les hommes, except before h aspirate
or consonants. No liaison in les heros. nor in les zeros.
1 02. (2) Qualifying adjectives, possessive adjectives
with nouns :
d'heureux enfants
les amis de mes amis sont mes amis
103. (3) Nouns in the plural with the adjective:
des discours eloquents
but not in: un discours /eloquent (r is linked).
104. (4) Pronouns including object, en, y:
il a, elle a, on a,j'ai, nous avons, vous avez, Us ont, etc.
on attend, en ont-elles, j'y vais, qu'avez-vous ?
NOTE. Are linked the pronoun before its verb or the verb before
its pronoun.
I0 5- (5) The adverb before the adjective or past
participle:
trap ardent
fort estime
(6) Prepositions except selon
chez elles
selon/eux
(7) d is carried on as t:
/as v
g as k
s and x as z
grand homme
cinq amis (q as k)
neuf hommes
NOTE. The/ is frequently ' card instead of v.
un rang honorable
le sang humain
GENERAL RULES ON PROSODY 43
5 in vers, envers, discours, secours, etc., the r is carried except in
plural nouns:
vers/une colline
un secours/ inattendu
T preceded by r is carried on only in fort (when adverb).
fort aimable
not in a tort et a trovers
CT as k in respect:
respect humain
respect absolu
N in liaisons: you utter the nasal vowel and link the with the
next syllable.
en achetant
AIN and IEN are weakened before linking :
certain ami
un ancien efeve
IN is also weakened in old religious or classical appellations :
U est ne le divin Enfant
le divin amour
ON may or may not be weakened in : man ami, ton ami, son ami
but in other cases it loses its nasal quality before being carried on:
ce bonhomme or in ce ban homme
c'est un bon ami
le bonheur
UN preserves generally its nasal quality : un ami
By affectation speakers say u-n ami
X. General Rules on Practical French Prosody: Articulation,
Aspiration, Elision, Expiration, Liaisons, and Tonic Accent
106. Articulation. The ear must hear every syllable
in French, however vanishing the stress may
be: C'est u-ne Fran-qai-se. J'ai re-pe-te, pro-non-
ci-a-ti-on, e-lec-ti-on, do-mi-ner, ci-te, se-cre-tai-re.
107. Aspiration (breathing upon). Certain sounds
are uttered with a breath upon the vowel : Ho !
Ho! Philippe.
NOTE. The h is aspirated in French when the following vowel is
slightly pronounced from the throat: le heros. Then no elision nor
linking is permissible, except with a mute h.
44 GENERAL RULES ON PROSODY
108. Elision. In auxiliary words the initials a, e, i, o, u
or h (mute) are often preceded by /' (for le,
/a), d' (de), qu (que), s' (si or se), etc.: I' ami,
I'amie, I' enfant, j'ai, jusqu'a, s'il vous plait.
109. Expiration. The French Language is articulated
principally on the lips. You must breathe out
while moving the lips: ce, si, etc.
1 10. Liaisons or the linking of words. The liaisons are
frequently used in French and serve to connect
principally the article with the noun, the adjec
tive with the noun, the pronoun with the verb,
the verb with the pronoun and the adverb before
the past participle or adjective : un ami, un grand
homme, il a, elle a, a-t-il, fort aime, etc.
NOTE. Words must not be linked before h (aspirate) or any
other word not strictly connected by punctuation or by certain
groups of words. Above all the ear must be pleased and proper
pauses prevent the linking.
111. Hiatus. The meeting of the same vowel: one
final, the other initial is called hiatus and no
linking takes place. Ex. il alia d Paris, coupe-
le en deux.
NOTE. In Poetry no hiatus is tolerated, except for effect.
112. Mute E
The so-called mute e.
Strictly speaking, the e is mute only when it is elided:
I 'ami, I'homme.
In other cases the final e is slightly uttered: la face.
In very few words the so-called e mute is not pro-
nounced: soie, soierie. The e in old French was weak,
but heard. Now, in conversation, it is heard or not
according to its position.
GENERAL RULES ON PROSODY 45
Brachet says: ((Dans la phonetique des voyelles, il faut
considerer la qualite, I' accentuation, V entourage.))
In daily use the same vowel e in the same word is
uttered or not: Je n'veux pas, j' n'en sais rien.
Even in Poetry says M. Maurice Grammont: En
ancien frangais, sauf a la fin du vers et a la cesure,
tout e comptait pour une syllabe; aujourd'hui il ne
compte plus jamais apres une voyelle atone; tu joueras
ne fait que trois syllabes, il en faisait quatre a
1'origine.))
This modern usage began in the i4th century.
After a tonic vowel (prie, pries, prient) it is also silent,
but the word, including it, is not allowed in the body
of a verse, except when the e is elided- At the end of a
verse it is a feminine rime.
1 13. MASCULINE RIME is a final stressed syllable at the
end of a verse.
114. FEMININE RIME ends in e mute or -ent, -es (as its
equivalent).
NOTE. After a consonant the e, either in the body of a verse or
at the end of a word, seems to have been silent or uttered in daily
use from the I5th century to the present time.
115. QUANTITY is not the basis of French verse and
we count the syllables whether long or short;
hence French verses are syllabic.
All syllables count except mute syllables when final
(at the end of a verse) or elided.
1 1 6. TONIC ACCENT. In Poetry there are two required
stressed syllables : at the end of a verse (mascu-
line rime) and at the caesura.
From Quitard's Traite de Versification:
4 6 PRACTICAL FRENCH PROSODY
L 'accent tonique, ainsi nomme parce qu'il consiste en une sorte de
ten musical, est une modulation simple et legere qui se joint a certaines
syllabes. II se trouve toujours sur la derniere des mots a desinence
sonore ou masculine, et sur V avant-derniere des mots a desinence muette
ou feminine. L' accent d'appui consiste dans une prononciation plus
forte et plus ressentie de la syllabe sur laquelle la voix insiste, mats
sans modulation.
As to the other accents (stress) in Poetry they may
vary.
For emphasis or expressive reading the accent (stress)
is maintained on first syllables beginning with conso-
nants or on the medial : Ca ira, c'est e"povantable.
XI. Practical French Prosody (see sects. 106-116)
117. Briefly French verse is based on the number of
syllables and on the rime. In French the stress
or accentuation falls:
1 1 8. (i) On the last syllables of words (of two syl-
lables) ending with a masculine rime or the
penultimate syllable when the word ends with a
feminine rime.
119. (2) The antepenultimate in words (with mascu-
line rimes) of three or more syllables.
Let us examine briefly the modes of uttering French
in Elocution, Reading, and Conversation.
1 20. French character being quick and mild, says
d'Olivet reveals brevity and suavity. Latin
words as well as vowels have often been short-
ened in French, and to make the language more
flowing the mute e has been multiplied, the hiatus
often removed, and the article and the pronoun
frequently used.
PRACTICAL FRENCH PROSODY 47
Although the long and short French vowels or syl-
lables do not fulfill the same purpose as in Greek or Latin
they may describe by their place or union different
objects, various shades of meaning.
Some poets have succeeded in establishing a certain
connection between sounds and ideas. From physical
phenomena to abstract ideas they associate serious
thoughts with long sounds, pleasant ideas with soft
sounds.
In other words the poet may suggest such ideas or
images to the mind by faithfully interpreting an intel-
lectual impression or rendering it true to our senses.
Music has also given us long notes, deep sounds, etc.,
but their timbre and quality form the basis and the
mode of articulating the French vowels.
121. The rules of French Prosody are based accord-
ing to needs on vivacity or lack of animation.
122. Prosody
Listen to a prolonged whistling:
uPour qui sont ces serpents qui sifflent sur vos tetes?))
(Racine, Andromaque)
To Indolence:
<t.La mollesse oppressee,
Dans so bouche, d ce mot, sent sa langue glacee:
Et, lasse de parler, succombant sous V effort.
Soupire, etend les bras, . . . ferme I'aeil et s'endort.))
(Le Lutrin, Boileau)
On a rocky road:
Ou, o Hugo, huchera-t-on ton nom?
Justice, enfin rendue, que ne t'a-t-on?
Quand done, au corps qu'Academie qu'on nomme
Grimperas-tu de roc en roc, rare homme.v
(P. Grandmaison)
48 PRACTICAL FRENCH PROSODY
Sonorous vowels:
((La victoire aux cent voix sonnera sa fanfare.))
(Hugo, A I' Arc de Triomphe)
Rapidity:
((Oh I si j'avais des ailes
Vers ce beau del si pur je voudrais les ouvrir.))
(Musset, Rolla)
Briefly, the slower the pronunciation, the more im-
portant Prosody is in Reading, specially at the bar, in
the theater, or pulpit.
Granting that diction is a sort of singing, each long
syllable must be more pronounced. The timbre and
the quality of vowels do not affect the stress (accent)
because the pause is the same.
Alone the intonation varies in accordance with ideas
or sentiments.
When the nasals are more frequent than the vowels
the timbre seems to yield to the dominant quality of
indolence or indifference.
Certain consonants (b, d, g, p, or c) are often used to
express irony or sudden emotions; R to express dis-
satisfaction or rumbling sounds.
In Reading the pronunciation is somewhat slower;
each syllable has its proper value, each sentiment its
intonation. There should be more repose in Reading
than in Elocution.
In Conversation the vowels seem to be all short, but
are not so when properly sounded.
Good usage may be the best rule in Conversation,
but many hiatus often add to its charm.
For further information on the rules of Versification
you are requested to read :
Quitard's Dictionnaire des Rimes.
Grammont's Petit Traite de Versification franc,aise
H (ASPIRATED) IN
49
XH. 123. H (aspirated) in
ha
halage
hannuyer
Mbler
halbi
or hainuier
hdblerie
halbran
Hanovrien
hdbleur
halbrene
hansart
hachage
hdle
hanse
hachard
hdle
hanseatique
hache
holer
hauler
hache
haler
hantise
hache-ecorce
halt-taut
happe
hache-legumes
haletement
happeau
hache-paille
haleter
happelourde
hacher
haleur
happement
hachereau
hall
happer
hachette
hallebarde
haquebute
hache-viande
hallebardier
ou hacquebute
hachis
hallier
haquenee
hachisch
hallier
haquet
ou haschisch
halo
haquetier
hachischin
haloir
harangue
hachoir
halot
haranguer
hachot
halotechnie
harangueur
hachotte
halte
haras
hachure
hamac
harasse
hack
hameau
harassement
hadji
hamelia
harasser
hagard
hammam
harcelement
hagardement
hampe
harceler
haha
hamster
harceleur
hai
han
harde
haie
hanap
harde
ha'ie
hanapier
hardees
haillon
hanche
harder
haillonneux
handicap
hardes
haine
handicaper
hardi
haineusement
handicapeur
hardiesse
haineux
hanebane
hardiment
hair
hangar
harem
haire
hanneton
hareng
ha'issable
hannetonnage
harengaison
haje
hannetonner
harengere
4
H (ASPIRATED) IN
harengerie
hdtelet
haut-relief
harenguet
hdtelle
hauturier
harfang
ou h&telette
havane
hargnerie
hater
have
hargneux
hater eau
haveneau
haridelle
hateur
ou havenet
harle
hdtier
havir
harmattan
hdtif
havre
harnachement
hdtille
havresac
harnacher
hdtiveau
he
harnacheur
hd'ivement
heaume
harnais
hdtivete
heaumerie
haro
halti-chenf
hem
harpail
haiure
heler
harpaille
hauban
henne
harpe
haubaner
hennin
harpe
haubergeon
hennir
harpeau
haubert
hennissement
harper
hausse
heraut
harpie
hausse-col
herd-book
harpin
haussement
here
harpisle
hausse-pied
hensse
har poise
hausse-queue
herissement
harpon
hausser
herisser
harponnage
haussier
herisson
harponnement
haussiere
herissonne
harponner
haul
hernhute
harponneur
haul d has
ou hernute
hart
hautain
hernhutisme
ha sard
hautainement
herniaire
hasarde
hautbois
hernie
hasardement
hautboiste
hernie
hasarder
haut-de-chausse
hernieux
hasardeusement
haute-contre
heron
hasardeux
hautement
heronneau
hasardise
haute sse
heronnier
haschisch
haute-taille
heronniere
hase
hauteur
heros
hastaire
haul-fond
herpe
haste
haut-le-caeur
hersage
haste
haut-le-corps
herse
hdte
haut-pendu
herser
H (ASPIRATED) IN
herseur
hochet
houari
hersillon
hockey
houblon
hetraie
hogner
houblonner
heire
hold.
houblonnier
heu
Hollandais
houblonniere
heurt
Holland*
houe
heurte
hollander
houement
heurtement
horn
houer
heurter
homard
houette
heurtoir
horn
houeur
heuse
hon
houillage
hevee
hongre
houille
hexandre
hongrer
houiller
hexandrie
hongreur
houillere
hi
hongroierie
houilleur
hibou
Hongrois
houilleux
hie
hongroyage
houle
hideur
hongroyer
houlette
hideusement
hongroyeur
houleux
hideux
honnir
houlque
hie
honte
houp!
hiement
honteusement
houper
ou htment
honteux
houppe
hierarchie
hop
houppelande
hierarchique
hoquet
houpper
hierarchiquement
hoqueter
houppette
hierarchisation
hoqueton
houraillis
hierarchiser
horde
hourd
Highlander
horion
hourdage
hisser
hors
ou hourdis
ho
hors-d'oeuvre
hourder
hoat-chi
horse-guard
houret
hoazin
horse-pox
houri
hobereau
hors-ligne
houri
hoc
hotte
hourque
hoca
hottee
hourra
hocco
Hottentot
hourvari
hoche
hottereau
housard
hochement
hotteur
houseaux
hochepot
hou
houspiller
hochequeue
houache
houssage
hocher
ou houaiche
houssaie
H (ASPIRATED) IN
housse
housser
houssine
houssiner
houssoir
housson
houx
hoyau
huard
hublot
huch ou hucho
huche
hucher
huchel
hue!
huee
huer
huette
huguenot
huguenotisme
huhau
hull in
hulot
hulotte
hululer
hum!
humage
humbug
hune
hunter
hunter
huppe
huppe
hure
hurlant
hurlement
hurler
hurleur
Huron
hurrah
hussard
hussar de
h us site
hutin
hutinet
hutte
hutter
hyacinthe
ARRETE
RELATIP A LA SIMPLIFICATION DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT
DE LA SYNTAXE FRANCAISE
(26 feVrier 1901)
Le Ministre de 1'Instruction publique et des Beaux-Arts, vu 1'ar-
ticle 5 de la loi du 27 feVrier 1880;
Vu 1'arrete" du 31 juillet 1900;
Le Conseil supeYieur de 1 Instruction publique entendu,
Arrete:
ARTICLE I. Dans les examens ou concours dependant du mini-
stere de 1'Instruction publique, qui component des epreuves sp^ciales
d'orthographe, il ne sera pas compte de fautes aux candidatspour avoir
us6 des tolerances indiquees dans la liste annexee au present arrete.
La mme disposition est applicable au jugement des diverses
compositions rdigees en langue francaise, dans les examens ou
concours dependant du ministere de 1'Instruction publique qui ne
comportent pas une preuve speciale d'orthographe.
ARTICLE 2. L'arrt6 du 31 juillet 1900 est rapporte.
LISTE ANNEXEE A L 'ARRETE DU 26 FEVRIER 1901
Substantifs
PLURIEL ou SINGULIER.- Dans toutes les constructions ou le
sens permet de comprendre le substantif complement aussi bien
au singulier qu'au pluriel, on tolerera 1'emploi de 1'un ou 1'autre
nombre. Ex. : des habits de femme ou de femmes; des confitures de
groseille ou de groseilles; des prStres en bonnet carre ou en bonnets
Carres; Us ont dte leur chapeau ou leurs chapeaux. . . .
Substantifs des deux genres
1 . AIGLE. L'usage actuel donne a ce substantif le genre mascu-
lin, sauf dans le cas ou il designe des enseignes. Ex.: les aigles
romaines.
2. AMOUR, ORGUE. L'usage actuel donne a ces deux mots le
genre masculin au singulier. Au pluriel, on tole>era indifferemment
53.
54 ARRTE RELATIF A LA SYNTAXE FRANAISE
le genre masculin ou le genre feminin. Ex.: les grandes argues;
un des plus beaux argues; de folles amours, des amours tardifs.
3. DELICE ET DELICES sont, en realit^, deux mots differents.
Le premier est d'un usage rare et un peu recherche. II est inutile
de s'en occuper dans 1'enseignement e'tementaire et dans les exercices.
4. AUTOMNE, ENFANT. Ces deux mots e"tant des deux genres,
il est inutile de s'en occuper particulierement. II en est de meme
de tous les substantifs qui sont indiffeYemment des deux genres.
5. GENS, ORGE. On tole'rera dans toutes les constructions
1'accord de 1'adjectif au fe"minin avec le mot gens. Ex.: instruits
ou instruites par I 'experience, les vieilles gens sont soufaonneux ou
soupqonneuses.
On tolerera 1'emploi du mot orge au feminin sans exception: orge
carree, orge mondee, orge perlee.
6. HYMNE. II n'y a pas de raison suffisante pour dormer a ce
mot deux sens differents suivant qu'il est employe 1 au masculin ou
au feminin. On tolerera les deux genres aussi bien pour les chants
nationaux que pour les chants religieux. Ex.: un bel hymne ou
une belle hymne.
7. PAQUES. On tolerera 1'emploi de ce mot au f&ninin aussi
bien pour designer une date que la fete religieuse. Ex. : A P&ques
prochain, ou d P agues prochaines.
Pluriel des substantifs
PLURIEL DES NOMS PROPRES. La plus grande obscurite" regnant
dans les regies et les exceptions enseign^es dans les grammaires, on
tolerera dans tous les cas que les noms propres precedes de 1'article
pluriel prennent la marque du pluriel: les Corneilles comme les
Gracques;des Virgiles (exemplaires) comme des Virgiles (editions).
II en sera de m&me pour les noms propres de personne d6signant
les oauvres de ces personnes. Ex. : des Meissoniers.
PLURIEL DES NOMS EMPRUNTES A D'AUTRES LANGUES. Lorsque
ces mots sont tout a fait entr<s dans la langue francaise, on toterera
que le pluriel soit forme 1 suivant la regie g6ne"rale. Ex. : des exeats
comme Aes deficits.
Noms composes
NOMS COMPOSES. Les mdmes noms composes se rencontr-ait
aujourd'hui tantdt avec le trait d'union, tant6t sans trait d'union.
II est inutile de fatiguer les enfants a apprendre des contradictions
que rien ne justifie. L'absence de trait d'union dans 1'expression
ARRETE RELATIF A LA SYNTAXE FRANQAISE 55
pomme de terre n'empeche pas cette expression de former un veritable
mot compost aussi bien que chef-d'oeuvre, par exemple. Ces mots
pourront toujours s'6crire sans trait d 'union.
Article
ARTICLE DEVANT LES NOMS PROPRES DE PERSONNES. L'usage
existe d'employer 1'article devant certains noms de famille italiens:
le Tasse, le Correge, et quelquefois a tort devant les prenoms: (le)
Dante, (le) Guide. On ne comptera pas comme une faute 1'ignorance
de cet usage.
II regne aussi une grande incertitude dans la maniere d'ecrire
1'article qui fait partie de certains noms frangais: la Fontaine, la
Fayette ou Lafayette. II convient d'indiquer, dans les textes dicte"s,
si, dans les noms propres qui contiennent un article, 1'article doit
6tre se'pare du nom.
ARTICLE SUPPRIME. Lorsque deux adjectifs unis par et se rap-
portent au mme substantif de maniere a designer en realite deux
choses diffeYentes, on tole'rera la suppression de 1'article devant le
second adjectif. Ex. : I'histoire ancienne et moderne, comme I'histoire
ancienne et la moderne.
ARTICLE PARTITIF. On tole'rera du, de la, des au lieu de de partitif
devant un substantif pre'ce'de d'un adjectif. Ex. : de ou du bon
pain, de bonne viande ou de la bonne viande, de ou des bans fruits.
ARTICLE DEVANT PLUS, MOINS, ETC. La regie qui veut qu'on
emploie le plus, le mains, le mieux comme un neutre invariable
devant un adjectif indiquant le degrd le plus eleve de la qualite
posse'de'e par le substantif qualifi^ sans comparaison avec d'autres
objets est tres subtile et de peu d'utilite". II est superflu de s'en
occuper dans 1'enseignement elementaire et dans les exercices. On
tolerera le plus, la plus, les plus, les mains, les mieux, etc., dans des
constructions telles que: on a abattu les arbres le plus ou les plus
exposes a la tempete.
Adjectif
ACCORD DE L'ADJECTIF. Dans la locution, se faire fort de, on
tole'rera 1'accord de 1'adjectif. Ex.: se faire fort, forte, forts, fortes
de . . .
ADJECTIF CONSTRUIT AVEC PLUSIEURS SUBSTANTIFS. Lorsqu'un
adjectif qualificatif suit plusieurs substantifs de genres diffe"rents,
56 ARRETE RELATIF A LA SYNTAXE FRANCAISE
on tolerera toujours que 1'adjectif soit construit au masculin pluriel,
quel que soit le genre du substantif le plus voisin. Ex.: apparte-
ments et chambres meubles.
Nu, DEMI, FEU. On tolerera 1'accord de ces adjectifs avec le
substantif qu'ils precedent. Ex.: nu ou nus pieds; une demi ou
demie heure sans trait d 'union entre les mots, feu ou feue reine.
ADJECTIFS COMPOSES. On toleYera la reunion des deux mots
constitutifs en un seul mot qui formera son fe"minin et son pluriel
d'apres la regie ge"ne>ale. Ex. : nouveaune, nouveaunee, nouveaunes,
nouveaunees; courtvetu, courtvetue, courtvetus, courtvetues, etc.
Mais les adjectifs composes qui de"signent des nuances e"tant
devenus, par suite d'une ellipse, de v6ritables substantifs invariables,
on les traitera comme des mots invariables. Ex.: des robes bleu
clair, vert d'eau, etc., de meme qu'on dit des habits marron.
PARTICIPES PASSES INVARIABLES. Actuellement les participes
approuve, attendu, ci-inclus, ci-joint, excepte, non compris, y compris,
dte, passe, suppose, vu, places avant le substantif auquel ils sont
joints, restent invariables. Excepte est m6me deja class< parmi les
propositions. On toleYera 1'accord facultatif pour ces participes,
sans exiger 1'application de regies diffe>entes suivant que ces mots
sont place's au commencement ou dans le corps de la proposition,
suivant que le substantif est ou n'est pas determine". Ex.: ci
joint ou ci jointes les puces demandees (sans trait d'union entre ci
et le participe) ; je vous envoie ci joint ou ci jointe copie de la piece.
On tole"rera la meme liberte" pour 1'adjectif franc. Ex.: envoyer
franc de port ou franche de port une lettre.
AVOIR L'AIR. On permettra d'Ocrire indiff e"remment : elle a I'air
doux ou douce, spirituel ou spirituelle. On n'exigera pas la con-
naissance d'une difference de sens subtile suivant 1'accord de 1'ad-
jectif avec le mot air ou avec le mot designant la personne dont on
indique I'air.
ADJECTIFS NUMERAUX. Vingt, cent. La prononciation Justine
dans certains cas la regie actuelle qui donne un pluriel a ces deux
mots quand ils sont multiplies par un autre nombre. On tolerera
le pluriel de vingt et cent meme lorsque ces deux mots sont suivis
d'un autre adjectif numeral. Ex.: quatre vingt ou quatre vingts
dix hommes; quatre cent ou quatre cents trente hommes.
Le trait d'union ne sera pas exig entre le mot designant les unite's
et le mot d^signant les dizaines. Ex. : dix sept.
Dans la designation du millesime, on tolerera mille au lieu de
mil, comme dans 1'expression d'un nombre. Ex.: Van mil huit cent
quatre vingt dix ou Van mille huit cents quatre vingts dix.
ARRETE RELATIF A LA SYNTAXE FRANQAISE 57
Adjectifs demonstrates, indefinis et pronoms
CE. On to!6rera la reunion des particules ci et Id avec le pronom
qui les precede, sans exiger qu'on distingue qu'est ceci, qu'est cela
de qu'est ce ci, qu'est ce Id. On tole'rera la suppression du trait d'union
dans ces constructions.
MEME. Apres un substantif ou un pronom au pluriel, on
tole'rera 1 'accord de meme au pluriel et on n'exigera pas de trait
d'union entre meme et le pronom. Ex.: nous memes, les dieux
memes.
TOUT. Devant un nom de ville on tole'rera 1 'accord du mot
tout avec le nom propre sans chercher a e"tablir une difference
un peu subtile entre des constructions comme toute Rome ou tout
Rome.
On ne comptera pas de faute non plus a ceux qui ecriront indiffe"-
remment, en faisant parler une femme, je suis tout a vous, ou je suis
toute d vous.
Lorsque tout est employ^ avec le sens ind^fini de chaque, on tole'-
rera indiffeYemment la construction au singulier ou au pluriel du
mot tout et du substantif qu'il accompagne. Ex. : des marchandises
de toute sorte ou de toutes sortes; la sottise est de tout (tous) temps et
de tout (tous) pays.
AUCUN. Avec une negation, on tol6rera 1'emploi de ce mot aussi
bien au pluriel qu'au singulier. Ex. : nefaire aucun projet ou aucuns
projets.
CHACUN. Lorsque ce pronom est construit apres le verbe et se
rapporte a un mot pluriel sujet ou complement, on tole'rera indiffe-
remment, apres chacun, le possessif son, sa, ses, ou le possessif leur,
leurs. Ex.: Us sont sortis chacun de son cote ou de leur cote; re-
mettre des livres chacun d sa place ou d leur place.
Verbe
VERLES COMPOSES. On toleYera la suppression de 1'apostrophe
et du trait d'union dans les verbes composes. Ex.: entrouvrir,
entrecroiser.
TRAIT D'UNION. On tole'rera 1'absence de trait d'union entre le
verbe et le pronom sujet place" apres le verbe. Ex. : est il.
DIFFERENCE DU SUJET APPARENT ET DU SUJET REEL. Ex.: sa
maladie sont des vapeurs. II n'y a pas lieu d'enseigner de regies
pour des constructions semblables dont 1'emploi ne peut fitre 6tudie
utilement que dans la lecture et 1'explication des textes. C'est une
58 ARRETE RELATIF A LA SYNTAXE FRANQAISE
question de style et non de grammaire qui ne saurait figurer ni dans
les exercices 61e"mentaires ni dans les examens.
ACCORD DU VERBE PRECEDE DE PLUSIEURS SUJETS NON urns
PAR LA CONJONCTION et. Si les sujets ne sont pas resumes par un
mot indefini tel que tout, rien, chacun, on toierera toujours la con-
struction du verbe au pluriel. Ex.: sa bonte, sa douceur le font
admirer.
ACCORD DU VERBE PRECED DE PLUSIEURS SUJETS AU SINGULIER
UNIS PAR ni, comme, ainsi que ET AUTRES LOCUTIONS EQUIVALENTES.
On toierera toujours le verbe au pluriel. Ex.: ni la douceur ni
la force n'y peuvent rien ou n'y peut rien; la sante comme la fortune
demandent a etre menagees ou demande a etre menagee; le general
avec quelques officiers sont sortis ou est sorti du camp; le chat ainsi
que le tigre sont des carnivores ou est un carnivore.
ACCORD DU VERBE QUAND LE SUJET EST UN MOT COLLECTIF.
Toutes les fois que le collectif est accompagne" d'un complement au
pluriel, on toierera 1'accord du verbe avec le complement. Ex.:
un peu de connaissance suffit ou suffisent.
ACCORD DU VERBE QUAND LE SUJET EST plus d'un. L'usage
actuel etant de construire le verbe au singulier avec le sujet plus
i'un, on toierera la construction du verbe au singulier, m6me lorsque
plus d'un est suivi d'un complement au pluriel. Ex.: plus d'un
de ces hommes etait ou etaient a plaindre.
ACCORD DU VERBE PRECED DE undeceux (une de celks) qui. Dans
quels cas le verbe de la proposition relative doit-il 6tre construit
au pluriel, et dans quels cas au singulier? C'est une deiicatesse de
langage qu'on n'essaiera pas d'introduire dans les exercices eiemen-
taires ni dans les examens.
C'EST, CE SONT. Comme il regne une grande diversity d'usage
relativement a 1'emploi rgulier de c'est et de ce sont, et que les meil-
leurs auteurs ont employe c'est pour annoncer un substantif au
pluriel ou un pronom de la troisieme personne au pluriel, on toierera
dans tous les cas 1'emploi de c'est au lieu de ce sont. Ex.: c'est ou
ce sont des montagnes et des precipices.
CONCORDANCE ou CORRESPONDANCE DES TEMPS. On toierera le
present du subjonctif au lieu de 1'imparfait dans les propositions
subordonnees dependant de prepositions dont le verbe est au
conditionnel present. Ex. : il faudrait qu'il vienne ou qu'il vint.
Participe
PARTICIPE PRESENT ET ADJECTIF VERBAL. II convient de s'en
tenir a la regie generale d'apres laquelle on distingue le participe
ARRETE RELATIF A LA SYNTAXE FRANAISE 59
de 1'adjectif en ce que le premier indique 1'action et le second I'e'tat.
II suffit que les Sieves et les candidats fassent preuve de bon sens
dans les cas douteux. On devra eviter avec soin les subtilites dans
les exercices. Ex.: des sauvages vivent errant ou errants dans les
bois.
PARTICIPE PASSE. II n'y a rien a changer a la regie d'apres
laquelle le participe passe construit comme (Spithete doit s'accorder
avec le mot qualified et construit comme attribut avec le verbe
2tre ou un verbe intransitif, doit s'accorder avec le sujet. Ex.:
des fruits gates; Us sont tombes; elles sont tombees.
Pour le participe passe' conatruit avec 1'auxiliaire avoir, lorsque le
participe passe' est suivi soit d'un infinitif, soit d'un participe pre-
sent ou passe, on tolerera qu'il reste invariable, quels que soient le
genre et le nombre des complements qui precedent. Ex. : les fruits
que je me suis laisse ou laisses prendre; les sauvages que I' on a trouve
ou trouves errant dans le bois. Dans le cas ou le participe passe est
precede d'une expression collective, on pourra a volonte le faire
accorder avec le collectif ou avec son complement. Ex. : la joule
d'hommes que j'ai vue ou vus.
Adverbe
Ne DANS LES PROPOSITIONS SUBORDONNEES. L'emploi de cette
negation dans un tres grand nombre de propositions subordonn^es
donne lieu a des regies compliqu^es, difficiles, abusives, souvent
en contradiction avec 1'usage des ecrivains les plus classiques.
Sans faire de regies differentes suivant que les propositions dont
elles dependent sont affirmatives ou negatives ou interrogatives, on
tolerera la suppression de la negation ne dans les proportions subor-
donnees dependant de verbes ou de locutions signifiant:
Empecher, defendre, eviter que, etc. Ex.: defendre qu'on vienne
ou qu'on ne vienne;
Craindre, desesperer, avoir peur, de peur que, etc. Ex. : de peur
qu'il aille ou qu'il n'aille;
Douter, contester, nier que, etc. Ex.: je ne doute pas que la chose
soit vraie ou ne soit vraie;
II tient a peu, il ne tient pas a, il s'en faut que, etc. Ex. : il ne tient
pas a moi que cela se fasse ou ne se fas.se.
On toleYera de meme la suppression de cette negation apres les
comparatifs et les mots indiquant une comparaison: autre, autre-
ment que, etc. Ex.: I'annee a etc meilleure qu'on I'esperait ou qu'on
ne I'esperait; les resultats sont autres qu'on le croyait ou qu'on ne
le croyait.
60 ARRET RELATIF A LA SYNTAXE FRAN^AISE
De meTne apres les locutions a mains que, avant que. Ex.: a
mains qu'on accorde le pardon ou qu'on n'accorde le pardon.
Observation
II conviendra dans les examens, de ne pas compter comme fautes
graves celles qui ne prouvent rien contre 1'intelligence et le veritable
savoir des candidats, mais qui prouvent seulement 1 'ignorance de
quelque finesse ou de quelque subtilite" grammaticale.
Vu pour Stre annexe a 1'arret^ du 26 feVrier 1901.
Le ministre de I' Instruction publique et des Beaux- Arts,
Paris. GEORGES LEYGUES.
PART II
ETYMOLOGY OR PARTS OP SPEECH
61
LESSON I
ETYMOLOGY OR PARTS OF SPEECH
1 . r article
2. le substantif
3. V adjectif qualificatif
4. " determinate/
5. le pronom
6. le verbe
7. I'adveibe
8. la preposition NOTE. The latter four
9. la conjonction are invariable.
10. V interjection
The Definite Article (I'artide defini)
Singular (singulier) plural (pluriel)
le (the) before a masculine noun beginning a consonant
la " " " feminine noun
/' " " any noun beginning with a vowel or h mute
les " ' all nouns in the plural; /' stands for le, la
NOTE. le from the Latin (/) lum; la (il) lam.
le pere the father; la mere the mother; I'ami (m.) the friend;
I'amie (f.) the friend; I'homme the man; le heros (h aspirate) the
hero; I' heroine (h mute) the heroine; I'oncle the uncle; la tante
the aunt.
i. NOUNS are either masculine or feminine: inan-
imate objects being either masculine or feminine.
masc. le livre the book; le crayon the pencil; le couteau the knife.
fern. la plume the pen; la table the table.
i. Latin masculines continue masculine in French:
le port the harbor; le cheval the horse; le livre the book; few
exceptions.
63
64 GENDER OF NOUNS
2. Latin neuters are masculine in French:
le frein the rein (check); le froid the cold; le fer iron; le mid
honey.
3. endings with masculine -ode; -age; -asme; -ege; -erne; -isme; -re
I' oracle the oracle; le partage the share (division); le pleonasme
pleonasm; le manege riding-school; le bapteme the christening
(baptism); le christianisme Christianity; le mystere mystery.
4. All nouns not ending in -ale -ie -fe
are generally masculine. -be -ie -oie
-ace -ole -ne
-ode -ule -pe
-eur -ure -aison
NOTE. Nouns denoting males -ee -ue -rre
are masculine always; and femi- -ere -ion -se
nine those denoting females. -ie -iere -te
-oire -ance -ence
-tide -uve and
-ion in general
le mal evil; le nord the north; le sud the south; Vest the east;
I'ouest the west; le printemps spring; I'ete summer; I'automne
autumn; I'hiver winter; and are masculine also: the days of the
week, months of the year; le Mexique Mexico, and all countries
not ending in -e : le Portugal, etc. ; and the names of trees : le pin
pine-tree, with few exceptions; and the letters of the alphabet:
un I, an 1, etc.
Words for Practice:
I'interualle (m.) the interval; la cathedrale (f.) the cathedral;
la bourbe (f.) the mire; la place the place (room, seat, square);
la parade the parade; la chaleur the heat; la rosee the dew; la
chimere chimera; la sortie exit; la pitie pity; I'obole mite; la
pilule the pill; la parure ornament; la rue the street; la vision
vision; I' action act (action); la petition petition; la carafe the
decanter; le carafon (small) decanter; la soie silk.
5. Final e preceded by a vowel or double consonant denotes fem-
inine:
I'alarme (f.) the alarm; la jour nee the (whole) day; la boue mud;
la presence the presence; le silence silence (an exception); une
once an ounce; la defense defence; la depense expenditure; I'urne
GENDER OF NOUNS 65
urn; la pipe pipe; la comparaison comparison; la terre earth;
la rose rose; la botte boot (bundle); la bonte kindness; la riviere
river; I'histoire history; la Constance constancy; la faqon the
make (style, look); I' habitude habit (custom); la verve warmth
(spirit).
6. Other feminines:
la porte door; la louve she- wolf; la ville the city; la voix
voice; la cle (clef) key; la cuiller spoon; la chaux lime; la chair flesh;
la brebis sheep; la dot dowry; la dent tooth; la faint hunger;
la foret forest; la fois time; la faux scythe; la fin end; la nuit
night; la noix walnut; la croix cross; la paix peace; la nef nave;
la main hand; la mart death; la soif thirst; la mer the sea; la
tour tower; I'argile clay; I'armoire closet; I'idole idol; les arrhes
(earnest-money); I'artere artery; une epigramme epigram; une
ecritoire (formerly) a writing-desk; la scene scene; la paroi wall
(partition); I' oasis oasis; I'epigraphe epigraph; une equivoque am-
biguity; une reglisse licorice; la nacre mother-of-pearl; I'horloge
clock; I'orbite orbit; I'image image; I'extase ecstacy.
2. LATIN feminines are used likewise in French: la
rose the rose, etc. ; cf. few neuter plurals have
become in French feminine singular:
I'etude study; I'aeuvre the work; I'huile oil; I'arme arm (weapon);
lafeuille the leaf; la tevre the lip; and a few others.
3. GENERAL RULE, e is usually added to the masculine
to denote the feminine; likewise with adjectives:
le marquis the marquis; la marquise the marchioness; le petit
gar f on the small boy ; la petite fille the little girl.
1. Nouns (and adjectives) ending in -er and -ier take I (accent
grave: grave accent) on the penultimate:
le berger the shepherd; la bergere the shepherdess; le premier
prix the first prize; la premiere leqon the first lesson; for the
feminine.
2. Nouns (and adjectives) ending in n or / double that consonant:
le baron the baron; la baronne the baroness; le ban patriote the
good patriot ; la bonne dame the good lady ; also for the feminine.
66 GENDER OF NOUNS
3. Few exceptions:
le Romain the Roman; la Romaine the Roman lady; le cousin
the cousin; la cousine the (lady) cousin; le voisin the neighbor;
la voisine the (lady) neighbor; I'orphelin the orphan; I'orpheline
the orphan (f.); le Persan the Persian; la Per sane the Persian
lady; le faisan the pheasant; la faisane the pheasant (female).
4. esse is added to the masculine in nearly 20 nouns:
I'abbe the abbe (priest); I'abbesse the abbess; le prince the prince;
la princesse the princess; le Suisse the Swiss; la Suissesse the
Swiss lady; le negre the negro; la negresse the negress; I' hole
the host; I'hotesse the hostess; /e maftre master; la mattresse
mistress.
5. Those ending in -e (mute) remain the same for both genders:
I' artiste (m.) the artist; I' artiste (f.) the artist; (also singer).
6. Nouns (derived from a present participle) ending in -eur change
-eur into -euse :
le chanteur the singer; la chanteuse the (lady) singer; le danseur
the dancer; la danseuse the dancer (f.); le buveur the drinker;
la buveuse the drinker (f.).
7. Some in -rice :
I'acteur the actor; I'actrice the actress; I'instituteur the teacher;
/' institutrice the (lady) teacher; I'accusateur, I'accusatrice the
accuser; /a cantatrice (eminent) singer (f.); procureur proxy
procuratrice; ambassadeur ambassador ambassadrice.
8. Seven in -eresse :
chasseur huntsman; chasseresse huntress; defendeur defendant;
demandeur, demanderesse plaintiff; enchanteur, enchanteresse en-
chanter, enchantress; pecheur, pecheresse sinner; vendeur ven-
dor venderesse (law); vengeur, vengeresse avenger; and add:
devineur guesser; devineresse (obsolete) diviner; vendeur (ven-
deuse) seller; chasseur (chasseuse) hunter (huntress); empereur
emperor; imperatrice empress; voleur (voleuse) thief; trompeur
(trompeuse) deceiver; cf. heureux happy; heureuse happy; ser-
viteur servant (m.); servante (f.) servant; dieu god; deesse god-
dess; due duke; duchesse duchess; bailleur lessor bailleresse;
prophe.te prophet; prophetesse prophetess; doge doge; dogaresse
wife of a doge; gouverneur governor (tutor); gouvernante gover-
ness; compagnon companion; compagne (f.).
GENDER OF NOUNS 67
4. DOUBLE GENDER:
auteur author (authoress); ecrivain writer; professeur professor;
peintre painter; une femme peintre a woman painter; le guide
guide; le juge judge; le poete poet, etc.
1. Others shorter in the feminine form than in the masculine:
le canard drake; la cane duck; le mulet mule; la mule mule (she-
ass); le vieittard the old man; la vieille the old lady; le dindon
turkey-cock; la dinde turkey-hen.
2. Others by a different word :
homme man; femme w ife; pere father; mere mother; frere brother;
sceur sister; oncle uncle; tante aunt; gendre son-in-law; bru
daughter-in-law; parrain godfather; marraine godmother; cheval
horse; jument mare; coq cock (rooster); poule hen; taureau bull;
vache cow; brebis sheep; belter ram; bouc (he-) goat; chevre (she-)
goat; cerf stag; bicheroe; le singe monkey ; la guenon (she-) mon-
key; le chat cat; la chatte (she-) cat; le loup wolf ; la louve she-
wolf; jar? gander; oie goose; veau calf; genisse heifer; sanglier wild
boar ; la late wild sow, etc. ; le rat rat ; la souris mouse ; (les souris
mice), etc.
3. Some (originally feminine) are always feminine and for both
sexes :
la victime the victim; la sentinelle sentry; la personne person;
la connaissance the acquaintance; la ganache blockhead, etc.
4. Always feminine :
la giraffe giraffe; la panther e panther; I'hyene hyena; or: la pan-
there male the male panther; la panther e femelle female panther, etc.
5. Also:
la baleine whale; la tortue tortoise; la pie magpie; I'hirondelle
the swallow; I'alouette the lark.
-
6. Always masculine :
le merle blackbird; le cygne swan; le hibou owl; I'ecureuil the
squirrel; le vautour vulture; le castor beaver; le leopard the
leopard; V elephant the elephant; le chameau camel; le saumon
salmon.
68 GENDER OF NOUNS
5. Few change their meaning according to the gender:
Masculine Feminine
le page page
la page
le poele stove
la poele frying-pan
le voile (long veil) veil
la voile sail
le guide guide
la guide the rein
le critique critic
la critique criticism
le manche handle
la manche sleeve
le tour turn (trick)
la tour tower
le mousse cabin-boy
la mousse moss
le vase vase
la vase mud (slime)
le somme nap (sleep)
la somme sum
le litre book
la livre pound
le politique politician
la politique politics
le crepe crape
la crepe pancake
le memoire memorandum
la memoire memory, etc.
cf.: la Manche the English Channel; la voilette (face) veil
Practice :
Paris est gai Paris is merry; Versailles est toujours attrayant
Versailles is ever attractive; Londres est grand London is big;
un enfant, une enfant a child; le mode the mode (mood); la mode
the fashion; un eleve, une eleve a pupil; un malade, une malade
a patient; la (fete de) Noel Christmas; la librairie bookstore;
la boulangerie bakeshop; and many others ending in -ie: parfu-
merie, etc. (f.); la chimie chemistry; le Maine Maine; le blanc,
le noir, white, black ; le beau the beautiful ; and words and phrases
used as nouns ; le metre yard (metre) ; le centimetre centimeter, etc.
6. The following are either masculine or feminine (and
are almost identical in meaning) :
aigle eagle: I'aigle (m.) est un oiseau de proie the eagle is a bird of
prey; cet homme est un aigle that man is a noted person (a
star); les aigles romaines (f.) Roman Eagles; I'aigle de Meaux
Bossuet; un regard d' aigle eagle-eyed; I'aigle noir de Prusse
the Black Prussian Eagle.
amour and orgue are masculine when singular; amour filial filial
love; un grand orgue a large organ; also masculine or feminine
in the plural; de beaux amours or de belles amours beautiful
GENDER OF NOUNS 69
love; mes premieres amours my first love; de petits amours
little Cupids; de grandes (de grands orgues) orgues great organs
(music).
automne autumn (generally masculine) : un bel automne a beautiful
autumn.
gent (formerly: nation, people) is feminine when singular: la gent
marecageuse the frogs (les grenouilles) ; gens (formerly plural
of: gent) people, persons; and either masculine or feminine in
the plural. Note that the adjectives which do not immediately
precede or those that follow gens are in the masculine: tous
ces gens honneles sont heureux all those honest people are happy;
de vieilles gens old people; toutes les vieilles gens sont parfois
d plaindre old people are at times to be pitied. But: tons ces
braves gens all those good people; les vieilles gens sont souvent
malheureux old people (folks) are often unhappy; cf.: enfans and
en j 'ants children. See French Reviews.
periode (f.) fixed number of years: les grandes periodes de I'histoire
the great periods of History; I' eloquence a son plus haul periode
eloquence at its highest stage; maladie (f.) a son dernier periode
(m.) illness at its turning point (le plus haul point crisis).
hymne (m. or f.); un bel hymne, une belle hymne beautiful hymn;
when implying church music hymne is generally feminine.
merci is feminine in: lire d la merci de to be at the mercy of;
masculine when it means: thanks; un grand merci much obliged;
Dieu merci thank God; cf.: je vous remercie I thank you; remerci-
ments thanks.
pdques Easter (f.); pdques fleuries (le dimanche des rameaux) Palm
Sunday; la pdque Jewish Passover; faire de bonnes pdques to
receive Communion (at Easter time).
foudre (f.) thunderbolt; sometimes masculine in Poetry; but:
un foudre de guerre a great warrior; un foudre d' eloquence a great
orator; les foudres (f.) de I'Eglise excommunication.
orge (f.) barley; but: orge perle pearled barley; orge monde
hulled (husked) barley.
apres-midi (formerly masculine or feminine) is now masculine.
(euvre (f.) work (-s): mettez-vous a I'aeuvre go to work; le merite des
bonnes ccuvres (de charite) the merit of good works; il a toutes
les aeuvres (toute I'ceuvre) de Racine he has (owns) all Racine's
works; but: le grand ceuvre the philosopher's stone; le gros ceuvre
the heavy stone- work, or les fondements d'un bdtiment foundation
of a building; cf.: derniers ouvrages parus latest publications; le
dernier exemplaire the last copy (of a book).
70 PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
chose (f.) the thing; une (affaire) chose importante an important
matter; and always followed by a masculine (adjective): quelque
chose de nouveau something new; cf.: rien de nouveau nothing
new; le Petit Chose (Daudet's) the Little What's your name?
quelque chose que je lui aie dite, for: quelle que soil la chose que je
etc., whatever I may have said to him (her).
delices (f.) delight; un delice joy; un vrai delice a real joy.
LESSON II
PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
7. GENERAL RULE: Most nouns and adjectives form
their plural by adding 5 to the singular:
le mur the wall; les murs the walls; le petit gargon the little boy
(the small boy); les petits garQons the little boys.
Exceptions:
1. Invariable words take no s:
lesoui the ayes; les non the nays.
2. Nouns and adjectives ending ia-s;-x;-z remain unchanged:
le fils, les fils the son, the sons; la voix, les voix the voice, the
voices; le nez, les nez the nose, the noses; I' omnibus the omnibus,
les omnibus the omnibuses ; heureuxpere happy father; heureuxperes
happy fathers.
3. Nouns and adjectives ending in -au;-eu take x in the plural;
likewise seven nouns in -ou :
un bateau a boat; des bateaux boats; le cheveu the hair; les cheveux
the hair; de beaux cheveux beautiful hair; exception: bleu, bleus
(pi.) blue; landaus landaus; bijou (x) jewel (s); cailloux pebbles;
choux cabbages; genoux knees; hiboux owls; joujoux toys; POUX
lice; les sous pennies, etc.
4. Most nouns and adjectives ending in -a/ change -al to aux :
le cheval the horse; les chevaux the horses; egal, egaux equal;
I' animal the animal; les animaux the animals; le journal the
newspaper; les journaux the newspapers; exceptions: (s being
added to the singular) bal ball; car naval carnival; chacal jackal;
aval endorsement; few adjectives: amical amicable; fatal fatal;
PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ~J\
final final; glacial glacial (icy); initial initial; matinal early-
riser; naval naval (nautical); penal penal; theatral theatrical,
take s in the plural; cf.: les pals or les paux stakes (punishment) ;
les cols calli; and a few others seldom used.
5. The following in -ail change -ail to -aux:
le bail the lease les baux the leases
le corail coral les coraux corals
V email enamel les emaux enamels
le soupirail air-hole les soupiraux air-holes
le travail the work (labor) les travaux works
le vitrail (stained) glass window les vitraux glass, etc.
NOTE. betail cattle; les bestiaux cattle; others take 5 in the
plural.
8. DOUBLE PLURALS:
aieul (aieux) ancestor (s); afeul (aieuls) grandsire (s); ail (s)
garlic; ail (aulx) garlic; and more colloquial; del (deux) sky
(skies), Heaven; del (s) sky (painting }-jMeil (yeux) eye (eyes);
les oeils-de-bceuf oval windows; travail (travaux) work, labor
(works); le travail the brake (horse-shoeing); les travails the
brakes; les travails de ce ministre the official reports of that
minister.
9. INVARIABLE NOUNS: (and generally singular):
1. Those of metals:
I' or gold; I' argent silver.
2. Abstract nouns:
I 'innocence innocence; la justice justice.
3. Nouns for Arts and Sciences:
la chimie Chemistry, etc.
4. Words used as substantives:
le beau the beautiful; cf. : temoin (witness) always singular at the
beginning of a sentence and in: a temoin as witness (es); temoin
ses blessures witness his wounds (as evidence his wounds); on
vous prend tons a temoin you are all called to witness; citer comme
temoin (appeler devant la justice) to be called (in Court) as a wit-
ness; cf.: rendre temoignage a to bear witness (to testify to).
72 PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
10. SUBSTANTIVES always in the plural:
accordailles (better: accords); accords (colloq.) preliminary un-
derstanding before signing the marriage stipulations; affres (f.)
the agony of death; aguets (m.) watch (-ing); alentours the neigh-
boring grounds; armoiries (f.) coat of arms; arrerages arrears;
besides (formerly large spectacles) (barnacles) used only in: prenez
done vos besides! you had better wear glasses! (irony); broussailles
bushes (brushwood); confins confines (borders); decombres ruins
(debris) ; dcpens (m.) cost of a lawsuit; aux dcpens de at the expense
of; doleances complaints (f.); entrailles bowels; les epousailles
(obsolete) (f.) betrothal ceremony; fianc.ailles (f.) engagement
(betrothal); frais (m.) expense, cost, outlay; funerailles (f.)
funeral; assister aux funerailles; hardes (f.) (daily, and common)
wearing apparel, clothes; manes (f.) manes (shades); materiaux
materials; moeurs ways (customs); mouchettes (f.) snuffers or
scissors to snuff (ciseaux pour moucher); nippes (f.) (old) clothes;
linge use worn-out linen; obseques obsequies (funeral); prentices
early fruit (first production); tenebres darkness (gloom); vepres
(f.) Vespers; vivres (f.) food (provisions, victuals;.
Singular and invariable :
les si the ifs; les pourquoi the whys; les car the fors, etc.
Likewise the compounds (verb, preposition, adverb, etc.):
les bric-a-brac; les cache-cache hide and seek; les gagne-petit (or
remouleur ambulant) scissors (knife) grinder; les laisser --passer
permit; pass; des on dit vague reports; des oui-dire hearsay;
des passe-partout pass-key; passe-partout; des passe-passe leger-
demain (a trick of sleight of hand); des pince-sans-rirs dry joker;
des quant-a-soi (moi) (colloq.) an assumed reserve; qu'en dira-t-on
gossip (tittle-tattle) ; reveille-matin alarm clocks; sauve- qui- pent
rout, stampede; soi-disant self-styled (would-be; so-called);
songe-creux (living on visions) visionary ; va-et-vient (des
balanciers) pendulum, oscillations; small ferryboats; pass-ropes.
Singular sense:
un abat-jour (lamp shade) for : qui abat le jour which throws down
the light; des abat-jour shades.
Plural sense:
un chasse-mouches (un cventail fan) fly-trap: qui chasse les mouches
which drives the flies away; and because there is a plural idea even
in the singular form of the article.
PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 73
Exceptions: with garde if it refers to persons or things s is added to
garde when speaking of persons:
un garde- malade; une garde-malade attendant; sick-nurse; des
gardes-malades attendants; cf.: des garde-manger buttery (pantry).
11. NOUN with an ADVERB or a PREPOSITION takes
5 or x:
des arriere-boutiques (rear) backshops; des entr'actes intermedes
(between the acts) ; des contre-amiraux rear-admirals, etc.
1. Compounds with or without hyphen (composed of a noun and
an adjective (or participle) take j (x) :
les bas-reliefs bas-reliefs; les grands-pcres grandfathers; les chefs-
lieux country-towns ( precincts); les portemantcaux the valises;
les grand' meres grandmothers; les anglo-saxons the Anglo-Saxons
and a few others excepted; cf.: bonhomme (bonshommes) good
(-natured) man (men); petits bonshommes little fellows; madame
(mesdames) Madam (Mrs.) or: ladies; mademoiselle rniss; monsieur
Sir (Mr.); messieurs Messieurs; gentilhomme nobleman; getttils-
hommes noblemen.
2. Joined by a preposition the first noun takes .s .
un chef d'ceuvre masterpiece; des chefs d'ceuvre (s); un coq-d-l'dne
cock-and-bull story (stories); un tete-a-tete private interview (si;
and pied-a-terre (m.) temporary lodging, are invariable.
12. WHEN de is understood s is added to the first
noun only:
des Hotels-Dieu hospitals; cf..- hopital; hospice (m.j; des reine}
claude greengages; des timbrfeoste postage-stamps; des bains-
marie (water baths) boiling water in which is immersed a cooking
(heating) utensil; double- boiler.
13. FOREIGN nouns incorporated into the language
generally take s:
un accessit; des accessits honorable mention; des zeros zeros;
des alleluias Hallelujah or alleluia; des biftecks beefsteaks; des
soli solos; des pianos pianos; des duos duets; des toasts toasts;
des tramways etc., etc. But des errata; des pater; des quatuor
quartet (-tes) etc.; some Italian names (see Dictionary) dilettante
74 PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
Practice:
ce sont des perce-neige those are snowdrops; voild des tire-bouchons
there are corkscrews; faites voir ces albums show these albums;
les pot-au-feu boiled meat (stew); des demi-heures half-hours;
les deux Racine the two Racines; cf.: les Ratines sont rares Ratines
are scarce ; les Bourbons, les Guises, les Condes, les Horaces, les
Curiaces, les Stuarts, les Pharaons, les Tudors (historical names
of families, dynasties) ; il a deux Virgiles he owns two copies of
Vergil; ce musee possede deux Raphaels this Museum possesses
two Raphaels ; les deux Corneilles etaient freres the two Corneilles
were brothers; les Alpes the Alps; les Pyrenees the Pyrenees;
les Indes Indies; les deux Guinees the two Guineas; les Vosges
the Vosges; les Cevennes; les deux Ameriques the two Americas;
les Pays-Bas the Netherlands^
14. DETERMINATIVES of NOUNS with a; de of (from) ;
en in (into) ; sans without ; etc.
un homme d 'expedition a man quick in his work; le chapeau de
Jeanne Jane's hat; un verre a vin one (a) wineglass; un verre de
vin a glass of wine.
1. a (like de) may denote possession:
le chapeau a Jean John's hat (belonging to).
2. CL may refer to a thing possessed:
la dame aux cheveux noirs the lady with dark hair (d is then equi-
valent to : av ec with) .
3. a and de may again show the relation between the cause and
effect:
prince du sang prince of royal blood ; du blanc au noir from white to
black ; un chapeau de paille a straw hat ; une montre d'or (en or) a gold
watch ; une epee en acier a steel sword ; vetement d 1 homme man's cloth-
ing; vetements pour hommes men's clothing; Faculte de Droit Law
School; vers la fin de I'apres-midi towards the end of the afternoon.
4. Other examples:
en gage d'amitie as a token of friendship; pour r amour de Dieu
for the love of God; en un quart d'heure in a quarter of an hour;
dans un quart d'heure in (after) a quarter of an hour; un voyage
autour de ma chambre a trip around my room; un homme sans
volonte a man without will. ,
THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES 75
5. Even infinitives may serve as determinatives to nouns:
le don de parler (de la parole) the gift of eloquence ; le temps de manger
(just) time to eat; I' art de bien dire the art of speaking well.
6. du and de to be distinguished in:
une maison de prince a princely house; le palais du prince the
prince's palace. The former means a house (like that of a prince)
richly appointed; the latter simply denotes possession.
NOTE. Nouns may be followed by a; others may require
pour, etc. ; such nouns must not be joined by et (and) ; same rule
applies to verbs:
son assiduite et sa perseverance au travail his (her) assiduity and
perseverance in work; son obeissance a his (her) obedience to;
son affection pour son maitre his affection for his master; son
obeissance d son maitre et son affection pour lui (for him).
15. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE: le; 1'; la; les (p. i).
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE: un (m.); une (f.) ; a,
an, one.
THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE ( 61 , 64) ; du; de /' (m.) ;
de I'; de la (f.); des (some or any).
16. GENDER AND NUMBER: The article agrees in
number and gender with its noun: le before a
masculine noun or adjective beginning with a
consonant or h aspirate; /' (for le} before a mascu-
line beginning with a vowel or h mute; /' (for la)
before a feminine beginning with a vowel or h
mute; la before a feminine beginning with a con-
sonant or h aspirate; les before all plural nouns.
le pere the father; I' ami the (male) friend; le heros the hero;
I'antie (f.) the friend; I'homme the man; la dame the lady;
I'huile (f.) the oil; les messieurs the gentlemen. See page i;
also Numeral Adjective un.
un is used before masculine; une before feminine
nouns; des is the plural:
un homme a man ; une femme a woman ;
des hommes men; des femmes women.
76 THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES
17. GENERAL RULE. i. The article (and also d to, in;
de, of, from) must be repeated before each noun
and adjective:
le pere et la mere the father and mother;
a Paris et a New- York in Paris and New York;
de Jean et de Pierre of John and Peter.
2. If the article does not denote a distinctive object we do not use it :
une leqon de conversation lesson on conversation.
3. Also in set expressions:
les pants et chaussees bridges and roads.
4. Nouns in apposition:
le Grand Ocean ou ocean Pacifique Pacific Ocean;
5. Few other cases:
les lundi et mardi Mondays and Tuesdays; I'histmre ancienne et
moderne or I'histoire ancienne et la moderne Ancient and Modern
History; les pere et mere parents; un brave e! gentil garqon good and
amiable boy; le brave et ilhistre J off re the brave and illustrious
Joffre. But: le brave, I'illustre Joffre.
6. Large number of expressions (verb plus a noun):
avoir faim to be hungry; avoir soif to be thirsty; avoir chaud to
be warm; avoir besoin (de) to need; to have need of; donner ordre
to give orders; donner avis to notify; faire place to make room; etc.
7. In proverbs; general statements:
experience passe science experience surpasses etc; plus fait douceur
que violence gentleness is more effective than violence.
8. In enumerations:
vieillards, femmes et enfants old people, women and children;
and in vocatives: Seigneur O Lord.
Practice :
le bien et le mal good and evil; le vrai, lefaible, le beau the true, the
weak, the beautiful; le souvenir the remembrance; and a few
other adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc., used as nouns: on lui tiendra
tele they will cope with him (resist him); tenez-lui la Me hold his
head; change of meaning; il se lave les mains he is washing his
QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES 77
hands; English use possessive: il est entre le chapeau sur la tete
he came in, his hat on his head; cinq sous la douzaine five cents
a dozen; dix sons le metre ten cents a yard; un franc la lime
one franc a (per) pound ; le lundi est le premier jour de la semaine
Monday is the first day of the week; le marechal Foch Marshal
Foch; le president Wilson President Wilson; parle-t-il anglais
does he speak English . J parle-t-elle bien I 'anglais does she speak
English well? venez samedi (le samedi) come (onj Saturday;
samedi dernier last Saturday; il est Frangais (c'est un Fran^ais)
he is a Frenchman (that is a, etc.); la semaine dernier e etait la
derniere semaine de I'annee last week was the last week of the
year; il est artiste he is an artist; Louis quatorze Louis the Four-
teenth; tous les hommes all men; la plupart des soldats most sol-
diers; cent grammaires one hundred grammars.
LESSON III
1 8. QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES (adjectifs qtialificatifs] .
RULE. As previously studied an adjective agrees in
number and gender with the noun and pronoun it qualifies :
e is added to the masculine singular, unless the adjective
ends in -e; s in the plural.
m.
f.
m. pi.
f.pl.
grand
grande
grands
grandes
tall, great, large
haul
haute
hauls
haute s
high (tall), lofty
petit
petite
petits
petites
small, little
riche
riche
riches
riches
rich
pauvre
pauvre
pauvres
pauvres
poor
facile
facile
faciles
faciles
easy
jeune
jeune
jeunes
jeunes
young
joli
jolie
jolis
jolies
pretty
blesse
blessee
blesses
blessees
wounded
NOTE. Two or more nouns masculine with adjective masculine
plural; two or more nouns feminine with adjective feminine
plural; and with nouns or pronouns of different gender the attri-
bute and predicative adjectives are masculine plural:
le crayon et le canif sont bons the pencil and penknife are good;
le pere et la mere sont ages the father and mother are old; la tante
78 QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES
et la cousine sont petites the aunt and cousin are short; lui et moi
sommes contents he and I are pleased; elle et loi, vous ties contents
(or : contentes) you and she are pleased. Observe : aigu sharp ; aigue
in the feminine; also du (devoir to owe) owed; and mil (mouvoir
to move) moved; prompted; very few adjectives are invariable:
capot (m rester capot to stand speechless) a single round (cards);
grogron growling (grouchy); ambigu, ambigue; ambiguous.
19. EXCEPTIONS to the formation of the feminine of
adjectives; the plural of adjectives is formed in
the same way as that of nouns.
1. Adjectives ending in -el; -eil; -ol; -ul; -en; -on; -et; -ot and those
in -s generally double their last consonant in the feminine and
before adding e (mute) :
bon good bonne bans bonnes
has low basse has basses
cruel cruel cruelle cruels cruelles
pareil like (similar) pareille pareils pareilles
ancien ancient (former) ancienne anciens anciennes
nul no one nulle; nulles gens no people
muet mute muette; muets; muettes or: dumb
epais thick epaisse; epais; epaisses
gras fat grasse; gras; grasses (fleshy, plump)
sot fool, silly sotte; sots; sottes (stupid)
But: hebreu (m.) hebraique (f.); mou (mol); mous; molle; molles
soft, mellow; fat fop (coxcomb) and dispos (active, nimble) have
no feminine; devot (-e) devout; idiot (-e) idiot, foolish; falot (-e)
droll (queer) ; manchot (-e) one-armed; niais (-e) ninny, simpleton;
ras (-e) close-shaved; flat; fran$ais (-e) French; anglais (-e)
English; danois (-e) Danish; ecossais (-e) Scotch. Or nouns:
Franqais (-e) French (Frenchwoman).
2. Others forming their feminine irregularly:
Masculine Feminine
blanc blanche white
benin benigne benign
bref brtve brief, short, concise
causeur (see'rule for nouns) causeuse talkative (chatty)
QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES
79
doux
favori
faux
frais
douce
favorite
fausse
fraiche
flatteur (see rule for nouns) flatteuse
franc franche
grec grecque
long longue
malin maligne
public publique
roux
sec
tiers
lure
rousse
seche
tierce
turque
beau (bel before a vowel or
h mute) belle
nouveau (nouvel before a
vowel or h mute) nouvelle
fou (fol before a vowel or
h mute) folle
mou (mol before a vowel or
h mute) molle
jumeau jumelle
vieux (vieil before a vowel
or h mute) vieille
neuf neuve
actif active
vif (fiery) vive
attentif attentive
sweet, smooth, gentle
favorite
false, erroneous, insincere
cool, fresh, recent, florid
flattering, gratifying
frank, free, complete, full
Greek
long
malignant, malicious, sly
public
reddish, sandy
dry, lean; dried, spare
(thin)
third (music, time, party)
Turkish
beautiful, handsome, fair
new, recent, modern
mad, wild, foolish, distract-
ing
soft, slack, effeminate
twin
old, aged, venerable
new (brand new)
active, quick, energetic
lively, quick, keen, alive
attentive, etc.
Adjectives ending in -er; -ier; and six in -et do not double the
final: r or t, but take e (grave) preceding same:
etranger etrangere foreign, strange, irrelevant
altier altiere haughty, arrogant, stately
cher chere dear, costly, expensive
premier premiere first, chief, primitive
dernier dernier e last; youngest; closing
fier fiere proud, stout (bold)
complet complete complete, full, whole
8o
QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES
secret secrete secret, private, hidden
inquiet inquiete unquiet, anxious, restless
replet replete bulky, corpulent, lusty
concret concrete concrete
discret discrete considerate, prudent, discreet, reserved,
close
le.ger thoughtless, fickle; legere light, nimble, unsteady, feeble
4. Adjectives in -x change .v into -se:
jaloux
jalouse
heureux
henrense
nombreux
nombreuse
malheureux
malheureuse
genereux
genereuse
affreux
affreuse
studieux
studieuse
pluvieux
pluvieuse
orageux
orageuse
nerveux
nerueuse
jealous, desirous, anxious
happy, fortunate, lucky
numerous, large
unhappy, unlucky, unfortunate
generous, liberal, bountiful
frightful, horrible, atrocious, hor-
rid, ghastly
studious
pluvious (wet), rainy, showery
stormy, tempestuous, agitated
nervous, sinewy, wiry
5. Eleven in -eur add
anterieur
anterieure
citerieur
citerieure
exterieur
exterieure
inferieur
inferieure
interieur
interieure
majeur (of
majeure
age, of full
age)
mineur (under
tnineure
age ; minor)
meilleur
meilleure
posterieur
posterieure
superieur
superieure
ulterieur
ulterieure
anterior, prior, previous
citerior, hither
exterior, external, foreign; outside,
outward
inferior, subordinate, lower
interior, internal, inner, inland
major, greater, paramount
minor; less (-er)
better, preferable; the best
posterior, subsequent, later
superior, upper, higher
ulterior, further
NOTE. All add 5 to their plural; same rules pertaining to
nouns; adverbs generally formed by adding -ment to the feminine
of adjectives and follow closely the verb.
TO HAVE 8l
LESSON IV
20. AVOIR to have: ETRE to be (at page 98)
Les temps primitifs (principal parts):
avoir (I'infinitif); ayant (le participe present); eu (le participe
passe); j'ai (le present de I'indicatif); et j'eus (le passe
defini)
y avoir to be (fully conjugated at 52)
21. INDICATIVE MOOD
Present. (53.)
j'ai, I have, am having, do have ai-je, have I, am I having, do I
have?
tu as, you have (thou hast, ye as-tu, have you, etc.?
have)
il a, he has, is having, does have a-t-il, has he, is he having, etc.?
elle a, she has, is having, does a-t-elle, has she, is she having?
have
on a, one has (we, they, people a-t-on, has one (any one), etc.?
have)
nous avons, we have, are having, avons-nous, have we, do we
do have have?
vous avez, you have, are having, avez-vous, have you, do you have?
do have
Us ont, they have, are having, do ont-ils, have they, do they have?
have
dies ont, they have, are having, ont-elles have they, do they have?
do have
NOTE. J'at, etc., may mean also: I have been having. Tenses,
etc., fully explained and illustrated, 53.
22. Imperfect (62.)
j'avais, 1 had, used to have, was having avais-je, had I, did I have?
tu avais (thou hadst) you had, used to avais-tu, had you, etc.?
have
il avail, he had, used to have, did have avait-il, had he, was he
having?
6
82 TO HAVE
elle avail, she had, used to have, did avait-ette, had she, was she
have having?
on avail, one had, used to have, did avail-on, had one (any one)?
have
nous avions, we had, were having, did avions-nous, had we, did
have we have?
vous aviez, you had, were having, did aviez-vous, had you, did
have you have?
Us avaient, they had, were having, did avaient-ils, had they, did
have they have?
elles avaient, they had, were having, did avaient-elles, had they, etc.?
have
23. Past Definite (Preterit) ( 66)
j'eus, I had eus-je, had I?
tu eus, you had (thou hadst) eus-tu, had you? (hadst thou?)
il eut, he had eut-il, had he?
nous eumes, we had eumes-nous, had we?
vous eutes, you had eutes-vous, had you?
Us eurent, they had eurent-ils, had they?
24. Past Indefinite ( 69)
j'ai eu, I (have had) had ai-je eu, have I had, did I have?
tu as eu, you (have had) had as-tu eu, did you have, etc.?
7/a,hehad (has had), did, etc. a-t-il eu, did he have, etc.?
nous avons eu, we had (have avons-nous eu, did we have, etc.?
had, did, etc.)
vous avez eu, you had (have had, avez-vous eu, did you have?
did, etc.)
Us ont eu, they have had, etc. ont-ils eu, did they have, etc.?
25. REVIEW rules governing Nouns and Adjectives;
and the latter usually follow their nouns and
generally denote nationality, religion, office, or
color, shape, taste, etc., or a physical quality:
une table carree a square table; une table ronde a round etc.;
la langue franqaise (allemande) the French (German) language;
il a de bonne encre rouge (bleue) he has good red (blue) ink; Me
a les yeux bleus (noirs, gris) she has blue (dark, gray) eyes; la
main droite (gauche) right (left) hand; la langue italienne (espa-
gnole, portugaise) Italian (Spanish, Portuguese) language; feu
AND ITS USES
la reine ou lafeue reine the late queen; feu les rois or les feus rois
the late kings.
Literal sense Figurative sense
une vraie histoire regular story une histoire vraie a true story
les noirs soucis the black cares le crayon rouge red pencil
le chat noir the black cat
26. Past Anterior (Lesson X, 95)
j'eus eu, I had had
tu eus eu, you had had (thou hadst
etc.)
U eut eu, he had had
nous eumes eu, we had had
vous eutes eu, you had had
Us eurent eu, they had had
eus-je eu, had I had?
eus-tu eu, hadst thou had?
eut-il eu, had he had?
eumes-nous eu, had we had?
eutes-vous eu, had you had?
eurent-ils eu, had they had?
27. Pluperfect (Lesson X, 95)
j'avais eu, I had had
tu avais eu, you had had
il avail eu, he had had
nous avions eu, we had had
vous aviez eu, you had had
Us avaient eu, they had had
avais- je eu, had I had?
avais-tu eu, had you had?
avait-il eu, had he had?
avions-nous eu, had we had?
aviez-vous eu, had you had?
avaient-ils eu, had they had?
28. Future ( 98)
j'aurai, I (will) shall have
tu auras, thou wilt (shalt) have
il aura, he will (shall) have
nous aurons, we shall (will) have
vous aurez, you will (shall) have
Us auront, they will (shall) have
aurai-je, will (shall) I have?
auras-tu, shalt (wilt) thou have?
aura-t-il, shall (will) he have?
aurons-nous, shall (will) we have?
aurez-vous, shall (will) you have?
auront-ils, will (shall) they have?
29. Future Past (Lesson X, 99)
j'aurai eu, I will (shall) have had
tu auras eu, thou shalt
il aura eu, he will (shall) " "
nous*aurons eu, we will " "
vous aurez eu, you will " . "
Us auront eu, they will "
aurai-je eu, shall I etc.?
auras-tu eu, wilt thou etc.?
aura-t-il eu, shall he etc.?
aurons-nous eu, shall we etc.?
aurez-vous eu, shall you etc.?
auront-ils eu, shall they etc.?
84 TO HAVE
30. CONDITIONAL MOOD (101)
Present or Future
j'aurais, I would or should have aurais-je, would I or should etc. t
tu aurais, thou wouldst (-st) " aurais-tu, wouldst, or shouldst
etc.?
il aurait, he would have, etc. aurait-il, would he or should etc. f
nous aurions, we would have, etc. aurions-nous, should we etc.?
vous auriez, you would have, etc. auriez -vous, should you etc.?
Us auruient, they would have, etc. auraient-ils, should they etc.?
31. MATERIAL FQR REVIEW AND DICTATION
une etoffe chere an expensive material; son cher oncle his (her)
dear uncle; cher as adverb is invariable: ces etoffes content cher
those materials are expensive; un hotnme charmant a charming
man; une personne charmante a charming person; peine perdue
labor lost (in vain).
1. Past and present participle follow the noun as above:
d vos heures perdues in your moments of leisure; objets perdus
lost articles; c'est du temps perdu it is time lost; cf.: un charmant
homme (emphatic).
2. Agreement according to the meaning:
trois cordes de bois blanc three cords of white wood; trots pouces
de bois carres three square inches of wood (or, wood three inches
square); le premier el le dernier rang the first and last rank; les
premier et dernier rangs or: le premier rang et le dernier the first
and last rank.
3. After plus . . . plus the more . . . etc., and in certain excla-
mations, the adjective follows the verb:
plus il est riche, plus il est avare the richer he is, the more avaricious
he is; qu'elle est heureuset how happy she is!
4. as adverbs:
ette vise plus haul she aims higher; ces fleurs sentent bon these
flowers smell sweet; on V a fait expres it was done purposely.
5. -ment (-ly) added to a feminine adjective denotes generally an
adverb:
heureux (m.); heureuse (f.); happy; heureusement happily; poliment
politely; publiquement publicly.
AND ITS USES 85
3*. Conditional Past (ist Form) 103.
j'aurais eu, I would (should) have had aurais-je eu, should etc.?
tu aurais eu, thou wouldst have had aurais-tu eu, wouldst etc.?
il aurait eu, he would have had aurait-il eu, would etc. ?
nous aurions eu, we would have had aurions-nous eu, would etc.?
v ous auriez eu, you would have had auriez-vous eu, would etc. ?
Us auraient eu, they would have had auraient-Us eu, would they
have had?
33. Conditional Past (2nd Form) Lesson X, 104.
j'eusse eu, I would (should) have eusse-je eu, should I have had?
had
tu eusses eu, thou wouldst have* eusses-tu eu, shouldst thou have
had had?
U cut eu, he would (should) have eut-il eu, would (should) he
had have had?
nous eussions eu, we would (should) eussions-nous eu, would (should)
have had we have had?
vouseussiezeu,you would (should) eussiez-vous eu, would (should)
have had you have had?
Us eussent eu, they would (should) eussent-ils eu, would (should)
have had they have had?
34. Imperative Mood ( 105) present or future
ate, have (thou) ayez, have (you or ye)
ayons, let us have
35. Subjunctive Mood ( 112) present or future
quej'aie, (that) I may (can) have
que tu aies, that thou mayest (canst) have (or: you may, etc.)
qu'il ait, that he may or can have
que nous ayons, that we may or can have NOTE. Other forms in
que vous ayez, that you may or can have English, 83
qu'ils aient, that they may or can have
36. Imperfect (Subjunctive) Lesson XXVI, 286.
que j'eusse, that I might have (or: other forms in English)
que tu eusses, that thou mightest have or that you (ye) etc.
qu'il eut, that he might have
que nous eussions, that we might have
que vous eussiez, that you might have
qu'ils eussent, that they might have
86 TO HAVE
Review always the rules pertaining to Nouns and Adjectives; write
short sentences based on Dictation as follows:
une chere amie a dear (beloved) friend; de cheres amies dear friends;
qu'il fait beau (que le temps est beau) how beautiful the weather is!
sage wise; sagement wisely; une chambre propre a clean room;
sa propre fille his (her) own daughter; qu'il fasse le mains de fautes
possible (replacing: qu'il soil possible de faire) let him make as
few mistakes as possible; elle a les pieds nus or elle est nu-pied
she is barefooted; elle a I' air ban she looks good; elle a I' air
bonne she seems good; une demi-heure half hour; il a travaille
une demi-heurt he worked half an hour; une heure et demie half-
past one; an hour and a half; un petit homme a little man; un
homme petit a mean (close) man; petit esprit a narrow-minded
man; elle se disait malade she said she was ill; on les croit sinceres
we believe them to be sincere; les jeunes gens young men (people);
ma grand'tnere my grandmother; ce n'est pas grand'chose: la
grand' messe High Mass; deux livres sterling two pounds sterling;
une maitresse femme superior woman; la maitrise de soi-meme the
control of one's self; des souvenirs glorieux glorious- remembrances.
37. Past (Subjunctive) 293, Lesson XXVI and Past Subj.
quej'aie eu, that I may (can) have had
que tu aies eu, that thou mayest (canst) have had (or: you, ye)
qu'il ait eu, that he may (can) etc. ; may have had
que nous ayons eu, that we may (can) have had
que vous ayez eu, that you may (can) have had
qu'ils aient eu, that they may (can) have had.
(Other forms in English)
38. Pluperfect (Subjunctive) 294, Lesson XXVI and
Past Subj.
quej'eusse eu, that I might have had
que tu eusses eu, that thou mightest have had or: you might have had
qu'il eut eu, that he might have, etc.
que nous eussions eu, that we might have had
que vous eussiez eu, that you might have had
qu'ils eussent eu, that they might have had
39- Infinitive Mood (present or future)
avoir, to have. Also: to own, to possess. 130.
Past
avoir eu, to have had. See 132, 156.
AND ITS USES 87;,
40. Participial Mood '^ctv
Present
ayant, having
Past
eu, eue, had (Lesson XVII, ayant eu, having had
168
Material for Short Compositions with Avoir
I
celui qui a est celui a qui Dieu a prete (Dumas) he (any one) who
possesses is one to whom God has lent; celle qui a: she who etc.;
ceux qui ont those who etc.; celles qui ont (f. pi.) those who (that);
U a droit a cela he is entitled to it (that) ; elle a de bonnes references
she is well recommended; on n'a pas de temps a perdre we have no
time to lose (spare) ; il est dans Vaisance he is in easy circumstances;
Us ont le droit d' accepter ou de refuser they may accept or refuse;
si j'ai bonne memoire if I remember rightly; nous avions un franc
a nous deux we had a franc between us (about 20 cents); cf.:
maintenant a nous deux (before contest) now I am ready for you ;
or: we will have it out together; la maladie I' a decharne or: il n'a
que les os et la peau he is just skin and bone; les absents ont toujours
tort the absent are always in the wrong; cf.: loin des yeux, loin
du caeur out of sight out of mind; contre qui en a-t-il to whom does
he owe a grudge?
II
elle a I' air hautain she assumes a haughty air; elle a les yeux pleins
de larmes her eyes are full of tears; Jean a de I' argent plein ses
poches John's pockets are full of silver (money); des sous pennies;
Vor et I 'argent gold and silver; madame, vous etes bien bonne you
are very kind, Madam; il a la langue liee he is tongue-tied; pied
fourchu cloven foot; avoir le filet coupe to have a glib tongue;
les mains liees his (her) hands tied ; Us ont faim they are hungry ;
une balafre a cut (gash, scar); elle a la fievre she is feverish; re-
cettes (f.) receipts; depenses (f.) expenses; voila son compte par
doit et avoir there is his account of Dr. and Cr. (un equilibre
entre le debit et le credit) or: actif, passif du negociant; tels sont les
limes que vous aurez a lire such are the books you have to read;
sans originalUe (f.); inspirer de I'interet (m.); interessani (-e)\
qu'est-ce que c'est que cela ($a)? what is that? c'est un (une) . . .
it is a ; comment appelle-t-on how does one call (how do you call) ?
8 TO HAVE
on I'appetle it is called; si nous avions eu fini plus tdt if we had
finished our work sooner; U a un talent particular pour he has
an extraordinary talent for; un particular a private individual;
chambre particuliere private room; quel homme particulier what
a queer fellow! U est bizarre he is odd; avez-vous horreur du travail
do you abhor work? quelle horreur 1 how terrible! que veut dire:
a demain what does until to-morrow mean? que signifie le mot
what does the word mean? comment dit-on en how do we say in . . ?
a-t-il de quoi payer has he the wherewithal to pay? U n'y a pas
de quoi vous fdcher you have no reason to get angry; U y avait de
quoi there was ground (cause); U a lieu de (des raisons pour) he
has reasons to; U n'y a pas de quoi don't mention it; sans quoi
(sinon) if not; quoi what! une balustrade (une rangee de balustres)
baluster; a-t-il deux poids et deux mesures are his weights and
measures alike for all? le vulgaire the common people; expression
vulgaire common expression.
m
ce qui est banal and that is common; c'est commun it is vulgar;
il a un gros rhume he has a heavy cold; ont-ils bien envie de sortir
are they very anxious to go out? pourquoi avez-vous honte de votre
conduite why are you ashamed of your conduct? ordinairement
Us en ont assez usually they have enough (of it, I assure you);
contre qui en avez-vous with whom are you angry? il a I' air em-
prunte he has an awkward look; de qui avez-vous cette nouvelle?
voila du nouveau that's something new ! combien de prix ont-ils eus
how many prizes did they win? elle a un grain de folie she has a
bee in her bonnet; de I' esprit wit; qu' avaient-Us en fete (concevoir
un projet to conceive of a project) what projects did they have?
cet (cette) eleve a tous les livres sous la main (a sa portee) that pupil
has all books for reference; un etudiant a student; a consulter
to look up (consult) ; il y en a qui le disent there are some who say
so; on dit qu'elle a de quoi they say she is well off; on le dit so it
is said; U n'a pas de quoi vivre he has not enough to live on; Us
ont beau dire et beau faire in vain they say and do; qu'est-ce
qu'il a (qu'a-t-il a la main) what has he in his hand? qu'avez-vous
done what is the matter now? il a la langue bien pendue he has a
well-oiled tongue; il avait la ttte nue he was bare-headed; elle
etait nu-t$te ; il ne prononce pas bien his accent is not good;
comment ecrivez-vous how do you write? U ecrit assez bien his writ-
ing is fairly good; le mot s' ecrit ainsi the word is spelled thus;
epelez spell.
AND ITS USES 89
Review Adjectives:
nu-pieds barefooted; vetu, vetue dressed (in); des etoffes bleu
clair light blue material; adjectives of color generally invariable
(rose, cramoisi, pourpre are exceptions) :
des etoffes rose clair light pink etc.; des robes roses pink gowns;
des robes cramoisies crimson gowns; elle aime le rose (la couleur
rose) she likes rose-color; d'un rose fonce (of a) dark pink;
manteau (m.) de pourpre cloak of purple; d'un rouge fonce (of a)
dark red; robe lilas lilac gown; citron lemon; la chevelure blonde
blond hair; cheveux d'un beau blond beautiful blond hair.
IV
une colere bleue purple with rage; I'Ecole des Sourds-Muets the
School for Deaf and Dumb; sourdes-muettes (f. pi.) deaf and
dumb etc. ; d'un ton aigre sharply (sharp tone of voice) ; des femmes
aigres ill-natured women; des paroles aigres-douces words both
bitter and sweet; architecture greco-romaine greco (graeco) -Roman
etc. ; des fleurs f ranches cueillies freshly gathered flowers (fraiches
varies by euphony); francs-tireurs sharpshooters (volunteers);
une fille nouveau-nee new-born child; un (e) enfant nouvellement
ne (e) a child just born; nouveaux venus new-comers; nouveaux
maries newly married couple; nouvelles converties newly converted;
une nouvelle venue a new-comer (lady); de nouveaux visages new
faces; ce sont des habits nouveaux latest style of coats; une cica-
trice a scar; une blessure au visage a wound on the face; se pre-
cautionner contre (la maladie) to take precautions against (illness) ;
vous avez I' air malade you look ill; qu'elle a de beaux yeux how
beautiful her eyes are! un ceil an eye; avez-vous mal aux yeux
have you sore eyes? avoir la vie sauve to have one's life saved;
sain et sauf (safe and sound) uninjured; avez-vous eu quelqu'un
a diner did you have any one to dinner? quelle oreille fine il a what
a sharp ear he has! le poids the weight; il a la tete pres du bonnet
he is hot-headed; ont-ils une discussion are they arguing? dans
quel but for what purpose (what for)? elles ont une leqon de con-
versation they are having a lesson in conversation; les amis ont
des entretiens familiers friends have intimate conversations;
certains animaux ont une tache blanche aux pieds some animals
have white spots on their feet ; le cheval noir; vaguement la forme
de vaguely the shape of; qui a des nouvelles de I'incendie who has
news from the fire? hotel incendie (burnt); ouvrez (fermez) open
(close); a quelle page what page? au has (au haul, au milieu) de
9 o
TO HAVE
cette page at the bottom (at the top; in the middle) of that etc.;
il a I'oreille un pen dure he is rather dull of hearing; il entend diffi-
cilement he hears with difficulty; die a de I'oreille she has an ear
for music; on n entend pas de cette oreille-la one is deaf on that
side; il est sourd comme un pot he is as deaf as a post.
il y en a bien assez there is plenty (of it etc.); il a I'intention de se
marier (or: il songe d se marier) he is contemplating marriage;
il a I' esprit prompt he is very sharp; penetrant keen; du tact, de
I' amour-propre tact, self-respect; elle a du credit she has influence;
il a ban credit his credit is good; il y a du froid entre eux there is
coolness between them; nousavons le frisson we have the shivers;
on n'a pas dix minutes d soi we have not ten minutes to spare;
on en a plein le dos one is tired (sick) of it; etre a charge a quelqu'un
to be a burden upon anyone; causer de la peine to cause grief;
cecite complete totally blind ; elle a de quoi se plaindre she has cause
to complain; man cher monsieur, vous en avez pour la vie my dear
Sir, it will last you a lifetime; durer to last; fat un duel et voila
mes temoins I am to fight a duel and there are my seconds; temoin
oculaire eye-witness; offenser I'honneur to offend the honor; elle
aacoeur de faire le bien she has a heart to do good; il a le courage
d'un lion he has the courage of a lion; il a la bosse du commerce
he has a natural bent for business; il n'y a pas remede a cela there
is no remedy for that; c'est un horaire; tout est indique time-
table; everything is indicated; elle a souvent des attaques de nerfs
she often has hysterics; vous avez la main it is your deal; qu'a-t-il
done ! what is the matter, etc. ; quand il n'y en a plus, il y en a
encore there is always some left; un homme de caeur a brave
man; il a qu'il s'ennuie well, he is lonely; voulez-vous bien aller
au tableau please go to the blackboard; ecrivez la premiere phrase
write the first sentence; lisez read; traduisez translate; lentement
slowly.
Review Nouns and Adjectives ; study the following :
de I'eau chaude (froide) warm (cold) water; des pretres catholiques
Catholic priests; des pasteurs protestants Protestant ministers;
Us tiennent ban (ferme) they are holding fast; doux (douce) sweet,
mild, gentle; doucement gently, slowly; des oranges douces sweet
oranges; deux hommes boheux two lame men; une femme boiteuse
lame woman.
AND ITS USES QI
VI
die chante juste (faux) she sings in tune (out of tune) ; de I'eau
fraiche fresh (cool) water; un voleur (une voleuse) a thief; asseyez-
vous sit down; s'il vous plait if you please; quittez la salle (de dasse)
leave the room; levez-vous rise (get up); ne vous levez pas do not
rise; commenqons a la page let us begin at page . . .; aujourd'hui
to-day; demain to-morrow; la leqon pour lundi Monday's etc.
41. Comparison of Adjectives: with plus (more) and mains (less)
and que (than) :
positive (degree)
comparative
superlative
noir
plus noir
le plus noir, etc.
black
blacker (more black)
the blackest
noir
mains noir
le mains noir
black
less black
the least black
(as) : comparisons of equality; aussi . . que ; si (aussi) . . (so . as) ;
son cheval est plus noir que le mien his horse is darker than mine;
a-t-il des droits a cette fortune? is he entitled to inherit? en certaines
occasions on certain etc.; il n'y a que le nom qui vaille quelque
chose the name is all that is worth anything; un escalier a stair-
case; qui avez-vous pour protecteur who acts as your protector?
a ma droite, j'ai mon ami (amie) on my right is my friend; qui a
la parole who is speaking (addressing) now? auront-ils un proces
will they have a lawsuit? vous n'avez plus qu'a vous taire now!
be silent; I' avez-vous en grande estime do you esteem him highly?
il en aura pour son argent he will have his money's worth; elle a
le true she has the hang of it (colloq.); il a eu une carriere pleine
de vicissitudes he had a checkered career; il n'a ni feu ni lieu
homeless; elle a bon courage she is of good cheer; c'est un petit
pilier faqonne that is a small turned baluster; la rampe the rail;
un metre carre square yard; un cabriolet decouvert an open buggy;
la mesure measure; a deux roues with two wheels; la marche the
stair (step) ; il fut I'objet de la conversation he was the subject of
etc.; I'emballage et la confection du matelas the packing and the
making of the mattress.
VII
I'avez-vous eu a bon marche did you buy it cheaply? Us ont des
affaires pardessus la t$te they are overworked in business; une belle
plume a good handwriting; il a une belle main his penmanship is
92 TO HAVE
good; il n'a point de possession en propre he has nothing in his
own right ; en etre rassassie to have had enough of it ; on a souvent
I'intention de faire une chose we often intend to do a thing; Us
auront du monde (company); j'ai eu de la peine a le reconnoitre
I hardly knew him; il s'enrhume (contracte un rhume) he is catch-
ing cold; vous avez un rhume de cerveau you have a cold in the
head; il sait d peine lire he can hardly read; etre en peine de quelqu'
un to be worrying over some one; elles n'ont plus rien they have
nothing left ; en cela il a raison there he is right ; il est sur du fait
he is sure of the fact; toute medaUle a son revers everything has
its bright and its dark side; repondez answer; expliquez explain;
ayez la complaisance de le lui dire be so kind as to tell it to him ;
a-t-il de ses nouvelles has he heard from him? n'a-t-elle pas I'oreille
juste has she not a good ear? Us ont affaire a un ingrat they have
to deal with an ingrate; vous n'aurez qu'd recommencer just begin
once more; conjuguez conjugate; avez-vous la main heureuse do
you ever lose (also: in dealings)? a-t-on jamais vu well! I never!
qu'a-t-U d dire d cela what reply has he? chacun a sa maniere each
has his own way; ce qu'il y a de certain, c'est que one thing is cer-
tain or: certain it is that.
42. Comparison of Adjectives (Continued)
son cheval n'est pas si noir que le mien his (her) horse is not so (as)
dark as mine; sa jument est mains noire que la mienne his (her)
mare is less dark than mine (is not as dark as mine) ; Us sont plus
grands que leurs amis they are taller than their friends.
irregular:
bon (bonne) meUleur (e) le meUleur (la . . -e)
good better the best
vm
Petit plus petit le plus petit (la . . -e)
small smaller the smallest
moindre less le moindre the least
mauvais plus mauvais le plus mauvais
bad worse (poorer) the worst (poorest)
pire worse le pire the worst
(more wicked) (the most wicked)
plus and mains used affirmatively with: que . . ne and finite verb :
AND ITS USES 93
il est plus instruit que vous ne pensez (or : vous ne le pensez) he is
more learned than you think; est-ce un tableau dans le genre cham-
pelre is it a picture of country life? ecrits (m.) populaires popular
writings; etre de droit a to belong to; c'est d mot it's mine; ce
petit enfant a des contrarietes that little child has his tribulations;
quelle contrariete how disappointing! quelle animosite contre eux
what violent hatred against them! avoir des embetements (ennuis)
to have annoyances; il n'y a pas de milieu there are no two ways
about it (no other way); une injustice en resultera an injustice
would be the result; il a du naturel he is free from pose; n'y
aura-t-il pas de passe-droit will there not be any unfairness? une
famille qui a de quoi a family of means; il n'est pire eau que I'eau
qui dort beware of silent people; U y a vingt minutes de marche 20
minutes' walk from here; qui ne risque rien n'a rien nothing ven-
ture nothing have; elle n'a en t2te que d'apprendre her sole ambition
is to learn; le balcon the balcony; le plancher the floor; le quai
the wharf (railway platform); I'estrade (f.) stand; platform; la
plateforme flat roof; la terrasse the terrace, flat roof (Spanish style) ;
le perroquet est bavard (ou silencieux ou muet) the parrot is talka-
tive (talks little or remains silent) ; il a eu la chair de poule (goose-
flesh) he shuddered; il n'y a pas une dme vivante there isn't a
living creature there; il frissonne he shivers.
IX
il y a de cela vingt ans (well) that was twenty years ago; quoi!
il n'a pas un sou vaillant what! he isn't worth a penny? quelle dme
noble (faible) what a noble (weak) soul! qu'y a-t-il encore (quoi
encore) what else? Pardon pardon! chacun a sa marotte every
one has his hobby; ce que vous avez de mieux a faire, c'est de le
faire the best thing for you to do is to do it; elle a de I' esprit she
is witty; I' esprit humain human mind; c'est son dada it is his
favorite pursuit; elle a I' air rebarbatif she has a gruff look; vous
en aurez pour cinq ans it will last you five years; nous avons I' habi-
tude de lire we usually read; on passe son temps a jouer we spend
our time at play; U a de qui tenir he is from good stock; U n'y a
pas de mal a rire there is no harm in laughing; elle a cinq enfants
sur les bras she has five children to support; c'est assez that's
enough (that will do) ; Us n'ont rien de mieux a faire they have
nothing better to do; chaque chose a son temps every dog has his
day; a-t-elle des chambres de libre has she any vacant rooms? au-
dessus duquel (de laquelle) above which (below which); (au-
dessous) desquels (desquettes) Us ont trap de mal ici they have too
94 TO HAVE
much to do here; n'avoir pas I'air d'y toucher to look unconcerned
(uninterested); elle a bonne poitrine she has good lungs; il a les
pommettes saillantes he has high cheek bones; Us ont le diable au
corps they are very troublesome (they act like devils); j "ranches
coude.es free scope ; il a une liberte entiere d'agir he is unhampered ;
c'est une celebrite he is a celebrity; tousser to cough; une toux convul-
sive a convulsive cough; la voix voice; il a la goutte aux pieds he
has gout in the feet; une voix de baryton, de tenor, de basse, d'alto, de
contralto a barytone, tenor, bass, alto, contralto voice; la voix du
peuple public opinion; elle a un chat dans la gorge she has a frog
in her throat; elle est enrouee she is hoarse; la voix nette a clear etc.;
la garde-malade (I'infirmiere) aura soin de lui the nurse will attend
to him (take'care of him).
X
43. Review Adjectives; and with comme instead of aussi (si):
hardi comme un lion (aussi hardi qu'un lion) bold as a lion; un
avare comme lui a miser such as he; cf. : comme il etait malade
as he was ill; comme il est joli how pretty he is (for: qu'il est joli
how etc.)! tl est plus joli que lorsqu'il etait jeune he is better look-
ing than when he was young; il parle autrement qu'il ne pense
he speaks differently from what he thinks; il n'agit pas autrement
qu'il pense he does not act otherwise than he thinks; plus il
etudie, plus il reussit the more he studies, the more he succeeds;
elle a une maison d, elle (en propre) she has a house of her own;
il en aura raison he will demand satisfaction from him; il a du
chagrin he is in sorrow; qui a des vues sur ce bien who has designs
upon that property? il I' a echappe belle he had a narrow escape;
cet enfant a deja des volontes that child has already a will of his own;
Us ont de la bonne volonte they are willing;, vous avez le compos dans
I' ceil you measured it just right; quel toupet how impudent!
avoir I'humeur belliqueuse to have a bellicose nature; qui a
pour mission de proteger whose mission is to protect; il en a du
toupet (cheek) how impudent he is! elle a le caeur gros she is
ready to cry; il n'y a rien d'etonnant no wonder; partager le
g&teau to divide the cake; participate in the profits; tous ont
part au gdteau all have a share; quand on a de la bonne volonte
when there is good will; il n'y a pas moyen de faire cela there is
no way of doing that; pendant ce temps-la during that time; Us
ont fort a faire they have a great task before them ; il n'y avail
rien qui pressait it was nothing urgent; U a I'air comme il faut
he looks like a gentleman; fa en a I'air (tout I'air) that looks
AND ITS USES 95
very much like it; c'est un homme comme il y en a pen few men
like him (one in a thousand); un estomac a stomach; un estomac
d'autruche a stomach of an ostrich; il a part au delit he took part
in the offense.
XI
vous avez beaucoup d'influence sur eux you exert much influence
over them; honn&tement honestly; quoi de nouveau (de neuf)
what's new? elle n'a rien d'ecril she has nothing written; il n'a
rien ecrit he has not written anything; elle a de la coquetterie she
is coquettish in her dress; un poisson a grosse tete a fish with a
large head; elle a des chances d'arriver she has chances of arriving;
ce cheval a quelque valeur this horse is of some value; auront-ils
bonne opinion d'elles? will they think well of them? il y a pas mal
de poussiere great deal of dust; avez-vous du mal are you hurt?
avez-vous I'intention d'y oiler do you contemplate going there?
il a mal partout he is sore all over; man ami a toujours le mot pour
rire my friend is always ready for a joke; vous avez trap de bontes
pour moi you are too kind to me; estime (f.) publique public esteem;
la faute mistake; d'une maniere sensible perceptibly; un honnete
homme an honest man; la consolation solace (comfort); ayez
I'obligeance de me lefaire savoir be so kind as to let me know; un
saltimbanque a mountebank; en voila pour un an that will do for
a year; a-t-il les coudes appuyes sur la nappe has he his elbows on
the tablecloth? il est presse he is pressed for time; elle a le mot sur
le bout de la langue she has the word on the tip of her tongue;
U n'a pas le temps he can't spare the time; des manieres calines
cajoling ways; elles ont une grande penetration d' esprit they have
great acuteness of mind ; le teint pdle pale complexion; il n'a des
yeux que pour elle he sees nothing but her; un honnete homme n'a
que sa parole an honest man is as good as his word ; d'un ton
bourru snappishly ; le salut du jour the greeting of the day ; salut !
hail!
xn
44. ADVERBS:
bien well mal badly, ill pen little
mieux better pis worse mains less
le mieux the best le pis the worst le mains the least
cf.: de plus en plus more and more; de mains en mains less and
less; d'autant plus the more (so); a bon marche cheap; a meilleur
96 TO HAVE
marche cheaper; au plus at most (at the most): tout au plus;
il y a plus what is more; il s'enrichit de plus en plus he is becoming
richer and richer; plus tard later; plus loin farther (further);
plus pres nearer; de plus pres closer; trots fois plus three times
as much (as many) ; la plupart (de ses amis) le quitterent most of
his friends (the majority of them) left him; plus tot sooner; de
meilleure heure earlier; plus ou mains; plus de dix more than ten;
tant mieux so much the better; tant pis pour lui so much (all)
the worse for him; le plus qu'il aura the most (maximum) he
will have; souvent; plus souvent; le plus souvent often; oftener;
most frequently; venire affame n'a point d'oreilles a hungry man
will not listen to reason; sont-ce des banes (ecueils) de coraux
are those coral reefs? peu de hauteur little height; a chacun son
tour there is time for everything; */ a la certitude (I' assurance)
que he has the certainty that; il a ban pied, bon ceil he is hale and
hearty; elle a un menton a double etage she has a double chin;
il a mieux que fa he has some even better than that; il n'y a
rien de mieux there is nothing better; un combustible de qualite
inferieure a combustible of inferior quality; cette boite a six pouces
de longueur sur quatre de largeur this box is six inches long by four
wide; or: elle est longue de six pouces et large de quatre; son epais-
seur est de trois pouces it is three inches thick; d'un blanc (erne
it is dead white; de long in length; de haut in height; de profond
in depth; d'epais in thickness; d'egale longueur of equal length.
xni
Review on Adverbs and Adjectives:
constant (e); constamment; constant; constantly; prudent (e);
prudemment; prudent ; prudently ; il fait un peu froid it is rather
cold; leurs plus chers amis their dearest etc.; pas le moindre
doute not the least doubt; le moindre d'entre nous the least among
(st) us; de follows the superlative: I'homme le plus riche de la ville
the richest man in town (in the city); la leqon la plus difficile
(facile) the most difficult (the easiest) lesson; ses amis les plus
fideles his (her) most faithful friends; il en a deux de plus que moi,
n'est-ce pas? he has two more than I, has he not? Marie est la
fille la plus intelligente du village Mary is the brightest girl in the
village; la meilleure femme du monde the best woman in the
world; la plus haute maison de la rue the highest house in the
street; pas le moindre souvenir not the slightest remembrance;
Jean est le plus fort des deux John is the stronger of the two; le
AND ITS USES 97
plus fort des trois the strongest of the three; son petit pony blanc
est le plus joli de tous les ponys his little pony is the prettiest of all
ponies; c'est le cadet de mes soucis (le moindre de etc.) what troubles
me the least (the least of my cares); c'est tout ce qu'il y a de plus
cher it is most expensive ; son pire ennemi his worst enemy. NOTE.
le plus before an absolute (superlative) and (there is) no com-
parison: (and: le plus; le mains are or may be replaced by: tres;
bien; fort; extremement, etc.) ; elle a ete le plus adroite she was most
clever; a-t-elle du gout pour la musique? has she any taste for
music? (is she musical?); quel air bete il a how stupid he looks!
il en veut (avoir) a quelque p>ix que ce soil he desires some at any
cost; U faut ajouter one must add; un tabouret a trois pieds a
three- foot stool; cette banque a son siege a X. et ses succur sales a
this bank has its headquarters at X. and its branches at; si vous
avez bonne memoire if your memory serves you; elle en a plus qu'il
ne lui en faut she has more than she needs ; elle en a de reste she
has some to spare; il a du plomb dans I'aile there is shot in the
wing; il a le pied contrefait he has a deformed foot; il n'y a pas
lieu de croire there is no reason to suppose; vous avez une minute
d'avance sur lui you have the start of him by one minute.
XIV
vous avez plusieurs cordes a votre arc you have several strings to
your bow; le diametre the diameter; il n'y en a pas mal there is
quite an amount; y a-t-il reunion tous les soirs is there a meeting
every night? ayez soin de vos habits take care of (look after) your
clothes; avoir le loisir to be at leisure; vous avez bonne mine you
look well; il a meilleure mine he looks better; la circonference the
circumference; chacun a sa croix a porter every one has his cross
to bear or his own troubles; visage hale tanned face; c'est ce que
j'ai de mienx a faire that's the best thing for me to do; avoir lieu
to take place; le lieu de debarquement the landing-place; la cole
d'un quai the slip (of a landing-place); il a de rares talents he is
exceptionally talented; chacun a son gout every one to his taste;
un demi-cercle bleudtre a bluish half circle; visage basane sun-
burned; il a les yeux fatigues he has tired eyes; il y a de la verve
dans ses pieces there is animation in his plays; dans I' incertitude
in suspense; plus il en a de chagrin the more his sorrow; U n'y
a pas de fumee sans feu no smoke without fire; il n'y a pas a ba-
lancer there is no wavering; nous avons de la peine a croire cela
we can hardly believe that; il n'y a pas de regie sans exception
7
98 TO BE
no rule without exception; en suspens in doubt; un calembour
a pun; une devinette a riddle.
jaundtre yellowish; grisdtre grayish; bleudtre bluish; blancMtre
whitish; noirdtre blackish ; verddtre greenish; rougedtre reddish or:
sandy; brundtre brownish; roussdtre reddish.
LESSON V
45. etre to be (verbe auxiliaire auxiliary verb) and its
various uses (conjugated Lesson XXVIII).
Paris est le cceur de la France Paris is the heart of France; ce qui
n'est pas clair, n'est pas franqais what is not clear is not French;
voild tout that's all; etre ou n'etre pas, voila la question to be or not
to be, that's the question; epreuve salie (f.) soiled proof; c'est
facile comme tout it is easy (or: child's play); quelle est sa position
what is his position? il a une position de mille francs he has a five
thousand franc position; une epreuve a test, an ordeal; entre
I'enclutne el le marteau between the devil and the deep sea; qui
plus est what is more; la preuve proof; d quoi bon what is the
good of that? je suis bien id I am comfortable here; preuve
evidence; c'est line autre paire de manches it is quite another thing;
il n'est rien mains que credule he is anything but credulous; d'une
fa$on peu nette in a somewhat ambiguous manner; d'une faqon
nette unmistakably; I'activite des usines est febrile activity in
manufactories is feverish ; c'est trap cher de moitie it is too dear by
half; c'est a peu pres la meme chose it is nearly the same thing:
c'est un gar$on manque she is a torn-boy; il est dans son droit he
is within his right; oil en sont les chases where matters stand:
qui pis est what is worse; tache; non net spotted: not clean; c'est
bon en soi it is good in itself.
le il novembre, 1918, I'Allemagne rendit les armes Germany sur-
rendered the nth of November, 1918; un ordre (qui est) fonde par
an order founded by; d bon jour, bonne aeuvre the better the day,
the better the deed; il est obstine he is stubborn; la nuit tons les
chats sont gris when candles are wanting all cats are gray ; etre de
planton to be on duty (mil.); c'est une mauvaise tete he is light-
headed (unruly) ; il est d I'aise dans ce fauteuil he is comfortable
in that chair; de petite taille of small stature (size); c'est jus vert
el vert jus it is six of one and half a dozen of the other; un petit
pavilion a small pavilion; d qui est ce livre whose book is that?
AND ITS USES 99
c'estd moi (a lui, a elle, a eux, a elles; c'est le mien, le sien, le sien,
le leur), it is mine (his, hers, theirs, theirs); etiez-vous chez vous
hier soir were you at home last night? j'y etais; je n'y etais pas
I was; I was not; un homme blase man weary of everything; de
I'etoffe blanche en colon white cotton material.
XV
Oral Drill:
un ordre expres a precise order; une defense expresse a positive
(explicit, plain, etc.) warning; elle est tres aimable she is very kind;
most kind; qu'il est gentil how nice he is! extremement heureux
most happy; il est des plus affables he is most cordial; rassemblez
le plus de livres possible collect the largest number of books pos-
sible; elle a eprouve tous les malheurs possibles (imaginables)
she experienced every misfortune imaginable; la mi- Janvier the
middle part of January; cette lettre est franc (or: franche) de port
post-paid letter; il est beaucoup plus age he is much older; il est de
beaucoup le plus fort des trois he is by far the strongest of the three;
il fail de son mieux (il fait son possible) he does his utmost; des
robes noisette hazelnut colored gowns; haul la main or la main
haute with a high hand; plein la maison or la maison pleine full
house; Us sont proches parents they are near relatives ; des maisons
proches (or: proche) de la riviere houses near (close to) the river;
les yeux demi-fermes with eyes half closed; sauf ma mere except
my mother; ma mere sauve my mother was saved; la vie sauve
her life saved; semi-hebdomadaire bi-weekly; il est mechant et
elle est pire he is bad and she is worse; plus ou mains reussi more
or less successful ; cela laisse a desirer it could be better (improved
upon) ; n'en avoir que deux ne suffirait pas to have but two would
not suffice; je sais le contraire I know better; le marechal Foch,
generalissime (general en chef).
46. jamais; bien; mat; mieux; pas; plus; trop; ioujours
(generally precede the verb) ; il s'agit de bien tra-
vailler; it is a question of working well; il travaille
trop he works too much;
i. hier yesterday; aujourd'hui to-day ; demain to-morrow; ici here;
la there (are placed after a past participle) : il est parti hier he
left etc.
100 TO BE
2. tout all (everything); rien nothing (not anything) precede the
past participle: U a tout vu he saw everything; il n'a rien vu he
didn't see anything;
3. personne (nobody) follows it: U n'a vu personne he saw no one;
cf. : personne n'est venu nobody came.
XVI
j'y serai lundi en huit I shall be there a week from Monday;
comment est-il aujourd'hui how is he to-day? il est beaucoup mieux
he is much better; un etablissement de charite a charitable insti-
tution; le timbre d'une voix douce el sonore the tone of a sweet
and sonorous voice; immediatement immediately; les figures sont
executees sur un fond auquel elles adherent the figures are carved in
relief on a background; il etait pied hot he was club-footed; tdt
ou lard sooner or later; le sommet d'un edifice the top of an edifice;
il est riche, n'est-ce pas he is rich, is he not? il I' est he is; cela n'est
pas vrai that is not so (true) ; il est toujours en retard he is always
late; il ne I' est pas he is not; il arrive lard ce matin he is late this
morning; il est lard ou tot it is late or early; bientot soon; le plus
tot possible as early as possible; le train retarde the train is late;
sa montre retarde his watch is slow; on n'a vu personne no one has
been seen; il est sorti tout a I'heure he went out just a little while;
n'a-t-il rien perdu has he lost nothing? rien nothing; il est diffi-
cile de ne pas rire it is difficult not to laugh; il voudrait ne rien
faire he wouldn't like to do anything; c'est facile d comprendre
it is easy to understand (to be understood) : it is easily understood;
il est propre a ne rien faire he is not fit for anything ; on est curieux
de le voir a I'ceuvre we (they) are anxious to see him at work; un
discours de longue haleine (extremely long) an extremely long
speech (long-winded speech); pres de near; un boniment clap-
trap; est-elle la dame du ler. (etage) is she the lady of the
first floor? elle Vest; elle ne I' est pas she is; she is not; cela ne sera
pas it. will not occur; etes-vous la dame dont je parle are you
the lady of whom I speak? ses amis ne sont plus his friends are
dead; sont-ils fatigues are they tired? Us ne le sont pas they
are not; sont-ils freres are they brothers? Us le sont they are;
sont-ils cousins are they cousins? Us le sont they are; sont-Us
les freres de Jean are they John's brothers? Us les sont; Us ne les
sont pas; they are; they are not; U ne I' a dit d qui que ce soil he
mentioned it to nobody; plus de merite que les autres more, merit
than others.
AND ITS USES IOI
xvn
toucher pres to receive almost; au contact de in contact with;
au-devant de in front of; en face de opposite; devant before (in the
presence of); avant before (time); etes-vous sa soeur are you
her sister? je la suis I am; est-ce un de vos amis is he a friend of
yours? e'en est un he is (one); incult uncultivated; terres in-
cultes (f.) uncultivated lands; il est de son opinion he is of the
same opinion; peuples non-civUises non-civilized people (s); son
livre etait a I' index his book was prohibited; il n'est pas tou-
jours dans son assiette he is not always even-tempered; elle est
bavarde (babittarde) a gossip; monsieur, je suis charme de vous
voir I am glad to see you, sir; peu civ Use little civilized; Us ne
sont pour rien dans cette affaire they have nothing to do with the
case; cruel (cruelle) cruel; inhumain (e) inhuman; d'une cruaute
inouie so cruel ! etes-vous sur de votre fait do you know what you
are about? elle est fort attachee d sa sceur she is greatly attached
to her sister; il est poitrinaire he is in consumption; exempt de
preoccupations free from anxiety; je men lave les mains I wash
my hands of it; d'une grossierete; d'une ferocite so uncouth, so
ferocious! un poison violent a deadly poison; la paix peace; la
chair en est tres estimee its flesh (meat) is very much liked; une
cit -Constance speciale a special occasion; une annonce pompeuse
a flaring announcement; c'est un medecin manque he is a would-
be doctor; il est de mauvaise humeur he is cross (out of sorts);
elle reste fille she is still unmarried ; il est en recreation he is at play
(recess) ; il est bien le fils de son pere he is truly the son of his
father; c'est la veille de Noel Christmas eve; les veillees passees
chez des amis evenings spent with friends: il est trls fort he is
very strong; il a du biceps he has well-developed muscles; c'est
un grand homme sec he is a tall, spare man; il est dans I'erreur
he labors under an error.
xvm
ou il y a de la gene, il n'y a pas de plaisir when one is under re-
straint, there is no pleasure; c'est un esprit positif he is of a practi-
cal mind; elle est la bonte meme she is kindness itself; il est vif
comme la poudre he is as quick as lightning; Us sont d bonne ecole
they are under competent masters; des gens capables, intelligents,
habiles efficient, intelligent, clever people; elle est en vie she is
alive; ce n'est ni plus ni mains neither more nor less; imbu
(rempli; penetre) imbued (filled; saturated); impr enable impreg-
102 TO BE
nable: brule vif burnt alive; la fabrication du beurre the making
of butter; imbu de prejuges imbued with prejudices; ce sont des
amis intimes they are close friends; il est tres bien ce jeune homme
he is a suitable young man; c'est un jeune homme comme il faut
he is a good-mannered young man; la couleur d'azur sky-color;
ette est en ete she is dressed for summer; etes-vous en train de lire
are you busy reading? c'est un mauvais sujet he is a bad boy
(or character); un mechant garnement a wicked good-for-nothing
(fellow); M. X. est-il toujours garqon is Mr. B. still a bachelor?
ette est sortie; ette rentrera d she is out; she will come home at;
le bel dge (la jeunesse) youth ; filou, fripon, fourbe, escroc clever
thief, knave, treacherous imposter, swindler; tout en fleur all in
bloom (flower); ette a les yeux bleus her eyes are blue; n'est-ce pas
qu'ils sont malades isn't it true that they are ill? Us sont malades,
n'est-ce pas they are ill, are they not? ette est rentree, n'est-ce pas
she is in (is at home) is she not? ette est fdchce contre elles she is
angry with them; j'en suis fdche I am sorry (for it); est-il fort en
algebre (ferre sur I'algebre) is he strong in Algebra? il est cole
en histoire he is well grounded in History; dans le temps present
(:de nos jours) nowadays; ette est en dge de travailler she is at an
age to work; sont-ils inquiets sur son sort are they anxious about
him?
est-ce qu'il n'est pas en has isn't he downstairs? il occupe un vaste
terrain it occupies a spacious ground; il fut une plume hardie
he was a bold writer; il etait au lit (alite) he was confined to his
bed ; Us etaient hors d'eux they were beside themselves ; le homard
est-il difficile a digerer is lobster difficult to digest? un espace vide
an empty space; qui frappe? C'est eux who knocks? It is they;
il est en haul, montez he is upstairs, go up; c'est un importun he
is troublesome (an intruder) ; etre en reste to have further payments
to make (to be in arrears) ; soyez assez bon pour le lui dire be kind
enough to tell it to him (her) ; sur son terrain within his sphere;
vous etes trap bon you are too kind (it's too good of you) ; a quelque
chose malheur est bon it's an ill wind that blows nobody good;
la crete d'un coq the comb of a cock; il est rouge comme un coq
he is as red as a beet; Us sontfaibles, eux they are weak, they are;
V instruction est obligatoire instruction is compulsory ; une varietc de
raisin blanc a variety of white grape; une grappe de raisin a bunch
of grapes; le vin mousseux du Midi the sparkling wine from the
South of France; il est libre comme I' air he is as free as a bird; a
AND ITS USES 1 03
la bonne heure! voild ce qu'il y a de bon good! that's one comfort;
il etait nu-lete he was bareheaded; le coq gaulois est un des emblemes
nalionaux de la France the gallic rooster is one of the national
emblems of France; I'imperiale d'un tramway, d'un wagon, d'une dili-
gence the top of a tramway, of a car, of a coach (stage) ; la queue
the tail; faites la queue stand in line; il est encore de bonne heure
it is early yet; c 'est d prendre ou a laisser take it or leave it; croyez
bien queje suis tout a lui rest assured I have his interest at heart;
un bipede a biped; est-elle curieuse de le savoir is she anxious to
know (about it?); degoute de tout disgusted with everything; on
est curieux de tableaux we are fond of pictures; sont-ils presses?
Us le sont; are they in a hurry? they are; un porte-plume a pen-
holder; quoiqu'il en soil, il y est be that as it may, he hit (got) it.
XX
47. a and de as complement of adjectives:
a: after adjectives denoting tendency, purpose, use,
fitness, etc., and their opposites;
de: after those denoting source, various senti-
ments of joy, grief, desire, anger, etc. ; abundance,
scarcity, distance;
en and envers,' en after a few implying skill,
abundance;
envers with those denoting good will or ill-will
towards;
accoutumc au froid accustomed to the cold ; applique d I' etude
applied to study; utile a savoir useful to know (to be known);
bon d quelque chose good for something (serviceable).
NOTE. de: impersonal forms with de; il est utile d'apprendre
it is useful to learn; cf.: c'est facile d faire that's easy to do (for:
easy to be done).
il fut eleve dans la profession de son pere he was raised in his
father's profession; le lit de mort death-bed; il en est pour ce
qu'il a dit he maintains what he said; voild, pres d'un mois it is
now nearly a month; il n'a vu qui que ce soil he saw no one; passe
let it be so (:let it pass); c'est plein comme un #/it is chock full;
un jeu de hasard prohibe games of chance prohibited ; une poire
a peau blanche a pear with white skin; ne fut-ce qu'une construe-
104 T0 BE
tion en planches, une hutte, une baroque were it only (though it
were only) a board construction, a hut, a shanty; une attaque
brusque a sudden attack ; le caquetage des jeunes filles the chatter-
ing of young girls; quel est le prix des asufs Ij. douzaine how does
the price of eggs stand per dozen? brusquement bluntly; c'est un
manque d'egards it is a lack of respect; eu egard aux services (en
consideration des) considering the services; d son egard in respect
to him (her) ; sous un fdcheux aspect under an unfavorable aspect ;
une boisson fermentee faite de a fermented beverage made of; un
mets accommode d la sauce blanche a dish prepared with white
sauce; vin ordinaire ordinary wine.
XXI
il n'y a que le premier pas qui coute the beginning is the only diffi-
culty; c'est ma vie it is my very life; il est des votres he is on your
side; c'est une nullite (c'est tout simplement une nullite que celui-ld)
a mere cipher; il est dc trop he is in the way; sans vous (ne fut-ce
vous?) if it were not for you; n'eut ete had it not been for; en toute
liberte d'agir (to act) in full liberty; cette obligation lui sera a
charge this obligation will be a burden to him; un bleu (consent)
a raw soldier; je serai a vos ordres I shall be at your service;
elle sera a vous dans cinq minutes she will attend to you within
five minutes; les cheveux blonds light hair, une dame aux cheveux
blonds a lady with blond hair; fermc par les deux bouts clasped at
both ends; ouvert par le milieu opened from the center; nous
serions sans argent (sans le sou) we would be without money;
d votre aise (par ironie) suit yourself (with irony) ; elle sera a I'aise
she will be comfortable; seraient-ils bien dans leurs affaires are
they (really) in good circumstances? ses propres tactiques his own
tactics; on serait mains que rien we would be mere ciphers; ce
serait dur pour nous that would be hard for us; nous serions
tout seuls we would be all by ourselves; ces enfants sont d ma
charge I have to take care of those children; un sac de voyage
a suit-case; il est Age de huit ans he is eight years of age;
il le veut, soil ! he desires it, very well ! c'est un pauvre diable;
il est reduit d, la besace he is a poor devil; he is reduced to beggary;
un blond fair man; que cela soit (dit) entre nous be it said between
ourselves; soit fait comme vous avez dit let it be done as you said;
eh bien (he bien), soit well, let it be so (be it so) ; soit que vous I'ayez
whether you have it; fut-il plus ruse even if he were more cunning;
qu'est-ce que c'est que fa what is that? il est des hommes qui there
are men who; ainsi soil-il amen; qu'est-ce que c'est what is it?
AND ITS USES 1 05
XXII
voila ce que c'est que de trap parler that is due to too much talking;
U est a la ville he is in town; N. M. est de famille anglaise N. M.
is of English stock; une peau de mouton tannee avec soin a sheep's
skin carefully tanned; un appui en pierre a stone foundation;
profondement deeply; directement directly; d droite; & gauche;
to the right; to the left; en ligne droite in a straight line; de but
en blanc point blank.
48. Oral Drill:
il est fidele au rendez-vous he keeps his appointment (he is faith-
ful to, etc.); egale a la somme de equal to the sum of; vous etes
libre de lefaire you are at liberty to do it; il est prive de leur soutien
he is deprived of their support ; on est charmc de I' entendre we (they)
are pleased (glad) to hear him (her) ; natif de New- York born in
New York; aime de tout le monde esteemed by everybody; (and
the past participle of most passive verbs); I'heure incertaine de
lamort the uncertain hour of death; impropre au service unfit for
service; stir de cela; inferieur a tous; sure of that; inferior to all
U est cheri de tous he is beloved by all; contrarie de cet echec vexed
at that failure; contraste d' ombre el de lumiere contrast between
light and shade; qu'il est lent a repondre how slow he is in answer-
ing! honteux de sa conduite ashamed of his conduct; fier de son
titre proud of his title; pret de on the point of; pret d partir;
acharne d sa proie; ready to go; bent on his prey; cher au cceur;
hardi au combat; dear to the heart; bold in attack; ardent a la
lutts prompt in at tack; denuedetout destitute (deprived) of every-
thing; avide de gloire; jaloux de lui; greedy for honors; jealous of
him; jaloux de plaire anxious to please; fort triste de cette nouvelle
very sad at that news; envieux de ses camarades envious of his
comrades; eloigne des siens far (distant) from his (own) relatives;
c'est a qui sera id le plus tot it is a question of who shall be here
first; une fausse nouvelle false news; la premiere fois; la derniere
fois; the first time; the last time; il est avare de son temps he is
sparing of his time.
xxm
ce n'est pas que je sois presse I am in no hurry (you understand) ;
une piece de dix francs one ten-franc piece ; on sonne; M. X. est-il
chez lui? some one rings; is Mr. B. at home? il n'y est pas he is
not in; concierge, je n'y suis pas concierge, I can't understand
IO6 TO BE
(his absence); une absence prolongee a prolonged absence; est-ce
que le temps est a la pluie shall we have rain? elle n'est pas sans
le savoir she (surely) must have heard of it; il agit comme si de
rien n'etait he acts as if (he were) totally indifferent; s'il agit
if he acts; il est maitre de sa voix he has control of his voice;
maitre d'ecole; maitresse d'ecole; school-master; school-mistress; un
appartement de cinq pieces a five- room apartment; un morceau
de musique; de viande; a piece of music; of meat; cinq sous la
piece five cents a piece; les bras dans I' air (with) uplifted arms;
une piece d'artillerie a piece of artillery; la chaine est de fil el la
trame de colon the warp is of thread and the woof of cotton; un
bouche-trou a stop-gap; il n'est point lache; quelle Idchete f he is
no coward; what cowardice! est-ce tout is that all? c'est man af-
faire that concerns me (only); voila man affaire just what I want!
Us ne sont pas en force they are in no position to make an attack
nor to defend themselves; serieusement in earnest; pour de bon,
c'est tout comme in earnest, it is all the same, no difference; pour
tout de bon seriously; cela ne fait aucun doule there is no doubt
(whatsoever); c'est tout un it is all one (the same) to me; il est
propre a tout he is fit for anything; ces regies sont de rigueur those
rules are indispensable; I'habitude est une seconde nature habit is
second nature; pauvrete n'est pas vice poverty is no crime; neces-
site est mere d' Industrie necessity is the mother of invention;
necessite n'a pas de loi necessity knows no law; ce n'est pas un
mot latin, mais c'est tout comme it is not a Latin word, but it is
all the same; une double rangce de canons a double row of cannons.
XXTV
du blanc d'ceuf; du blanc d'Espagne; white of an egg; whiting;
c'est une bague au doigt it is a feather in his cap; c'est leur affaire
it's their lookout; il est sobre de paroles he is chary of words;
la Surete est d ses trousses, a sa pour suite detectives are after him,
on his trail; c'est un regal it is a treat; il est tout raide froid he
is quite stiff with cold ; le mieux est I'ennemi du bien let well enough
alone; il est tetu comme un dne he is as stubborn as a mule; U est
d'une intrepidite he is so intrepid! un sou, c'est toujours cela,
a penny, it is something; s'il en est ainsi if so; elle n'est pas gate
she is not in a cheerful mood; Us sont nes sous une mauvaise
etoile they were born under an evil star; un bel age (un age avance)
a beautiful old age; est-ce de votre gout does it suit your taste?
quelle bravoure what bravery! la robe de ce cheval est rougedtre,
AND ITS USES 1 07
avec crins et extremites noirs this horse's coat is reddish with black
mane and tail; il est f ache de vousfaire mat he is sorry to hurt you;
il est toujours sur le pave (sans emploi, sans domicile) still homeless
and out of work; I' heure du diner dinner-time; cette region est remplie
de cousins this section (region) swarms with mosquitoes; il est
toujours sur les e pines (thorns) he is always on pins and needles;
il etait tout a son ouvrage he was all absorbed in his work; elle
est toujours de bonne heure she is always early; quelle heure est-il?
II est midi; what time is it? -Noon; m.nuit; une heure; midnight
(twelve); one o'clock; onze heures et quart; et demie; quarter past
eleven; half-past eleven; neuf heures mains dix ten minutes to
nine; precis; precise; precise (sharp); trop tard too late; un bane
rembourre et sans dossier an upholstered bench (seat) without
back; un pont (de navire) a deck (of a ship); noir comme un cor-
beau black as a raven; comme du jais as jet; etes-vous sur les rangs
are you one of the candidates? je stiis parmi les pretendants a
cette fonction I am among the aspirants for this office; a cet emploi
for this post; a ce titre for this title; Us sont le jouet (la risee) de
leurs camarades they are the sport of their comrades; si on le
demande, dites qu'il n'y est pas if anyone inquires for him, say:
he is not in; veritablement in truth.
XXV
c'est a qui I'achetera every one wishes to buy it; c'est tout de meme
bien embarrassant just the same it is very perplexing; un entreponl
steerage; between decks; tu etais sans le sou you were without a
penny; elle est morte a lafleur de I'dge she died in the prime of life;
il est bien has (pret de mourir) he is very low (at the point of death) ;
sous le poids des fruits under the weight of fruit; il est toujours
courbe sur son bureau always bent over his desk; poudre (e) de
blanc powdered white; il est mal vu de tout le monde everybody
dislikes him; est-elle amoureuse de lui is she in love with him?
c'est un imbecile he is a fool; il sera en etat de lui faire tele he will
be his match ; il serait en mesure de vous le rendre he would be able
*o repay you (for it); la boite aux lettres letter-box; au-dessus des
forces ordinaires more than ordinary strength; elle n'en est pas
mains avancee she is none the wiser (for it); il est mains avance
he is worse off; */ est dans la peine he is in trouble; cet enfant
est en dessous he is deceitful, that child; ce n'est pas etonnant
qu'il soil absent no wonder he is away; etes-vous bien en voix are
you in good voice? c'est un homme de parole he keeps his word;
ce n'est plus d' usage (c'est hors d' usage) it is out of use (fashion);
108 TO BE
il est clone a son bureau he sticks to his desk; Us ne sont nullement
parents they are no relation whatever; sa belle- saeur, son beau-
frere; sister-in-law (step-sister); brother-in-law; n'est-ce pas plu-
tot is it not rather? il ne m'est de rien he is no relation of mine:
c'est un de mes cousins (un mien cousin) he is a cousin of mine;
il faut etre circonspect one must be circumspect; ni I'un ni I'autre
ne valent rien both are good for nothing; il y a quelque chose qui
cloche there is a hitch somewhere; c'est ce qui lui semble precisely
as he thought; il est perdu de dettes (greve de) he is overhead and
ears in debt; encumbered with; confondu dans mingled with;
I' enfant est perdu dans la foule the child is lost in the crowd; dont
le cas est desespere whose case is hopeless.
XXVI
Oral Drill:
une dame aux cheveux blancs a lady with white hair; une machine
d coudre a sewing-machine; du papier a lettres letter-paper; fort
en algebre strong (good) in Algebra; a I'egard de towards; cole
en histoire well- versed in History ; reconnaissant enters vous grate-
ful to you; inconnu de tous unknown to all; <J I'egard de in regard
to; grassier envers vous rude towards you; misericordieux envers
les malheureux merciful to the unfortunate; cruel envers son pro-
chain cruel to (towards) his neighbor; fatigue de ses solicitations
tired of his entreaties; ennuye de tout wearied of everything;
fdche de ne pas le voir sorry not to see him ; fdche contre lui angry
with him; souille de crimes denied with crimes; soucieux de sa
liberte thoughtful of his liberty; etre aneanti to be annihilated
(dumfounded) ; prostrated; rocher a fleur d'eau rock level with
the water; c'est un Roger Bontemps (il jouit du present) he is a
jovial and indifferent fellow; unmindful of the future; en perce
tapped; un trou a hole; il n'est pas mal he is not bad looking;
il est d'humeur acaridtre (bilieux, irascible) he is peevish, ill-
tempered, irascible; c'est mal a eux de it is wrong of them; il en
a le ccBur net his mind is clear about it; tout est hors de prix every-
thing is extravagantly dear; tout lui est egal it is all one to him;
cela lui est egal it is all the same to him; sont-ils loges & meme
enseigne (sign) are they in the same predicament? a telle enseigne
(telles enseignes) que so much so that; as a proof; hors de pair
beyond comparison; place sous le controle de I'Etat placed under
the control of the State; government; nez a nez face to face;
les Etats-Unis d'Amerique the United States of North America;
il est devant le comptoir (la caisse) he stands in front of the counter;
AND ITS USES lOQ
pay-desk; le comptoir the counting-house; qtiel nez busque (cir-
que) what an arched (curved) nose! camard; retrousse; aquilin;
flat-nosed; snub nose; Roman nose; entre la bouche et le front
between the mouth and forehead.
XXVII
ce n'est pas son litre de chevet (head of a bed) it is not his favorite
book; il n'y a pas de place no room; un effort sans resultat (result)
a fruitless effort; il est encore d jeun on an empty stomach; he
has not breakfasted yet; d I'heure qu'il est at this time of day;
Us sont manche d manche they are even (at a game) ; les voild
dans de beaux draps they are in a fine pickle; c'est avoir de la chance
that is being lucky; elle est tres collet monte (collar of a gown)
she is stuck up (straight-laced) ; un cabinet de debarras a lumber-
room; I'exil exile (m.); le cabinet noir lumber-room; la sails
etait bondee d'eleves the hall was quite full of pupils; elle est
comble it is full; la mesure est comble the measure is full; c'est
une chose connue it is a known fact; il est de son avis (il abonde
dans son sens) he shares his views ; (he is wedded to his opinion) ;
apres I' addition after adding; il est le coq du village the most
important personage (there); un personnage des plus importants
a very important person.
Oral Drill:
ce fils est cher et utile d sa mere that son is dear and useful to his
mother; chapitre cinq chapter five; il lui est utile et en est
cheri he is useful to him (her) and beloved by him (her); dix
milles de New- York ten miles; region fertile en ble a region fertile
in wheat; une figure pleine d' expression a face full of expression;
riche en expressions rich in locutions ; instruit de ce fait aware of
this fact (apprised, cognizant) ; verse dans les sciences well- versed
in sciences; ignorant en matiere civile ignorant in Civil Court
procedure; on vous I' a repete vingt fois you have been told many
times; mUle remerciments many thanks; thousand thanks; le
trois juin the third of June (on June the third) ; le premier juillet
July first, etc.; etre d I'affut des modes to be on the lookout for
fashions; guetter une occasion to watch for an opportunity; il
epie; c'est un espion; he watches like a spy; he is a spy; un eta-
blissement public de credit autorise par a public trust institution
authorized by; tres riche (fort riche) very rich; voild un coffret de
metal, de carton; there is a metal chest; a pasteboard box; un
coffre-fort, a safe.
110 TO BE
XXVIII
ce piano n'est pas d'accord this piano is out of tune; tout cela est
bel et bien, mais it is all very well, but; il est I' ombre de lui-meme
he is a total wreck; Us sont determines a tout they are ready for
anything; c'est une pierre d'achoppement it is a stumbling-block;
un obstacle imprevu an unforeseen difficulty; legerement indispose
(mal a I'aise) slightly indisposed; c'est une fenetre d hauteur
d'appui breast-high window; il est en etat d' arrestation (est arrete)
he is in custody; has been arrested; incarcere in jail; emprisonne-
ment de longue duree imprisonment of long duration; il avail
I'oreille basse (etre humilie) he was humbled; une proclamation;
une publication a proclamation, etc.; quel en est le sujet what is
its subject (-matter)? et d quel litre and of what import? c'est
sa bete noire it is his pet aversion; bien plus, c'est le bras droit du
patron what is more, he is the right-hand man of the proprietor;
de plus (en outre] il n'y est pour rien besides (moreover) he has
nothing to do with it; il n'en est rien it is not so; est-ce un piano
a queue is it a grand piano? il n'est pas en odeur de saintete aupres
d'eux he is not in their good graces; ecoutez listen; c'est la mouche
du cache he is a busy-body; les hommes sont des atomes dans I'uni-
vers men are atoms in the universe; fort etourdi very thoughtless;
c'est un homme au-dessus de "ordinaire he is above the common
run; au-dessus de ses affaires prosperous; I'un est le pendant de
I'autre one is the pendant of the other, one matches the other;
attendez-moi wait for me; il est au-dessous de ses affaires his busi-
ness is far from good; blanc comme neige white as snow; elle est
docile envers ses maitres she is docile towards her teachers; est-ce
du linge sale is it soiled linen? elle est tres malade she is very ill
(sick); son mal n'est rien aupres du vbtre his (her) affliction is
nothing to yours; par desceuvrement through idleness; apres de
longues epreuves after long ordeals; homme de caractere, d' esprit
man of character, of wit; il est encore sur les banes he is still at
school (college) ; il est detenu pour dettes he is in jail for debt.
XXIX
49. ADJECTIVAL FORMS:
certain auteur a certain author; (as a pronoun) certains: (quelques-
uns) le soutiennent some maintain (assert) it; (as adjective:)
and (as noun:) un fait certain a positive fact; le certain de I' in-
certain certainty to uncertainty; chaque matin each morning;
AND ITS USES III
il donne & chacun une pomme he gives an apple to each (distribu-
tively); chacun le dit (tout le monde) every one says so; chacun
pour soi each (one) for himself; cinq francs chacun five francs each;
chacun son tour each one in turn; divers ecrivains various writers;
differentes personnes nous I'ont assure several persons affirmed it
to us; figures differentes (dissemblables) different forms (shapes);
plusieurs le disent several (people) say so ; fails divers miscellaneous
news; I'homme est divers man is inconstant; maintes (maint,
mainte) fois many a time; quelque (some; a few) imbecile I'eut
fait some idiot would have done it; en mainte el mainte occasion
on many an occasion; a plusieurs reprises several times (repeat-
edly); quelques personnes pensent qu'il a bien agi few (some)
persons think he acted rightly; aucune difficulte no trouble; il
y eut quelque embarras there was a little (some) difficulty; sans
aucun motif without any ground (whatever); aucun n'est content
d'eux no one is pleased with them; aucuns frais; aucune s fune-
railles; no expense; no funeral; pas un sou ne lui'reste he hasn't a
penny left.
il est la coqueluche de la ville he is a great favorite in town; tout
le monde le recherche he is in great demand; il jut le point de mire
he was the target; dans I'assemblee oil I' on danse, chacun a son
tour in the gathering where we dance, each has his turn; le siecle
the century; il est begue he is a stutterer; c'est une boutade it is a
sally (a flight of fancy; a witticism); il est gai comme un pinson
(finch): (he is as gay as a lark) une alouette; est-ce bien is it right?
sera-ce a moi a jouer will it be my turn to play? quand il etait
jeune in his younger days.
il est bien avec lui; il est mal avec lui; he chums with him ; he is on
bad terms with him ; chapeau en vogue hat in vogue ; etre bien mal;
en danger de mart; to be very low ; in danger of death ; elle est dans
une bonne position she is well off; dans une situation brillante
in a splendid position ; un emploi lucratif; un paste Sieve; lucrative
position ; a prominent place (office) ; une nuance bleue a shade of
blue; il n'y est pas propre he is not fit for it; est-ce bien is it right?
(apres I' addition after adding); c'est bien le compte it is right; il
n'est tel que balai neuf a new broom sweeps clean; le baton au
bout duquel est fixe le balai the stick to which the broom is adjusted;
le manche the handle; la manche the sleeve; la Manche the Eng-
lish Channel; il y avail salle comble the hall was filled to over-
112 TO BE
flowing; point de nouvelles, bonnes nouvelles no news is good news;
il n'est rien arrive de fdcheux nothing unpleasant has occurred;
il est sur ses gardes he has his wits about him; il en est pour son
argent he lost his money through it; c'est un chevalier d'industrie
he lives by his wits; elle est au bout de son latin she is at her wits'
end; Us sont desorientes (deconcertes) they have lost their way,
are disconcerted; un siecle plus lard a century later; serait-il
occupe a lire would he be busy reading? il est de son devoir d'obeir
it is his duty to obey; est-ce un exile, un proscrit is he an exile,
an outlaw? lavillebasse; la haute ville; the lower town; the upper
town; la roche; un bossu; the stone; a hunchback; Us sont de la
vieille roche they are of the old school; qu' est-ce que cela me fait
what do I care? vous n'y Stes pas that is not it; vous n'y avez pas
ete, n'est-ce pas? you have not been there, have you? si yes (in-
deed); que c'est bete, honteuxl how stupid, shameful that is!
il est honteux he is bashful; une heure est sonnee it has struck one;
ce sont des amis de vieille date they are very dear old friends;
il n'y a pas de roses sans epines there is no rose without thorns;
s'il en est ainsi if it's so; chaque chose a sa place everything in its
proper place; une place pour chaque chose a place for everything.
XXXI
Place (f.) Vendome a Paris Vendome Square in Paris; sur la
Place d'armes on the parade-ground (place of arms ; stronghold) ;
la place de Paris body of Parisian merchants and bankers; les
sept couleurs de I' arc-en-ciel sont: the seven colors of the rainbow
are: bleu, vert, violet, indigo, rouge, jaune, orange blue, green,
violet, indigo, red, yellow, orange; il est de son siecle he is of his
century (age); vous y etes; vous n'y etes pas; you've got it; you
haven't got it; il n'en est pas besoin there is no necessity for it;
une puissance maritime de premier ordre a first-class naval power;
cela n'importe (c'est ego/) no matter; revolte ouverte contre I'auto-
rite open revolt against authority ; il est grassier he is coarse (rude) ;
il en fut de meme pour tout le monde it was so with everybody;
peu intelligent not very intelligent; qu'il soit a la hauteur let him
be equal to the emergency; il est juste qu'il soit quitte avec vous
it is fair he should be even with you; en deuil in mourning; il
importe que les dames soient a la mode it matters to ladies to be in
fashion; il est en ribote he is boozy; il faut qu'ils soient rendus
they must be worn out; ce fut un piocheur he was a hard worker;
ce serait a vous de le lui dire it would be your duty to tell it to him ;
AND ITS USES 113
s'il etait gene if he were hard up; serait-il leve would he be up?
contentement passe richesse contentment is beyond riches; appre-
ciation suivie de commentaires an appreciation followed by com-
ments; d' explications (by) explanations; de developpements, d' in-
terpretations elucidations, interpretations; un vers mal interprete
a line (of poetry) wrongly etc.; plus fin que lui n'est point b&te
he who can take him in is no fool; facile en affaires courteous in
business; Us sont coulants en affaires they are accommodating in
etc.; ce serait une fete de les voir it would be a treat to see them;
affable, accommodant of easy manners, obliging ; les bons, les mechants
sont legion the good, the bad are legion; Atlantic City est une
station balneaire ( a watering place); est-ce que c'est comme qa
is it right so? il n'est pas libre he is not at liberty (can't spare the
time); qu'y a-t-il de nouveau what's the news? c'est beaucoup
dire that is, saying much.
50. Oral Drill:
un homme nul he is a mere cipher; (as pronoun:) nul n'oserait
I'aUaquer no one (nobody) would venture to attack him; nulle
part; quelque part; nowhere; somewhere; nullement (aucunement)
by no means (not at all); a autrui; une autre fois; unto others;
another time; encore un (livre) one more (another book); de
temps a autre at times (from time to time) ; d' autre part (de plus)
moreover; cela ne fait rien it little matters; rien n'y fait of no
avail; personne ne travaille no one is working; une seule per-
sonne se trouvait Id only one person was there; il ne voit
personne he sees no one; personne nobody! rien pour aujourd'hui
nothing for to-day; une raison quelconque any reason (at all);
une base quelconque a basis (of some sort, any basis whatever);
cela n'est pas encore prouve it has not been ascertained or cela
n'est pas certain it is not certain; c'est avec la bonne foi qu'on va
le plus loin honesty is the best policy; un cabinet (une salle) de
lecture reading room; il en est pour ses frais (sa peine) he has
his labor for his pains; indecis, en balance undecided, irresolute;
une affaire d' opinion a mere matter of opinion; ouvrage redige
par divers auteurs work edited by several authors; ce litre fut
porte depuis par that title has been borne since by ; tout malades
qu'ils sont ill as they are; toutes vieilles qu'elles sont old as they
are; la justice est aveugle justice is blindfolded; les personnes
presences sont toujours exceptees the present company is always
8
114 T0 BE
excepted; un livre quelconque an ordinary book; lew interpreta-
tion est erronee their interpretation is erroneous; organisation
qui aurait besoin d'etre severement reformee organization needing
a thorough reform; a tout oiseau son nid est beau: il n'y a pas de
petit chez soi there is no place like home; c'est un egoiste fieffe he is
downright selfish; elle est encore a jeun she has not yet breakfasted;
ne prenez pas cela a jeun do not take that on an empty stomach;
une recommandation quelconque any recommendation.
xxxm
51. Oral Drill:
un livre quelconque a book of little merit; I'un I'autre each other;
one another; I'un I'autre both; I'un ou I'autre one or the other
(either); I'un dit: oui; I'autre: nan one says yes; and the other
no; il est si (tellement) affaire he is so busy; de part et d'autre
reciprocally; chases et autres one thing or another (this and that);
a d'autres tell it to others! (colloq.); on one (some one; people;
we; they; you etc.) or followed by the passive voice in English:
ici on parle franqais French is spoken here; on vous croit I (or we)
believe you! on vous appelle you are called; on ne passera pas! they
shall not pass ! une cite ou fleurissent les lettres, les arts a city where
letters and arts are flourishing;' linge blanc white linen; c'est un pays
de cocagne it is the land of plenty; son compte sera bientot regie his
account will soon be settled; un mouvement perpeluel a perpetual
motion; tout flux a son reflux a flow will have an ebb; les debuts
(commencements) sont toujours difficiles the beginnings are always
difficult; un miserable a wretch; ce que c'est que de nous such is
our fate; il y a beaucoup de mouvement anime dans les rues much
traffic in the streets; un engin de guerre an engine of war; etre
coutumier d'un fait not to be the first time one does it; droit cou-
tumier common law; elle est comme I' oiseau sur la branche she is
unsettled; est-ce un ban, une promesse de mariage publiee a is it
a ban, a promise of marriage published at; la patience patience;
un vasle local; une repetition generale; (in) spacious quarters;
general rehearsal; un bouton de rose a rosebud; un has de laine
a wool (-en) stocking; un vaste plateau en grande partie desert a
I'interieur an immense plateau, mostly wilderness, inland; le coq
the rooster; il est comme un coq en pate (paste) he is in clover.
XXXIV
le sejour favori de litterateurs celebres the favorite retreat of promi-
nent men of letters; penser (a) to think of; elles sont sur le
AND ITS USES 115
retour they are past middle age; il n'en est rien nothing of the sort;
il est d' aplomb (en equilibre) it is perpendicular (in equilibrium);
il est tantot nuit it will soon be night; ce chapeau est un pen juste
this hat is rather tight; le barometre est au beau temps the baro-
meter indicates fair weather; il est question de vous it is about you;
il n'est pas de retour; il est sorti; he has not returned ; he is out; elle
en est degoutee she is sick of it; avant qu'il soil une heure before an
hour is over; il n'est vins que de France French wines excel; puis-
je vous etre utile may I be of any service to you? la couleur de la
neige est tres belle the color of the snow is very beautiful ; solide-
ment solidly; les etres vivants the living souls; une femme laide;
pusillanime; an ugly woman; weak (mean in spirit); un ornement
de son pays an honor (a glory) to his country; c'est un homme de
lettres he is a man of letters; Philadelphie est a quatre-vingt-dix
milles de New- York Philadelphia is ninety miles from New York;
il excelle he is superior (he excels); ah I non, c'est trap fort oh! no,
that is going too far; est-ce loin d'ici is it far from here? nous
sommes au cceur de I'hiver we are in the heart of winter; ces pen-
dules sont en mauvais etat these pendulums are out of condition;
c'est un des notres he is one of us; il est possible qu'il soil furieux
probably he is furious; il se pent qu'il ne soil pas visible he may be
engaged; soyez a meme de le voir be enabled to see him; le berceau
de la liberte americaine the cradle of American liberty; une bonne
occasion a good opportunity;/awra6/e; avantageux (se) ; favorable ;
advantageous; etes-vous de notre avis are you of our opinion?
c'est passable it is passable (so-so); Us sont en surete they are safe;
U est rentre, n'est-ce pas? he is in (has come home) has he not?
c'est I'epoque de I'artillerie lourde it is the period of heavy artillery ;
le gaz; les gaz; the gas, gases.
XXXV
il en a ete de meme a diver ses periodes it has been so at various times ;
des gaz asphyxiants asphyxiating gases; apres une jeunesse ora-
geuse after a tempestuous youth; livres souvent consulles books
often consulted; I'universite a le droit d'enseigner toutes les branches
a university has the right, to teach all subjects; sa jurisdiction
particuliere its special jurisdiction (authority) ; le bonheur n'est pas
chose aisee happiness is (elusive) not always within reach; le
verbe auxiliaire auxiliary verb; tant d'autres hommes de genie ou
de talent so many other men of genius or talent; dans la puree
hard up (slang); c'est une espece de serment it is a sort of oath;
done de quelque talent militaire endowed with some military talent;
Il6 TO BE
possessing some, etc.; en grande toilette in full dress; Us sont con-
sequents they are consistent; il ne me sera pas possible de venir it
will not be possible for me to come; un marchand en gros (un
negociant) a wholesale merchant; cette lettre strait datee du ler
that letter would be dated the 1st; etre d'un grand secours to
be of great help.
LESSON VI
52. les verbes auxiliaires aident a conjuguer les autres
verbes auxiliary verbs help the conjugation of other
verbs.
VERBE IMPERSONNEL: y avoir Impersonal Verb servant
a indiquer le nombre, la quantite ou le temps refer-
ring to number, quantity or time :
Infinitif Present Participe Passe
y avoir to be (there to be) eu been
Participe Present Participe Passe (compose 1 )
y ayant there being y ayant eu there having been
Indicatif present U y a there is (are) . See 60.
Imparfait il y avail there was (were)
Passe defini il y eut " was (were)
Futur U y aura " will be
Passe indefini il y a eu ' has (have) been
Plus-que-parfait il y avail eu there had been
Passe anterieur il y eut eu there had been
Futur anterieur il y aura eu there will have been
Conditionnel (present) il y aurait there would be
(passe) il y aurait eu there would have been
Subjonctif (present) qu'il y ait that there may be
Imparfait du Subj. qu'il y eut that there might be
Passe du Subjonctif qu'il y ait eu that there may have been
Plus-que-parfait qu'il y eut eu that there might have been
Exercice de Conversation:
I. // I' a he has it. 2. // ne I'a pas he does not have it. 3. Je
I'ai I have (got) it. 4. Je ne I'ai pas I do not have it. 5. L'ai-je?
AND ITS USES 117
do I have it? 6. Ne l'ai-je pas? do I not have it? 7. Nous
I'avons we have it. 8. Nous ne I'avons pas we do not have it.
9. J'en ai I have (some). 10. // n'en a pas he hasn't any. n.
En avez-vous? have you any? 12. N'en avez-vous pas? have you
not any?
i. // les a he has (got) them. 2. II ne les a pas he does not have
them (he hasn't them). 3. S'il I' a if he has it. 4. Si elle I'a
if she has it. 5. Elle en a un (e) she has one (of them). 6. Elle
en a she has; she has some. 7. En a-t-elle? has she any? 8.
II y en a there is (are); there is (are) some. 9. // n'y en a pas
there isn't any; there are not any (there aren't any). 10. //
y en a un (e) there is one.
i. Avez-vous votre le$on? are you having your lesson? 2. Je I'ai
I am having it. 3. Est-ce qu'il I'a le soir ou le matin? does he
have it in the evening or in the morning? 4. Est-ce qu'il I'avait?
did he have it? 5. Y a-t-il eu une reunion? was there a meeting?
6. II y en a eu une there was (one).
53. PRESENT INDICATIVE AND ITS USE. Only one
form of the Present is used in French as the act
is done or continuous at the very moment one
speaks; it refers not only to an act purely pre-
sent, habitual or true but replaces the Past or
Future in lively narratives.
*/ a souvent des maux de tete he often has headaches.
NOTE. Tu instead of vous is used among relatives and friends.
54. Review:
thetorlej', la, les:
L' Article Defi.nl
le before a masculine noun beginning with a consonant
/' any noun beginning with a vowel or h mute
la a feminine noun beginning with a consonant
Ex.: le pere, le heros, I'oncle, I'homme, I'ami, la tante the father,
the hero, the uncle, the man, the friend, the aunt.
les before all plural nouns
L' Article Indefini
un a, an, one (m.) ; une a, an, one (f.)
Il8 TO BE
55. The Possessive Adjectives (Les Adjectifs Possesses)
Masculine
Feminine
Plural
man
ton
son
my
your (thy)
his, her, its
ma
ta
sa
my
your (thy)
his, her, its
mes
tes
ses
my
your (thy)
his, her, its
noire
our
noire
our
nos
our
votre
leur
your
their
votre
leur
your
their
vos
leurs
your
their
NOTE. It is repeated before each noun to which it refers;
mon, ton, son used instead of ma, ta, sa before feminines beginning
with a vowel or h mute.
Ex.: j'ai ma leqon; lu as ta leqon; il a sa leqon; elle a sa leqon;
on a sa lec,on; nous avons noire leqon; vous avez votre leqon; Us ont
leur leqon. Oral Drill: j'ai mon crayon, etc.
i. Mon ami; mon amie; my friend; my (lady) friend. 2. // a son
livre he has his (her) book. 3. Elle a ses plumes she has her (his)
pens. 4. Paris a ses charmes Paris has its attractions. 5. // a
son crayon el sa regie he has his pencil and ruler. 6. // en admire
les beautes he admires its beauties.
(a) after depuis quand since when: y a-t-il longtemps que how
long is it since; voila there is (are); depuis quand a-t-il
le medecin? how long has he been having the doctor? y a-t-il
longtemps qu'il est faible? has he been weak long? or how
long has he been, etc.; voila une heure qu'il a sa leqon he is
having his lesson an hour; literally: there is an hour since
he is having his lesson.
(6) after si (if); and an idea of futurity often implied:
si j'ai de I'argent aujourd'hui, demain; if I have the money
to-day, to-morrow.
(c) after c'est . . . que; c'est que and c'est . . . qui (forms often
omitted in English): c'est Joseph qui I'a Joseph has it (of
course).
56
il y a and voila to be distinguished; il y a refers to quantity,
number and time; voila (there is or are) is derived from voix see
and la there, both contracted into voila and used in emphatic
statements :
voila le voleurl there is the thief! il y a un monsieur dans la salle
d'attente there is a gentleman in the waiting-room; il y a deux
dames there are two ladies; il y a une heure an hour ago.
AND ITS USES 119
57. NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE FORMS:
ne pas not ne point not at all
ne rien nothing (not anything) ne plus no more (longer)
ne que only; but ne guere hardly (scarcely)
ne jamais never ne personne no one (nobody)
{ne nullement not in ne aucun none; no
ne aucunement no ; the least ni ni neither nor
ne nul no (one)
NOTE. Pas, point, rien, jamais, nul, personne when beginning
the sentence, precede the ne; ne is used only with a verb expressed.
Oral Drill:
1. Je n'ai pas; tu n'as pas; il n'a pas; die n'a pas; on n'a pas;
nous n'avons pas; vous n'avez pas; Us n'ont pas; elles n'ont pas.
2. Je n'ai rien; tu n'as rien, etc. 3. // n'a point he has not at all.
4. Elle n'a plus she has no more (no longer); she has not any
more. 5. Je n'ai qu'une minute I have only one minute (but a,
etc.). 6. On n'a guere one has scarcely (hardly). 7. Nous n'avons
jamais vu we never saw (we have never seen). 8. // n'y a per-
sonne there is no one (nobody) : there is not any one (not anybody).
9. // n'a ni or ni argent he has neither gold nor silver. 10. Ni
I'un ni I'autre neither one; neither the one nor the other, n.
Sans argent without money (change). 12. // n'a aucun interet
he has no interest (whatever). 13. Nul n'est prophete en son
pays no one is a prophet in his own country. 14. Sans nul doute
without any doubt (whatsoever). 15. Personne no one. 16.
Naguere(s) not so long ago; lately. 17. // n'a plus aucune ambi-
tion he has no more ambition. 18. II y a; il n'y a pas; there is
(are); there is not (there are not). 19. Y a-t-il is (are) there?;
n'y a-t-il pas? is (are) there not? or: est-ce qu'il n'y a pas?
58. Review:
ai-je? do I have? est-ce que j'ai (conversational form) do I have?
as-tu or est-ce que tu as do you have?
a-t-il ' qu'il a does he have?
a-t-ette ' qu'elle a does she have?
avons-nous " " que nous avons do we have?
avez-vous " " que vous avez do you have?
ont-ils " " qu'ils ont do they have?
ont-elles " " qu'elles ont do they have?
I2O TO BE
est-ce que je n'ai pas (n'ai-je pas) do I not have?
" quetun'aspas (n'as-tu pas) have you not? etc.
" qu'il n'a pas (n'a-t-il pas) has he not; does he not have?
" qu'elle n'a pas (n'a-t-elle pas) has she not; does she not
have?
NOTE. Est-ce que is rather inquisitive.
n'avons-nous pas (est-ce que nous n'avons pas) have we not? (do we
not have?)
n'avez-vous pas (est-ce que vous n'avez pas) have you not?
est-ce qu'il y a (y a-t-il?) is (are) there?
cf. : qu'avez-vous? what ails you or: what is the matter with you?
(in reference to health, temper).
59. en and le (/'); la; les; as Pronouns:
en may mean: some (any); of it; of him; of her;
of them; it; le it (him); /' it (him); la it (her);
les them:
Ex.: J'en ai I have or I have some; je n'en ai pas I have not
any; I have none; j'en ai un (une) I have (one); j'en ai seulement
deux I have only two; U en a besoin he needs it (them) ; (need of,
etc.); il en parle he speaks of it (him, her, them).
NOTE. No neuter gender in French; le; /'; la; les; en; y; are
placed before the verb (simple tense) and before the auxiliary in
the Compound Tenses: je I'ai vu I saw it (him); I have seen it
(him).
(a) The two above pronouns come after the Imperative when not
used negatively:
donne-le; ne le donne pas give it; do not give it
donne-la; ne la donne pas give it; do not give it
(b) le (/') may replace an adjective:
il Vest he is (so he is)
Exercice de Conversation :
i. Etes-vous fatigue? Je le suis are you tired? I am; so I am. 2.
Je ne le suis pas I am not. 3. L'etes-vous? Are you? 4. Nel'etes-
vous pas? are you not? 5. Si, je le suis yes, I am; malade ill
(sick); presse (e) in a hurry; occupe (e) busy; en retard late; de
retour back (returned); est-il en retard? II I'est; is he late? he is;
est-il de retour? is he back? etc.
AND ITS USES 121
Practice and Oral Drill:
je ne suis pas; tu n'es pas; il n'est pas; elle n'est pas; on n'est pas;
nous ne sommes pas; Us ne sont pas; elles ne sent pas; also : ne suis-je
pas? n'es-tu pas? n'est-il pas? n'est-elle pas? n'est-on pas? ne sommes-
nous pas? n'etes-vous pas? ne sont-ils pas? ne sont-elles pas? Also :
est-ce que je ne suis pas? am I not? etc. ; n'est-ce pas one je suis?
(calls more for an affirmative) am I not (really)? etc.
Various Examples:
I. II ne s'en soucie guere he hardly cares (cares little about it; for
it). 2. Point de service sans retribution no work (attendance)
without reward; the laborer is worthy of his hire. 3. On est
tous egaux devant la loi we are all equal in the eyes of the law. 4.
// n'a plus rien a esperer he has no more hope. 5. Pour modifier,
s'il y a lieu to be modified, if need be (there is occasion, necessity).
6. C'est une chose dont il ne se met guere en peine he hardly troubles
himself about that (thing). 7. Ce ne jut qu'au bout d'un certain
temps it was only after a certain time. 8. Le ban de I'histoire,
c'est que the point of the story is (was) . 9. En aucun temps in no
time. IO. En mains de rien (en un rien de temps) in no time (in
a twinkling of an eye). 1 1. En tres pen de temps in a short time.
12. Rien que d'y songer the very thought of it. 13. II y a six mots
this time six months ago. 14. Lt livre de son frere the book of
his (her) brother or her brother's book. 15. C'est un vice dans
la prononciation it is a defect in pronunciation. 16. Ce qu'il y a
d' extraordinaire, c'est que one extraordinary thing was. 17. Une
bonne action a sa recompense a good act brings its reward. 18.
D'un pas mesure (regie) with a measured (regulated) step.
60. avoir faim avoir so if avoir chaud
j'aifaim I am hungry; tu as soif you are thirsty
il a chaud he is warm; on a chaud we (they) are warm, etc.
avoir froid avoir peur avoir honte
elle a froid nous avons peur vous avez honte
she is cold we are afraid you are ashamed, etc.
Us ont sommeil elles ont raison Us ont tort
they are sleepy they are right they are wrong, etc .
Us en ont besoin they need it : they have need of it, etc.
Exercice de Conversation:
I. Vous avez bonne mine you look well. 2. Quel age a-t-il? how
old is he? 3. // a dix ans he is ten years of age; he is ten years
122 TO BE
old. 4. // a du sang-froid he is self-possessed. 5. // en a quelques-
uns (unes) he has some (or a few) . 6. // n'en a pas besoin he has no
occasion for it. 7. Elle a coutume de se lever she is accustomed to
rise (get up). 8. Elle a froid she feels cold. 9. // a bonne envie
d'y aller he has a good mind (has half a mind) to go there. 10.
// desire de he desires to. \\. II a mal au pied he has a sore foot.
12. Elle a mal aux dents she has a toothache. 13. // a affaire
he has to go (he is busy). 14. II a peine a se soutenir he can hardly
keep himself up. Cf.: the coffee is hot. Le cafe est chaud.
Oral Drill:
le malade; la malade; la maladie; etre malade; the patient; the
patient; the illness; to be ill (sick); chez moi; chez tot; chez lui;
chez soi; chez elle; chez nous; at (my) home; at (your) house
(home); at his house; at one's home; at her house; at (our)
home; or: to my house, etc.; chez vous; chez eux; chez elles;
at your house; at their house (home); at their house (fern, pi.);
le foyer the hearth (home); il a les mains dans ses poches his hands
are in his pockets: he has his hands in, etc.; un homme nul a man
of no merit; elle est mechanic, aussi (c'est pourquoi) chacun la
fuit she is wicked, and so every one shuns her; a la t$te d'une
petite troupe armee at the head of a small armed troop; une carte
de visile visiting card; aucun des tireurs n'avaient pu tendre I' arc
none of the shooters had been able to bend the bow.
Various Examples on avoir and etre, etc.
il est des hommes qui there are men who; il n'a plus qu'a agir
it only remains for him to act; on n'a jamais rien vu de pareil
(alike) the like was never seen before; il n'y a pas un chat (il n'y
a personne) there is not a soul; il n'y a rien de mieux nothing bet-
ter; voiciautre chose de plus singulier now is another thing more sin-
gular; le bruit est si grand que there is so much noise that; jamais,
au grand jamais! never, no never! chez les Fran$ais (Americains)
among the French (Americans) ; chez le negociant; chez le marchand;
at the wholesale dealer's; at the merchant's; pas davantage nothing
more; on a un chez soi we have a (house) home of our own; est-ce
une habitude chez elle is it a habit with her? il n'a aucun succes
he has no success whatever; il est toujours en mouvement he never
rests; cela ne s'est jamais vu that has never occurred; a jamais:
pour jamais for ever (more) ; pour toujours for ever ; est-il toujours
a New- York is he still in New York? on n'est pas toujours de
bonne humeur one is not always in a happy mood ; plus longtemps
AND ITS USES 123
longer; un sou, c'est toujours $a (celd) a penny, it's something (to
be sure) ; en sail-on davantage does any one know more about it?
ne travaillez pas davantage stop working; il se trouve; il se trouva
que (il arriva que) there is (are); it happened that; il se trouva
mal (il cut une syncope) he had a fainting spell; ces animaux
se trouvent par tout those animals are (found) everywhere; ne
jamais le payer 1 I (we) would never pay him! il n'y entend pas
malice there is no harm in him; rien ne presse there is no hurry;
on est presse de faim, de soif we are tormented by hunger and
thirst; c'est une affaire qui ne presse guere it is hardly an urgent
case; pressez ces citrons squeeze those lemons; il en reste cent there
are a hundred left ; cela laisse a desirer there is room for improve-
ment; il n'y a plus un fiacre disponible there is not one cab at
liberty; ah I les voila ! oh! there they are! U y a quelque cinquante
ans some fifty years ago; il y a bien des mois months and months
ago; il y a de cela vingt ans that was twenty years ago; il y a
plus what is more; pas d' argent, pas de Suisse (: rien pour rien)
no money, no piper (nothing for nothing),
General Review:
monsieur, c'est trap de bontes que vous avez you are too kind, Sir;
le voila! la voila I there he (she) is! il existe (il est; on trouve)
des gens qui there are people who; il y en a qui (il regne des etc.)
there are people who; il est, etc., implies more a general idea; ce
n'est que pure imagination it is mere fancy; on ne les voit guere we
hardly ever see them; il n'a aucun avenir he has no prospects; quel
mal y a-t-il a rire what harm is there in laughing? il ne voit guere
(il voit a peine) he hardly sees (he sees with difficulty); m'y voila.
(j'y suis !) now! I have it! il ne voit goutte (drop) he does not see
at all; il n' entend goutte he can't understand; il est sourd; elle
est sourde; he is deaf; she is deaf; on a souvent besoin d'un plus
petit que soi we often need the services of (an assistant) a person
of lower rank; il est question (il s'agit) de vous it is about you;
de quoi s'agit-il? what is it about? il ne s'agit pas de cela that is
not the point; il s'agit de deviner ou il se trouve it is a question of
guessing where he is; des pigeons pigeons; il n'y a plus que le nid
only the nest has been left (is left); on n'a plus trouve que le nid
the birds have flown ; il ne veut que les voir or il veut seulement les voir
he only wishes to see them; c'est toujours d recommencer one must
begin over again; no end to it; je n'aurais pas voulu manquer
ce rendez-vous pour tout au monde (for nothing in the world) I
should not have cared to miss that appointment; c'est bel et bien un
124 PARTITIVES
commencement it is assuredly a start; plus on a de biens, plus on en
veut avoir the more one has, the more one wants; depenser to
spend; to waste; il n'en reste pas mains confus he is disconcerted
nevertheless.
LESSON VII
61. CONTRACTIONS OF: de le = du of the; from the
de r = de I 1 (no contraction)
de la = de la " ' "
de les = des (before plural
nouns)
(partitive sense) : all may mean some; any.
NOTE. Same rule ap- die = au to the (at the)
plies to both du and au: a V = a V
a la = ala "
d les = aux "
du before a masc. noun beginning with a consonant or
h aspirate
de I' before a masc. or fern, noun beginning with a vowel or
h mute
de la before a fern, noun beginning with a consonant or
h aspirate
For Practice :
de New- York of (from) New York; du village of (from) the village;
du her os of (from) the hero; de la mere of the mother, etc.; des
efeoes of the pupils; some pupils; a New- York to (at, in) New York;
au village to the (at the) village; au heros to the hero; a la mere
to the mother; aux eleves to the pupils; a la hauteur de to (at) the
height of; avez-vous du pain, de I'eau, de I'huile, de la viande, des
pommes? Have you any bread, water, oil, meat, apples? Ten ai
I have.
62. IMPERFECT OF THE INDICATIVE AND ITS USES
(so-called descriptive tense) :
j'avais; tu avais; il avail; nous avions; vous aviez; Us avaient
I had; you had; he had; we had; you had; they had
PARTITIVES 125
NOTE. This tense has the same endings in all verbs: -ais, -aw;
-ait; etc. ; and may mean also : used to have; was having; kept hav-
ing; had been having; did have; would have (as a past of habit) ;
conditional endings which are the same.
63. RULES. This tense implies a past idea, inter-
preted as habitual, lasting condition, situation;
frequently used in relative clauses, in or after such
expressions as:
je croyais (fai cru) que I thought
(a) j'avais des lemons le lundi, le mardi, le merer edi, le jeudi, le
vendredi et le dimanche; el le samedi; I had (used to have) lessons
on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Sunday;
and on Saturday
je croyais que vous aviez une plume d'acier I thought you had a
steel pen; j'ai cru que tu avais mon canif I thought (for a moment)
you had my penknife; elle avail les cheveux blonds ou roux she had
light or reddish hair; sa maison avail de grandes fenetres his (her)
house had large windows.
64. NOTE. de (some or any) whether expressed or
understood in English stands before an adjective or
the direct object of a negative verb ; in partitive con-
structions ; in expressions denoting measure, quan-
tity, material (adjectival phrases) ; after adverbs
of quantity; after verbs, adjectives or expressions
requiring it :
elle a de bon sucre, de ban papier blanc, dejolis enfanls she has (some)
good sugar, good white paper, pretty children; du fil noir; des
ganls blancs; black thread; white gloves; but: des pelils-fils
grandchildren; indivisible in sense; il n'a pas d'or he has no gold;
he hasn't any gold; il en a; il n'en a pas; he has (some); he has
none (not any); il est sans argent he is without (any) money;
peu d' argent little (not much) money; Us n'ont pas de quoi payer
they haven't anything to pay with; une robe de soie a silk dress;
tin metre de longueur a yard long; avoir besoin de to need; to have
need of; il manque d' argent he lacks money; il vit d'air pur he lives
on fresh air.
126 PARTITIVES
65. NOTE. In negative interrogations; after general
negations implying an affirmative answer:
n'avez-vous pas des amis? Si, monsieur; have you not (any) friends
(haven't you some, etc.)? yes, Sir; mats si; mats si; why, yes;
yes indeed; je n'ai pas des gants de soie, mais j'ai des gants de
colon I haven't silk gloves, but I have cotton gloves.
(b) after c'est . . que often omitted in English and meaning because:
il a prodigue son or; c'est qu'il avail de V argent; he was lavish of
his gold; (because) he had money; cf. : parce que because (and
reason given).
(c) after depuis que (quand); void (voila) que:
depuis quand avait-il ce'. hotel? how long had he that hotel? (had
he been having?) ; voila que dans ma poche il y avail un dollar
(5 frs.) (why) in my pocket there was one dollar (5 francs); depuis
qu'il avail le cheval, elle allait souvenl en voilure after (the time)
he got the horse, she often went riding.
(d) after si if; que why; comme as, because; que how; combien how
much; how many? and the i in si omitted only before il:
s'il I' avail; si elle les avail; if he had it; if she had them; s'il ne
les avail pas if he did not have them; il en avail; insense qu'il
elait! un sol (fou) he had some; how stupid he was! a fool.
Exercice de Conversation:
I. Donnez-lui de meilleur the give him (her) better tea. 2. // en
a besoin; il n'en a pas besoin; he needs it (them); he does not.
3. Combien de paires de souliers aviez-vous how many pair of shoes
did you have? 4. Voila du papier, de I'encre, des plumes; en
voulez-vous? there are paper, ink and pens; will you have some?
5. // y avail une fois once upon a time. 6. // y avail aulrefois
there was formerly. 7. On mangeait du pain noir we (they) ate
black bread. 8. Si je I'avais, je n'aurais pas froid if I had it,
I would not be cold. 9. Qu'il avail froid aux mains how cold his
hands were! 10. Comme il avail froid (au moment ou il avail
froid) as he was cold. 11. Au moment ou (lorsque) when; just
as; du moment que since; as soon as. 12. Elle n'aurail pas froid, si
elle avail son manchon, ses ganls she would not feel cold, if she had
her muff, her gloves.
Observe. Si followed by the Imperfect answers to the Condi-
tional or vice-versa.
PARTITIVES 127
qu'il avail de beaux cheveux f rises how beautiful his curly hair was!
les cheveux boucles curly hair; combien en aviez-vous how much
(many) did you have? avait-il assez de beurre did he have butter
enough? il en avail assez he had enough; des soldals franqais se
Irouvaienl sur la place French soldiers were in the square; des
jeunes gens young men; n'en avait-il pas trop didn't he have too
much (many)? elle esl degoulee de ce livre she is disgusted with
that book; il avail du ban sens he had common sense; donnez-lui
de ce gateau give him (her) some of that cake; ce sont des jeunes
gens they are young men; qu'il avail de jolis cheveux boucles what
pretty curly hair he had !
(e) simultaneity (simultaneousness) or actions taking place together
in point of time:
quand il avail sa leqon, j'avais la mienne when (whenever) he had
his lesson, I had mine; il sortait, lorsque je suis enlre he was leav-
ing when I entered (came in) ; elle avail de vos chansons she had
some of your songs; quand when; also used in questions.
il y en avail de bonnes el de mauvaises there were good and bad
ones; plusieurs several; il y avail une joule de curieux there was
a crowd of lookers-on; bien du monde much (large) company;
le meilleur homme du monde the best man in the world; bien des
personnes many persons (people); bien du mat much trouble.
Observe. De plus le (the article) , etc. , after bien or the French
superlative; plusieurs (several) as adjective requires no de after it.
(/) surprise, strong statements:
voila le monsieur qui avail ma montre there is the gentleman who
had my watch ; apres sa chute, il marchail after his fall he walked ;
il faisail un mille lous les jours he walked a mile every day; lous
les deux jours every other day.
(g) instead of the Conditional Past or Conditional to enliven a nar-
rative :
rien n'y faisail nothing would do ; s'il avail approche, on le luail
if he had approached, they would have killed him; vains efforls
vain efforts; en vain in vain; inulilemenl uselessly; sans effel
without (any) effect or impression; le resullal the result (conse-
quence) ; s'approcher de lui to come (go) near him.
128 PARTITIVES
(h) after plus . . plus ; the more . the more, etc.:
plus on chantait, plus on riait the louder they sang, the louder they
laughed; il vous en coutait plus qu'd moi it cost you more than it
did me (to mention it) ; le plus qu'il avail etail cent sous the most
he had was a hundred cents (pennies) ; deux de plus; plus de deux;
two more; more than two; il n' avail plus que vingt dollars de layer
he had only twenty dollars' rent; il en avail plus de cent he had
more than a hundred.
66. PAST DEFINITE (PRETERIT) : also called historical,
narrative, literary tense:
j'eus; tu eus; il eut; nous eumes; vous eutes; Us eurent
I had ; you had ; he had ; we had ; you had ; they had
NOTE. Tense mostly used in books; time entirely elapsed.
67. RULE. As the name implies the Past Definite
refers to a single act accomplished at a specific
time mentioned in the sentence; the action or state
denoted by it, is not viewed as being in progress
(as in the Present Indicative or the Imperfect)
but more as a (whole) result :
il n'eut point non plus le plaisir de les voir he had not the pleasure
of seeing them either; or lui non plus n'eut point le etc.
aussi n'eut-il aucune peine a faire approuver ces regies so he had no
difficulty (whatever) in having those rules approved; j'eus ma
leqon hier; hier matin; I had my lesson yesterday; yesterday
morning; do not say: j'eus ma leqon aujourd'hui I had my lesson
to-day.
The present tendency is to use in French conversation
the Past Indefinite instead of the Past Definite. In narra-
tions authors often prefer the Present Indicative, and
also the Infinitive preceded by de to the Past Definite, so
as to enliven a narrative or relieve the monotony.
le tambour bat; le clairon sonne; et d'aller;
the drum beats; the bugle calls; and indeed we went.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES 129
68. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:
singular plura!
masculine feminine masculine feminine
le mien mine la mienne les miens les miennes
le tien yours la tienne (thine) les Hens les tiennes
le sien his (hers, its) la sienne les siens les siennes
le noire ours la noire les notres les notres
le wire yours la votre les votres les votres
le leur theirs la leur les leurs les leurs
69. PAST INDEFINITE or CONVERSATIONAL TENSE :
j'ai eu for: I had (have had); tu as eu you had (have had)
il a eu he had (has had); nous avons eu we had, etc.
vous avez eu you had (have had) ; or: did have
70. RULE. This tense may refer or not to an action
accomplished to-day, yesterday, etc.; in fact to all
moments of the past; to express a truth one may
sometimes use either the Past Definite or In-
definite:
Dieu crea le monde or Dieu a cree le monde God created the world ;
avez-vous tout dit have you had your say (have you told all)?
que n'ai-je ete toute ma vie plus prevoyant? why have I not been
all my life more foreseeing? les enfants qu'elle a eus du premier
mariage sont: the children she had by her first marriage are;
un de ses enfants one of her (his) children; one child of hers (his);
une de mes amies a (lady) friend of mine; one of my friends.
71. ADJECTIFS DEMONSTRATES (Demonstrative Ad-
jectives) :
ce (cet) m.; this, that; cette f. ; this, that; ces these,
those;
cet before a masculine noun or adjective beginning
with vowel or h mute:
ce garqon; cet ami; cet homme; cette femme;
this boy; this friend; this man; this woman (wife)
9
I3O DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
ce heros; ces gar$ons; ces fittes;
this hero; these boys; these (those) girls;
Observe: demonstrative adjectives always repeated:
a-t-il achete ces crayons et ces plumes?
did he buy those pencils and pens?
72. PRONOMS DEMONSTRATES (Demonstrative Pro-
nouns) :
singular plural
celui (m.) this (one); that (one) ceux (m.) these
celle (f.) the one (that of) celles (f.) those
NOTE. celui plus de, etc., may replace: 's
man crayon et celui de Jean my pencil and John's; ma plume et
celle de Jeanne my pen and Jane's; mes devoirs sont meilleurs
que ceux de Pierre my exercises are better than those of Peter
(Peter's).
ceci this; cela that; -ci and -la are added to above nouns and pro-
nouns to better distinguish; for emphasis:
j' at deux livres; voulez-vous celui-ci ou celui-la? I have two books;
will you have this one or that one? voulez-vous ce livre-la? Do you
wish that book? voulez-vous ce livre-ci? Do you wish this book?
cela (ga) est vrai that is true; ceci (cette chose-ci) est pour vous
this (this thing here) is for you.
Observe: cela refers to ideas, objects indicated, not yet named:
cela est pour lui that is for him ; retenez bien ceci do not forget this.
73. FUTURE AND ITS USES:
j'aurai tu auras il aura
I will (shall) have you shall (will) have he shall (will) have
nous aurons vous aurez Us auront
we will (shall) have you shall (will) have they shall (will) have
and correspond generally to the same English tense;
Us n'auront rien du tout they shall have nothing at all or: they will
have nothing at all
il en aura le dementi he will get the worst of it
he will be worsted
il en aura le dessous he will have the worst of it
RELATIVES 13!
74. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Pronoms Relatifs) ;
qui (who, that, which) as subject (nominative case)
que (which, that) as object (in the objective case)
ce qui (what or that which; which, that) as subject
ce que (what) as object; the e may be elided; not i in qui
qui est Id who is there?
I'homme qui est malade, est age the man who is ill is old; la dame
que vous avez vue the lady (whom) you have seen; que dit-il (qu'est-
ce qu'il dit) what does he say? que cherche-t-U what is he looking
for? on le cherche some one is looking for him; cf.: quel est ce jeune
homme who is that young man? for: what sort of a young man
is he? d qui est-ce? whose is it?
(a) future instead of the Imperative in the Ten Commandments:
un seul Dieu tu adoreras thou shalt have no other gods before
me (adore but one God).
(b) in mild command:
vous I'aurez dans cinq minutes, n'est-ce pas? Have it in five minutes,
please.
(c) in regulations, edicts, supposition (probability) ; with 5* whether:
je ne sais s'il I'aura ou non I do not know whether he will have it
or not; s'il ne Va pas, c'est qu'il I'aura perdu if he has it not, he
must have lost it; vous aurez la salle a six heures have the room at
six o'clock; cf.: c'est a qui I'aura every one wishes to have it; U
I'aura dans sa matte he may have it in his trunk; Jean I'aura alors
John has it then.
(d) in absolute affirmation:
il m'a assure qu'il I'aura he assured me that he will have it; voild
qui vous plaira just what you want; elle a predit qu'il aura le prix
she predicted that he will win the prize; ce qui n'arrivera pas
and that may not happen; ce qui est facheux (dommage) and that
is a pity or: which is unfortunate.
Notice the use of the present (indicative) in reference to a near
future:
je vais sortir I am going out (I will go out) ; encore une minute, et
je I'ai one more minute and I shall have it ; il le veut ainsi he will
have it so; c'est un parti pris chez elle she will do it; a eux deux
maintenant and now both will have it out; cela suffit that will do;
132
RELATIVES
that suffices; c'est Id que je les attends I shall get (await) them
there;
Distinguish: voulez-vous? will you have (do you wish or desire?)
and aurez-vous?
75. IMPORTANT RULE IN FRENCH. If futurity is
implied after:
quand; lorsque (when); aussitot que (sitot que) as soon as
des que from the very moment that;
tant que as long as; USE the Future in French:
aussitot qu'il I' aura, vous I'aurez as soon as he has it (or: will have
it) you will have it
and Future also in the following:
comme vous I'entendrez as you think proper; faites ce que vous
pourrez do what you can; faites ce que vous voudrez do what you
wish; advienne que pourra come what may; vienne qui voudra
come who will; comme il vous plaira as you like; rira bien qui rira
le dernier laughs well who laughs last; qui vivra vena or celui qui
etc.; he who lives longest will see most; time will tell; tant qu'il
vivra as long as he lives ; le plus tot que vous pourrez as early as
you can; d votre aise: comme vous voudrez as you please.
LESSON VIII
76. ce (plus est) or: sont: c'est; ce sont as demonstrative
pronoun: c'est Charles it is Charles; c'est moi it is
I ; c'est le plus joli it is the prettiest :
c'est toi c'est lui c'est elle
it is you it is he it is she
c'est nous c'est vous c'est eux (dies f.)
it is we it is you it is they (they)
c'est le meilleur (la meilleure) it is the best; ce sont les meilleurs
(les meilleures) they are best; c'est celui qu'il a it is the one he has;
c'est celle qu'il a it is the one (that one) he has; c'est son ami qui
est Id it is his (her) friend, etc.; n'est-ce pas is it or is it not? etc.;
qui est-ce who is he? c'est mon ami (e) he (she) is my friend; ce
sont eux; ce sont elles; it is they; est-ce eux? is it they?
77 ce : as a conclusive statement, remark or for emphasis:
c'est juste quite right; c'est une belle ville que Paris Paris" is a beau-
tiful city (indeed); c'est un Anglais he is an Englishman; cf.:
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 133
ii est Anglais he is English; c'est midi it is twelve (noon) ; c'est ma
sceur she is my sister; it is etc.;
ce sont (c'est): used before a proper noun, a pronoun, a super-
lative as: it; this; that; he; she; these; those.
General Review:
il fume, ce qui m'etonne he smokes, which astonishes me; ce qui
m'etonne, c'est son savoir what surprises me is his knowledge; il
est line heure it is one o 'clock ; c'est un homme qui sail tout a man who
knows everything; c'est ce a quoi je songeais precisely what I was
thinking; ce que vous dites est vrai what you say is true; tant pet its
que grands both great and small; tant pour eux que pour vous as
much (many) for them as for you; que c'est joli ! how pretty that
is! des qu'il se presente, on lui obeit as soon as he makes an ap-
pearance, he is obeyed; obeir (a) to obey; s'il vient (arrive) ce
soir, je le verrai if he comes (will come, should he come) to-night,
I shall see him.
78. RULE. si (if) being a condition answers to the
Future or vice-versa: je le verrai ce soir, s'il vient,
etc., and independently of the English form.
Exercice de Conversation:
c'est mes sceurs it is or those are my sisters; sont-ce les votres is it
(are those) yours? ce ne sont pas ceux (celles) que j'ai achetes
(-ees) those are not the ones I bought (or: these etc.); ce ne sont
pas celles-ci; ce sont celles-la these are not the ones; those are;
oil sera-ce where will that (it) be? vous I'aurez, n'est-ce pas or:
n'est-ce pas que vous I'aurez? you will have it, will you not? minuit
sonne (c'est minuit) it is midnight (on the stroke of twelve);
quelle heure est-il? II est minuit what time is it? it is midnight;
de ces deux ecrivains, je prefere celui-ci; celui-ld; of these two writers
I prefer the latter; the former; (slang): en voild une bonne blague
or: c'est une bonne blague (que) celle-ld that's a good hoax (joke) ; ce
que je crains, c'est de le froisser (blesser) what I fear is to wound
his feelings; un homme de la sorte a man of that kind; de la sorte
in that way; c'est un grand chef que Foch Foch is a great leader;
c'est aujourd'hui le ler; le 2 mai; to-day is the 1st; the second
of May; il a tout ce qu'il desire he has all he wishes; c'est une heure
qui sonne (une heure sonne) it strikes one; une demi-heure, une
heure et demie half an hour, an hour and a half.
134 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
79. CONDITIONAL PRESENT (le Present du Conditionnel]
j'aurais tu aurais
I would or should have (thou wouldst or shouldst have)
you would or should have
il aurait nous aurions vous auriez Us auraient
he would have we would have you would, etc. they would have
80
Observe: It answers to the imperfect with si (if), expressed or
understood :
would and should may be distinguished while studying
devoir; pouvoir; vouloir and the Imperfect of habit (or Past or
habit) :
vous devriez le faire you should do it; */ pourrait le faire s'il avail
le temps he would be able to do it, if he had the time; il ne voudrait
pas y aller he wouldn't care to go; elle y allait souvent she would
often go there; si je I'avais, il serait content or il serait content, si
etc., if I had it (should I have it; were I to have it; should I
happen to have it) he would be glad ; je voudrais etre riche I should
like to be rich or I wish I were etc.; (si if being understood);
mentir serait honteux (il serait honteux de mentir) to lie would be
shameful.
(a) also in statements of indignation, surprise, supposition, con-
cession, contingency and reports:
je croyais qu'il /' 'aurait I thought he would have it; U I' aurait,
qu'il n'en serait pas content he might have it, yet not be satisfied
with it; serait-ce possible can that be! lui, il les aurait he would
have them! comme qui dirait somewhere about; je ne savais s'il
V aurait I did not know whether he would have it; cela serait-il
vrai were it (if it were) true? on le dirait it looks like it; one would
say so ; quant a moi, quand m&me elle les aurait; quand bien meme;
as for me, even if she had them; even if; quand (alors qu') il
serait malade even if he should be ill; alors qu'il etait malade
when he was ill; comme si I' on disait as if one would say; par un
decret de la Providence as God would have it ; on remarquera peut-
etre alors qu'il y a eu un malentendu perhaps it may be noticed
then there was a misunderstanding.
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES 135
(ft) with verbs of wishing; also oser (to dare) ; pouvoir and in a few
exclamations or questions:
je vous serais oblige I would be obliged to you ; oserais-je lui parler
could I dare to speak to him? pourrais-je ne pas I' avoir could I
not have him (it) !
(c) in mild statement, favor or threat;
je ne saurais vous le dire I hardly know or I couldn't tell you;
auriez-vous la bonte de passer chez moi? will you kindly call on me?
cf.: appeler to call; je voudrais bien I'acheter I should like well to
buy it; qui (quiconque) I'aurait, serait puni whoever might have it
would be punished; on m'a dit qu'il I'aurait I was told he would
have it; on m'a dit qu'il I'aura I was told he will get it.
(Future implies strong affirmation)
81
quel (masculine singular) quelle (feminine singular)
quels (masculine plural) quelles (feminine plural)
Practice:
quelle maison a ete incendiee? what house (whose house) was burnt?
which or what (a) :
quel crayon a-t-il? what (which) pencil has he?
quelle plume a-t-il? what (which) pen has he?
quelle plume I what a pen!
quel beau jour I what a beautiful day! Adjectives only.
82. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (Pronoms Interrogatifs}
lequel lesquels laquelle lesquelles
which (one) which (ones) which (one) which (ones)
duquel desquels de laquelle desquelles
of which (one) of which (ones) of which (one) of which (ones)
auquel a laquelle auxquels auxquelles
to which (one) to which (one) to which (ones) to which (ones)
NOTE. Instead of de qui (of whom) used of persons and of
duquel, etc., with prepositions; dont of whom; of which; whose
is most frequently employed ; dont (from where, whence) replaces
136 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
d'ou: from which; or whence; oil (where) often means: to; in;
at which and the like.
voila le pupitre sur lequel il a mis ses livres there is the desk upon
which he put his books; lequel? which one? lequel des deux est
le plus studieux? which one of the two is more studious? I'homme
dont il parle est son cousin the man of whom he speaks is his cousin;
I'ecureuil auquel il donne a manger the squirrel to which he gives
(something) or which he is feeding; I ' appartement oil il demeure est
petit the apartment in which he lives is small; I' hotel oil il va
the hotel to which he goes; I'heure oil (que) il expira the hour at
which (when) he expired; les parents dont il est issu the parents
from whom he sprung (he was born); I' hotel dont le patron est
M. X. the hotel whose head is Mr. B.; de qui est-U JUs? whose
son is he? parmi lesquels among whom.
83. in the body of a sentence and in order to distinguish the
number and gender of the person or thing spoken of, use:
lequel, laquelle, etc.
les amies de ma femme, lesquelles sont A mericaines the friends of
my wife, who are American; les enfants dont il a trouve le pere
the children whose father he found; donnez-lui ce dont il a besoin
give him (her) what he needs (that of which he has need); tout
ce qui (que) all that; everything that; quoi what; used alone or
with prepositions, and refers to things only: quoi de nouveau
what's new? de quoi parlez-vous what are you speaking of?
a quoi songez-vous what are you dreaming of or about?
84. IMPERATIVE PRESENT or FUTURE (Vlmperatif]
aie have (thou) ayons let us have ayez have (you)
qu'il ait let him have qu'ils aient let them have
Forms borrowed from the Subjunctive:
aie patience be patient; aie courage be courageous; ayez soin de
lui take care of him.
(a) instead of the Present Indicative:
ayez de la patience, il se moque de vous have patience (be patient)
with him, he laughs at you, or: if you are patient with him, he
laughs at you.
PRONOUNS REVIEWED 137
(b) instead of the Subjunctive:
ayez du chagrin on non, cela lui est egal be sorrowful or not, it
matters not to him (her); for: whether you may be in sorrow or
not, it matters little (whether you are in sorrow, etc.).
(c) the Imperative has no first person singular; the speaker in
addressing himself may use the second or the first person
plural :
aie courage, Charles (ayons courage, Charles)! have courage, Charles.
(d) supposition:
ayez de I'envie, tout le monde en parle be envious, everybody speaks
of it.
Exercice de Conversation:
les dames aux fils desquelles il donne des leqons the ladies to whose
sons he gives lessons; Dieu en qui je crois God in whom I believe;
moi qui suis son frere I who am his brother; voila qui est bizarre!
now that is strange! lui qui est riche he who is rich; elle qui est
pauvre she who is poor; celui qui est riche, n'est pas toujours
heureux he (any one; one) who is rich, is not always happy;
c'est vous qui I'avez you have it (it is you who) ; le lion qui rugit
the lion that (which) roars; c'est ce dont il se plaint that's what
he complains of; a qui est cette maison whose house is this, whose
house is that? c'est celle de man oncle it is my uncle's (that of);
c'est la dame dont le fils est malade she is (it is) the lady whose son
is ill; celle dont j'ai connu le fils d the one whose son I knew at;
une somme, en vertu de laquelle a sum in virtue of which or by which ;
un acte par lequel il s' engage a an act by which he binds himself to ;
a I'heure qu'il est at the present time; rien de ce qu'il dit est vrai
nothing that he says is true; le printemps prochain (qui viendra)
the next Spring (the coming Spring); celle qu'il aime the one he
loves (she whom he loves) ; le couteau dont je me sers the knife I
use; of which I make use; se servir de to use; d'ou venez-vous
where do you come from? ce d quoije songeais something I thought
of; ce a quoije ne songeais guere something I hardly thought of;
a quoi passe-t-il ses soirees how does he spend his evenings?
ce dont (ce de quoi) nous parlions what we were speaking of; d
propos de quoi in reference (with respect) to what? ce en quoi il
se trompe he is mistaken in that or therein he is mistaken; au
nombre desquels among etc. ; sur quoi il se tut whereupon he kept
silent; sur ce, il sortit thereupon he went out.
138 PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
LESSON IX
85. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT or FUTURE (Le Present du
Subjonctif):
que j'aie que tu aies, etc.
(that) I may have (that) you may have, etc.
qu'il ait que nous ayons
(that) he may have (that) we may have, etc.
que vous ayez quits aient
(that) you may have (that) they may have, etc.
NOTE. These forms are variously translated into English.
Study carefully:
86. RULE. As the name implies this tense is used in
subordinate, depending clauses; hence subjected
to a principal (main) clause:
i. After principal clauses implying will, order, fear, desire, request,
approval, doubt, strong wish, expectation;
il veut (ordonne) queje I'aie he commands that I should have it or he
wishes me to have it; maintenant ou a I'avenir now or in the future.
87. Also in the subordinate clause there is an idea of
the present or the future when the first verb is in
the present or the future (tense); the following
example implies an idea of the past, in the sub-
ordinate clause:
il doute que nous I' ayons eu he doubts that we have had it; he
doubts that we ever had it; il doutera que nous I' ayons eu he will
doubt that we had it; cf.: je commande man diner I am ordering
my dinner; je commande a Jean d'apporter le cafe I am ordering
John to bring the coffee; je ne demande qu'une chose I ask but one
thing; c'est de reflechir a ce que vous dites to think over what you
say; j'y reflechirai I shall think about it; fa (cela) demande de la
reflexion that requires reflection; on fait de serieuses reflexions
we (they, etc.) are seriously thinking (about it); fa: is colloquial:
fa demande tout that (thing) fellow asks for everything; quels
sont ces gens-la who are those people (men)? or: what kind of
people are those (over there)? voyez done $a ! just look at that!
comme fa devore! how ravenously they eat! How they devour!
quels gloutons (gluttons) !
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 139
2. Idea of uncertainty with Subjunctive; idea of certainty with
Indicative :
on doute que cela soil one doubts if it is so; je doute qu'il veuillt le
faire I doubt whether he will do it ( : he may be willing to do that) ;
je ne crois pas qu'il I' ait I do not believe (that) he has it; but:
il ne croit pas qu'elle I' a (Indicative) he does not believe she has it;
elle crut qu'un glaive la transper^ait she thought a blade (sword)
was piercing her body; je ne crois pas qu'il sorte ce matin I do not
believe he is going out this morning; je ne crois pas qu'il sorte
ce soir I do not believe he will go out this evening.
3. In independent clauses with or without qjte (elliptical clauses) :
vive I'Amerique! long live America! (for: I hope that America
may live long); Dieu vous protege (garde) God speed (protect)
you; qu'il I'ait ou non, pen m'importe whether he has it or not,
little matters to me ; puisse-je le revoir! may I see him again !
Exercice de Conversation:
dites-moi quelle heure il est tell me what time it is; une heure vient
de sonner it has just struck one; je vais regler ma montre (mon
chronometre I will set my watch (my chronometer) ; une montre
de precision a timepiece; une montre a repetition a repeating-watch;
(a repeater); je recule I' aiguille I move back the hand; une hor-
loge a clock; une pendule a pendulum; le cadran face; la chaine
de montre the watch-chain; il met sa montre a I' heure he is setting
his watch on time; il est deux heures et quart it is quarter past
(after) two; il est trois heures mains vingt it is 20 minutes of three;
tl est six heures et demie half-past six; une demi-heure half an hour
(and demi is invariable before the noun); for brevity we say:
z:jo one thirty; or: une heure trente; a trois heures de 1'apres-midi,
du soir at three o'clock in the afternoon (evening; ; du matin; de
I'avant-midi; in the morning (forenoon); vers midi; vers les une
heure; about noon ; about one ; il y a environ une heure de marche
d'icia (jusqu'a) there is (it's) about an hour's walk from here to;
demander I' heure to ask the time; j'aitravaille trois heures I worked
three hours.
1 un 7 sept one two three four five six
2 deux 8 huit seven eight nine ten eleven
3 trois 9 neuf twelve (which is midi or minuit
4 quatre 10 dix noon midnight)
5 cinq u onze
6 six 12 douze
140 PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
douze heures means: 12 hours' duration or twelve long hours;
il est sorti vers les deux heures he went out about two o'clock;
c'est I'heure juste it is the correct time; I'heure precise the correct
time; il vient a I'heure precise he comes on the hour sharp; ponc-
tuel (-le); retardataire; punctual; tardy; attar de; etre en retard;
belated; to be late; arriver tard to arrive (come) late.
4. After verbs of emotion:
penser to think; esperer to hope being excepted unless the
latter are used negatively, interrogatively; craindre to fear;
trembler to tremble; empecher (de) to prevent; apprehender to
apprehend; avoir peur to be afraid; redouter to dread, usually
take: ne; unless used negatively or interrogatively; ne penses-tu
pas qu'il y ait la-dessous une histoire? don't you think that there is
(a story) something behind it? elle empechera qu'il ne sorte she
will prevent him from going out; il craint qu'il ne soil malade
he fears he is ill or may be ill; une boite de montre a watch-case;
vous etes loin de vous douter de ce qu'il a eu a souffrir (a endurer)
you ar^ far from having a suspicion of what he had to suffer
(endure); horloger watchmaker; je ne pense pas qu'il soil a Paris
I do not think he is in Paris; une breloque a charm (trinket);
' je pense qu'il est a New- York I think he is in New York; elle ne
doute pas qu'il ne le fasse she does not doubt but he will do it;
reparer to repair; il ne craint pas qu'ils entrent he does not fear
they will enter; il remonte sa montre he winds his watch; il attache
une breloque a sa chaine d' argent he fastens a charm to his" silver
watch-chain; on fait, repare, vend des montres, des horloges, des
pendules we (they etc.) make, repair, sell watches, clocks, etc.
craignez-vous qu'il sorte do you fear he will go out?
NOTE. Ne may or may not be used (in a subordinate clause) :
ne craignez-vous pas qu'il ne sorte (qu'il sorte)? do you not fear he
will go out (he may go out)?
In poetry ne is optional.
5. After most Impersonal Verbs: and with que:
il faut que it is necessary; il est juste it is fair; il est bon it is well;
il importe it matters; il est possible (impossible) it is possible
(impossible); il est temps it is time (that, for); il convient (il est
convenable) it is suitable; peu s'en faut little is wanting; il suffit
it suffices; c'est dommage it is a pity; il vaut mieux better, it is
better, etc.
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 14!
Also with (if) (si . . . et que (if) :
il faut que nous ayons notre billet; il est necessaire que; we must
have our ticket; il est important que etc.: it is important that
we should have our ticket; si vous etes a Paris et que votre cousin
n'y soit pas if you are in Paris and your cousin is not there; que
ferez-vous? what will you do? il n'y a rien qui tienne nothing can
hinder him; resister a la tentation to resist temptation; il vaut
mieux or vaut mieux que vous I'achetiez you had better buy it;
il faut que ces imprimes soient affranchis that printed matter must
be pre-paid (post-paid); un timbre-poste a postage-stamp; il lui
semblait n' avoir jamais eprouve cela de sa vie it seemed to him that
he had never experienced that before in his life; de sorte que
I'objet repare soit comme neuf so that the article repaired looks
like a new one; de sorle qu'il soit (repare) a neuf so that it will
seem like new; la reparation des enduits contre les murs (de pldtre)
repairing the walls with a coat of plaster.
6. After Superlatives except when certainty is implied:
c'est le meilleur cigare que j'aie jamais fume it is the best cigar I
have ever smoked. But: c'est la plus belle des fleurs qu'il a (il
a la plus, etc. ) it is the most beautiful flower that he has (he has
the most beautiful, etc.); c est la meilleur e preuve que je dis la
verite that's the best testimony that I spoke the truth.
Same rule after:
le seul, la seule, les seuls, les seules, etc.
c'est le seul qui soit coupable he is the only one that is guilty
c'est la seule qui soit coupable she may be the only guilty one
7. After que preceded by soit:
soit que vous I'ayez whether you have it; whether you may have
it; cf.: que vous I'ayez ou non whether you may have it or not;
qu'il I'ait let him have it; qu'il les ait let them have them.
Exercice de Conversation:
il est facile de faire cela to do that is easy; c'est facile (c'est chose
facile a faire) it's easy (an easy thing to do; to be done); il ne
faut pas jurer qu'on ne le fera pas we must not affirm that we will
not do that; il jure d'etre la (d'y etre) he swears to be there or:
that he will be there; un des plus grands exploits qui soit (soient)
one of the greatest feats that have been; on espere y atter we (they,
etc.) hope to go there; on espere qu'il va mieux we hope he is
142 PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
better; qu'il soil venu, je I'avoue that he has come, I admit; die
defend qu'on sorte she forbids any one to go out; on s'etonne qu'il
ne soil pas id we are astonished that he isn't here (: that he should
not be here); le premier qui soil mart the first who died; c'est la
settle personne a laquelle je me fie he (she) is the only person that
I trust; je ne suis pas le premier qui I' at dit I am not the first
person (one) who said so; nous sommes tous presents; il n'y a
personne qui ne soil venu; we are all here; there is no one absent;
or: there is no one who has not come; */ n'y a que lui pour les criti-
quer (qui puisse les critiquer) he is the only one who criticizes
them or able to criticize: who may criticize them; s'il y avail un
homme qui put les trahir if there were a man who might betray
them.
8. After adverbial clauses, substantive, temporal, concessive,
hypothetical, final, consecutive clauses and que; substantive
clauses are those used as subject or object of a verb; adjectival
clauses are used to qualify a noun; adverbial clauses used to
qualify a verb either to limit or qualify the action whenever an-
ticipation, contingency, time, purpose, result is implied:
afin que in order that (so that); a condition que provided; on con-
dition; de peur que lest (with ne) ; de crainte que for fear that (with
ne); en cas que in case; non que not that; bien que although;
loin que far from; pour peu que (si peu que) if ever so little that;
au cas que (en cas que) in case; sans que unless; suppose que
granting that (suppose); encore que (bien que) altho; a mains
que unless (with ne) in strong affirmation; malgre que (nonob-
stant) notwithstanding; pour peu que however little; si . . . que
(or: quelque . . . que) however . . . that; tout . . . que however;
pourvu que provided; quoique although; jusqu'a ce que (or: que
only) until; till; qui que whoever; ou qu'il ait wherever he may
have; quoi que whatever; en attendant que while; quelque (with
an adjective) however.
NOTE. que is often used alone for: afin que; sans que; a mains
que . . . ne; jusqu'a ce que.
General Review for Conversation:
avant qu'il soil trap tard before it is too late; avant de partir before
leaving (avant que je parte) etc.; jusqu'a ce qu'il le trouve until
he finds him (it); attendez qu'elle soit prete (for: jusqu'a ce qu'elle
soil) wait until she is ready; jusqu'a ce qu'il arrive quelqu'un until
some one comes; U tient a ce qu'il vienne he is desirous to have
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 143
him come; il ne tient pas a moi qu'elle ne vienne pas her coming
does not depend on me; jusqu'd ce qu'arrivent les neveux until
the nephews arrive; il fallait attendre que la patrouille cut passe
it was necessary to wait until the patrol had passed; en attendant
qu'une occasion se presente while waiting for an opportunity (to
come); qui que vous soyez whoever you may be; oil qu'il soit or
en quelque lieu qu'il soit wherever he may be (in whatever place
he may be) ; non qu'il soit orgueilleux not that he is proud; malgre
qu'il travaille, il ne reussit pas notwithstanding that he works,
he does not succeed; loin d'etre genereux, il est porte (enclin) a
economiser de plus en plus far from being generous he is inclined
to economize more and more; liberal liberal; cf.: dans le cas ou
il viendrait (au cas ou, etc.) in case he comes (in case he should
come) ; sans que je le leur dise without my telling it to them ; d
mains que je ne sois malade unless I am ill; au cas qu'il soit occupe
in case he is busy; quelque riche (tout riche qrte; si riche que) qu'il
soit however rich he may be; but: tout riche qu'il est, il est avare
rich as he is, he is a miser.
Exercice de Conversation:
approchez que (pour que) je vous voie come near, that I may see
you; il travaille dur afin de reussir he works hard so as to succeed;
el'.e peine (se donne du mal) afin que son fils reussisse she toils that
her son may succeed; de peur que cela ne vous incommode for fear
it may trouble you; deranger to disturb; quel que soit son pouvoir
whatever his power may be; quelle que soit leur influence however
influential they are (may be); pour peu que vous vous appliquiez
if only you apply yourself; yourselves; pour peu qu'on leur donne
however little one may give them; donnez-lui en tant soit peu
give (him) her ever so little; suppose que cela soit granting that
that is so; en supposant que (dans la supposition que) supposing
(it is so) ; quelles que soient ses remontrances whatever his remon-
strance may be; une reprimande a rebuke; on resta jusqu'd ce
qu'il partit we (they) stayed (remained) until he left; c'est la
seule nouvelle qu'on a reque jusqu'd ce jour the only news received
to date; qu'ils sortent sans delai (tout de suite) let them go out
without delay (at once); faites-les entrer let them come in;
quoique je doute qu'ils entrent though I doubt they will come in.
Cinq voyelles, une consonne
En franqais composent mon nom;
Et je porte sur ma personne
De quoi I'ecrire sans crayon.
144 INDICATIVE
LESSON X
REVIEW CAREFULLY pages 116 to 143 and the follow-
ing to page 173.
In French there are six Moods or manners of expressing
an action, of implying a state of existence, viz. :
I'infinitif; I'indicatif; le conditionnel; I'imperatif; le subjonctif
et le participe.
88. The Infinitive or Impersonal Mood may be used
as a noun: (a) as subject; (6) as direct or indirect
object; (c) as attribute; (d) in prepositional
phrases. There is another Infinitive an infini-
tive of narration, which is preceded by de to
emphasize an idea translated in English by the
Preterit : Past of immediate action.
89. PRESENT INDICATIVE (le Present de rindicatif}.
As previously stated there is in French only one form of
expressing or indicating an action: being done now; of
implying a state of being at the very moment one speaks.
1. Hence: j'ai or any other verb may mean a present action or
feeling :
il a sa leqon he has (is having) his lesson, etc.
elle a faint she is hungry
tl est malade he is ill (has been ill, etc.)
depuis une heure since one o'clock; also:
depuis une heure for an hour (he is still ill)
2. An undeniable fact:
la lumiere existe light exists
3. a doubt or positive meaning implied with: si (if) when followed
or preceded by a principal clause in the Future tense:
si j'ai le temps, je travaillerai or: je travaillerai, si, etc. if I have the
time, I shall work; I shall work if, etc.; cf.: s'il est malade,
laissez-le seul or: puisque since, as he is ill (if he is ill) leave him
alone; si (whether) may imply doubt: je ne sais s'il parle le
franqais ou l'allemand I do not know whether he speaks French
or German; s'il est gai, c'est qu'il a de I'argent if he is cheerful,
IMPERFECT 145
it is because he has money; le temps, c'est de I' argent time is
money; il a si pen d' argent he has so little money; vous n'etes
pi,int malade; mais si, mais si: je le suis or: si, je le suis; you
are not ill; why yes, indeed; yes, I am; la maladie illness; le
malade patient.
V In narratives to enliven descriptions:
le pere, la mere, les enfants, tons prennent la fuite the father, the
mother, the children, all take to flight; d I'approche du bandit
at the approach of the bandit; si je te propose ces demarches, c'est
pour te procurer une satisfaction personnelle if I suggest to you
this step, it is to afford you personal satisfaction; menace de mart
prochaine, on se precipite d la portiere threatened with imminent
death, we (they) rush to the carriage-door; un coupe s'arrete
devant la porte later ale de a brougham stops at the side door ; cf . :
je viens de les voir I just saw them; I have just seen them; c'est
elle queje viens de rencontrer it was she whom I just met (immediate
Past).
90. DIRECT INTERROGATION: It requires the per-
sonal pronoun (subject) after the verb with
hyphen; if the subject is a noun, the latter usually
stands before the verb and is repeated as a pro-
noun after the verb: ai-je? a-t-il? etc.
I'homme est-il mortel? is man mortal? but: est-ce que I'homme est
mortel? is man mortal?
A form required in the present indicative of:
partir to leave (depart); parler to speak;
and all monosyllabic verbs (in the first person singular) except:
avoir and etre; aller to go; devoir to owe; dire to say (tell);
faire to do (make); pouvoir to be able; savoir to know (how);
voir to see.
91. IMPERFECT OF THE INDICATIVE (V Imparfait de
I'lndicatif (descriptive tense).
i. It describes a past not completed when something happened;
as being in progress:
il avail sa leqon, lorsqueje suis entre he had his lesson (was having
his, etc.), when I entered.
146 IMPERFECT WITH: si
2. A state of being; habit or permanent action:
il etait si triste a cette epoque-la he was so sad then; se (router
to be (there) ; nous avions nos lemons le lundi we had (used to have;
would have) our lessons on Mondays; Napoleon avail du courage
Napoleon had courage; on en avail souvenl we would often have
some; oh! cette nuil, Jean, que ne te Irouvais-lu pas la oh! John,
why were you not there last night?
3. Simultaneity or two actions taking place together:
quand nous avions noire le$on de franqais, vous aviez la votre
when (whenever) we had our French lesson, you had yours
4. After si (if) with conditional meaning, and followed or preceded
by the principal clause in the conditional :
si vous aviez de I' argent, vous anriez ce violon or: vous auriez ce violon,
si vous etc. if you had (should have; happened to have) any money,
the money, etc. ; you would have this violin, or: you would have, etc.
cf.: sij'yallais! suppose I go there ! or: I had better go (a sudden
decision); si je I'achetais! I had better buy it; suppose I buy it;
si je les voyais! if I should see them ! if I were to see them !
si (whether) implying doubt may be used in all the tenses of the
Indicative and Conditional:
il ne sail si son frere parle, a parle, parlera, aura parle, avail parle
he does not know whether his brother speaks, spoke (has spoken),
will speak, will have spoken, had spoken; il ne savait si son frere
parlail, parlerail, etc. he did not know whether his brother was
speaking, would speak, etc.
si (if) implying a condition is not to be used with the Future or the
Conditional:
si j'elais de vous (si j'elais que de vous) if I were you; s'il parle,
elle parlera if he speaks, she will; or: so will she; s'il parlail, elle
parlerail if he should speak, should he speak, she would too; if he
were to speak, she would also; (should he happen to, if he were
to speak, she would also); si elle avail parle, il aurail parle had
she spoken, so would he (have). Note that in the last example
we may use sometimes the Conditional Past (2nd form).
Exercice de Conversation:
on parlail souvenl de lui we often spoke (would speak) of him;
we used to speak of him (meaning what used to happen); on se
levait de bonne heure we used to rise early; de meilleure heure
earlier; son pere etait medecin his (her) father was a doctor; il
PAST DEFINITE 147
y avail une heure que j'attendais, lorsqu'il se presenta I had been
waiting an hour, when he made an appearance; at.endre to wait
for; ((ou sont les enfants?)) fit (s'ecria) le professeur where are the
children? said (exclaimed) the professor; (Past in narrative,
indirect discourse) : on demanda au concierge ou se trouvait M. X .
we inquired of the janitor where Mr. B. was; on te le disait. bien
et cela depuis longtemps we (they) kept telling it to you, and for a
long time; or: we did tell you, and for a long while; depuis quand
I'aviez-vous, lorsqu'il le reclama how long had you had it, when he
claimed it; depuis qu'il etait maire de la ville, tout le monde I'admi-
rait davantage after he became mayor of the city, everybody
admired him more; voila plus d'un an qu'on se le disait we had been
repeating it to one another for more than a year; comme il se
levait de table et qu'il s'avanQait vers la fenetre as he rose from the
table and advanced towards the window; voila, s'ecria-t-il (s'ecri-
ait-il) la voiture qui m'attend! "there," exclaimed he, "is the car-
riage waiting for me" ; voila ce qu'il disait that's what he was saying.
92. Imperfect used sometimes in verbs of speaking or
in quotations:
il entrait, dinait, se reposait he would enter, dine, rest; les uns
disaient: oui; les auires disaient: non some would say : yes ; others:
no; tous repondirent: oui all answered: yes!
Note again: the Past (when used) is determined by an act viewed
as in progress (Imperfect): habitual, lasting condition; in the
way it is interpreted, in its relation to some other action (going
on at the time another occurs); the Past Definite (Preterit)
refers briefly and simply to an action in the past and in a general
way (without further implication), while the Imperfect is (in our
mind) a Present as if continuous and descriptive for what had
been and still was (or Pluperfect in English) : Us y etaient depuis
deux jours they had been there for two days.
93. PAST DEFINITE (preterit, historical, narrative tense]
le passe defini expresses what happened in a
definite period of time:
il eut alors une recompense he had then a reward; il mourut, le
ler mai, 1900; he died on the ist of May, 1900.
NOTE. In books it is used with: hier (yesterday); la semaine
passee (derniere) last week; le mois passe the past month; I'annee
dernier e last year; but not in conversation.
148 OTHER PAST TENSES
94. PAST INDEFINITE (or: Perfect; Conversational
Tense) refers to a past action at a definite or
indefinite period:
il a eu sa legon d dix heures he had his lesson at ten; elle a eu sa
leqon she had her lesson.
NOTE. This tense is used instead of the (near) Future Past
tense :
attendez-le; il a fini dans cinq minutes wait for him; he (will be
through) will have finished within five minutes.
In few other cases: if you do not wish to be assertive, the Future
Past is used: il I'aura perdu he may have lost it; perhaps he did
lose it.
Various Examples:
il est arrive ce matin he arrived this morning; on s'est couche de
bonne heure hier soir we (they) went to bed early last night;
il a ete aime de tout le monde everybody esteemed him; il a ete
mal-ade deux semaines he was (has been) ill two weeks (he is no
longer ill) ; I'avez-tous achete did you buy it? je I' at achete I did.
NOTE. Tense considered rather formal in letter and conversa-
tion in English, while the French prefer it to the Past Definite,
either in -peaking of general facts, or of recent events:
il y a eu deux personnes de tuees two persons were killed (there have
been two persons killed); Richelieu a fondc I' Academic fran$aise
Richelieu founded the French Academy: the French Academy
was founded by Richelieu (Passive Voice often avoided in French).
A. Thierry a dit de lui: ((Tout ce nui etait possible en fait d' ame-
lioration sociale au temps de Richelieu fut execute par eel homme,
dont I' intelligence comprenait tout, dont le genie pratique n'omettait
rien, qui allait de I 'ensemble aux details, de I'idee d I'action avec une
merveilleuse habilete; il eut a un degre unique I' universalite et la
liberte d'esprit.))
95. PAST ANTERIOR refers to an act accomplished
immediately before another:
quand (apres que) il eut lu le journal, il sortit after he had read the
paper, he went out; a peine eut-il re$u la lettre qu'il y repondit
scarcely had he received the letter than he answered it; repondre
(a) to answer; to reply to; la reponse (answer).
PLUPERFECT 149
96. COMPARE the Pluperfect (both answer to the
English Pluperfect) :
il eta-it sorti quand vous etes venu he was out (he had gone out)
when you came, or vice- versa; lorsquej'avais eu ma legon,je sortais
(whenever I had had) when I had my lesson, I used to go out
(would go out) etc.
Observe: In some cases this tense is replaced by the Past
Indefinite:
j'ai lu avec plaisir que vous n'avez pas etc longtemps malade
I read with pleasure you had not been ill long.
97. PLUPERFECT generally used with the Imperfect :
quand il avail eu sa le$on, il sortait when he had had his lesson,
he would go out.
si (if) with the Pluperfect instead of the Conditional Past :
si vous aviez fait cette question, je vous aurais repondn if you had
asked that question, I would have replied to you; for: si vous
eussiez fait, etc.; it was customary to end (our task): on avail
toujours termine nos devoirs avant le diner our exercises were always
over before dinner (-time).
98. FUTURE (absolute and simple) :
ils ont des yeux et ne verront pas; Us ont des oreilles, Us n'enten-
dront pas they have eyes and see not ; they have ears and hear not.
Exercice de Conversation:
elle avail grandi depuis qu'on ne I' avail vue she had grown since
we saw her; elle disait que oui she said : yes; il parla les yeux baisses
he spoke with downcast eyes; on ne le fera pas; ni moi non plus;
they will not do it ; neither shall I (nor I either) ; ni lui non plus
neither he; qu'elait devenu son frere? what had become of his
brother? il est a souhailer que la guerre d' Europe se termine ( finisse)
le plus tot possible it is desirable that the European war will soon
end; vous sortirez, n'est-ce pas? n'est-ce pas que vous sortirez?
you will go out, will you not? ceux qui riront pleureront those
who laugh will weep ; peut-etre un jour meme ces souvenirs auront
pour vous des charmes perhaps some day these remembrances
may delight you.
Observe: This tense denotes simply an act to be done; use
will or shall with verb expressed or understood.
150 FUTURE
j'aurai ma legon demain, n'est-ce pas? I shall have my lesson to-
morrow; shall I not? or: n'est-ce pas que j'aurai ma legon demain.'
si yes; jusqu'oil ne monterai-je to what height may I not ascend?
monter to go up; comme vous vondrez as you please; f^is ce que
tu pourras do what you can; voulez-vous? is to be distinguished
from aurez-vous? vous viendrez, n'est-ce pas? you will come,
will you not? je viendrai I shall (for: I shall come).
Instead of the Imperative :
(ne tue point do not kill; for:) tu ne tueras point thou shalt not kill;
que ne dira-t-on pas? what may we not say? cf. : elle ne veut
point y oiler she will not go there; elle n'ira pas demain, mats
apres-demain she will not go to-morrow, but after to-morrow;
the day after; ce gamin passe souvent ses soirees dans Ics rues this
street-urchin often spends his evenings in the streets; voulez-vous
m'accompagner chez moi? will you accompan" me to my house
(home)? U veut que je vous le dtse he wishes me to tell it to you
(that I should tell it to you); savez-vous s'il ira do you know
whether he will go? toutes les personnes present es voudront bien
s'asseoir all present will kindly be seated ; il aura agi sans doute
d'apres les formalites requises he has no doubt acted according
to the required formalities.
99. FUTURE PAST (ANTERIOR) corresponds to the same
English tense and refers to what will have hap-
pened; also to denote possibility, conjecture, etc. :
il aura fini a six heures he will have finished at six o'clock; quand
il sera parti, on partira after he has left, we shall leave (we shall
leave after he does); il aura bientot termine (fini) he will soon
have finished; il I' aura perdu (in simple conjecture) he may have
lost it; perhaps he did lose it; elle aura ecrit sa lettre, quand vous
terminerez la votre she will have written her letter when you end
yours; il espere que vous n'aurez pas travaille trap dur he hopes
you have not worked too hard.
ioo. Two FUTURE ANTERIORS in one sentence, one of
which has a subordi nate clause with si:
quand (meme) vous aurez gagne des millions, vous n'aurez point
merite de confiance, si vous n'etes pas honnete even if you have
earned millions, you will deserve no confidence, if you are dis-
honest. Cf.: 101, i.
CONDITIONAL 15!
Exercice de Conversation:
recueillir 1 2 fruit de son travail to reap the fruit of one's labor;
vous recueillerez ce que vous aurez seme you will reap what you have
sown; il aura dissipe son bien he may have squandered his pro-
perty (fortune) ; on espere qu'il viendra we hope he may come (it is
to be hoped etc.) ; qui le volera sera puni whoever steals it (him)
will be punished; ce sera demain le trots mat to-morrow will be
the third of May; il sera devenu plus riche que Jean he must
have become richer than John; il se sera leve avanl nous he must
have risen before us; il aura etc estime de tout le monde he must
have been esteemed by all; il se sera trompe de rue he must have
taken the wrong street (he must have made a mistake) ; si /> tie
me trompe pas if I mistake not; if I am not mistaken; des qu'il
m'aura paye, je vous le ferai savoir as soon as he has paid me, I
shall inform you (let you know); personne ne saura si elle sera
venue no one will know whether she has come.
101. CONDITIONAL (PRESENT) (le present du condi-
tionnel) depends on a condition implied or stated
(with would or should as auxiliaries) and answers
to a past as the Future to a present; it is trans-
lated into English by would or should expressed or
understood; cf.: should with devoir implies duty;
would with vouloir implies volition; would (in the
Imperfect of past habit) to be distinguished from
would and should in the Conditional tense.
j'aurais, etc. I would or should have, etc. ; // voudrait etre riche
(s'il le pouvait) he wished he were rich (if he could); elle aurait
sa legon, si elle n'etait pas malade she would have her lesson, if
she were not ill; or: si elle n'etait pas malade, elle, etc.; le feriez-
vous would you do that (it)? je leferais I would; sij'avais le temps
if I had the time; on serait heureux, s'il se retablissait we shall be
glad if he recovers; il pourrait vous le dire he could tell it to you;
je voudrais etre riche I wish I were rich ; si je le pouvais if I could ;
il vint comme on pensait qu'il leferait he came as it was anticipated
that he would ; il lisail du matin au soir he would read from morn-
ing till night (Past of habit).
i. after si (if); quand (bien) meme (even ifj; also in subordinate
clauses when a verb of the principal clause in one of the Past
tenses and there is no doubt:
152 CONDITIONAL
quand meme il me le dirait, je ne le croirais pas even if he should
tell it to me, I would not believe him; on croyait qu'il viendrait
we (they; people) thought he would come; elle voulait voir s'il
trait she wished to see if (whether) he would go.
2. in advice, supposition, astonishment, iadignation, hearsay:
ilvaudrait mieux que vous I'ayez better for you to have it; on dirait
qu'il est mart one would think he is dead; luil trahir son serment!
(lui, il trahirait son, etc. !) he would betray his oath ! porter du bois
a une foret ne serait pas plus insense it is carrying coals to New-
castle; on m'a dit qu'il se retablirait I was told (they told me) he
would recover; on m'a dit d'entrer I was told I could enter; or:
on m'a dit que je pouvais entrer; on m'a defendu d'entrer I was
forbidden to enter; c'est a ne pas y croire one would not believe it;
autant dire you might as well say; je me demande ce que j' aimer ais
mieux qu'il soil (murmura la mere) I wonder what is the best thing
for him to be.
Exercice de Conversation:
comme il achevait sa lettre, il s'apergut que sa cigarette est eteinte
as he was finishing his letter, he noticed that his cigarette was out;
il part dans un instant he will leave in a moment; il etait nuit
noire quand il arriva chez lui it was pitch dark when he reached
home; rien ne I'ebranlera, je vous en avertis nothing will move him,
I warn you (tell you beforehand); elle sera sortie des qu'elle aura
acheve sa lettre she must have gone out as soon as she had finished
her letter; il ne me repond pas; me serais-je trompe? he does not
answer me; is it possible that I may be mistaken? il venait d'etre
elu president he had just been elected president; a quoi lui auraient
servi ses conseils? Us ne les auraient pas suivis of what avail
would have been his advice? he would not have followed it; c'est
la que, apres sa mart (apres qu'il sera mart) il reposera en terre it
is there where, after his death, he will be buried; il les connaissait
bien, et en parlait souvent he knew them well, and would often
speak of them ; si tu avais etc temoin de son courage, tu ne parlerais
pas comme fa if you had witnessed his courage, you would not
speak in that way; cela ne sera jamais approuve that will never
be approved; cela ne serait jamais approuve that can (could) never
be approved; d ce que dit le journal du matin, le traite de paix
serait conclu (selon le journal, etc.) (by what) the morning paper
says, a treaty of peace is concluded (according to the paper, etc.);
cf. : il serait en ville he is in town; quand je I' avais connu, il n' etait
REVIEWED 153
pas ce qu'il est aujourd'hui when I knew him, he was not what he
is to-day; plus on le cherchait a trovers les bois (la foret), plus on
se perdait the more we looked for him through the woods (forest) ,
the more we wandered (lost our way); quand le voleur entrera, el
qu'il sera temps de I'empoigner, je tirerai un coup de pistolet when
the thief enters and the moment is favorable to arrest (grab) him,
I shall fire a shot (fire off a pistol); apres qu'il Jut sorti on consola
la mere qui fondait en larmes after he had left (gone), we (they)
consoled the mother who burst into tears.
3. to express a wish, an opinion reservedly; also in certain ex-
clamations or questions:
je vous en serais bien reconnaissant I should be very grateful to
you (for it); il vaudrait mieux le faire better do it; on ne saurait
partager votre opinion one could (cannot) not share your opinion;
il Vaurait qu'il n'en serait pas content he would have it and yet not
be satisfied with it; serait-ce possible could it be possible? can
that be! je ne saurais le lui dire I could not tell it to him; oserais-je
lui parler! how could I dare speak to him ! pourrais-je ne pas
lui parler I See 80, (ft).
IO2
NOTE. would and should more fully explained with : vouloir, devoir,
pouvoir and savoir at 128, 131, 113, 116, 80.
auriez-vous I'obligeance de me laisser passer? would you kindly
allow me to pass? il serait honteux de mentir (mentir serait honteux)
it would be shameful to lie ! en pareilcasin such a case; ons'etonne
qu'il ne nous voie point we are astonished that he should not
(does not) see us; si vous en goutez (quand or apres que vous en
aurez goute) vous ne voudrez plus manger d'autre chose if you taste
(try) it, you will never wish to eat any other kind; quiconque
(celui qui) en mangerait, en mourrait whoever would eat of it,
would die.
103. CONDITIONAL PAST:
si j'avais eu la lettre, je I'aurais lue if I had had the letter, I would
have read it; s'il etait venu, je serais venu if he had come, I would
have come; s'U etait aime, il serait estime if he were liked, he would
be esteemed; si je m'etais leve a temps, je me serais habille if I had
gotten up in time, I would have dressed myself; o Fabricius 1
qui cut dit votre grande dme O Fabricius! who could have imagined
154 CONDITIONAL REVIEWED
your great soul? il se strait doncfdche he lost his temper (no doubt) ;
ette aura-it perdu la tete she lost her head (then!); si vous eussiez
parle plus tot! if you had spoken sooner! je comptais que vous
seriez venu lundi I expected you to come (on) Monday ; cela fut-il
vrai, ce n'est pas ban d dire or: cela serait-il vrai, ce n'est pas, etc.
granting that it is true or even if that were true, it is not well to
say it.
104. NOTE. The Second Form of the Conditional
Past, cannot replace the First Form when there is
no condition expressed ; the Conditional Anterior
has the same use as that of the Conditional : some-
thing would have happened, if, etc. ; and is related
to the simple Conditional just as the Future
Perfect (Anterior) to the Future.
Exercice de Conversation :
avait-il de I'argent, il le depensait (for s'il avail, etc.) if he had
money he spent it; il depensait tout ce qu'il gagnait he would spend
all his earnings (all he earned); un panier perce a spendthrift;
de folles depenses extravagant expense; il est depensier he is extra-
vagant (he likes spending money) ; il depense plus qu'il ne gagne
he spends more than he earns; elle n'oserait vivre aux depens d'au-
trui she wouldn't dare to live at the expense of others (at other
people's expense); voulait-elle de I'argent, sa mere lui en donnait
frequemment if she wished for money, her mother often gave her
some; quel gas pillage! what a waste! elle est econome she is saving
(thrifty) ; il faudrait faire des economies we (you, etc.) ought to
put by money (we should save); plus il perdait son temps, plus
il gaspillait (dissipait follement) the more he wasted his time,
the more he squandered away (spent extravagantly) ; sans discerne-
ment without discrimination; sans reflexion thoughtlessly; sans
reflechir without considering (seriously); son bien, sa fortune
his wealth, his fortune; les richesses du pays the riches of the
country; le temps, c'est de I'argent time is money; on ne saurait
trap profiler d'une occasion; one cannot (could not) make too
much of an opportunity ; on se moquait (on se riait) de ses largesses
they paid no heed to his liberality; ce serait se moquer que de ne
pas en tenir compte it would be treating it slightingly not to take
account of it; il en revenait toujours la he always persisted (harped
on that same string).
IMPERATIVE 155
105. IMPERATIVE (I'lmperatif) used in general as in
English; in the 2nd person singular and in the ist
and 2nd persons in the plural:
parle speak (thou) ; fais-le do it (thou)
Observe: Verbs of the first conjugation take no 5 in parle,
etc.; also in: cueille; ouvre; offre; tressaille; but the s is added to
parle; cueille, etc., before en and y:
cueilles-en gather some; and avoir, etre, savoir, vouloir borrow in
the Imperative the forms of the Subjunctive: aie; sois; sache;
veuille for: have; be; know; please.
1 . in a command this tense may imply present or future :
parlez maintenant speak now; partez demain leave to-morrow.
2. for want of the first person singular, the speaker may address
himself by using the second person singular or first person plural :
soyons sage, me dis-je (let us) be good, said I to myself; rentre
en toi-mtme, Jean collect thy (your) thoughts, John.
3. in suppositions:
faites-le, on se moque de vous do it and people will laugh at you.
4. Perfect Imperative seldom used:
ayezfini votre travail quand je serai de retour have your work done
when I am back (return) ; cf . : finissez de parler have done speaking.
106. Few verbs as Interjections, and as if to express
a sudden surprise or turn of mind; as if to en-
courage, to incite:
allons, j'accepte very well, 1 accept; allons done! nonsense!
liens (tenez)! il est la there! (why! hold!) look! he is here! voyons,
soyez sage come! be good. See 84.
LESSON XI
107. PRACTICE with the personal pronouns when the
Imperative is used affirmatively:
apporte-le-moi; apportez-la-moi bring it to me
apportez-les-nous bring (fetch) them to us
apportez-les-moi; apporte-les-moi bring them to me
apporte-le-lui; apporte-la-lui bring it to him (her)
156 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
apportez-le-lui; apportez-la-lui bring it to him (her)
apporte-les-lui; apportez-les-lui bring them to him (her)
apportez-le-leur ; apporte-le-leur bring it to them
apportez-la-leur ; apporte-la-leur bring it to them;
apportez-les-leur ; apporte-les-leur bring them to them
moi becomes rn before: en; lui does not change; y precedes en
me le te le nous le vous le
me la te la nous la vous la
me les te les nous les vous les
m'en m'y nous en lui en
t'en t'y vous en leur en
s'en s'y lui en y en
Drill:
apporte-m'en; apportez-m'en bring me some; ne m'en apporte(z)
pas do not bring me any; apporte-lui-en bring him (her) some;
ne lui en apportez pas do not! il s'en va he is going (away); ap-
portez-leur-en bring (fetch) them some; portes-y-en (portes-en-ld)
carry some there; portez-y-en (portez-en-la) carry some there;
n'y en portez pas do not carry any; portez-y-moi (portes-y-moi) :
portez-moi la carry me; portes-y-le (la); portez-y-la (le) carry it
(him); portez-le la; portez-y la take it (him) there; portes-y-la
carry her (it) there; portez-y nous carry us there; or portez-nous la.
Reflexive verbs:
leve-toi; levez-vous get up
levons-nous let us rise (get up)
qu'il se leve let him rise (get up)
asseyez-vous sit down; assieds-toi sit down
108. FINAL REVIEW of two possible pronouns after the
verb:
le moi with hyphens as above, although some prefer to omit
la moi the second hyphen.
les moi
la moi le nous la nous les nous
les moi le lui la lui les lui
le leur la leur les leur
m'en nous en nous \
t'en vous en vous y
lui en leur en
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 157
Observe. Combinations of three forms like:
donnez-m'y en are to be avoided, and also in conduisez-y mot
for: conduisez-moi la.
songez-y think of it; fiez-vous y trust him (confide in him); va-
t-en; allez-vous-en go away; je m'y fierai for: je me fierai a lui I
shall trust him; I'y; t'y; m'y are to be avoided.
109. Two possible pronouns before the verb : me le (/') ;
me la (/'); me les; te le (/'); te la (/')/ te les;
le lui; la lui; les lui se le(l'); se la(l'); se les
m'en; fen; s'en; I'en lui en; nous en; vous en
m'y; t'y; s'y leur en
nous y; vous y; leur y y en; les y
je les ai vus, lui el elle I have seen him and her; on en a parle a
lui, a vous et a moi they spoke of it to him, to you and to me;
je lui ai parle I spoke to him (her).
1 10. A few observations on the Imperative. The
tone of voice differentiates command from simple
wish:
tiens, ecoute now, listen; va pour un franc I accept (at that rate):
colloq.; let it go for a franc; tiensl qu'il est drole ! how funny
he acts! il est brutal, allez he is a brute, I assure you; qu'il ait;
qu'il soil; let him have; let him be; etc.; (in the Subjunctive
Present) replace the third person lacking in the Imperative.
also in such expressions as:
riez, moquez-vous, approuvez, critiquez-moi, cela nt'est egal laugh,
make fun, approve, criticize, it is all the same to me; or: gue
vous riiez, que vous vous moquiez, etc. (in the Subjunctive),
whether you laugh, make fun, etc.; que vous sondiez le terrain ou
non whether you examine the ground or not; whether you see
how matters stand.
but not in reference to threats (Subjunctive only) :
que tu casses ce verre et que je le sache break that glass and should
I be informed of it.
158 SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED
111. Infinitives used instead of the Imperative at the
end of circulars, letters or even in the body of a
sentence as a request for the reader:
voir a la page dix (also: voyez page dix) see page 10; s'adresser a
apply to; prendre une cuilleree a the take a teaspoonful; for:
je vous prie de vous adresser a or: je vous engage & vous adresser a
I request you to: I beg of you to apply to.
Exercice de Conversation:
je vous en prie I beg of you; implorer to beseech; I' enfant dit sa
priere the child is saying his prayer; on fait la priere du soir
they (etc.) are having their evening prayer; priere de faire parvenir
cette lettre a will you kindly see that this letter reaches M.; on
prie Dieu avec ferveur we pray God fervently; on les pria d, diner
we (they) invited them to dinner; avec instance earnestly; de la
part de M. X. at the request of Mr. B.; une demande indiscrete
an indiscreet question (request) ; priere de ne pas cracker dans les
tramways please do not expectorate in the tramways; une de-
mande instante urgent request; instamment urgently; instamment
earnestly (urgently) ; un tribunal de premiere instance qui siege au
chef -lieu du 10'- (dixieme) arrondissement Civil (Inferior) Court
sitting at the headquarters of the loth (tenth) precinct (district);
Paris a vingt (20) arrondissements (precincts).
dis-moi (dites-moi) ce qu'il fait tell (do tell me) me what he is doing
(what he does); dites-lui ce que font ces amis tell him (her) what
his (her) friends are doing; dis-moi oil se trouve ton ami (where
your friend is); Us se donnent la main they shake hands; elle
donne la main a she shakes hands with; je vous serre la main I
shake your hand; a I' instant meme at this very moment; on me
derange d chaque instant I am disturbed every moment; je suis
& vous dans un instant I will be with you in a moment; qu'il
attende un instant let him wait a minute; on les attend d'un instant
I'autre we expect them any minute; they are expected, etc.
LESSON XII
112. Su B JUNCTI VE Present or Future : le present du sub-
jonctif fully illustrated and reviewed from 121
on. Thus called: subjoined (subordinate, depend-
ing) because this tense is generally dependent
upon another; it implies probability or uncer-
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED 159
tainty; desirability or undesirability; in other
words it is the mode of expectation, contingency,
requirement and is introduced by que:
je ne crois pas (je doute) qu'il soil malade I do not believe he is ill
( : that he is ill) ; il est possible qu'il I' ait he may have it (it is possible
that he may have it); il aura soin que vous ayez votre argent he
will see that you get (secure) your money.
Observe: The verb in the principal clause, being in the Present
or Future, is followed in the subordinate clause by a verb in the
Subjunctive Present or Past, if one wishes to express a past action:
il est possible que vous ayez paye trap cher you may have paid too
much; payer cher sa victoire to pay dearly for one's victory; il a
paye sa visile cinq francs he paid him five francs for his visit;
colloq. : il me le payera I shall have my revenge; payer d 'ingratitude
to repay (reward) with ingratitude; il agit personnellement he
acted in person ; continuellement unceasingly ; il payade sapersonne
he took a risk (he was in the thick of the fray or battle) ; on ne se
paye pas de mots words are insufficient (do not satisfy us); il se
paiera un complet (full suit); he will treat himself to a suit; un
vetement dont toutes les pieces sont de la meme etoffe a (full) suit
comnosed of the same material.
i. after verbs implying doubt, will, supposition, mild affirmation,
concession, preference, wish, forbidding and emotions (fear, joy,
sorrow, etc.):
j'entends que vous restiez id I expect you to stay here; il doute
que cela soil he doubts whether it be so; je ne doute pas qu'il
ne le fasse I do not doubt that he will do that (it); il n'y a pas
le moindre doute there isn't the least doubt; le moindre d'entre
nous the lowest in rank among us; le moindre bruit les effraie
the least noise frightens them (it takes little to etc.); assure-
ment; sans doute; assuredly; no doubt; without doubt ; j'entends
que I' on m'obeisse I expect to be obeyed; c'est man intention
que Von m'obeisse it is my intention that I shall be obeyed;
on entendait qu'aucune avance ne put etre consentie (autorisee) it
was intended that no preliminary steps should be allowed ; autor-
i^er to authorize; autorisation, authorization.
Note sequence of tense in the foregoing examples.
I6O SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED
serieusement seriously; cette chose merite qu'on y rcflechisse this
matter deserves that one should think it over; que vouliez-vous
qu'il fit contre trois? what would you have had him do against
three? qu'il mourut (Corneille) I should have had him die; il
est heureux (c'est un bonheur) qu'il Vail rencontre it is fortunate he
should have met him ; il ne viendra jamais a I'idee de personne de
croire que ce soient des betes no one would ever imagine that they
are animals; il est douteux qu'on le fasse it is doubtful whether it
will be done; or: il n'est pas certain que cela se fasse; il s' attend
a ce qu'elle vienne he expects that she will come; il veut
que je parte he wants me to go; cf. : il veut partir he wants to
go; je veux bien qu'il parte I am willing he should go; il se peut
qu'il soitmalade perhaps he is ill; he may be ill. But: on ordonna
que I'annee commencerait le ler Janvier it was decreed that the
year should begin on the first of January; il est juste qu'il soil
puni it is fair he should be punished; il desire qu'elle Use he desires
her to read; on prefere que vans y alliez one prefers that you should
go there; elle souhaite que vous reussissiez she (strongly) wishes
you to succeed; il demande qu'un sauf-conduit lui soil obtenu a
I'avenir he asks that safe-conduct be accorded him in the future;
il demande ses passeports el les recoil he asks for his passport and
receives it; en cas de difficultes diplomatiques in case of diplomatic
difficulties; un certificat delivre par a certificate issued by; la libre
circulation des ambassadeurs accredites aupres de the free passage
of accredited ambassadors; on sollicile son depart they request
his departure; they enforce, etc.; on a impose son depart his de-
parture was enforced; c'est un permis de voyager donne par it is a
permit to travel granted by; on vous prie instamment de quitter
le pays you are urgently requested to leave the country; tant d
I'interieur qu'd I'exterieur in both countries; both in and outside
of the country; dans I'interieur (du pays) inland; in the interior.
il defendra que vous passiez he will forbid you to pass; on defendra
que vous passiez you will be forbidden to pass; cf. : on vous defendra
de passer you will be prevented from passing; on defend une
attaque, un enfant, un accuse we (they, people) defend an attack,
a child, an accused person; il se defend bien he defends himself
well; la defense du faible the defense of the weak; defense de
fumer no smoking allowed; le defenseur the defender; the ad-
vocate; il se tient sur la defensive (I' offensive) he stands on the
defensive (offensive); le defendeur the defendant; le demandeur
the plaintiff; defendable, indefendable defensible, not defensible;
indefensible; on admet que it is admitted that; il vous defie de
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED l6l
trouver un journal qui puisse le defendre he defies you to find a
newspaper that may defend him ; on defendra la France jusqu'a
la derniere goutte France will be defended to the last ; une goutte de
sang a drop of blood.
approuvez (agreezgueor souffrezque) approve of (permit) or forbear:
j'exige que I require that; on permet qu'il entre (on lui permet
d'entrer) he is allowed to enter (go in) ; on trouve naturel que;
on consent que we find it natural that; we consent that; on s' op-
pose a ce qu'il entre we oppose his entering; dites-leur qu'ils
s'appretent tell them to make themselves ready.
8 114
2. after adjectives or various expressions (with: etre ; avoir) re-
ferring to joy, sorrow, indignation, wonder, doubt and the like
(with different subjects) :
je suis fdche qu'il se soil derange I am sorry that he should have
disturbed himself; il est content que vous ayez gagne le prix he is
glad that you should have won the prize; on s'etonne que; on se
rejouit que we are astonished; we are glad that; on craint que;
on a peur que; on ahonte que; one fears; one fears; one is ashamed
that.
' "5
3. after interrogative or negative verbs implying doubt, uncer-
tainty, etc.:
croyez-vous qu'il soit id? do you believe he is here? je ne pense
pas qu'il soil arrive (jusqu'a present) I do not think he has come
(till now) or I do not think he has arrived; je crois qu'il est id
I believe he is here; il ne croit pas que je I'ai (certainty implied)
he does not believe that I have it; il n'y avail pas jusqu'au dentiste
qui n'arrachat the dentist was not the only one to pull, etc.;
si I'on soutient (affirme) que' la chose soil male if it is affirmed that
it is so; esperez-vous qu'il vienne? do you hope he will come?
1 1 6. and in fact after all verbs signifying: viewing,
stating, perceiving, resulting, declaring, knowing,
like s'apercevoir to perceive; voir to see:
etre sur (certain) s'imaginer
to be sure (certain) to imagine
162 SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED
se douter (de) declarer
to suspect to declare
se rappeler se souvenir (de}
to recall to remember
117
4. after the following verbs: and que:
ilfaut (il est necessaire: il est important) qu'il soil aupres du malade
he must be near (beside) the patient or it is necessary (it is impor-
tant) that he should be, etc.
il est bon il est facile il est possible
it is well it is easy it is possible
il est impossible il n'est pas possible
it is impossible it is not possible (impossible)
il semble (with doubt) il est temps
it seems it is time
il convient il vaut mieux
it is suitable it is better ( : better)
il est singulier il est singulier
it is rare it is singular
il importe il se peut
it imports it can be
il est a souhaiter (desirer) <J propos
it is desirable or fitting
il est naturel il est indispensable
it is natural it is indispensable
and many others of similar or dissimilar import: all based on prob-
ability, doubt or uncertainty.
il n'est personne qui n'ait quelque qualite there is no one that may
not have some merit; comment se fait-il que personne n'y pense?
how is it that no one thinks of it? il est bon de defendre sa religion
it is well to defend one's religion.
II8
But: the Indicative is used in the following:
il me (te; lui; leur) semble it seems to me (to you; to him; to her;
to them)
U resulte il s'ensuit
it ensues it follows
il est certain il est evident
it is certain it is evident
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED 163
toujours est-il que it is nevertheless true that
U m'est avis il lui est avis, etc.
my opinion is his (her) opinion is, etc.
il est vrai, sur, incontestable it is sure, true
il est clair il est incontestable
it is clear it is demonstrated
il par ait d'ailleurs que c'est lui qui est coupable
it seems however that it is he who is guilty
Observe: Those same verbs used negatively would require
the subordinate clause in the Subjunctive:
il ne lui semble pas que leur desir soil susceptible de it does not
seem to him (her) that their desire is apt to (or: capable of) or:
may assume.
"9
5. in reference to verbs of will, supposition, use the Indicative in a
subordinate clause if the matter questioned is very likely true :
on suppose qu'il a fait son devoir they suppose (assume) that
he has done his duty; on pretend qu'il est vivant they presume he
is alive.
same remark applies to interrogative or negative verbs :
croyez-vous vraiment que j'ai casse cette fenetre? do you really
believe I broke that window? il ne croit pas que je suis la he does
not believe I am here.
1-20
6. always the Subjunctive after the following conjunctive clauses:
d condition que provided; avant que before; a mains que (with
ne) unless; afin que in order that; bien que although; en cas que
in case; de peur que (with ne) and de crainte que (ne) for fear;
jusqu'a ce que until; encore que although; hors que without;
loin que far from its being the case; malgre que notwithstanding;
non que not that; pour que so that; pourvu que provided;
quoique although; sans que without; quelque . . . que however;
soil que (ou que) whether; si peu que (si . . . que) or pour peu
que however little; suppose que suppose (supposing).
NOTE. avant de; afin de; sans; de peur de; are followed by the
Infinitive; Subjunctive also after the following:
qui que whosoever; quoi que whatever; quelque . . . que what-
ever; tout . . . que however; ce n'est pas que but it is not.
164 SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED
121
que may stand for: sans que; bien que; jusqu'd ce que; etc.; or
si when followed by Subjunctive: attendez qu'il vienne (jusqu'd
ce qu'il, etc.) wait till he comes; si vous etes absent et qu'il se pre-
sente, que dirais-je? if you are away and he comes, what shall I
say? et que is then equivalent to: and if he, etc., with the Subjunc-
tive.
For Practice and General Review:
voulez-vous qu'il reste ou qu'il parte? do you wish him to stay or
leave? je prefere qu'elle s'en aille I prefer to have her go away;
or I prefer that she should go away; pourquoi avoir honte qu'il
le sache? why be ashamed of his knowing it (to have him know
it?) ; il a honte de ne pas avoir reussi (a' avoir echoue) he is ashamed
of not having succeeded (of having failed); de ce qu'il a echoue
that he failed; evitez qu'il ne leur parle avoid having him speak
to them; epargnez-leur cette peine save them that trouble; eviter
un danger to avoid a peril; prenez garde que cela ne lui arrive
take care lest that happen to him; cela empechera qu'on n' aille
avec eux that will prevent our going with them; empecher de to
prevent from; empecher de sortir to prevent from going out;
elever aucune objection to raise no objection; y donner son adhesion
to give one's consent; s'il consent que celasefasse, j'y donne mon
adhesion if he consents to that being done, I too consent; on
juge bon (louable; on approwve) qu'il s'abstienne de vin we think his
abstaining from wine is praiseworthy and we approve of it.
on se felicite (on se rejouit, on se glorifie) d' avoir pris une telle reso-
lution we congratulate ourselves upon (we rejoice at; we take
pride in) such a resolution; on se felicite que vous nous honoriez
de votre presence we are pleased that you should honor us with,
etc.; pour que nous le complimentions sur son succes so that we
may compliment him upon his success; juger a propos to
think fit; desapprouver to disapprove (of); trouver juste, injuste,
mauvais to think it just (fair); unjust (unfair); to disapprove;
loin qu'il puisse etre une question de vengeance far from being any
question of vengeance; votre exercice est bon, ce n'est pas qu'il
soil le meilleur your exercise is good, but it is not the best.
quel que soil votre merite, vous ne reussirez guere whatever your
merit may be, you will hardly succeed ; qui que vous soyez whoever
you may be; d quelque prix que ce soil at any cost; sans que I' on
sache pourquoi without knowing why; sans que rien n'y manque
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED 165
everything being provided; pour pen qu'il hesite if he hesitates
ever so little; 'pour que les lettres puissent circuler a prix reduits
so that letters may circulate at reduced rates; bien qu'il ne disc
rien although he says nothing; loin que les meurtres diminuent,
Us augmentent far from decreasing, murders increase; sans que
cela change le sens without changing its meaning ; changer de linge
to change linen; des habits de rechange spare clothes; il en tient
en reserve pour que d'autres articles semblables les remplacent au
besoin he keeps in store other similar articles to replace them
when needed; vous criez avant qu'on vous fasse mal you shout
before you are hurt; tirer vengeance de (se venger de) to avenge
one's self (to wreak vengeance); crier vengeance to cry out ven-
geance; ne respirer que to breathe out but (to thirst after);
par vengeance out of vengeance; il tient a ce qu'ils se defendant
he insists that they should defend themselves; vigoureusement
vigorously; furieusement with fury; avec acharnement desperately
(unmercifully) .
Exercice de Conversation:
ce n'est pas qu'elle le ha'isse not that she hates him; si lourde que
soit la tdche, elle ne va pas jusqu'a les paralyser however arduous
the task may be, it does not make them powerless; attaquer dz
paralysie to have a paralytic stroke; frappe de paralysie stricken
with paralysis; son esprit est inerte his mind is inactive; il manque
de force it lacks strength; sans ressort without activity; pas de
force de caractere no backbone; pour reussir il faut qu'il fasse
jouer tous les ressorts de son esprit to succeed he has to employ
every means at his disposal; his mental powers; jusqu'a ce que
cela soit fini until that is over; il n'a qu'a parler pour qu'on lui
obeisse to be obeyed he has but to say the word; s'il est vrai (si
tant est que) qu'il Vail offense even suppose he did offend him
(if it is true, etc.) ; on n' ignore pas que vous avez menti it is well
known that you lied ; si vous niez que cela soit vrai if you deny that
that is true; je ne nie pas que cela ne le soit I do not deny that
it is (so); elle ne connait qui que ce soit she knows nobody at all;
qui que vous soyez whoever you may be; quel que soit votre merite
whatever your merit ; quoi qu'on fasse, il trouve a redire whatever
we do, he finds fault; soit qu'il jut present, soit qu'il fut absent
whether he was present or absent; quel dommage que le voleur
se soit enfui what a pity that the thief should have escaped!
or: that he has escaped! il ne par ait pas qu'il ait raison it does not
appear that he is right; tout le monde se plaint de ce qu'il se trouve
166 SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED
id everybody laments his presence here; I'ennemi cut bien mieux
aime que les Franqais eussent rendu les armes the enemy would
have much preferred to have the French surrender; s'avouer
vaincu to confess one's defeat; il s'avoue vaincu he admits he is
vanquished; il est vrai que son ami flotte sans cesse d'une opinion
a une autre it is true that his friend wavers constantly from one
opinion to another; qu'un personnage aussi distingue qu'est M. X.
soil meconnu, cela est incomprehensible that a person so distin-
guished as Mr. B. should be unrecognized, is unexplainable; un.
esprit flottant he is inconstant; on ne croirait pas qu'il cut ag'
ainsi one would not believe that he would act in such a manner;
soil qu'on se reports a tel ou tel document whether we refer to this
or that, etc.; le 'vieillard se reporte aux jours de son enfance the
old gentleman looks back upon his days of childhood ; reporter une
somme d to bring (carry) a sum forward.
122
General Review:
si pen que ce soit however little it may be; sans que Von s'en doute
without (any one) suspecting it; on se doutait qu'il viendrait
we (they) suspected he would come; pour que les bateaux n'en
soient pas charges so that the boats may not be laden with them;
suppose que cela soit granted it be so; si tant est qu'il le puisse
supposing he can; if he can; tant il y a que (tant y a que) colloq. :
for: quoiqu'il en soit at all events; malgre tout cela (quoiqu'il en soit
de tout cela) in spite of all that (it's all very well, but); quoique
en dehors de la regie commune although not within the ordinary rule.
NOTE. quoique is apostrophized only before: un (e), on; il; elle;
quoique pas tres gate cette perspective I enchante although not very
inviting this perspective charms him ; quoique or quelle que soit
la chose que whatever the thing may be that; quelque chose que
je lui aie dite whatever I may have said to him (her) ; elle attend
que sonfils revienne (elle attend le retour de sonfils) she expects her
son's return; se rendre a to go to; to repair to; quoi que vous
fassiez (vous avez beau faire) whatever you (may) do or in vain
you do; si riche que 1 'on soit, il est ban de however rich one may
be, it is well to; quoi que ce soit or: quelque chose que vous ayez
promise whatever you may have promised; sans qu'il soit neces-
saire de se donner beaucoup de peine without (giving one's self)
much trouble; admettez {prenez) qu'elle n'ait rien dit admit that she
did not say anything; sans qu'il s'en doute without his suspecting it.
INDICATIVE REVIEWED 167
LESSON XIII
123. ORAL DRILL based on the Indicative after:
au moment oii tout fait presager qu'on doit reussir at the moment
when everything presages success; des que (from the very moment)
vous vous presenterez as soon as you (will) make an appearance;
des que vous voulez since you wish ; aussitot que (en meme temps
que) vous presentez votre note, vous touchez toujours votre argent
whenever you present your bill, you receive your money; sitot
que (aussi promptement) as soon as; au moment meme qu'il arriva
at the very moment he came; aussitot apres son arrivee immedi-
ately after his arrival; des qu'elles sont sinceres since they are
sincere; aussi bien que as well as; Jean aussi bien que Paul John
as well as Paul; */ est aussi instruit que vous he is as well informed
as you; il est aussi imbecile (faible a" esprit) que son ami he is as
much an imbecile (weak-minded) as his friend; on le dit; et moi
aussi so it is said; and I too; lui aussi le dit he also says it.
ainsi que (de la maniere que) or: comme; si c'est ainsi que la chose
s'est passee if it happened thus; je vous la raconterai ainsi (telle)
que je I'ai entendue (raconter) I shall relate it as I heard it ; s'il
en est ainsi if such is the case; cela s'est passe ainsi (tel) que je
vous I'ai raconte that occurred precisely (in the way) I told you;
ainsi va le monde such is the world ; il en est ainsi de tout le monde
thus it is with everybody ; offrez les billets a mesure que les amis
passer ont present the tickets as friends pass along; de filer to
defile; to go by; to go past; a proportion proportionately; a
mesure qu'il recoil tant, il depense tant in proportion to the amount
received he spends; au fur et a mesure (a fur et a mesure) qu'il
depense in proportion as he spends or according to the amount
spent; successivement (I'un apres I'autre) in succession; one after the
other; attendu que (vu que); de la meme manure; considering; in as
much as; in so far as; whereas; on vous traitera de la meme maniere
que vous aurez traite les autres they will deal with you in the way
you deal with others; aussi loin que la vue s'etend as far as the eye
reaches; tant que as far as; as long as; aussi longtemps qu'il vivra as
long as he lives; il gagne autant que moi he earns as much as I do;
autant de cafe que de the as much coffee as tea; d' autant mieux
so much (all) the more (the better) [for it] ; une fois autant as much
again; d' autant plus qu'il est avare the more so because he is a
miser; cela diminuera ses dettes d' autant that will make his debts so
much the less.
1 68 INDICATIVE REVIEWED
*
Exercice de Conversation sur 1 indicatif :
a la condition qu'il soil sage provided he is good; durant que
while; tant que durera le conflit while the conflict lasts or: as long
as; de ce que vous dites from what you say; depuis que les pr ogres
de la science ont demontre sa valeur since the progress in science
has demonstrated its merit; on inscrit les noms a mesure qu'on
les regoit names are inscribed as they are received; de meme que
in the same manner as; so as, as; vu que (du moment que; puis-
que; etant considere que); considering, since, seeing that; puisque
(since, in as much as) ; puisque vous vous refusez a avouer ce que
vous faisiez since you refuse to confess what you were doing;
pendant qu'elle roule ses cheveux pour les friser while she rolls up
her hair to curl it; tandis qu'elles tiennent a la branche while they
hang to (on) the branch; d'autres se tiennent sous I'arbre others
stand under the tree.
peut-etre qu'il y a une equivoque de sens perhaps there is ambiguity;
un double sens double interpretation; parce que I' on execute une
danse, au son de la musique because they perform a dance to an
accompaniment; par ce q ue judging from; from what; sans doute
qu'il possede un autographe (de) no doubt he has an autograph in
his possession; peut-etre vous attend-il perhaps he is waiting for
you ; lorsque when ; quand la mart le surprit when death overtook
him; outre cela besides that; outre que ce sont des preuves ecrites
not only they are written proofs or: besides being written proofs;
tandis que while (whilst); au lieu que while on the contrary
(whereas). Observe: tandis que implies contrast;
NOTE. quand (when) is used preferably in a general sense to
lorsque, and refers to a future, an hypothetical idea; also in ques-
tions.
124
selon que, suivant que according.
Observe: de maniere que so that; de sorte que; de fa$ on que;
en sorte que, so that; si ce n'est que except; tellement que so that
(to such an extent) ; sinon que unless, all are used in the Indicative
(in the subordinate clause) when certainty is implied or with the
Subjunctive when there is doubt.
Oral Drill:
faites en sorte (de telle sorte) que tout le monde soil content manage
in such a way that everybody be pleased; il fit de telle sorte que
INDICATIVE REVIEWED 169
tout le monde etait content he managed so that every one was
pleased; de quelque maniere que ce soit in any way whatever;
tdchez d'arriver a ce que vous joigniez les deux bouts contrive to
have both ends meet; une combinaison a contrivance; quand il
vient a pleuvoir, le vent s'apaise when the rain comes, the wind
abates; pendant qu'il met (a) la main a la pate while he is at it;
while he does the work himself; du jour qu'il est parti since the
day he left; a la condition qu'il ne demandera rien provid I he
asks for nothing ; a la condition de servir a table with the condition
that you wait, etc.; selon qu'il sera ban ou mechant as he is good
or bad; according to his merit or demerit; selon qu'il vous a bien
ou mal servi according as he served you rightly or not ; de maniere
a etre de niveau avec la surface de I'eau so as to be on the level with
the surface of the water; suivant qu'elle se gonfie ou qu'elle se vide
in the way it is inflated or not; vider une bouteille to empty the
contents of a bottle; on vide une volatile they clean a fowl; vider
un differend to settle a dispute ; il vida la bouteille de vin he drank
the bottle of wine; rien de grave ne se faisait qu'on ne les eut aupa-
ravant consultes nothing important would be transacted before
consulting them; sauf qu'il agite legerement la main except move
his hand slightly; son estomac est vide (ne contient pas d' aliments)
his stomach is empty (contains no food) ; sa mart fait un grand
vide his death makes a great void; degarni empty: (left) bare;
le parloir est vide the drawing-room has been emptied; sans rien
contenir empty or a vide empty; d'ou I' on a tout enleve where
everything has been removed; puisque ce mot est vide de sens
since that word is devoid of meaning; il perdit tellement (a tel
point) qu'il revint les mains vides he lost to such an extent that
he came back with empty hands.
125. SUBJUNCTIVE IN THE PRINCIPAL CLAUSE (absolute
subjunctive) used in independent clauses with an
idea of the Imperative Mood; also in certain
forms of concessions; in imprecations with or
without que:
qu'il le veuille ou non whether he wishes it or not; vaille que vaille
for better or worse; haphazard; ainsi soit-il amen; thus be it;
pas queje sache not that I know; je ne sache rien I know nothing,
etc.; puisse-je reussir may I succeed! Dieu le veuille please God.
NOTE. Principally used in the substantive clauses with:
avoir; etre; venir; advenir; garder; plaire; perir; savoir; vivre; vouloir.
170 INDICATIVE REVIEWED
vive la Republique long live the Republic! Dieu m'en garde (a
Dieu ne plaise) God forbid! honni soil qui mat y pense evil to
him who evil thinks; vienne le deluge! after that the deluge:
advienne que pourra come what may; qui vive who goes (is)
there? or: sentinel's cry; sur le qui-vive on the alert; dusse-je
perir! were I to perish! soil! or: qu'il en soil ainsi let it be so;
sauve qui petit (le sauve-qui-peut) save himself who can; fasse le
del God grant.
Various Examples (exemples divers):
passe encore pour cela let it pass; soil dit entre nous be it said
among ourselves (between ourselves); cela soil dit en passant
but that by the way; Dieu vous assiste (que Dieu vous assiste)
may God assist you; as a threat: qu'on ne vous y reprenne plus
don't do it again; Dieu vous le rende may God reward you;
grand bien vous fasse much good may it do you; qu'il n'en soil
plus question let us say no more about it; que cela ne vous tour-
mente point don't let that worry you; que cela n' arrive plus
never do that again; qu'd cela ne tienne little matters.
NOTE. You may often explain the above Subjunctives in
parsing either by inverting or by expressing the verbs of wishing,
etc., which are understood.
Exercice de Conversation:
que le hasard seul decide rely solely upon chance ; un jeu de hasard
game of chance; qu'il compte sur (or s'abandonne au) le hasard
that he should count upon (trust to) fortune; c'est beaucoup dire
that is saying much; on s' expose a des pertes (a des revers) we make
ourselves liable to losses (reverses); s'exposer au danger to be
exposed to danger; qu'il expose ses peintures let him exhibit his
paintings; exposer son systeme to explain (to propound; to ex-
pound) one's system; il expose sa vie tous les jours he endangers
his life every day; leur appartement est un peu trop expose au nord
their apartment is rather too much exposed to the north; enfant
abandonne foundling; s'exposer <J la critique to lay one's self
open to criticism; argent (m.) comptant cash; qu'il fasse un ex-
pose des fails let him draw up a statement based on facts; les
produits de presque tous les pays furent admis & I'Exposition de
San Francisco the products of most countries were admitted at
the San Francisco Exposition; quelle belle exposition de marchan-
dises! what a beautiful exhibit of merchandise! quel opulent etalage
what an opulent display!
INDICATIVE REVIEWED 1 71
qu'on I'ait abandonne sur la place, c'est un fait constate that he was
abandoned in the square is a known fact; le vitrier the glazier;
les foires se tiennent annuellement a X. the country-fairs are held
annually at X.; quel bel emplacement pour les bestiaux what a
fine location for cattle; les Halles de Paris Central Market in
Paris; une place publique a public place; le marche au poisson
the fish-market; les mettre en vue to place them in view; qu'il
exhibe son passeport let him show (produce) his passport; le
vitrage glazing; belle exhibition de tableaux a beautiful show of
pictures; un etalage d'objets qui interess'nt le public a display of
articles which interest the public; une vitrine a show-window;
certains marchands etalent leurs marchandises sur La vote publique
certain merchants display their goods on the street; le carreau de
vitre pane of glass; on ne passe pas no thoroughfare; le vitrail
the stained glass window; une porte vitree a glass door; vitrer
to provide with glass.
126. Certain Relative Pronouns or CONJUNCTIVE
ADVERBS: implying doubt, inclination; also when
the principal clause refers to a general negation
or the negation implies a negative answer, all re-
quire the Subjunctive:
indiquez-lui un livre qu'il puisse comprendre recommend him a
book which he may understand; je lui ai recommande un livre
qu'il peut comprendre I did recommend him a book that he can
understand ; same rule after : qui; le seul; la seule; les seuls qui;
les seules qui; le premier qui; la premiere qui; les premiers qui;
les premieres qui.
also: after Superlatives, except when the idea is absolutely true; the
superlative, the numeral word, the negative, interrogative or
conditional clause, adjectival clause being based on certainty:
envoyez-moi quelqu'un qui sache commander send me some one that
knows how to order; y a-t-il un endroit qui soil plus pittoresque
que celui-ci is there a spot more picturesque than this? un site
agreable a pleasant site (scenery) ; un paysage magnifique a magni-
ficent landscape; il n'est rien qui vaille nothing worth considering;
en est-il un parmi nous qui ne soil coupable? is there one among us
who is not guilty?
172 SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEWED
127. ne: used when the principal clause implies
negation;
y a-t-il un homme qui n'ait quelque merite? is there a man who has
not some merit? il y a pen de personnes qui le sachent not every-
body knows it; few people know it; pen de gens I'ignorent few
people are ignorant of it; n'est-ce point elle qui m'a salue? is it
not she who greeted me? c'est le meilleur cigare qu'il y ait dans
cette boite it is the best cigar (there is) in the box; de ces trois
cigares, c'est le meilleur que vous avez out of those three cigars
you have the best; c'est le seul serviteur que j'ai he is the only
servant I have; il est seul coupable de ce crime he is the only one
guilty of that crime; ne: note again that ne comes after verbs of
fear (and after comparisons of inequality or as above) unless
used interrogatively, negatively, or followed by de:
prenez garde que vous ne tombiez take care not to fall; prenez
garde de tomber take care, etc. ; gardez-vous bien de mentir beware
of lying; d moins qu'il ne garde une poire pour la soif unless he
lays up something for a rainy day; empechez qu'il ne le fasse
prevent him from doing that; de crainte qu'il ne soit malade
for fear that he may be ill (for fear of his being ill); il craint qu'il
ne soit absent he fears he may be absent.
128. GENERAL RULE AND FINAL REVIEW: SUBJUNC-
TIVE or INDICATIVE:
Should you be certain, positive, use Indicative;
should you be doubtful or uncertain, use Sub-
junctive. In other words: independently of the
form and in accordance with the general rules,
ask yourself if there is an underlying idea which
affects the principal and the subordinate clauses.
Then: should what is expressed in a subordinate clause
be certain, positive, use the verb of that clause in the
indicative; should what is expressed in a subordinate
clause be uncertain or: purely probable, use the verb
in that clause in the Subjunctive.
= main clause with subordinate
= present or future with subjunctive present or past
INFINITIVE REVIEWED 173
= past tenses with subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect,
= imperfect (Subjunctive) often replaced;
= Conditional present with Subjunctive present or
imperfect ;
je ne pense pas qu'il sorte I do not think he will go out ; ne pensez
pas qu'il sorte do not think he will go out; je ne pensais pas qu'il
vint I did not think he would come; je ne pensai pas qu'il vint I
did not think he would come; il a voulu qu'on vienne (soil venu)
he wished us to come; quoique je ne pense pas qu'il sorte
though I do not think he will go out; je ne penserai pas qu'il sorte
I shall not think he will go out; quoique je pensasse qu'il vint
though I thought he would come; je ne penserais pas qu'il vint
I should not think he would come; quoiqu'il ait voulu though he
wished; though he has wished; il avail voulu (il eut voulu; quoiqu'il
cut voulu; il aurait voulu) qu'elle vint (or: fut venue) he had wished
(he had wished; though he had wished; he should have wished)
her to come.
129
NOTE. Few exceptional cases after verbs of saying, etc.,
where a Present Indicative, etc., may be followed by a Past Sub-
junctive or inversely:
on ne croyait pas qu'il y ait tant de monde we did not believe that
there would be (are) so many people; (various examples p. 167,
123) on n'affirme point qu'ils eussent tort we do not affirm they
were wrong (sequence of tense depends mainly on the sense of
the context): je doute que les Grecs fussent tous des artistes I
doubt that all the Greeks were artists; il n'y a point d' artiste qui
put I'egaler he has no equal; no artist (there has been no artist)
equal to him; je voudrais qu'il vienne I should like him to come;
Dieu nous a donne certains talents pour que nous nous en Servians
God has given talents that we may make use of them.
LESSON XIV
130. INFINITIVE (I'mfinitif):
In general it stands as an equivalent to the English
infinitive preceded by to; as an object of, or dependent on
the verb the Infinitive may be preceded by de or d; or
without any preposition. See 133 to 144.
174 INFINITIVE REVIEWED
The point to be emphasized is to determine when you
have to use either proposition (de or d) before the Infini-
tive; de which is of more frequent use may be merely a
sign of the Infinitive or may most commonly replace to; of
or from; on account of; in respect to; for, in English.
Briefly stated it may be used as a verbal substantive,
expressing generally an action, but vaguely; as an object,
predicate, prepositional phrase, etc. As a noun and with
the article, possessive adjective; compare the Greek,
Latin and French forms.
I 'avoir, son avoir, man avoir the credit, his (her) credit, my credit;
les vivres, le boire et le manger food, drinking and eating; le dejeuner,
le diner, le souper, le gouter breakfast (lunch), dinner, supper,
luncheon; le devoir, le lever, le coucher (du soleil) duty, rising,
the setting (of the sun).
131 . The French Infinitive has a Present and a Perfect
Tense: lire to read; avoir lu to have read. The
Present Infinitive may correspond to the Indi-
cative, Imperfect, Future and the Conditional,
as a subordinate clause.
il croit lire or il croit qu'il lit he believes he is reading; (the latter
form is required when the subject refers to different persons);
il croyait lire or il croyait qu'il lisait he thought he was reading;
il compte arriver or il compte qu'il arrivera he expects to arrive; U
comptait arriver (il comptait qu'il arriverait) he expected to arrive
(. . . he would arrive) ; elle comptait venir (. . . qu'elle viendrait)
she expected to come (she would come); je pense (j'entends)
partir I expect to leave; je crois commencer a vous comprendre
I believe I begin to understand you; elle a cru devoir lui parler
or elle a cru qu'elle ferait bien de lui parler she thought she had
better speak to him (she thought she would speak); elle a cru
qu'il lisait she thought he was reading; il croit de son devoir de le
grander (il croit qu'il est de son devoir de etc.) he deems it a duty to
scold him; je veux le croire it may be so!
132. PERFECT OF THE INFINITIVE corresponds to the
Past (Perfect), Pluperfect, Future Anterior and
the Conditional Past:
INFINITIVE REVIEWED 175
il croit avoir lu for:
il croit qu'il a lu he thinks he has read; il aime la lecture (il aime
a lire) he likes to read (he is fond of reading).
NOTE. Modal Auxiliary verbs with complement (or object):
devoir; vouloir; savoir; pouvoir; oser and also: faire; laisser and
several verbs with no preposition between them serve as a sort of
auxiliaries; also as subject or in apposition; as predicate or
logical subject; after a few Impersonal verbs; after certain verbs
of desiring, intending, hoping and the like; and of declaring, be-
lieving, perceiving and in some relative clauses. Examples will
illustrate rule under proper heading.
133. INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT:
lire, c'est travailler to read is to work; reading is working; ce
stands as a repetition: ce n'est point gentil de votre part de parler
ainsi (for: parler ainsi n'est point gentil) to speak thus does not
become you.
1. in the latter case de may be omitted; and in a comparison de is
required ;
vaut mieux se taire que de dire des sottises a ce monsieur better be
silent than to say harsh things to that gentleman; il vaudrait
mieux se taire better be silent.
2. as a logical subject the infinitive is often anticipated and gen-
erally preceded by de (as an expletive) :
il est agreable de voyager (voyager est agreable) it is pleasant to travel
(traveling is pleasant); le plus sur est de lui parler the safest
(way) is to speak to him (her) ; il est inutile de repondre; lui repon-
dre, c'est inutile; it is useless to answer; to answer him is useless;
ne repondez pas do not answer; il fait bon pecker en eau trouble
it is good fishing in troubled water; c'est a lui a jouer it is his turn
to play; c'est a vous de lui dire de ne pas jouer it belongs to you
to tell him not to play. See 120.
historical infinitive ; de after nouns, adjectives and verbs. 139.
134. INFINITIVE AS ATTRIBUTE:
jouer n'est pas travailler playing is not working.
1/6 INFINITIVE REVIEWED
and in such predicates as :
il semble se plaindre he seems to lament; il est cense connaitre la
loi he is supposed to know the law; son premier devoir est d'etre
aupres de sa mere his (her) first duty is to be with his (her) mother.
de in predicate uses is replaced by a when the infinitive has the force
of a predicate adjective or is rendered by to be (plus the adjec-
tive or past participle) :
il est facile de faire cela to do that is easy; c' est facile a fair e that
is easy to do (to be done) ; Us sont a plaindre they are to be pitied.
135. INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT:
il veut entrer he wishes to enter ;
faire (and its various uses and meanings) : when followed by faire
or any other verb, is translated by: to cause or have and the
object:
je ferai entrer le monsieur I shall have the gentleman enter (I
shall cause him to come in) ; ette fera faire une robe she will have
a gown made.
Faire with a reflexive verb (and the latter losing: se or nous, etc.) :
je lui ferai rappeler (not se rappeler) I shall have him (her) re-
member.
NOTE. lui; leur (with faire) only used when the following verb
has a direct object; otherwise: le; la; les.
je le ferai venir chez vous I shall have him come to your house;
je lui ferai parvenir cette lettre I shall have that letter sent to him;
j'ai fait boire un verre de lait a cet enfant (je lui ai fait boire, etc.)
I gave (I caused that child to drink, etc.) that child a glass of milk;
je le lui ferai boire I shall make him drink it; with a few more uses
and under its proper heading (Irregular Verbs).
136. ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES with de:
il est charme de vous voir he is glad to see you; il s'abstint de boire
he abstained from drinking; il se rejouit de les voir he rejoices at
seeing them; elle a envie de pleurer she feels like crying; (and
many other such expressions made from verb with noun): il a
honte de he is ashamed of; il a besoin de (il est dans la necessite
de) se servir de lui he needs to make use of him ; il importe peu
d'y oiler: il est de peu d 'importance de (il est peu d'importance de,
etc., or: cela est de peu de consequence), it imports little to go there
INFINITIVE REVIEWED 177
(it is of little importance; of little consequence to, etc.); il nest
pas digne d'etre recompense (il estindigne de, etc.) he is not worthy
of being rewarded (he is unworthy of, etc.) ; il s'agit de se comporter
en homme d'honneur (il est question de) it is a question of behaving
like a man of honor; il se repent d' avoir mal agi he repents having
acted badly; il se tnele des affaires (il s'ingere dans les) he mixes
in the affairs of; on a resolu de; venir de; on vous dispense de
I' accompagner you are excused from accompanying him ; (on trouve
ban que and Subj.) : on trouve Don que vous ne I ' accompagniez pas it
is found advisable that you should not accompany him; il
s'exempte de ce travail (il se soustrait a I' obligation de) he avoids
this work (he exempts himself from the obligation of).
137. INFINITIVE AS INDIRECT OBJECT:
tu cherches a plaire you are trying to please; il tache de se faire
aimer or il cherche a se faire aimer he strives to make himself
liked; cf.: tdchons de lui plaire let us endeavor to please him;
efforqons-nous de (faisons tous nos efforts pour) let us make every
effort to; vous etes alle (allee) chercher le medecin you went for
the doctor; une chambre a louer a room to rent (to be rented);
utile a savoir useful to know.
here the infinitive is used attributively or predicatively after etre ;
also as a sort of compound noun (like an ordinary noun of char-
acteristic).
une salle a manger a (one) dining-room; un verre d vin a wine-
glass; une salle de spectacle play-house; un verre de vin a glass
of wine; c'est une chose facile a faire.
REMARK. If used with a preposition and in a subordinate
clause the infinitive must refer to some word, either as subject
(expressed or understood) or direct and indirect object:
on travaille pour vivre we (people) work to live (i. e., the desire
for living makes us work).
ambiguity in the following:
on le chassa sans savoir pourquoi they expelled him without know-
ing why. Better say : il fut chasse sans savoir pourquoi; cela va
sans dire (sans qu'on le dise) of course.
138. INFINITIVE CLAUSE mostly with:
laisser to allow entendre to hear
voir to see ecouter to listen
sentir to feel penser to think
12
178 INFINITIVE REVIEWED
and in common combination:
alter chercher to go for (to go and fetch) ; envoyer chercher to send
for; venir chercher to come for; and other constructions: voir
faire; faire voir; je vais le voir I will see him; il a pense mourir
he was on the point of dying; ecoutez-le chanter listen to him sing-
ing; je le vois venir (je le vois qui vient) I see him coming; */ a
failli tomber he came within an ace of falling; il a beau parler
in vain he speaks; nous sommes alles le trouver we went to find
him; il a ele, le trouver he has been to find him.
139. ABSOLUTE INFINITIVK in independent proposi-
tions (clauses) :
que faire what am I (are we, etc.) to do? que dire? what am I
going to say?
and in narrative infinitive:
et les hommes d'applaudir! and the men applauded !
and in imperative clauses:
voir page cinq see page five; for: vous &tes prie (e) de voir d la page
cinq you are referred to page five.
Exercice de Conversation:
il aime a taquiner he is a great tease; j'aime mieux le vin que la
biere I like wine better than beer; je prefere le vin a la biere I
prefer wine to beer; n' aimeriez-vous pas d'y aller? wouldn't you
like to go there? on dit I' avoir vu he is said to have been seen;
il souhaite pouvoir reussir he (strongly) wishes to be able to succeed ;
on espere I'attraper they hope to catch him ; je vous assure (affirme;
avoue; declare; etc.) ne les avoir jamais vus I declare (assert;
confess; state) that I never saw them; il nie etre complice he
denies that he is an accomplice; elle nie qu'il soil coupable she
denies that he is guilty; je ne nie pas que la chose ne soil pas
possible or: soil possible I do not deny that it may be possible;
autant ne pas le faire mignt as well not do it; il doit (il est tenu de)
payer he owes (he has to pay) ; il est tenu a cela (est oblige a cela)
he is held responsible or: he is bound to that; il a laisse tomber son
chapeau he let his hat fall (he dropped his hat) ; on entend sonner
la cloche we hear the bell ringing; au moment ou minuit a sonne
on the stroke of twelve (P.M.) ; un appartement au midi apartment
with southern exposure; ne trouvez-vous pas que ce chien est vilain?
don't you think this dog is ugly? enfinl les voila qui viennent
INFINITIVE REVIEWED 179
at last! here they are coming; traverser to cross; on a vu le voleur
traverser (qui traversait) la rue the thief was seen crossing the
street; s'il venait a faillir if he happened to fail; pretendre to
claim; to assume; si je pretends avoir raison if I claim to be right
(if I do claim, etc.); quej'ai echoue, c'est clair that I should have
failed is clear; c'est I'evidence meme it is self-evident.
140. INFINITIVE in subordinate clause used (as pre-
viously explained) for: que and the verb, when
the subject is the same:
il pense reussir for: il pense qu'il reussira he thinks he will succeed.
and when the subject is different:
il croit le moment favor able arrive r or: il croit que le moment favorable
approche he believes the favorable moment is approaching.
NOTE. Sometimes the different subject is inverted when the
infinitive is a neuter verb or used as such:
il a ecoute chanter cet enfant he listened to that child singing;
elle a fait venir le medecin she sent for the doctor (physician) : (she
caused the physician to come).
141 . COMPARE THE INFINITIVE used alone (with a pre-
positional infinitive) or the Infinitive in a sub-
ordinate clause and as subject, object (direct or
indirect). As an abstract noun:
il aime a lire (il aime la lecture) he likes to read (he is fond of
reading) ; vouloir, c'est pouvoir willing is power or: where there is a
will, there is a way.
and there is an idea of action implied in the infinitive but not
in a noun; que as subject or object in dependent infinitives.
Oral Drill:
les paroles qu'il osait nier the words he dared to deny; I' argent
que I'oncle affirmait posseder, le possedait the money the uncle
maintained having, possessed him; il a fait sortir I'homme he
made the man go out (he caused to go out) ; on fera disparaitre
les difficultes we will cause the difficulties to be removed; on fera
aplanir les difficultes difficulties will be smoothed; il jure d'y
etre he swears to be there; il jure etre innocent he swears he is
innocent; il prof ere des jurements he is profane; he blasphemes;
ISO INFINITIVE REVIEWED
il fail un serment he takes an oath; s'il a prete serment de fidelite
if he took an oath of fidelity; c'est une promesse solennelle sur la-
quelle il faut compter a solemn promise upon which one must rely;
pourquoi hesiter? why hesitate? vous semblez hesiter you seem to
hesitate; vous devriez trouver facilement ce que vous voulez dire
ou faire you ought to be able to express yourself easily or decide;
deposer un fardeau to lay down a burden ; il declare avoir depose
ses fonds chez ce banquier he declares he did deposit his money at
that banker's; ce vin depose beaucoup that wine leaves a great
deal of deposit; se plaindre to complain; deposer une plainte
to lodge a complaint; le temoin a fait- une deposition the witness
has made a statement; mettre en depot des marchandises, etc.,
d I' entrepot to have goods in the warehouse; il est depositaire de
son argent he is the trustee of her (his) money; un depot de mendi-
cite poorhouse; ce qu'un temoin depose en justice what a witness
gives as evidence in Court; un faux temoignage (un temoignage
mensonger) a false testimony ; veridique veracious ; il est appele
en temoignage he has been called to testify ; ce vin forme un depot
this wine leaves a sediment; la lie sediment; dans les liqueurs
fermentees in fermented liquids; la lie du peuple the scum of the
people; la plus vile populace (rabble) the lowest people; on rend
temoignage a sa probite they bear witness to his honesty; un te-
moignage d'amitie or un gage d'amitie a mark or token of friend-
ship; en temoignage de quoi in testimony whereof; un faux serment
a false oath (swearing) ; le printemps approche (c'est le printemps
qui approche or dement proche) spring is drawing near (is com-
ing); le vent est des plus favorables the wind is most favorable;
les quatre saisons de I'annee sont the four seasons of the year are:
I'ete I'automne I'hiver le printemps
Summer Autumn Winter Spring
les mois de I'annee sont: the months of the year are:
Janvier fevrier mars avril mai
January February March April May
juin juillet aout septembre octobre
June July August September October
novembre November decembre December
elles (Us) se succedent sans interruption they succeed one another
continuously; I' une (I'un) succede a I'autre one follows the other;
I'un vient apres I'autre one succeeds the other; tout lui reussit or U
reussit en tout he is successful in everything ; sans cesse; sans inter-
ruption unceasingly; continually ; constamment (toujours) constantly.
INFINITIVE REVIEWED l8l
142. INFINITIVE etre frequently omitted or the sub-
ject (agent) preceded by: a; de; par :
on dit I'incendie a un kilometre d'ici they say the fire is one kilo-
meter from here.
Various Examples for Oral Drill and Conversation:
avez-vous entendu chanter cette chanson? have you heard any one
sing that song? il a entendu dire a son pere qu'elle mourra he heard
his father say that she will die (soon) ; il a vu son frere assassine
par un voleur he saw his brother killed by a thief; il a vu son frere
assassiner par un voleur he saw his brother being killed by a thief;
ilm'afait taire he made me keep silent (here the reflexive pronoun
is omitted): cf.: une voix de fauvette, cette de Dorothy, faisait se
retourner lady B. (Bazin) a voice like a warbler, Dorothy's,
caused Lady B. to turn around; (here se is used by a well-known
writer); elles eurent vite fait d'elever la voix they soon raised their
voices; je le (la) fais chanter I make him (her) sing; je lui fais
chanter ce morceau I have him (her) sing that selection ; je ferai
chanter cet hymne a M. X. I shall have Mr. B. sing that hymn;
il vous fera bien parler he will make you find a tongue ; ses crean-
ciers Von jail arreter his creditors had him arrested.
143. FEW VERBS: two in succession are linked with-
out a preposition:
il va chanter he is going to sing ; or: he will sing ; il a beau crier in
vain he cries; elle desire vous voir she wishes to see you; laissez-le
jouer allow him to play; voulez-vous venir do you wish to (will
you) come? je dois travailler I must work; savez-vous parler
fran$ais can you speak French? pouvez-vous marcher are you
able to (can you) walk? il ose le repeter he dares to repeat it;
quand comptez-vous partir? when do you expect to leave? je le
vois revenir I see him coming back (or returning). Other examples
at 80.
144. IMPORTANT REMARK. All prepositions: a; de;
sans; pour; apres, etc., are followed by the infini-
tive; en alone requires the Present Participle:
apres avoir lu after reading (after having read); apres sa lecture
after his (her) reading; apres s'etre egare after having wandered;
on attend avant d'etre introduit pres de quelqu'un we are expected
182 INFINITIVE REVIEWED
to wait before being shown in (one is . . .) ; sans avoir pris ses
precautions without being prepared (unprepared) ; en allant; tout
en allant; in going; while going.
General Practice and Final Review :
il est de retour he is back (he has returned) ; etes-vous sur votre
retour? are you about to return? Us sont tous prets a partir pour
retourner they are all ready to leave for their return; a-t-il rendu
vos limes? has he given back your books? has he returned your
books? ce coupable fait un retour sur lui-me'me (de serieuses reflex-
ions sur) this guilty person is reviewing his past or: is reflecting
(upon) deeply; elle est sur le retour (commence a vieillir) she is
past middle age; le retour d'dge change of life (declining years);
son amour n' est point paye de retour unrequited love; le retour du
printemps the return of the spring; le renouvellement de I'annee
the return of the New Year; en retour de (recompense de) in re-
compense (return) for; as a reward for; il vaudrait mieux retourner
le join it would be better to turn the hay; il semble retourner un
projet (I 'examiner en tous sens) he seems to examine the project
in every aspect; il se retourne he looks around (back); le bien
retourne au premier proprietaire the property reverts to the first
owner; il retourne a sa besogne (: se remet d) he goes back to his
work (resumes his, etc.); il ne faut pas se retourner (regarder
derriere soi) one must not look back (behind) ; elle desire retourner
dans son pays she wishes to go back to her country ; il n 'a fait
que retourner la mechancete a son auteur he made the mischief
react upon the mischief-maker; on a tourne et retourne I' accuse
(le prevenu) the accused (the prisoner) has been put through the
third degree; on I'a sonde they examined him thoroughly; he was
thoroughly examined.
il importe de retourner le sol (remuer la terre) it is necessary to
prepare the ground (to till it) ; le chien remue la queue a dog wags
his tail; une girouette a weathercock; on lui a fait change d'avis
(on I'a retourne) they made him change his opinion; they con-
verted him to their side; il a tourne casaque he changed sides;
c'est dommage que I'editeur lui ait retourne son manuscrit it is a
pity that the publisher should have (has) returned his (her)
manuscript; qu'il retoufne ses cartes let him turn up his cards;
elle retourne son paletot she is turning her coat inside out; il vient
de retourner la salade he just mixed the salad; a son retour elle
fit blanchir le linge on her return she had the clothes washed;
PARTICIPLE 183
il nefaut pas revenir sur ce qu'on a dit (. . . pas changer d' opinion)
one must abide by what has been said (decided); il fallut rebrous-
ser chemin (retourner en arriere) we (they; one) had to turn back;
les retours de la fortune the vicissitudes of fortune; les vicissitudes
des affaires the fluctuations of business; sans retour irrevocably;
forever; irreparably; il ne fait que de sortir he only just went out;
il ne fait que sortir he does nothing but go out; il vient de sortir
he just went out.
and verbs implying belief, sentiment or emotion:
il pretendait etre tombe du ciel he pretended to have fallen from
heaven; elle croit bien faire she believes in acting rightly; on
aime mieux se reposer we (they) prefer to rest; j'irai la voir I
shall go and see her; void venir son frere here is his (her) brother
coming; void venir I'hiver (void I'hiver qui approche) winter is
coming (at hand); wild, qu'on m'appelle now I am called.
LESSON XV
145. PARTICIPLE IN GENERAL (verbum infinitum in its
form) : by its stem it partakes of a verb ; by its
inflection of an adjective; or it becomes a simple
noun.
Present Participle called: participe actif;
Past Participle called: participe passif;
146. PARTICIPIAL CLAUSE: thus called when its par-
ticipial use is in an apparently isolated, inde-
pendent statement :
le printemps venu, il partit Spring having come, he left
Dieu aidant, vous reussirez God helping, you will succeed.
Observe: When the Past Participle is used as an adjective
(qualifying the subject) there is no participial clause:
I'enfant pousse par ses camarades tomba dans le vice
the child influenced by his comrades became addicted to vice.
Oral Drill:
en passant du linge au bleu putting clothes (washing) through
bluing water; en se rinqant la bouche while rinsing his mouth;
sans entamer sa suprematie artistique et litteraire without attacking
1 84 PARTICIPLE
his artistic and literary supremacy; en prenant de I'huile d' olives
taking olive oil; en achetant une botte d'asperges on buying a
bunch (bundle) of asparagus; une chaussure de cuir a leather shoe;
en devidant du fil while reeling off thread; or en mettant en eche-
veau winding into skeins; en laissant retomber le fusil in letting the
gun fall (drop) ; en voyant revenir le capitaine on seeing the captain
return; en se pendant a une branche d'arbre while hanging himself
to the branch of a tree; on suspend un tableau (au mur) we hang
a picture on the wall; etre roue de coups to be soundly thrashed;
en bourrant le fusil in ramming home the charge; en enroulanl le
fil sur des bobines in winding thread on bobbins; en se per chant
sur I'arbre while perching on the tree.
en bourrant sa pipe in filling his pipe; U ext honteux de I'avoir
maltraite he is ashamed of having ill-treated him; on I' a bourre
de coups they gave him a sound thrashing; on le bourre de grec
they cram him with Greek; d, quoi ban bourrer ce fauteuil (rem-
bourrer)? what's the use of stuffing that arm-chair (upholster);
en le garnissant de crin, de bourre, etc., in filling it with hair (woolen
or cotton refuse).
147. PARTICIPLE REFERRING to the subject and the
object of a verb, direct or indirect object:
toutes les miles soumises sont la proie du vainqueur all the surren-
dered cities are at the mercy of the conqueror; faut-il vous rap-
peler cet ingrat (qui est) mart? is it necessary to recall to you that
ingrate now dead? tout en vous saluant,je vous presente mes amities
while greeting you, I offer you my best regards.
NOTE. A pleonasm: les eleves une fois entres (-ees) il les rappela
a leur devoir the pupils having entered, he reminded them of
their duty.
148. THE GERUND (resembling the Present Participle)
is used with : en; tout en
en faisant (en train de faire) in doing (busy doing) ; tout en faisant
while doing (making) ; c'est en forgeant qu'on devient forgeron
practice makes perfect ; la forge blacksmith 's shop ; chemin faisant,
je ramassai la bourse on my way I picked up the purse; au milieu
du chemin in the middle of the road; en me promenant while
walking; en fumant sa pipe smoking his pipe; en voyageant
(pendant man voyage) while traveling; during my travel; je le vis
I saw him (it); en voyage traveling (journeying abroad).
PARTICIPLE 185
NOTE. The ending -ing (in English) is frequently used in
the Present Indicative and Imperfect; as a verb the present parti-
ciple implying action is invariable and may have an object (direct)
or be used with ne (negation) and en (preposition) :
U a vu des homines errant (qui erraient) dans les campagnes he
saw men wandering (who were wandering) in the country; j'ai
vu une mere consolant son fils I saw a mother consoling her son;
ne voulant point vous deranger, je suis parti not wishing to disturb
you, I left (set out).
with adverbs:
causant ensemble (women) chattering together; en se promenant
tranquittement while walking free from care; se balader to saun-
ter (wander about idly); sans but without aim or purpose; fldner
to loiter; en promenant I' enfant in taking out the child for an
airing; a drive; en promenant ses regards stir I'auditoire glancing
at the audience; en I' envisageant while looking at him (in the face) ;
en le devisageant while looking (staring) at him; staring him out
of countenance; en ne s'etonnant de rien not being surprised at
anything; de I'abime of the abyss; etant (se trouvant) sur le bord
du precipice being on the (edge) brink of a precipice; ne subsistant
que de pain living only on bread; aucune mine ne subsistant
complete destruction (nothing left); no ruin left; un moteur
fonctionnant a I' aide du vent a motor operated by the wind;
pendant qu'il etait en chemin while on his way; en proferant des
plaintes ameres in making bitter complaints; en amenant une
erreur (sur son compte) while bringing about a mistake (also:
about him, her) ; revenant sur une erreur commise dans son compte
correcting an error made in his account.
Oral Drill:
amener un incident to bring about (carry out) an incident;
porter to take; to carry; la guerre amene bien des maux war brings
on many evils; en occasionnant beaucoup de fatigue causing much
fatigue; des maladies (bring on) disease; en attendant cette oc-
casion while waiting for this opportunity; amenez-le bring him
here; emmenez-le take him away (lead him away); en apportant
r enfant in bringing the child; en elevant I' enfant while bringing
up the child; elevant la voix raising the voice; en repassant (le
linge) while ironing ; en allant d'un lieu a I'autre in going from one
place to another; en passant par cette ruelle in passing through
1 86 PARTICIPLE
this lane; (by-street); tout en traversant la rue while crossing the
street; en passant au tableau in going to the blackboard; ne
tenant aucun compte de leur etourderie overlooking their thought-
lessness; en passant de la contrebande while passing contraband;
on lui passe cettefaute; on lui pardonne we overlooked his mistake;
we forgive him (we do, etc.).
149. SPECIFIC DISTINCTION:
un enfant obeissant bien a child that obeys well; un enfant bien
obeissant a very obedient child; des personnes pensant bien
persons who think (reason) well; des personnes bien pensantes
right-minded people; je la vois qui vient (je la vois venir) I see her
coming; le cas echeant if such should be the case.
NOTE. In English the Present Participle is often used instead
of the French relative clause.
soi-disant so-called ; une couleur variant du jaune pale au rouge
hyacinthe a color varying from pale yellow to reddish brown;
ayant having; etant being, are invariable.
150. As ADJECTIVE AND IMPLYING A STATE OF BEING,
the Present Participle varies:
ce sont des chagrins accablants such sorrows as those are over-
whelming; des poissons vivants live fish; la voiture d'un marchand
ambulant the cart (wagon) of an itinerant dealer; une eau dor-
mante stagnant water; une haine per sever ante an enduring hatred;
une douleur angoissante a distressing pain; une matitre color ante
bleue a blue coloring matter; les fusees eclair antes nous silhouettaient
the illuminating rockets silhouetted us; ce sont des tribus errantes
they are nomads (wandering tribes) ; les cendres encore fumantes
the still smouldering ashes; le Mercredi des Cendres Ash- Wed-
nesday; aimez-vous les couleur s voyantes ou tranchantes? do you
like gaudy or glaring colors? couleur s eclatantes brilliant colors;
les langues vivantes the living languages; des purgatifs evacuants
effective purgatives.
151. As PREPOSITIONS:
aurant during pendant during (while)
suivant according touchant concerning
moyennant in consideration of nonobstant notwithstanding
suivant le journal according to the newspaper.
PARTICIPLE 187
152. As SUBSTANTIVES:
le suivant; la suivante the next; les vivants et les marts the living
and the dead; en son vivant during his (her) life; ce jut un ban
vivant he was of a cheerful temperament; high liver; un dessert
a I'avenant du repas a dessert in keeping with the repast; un pliant
(qui n'a ni bras ni dossier) a folding-seat (which has no arms nor
back); les ayants cause (droit) the claimants; les allants et les
venants (the) goers and comers; a tout venant to the first comer;
ce sont des calmants they are soothing remedies; ce sont des arri-
vants they are new comers; cf.: seance tenante during the sitting.
Practice (and with other prepositions) :
il est malade depuis une semaine he has been ill a week; durant
I'hiver during winter (time); sa vie durant or: durant sa vie during
his lifetime ; on I' a surveille pendant trois heures he has been watched
(for) three hours (long) ; il s'absentera (pour) trois jours he will
be absent three days; vous en avez pour une semaine you have
enough for a week; dans une heure in (after; within) an hour;
on a fait ce travail en une heure that work has been done in one
hour; a partir de demain from to-morrow (on); des ce matin;
des aujourd'hui this very morning (day) ; on commencera des
lundi work will begin not later than Monday; de deux a trois
two to three; des chambres de trois (francs) jusqu'a vingt francs
rooms from three to (up to) twenty francs; jusqu'a midi; jusqu'a
Boston; until noon; as far as Boston; jusqu'ici as far as here;
hitherto; dans la ville in the city; a I'ecole at (to; in) school;
promenades dans Paris (within Paris) trips through Paris; il
dine en ville he is dining out; vers I' est; tiers minuit; towards the
East ; about midnight ; a peu pres or environ six milles about (nearly)
six miles; sur on (upon); au-dessus de, etc., above; envers son
prochain towards one's neighbor; surtout dans les circonstances
critiques specially in critical circumstances; dans de telles circon-
stances under such circumstances; sous la table under (underneath)
the table; le lundi ou le mardi on Monday (s) or Tuesday (s);
avant vous; devant vous; before you; before (in front of).
153
NOTE. Prepositional locutions emphasized under each and
every verb throughout the book; also idiomatic forms in both
languages.
1 88 PARTICIPLE
If doubtful you may inflect the present participle or not:
des tribus vivent errant or err antes dans les bois tribes lead wan-
dering lives or live as nomads in the forest; une cour attenante
a sa maison court (yard) adjoining his house; des bonbons fon-
dants (dont I'interieur est liquide) liquid filled bonbons; une table
pliante a folding table; une poire fondante a juicy pear; les deux
bords se touchant the edges meet; des billets correspondants aux
numeros ticket? corresponding with the numbers; bureau auxili-
aire restant (Sub-Post Office) where letters are to be called for;
paste restante General Delivery; spectacle payant no free tickets;
rue passante a much frequented street; un billet d' invitation an
invitation card.
NOTE. The ending -ant, strictly speaking, denoted originally
a gerundive with en and was invariable; and the present participle
or verbal adjective was inflected.
154. ORTHOGRAPHY varying between- few PRESENT
PARTICIPLES and corresponding VERBAL AD-
JECTIVES or NOUNS :
adherant: adherent; adhering: adherent (adhesive to)
presidant: president; presiding: president
fabriquant: fabricant; manufacturing: manufacturer
fatiguant: fatigant; fatiguing: tiresome (fatiguing)
extravaguant: extravagant; talking wildly: extravagant (wild person)
affluant: affluent; flowing (into): affluent
convainquant: convaincant; convincing: conclusive
excellant: excellent; surpassing: excellent
differant: different; differing: different
influant: influent; influencing: influent
negligeant: negligent; neglecting: negligent
suffoquant: suffocant; suffocating: choking
vaquant: vacant; being vacant (attending) : vacant
intriguant: intrigant; intriguing: intriguer
divergeant: divergent; diverging: divergent
equivalant: equivalent; being equal to : equivalent
excedani: excedent; exceeding: overplus (or weight)
expedlant: expedient; despatching: expedient (shift)
precedant: precedent; preceding: precedent
residant: resident; residing; resident
violant: violent; violating: violent
PARTICIPLE 189
155. en is generally repeated before each Participle:
Us sont venus en courant et en chantant they came running and
singing; for emphasis
en (with : alter to go) may or may not be used :
une pente qui va en s'elevant graduellement a slope rising gradually;
le danger va croissant (or : en croissant) danger increases ; generale-
ment parlant generally speaking; donnant, donnant nothing for
nothing; il I'exerce a descendre la cottine en galopant he trains
him to galop down hill.
Oral Drill : on Prepositions:
jusqu'au moment ou il entra up to the moment when he entered;
depuis New-York jusqu'a Boston from New York to Boston; il
n'est pas jusqu'a lui qui ne les deteste he is not the only one who
hates them; il a critique jusqu'a son bienfaiteur he even criticized
his benefactor; jusqu'a sa mere even his (her) mother.
in rare cases: jusques a quand (jusqu'a quand) till when; how long?
jusqu'oii; jusqu'ici; how far? down to here; till now; en temps op-
portun in due time; pas avant le dix mars not until the tenth of
March; elle coud du matin au soir she sews from morning till
night ; de travers obliquely ; un habit de tous les jours an every day
coat; a travers; au travers de; through; through (obstacles); au
travers de I'ennemi through the enemy's lines; a travers les champs
across the fields; il entend de travers he misconstrues (misunder-
stands); il parle a tort et a travers he talks at random; les travers
de la societe the follies (foibles) of society; en forme de croix
crosswise ; une traverse de chemin de fer railroad crossing ; dispose
en travers placed (drawn) across; une ligne transfer sale inter-
secting line (lying; being across); il a V esprit de travers cross-
grained; une tr aver see de voie railroad intersecting line; un
embranchement junction (of a railroad); la bifurcation d'un chemin
the division of a road; une aiguille; I'aiguilleur; a switch; the
switchman.
Void un acrostiche fait sur^ Louis XI V par quelque solliciteur au
gousset vide:
I-* ouis est un heros sans peur et sans reproche;
O n desire le voir. Aussitot qu'on I'approche
Q] n sentiment d' amour enflamme tous les ccsurs.
s I ne trouve chzz nous que des adorateurs.
Co on image est par tout, excepte dans ma poche.
190 PAST PARTICIPLE
LESSON XVI
156. PAST PARTICIPLE: one from the Latin urus
which is active; and the other dus (somewhat)
resembling the adjective or the noun. The
Present Participle is active: parlant. The Past
Participle, passive also in Latin becomes active
with French neuter (intransitive) or Reflexive
verbs :
il est sorti he has gone out (he is out) ; elle s'est blessee she (has)
wounded herself; sorti (etant sorti) having gone out; or: -s; ie-s; sortie
(etant sortie) having gone out; ayant blesse having wounded;
s'etant blesse (-e); (-es; -ees) having wounded himself; herself;
themselves.
157. with other verbs the Past Participle implies a
state of being :
il est blesse; il est aime; he is (has been) wounded; he is loved;
un hotel (qui est) bien construit a well-built hotel; la maison est
batie par MM. B. el Cie. the house is (being) built by Messrs.
B. and Co.
NOTE. Here is a present participle which is (being) active.
Other compound tenses of the active voice:
il a mange he ate (he has eaten); ayant chante having sung;
after he had sung; after singing; after having sung; etant alle
having gone (being gone), etc.
158. without Auxiliary the Past Participle refers to a
noun or pronoun; being used as an adjective it is
inflected :
le talent recompense talent rewarded; les maisons detruites houses
destroyed; que de portes ouvertes how many doors have been
opened (are open); soiree price to invited persons (guests);
il est cite a I'ordre dujour he has been publicly honored (mentioned)
for his bravery; pier re non gravee ungraved stone \fleurs odorantes
disposees en grappes fragrant flowers arranged in clusters.
PAST PARTICIPLE 19!
159. with: de the Participle refers to its complement:
elle est estimee de tout le monde everybody esteems her (she is
esteemed by everybody); c'est une danse emportee a wild dance;
c'est une danse tumultueuse a riotous dance; une poignee de paille
tortillee a handful of twisted straw ; fonds alloues pour les sommes
reellement depensees sums allotted for actual expenses; maison
detruite en grande partie par la tempete a house partly destroyed
by storm.
1 60. with a pronoun:
on le dit parti he is said to have left ; Us la virent abattue they saw
her dejected; elles couraient echevelees they were running with
disheveled hair; il parla les yeux baisses he spoke with downcast
eyes; Us sont pourvus d'un benefice they are provided with special
privileges (an allowance; pension, etc.).
161. as a noun:
le blesse; les blesses the wounded; le mart; la morte the dead;
les sorties; la sortie; exits; Commencement Day; la r entree
the re-entrance; elles sorties, les messieurs sont partis they (the
ladies) being out, the gentlemen left; il y a du parle et du chante
some of the lines are spoken, others are sung.
Oral Drill:
jusqu'd, nouvel ordre until further notice; par bonte through kind-
ness (out of kindness) ; elle regarde par la fenetre she looks out of
the window; boire dans un verre to drink out of a glass; un sur
cent one out of a hundred ; le lustre suspendu au plafond chandelier
hanging from the ceiling; il merite d'etre pendu he deserves to
be hanged ; il est accroche a une branche he is caught on a branch ;
pendu au plafond hanging on the ceiling; il appuie I'echelle contre
le mur he is resting the ladder against the wall; il est parti pour
affaires he left on business; d'aujourd'hui en huit, en quinze in
a week from to-day; two weeks from to-day; to or in:
en France en Amerique en Russie
in France in America in Russia
en Angleterre en Irlande en Italie
in England in Ireland in Italy
192 PAST PARTICIPLE
en Espagne en Suisse en Suede
in Spain in Switzerland in Sweden
en Norvege en Hollande en Allemagne
in Norway in Holland in Germany
en Ecosse en Chine en Afrique
in Scotland in China in Africa
en Australie en Turquie en Oceanic
in Australia in Turkey in Oceania
or: la France, etc.; I'Amerique du Nord, du Sud
France, etc.; North America; South America
dans I' Afrique Centrale in Central Africa
but: au Danemark; au Japon; au Canada; au Mexique
(to) in Denmark; in Japan; in Canada; in Mexico
au Portugal; au Bresil; au Panama
(to) in Portugal; in Brazil; in Panama
NOTE. All other countries, not ending in -e, are masculine:
le Chili; le Perou, etc.
162. As PREPOSITIONS. The Past Participle (being
used as such) is invariable when preceding the
noun or sentence:
hormis (hors et mis) except; attendu les evenements considering
the events; approuve les resolutions approved the resolutions;
ci- joint copie de votre resolution or: vous trouverez ci- joint, etc., here-
with a copy of your act; vous trouverez ci-incluse la (une) copie
please find enclosed copy, etc.
Observe: ci-joinl and ci-inclus are invariable in the body of a
sentence, when no article or determining adjective precedes
them.
certifie les signatures witnessed the signatures; excepte mes freres
except my brothers; mes freres exceptes my brothers excepted;
oui les temoins heard the witnesses; etant donne les circonstances
or: eu egard aux etc. (en consideration des etc.) considering the
circumstances; passe huit heures on n'entre pas after eight, no
admittance; sauf erreur (omission) errors excepted ; sauf a changer
(quitte a changer) subject to correction; deux francs y compris le
vin two francs with wine; two francs wine included; non compris
la bier e beer not included ; suppose les motif s granted the motives;
cf.: a I' exception d'un seul with the exception of only one; with
but one exception; with one exception; with a single exception;
exempt defautes free from mistakes.
PAST PARTICIPLE 193
163. PAST PARTICIPLE with tore. It is inflected in
number and gender with the subject or pronoun
to which it relates; etre is often understood:
Marie- Antoinette, nee a Vienne, mourut sur I'echafaud Marie-
Antoinette, born in Vienna, died on the scaffold; I'Amerique
fut decouverte par Christophe Colomb America was discovered by
Christopher Columbus; graces vous soient r endues may thanks
be given to you; beaucoup sont appeles, pen sont elus many are
called, few are chosen; partis le soir, Us arriverent le lendemain
having left in the evening they arrived the following day; c'est
ainsi que sont marts ses amis thus have his friends died.
164. PASSIVE VERBS. They are always conjugated
with etre, expressed or understood in their simple
tenses; and with two auxiliaries (avoir, etre) in
their compound tenses:
la porte est ouverte the door is open; porte ouverte ou non, j'entre
whether the door is opened or not, I enter; il est entre dans la
chambre he entered the room.
Oral Drill:
il est tombe par terre he fell on the ground; il toucha I'objet du doigt
he touched the object with his finger; a cote de beside; cela ne lui
louche en rien that does not affect him (her) in the least; il me
louche de pres he is a near relative of mine; pres de la table near
the table; pour mieux voir cela, il faut que vous soyez aupres to
better see it you must stand close (by); I'un a cote de I'aulre
(cote a cote) side by side; le long du mur along the wall; de tous
cotes on all sides; parents du cote paternel relatives on his father's
side; la chambre d'a cote the adjoining room; la porte laterale
the side door; laisser de cote to throw aside; mettre de cote (en
reserve) to put aside; du cote de la Bretagne near (close by)
Brittany; dans le voisinage in the neighborhood (vicinity); du
cote gauche in the left side (on the left side); un point de cote
a stitch in his side (avoir); on se met de votre cote they side with you;
voila le cote de cette affaire that's one aspect of that case; le cote
faible the weak side; de cote; a force de; sideways; by dint of;
la cote the rib; the shore (sea-coast); une cotelette a chop (cutlet);
a cause de son inimitie on account of his enmity; sans force with-
out power ; deforce; par force; by force ; forcibly ; de vive force by force
13
IQ4 PAST PARTICIPLE
(avec violence) ; devivevoix by word of mouth ; al'insude unknown
to; au lieu de in lieu of; instead of; au-dela de ses desirs beyond
his (her) wishes; outre-mer (au dela des mers) beyond the sea(s);
outre mesure beyond measure or:dl'exces; en temps et lieu in due
time; chacun en son lieu each one at his place.
165. NEUTER VERBS. A few of them take etre in their
compound tenses:
je suis alle (e) I went (I have gone); tu es sorti (e) you went
out; il est venu, revenu, devenu, parvenu he came, came back,
became, succeeded; elle est rentree she came home (she is in);
Us sont descendus they came down; Us sont descendus a I' hotel
they stopped at the hotel; they put up at, etc.; nous sommes
entres (-ees) dans I'eglise we entered the church; we have entered,
etc.
vous etes parti (-ie); (-is; -ies) you left
vous Ues arrive (-ee); ( es; -ees) you arrived
vous etes reste (-ee); (-es; -ees) you remained
Us sont nes they were born; elles sont mortes they are dead; they
died; Us sont marts they died; they are dead; elles sont retournees
they (have) returned.
Observe: Some neuter verbs are used transitively and take
avoir:
Us ont sorti Ies enfants they took the children out; elle a descendu
Ies chaises she took the chairs down ; elle a bien dormi she slept
well; au bourg ou je suis passe tantot in the hamlet I just went
through.
1 66. PAST PARTICIPLES of Passive and Neuter Verbs
and those of the latter (conjugated with ttre)
may be used without auxiliary :
une affaire entendue a matter (case) settled; also: agreed upon; c'est
une pomme tombee it is a fallen apple; unefemme bien entendue a
woman well up in business; arrive a ban port having come into
harbor safely.
167. IMPERSONAL VERBS (not inflected):
il est venu quelqu'un some one came; il est venu deux dames two
ladies came; il est arrive des chases epouvantables there occurred
frightful things; il y a eu une grande tempete there was a great
PAST PARTICIPLE 1 95
storm; un accroc a hitch; un accroc a tear; U est tombe de la
neige snow has fallen; il est survenu une difficulte a difficulty has
arisen; il est tombe la tete la premiere he fell head foremost.
Oral Drill and Conversation:
ecorce usitee contre la fievre bark in use for fevers; la femme est
chargee de tons les travaux de ce menage the woman has charge
of all the household duties; mis dans la balance weighed in
the balance; on le trouve trap leger he has been found wanting;
trap leger light-headed; too light; a la legere lightly; wantonly;
thoughtlessly or: inconsideremeni; il est vetu a la legere he is
lightly dressed; etant blesse legerement (sans gravite) being slightly
wounded; il parle legerement (thoughtlessly); une course effrcnee
(sans frein) a mad race (unrestrained); le papier brouillard
seche Vecriture blotting paper dries ink; un poisson recherche
pour la delicatesse de sa chair a fish in demand for (on account
of) the delicacy of its meat; la brouette sert a operer de petits
transports the wheelbarrow is used for conveying small loads
by hand; la ligne droite the straight line; un tuyau de distribution
the feed-pipe; un tuyau d' echappement escape-pipe; on vend
toute espece d'objets classes par rayons a prix fixe they sell all sorts
of articles classified by shelves and at one price (set price) ; figures
grossierement dessinees figures clumsily drawn; c'est ce qui est
arrive that's what happened; on nous pousse brusquement they
are pushing us roughly; il a le nez plat (ecrase) he has a flat nose;
il est d'une aigreur de caractere he is (so) peevish (and disagreeable) !
il vise d'un ceil enfermant I'autre pour s' assurer si he squints (aims
with one eye while closing the other) to ascertain whether; Us
sont du meme calibre they are of the same caliber; d'une constitu-
tion debile having a frail constitution ; on se fait trainer par they
are drawn (along) by; dragged on the ground; il ne naissait pas
un prince sans que Von fit des demonstrations a prince was not
born without demonstrations being made; le calorifere the radi-
ator; la bouche de chaleur the register (heating apparatus); est
une ouverture au moyen de laquette la chaleur se communique
(is an opening) through which the heated air is admitted or
excluded; il faut avant tout s'acquitter exactement de ce que Von
doit a we must pay (off) exactly what we owe Mr. B. (first of
all) ; le rayon des chapeaux or: le comptoir des chapeaux hat depart-
ment; donner son compte a la bonne or: la payer et la r envoy er
to send the maid from service or: to pay her and dismiss her;
en partageant les benefices in sharing (dividing) the profits.
IQ6 PAST PARTICIPLE
LESSON XVII
168. PAST PARTICIPLE with avoir (or: etre in the Re-
flexive Verbs). It never agrees with the subject
and only with the direct object preceding the
verb:
*/ a lu la lellre que vous avez lue he read the letter which you have
read; ce sont les livres qu'elle aeua lire those are the books (which)
she had to read ; que de questions il a posees! how many questions
he asked ! combien d'examens avez-vous passes how many examina-
tions did you pass? quelle plume a-t-il cassee? which pen did he
break? elle a subi avec succes un examen de she passed successfully
an examination in; Us se sont leves de bonne heure they got up
early; and note that se is the direct object and compare: Us se
sont ecrit des lettres or: Us se sont ecrit they wrote letters to each
other; they corresponded with one another; dies se sont ecrit
they wrote to each other; void les lettres qu'elles se sont ecrites
here are the letters they wrote to each other.
1. after combien de how much (many); autant de as much (many);
que de how much (many); plus de more; mains de less, etc., the
Past Participle agrees with the noun following them ;
2. after lafoule de the multitude of; le peu de the little of; une nuee
de a cloud of (a flock, a swarm), etc., the Past Participle may or
may not agree :
la foule d'esclaves que j'ai vue or vus the multitude of slaves I
have seen. Emphasis on either: foule or esclaves.
3. hi a few gallicisms there is no agreement:
je I'ai echappe belle! I had a narrow escape! je I'ai manque belle
(I' or la stands for: occasion) I did not avail myself of it.
4. redundant past seldom used:
je leur ai envoye la lettre des que je I'ai eu terminee I sent them the
letter as soon as I had it finished; cf. : nous les avons crus marts
we believed them dead ; il ne lui restait plus qu'a choisir he had no
choice left; there remained no more (for him) to choose from;
il en a (encore) de reste he has some left; he has some more; elle
en est sortie resolue a les imiter she came out (from the play) fully
determined to imitate them; U en a laisse quelques-uns he left
some (a few of them).
PAST PARTICIPLE 1 97
Oral Practice:
se sentant un pen fatiguee et voulant recouvrer ses forces (reprendre
ses forces) elle se retira de bonne heure feeling somewhat tired and
wishing to recuperate (to regain her strength) she went back
home early; se retirer a la campagne to retire to the country; il
est retire des affaires (: s'est retire) or: (il ne s'en occupe plus) he is
retired from business (or: has retired) or he no longer attends to it ;
les troupes se retirent the withdrawal of (the) troops; battre en
retraite to beat a retreat; il mene une vie retiree he leads a retired
life; on I' a retire de I'ecole he has been removed from school;
je retire ma confiance a. Jean I withdraw my confidence in John;
et il s'eloigna and he withdrew; ses jours s'ecoulent dans la retraite
her days are spent in seclusion ; retirez le fusil a eel enfant take
the gun way from that child; si vous retirez ce mot injurieux, je
vous pardonnerai if you retract this insult I will forgive you;
le miserable repudia sa femme the wretch put away (divorced)
his wife; il retira (desavoua) ce qu'il avail dit (se retracta) he re-
tracted; (refused to acknowledge or own or he denied) what he
had said; elle repudia la croyance de ses peres she repudiated
(renounced) the faith of her fathers; on renonqa a ce projet that
project was abandoned; we (they) gave up the project; elle ne
s' attache plus au monde (elle y renonce) she renounced the world;
she renounced it; il faudra vous desister de vos importunites you
must desist from your importunities; renoncez-y! stop! elle ne
se depart point de son devoir she does not swerve from her duty;
tout autour; de tous cdtes all around; on all sides; en faisant le
tour de la ville in making the rounds of the city; autour de moi
around (about) me; autour de la lune around the moon; avec
des legumes autour with vegetables around it.
169. REMARKS on avoir with a Participle. Neuter
Verbs or others used as such and Impersonal
Verbs have no direct object:
elles ont vecu; Us ont dormi; they (have) lived; they have slept;
les trots heures qu'il a dormi (pendant lesquelles il a dormi) the
three hours that he slept (in which he, etc.) ; les grandes chaleurs
qu'il a fait! the hot season that we had! les cinq ans qu'il a vecu
the five years he lived; les quelques semaines qu'ette a regne the
few weeks she reigned; les pluies qu'il y a eu the rain that fell.
vecu regne coute souffert
lived reigned cost suffered
198 PAST PARTICIPLE
value gemi pleure langui
valued moaned wept languished
all are invariable unless used in a figurative sense:
les deux francs qu'il m'a coute the two francs it has cost me; les
quelques minutes que le cheval a couru the few minutes the horse
ran; cinq francs! cette canne ne les a jamais valu five francs! that
cane was never worth it; que de milles vous avez marche how many
miles (and miles) you walked! les trois mots qu'il a vecu the three
months that he lived; les quatre kilogrammes que ce gigot a pese
the four kilograms this leg of mutton weighed.
and compare:
que de dangers nous avons courus how many dangers (perils) we
incurred! sa vie, Va-l-il vecue his (her) life, has it been a reality?
has he (she) really led that life? que de peines il m'a coulees what
sorrow it has been to (brought) me! (NOTE. Not approved
by the French Academy); voila les eloges que son travail lui a
valus such is the praise due to his work; la viande qu'on a pesee
the meat which has been weighed.
Exercice de Conversation:
la plupart ont ete patronnes et proteges most (of them) have been
patronized and protected; abandonnes, Irakis peut-etre par les
leurs abandoned, betrayed perhaps by their own; il pouvait
soulever un de ses bras he could raise one of his arms ; avec la plus
grande facilite with the greatest ease (facility); la raillerie de
I'auteur s'y donne pleinement carriere the raillery (slight satire)
of the author is unrestrained; il vous donne pleine liberte de le
faire he gives you full liberty to act; embrasser la carriere des
armes to go into the army; elle embrasse son fils she embraces
her son; elle le baise au front she kisses his forehead ; elle lui donne
un baiser she gives him a kiss; elle sauta au cou de son pere she
fell on her father's neck; se jeter dans les bras de to run into the
arms of ; elle cherche en lui un (appui) protecteur she is seeking in
him a protector ; she seeks in him a protective support ; on tenta
vainement de restaurer la monarchie it was vainly attempted to
restore monarchy; il se couvrit de gloire a he covered himself
with glory at; ce qui demeure d'un tout what is left out of a total
number; en retranchant une partie in deducting a part; enfin,
les voila arrives (or: rendus) at last they have arrived (come);
lajoie se repand sur tous les visages joy is spread over every face;
en repandant de I'eau sur la nappe (while) spilling water over (on)
PAST PARTICIPLE 1 99
the table-cloth; repandre des larmes to shed tears; il versa (re-
pandit) son sang he shed his blood; le soleil repand sa lumiere
sur tout le globe the sun diffuses its light all over the globe; U
se dissipe (se repand) dans le monde he dissipates socially; il va
souvent dans la societe; il est fort repandu dans le monde he often
goes into society; repandre I'alarme to spread the alarm; se
repandre en invectives to break into (to use) invectives; on le
denonqa we denounced him; on le signala we described him;
on appela I' attention de I'autorite sur lui (we accused him; we
informed against him) we gave information to the authorities
against him; we lodged information to the, etc.; / 'attire votre
attention sur I call your attention to; une faute d' attention; par
manque d' a fault of inattentiveness ; through lack of attention ;
defaut d' attention (inattention) want of attention; inattention;
il n'y ajamais eu en Amerique de famille(s) de ce nom there never
was in America a family by that name.
170. SPECIAL RULES ON a Past Participle followed by
an Infinitive preceded or not by a preposition.
The past participle may or may not agree with
the preceding direct object:
ces actrices, je les ai vu or vues jouer those actresses, I saw them
play ; les avez-vous entendus or entendu chanter? did you hear them
sing? qui les a laisse (laisses) partir? who allowed them to go
(leave)?
171. SAME RULE when followed by another Pastor
Present Participle:
sa mere qu'il avail cru (crue) perdue his (her) mother he had thought
lost; les lettres quej'ai cues (eu) a ecrire the letters I had to write.
Exceptions : fait (with Infinitive) is invariable; also: du; pu; permis
and voulu when an infinitive may be understood:
il les a fait congedier he had them dismissed; void la robe quej'ai
fait fair e here is the gown I had made; nous lui avons rendu tous
les services que nous avons du (pu or voulu lui rendre) we rendered
him every service that we should have (that we could or desired
to render him).
but:
les cent francs que.je lui ai dus sont payes the hundred francs I
owed him have been paid; ce sont les sommes voulues these are
2OO PAST PARTICIPLE
the requisite sums; la chose requise the necessary thing (required) ;
c'est tout ce qu'il faut that is all that is required; vous n'aurez
point besoin de cette somme you wouldn't require that sum of
money (that amount) ; dans I'ordre voulu in requisite form.
172. BETWEEN TWO que the Past Participle is in-
variable when the object follows:
voila les fautes que j'avais suppose que vous feriez those are the
mistakes I "had presumed you would make.
NOTE. The frequent use of que . . . que is not always com-
mendable nor elegant.
173. THE PAST PARTICIPLE preceded by le (/') for:
cela (as direct object) is not inflected:
I'affaire tourna comme on I'avait pred.it the affair turned out as
we had predicted (it would); la maladie est plus grave que nous
I'avions pense the illness is more serious than we had thought.
Oral Drill:
il perdit consider ablemenl de son poids he lost considerable of his
weight; il s'exerce (se livre) aux combats de boxe he trains (practises)
for boxing bouts; sa digestion est lente et difficile his digestion is
slow and painful; il exerce un metier penible he practises an ardu-
ous trade (carries on, etc.); tirez a la courte paille (straw) choose
by lot; draw lots (cuts); ce qui s' applique dans plusieurs operations
that's applied in many operations; employe comme combustible
used as fuel; un corsage en tissu leger a waist of light tissue; un
bloc de bois non travaille a piece of rough wood; du fer battu
wrought iron; c'est une matiere qui s'embrase (s'enflamme) facile-
ment a substance easily combustible (inflammable); la guerre
a embrase toute V Europe war has set all Europe ablaze; le feu
consume tout fire destroys (consumes) everything; un carre a
square; la racine carree the square root; un tableau partage en
soixante cases numerotees a board divided into sixty numbered
squares; engage dans une affaire perilleuse involved in a perilous
affair; pour V eclair age au gaz for gas-lighting; ainsi appele de
la couverture dont on le revet thus called on account of the top
(envelope) that covers it; en les grondant entre ses dents in snarl-
ing at them between his teeth; coupant a tr avers champs cutting
across lots; en enfilant les harengs stringing herrings; enfiler une.
aiguille to thread a needle ; appartement prive fort a la mode very
PAST PARTICIPLE 2OI
stylish private apartment; on lui a coupe les oreilles his ears have
been cut; they cut his ears; prendre un caractere plus democratique
to assume a more democratic character; ce qui honor e le plus son
erudition and that honors the more his erudition; une leqon
particuliere a private lesson ; il est prive de son appui he is deprived
of his support.
174. EN and THE PAST PARTICIPLE. The pronoun en
(being neuter) is always an indirect object and
the past participle does not change unless de-
termined by nouns or adverbs of quantity:
it a achete des pommes et en a mange he has bought apples and has
eaten some (of them); quant au desastfe, void les nouvelles que
j'en ai reques as to the disaster, here is the news that I received;
autant de lions il a tires, autant (de lions) il en a lues as many lions
as he shot at, he killed ; plus il a eu de dollars, plus il en a depenses
the more money he had, the more he spent.
175. IF ADVERB follows en, the Past Participle is not
inflected:
quant aux pays, il en a tant visile in regard to countries he visited
many of them; elle a plus de maisons queje n'en ai vu she has more
houses than I have seen; helas! qu'il en a vu mourir de jeunes
gens alas! how many children he has seen die; des livres, com-
bien en avez-vous lu? in reference to books, how many have you
read? il a achete beaucoup de meubles; j'en ai achete plus que lui
he bought many pieces of furniture; but I have bought more
(than he).
176. AFTER le pen de (sufficient quantity), the Past
Participle agrees with its complement, unless
the idea refers principally to : le pen:
le peu de pommes que nous avons achetees nous a suffi the little
quantity of apples we bought sufficed us; le peu de nourriture
qu'il a pris a hate sa mart the little food he took (has) hastened
his death.
Collectives:
la joule de; la multitude des, etc., follow same rule according to
sense and emphasis.
202 PAST PARTICIPLE
177. PAST PARTICIPLE OF A REFLEXIVE VERB takes
etre (and is of active force) and agrees in gender
and number with the direct object when the
latter precedes:
elle s'est blessee she wounded herself; she has wounded herself;
dies se sont blessees a la main they are wounded in their hands;
elle s'est blesse la main she wounded her hand; voila les nouvelles
qu'elles se sont ecrites that is the news they have written to one
another; elles se sont ecrit des lettres; elles se sont ecrit; they cor-
responded; they wrote letters to each other.
NOTE. se may be direct or indirect object.
178. STRICTLY SPEAKING the Reflexive Verbs express
an action reflecting upon the subject :
in reference to meaning; il s'est coupe he cut himself ; in reference to
their form some are by their nature essentially reflexive and
their past participle agrees with the subject and are for that
reason (often) called: essentially pronominal verbs:
elle s'est evanouie she fainted; les prerogatives qu'ils se sont arro-
gees the prerogatives that they have assumed.
NOTE. The latter verb (essentially reflexive) is an exception
to above rule and is inflected on account of its direct object pre-
ceding it.
See full list 1 80.
Us se sont arroge des pouvoirs excessifs they have assumed excessive
powers; Us se sont attribue des droits (sans y avoir droit) they
have claimed rights to which they were not entitled; on reclame
ce qui nous appartient we claim our own (what belongs to us);
revendiquez toujours vos droits always demand your rights; U
assume toute responsabilite: la revendiquer; he assumes all respon-
sibility; to take it upon one's self; (to undertake to perform an
act).
General Practice :
cela fait (cela etant fait), il se retira that done (be^ng done) he
withdrew; vu les obstacles d surmonter in view of the obstacles to
overcome; des difficultes insurmontables insurmountable difficul-
ties (drawbacks) ; tout tourna a son desavantage everything turned
out to his detriment; a son detriment to his prejudice; toute
PAST PARTICIPLE 2O3
reserve faite de mes droits my rights being reserved ; sans prejudice
des votres without prejudice to yours; sans exception (reserve)
without reserve (unreservedly) ; sous toute reserve with due restric-
tion; il parle avec reserve he speaks with discretion; il est discret
he is discreet.
179. RECIPROCAL AND REFLEXIVE AND PRONOMINAL
VERBS. The reciprocal verbs (a mutual act)
express an idea with two subjects performing the
same act (referring to the same verb) :
Us se sont aimes (I'un a aime I'autre) they liked (loved) each other
(one has liked the other) ; les chiens se sont battus the dogs fought
(they fought each other); ettes se sont aimees les unes les autres
they loved one another; Us s'instruisent mutuellement (mutually)
they impart their knowledge to one, etc.
Note reciprocal force specially in the plural: Us se flattent reci-
proquement they flatter one another; cf. : Us se flattent de tout
savoir they boast of knowing all; and to avoid ambiguity: Us
se sont flattes les uns les autres they flattered one another; Us se
sont battus they fought among themselves; se f rapper mutuelle-
ment to strike one another; se repentir to repent; une amitie
reciproque a reciprocal love; une aversion mutuelle a mutual
aversion.
1 80. VERBS ESSENTIALLY REFLEXIVE:
s'abstenir de to abstain from
s'accouder to lean on one's elbow
s'accroupir to crouch
s'adonner d to give one's mind to
s'agenouiller to kneel down
s'agriffer a to cling to (with claws)
s'aheurter d to maintain a thing obstinately ; to be wedded to
an opinion; to bump
s'arroger to claim
se blottir to squat; to lie close to the ground
se cabrer to prance; to rear
se dedire to recant
se defier (de) to defy
se demener to stir
se desister to renounce
s'ebahir to be aghast
204 PA ST PARTICIPLE
s' 'eerier to exclaim
s'ecrouler to collapse
s'emparer de to take possession of
s'empresser de to hasten to-
s'en oiler to go away
s'enqueter (obsolete) to inquire
s'enquerir to enquire
s 1 evader to escape
s'evanouir to faint
s'evertuer to exert one's self
s'extasier to go into raptures
se gargariser to gargle one's throat
se gendarmer to fly into a passion inopportunely (to make a
strong protest against)
s'ingenier to strive; to make mental efforts to succeed
s'ingerer dans to meddle with
se mefier de to distrust
se meprendre to mistake
se moquer de to laugh at
s'opinidtrer to be opinionated ; to be very obstinate
se parjurer to forswear one's self; to perjure, etc.; to swear falsely
se ratatiner to shrink (wrinkle)
se raviser to change (alter) one's mind
se rebeller to revolt ; centre against
se recrier to protest
se refugier au Mexique to take refuge in Mexico
se rengorger to give one's self airs
se repentir to repent (see full conjugation)
se souvenir de to remember
The above list refers to verbs whose past participle agrees in
gender and number with the subject; s'arroger being excepted;
and all the other reflexives follow the rule of avoir (though used
with tire).
Oral Drill:
U tache de trouver un moyen pour reussir he strives (through mental
efforts) to succeed; protester vivement centre une proposition to
make a strong protest against a suggestion, etc.; tout ratatine
all shriveled (up) ; il se refugia dans des mots equivoques he had
recourse to ambiguous words; echouer; se briser contre; to fail;
to dash to pieces; il s'est enrhume (il a un rhume) he caught a
cold (he has a cold); elle s'est enrhumee she caught a cold; ils
PAST PARTICIPLE 2O5
se sont defendus they defended themselves; elle s'est levee she
got up; Us se sont f aches they became angry.
Note that the reflexive construction is more common in French
and generally expressed in English by a neuter verb; or by such
reflexives as :
s'approcher de to approach; se souvenir de to recollect (remember),
etc., and as transitives in English.
je ne me suis pas fie a ce monsieur I did not trust that gentleman;
elle s'est couchee a dix heures she retired at ten o'clock; elle s'est
adressee au chef she applied to the chief; il s'est dit a lui-meme he
said to himself ; se sont-elles encore achete des chapeaux pour Paques?
did they buy hats again for Easter? or did they buy them-
selves hats, etc.; Us se sont mutuettement contraries they have
antagonized one another; elle s'est heurtee a la tete she hurt her
head; heurter son amour-propre to wound (hurt) his (her) self-
esteem; heurter to knock; heurter les enfants to run against the
children.
181. ACTIVE OR NEUTER VERBS may take the reflexive
form:
laver to wash; se lover to wash one's self ; Use lave he washes him-
self; he is washing, etc.; il s'est adosse au mur he leaned against
the wall; elle lave le bebe she bathes the baby; se plaire a; plaire
d;to take delight in; to please; il s'est plu or elle s'est plu a he
or she took pleasure in; Us se sont parle they spoke to one another;
to each other; nuire a; se nuire; to injure; one another;
Us se sont nui they injured one another; Us se sont approches
d'elles they approached them; on adossa le bdtiment contre le mur
they put up the building against the wall; approchez le fauteuil
bring the armchair nearer; I'hiver approche winter approaches.
Note that se may be in the dative; also it may be omitted after
faire:
on lefait taire we make him keep silent; faites-le asseoir make him
sit down; les annees se sont ecoulees rapidement the years have
elapsed quickly; le temps ecoule the time spent (past).
Oral Drill:
on ecoule des marchandises (on les vend /acilemenf) they sell goods
quickly or: ces marchandises s'ecoulent facilement those goods sell
quickly; la biere s'est ecoulee the beer has run off; I'eau se retira
(s'ecould) en joule the water poured out; un debouche an outlet;
206 PAST PARTICIPLE
en grande quantite in large quantity; elle s'est cognee centre un
obstacle she bumped against an obstacle; against something
solid (large); ils se sont cheques en se rencontrant they clashed
(collided); deux convois de marchandises se sont tamponnes two
freight trains ran into each other; ils se sont nui les uns aux autres
they harmed each other; il se debarbouille (se lave le visage) he is
washing his face; ils se sont debattus they disputed; cependant
il se ravisa he changed his mind, however (or: he thought better
of it); ette s'est hdtee de sortir she hastened to go out; ils se sont
presses de I'achever they hastened (made haste) to finish it; il
s'appuie du coude he leans (rests) upon one elbow; il s'est dresse
sur les pieds de derriere he rose up on his hind legs ; */ frappe la
terre des pieds de devant he prances; he scrapes the ground with
his forefoot; sautitter to jump about; caracoler to perform a
caracole.
Review reflexives also at Lesson XXIX.
PART III
REGULAR VERBS
207
LESSON XVIII
i . REGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST GROUP end in -er:
parler to speak parlant speaking parle spoken
PRESENT INDICATIVE (le present de I ' indicatif] :
je parle I speak, am speaking, have been speaking, do speak
tu paries you speak (thou speakest), are speaking, have been
speaking, do speak
il parle he speaks, is speaking, has been speaking, does speak
elle parle she speaks, is speaking, has been speaking, does speak
on parle (we, they, people in general) one speaks, are speaking,
have been speaking, do speak
nous parlons we speak, are speaking, have been speaking, do speak
vous parlez you
Us parlent they " " "
elles parlent
Exercice de Conversation:
est-ce que je parle bien do I speak well?
oui, monsieur; vous parlez bien yes, Sir; you speak well
est-ce que tu paries a Jean? do you speak to John?
est-ce qu'il parle de Jacques? does he speak of James?
je ne parle pas I do not speak (I am not speaking, etc.)
NOTE. Tu is used among relatives and friends.
aimer to like (love) trouver to find; to like
detester to dislike adorer to love (adore)
proposer to propose disposer to dispose
etudier to study penser a to think of
considerer to look upon penser de to think (as opinion)
j'aime; tu aimes; il aime; elle aime; on aime; etc.; je I'aime; je
ne I'aime pas; I like it (him); I do not; je ne I'aime pas I do not
like it (him) ; comment trouvez-vous le vin aujourd'hui? how do you
like the wine to-day? Assez ban fairly good; je le trouve meilleur
qu'hier I find it better than yesterday; je deteste ce verbe I dislike
that verb; elle adore son enfant she loves her child; on I' adore every-
i4 209
210 REGULAR VERBS IN -ER
one loves him (her); ici on parle franqais French is spoken here;
aimer son prochain comme soi-meme to love one's neighbor as one's
self; I'homme propose el Dieu dispose man proposes and God dis-
poses; n' etudie-t-il pas or est-ce qu'il n'etudie pas? does he not
study? est-ce qu'elle n'etudie pas? does she not study? je pense a
vous I think of you; que pensez-vous de lui what do you think of
him? on le considere beaucoup he is highly thought of.
Other examples: exister to exist consulter to consult
si ce mot existe, je consulterai le dictionnaire if that word exists,
I shall look it up in the dictionary; pour le trouver to (so as to)
find it; est-ce que vous parlez le franqais ou I'allemand? do you
speak French or German? je ne parle ni I'un ni I'autre I speak
neither (the) one nor the other; il le parle un pen he speaks it a
little; elle le parle assez bien she speaks it fairly well; il ne le
parle pas (point) du tout he does not speak it at all; le parle-t-il?
est-ce qu'il le parle? does he speak it? ne le parle-t-il pas? does he
not speak it? elle le parle, n'est-ce pas? she speaks it, does she not?
parle-je? (in poetry only) for: est-ce que je parle? vous le parlez,
n'est-ce pas? you speak it, do you not? n'est-ce pas que vous le parlez?
you speak it, I am sure (is it not true that you, etc.); est-ce que
vous ne le parlez pas? (and with surprise) do you not speak it?
or again: is it possible that you do not speak it? a qui parlez-vous?
to whom are you speaking? a man pere to my father; a ma mere
to my mother; amasoeur to my sister; amonfrere to my brother;
a mon pere el a ma mere to my father and mother.
avec qui parlez-vous? with whom do you speak? avec mon cousin
et avec ma cousine with my two cousins ; tout le monde everybody ;
de qui parle-t-il? of whom is he speaking? de quoi parle-t-on?
of what do you speak? or: of what do they speak? or again:
what is the subject (topic) of the' conversation? le monsieur
auquel on parle est un Stranger the gentleman to whom we speak
is a foreigner; il parle franqais he speaks French; c'est un Pari-
sien he is a Parisian; une Parisienne Parisian lady; tout ce que
vous avez anything you have; all you have;
fermer to close (shut) la porte the door
la fenetre the window le livre the book ,
on ferme a cinq heures doors are closed at five o'clock; je ferme
la porte; il la ferme; I close the door; he closes it; je ne la ferme
pas I do not close it; on la ferme tous les jours (soirs) it is closed
every day (evening) ; fermez-la shut it; s'il vous plait if you please.
REGULAR VERBS IN -ER 211
tout (m.) toute (f.) tous (m. pi.) toutes (f. pi.)
all, every, whole, any all, every, whole, any
NOTE. tout (adjectif: adjective) may mean: any; tous (as a
pronoun) is heard : touss.
tout hommequi; toute femme qui; any man who; any woman that;
parlez tous speak all;
tout before the name of a city (feminine) and meaning:
tout le peuple is not inflected;
tout Rome en a ete temoin all Rome witnessed it
as adverb tout is invariable:
Us sont sortis tout contents they went out (left) quite pleased;
une dame tout en pleurs (larmes) a lady in tears;
eploree in tears.
and except in:
une maison toute en feu a house all on fire; and also before a
feminine adjective beginning with a consonant or h (aspirate)
tout varies:
toute honteuse quite ashamed; toute la famille the whole family;
c'est une toute autre chose quite another matter (thing) ; a toute
autre question to any other question; ceci est tout autre chose
this is quite different; il parle de tout he speaks of everything;
tout le monde en parle everybody speaks of it, etc.
apporter to bring chercher to seek (look for)
visiter to visit regarder to look (at)
precher to preach tirer to pull
pousser to push manifester to manifest
ipporter une fleur to bring a flower; il cherche son chapeau he is
looking for his hat; elle le cherche she is looking for it; on visile
un malade (une malade) we visit a patient; je te (vous) cherche
I am looking for you; me cherche-t-il? or: est-ce qu'il me, etc., is he
looking for me?
Oral Drill:
il a beau dire in vain he says; il dit la verite he speaks the truth;
vous avez beau parler in vain you speak; voila une heure qu'il
parle he has been speaking for an hour; il parle pour parler (sans
avoir rien a dire) he speaks merely to talk (without having any-
thing to say) ; on parle (s'entretient) de chases et d'autres we speak
of various things; il parle (agit) en I'air he talks to no purpose;
212 REGULAR VERBS IN -ER
sur divers sujets on (upon) various topics; on parle & un sourd
(a un mur) we speak to a deaf person (to a wall); il a beau jeu
he has a good hand ; sa presence me gdne his presence prevents me
from talking; les dents lui daquent de peur his teeth chatter from
fear; il n'est bruit que de cela there is no talk but of that; c'est un
diseur de riens he is an idle talker; brebis (sheep) qui bele perd sa
goulee (mouthful; coll.); the ass that brays most eats least (; too
much talk, no dinner); jamais beau parler n'ecorche la langue
civility costs nothing (it is always well to speak frankly); il a
son franc-parler he is outspoken ; il preche d'exemple he practises
what he preaches; je le regarde I am looking at it (him) ; faire con-
naitre to make known; manifestez vos volontes manifest your wishes.
3. IMPERFECT (V imparfait de I'indicatif) :
je parlais I was speaking (I spoke, did speak, used to speak, had
been speaking, would speak: as a Past of habit)
tu parlais (thou wast speaking) you were speaking (spoke; etc.)
il parlait he was speaking (kept speaking, did speak, etc.)
nous parlions we were speaking (spoke, did speak, etc.)
vous parliez you were speaking (spoke, did speak, etc.)
Us parlaient they were speaking (spoke, did speak, etc.)
cocker to hide oter to remove (take off)
enlever to remove travailler to work
porter to wear (take; bear) assister (a) to attend
Ezercice de Conversation:
il cachait souvent mon chapeau he would often hide my hat; en
presence des dames in the presence of ladies; en entrant dans la
salle de classe on entering the class-room; la servante enlevait le
couvert the servant removed the dishes (cleared the table);
il me parlait toujours en allemand, en anglais, en italien he would
always speak to me in German, English or Italian; elle ne lui
parlait jamais en espagnol she never spoke to him (her) in Span-
ish; ne leur parliez-vous pas en portugais? would you not speak
to them in Portuguese? a qui parliez-vous, lorsque je suis entre
(dans la salle) to whom were you speaking when I entered (the
class-room)? est-ce que vous lui parliez de moi (de lui, d'elle, d'eux)?
were you speaking to him (her) about me [of me; about him
(her) or about them: of themj?
demeurer pres d'ici to live (reside) near here
porter un chapeau (des gants) to wear a hat (gloves)
porter des fruits to yield fruit; I'arbre the tree (m.).
REGULAR VERBS IN -ER 213
4. PAST DEFINITE (PRETERIT) (le passe defini} :
je parlai I spoke tu parlas (thou spokest) you spoke
il parla he spoke nous parlames we spoke
vous parlates you spoke Us parlerent they spoke
(for review) :
je ne parlai pas I did not speak; tu ne parlas pas you did not
(speak) ; il parla a Boston en mil neuf cent huit he spoke in Boston
in nineteen hundred and eight; on assista a la reunion we (they)
attended the meeting; elle traversa la Manche en she crossed the
English Channel in; au secoursl help! elle cria: au voleur; a
I' assassin; au feu! she shouted: " thief! " "murderer! " "fire! "
on accepta son off re his (her) offer was accepted; onjoua aux cartes
we (they) played cards
bldmer to blame grander to scold
louer to rent; to praise; preparer la leqon to prepare
(to get ready : in advance) the lesson ; durer une heure to last an hour.
5. FUTURE (le futur) :
je parlerai I will (shall) speak
tu parleras (thou shalt or wilt speak) you shall or will speak
il parlera he shall (will) speak
nous parlerons we will (shall) speak
vous parlerez you shall (will) speak
Us parleront they shall (will) speak
Practice:
je ne parlerai pas I will not speak or I refuse to speak; je parlerai
maintenant I shall speak now (: I intend to speak now); tu ne
voleras pas you shall not steal: (I command you not to steal);
il ne restera pas he shall not stay (remain) : (I oppose his staying) ;
je vais tailler man crayon I will sharpen my pencil (now); I am
going to sharpen, etc.; remarquer dans la joule to notice among
the crowd; distinguer to make a distinction; ecouter to listen (to):
on les ecoute we are listening to them.
pecker to fish (angle) pecker to sin
plonger to dive baptiser to baptize (christen)
la ligne the line le peche the sin
effacer un mot to erase a word
biffez-le strike it off (run a pen through it)
rayez-le cross it off raturez-le scratch it out
214 REGULAR VERBS IN -ER
Oral Drill:
d la ligne to the line; or with rod and line; dans I'eau in (into)
the water; le vrai du faux the right from the wrong ; the true from
the false; un tailleur a tailor (cutter); un pecheur a fisherman;
un pecheur a sinner; son exercice est charge de ratures his exercise
is full of erasures; paroles (f.) inutiles vain words; la paix; la
guerre; peace; war; la confusion des langues the confusion of
tongues; conferer un litre to confer a title (upon); donner un
accent anglais to pronounce with an English accent; indiquer la
direction to indicate the direction; un instrument qui mesure an
instrument that measures; elle se poudre le visage she powders
her face; nommez-le: Jean name it (him), John; appelez-le call
him; un appareil an apparatus; on lui donna, ce nom that name was
given to him (her); avec arrogance; avecfierte; arrogantly; proudly.
Exercice de Conversation:
il comptera de un a dix he will count from one to ten; il trouvera
a qui parler [chaussure (f.) d son pied] (shoe for his foot): he will
meet his match or: (what he wants); cet echec ne diminuera en
rien sa gloire this failure will not lessen his fame in the least;
tout contribuera au progres des recherches everything will contribute
to the advance of research; on lui procurera un abri we shall
provide a shelter for him (her); il professe cette doctrine he pro-
fesses that doctrine ; il observe les Dix Commandements he observes
the Ten Commandments; on inventera un terme pour designer
cela a word (an expression) shall be given to designate it (that);
en tirer perte ou profit to gain or lose by it; trailer d'affaires to
speak of business (to discuss); il parle de tout sans rien savoir
he discourses on everything without knowing anything; il sera
question de vous they will talk about you ; vous Vaborderez et (vous)
lui adresserez la parole first approach him and then speak to
him; I'orateur portera la parole the orator will now address you
(Mesdames et Messieurs Ladies and, etc.); il prit la parole he
began to speak; vous vous adresserez au concierge apply to the
porter; il parlera; n'esl-ce pas? he will speak, will he not? U
aura a parler (il lui faudra parler) he will have to speak; gran-
der (morigener) to reprimand; on lui donnera le nom de Jean
they will give him the name of John ( name him John);
lancer les eleves dissipes to rebuke (lecture) inattentive pupils;
Her, enchainer une idee to link, to associate an idea; recompenser
to reward; annoncer to announce; confirmer to confirm; les der-
nieres nouvelles the latest news.
REGULAR VERBS IN -ER 215
6. CONDITIONAL (le present du conditionnel) :
je parlerais I would or should speak
tu parlerais (thou wouldst or shouldst speak) you would or should,
etc.
il parlerait he would (should) speak
nous parlerions we would (should) speak
vous parleriez you would (should) speak
Us parleraient they would (should) speak
Oral Drill:
si je partais fran$ais, je gagnerais da-vantage if I spoke French,
I would earn more; elle leur parlerait, si elle avail le temps she
would speak to them, if she had the time; il en parlerait he would
speak of it (of her, etc.); elle parlerait ces langues, si elle les avail
etudiees she would speak those languages, if she had studied them;
on lui parlerait, si on avail le temps we would speak to him (her)
if we had the time; je ne sais si je lui parlerais de cela I do not
know whether I should speak to him about it; et je ne sais s'il
m'en parlerait and I do not know whether he would speak of it
to me; ne leur parleriez-vous pas, si vous les rencontriez? would
you not speak to them, if you (ever) should meet them? vous leur
parleriez, n'est-ce pas? you would speak to them, would you not?
cf . : elle n'a pas voulu parler (: a refuse de parler) she would not
speak ! ( refused to speak) ; il se refuse le necessaire he denies
himself the necessities; elle se refuse a faire cela she does not
consent to do that ; il risquerait le tout pour le tout he would stake
all; un mot spirituel a witty remark; un mot a double entente
an ambiguous word; mot a mot; sans rien changer; word for word;
without changing anything; prompt comme la poudre as quick
as a flash ; qui refuse muse: he who will not when he may, when he
will he shall have "nay"; y regarder a deux fois avant de le faire
to think twice before doing it (that); prendre garde a ce que I' on
va faire to beware of what is to be done ; remporter la victoire to
carry the day; il changea brusquement de propos he suddenly
changed the subject; il est regie comme un papier de musique
he is regular in his habits ; regler to rule ; reprimander un enfant
to reprimand a child; toute leur histoire se resume dans les luttes
incessantes de ces etats their whole history is summed up in
the incessant struggles between those states; region desolee
desolate region (section); une invasion allemande a German
invasion.
216 PARLER CONJUGATED
7. IMPERATIVE (Vimperatif}:
parle speak parlous let us speak parlez speak
qu'il parle let him speak qu'elle parle let her speak
qu'ils parlent let them speak
qu'ils ne parlent pas let them not speak
parle-le speak it ne le parle pas do not speak it
ne les parle pas do not speak them; parle-lui; parlez-lui; speak
to him (her); parle-leur; parlez-leur ; speak to them; ne lui parlez
jamais never speak to him (her); ne parlez point speak not;
do not speak; parlons-en let us speak of it (of him, etc.); n'en
parlons plus let us speak no more of it; about it; Jean, ne parle
plus say no more, John; tranchons le mot let us say the word or
let us speak out.
passons outre (continuons; n'en tenons pas compte) let us overlook
it (let us pass it over; let us rot insist); passons I'eponge sur cela
(sponge) let us forget it ; brisons la let us stop talking (arguing) ;
ne discutons pas davantage let us discuss no more; oublions le
passe let us forget the past; c'est la plus riche des trois contrees
qui composent ce royaume it is the richest of the three countries
which compose that kingdom; diver ses nationalites various na-
tionalities; manger de la chicoree en salade to eat chicory as a
salad or chicory salad; Inattentif; inattentive; inattentive; actif;
active active; recalcitrant refractory (unruly); docile docile;
chercher une occasion to seek an opportunity ; chercher une occupa-
tion to seek a position; les voiles obscurs the dark veils; la voile
the sail; couchez I' enfant (mettez-le au lit) put the child to bed.
LESSON XIX
8. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT or FUTURE (le present du
subjonctif) :
que je parle that I may (can) speak; also: other forms in English
que tu paries that (thou mayest) you speak or that you may (can)
speak; also: other forms in English
qu'il parle that he may (can) speak; also: other forms in English
que nous parlions that we may (can) speak "
que vous parliez that you may (can, speak "
qu'ils parlent that they may (can) speak
PARLER CONJUGATED 217
many examples are given for various forms 'at pages above (Lessons
IX, XXVI):
il faut que je parle fran$ais I must speak French ; or: it is impor-
tant that I should speak French; etc.; il ne faut pas que vous lui
partiez en anglais you should not speak to him (her) in English;
il est possible qu'il les parle bien it is possible that he speaks them
well; he may speak, etc.; il vaut mieux que vous leur parliez you
had better speak to them ; il faudra que je leur parle I shall have
to speak to them; s'occuper de to be engaged in; la chimie chem-
istry.
Oral Drill:
le lit occupe toute la place the bed occupies the whole space; I' air
remplit tout I'espace the air fills all space; elle occupe un emploi
she has a position ; on s' en occupe (they attend to it): are working
at it; il s' occupe a cela (: il consacre son temps a; il donne son temps
a) he is busy with that (he devotes his time to; he gives his time
to); cette lecture occupe ses loisirs that reading takes up his (her)
moments of leisure; on vous occ'upera (: on vous donnera a travailler)
we will (shall) keep you busy; we will give you work; est-ce que
j' occupe votre place (siege)? am I in your seat? on est a vous dans
une minute; on s'occupera de vous a I'instant you will be waited
on in a moment ; we shall attend to you soon ; ne vous en occupez
pas do not trouble yourself (yourselves) about it.
9. IMPERFECT (SUBJUNCTIVE) (Vimparfait du sub-
jonctif) :
que je parlasse that I might speak (or: other forms in English)
que tu parlasses that thou mightest speak; that you might speak,
etc.
See Rules, Lessons
XIII and XXVI.
qu'H parlat that he might speak.
que nous parlassions that we might speak.
que vous parlassiez that you might speak.
qu'ils parlassent that they might speak.
NOTE. Tense mostly used in books.
10. SUBJUNCTIVE PAST AND PLUPERFECT:
Practice for more examples: at Lesson xxvi
il n'a plus a redouter la force de son adversaire he will not have to
fear any longer the strength of his opponent ; la chaleur the heat ;
218 PARLER CONJUGATED
le froid the cold; elle redoute le froid she dreads the cold; citez
les noms mention the names; il cite un exemple he gives an ex-
ample; citez des fails give facts as proof; citer la Bible to quote
the Bible.
The Compound Tenses of parler.
11. THE PAST INDEFINITE (Perfect) :
j'ai parle; tu as parle; il a parle; nous avons parle; vous avez parle;
Us ont parle; for: I have spoken (I spoke); (thou hast spoken:
thou spokest) or: you have spoken; he has spoken (he spoke);
we have spoken (we spoke) ; you have spoken (you spoke) ; they
have spoken (they spoke).
NOTE. This past is of constant use in conversation.
Oral Drill:
de temps a autre at times; lui avez-vous parle or est-ce que vous lui
avez, etc.? did you speak to him (her)? je ne lui ai pas encore parle
I have not yet spoken to him; to her; ne lui avez-vous pas parle
quelquefois (: est-ce que vous ne lui avez pas parle quelquefois?)
have you not spoken to him sometimes? pourquoi why? parce
que because; etre en retard to be late; en quelque temps que ce
soil- at any time.
did: observe that did is greatly used in English ;
Us lui ont parle; n'est-ce pas? they spoke to him, did they not?
n'est-ce pas qu'il leur a parle? Si, il leur a parle une fois; is it
not true that he spoke to them? Yes, he did once; plus d 'une fois
more than once; plusieurs fois several times; de temps en temps
(de fois d, autre); rarement from time to time (now and then);
rarely; je le repete une fois pour toutes I repeat once for all; <i
mesure que I' on s'eleve dans r atmosphere as one rises in the air;
mesurer la hauteur a laquelle on s'eleve to measure the height that
one reaches; avec hesitation el difficulte with hesitation and diffi-
culty; attaquer a coups de projectiles to attack with projectiles;
fabriquer le frontage to make cheese; le canard fouille avec le bee
the duck digs with* his (its) beak; puiser de I'eaudans un baquet
to draw water with a bucket; d la riviere from the river; puiser
aux sources (consulter les auteurs) to draw from original sources;
puiser un passage dans Virgile to borrow from Vergil; couler de
source (to flow from a spring) to come from the heart ; on implore
les anges (on invoque) we supplicate (invoke) the angels.
PARLER CONJUGATED 2IQ
12. PLUPERFECT (INDICATIVE) (le plus-que-parfait de
Vindicatif) :
j'avais parle I had spoken tu avais parle thou hadst spoken:
you had, etc.
il avail parle he had spoken nous avions parle we had spoken
vous aviez parle you had spoken Us avaient parle they had spoken
Exercice de Conversation:
parfois at times; si on avail parle if we had spoken (had we
spoken?) s'il avail parle if he had spoken; si elle avail parle if
she had spoken; s'ils lui avaient parle if they had spoken to him
(her) ; si elles ne leur avaient pas parle if they had not spoken to
them; ne lui aviez-vous jamais parle had you never spoken to
him (her) ? Jamais! never; n'est-ce pas que vous aviez deja parle a . .?
isn't it true that you had already spoken to . . ? avait-il fait I'eloge
de eel auteur?. had he spoken in praise of that author? on en avail
parle en lermes flatteurs we had spoken of him in flattering terms;
Us ont parle polilique elrangere (exlerieure) they talked politics
(foreign politics) ; Us ont parle sur tout they discoursed upon every-
thing; parle r franqais comme une vache espagnole (Spanish cow);
(colloq.) to speak broken French; il ne lui a pas mdche la verile
(mince the truth) he spoke his mind freely to him; il pese ses
paroles he weighs his words; elle commanda le diner she ordered
the dinner; commandez-lui d'apporter or (: qu'il apporte) order him
to bring (fetch); il commande le bataillon he commands (orders)
the battalion; orne de; enloure de; adorned (ornamented) with;
surrounded by; exprimer diver ses idees el leurs rapports to express
various ideas and their relation; la repetition generate general
rehearsal; la repetition consiste a recommencer repetition consists
of repeating many times; son revenu consiste en rentes (se compose
de) his income consists of annuities; il est compose (il se compose)
de trois parties it is composed of three parts; le bonheur consiste
dans la satisfaction de happiness is derived from the pleasure of
(the satisfaction of).
13. PAST ANTERIOR (le passe anterieur):
feus parle I had spoken; tu eus parle you had spoken (or:
thou hadst spoken)
il cut parle he had spoken nous eumes parle we had spoken
vous eules parle you had spoken Us eurenl parle they had spoken.
NOTE. Tense mostly used in books or: with quand when;
des que (aussilol que; silol que) as soon as.
22O PARLER CONJUGATED
Oral Drill:
aussitdt qu'il cut parle as soon as he had spoken; d peine fut-il
entre qu'il s'excusa scarcely had he entered when he excused him-
self; la sonnerie electrique the electric bell; indiquer les heures
distinctement to indicate the hours distinctly; se developper
librement (: emancipe de toute tutelle) to develop without restraint
(free from all tutelage); la langue; le langage parle; the language
(tongue); the spoken language; le langage des Japonais the mode
of expression among the Japanese; I' argot des Holies the (pro-
fessional) slang at the Central Market in Paris; I'idiome grec
the Greek tongue; or: a language peculiar to the Greeks; le dialecte
proven^al the Provencal dialect; des idiotismes idiomatic con-
structions; expressions idiomatiques idiomatic expressions; le
jargon unintelligible language; also: langue etrangere qu'on n' en-
tend point a mixture (of languages) that we cannot understand;
langue speciale aux Apaches the jargon of the Apaches; le patois
(idiome populaire) language (illiterate or provincial speech) to
be distinguished from the standard (literary) dialect; propre a
une province peculiar to a province; vernacular.
14. FUTURE PAST (le futur anterieur}:
j'aurai parle I will or shall have spoken
tu auras parle you shall (will) have spoken; or: thou wilt (shalt)
have spoken
il aura parle he shall (will) have spoken
nous aurons parle we will (shall) have spoken
vous aurez parle you shall (will) have spoken
Us auront parle they shall (will) have spoken
Exercice de Conversation:
des que j'aurai parle as soon as I have spoken (or: shall have
finished speaking); il n'aura pas parle (fini de parler) avant votre
arrivee he will not be through speaking before you arrive; parle-t-il
autrement qu'il ne pense? does he speak differently from what he
thinks? mal d propos not opportune (unseasonable); non merite
(also: deplace) uncalled for; il choisit ses termes (ses mots, ses
expressions) he selects his words (his expressions); de vive voix
by word of mouth; combler de politesse to overwhelm with polite-
ness; propos fncoherents incoherent talk; d'une autre fagon some
other way; scier le bois to saw wood; la scierie the saw-mill;
il met de I' affectation d bien parler he speaks affectedly; he is
affected in his speech; meubles anciens antique furniture; les anciens
PARLER CONJUGATED 221
the men of old ; the ancients; les auteurs anciens ancient authors;
I'ancien maire the former Mayor; cela existe depuis longtemps
that has been in existence for many years; le nouveau maire the
new mayor; paroles sottes et frivoles light and foolish words;
retomber entre les mains des to fall again into the hands of the;
to become once more the possession of the; auditoire peu nombreux
small attendance.
15. CONDITIONAL PAST (First Form) (le passe du con-
ditionnel) :
j'aurais parle I would or should have spoken
tu aurais parle you should or would have spoken; or: (thou
shouldst or wouldst have spoken)
il aurait parle he should or would have spoken
nous aurions parle we would or should have spoken
vous auriez parle you should or would have spoken
Us auraienl parle they would or should have spoken
Oral Drill:
je vous aurais parle, si j'avais eu le temps I would have spoken to
you, if I had had the time; il aurait parle, s'tl avail pu (voulu)
he would have spoken, if he could (wished); ne lui auriez-vous
pas parle would you not have spoken to him; to her? quand
meme il leur aurait parle even if he had spoken to them ; je croyais
qu'il m 'aurait parle I thought he would have spoken to me;
imiter les Italiens, >es Americains, les Anglais to imitate the Ital-
ians, the Americans, the English; dans une autre langue in an-
other language; locution propre a la langue fran^aise et transportee
dans an expression peculiar to the French language and intro-
duced into; jouez d la paume play tennis; unjeu ou Von se renvoie
la balle avec une raquette a game in which the ball is sent back
with a racket.
16. CONDITIONAL PAST (Second Form):
j'eusse parle I would or should have spoken
tu eusses parle you should or would have spoken
U eut parle he should or would have spoken
nous eussions parle we would have or should have spoken
vous eussiez parle you should have or would have spoken
Us eussent parle they should have or would have spoken
eusse-je parle en public should I have spoken in public? ne leur
eut-il pas parle would he not have spoken to them? si vous eussiez
222 PARLER CONJUGATED
parle, je vous aurais (or : eusse) entendu should you have spoken,
I would have heard you.
NOTE. After si (if) the second form is used instead of the plu-
perfect indicative :
s'il cut pu purler if he (only) could have spoken; Us n'eussent
jamais parle fran$ais, s'il eut etc present they would never have
spoken French, if he had been there.
Oral Drill:
sa forme rappelle celle du serpent the shape resembles the snake ;
tricheraujeu to cheat at a game; contrees devastees par de frequents
tremblements de terre et des eruptions volcaniques countries de-
vastated by frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; arreter
pour toujours I 'irruption des barbares to check for ever the sudden
and violent inroad of the barbarians; le debar dement de la Seine
(I' irruption) overflowing of the Seine river; faire irruption;
incursion; to invade ; to make a raid ; contenir, outre le calendrier
1918, des observations astronomiques et meteor ologiques, des articles
de statistiques to contain, besides the calendar of 1918, astronomi-
cal and meteorological observations, articles on statistics.
17. IMPERATIVE PERFECT (see Lesson X).
1 8. SUBJUNCTIVE PAST:
que j'aie parle that I may (can) have spoken or other forms in
English
que tu aies parle that you may (can) have spoken
qu'il ait parle that he may (can) have spoken
que nous ayons parle that we may (can) have spoken
que vous ayez parle that you may (can) have spoken
qu'ils aient parle that they may (can) have spoken
il doute que vous lui ayez parle he doubts whether you have spoken
to him (her) ; U est le seul qui vous ait parle he is the only one that
has, etc.; ce sera la seule qui leur ait parle she will be (or: is) the
only one who spoke to them.
Review also Lessons XIII, XXVI.
19. SUBJUNCTIVE PLUPERFECT:
que j' eusse parle that I might have spoken or other forms in English
que tu eusses parle that you might have spoken
AND OTHER VERBS 223
qu'il cut parle that he might have spoken
que nous eussions parle that we might have spoken
que vous eussiez parle that you might have spoken
qu'ils eussent parle that they might have spoken
(Lessons XIII, XXVI fully illustrated)
je ne savais pas que vous lui eussiez parle I did not know you had
spoken to him (her) ; il aurait ete le seul eleve qui eut parle he would
have been the only pupil to have spoken (to) etc. ; c'etait la seule
dame qui eut parle she was the only lady who might have spoken;
je n'aurais pas voulu qu'ils eussent parle I would not have wished
them to have spoken; je ne croirai jamais qu'il eut parle, s'il
avail assiste a la fete I shall never believe that he would have
spoken, if he had attended the celebration ; il etait possible qu'on
leur eut parle possibly they have been spoken to.
Oral Drill:
causer de I'angoisse to cause anguish; eprouver d'amers deplaisirs
(mecontentements) to feel sad disappointments; se distinguer par
son poil long et soyeux to be remarkable for its long and silky hair;
des plaintes ameres bitter complaints ; enf oncer le fer dans le bois
to drive (sink) the iron into the wood; on le boutonne par devant
(derriere) it is buttoned in front (in the back); caserner, baraquer
un regiment (the regiment in the barracks) to lodge soldiers in
garrison; tortiller un mouchoir to wring (twist) a handkerchief;
traverser la rue to cross the street; animer son style to enliven
(to give life to) one's style; lui donner de la vigueur (force) to give
vivacity (action); egrener les cereales to husk (to strip the husk)
from the corn (wheat), rice (le riz), cereal.
LESSON XX
20. VARIOUS EXPRESSIONS ON parler AND VERBS OF
THE FIRST GROUP:
oiler and envoyer being irregular
le franqais se parle en Amerique French is spoken in America;
Men par lei good! well expressed; parlez plus haul; parlez plus
has; louder; lower; puisqu'il faut parler net since plain speaking
is desired; la bouche parle de I'abondance du cceur out of the abun-
dance of the heart, the mouth speaketh; parlez-moi de cela! good!
(as approbation or irony) ; je vous apprendrai a bien parler I will
teach you to speak (more respectfully); il s'exprime bien he ex-
224 PARLER REVIEWED
presses himself well; onlefelicite he is congratulated ; cela provoque
de vifs applaudissements that calls forth warm applause; chaleu-
reux accueil cordial welcome; elevation (abaissemenf) de la voix
the raising (lowering) of a voice, on hesite we hesitate; on juge
les langnes par analogic languages are interpreted through analogy ;
or: d'apres les rapports qui existent entre elles from their illustra-
tion by comparison; their likeness to one another; cf. : d'apres
les rapports qui existent according to the reports made; rapporter
les evenements annee par annee to record events happening yearly
(yearly events).
Exercice de Conversation:
a tort et a tr avers aimlessly; il parle du nez he speaks through his
nose; elle parle mal she speaks ill; il y a un temps pour parler et
un temps pour se taire there comes a time when one must speak or
keep silent ; il faut laisser parler let them gossip ; a propos de rien
for no purpose (for nothing at all) ; il a la langue grasse (son parler
est peu intelligible) he speaks thick (: not easily understood);
la langue lui a fourche his (her) tongue tripped; elle medit de son
prochain she speaks ill of heY neighbor; elle mange ses mots she
clips her words; mal prononcer not to pronounce well; on jeta
les hauls cris they protested loudly ; il a le parler bref he is a man
of few words; il a le verbe haul he is loud spoken; il parle d' aban-
donee (sans preparation) he speaks without previous study or
preparation; offhand; avec abondance; paroles sans suite; with
fluency; disconnected words; cela parle tout seul that is clear;
ouvrez la bouche: (parlez!) open the mouth (your, etc.); il en dit
du bien (du mal) he speaks well or ill of him (her), etc. ; elle raisonne
bien she reasons well.
Oral Drill:
le chien dresse les oreilles the dog pricks up his ears; il baissa
Voreille he looked confused; il ecoute avec interH he listens with
interest; il est bien tombe chance favored him; la conversation
tomba sur the conversation turned to (on) ; ses cheveux lui tombent
sur les epaules her hair falls on her shoulders; les feuilles tombent
une a une the leaves fall one by one; la chute des feuilles the fall
of the leaves; tomber a plat to fall flat; a plat venire flat on the
ground; un echec complet complete failure; aux pieds de quelqu'un
at his feet; tout tombe dans I'oubli everything is soon forgotten;
se tromper (tomber dans I'erreur) tomber en disgrace to fall into
ITS EQUIVALENTS 225
error; to be mistaken; into disgrace; tomber de son haul to
be extremely surprised or: des nues (from the clouds).
lui etre echu en partage (lui etre tombe) to have fallen to his lot ;
ecraser to crush; so, fete tombe le mardi his birthday falls on a
Tuesday; en lambeaux into rags (tatters); cet auteur tombe this
author is falling into disfavor; tomber d rien; a pen de chose; to
fall through; to amount to little; ce lime lui est tombe entre les
mains that book fell into his hands; tomber d' accord; par hasard;
to fall into accord; by chance; etre d'aplomb to be perpendicular;
tomber d pic abrupt; perpendiculairement perpendicular; tomber
de cheval to fall from one's horse; le sort est tombe sur lui (: I'a
designe) it fell to his fate ( : it has selected him) or: it fell to his
lot; pas une parole n'est proferee not a word is uttered; articuler
un son to articulate a sound; sons articules (paroles articulees)
utterance of articulate sounds; mesurer ses paroles to measure
one's words; balbutier to lisp; to mumble; to stammer; inspirer;
une inspiration; to inspire; an inspiration; il a le debit facile he
has a free delivery; il accentue bien he pronounces (accentuates)
with proper accent; Us font toujours des coq-a-l'dne they are always
talking nonsense; incoherent talk ; il a beau dire, il n'en sera ni plus
ni mains he may talk as much as he pleases, it will be so; il parle
par experience he speaks from experience; il est lent d parler he
is slow of speech ; c'est une maniere de parler it is a way (manner)
of speaking; au pied de la lettre literally; strictly speaking; il
demands la parole he begs leave to speak; autant en emporte le
vent (the wind carries away) all that is idle talk; it is moonshine;
innocent badinage harmless talk.
il est bavard he is loquacious (talkative); on coquette (tattle des
bavettes) they chat, gossip (: cutting bibs); a proprement parler
(: a la rigueur) properly speaking (in a strict sense); il parle clair
et net (il dit sa pensee; il parle franchement) he speaks his mind
(openly and frankly); or: il ne se gene pas he does not mince
matters; cessez de tenir ce langage cease to speak in such a manner;
cesser de parler stop ! changez de propos talk of something else ; sans
ambages (detours) without turning from the point in question ; cela
leur fait honneur that speaks well for them ; pour ainsi dire so to
speak; il en dit du mal (du bien) he speaks ill of him, etc.; he
speaks highly of, etc.; il traine ses paroles he drawls out his words;
lentement; avec lenteur; slowly ; with slowness ; soil dit a leur honneur
to their honor be it spoken; j'ai affaire d elle I want to speak to
her; j'ai affaire avec elle I deal with her; etre en rapport avec
15
226 PARLER REVIEWED
to have dealings with; c'est sa fa$on de parler it is his mode of
speaking; la conversation roula sur divers sujets the conversation
turned upon various subjects; a la politique to politics; les gros
poissons mangent les petits the large fishes eat the small ones;
la force prime le droit might overcomes right; la raison du plus
fort est toujours la meilleure the reason of the stronger is always
the better (one) or: might makes right; parlez-moi de cela that
is something; la langue leur fretille they are longing (dying) to
speak; Us ont une grande demangeaison de parler they strongly
desire to speak ; la demangeaison itching.
il annonce (preche) he proclaims (preaches) the Gospel; trouver
un bon mot to find a good word; un mot spirituel witty remark;
entrer en conversation to enter into conversation; entamer la con-
versation to start (broach) the, etc.; remonter de la mer dans les
fleuves to go up from the sea into the rivers; remonter une montre
to wind a watch; remonter la riviere to ascend the river; il se
h&ta d' engager la conversation he hastened to begin, etc.; addi-
tionner to add up; ajouter to add; diviser to divide; multiplier
to multiply; retrancher to subtract (to take away); reparler to
speak again; caqueter to, cackle; le coquet d'une poule the cackle
of a hen; se retirer en bon ordre to withdraw in good order; secher
to dry; sec (seche) dry; la secher esse dryness, drought; elle fait
secher le linge she is spreading out linen to dry; se faire secher
to dry one's self; gater to spoil; gater to damage; to taint;
la viande que la chaleur a gatee the meat which has been tainted
by the heat; endommager (causer du dommage) to damage;
to occasion damage to; deteriorer to impair; to deteriorate;
degrader to degenerate; to become worse; gater le plaisir to
spoil the pleasure (fun); figer to congeal; coaguler to coagulate;
le lait milk; cailleter to chatter (gossip); cailler to curdle; fumer
du havane to smoke Havana cigars; son fils en qui il voyait deja
un futur her os his son who promised to be a future hero; des
decorations superbes ornent le monument, entre autres les figures
des anges, du Devoir Angels and Duty were among the rich deco-
rations enhancing the monument; comme chaque fois qu'elle
parlait de son fils as each time she spoke of her son; elle demande
la parole she requests permission to speak; elle a la parole she is
allowed to speak; on lui adressa la parole (on lui parld) they
spoke to him (her) ; il menage ses paroles (il parle pen) he is chary
of words; il se menage he takes care of himself; le management
regard; circumspection (caution).
ITS EQUIVALENTS 227
die jase comme une pie (magpie) she is a chatterer; babiller to
talk much and idly (to prate) ; bavarder to chatter (jabber) ;
jaser to prattle; (slander); causer to hold a conversation; sur
soncompte about him (her) ; de son prochain about one's neighbor;
le marmot the brat; on le critique he is criticized; il piaille (: il
pousse des cris aigus el repetes) it shrieks ( : it utters sharp and
lengthened sounds); la pie jacasse the magpie is chattering; le
perroquet piaille the parrot, etc. ; les Parisiens grasseyent Parisians
roll their r; on se tutoie entre amis, freres et sceurs thou and thee
are used among friends, brothers and sisters; on prononce selon
les regies rules are observed in pronunciation (pronouncing);
cela ne vaut pas la peine d'en parler it is not worth mentioning;
il a le parler facile he is a fluent speaker; les murailles parlent
walls have ears; les murs ont des yeux (des oreilles) walls have
eyes (ears); cela parle tout seul it needs no explanation; ne m'en
parlez pas do not raise the question (or I know all about it);
il parle I' argot he speaks slang; voila parler (c'est parler) that's
the idea! tout le monde en parle every one speaks of it; il parle
en maitre he speaks with authority; sij'ose parler ainsi if I may
say so; cet orateur parle avec connaissance de cause that orator
speaks upon good grounds; parlez franchement speak plainly;
parlez vertement sharply; il en parle tout a son aise it is easy for
him to speak; fouler le sol de la patrie to tread one's native heath;
to trample upon; cajoler to deceive with; to persuade by (fair
words, false persuasives) ; longuement at length.
dans un interet quelconque for some motive (of his own) ; il caresse
I' enfant he is caressing the child; le chien lui leche la main the
dog licks his hand; on le hue he is praised; louer to rent; flatter
to flatter; saler to salt (overcharge, fleece); exciter to excite;
zncourager to encourage (stimulate); decourager to discourage
(deter); favoriser to favor; to countenance (further or promote);
constituer to constitute; or: to form; to establish; organiser to
organize; anonner to falter; to utter hesitatingly; brokenly;
bredouitter to stammer (stutter); baragouiner to talk gibberish;
affecter to affect; des dehors vertueux feigning virtue (to be vir-
tuous); destiner (affecter) to be reserved for; isoler to isolate (insu-
late); or: cantonner to canton; to allot quarters to; on lui reproche
de ne pas avoir marche immediatement sur Verdun they criticize
his hesitancy in not advancing towards; toutes les fois que le peril
etait imminent, il poussait un cri each time his life was at stake, he
would utter a cry; ces messieurs s'adressent a celui qui ne sait
228 PECULIARITIES IN -ER
point tirer parti d'un avantage those gentlemen refer to any one
that does not avail himself of an opportunity.
Remarks on Verbs of the First Group
21. verbs ending in -ger retain the e before a or o:
mangeant eating; nous mangeons we are eating
22. verbs ending in -cer take Q (i.e. : c with cedilla)
before a; o :je pla$ais I placed (put) :
placing (putting) ; nous plaqons we place
Oral Drill:
onl'interrogeait he was questioned ; sur les participes on the parti-
ciples; en voyageant while traveling; il changeait souvent d' opi-
nion; he would often change his opinion; il pronongait bien he
pronounced well; pour abreger; abregeons; to be brief; let us cut
short; on lanqa they threw; il perga le mur he made a hole through
the wall or: an opening; pratiquer un trou to let in a hole; une
ouverture an opening ; un foret a gimlet (to bore) ; lancer des cir-
culaires to send out circulars; sieger to hold sessions; corriger
to correct; grincer to grit; engager to engage.
23. verbs with e on the penultimate syllable (of the
infinitive) change that e into e before an un-
stressed syllable ( : mute syllable) :
esperer to hope; j'espere; tu esperes; il espere; Us esperent, etc.;
but: nous esperons we hope; vous esperez you hope; and in the
Future and the Conditional: il esperera; il esperer ail; he will
hope; he would hope.
in poetry:
espere- je for: est-ce que j'espere? do I hope? do I hope?
le travail abrege les heures work shortens the hours; ceder to yield;
il cede en tout he yields in everything; il ceder a he will yield;
accelerer to accelerate; to increase; on accelere la vitesse (speed)
they accelerate the speed; on I' accelerer a it will be increased; on
accelerer ait le pas we would hasten our steps ; on celebre votre fete
your birthday anniversary is (being) celebrated; ce heros; cette
heroine; that hero; that heroine.
creer does not change the e (acute).
PECULIARITIES IN -ER 22Q
24. verbs with an unaccented e (like: mener to lead)
on the last but one syllable, change that e into e
before a mute syllable:
elle mene she is taking (leading) ; but : nous menons we take, etc. ;
the last syllable being stressed; achever to end (complete); il
acheve he is, etc.; nous achevons we are finishing; il achevera
( : the grave e in the Future and Conditional) ; also : with acheter
to buy; becqueter to peck (donner des coups de bee: to strike with
the beak); bourreler to torture; crever to burst; ecarteler to
quarter; geler to freeze; harceler to harass; lever to lift; marteler
to hammer; modeler to model; peler to peel (peel off skin);
peser to weigh (measure) ; ensemencer to scatter seed for growth
(on; in; over); semer to sow; le marteau the hammer; la graine
the seed; un grain de ble a grain of wheat.
NOTE. All compounds follow the same rule:
degeler to thaw; soulever to lift (from under); relever to lift
again; soupeser to try to weigh; le poids the weight; amener
to bring (in, up, over, about, on and round); emmener to lead
away (to take away); surmener to override; ramener to bring
(lead) back again, etc.
25
appeler to call; jeter to throw
j'appelle, tu appelles, il appelle, Us appellent, on appellera they
will call; but: appelons let us call.
Observe: Verbs ending in -ler or -ter take no e (grave) on the
penultimate, because they double the / or t before a mute syllable:
also in:
on jette we throw; vous jetez you throw; jette-le; jetez-le; throw
it away; and in: amonceler to heap up; banqueter to banquet;
bosseler to emboss (dent); botteler (du join hay) to put up in
bundles; briqueter to lay with bricks; cacheter to seal; canneler
to groove; caqueter to cackle; carreler to pave (with bricks);
chanceler to stagger; ciseler to chisel; colleter to collar or: saisir
au collet pour renverser to grab by the neck; to throw down;
cordeler to twist like a cord; (tordre en forme de corde); to twist
(twine); craqueter to crackle; creneler to tooth (embattle); le
creneau battlement.
23O REGULAR VERBS IN -IR
dechiqueter (la peau: the skin) to slash (cut) or: (couper par iaillades
to cut in slashes; par petites parties into small pieces); denteler
to indent (cog); empaqueter to pack up; ensorceler to bewitch;
etinceler to sparkle (flash) ; feuilleter (la feuille) to turn over the
leaves; ficeler to tie (: un paquet a package); or: attacker avec
une ficelle to tie with a string (with twine); j 'ureter to ferret out;
grommeler to grumble; haleter to gasp for breath; javeler to
lay in loose sheaves; marqueter to inlay; morceler to cut up;
to parcel; museler to muzzle (gag); niveler to make even (: Iz
niveau the level); r&teler to rake; (le rdteau rake; le r atelier
rack; or set of teeth); renouveler to renew; ressemeler to sole
anew; ruisseler to trickle down; souffleter to slap (in the face);
tacheter to speckle (to mark with speckles; to spot); moucheter
to fleck; voleter to flutter; and others derived from them.
NOTE. cree (creee) agreee, in verbs ending in: -eer and -ier retain
the e (acute) or the t:
il creera, il cree (and the 2nd e is not heard); elle prie she prays;
elle priera (e not heard), etc.
26. verbs ending in -oyer; -uyer change y into i before
e mute:
essuyer to wipe player to bend
il essuiera he will wipe il ploie it bends
27. verbs ending in -ayer; -eyer generally preserve
they:
payer to pay (for) il paie (paye) he pays
LESSON XXI
REGULAR VERBS OF THE SECOND GROUP end in -ir:
finir to finish finissant finishing fini finished
28. PRESENT INDICATIVE (le present de Vindicatif] :
je finis I finish (am finishing; do finish; have been finishing)
tu finis you finish (thou art finishing or) are finishing, etc.
il finit he finishes (is finishing; does finish, has been finishing)
nous finissons we finish, are finishing; do finish; have been
finishing
REGULAR VERBS IN -IR 23!
vous finis sez you finish, are finishing; do finish; have been finishing
Us finis sent they finish; are finishing; do finish; have been finishing
Oral Practice (for reviewing) :
il commence et je finis he begins and I finish; on commence par
avoir raison et onfinit par avoir tort they begin right and end wrong;
commenqons par une leqon de musique (de chant, de flute, de harpe)
et finissons par une leqon de franqais, de lecture ou de danse let us
begin with a music lesson (singing lesson, a lesson on the flute,
harp) and end with a French (or: reading, dancing) lesson; re
verbe finit en -ir this verb ends in -ir; elle finit sa leqon she is
finishing her lesson; il commence a travailler he is beginning to
work; la pendule sonne les heures the clock strikes the hours;
le corroyeur apprete le cuir the currier dresses leather; le tanneur
prepare les cuirs avec du tan the tanner prepares (converts the
skin into) leather with tanbark; with tan; c'est ce qui le preoccupe
le mains (plus) what preoccupies him the least (most) ; il eut un
grand succes he gained success (achieved great success) ; il acquit
une grande popularite et essaya de tirer le pays de sa decadence
he acquired a great popularity and tried to save the country from
its decadence ; un large plateau forme de plaines pierreuses et de-
series a vast stony and desolate plateau (elevated plain); il
administra sagement Les finances he conducted the finances wisely ;
c'est une region marecageuse situee a I 'embouchure de it is a marshy
region (section) situated at the mouth of.
ou regne un climat tres chaud et extremement sec where a very warm
and extremely dry climate prevails; la secheresse du climat the
dryness of the climate; mouvements qui se succedent d'une jaqon
reguliere (irreguliere) rhythmical movements (: marked by some
regular or irregular recurrence); d'une fa^on mesuree measuredly;
le chien jappe the dog yelps; le chien aboie (barks); sans cesse
unceasingly; \e vider to empty it; on nettoie les verres the glasses
are cleaned; nettoyer un appartement to clean out an apartment;
le vider to take everything out; on le balaie it is (being) swept;
on ancre (jette I'ancre) they cast anchor ; la cire a cacheter sealing-
wax; les vents amoncellent le sable the winds pile up the sand;
entasser to accumulate (heap up, pack together); comment s'ap-
pelle ce monsieur (: se nommer)? how is the gentleman called?
le nom the name; le prenom the first name; or le petit nom; le
nom de bapt&me the Christian name; osciller to oscillate; entre
deux partis (to waver) between two parties; un travail en bosse
sur la pierre relief work on stones (ornament with bosses) ; cabos-
232 REGULAR VERBS IN -TR
ser de Vargenterie to dent silverware; seme de bosses dented; re-
chercher avec ardeur (tdcher d'obtenir) to search arduously; to
try to get ; sa conscience le tourmente his conscience torments him ;
avidemment eagerly; avec un souffle with a breath; emettre un
son to emit a sound (of the breath); hors d'haleine out of breath;
or essouffle; adresser un hommage emu a la memoire de tous les
enfants de la France marts au champ d'honneur to render profound
homage to the memory of all the Sons of France who died on the
field of honor; pencher d'un cote (de I'autre) to lean on one side
(on the other).
Oral Drill:
on baisse (hausse) le toil they are lowering (raising) the roof;
on le diminue en hauteur they lessen the height of it; modeler en
cire to model in wax; boucher les fentes to fill the cracks; tirer
le sucre to extract sugar from; savonner (le linge) to soap (the
linen) ; to lather one's face; le visage the face; respiration oppressee
oppressed breathing; theme latin Latin exercise; I'exercice est un
devoir pour se familiariser avec les regies the exercise is a drill
to become familiar with rules; apprises en classe studied in
class; la le$on the lesson; le, la, les; la finit-elle (: est-ce qu'elle
la finit?) is she finishing it? ne la finit-elle pas or: est-ce qu'elle ne
lafinit pas? is she not finishing it? je la finis I am finishing it;
on les finit toujours a la m&me heure we always finish them at the
same hour; il le finit, n'est-ce pas? he is finishing it, is he not?
man theme est fini my exercise is finished; j'ai fini man travail
my work is done; un travail acheve work completed; il termine la
lettre en vous presentant ses meilleures amities he ends the letter
(while) offering you his best regards; c 1 est fini it is over; la leqon
est finie the lesson is over; a moitie fait qui commence bien a
good beginning is half the battle; cela n'en finit pas there is no
end to it; la moitie d'une pomme the half of an apple; une heure
et demie an hour and a half; half -past one; il y a un commencement
a tout there is a beginning in all things; n'a pas fini qui commence
the beginning is not everything; pour en finir (en resume) to
conclude (to sum up, on the whole); c'est la rentree des classes
it is the beginning of the Term; c'est le coup de grace it is the
finishing stroke; charite bien ordonnee commence par soi-meme
charity begins at home; il est absent au moment de I'appel he is
absent at roll-call; choisir to choose; I' heure est mal choisie the
hour is (not well selected) badly chosen; achever ses etudes to
complete one's studies.
REGULAR VERBS IN -IR 233
29. IMPERFECT (Indicative) :
je finis sais I was finishing (used to finish), I finished, had been
finishing
tu finis sais you were finishing (used to finish), you finished, had
been finishing
il finis sail he was finishing (used to finish), he finished, had been
finishing
nous finissions we were finishing (used to finish), we finished, had
been finishing
vous finissiez you were finishing (used to finish), you finished, had
been finishing
Us finis saient they were finishing (used to finish), they finished,
had been finishing
Observe that -iss- is inserted between the stem and the ending.
Exercice de Conversation:
si nous finissions! suppose we finish now (: better finish); il
finissait de bonne heure he used to finish early; je croyais qu'elle
finissait a midi I thought she finished at twelve; il n' en finissait
pas he never stopped; s'arreter to stop (cesser de parler);
(cesser de marcher to stop walking); comme il finissait et quej'etais
pret as he was finishing and I was ready. Note that que is often
omitted in English: quand on finissait, et qu'on etait ensemble
when we finished our work and were together; que ne lefinissiez-
vous why did you not finish it then? on commenqait oil vous
finissiez we (they) began where you ended or (: we would begin,
etc.) ; son livre est commence depuis longtemps his (her) book was
started (begun) long ago; si vous finissiez votre legon, fen serais
content (e) if you should finish your lesson, I would be satisfied ;
je ne savais si elle finissait a onze heures ou a midi I did not
know whether she finished at eleven or at noon; j'ai cru qu'elle
finissait avant vous I thought (she would finish before you or she
used to finish, etc.) she did finish before you.
Exercice de Conversation:
nous finirons de lire a six heures we shall stop reading at six;
je croyais finir avant votre arrivee I expected to finish before you
came; c' etait a n'en pas finir there was no end to it; c'est fini
maintenant it is over now; c'est une affaire finie let us forget it
( : one must forget it) ; au bout de I'aune (ell) ilfaut le drap (cloth)
everything has an end; */ a mange son pain blanc le premier (he
ate his white bread first) the happiest of his days are over; on
234 REGULAR VERBS IN -IR
est heureux quand on en est quitte it will be well when finished;
. ses beaux jours sont passes his happiest days have gone: are of
the past; ce sont des discours a perte d' haleine (until one is out of
breath) those speeches are too long; un ouvrage de longue haleine
(lequel demande un long temps') a work requiring much of one's
time; courte haleine short breath; perdre I' haleine to get out of
breath; la reprendre to recover it; achever ses etudes to complete
one's studies; un homme d' expedition (quick in his business);
*/ termine rapidement ses affaires he finishes up his work quickly.
30. PAST DEFINITE (le passe defini} :
je finis I finished tu finis you finished
il finit he finished nous finimes we finished
vous finites you finished Us finirent they finished
Note that it is mostly used in books.
il finit hier he finished yesterday; hier matin yesterday morning;
la pluie discontinua the rain ceased; elle le finit en 1880 (mil
huit cent quatre-vingt) she finished it in 1880 (one thousand eight
hundred and eighty); Us recommencerent de plus belle they began
again worse than ever; elle s'arreta au (plus fort) plus beau de son
recit she stopped at the most interesting part of her narrative;
la montagne enfanta une souris the mountain brought forth a
mouse (the whole thing ended in smoke).
Oral Drill:
reussir to succeed; I' absence refroidit (: attiedit makes lukewarm)
le cceur absence cools the heart ; il est complement retabli he is
completely recovered; s'il est pince, il est punt when he is caught
he is punished; on fait des notes sur un texte pour I 'eclair xir notes
are made on a text to elucidate it; ce toil nous garantit (protege)
de la pluie this roof shelters us (protects) from rain; affermir le
manche to fix the handle firmly; subir des metamorphoses to
undergo changes (metamorphoses); chaque saison each (every)
season; I'annee precedente the preceding year; subir la peine de
la transportation to undergo the punishment (penalty) of deporta-
tion; attendri par moved by; muni de provided with; suivant
V office qu'il remplit according to the duties he fulfills; etablir une
difference entre eux et nous to establish a difference between them
and us; ce genre de vie I'abrutit that mode of life besotted him;
une occasion favorable a favorable opportunity; le dedain, V in-
difference disdain, indifference; bondir de joie to leap for joy;
REGULAR VERBS IX -IR 235
garnir d'un coussin to garnish (to decorate, to adorn) with a
cushion; or: a cushion footstool; or: un pouf an ottoman seat;
faire un pouf to disappear without paying one's debts; une
pomme pourrie a rotten apple; un habit tout poudreux (convert
de poussiere) a coat covered with dust ; epaissir to thicken (make
thick); /' ' endurcissement the hardness (of heart).
I'epaississement the thickening (-ness) ; on courroie (soude) le fer
we solder iron; on le forge we hammer it; calfeutrer une porte
to fill the cracks of a door; il fonda une ecole fameuse he founded
a celebrated school; la deportation deportation (transportation);
exile; remarques explicatives explanatory remarks; expliquer une
leqon to explain the lesson; assister a une reunion to attend a
meeting; methodiquement methodically; solidement solidly; firmly;
saisir la nuance to discern the shade; amincir un baton aux deux
bouts to whittle a stick (to cut down) at both ends; -indiquer le
chemin to point out the way (to show) ; limiter to limit (bound) ;
reslreindre to restrict (confine); determiner la limite to set a
limit; to fix a boundary; prendre pour soi au detriment des autres
to appropriate to one's self to the exclusion of others; la borne
the boundary; le rapport (la ressemblance) the connection (the
similarity) ; le terme the end.
31. PAST INDEFINITE (Perfect) (le passe indefini) :
j'aifini I (have) finished tu as fini you (have) finished
il a fini he (has) finished nous avons fini we (have) finished
vous avezfini you (have) finished Us ont fini they (have) finished
Note that this tense is frequently used in conversation.
Practice with: le (/'); la (V); les; en (some; any); and if object pre-
cedes (Rule, Lesson XVII) the Past Participle is inflected (varies).
je Vai fini I finished it; je I'ai finie I finished it; fen ai fini un
or une I finished one (of them) ; je les ai finis or je les ai finies
I (have) finished them; les a-t-il finis or finies or: est-ce qu'il les a
finis (or: finies)? did he finish them?
As previously stated the Past Participle agrees in number and
gender with the preceding pronouns (en being excepted) and the
object must precede the verb (plus the Past Participle); the
object may be a noun or pronoun.
Exercice de Conversation:
ce sont les exercices qu'il a finis those are the exercises he finished;
c'esl or ce sont les lettres qu'elle a finies those are the letters she
236 REGULAR VERBS IN -IR
finished; avez-vous fini votre exercice? Out, monsieur, je I'ai fini
did you finish your exercise? Yes, Sir; I did; avez-vous fini votre
lettre? Oui, monsieur; je I'ai finie have you finished your letter?
Yes, Sir; I have; I'avez-vous fini (e) did you finish it? n'est-ce
pas que vous les avez finis (-es) haven't you finished them? est-ce
qu'ils n'ont pas fini leurs lemons? haven't they finished their les-
sons (for: is it possible that they haven't finished, etc.?); les ont-
ellesfinies have they finished them; did they finish them? ne les
ont-elles pas finies? haven't they finished them? attendez, j'aifini
wait, I have done ; il a mal fini he died miserably ; elle a fini par
avoir tort (she ended wrong) she finally was wrong ; as-tu fini, Jean
are you through, John? (also: with irony); c'est qu'ils ont fini
they must have finished ; il a fini par avoir raison he was right
at last; c'est fini (e'en est fini) it is all over; e'en est fait d'eux
they are done for; elle a amene cette affaire d bien she ended the
matter satisfactorily; blemir to blench; to grow pale; to turn
pale; pdlir (devenir pale) to become pale; to grow pale; il joue
deV accordion a contre-cceur he plays the accordeon reluctantly;
il pince de la guitare (de la harpe) he plays the guitar (the harp) ;
il louche du piano he plays (on) the piano ; il est pdle; il est bleme;
he is pale; he is very pale; bleme de colere white (pale) with anger;
il corrigea le defaut he corrected the defect; cet homme a mal
tourne that man has gone wrong.
il a manque son travail (mal execute, etc.) he made a failure of his
work; or: he did his work badly; la pyr amide aboutit en pointe
the pyramid has a pointed top or: comes to a point; il a cinq
centimes de reste or: il lui reste cinq centimes he has one cent
over; I'heritier presomptif de la couronne porte le nom de the
heir presumptive of the Crown bears the name of; le reje'on
d'une dynastic vaincue et detronee the scion of a conquered and
dethroned dynasty; attacker quelque chose a to fasten (make fast;
to tie; to fix; to suspend, to bind) something to; blanchir les
cheveux; du linge; to whiten the hair; (to wash) linen; il joue son
dernier atout he is playing his last trump; il remplit son verre de
biere he is filling his glass with beer; agir to act; a ceux dont il
s'agit to whom it is referred; il guerit les nevralgies, la paralysie he
cures neuralgia, paralysis; premiere par tie de la tdche first part of the
task; un travail continu continuous work; la terminaison du verbe
the ending of the verb; un mot variable word which is variable; le
radical the root; */ y a une similitude partielle de cette image a I'autre
there is a partial similitude between this image and the other (one).
FINIR (continued) 237
32 . REDUNDANT PAST seldom used:
quand elle a eu fini when she had finished (for: she had or got
finished.
Oral Drill:
I'ancien monde the Old World; recueils de morceaux choisis dans
les ceuvres des poetes selections from the poets; le nouveau monde
the New World; un fer rougi au feu iron heated on the fire ; /er
travaille au marteau iron beaten with a hammer; fer battu wrought
iron; fer a f riser hair curling-iron; les dispositions prevues dans
la presente circulaire sont applicables the provisions set forth
(made) in the present circular are applicable, fit to (or for); il
s'est propose de rehabiliter la memoire de he proposed (had in view)
to vindicate the memory of ; il est charge du jugement des affaires
criminelles les plus graves his special duty (office) is to decide the
most serious criminal cases; il profile d'une invention dont il n'est
pas I'auteur he makes use of an invention which is not his own.
33. PAST ANTERIOR (le passe anterieur) :
j'eus fini I had finished tu eus fini you had finished
il eut fini he had finished nous eumes fini we had finished
vous eutes fini you had finished Us eurent fini they had finished
NOTE. Action accomplished immediately before another past
action.
quand j'eus fini, je sortis after I had finished, I went out (after
having finished; my work done, I went out).
Tense mostly used with conjunctions of time:
aussitot qu'ils eurent fini, Us recommencerent as soon as they had
finished, they began again ; a peine eurent-ils fini qu'ils recommen-
ctrent scarcely had they finished than they started anew.
LESSON XXII
34. PLUPERFECT (le plus-que-parfait) :
j'avaisfini I had finished
tu avais fini you had finished (thou hadst, etc.)
il avail fini he had finished
nous avions fini we had finished
vous aviez fini you had finished NOTE. Tense often
ils avaientfini they had finished used with si (if) :
238 FINIR (continued)
and lorsque, quand (when) ; after; je croyais; j'ai cru que (I thought)
vous aviez fini I thought you had finished; elle avail fini sa leqon,
quand il entra (rentra) her lesson was over, when he entered
(came home) ; s'il ne V avail pas fini, il etail le deuxieme if he had
not finished it, he would have been the second (for: il aurail ele
le deuxieme); je ne savais si elle avail fini I did not know whether
she had finished; si vous aviez fini avanl moi, je serais sorli if you
had (or: had you) finished before me, I would have left (gone out) ;
elle croyail qu Us les avaient finis (-es) she thought they had finished
them; on avail loujours fini apres vous we always finished after
you; elle croyail les avoir finis (-ies): elle croyail qu'elle les avail, etc.
she thought she had finished them:
Exercice de Conversation:
aux deux bouts at both ends; toucher par un bout to touch at one
end; aux deux bouts at both extremities; appauvrir un pays to
impoverish a country; on atlendra le fail accompli pour croire a
une lelle chose we shall await the accomplished fact before believing
(in) such a thing; on nous a ravi ce bien that property has been
taken from us; enlever de force to seize forcibly; elablir Vegalite
to establish equality; agir avec un grand management aupres d'eux
to act with great circumspection with them; alourdir les velemenls
to render the clothes heavier; I'eau les appesanlil water makes
them heavier; lourd heavy; sultry; saisir a propos to seize op-
portunely; aplatir des melaux to flatten metals; on les rend
plats they are made flat ; reussir a bouleverser les reseaux de chemin
de fer to succeed in disconnecting the railroad lines; bouleverser
I' esprit to upset the mind; saisir un oiseau au passage to catch a
bird on the wing; loin de s'offenser des critiques, il les provoquail
pour en faire son profit far from being provoked at his critics, he
encouraged them to his own profit.
35. FUTURE (le futur):
je finirai I will or shall finish
tu finiras you shall or will finish (thou shalt or wilt finish)
il finira he shall or will finish
nous finirons we will or shall finish
vous finirez you shall or will finish
Us finiront they shall or will finish
NOTE. oiler (to go) is often followed by a verb in the Infinitive
(and referring to a near future) :
FINIR (continued] 239
je vais finir I will finish : I am going to finish ; je commencerai oil
vous finirez I shall begin where you leave off; dites-moi a quelle
heure vous finirez tell me at what time you finish : (when you finish) ;
quand tu finiras, je finirai when you finish, so shall I ; je suis sur
qu'il finira avant vous I am sure he will finish before you ; il croit
(qu'il finira) finir apres elle he believes he will finish after her;
il ne sail s'il le finira he does not know whether he will finish it;
il ne le finira de sitot he will not finish it so soon; (he may not
finish it for a long while) ; c'est a qui le finira le premier (la premiere)
every one wishes to finish first; 'fen finirai tout de suite avec lui
I shall get rid of him at once; en finirez-vous avec vos sottises?
(il ne finira jamais) will you stop calling names? (he will never
stop); il finira par les persuader he at length will persuade them;
quand je serai a Paris, je le finirai when I am in Paris I will finish
it; s'il a le temps, il les finira if he (will have) has or if he should
have the time, he will finish them; quiconque ne le finira pas
whoever does not finish it; quant a elle, elle ne les finira point
as for her, she will not finish them; plus on finira de bonne heure,
plus tot on partira the sooner we finish, the sooner we leave; j 'ai
entendu dire a votre frere que vous finirez a six heures I heard your
brother say that you will finish by six o'clock; ni I'un ni I'autre
ne finiront avant moi neither one will finish before me; cf. : j'ai
d finir I have to finish ; I have got to finish ; voulez-vous finir?
will you finish? je vais finir I am about to finish; je dois finir
bientdt I am to finish soon; atlendez, j'ai bientot fini wait, I will
soon be done; voulez-vous finir? will you be quiet? il est sur le
point de mourir; il louche a sa fin he is at the point of death or:
he is at death's door.
Oral Drill:
choisir une nouvelle sphere d'action dans to choose a new sphere of
action in; demolir en partie des retranchements to demolish a part
of the retrenchments; attaquer dans ses dernier s retranchements
to attack (anyone) in his last stronghold; se retrancher dans les
remparts to intrench one's self within the ramparts; les pres re-
verdissent au printemps the meadows become green again in the
spring; en certains pays in certain countries; allegir un volume
to lighten a volume (bulk; mass); alleger un poids (: le rendre
plus leger) to lighten a weight (to make it lighter); remplir a la
fois to fill at the same time; applaudir une piece to applaud a
play (selection); applaudir a vos succes to applaud your success;
il s'applaudit d' avoir reussi he glories in his own success; la mise
240 FINIR (continued]
en ordre des feuilles imprimees the classification of printed sheets ;
avec soin carefully; with care; ne les a-t-on pas encore finis (-ies)
are they not finished yet or have they not been finished? appro-
fondir une question to fathom a question; sur la mine d'autrui
upon the ruin of others; saisir le cheval par la bride to seize the
horse by the bridle; vert (e) green; Us sont murs they are ripe;
murir to ripen; to become ripe; salir to soil; to become soiled
or dirty; bdtir to build; couler de source to flow from its spring;
I'eau jaillit the water spouts (out) ; gushes (out) ; I'insomnie
I'aneantit insomnia weakens him extremely ; extenuer de fatigue
to overcome with fatigue ; on acheve une chose commencee we finish
what is begun; saisir le poignet to seize the wrist; il travaille a
la journee he works by the day; agir doucement to act gently.
36. FUTURE PAST (le futur anterieur] :
j'auraifini I will or shall have finished
tu auras fini you shall or will have finished (thou shalt, etc.)
il aura fini he shall or will have finished
nous aurons fini we will or shall have finished
vous aurez fini you shall or will have finished
Us auront fini they shall or will have finished
NOTE. After quand; aussitot que, des que, etc., use the Future
Past when an idea of futurity is implied ; after all temporal clauses
as above.
aussitot que vous aurez fini, j'aurai fini as soon as you (have fin-
ished) are free, so shall I; j'aurai fini (j'ai fini) dans cinq minutes
I will have finished in five minutes (: within, etc.); il aura fini
quand vous viendrez he will have finished when you come; il partira
aussitot que vous aurez fini he will leave as soon as you have fin-
ished; c'est qu'il aura fini he must have finished (by this time);
c'est que vous I 'aurez perdu you may have lost it; perhaps you did
lose it; il croit finir demain (il croit qu'il finira demain) or: il croit
qu'il aura fini demain he thinks he will have finished to-morrow
or he thinks he will finish, etc. ; quand vous croirez avoir fini, dites-le
moi when you think you have done, (do) tell me.
37. REDUNDANT PAST (seldom used) :
des qu'elle aura eu fini or cesse as soon as she has (will have)
finished.
FINIR (continued] 241
38. CONDITIONAL PRESENT or FUTURE (le condition-
nel present ou futur) :
jefinirais I would or should finish
tufinirais you should or would finish (thou shouldst or wouldst,
etc.)
il finirait he should or would finish
nous finirions we would or should finish
vous finiriez you should or would finish
Us finiraient they should or would finish
NOTE. This tense generally answers to the Imperfect (Indica-
tive) with: si (if) or: vice-versa.
je finirais, si j'avais le temps or: si j'avais le temps, je finirais I
would finish if I had the time: or: should I have time I would finish
(were I to have or: if I should have or: should I happen or: if I should
happen to have, etc.) ; je ne savais si elle finirait I did not know if she
would finish (whether she would finish or not) ; si j'etais de vous, je
le finirais if I were in your place, I would finish it ; quand meme
elle la finirait even if she should finish it ; meme quand nous croyons
finir even when we think we are through ; je ne sais si on le finirait
avant vous I do not know if we can finish it ahead of you; Us ne
finiraient pas, s'ils voulaient tout dire it would be an endless narra-
tive if they wished to tell all; qui ne le finirait who wouldn't
finish it? elles le finiraient bien they would gladly finish it; il le
finirait, qu'elle n'en serait point satisfaite he might finish it, and
yet she wouldn't be pleased; si on avail le temps, on le finirait
if we had the time, we would finish it or should we, etc.; cf. : il
ne voulait pas le finir he wouldn't finish it; moil ne pas le finir
(moil je ne le finirais pas) I wouldn't finish it! quelle folie que
de le finir how foolish to finish it ! oh! si je le finissais avant lui
oh! if I could (only) finish it before he does; je voudrais bien le
finir how gladly I would finish it!
Exercice de Conversation:
il ne saurait le finir he couldn't finish it; je desirerais avoir fini
or: je voudrais bien avoir, etc. I wish I had finished; le mieux est
d' en finir better be done (be through with it); j'aime mieux finir
que de commencer I would rather finish than begin; debuter par
la comedie to start with comedy; a litre d'essai as an experiment;
sommet arrondi rounded summit (rounding summit); noircir to
black; to blacken; tout en noir everything looks black before
16
242 FINIR (continued}
him; il passe du blanc au noir (d'une extremite a I'autre) he goes
to extremes; au dela de toute mesure to extremes; tout a fait au
bout (a I' extreme frontiere) at the furthermost end (of the frontier);
les bles murissenl the wheat is getting ripe; les fruits sont murs
the fruit is ripe; bl&mer; desapprouver; to blame; to disapprove
(of); jaunir to turn yellow; to dye yellow; sa peau jaunit his
skin is becoming yellow; la jaunisse the jaundice.
39. CONDITIONAL PAST (First Form) (le passe du con-
ditionnel) :
j'auraisfini I would or should have finished
tu aurais fini you would or should have finished (thou wouldst,
etc.)
il aurait fini he would or should have finished
nous aurions fini we would or should have finished
vous auriez fini you would or should have finished
Us auraient fini they would or should have finished
Oral Drill:
plutot rather (with a verb); quoi! il aurait fini what! he has
finished (so soon) ; quand meme il les aurait finis even if he had
finished them; ne les auriez-vous pas finis would you not have
finished them? il disait qu'il aurait fini plus tard; plus tot he
said he would have finished later; sooner; il fait un peu froid
rather cold; je croyais qu'il aurait fini plus tot I thought he would
have finished sooner; si j'avais eu man exercice, je I 'aurais fini if
I had had my exercise, I would have finished it; elle I' aurait fini,
si elle avail pu she would have finished it, if she could ; elle I' aurait
fini, si elle avail voulu she could have finished it, if she had wanted
to.
40. CONDITIONAL PAST (Second Form) :
j'eusse fini I would or should have finished
tu eusses fini you would or should have finished (thou wouldst,
etc.)
il eul fini he would or should have finished
nous eussions fini we would or should have finished
vous eussiez fini you would or should have finished
Us eussenl fini they would or should have finished
FINIR (continued) 243
Drill:
eusse-je fini (in poetry: would that I had finished!) or: had I
finished! for: sij'avais, etc.
NOTE. After si (if) the 2d Form (rarely used) of the Condi-
tional replaces the Pluperfect (Indicative):
si vous eussiez fini, je vous aurais (or eusse) paye; for : si vous aviez
fini, etc. if you had finished, I would have paid you; si elle eut
pu venir (if she should have come) if she had been able to come;
dies n'eussent jamais fini, s'il n'eut etc present they would never
have finished, if he had not been present.
41 . Note the ne after si (unless) ; and also after depuis
que, il y a (voila) . . . que:
U y a cinq jours que je ne vous ai vu (e); for: je ne vous ai point
vu depuis cinq jours I haven't seen you for five days or it is five
days since I saw you;
But: in other tenses use: ne . . . pas. See with s'en falloir
and Part IV, 36.
42. In a subordinate clause (the main clause being
negative in meaning) :
il ne nie pas qu'il ne soil son frere he does not deny that he is his
brother: cf. : il n' ignore pas que je suis son frere or: il sail fort bien
que, etc. he knows very well I am his brother.
43. And in certain independent clauses in negative
questions implying usually an affirmative:
time: il ne I'oubliera de sa vie he will not forget it while he lives; cf. :
on ne I' a dit a (qui que ce soil) personne it was kept secret; si je
ne me trompe if I mistake not; elle n'est pas (plus avancee) plus
riche qu'elle I'etait she is not richer than she was; qui ne comprend
cela? who does not understand that?
44. A negative interrogative implying affirmation is
followed by ne; also after : autre que:
n'imporle no matter; si ce n'est vous except you; ne pas Ure not
to be; content de ne pas voir; de n' avoir pas vu; de ne pas I' avoir vu
pleased not to see; not to have seen; not to have seen it or him;
non qu'il ne le fasse not that he does not do it; que ne ferait la
mere pour son enfant? what would a mother not do for her child?
244 FINIR (continued)
45. Negation implied:
a-t-elle un ami qui ne soil infidele has she one friend who is not
unfaithful? ces navires venant de X. eussent eu tout avantage a
entrer dans le port every advantage was offered to those boats
entering the harbor from X. ; on ne voit pas pourquoi la flottille
eut allonge son voyage, en passant par one does not comprehend
why the flotilla on her way to X. should have lengthened her
course; de courte duree of short duration.
46. IMPERATIVE (V imperatif} :
finis finish (thou) finissons let us finish
finissez finish (you or ye)
qu'il finisse let him finish; qu'elle finisse let her finish; qu'ils
finissent let them finish.
Oral Drill:
finis-le finish it ; ne le finis pas do not finish it ; finis-la finish it ;
ne la finis pas do not finish it; finissons-le let us finish it; ne le
(la) finissez pas do not finish it; ne le (la) finissons pas let us not
finish it; ne le finis pas demain do not finish it to-morrow; voyons!
finissez now! out with it; speak out! finissons-en avec cela or
achevez make an end of it; cf. : meltons la dernier e main a let us
put the finishing touch to (on) ; cessons de lire let us stop (read-
ing) our reading; restons-en la let us leave off (there).
47. PERFECT:
aie fini tout a I'heure finish your work shortly.
Exercice de Conversation:
ne remplissons pas nos verres let us not fill our glasses; obeir (a):
obeissons a nos maitres let us obey our masters (teachers) ; desobeir
(a): nelui desobeissons pas let us not disobey him (her); on le
punit tous les jours he is punished every day; batissons let us
build; unissons nos voix a celles let us unite our voices with those;
n'agissez pas do not act; choisissez I'un ou I'autre choose either
one; il faut qu'il polisse ce morceau de bois he must smooth that
piece of wood ; <i I' aide de la plane with a plane ; ne le salissez pas
do not soil it; qu'on le saisisse let some one hold him.
FINIR (continued} 245
48. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT or FUTURE, etc. (le present
du subjonctif) :
que je finisse that I may or can finish
que tu finisses that you may or can finish
qu'il finisse that he may or can finish
que nous finissions that we may or can finish
que vous finissiez that you may or can finish
qu' Us finis sent that they may or can finish
and other forms in English, Lesson XII.
Exercice de Conversation:
it faut que je le (la) finisse a midi I must finish it by noon; it is
necessary that I, etc.; elle desire que vous les finissiez she wishes
you to finish them; il ne faut pas que vous elargissiez ce detenu
you must not release that prisoner (convict) or: you should not
set him at liberty; il importe que vous vous reunissiez (sous la
presidence de) it is important that you should meet (under the
presidency of); il est impossible qu'il le finisse it is impossible for
him to finish it; cf. : il est impossible de le finir it is impossible to
finish it.
49. IMPERFECT (of the Subjunctive) I'imparfait du sub-
jonctif:
que je finisse that I might finish (and other forms in English)
que tu finisses that you might finish
qu'il fimt that he might finish
que nous finissions that we might finish
que vous finissiez that you might finish
qu'ils finis sent that they might finish
NOTE. Tense mostly used in books; also at Lesson XII.
Oral Drill:
Us n'ont pas mal travaille they worked rather hard; le succes
final depend de the final success depends on; raidir le bras to
stiffen one's arm; Us seront punis de leurs actes they will be pun-
ished for their acts; eux seuls seront responsables si, en fin de
compte, il y avait faute they alone will be held responsible if, at
the final account, a mistake is found; tous les interesses to the
interested parties; accord accepte par understanding between; on
choisit I'arbitre pour prononcer dans un differend a referee has been
selected to pronounce his judgment upon a dispute; garanti par
246 FINIR (continued)
une compagnie d' assurance guaranteed by an insurance company;
fremir de crainte to shudder with fear; cela a etc une negotiation
bien menee que celle qui a abouti d une entente this negocia-
tion has been well thought out to have led to an understanding;
se grouper autour du drapeau to rally around the flag; pourrir
to rot; son etoile pdlit his star is on the wane; corrompre to cor-
rupt; I'eau pourrit le bois water corrupts wood; une dent cariee
(gdtee) decayed tooth; etablir un systeme to establish a system;
il n'en finit pas de retourner ces pieces d'identite he keeps turning
over and over those identification papers (documents).
50. SUBJUNCTIVE PAST (le passe du subjonctif) :
que j'aie fini that I may (can) have finished
que tu aies fini that you may (can) have finished
qu'il ait fini that he may (can) have finished
que nous ayons fini that we may (can) have finished
que vous ayez fini that you may (can) have finished
qu'ils aient fini that they may (can) have finished
and other forms in English.
elle doute que vous I' ayez fini she doubts that you (may) have
finished it; il est le seul qui I' ait fini he is the only one that may
have finished it ; ce sera la seule qui les ait finis (-es) she will be
the only one to have finished them ; cf . : ce sera la seule qui les a
finis she is the only one that (has) finished them.
51 . SUBJUNCTIVE PLUPERFECT :
que feusse fini that I might have finished
que tu eusses fini that you might have finished
qu'il eut fini that he might have finished
que nous eussions fini that we might have finished
que vous eussiez fini that you might have finished
qu'ils eussent fini that they might have finished
and other forms in English ; also Passive, Intransitive and Re-
flexive verbs.
je ne savais pas que vous V eussiez fini I did not know you had finished
it; elle aurait etela seule quil' eut fini she is the only one who might
have done it; c'etait la seule dame qui les eut finis (-es) she was the
only lady who had finished them; je n'aurais pas voulu qu'ils
I' eussent fini I would not have wished them to finish it; elle ne
croirajamais qu'il I' eut fini avant elle she will never believe he had
finished it before she did.
FINIR (continued) 247
Oral Drill onfinir and its equivalents:
en France tout finit par des chansons in France every topic is
turned into a ballad; de bout en bout (d'un bout d I'autre) from
beginning to end (from one end to the other) ; fin de siecle up to
date; avant qu'il soil un mois before a month is over; ce jut le coup
de grace it was the finishing stroke; en definitive after all; il a
le bras long he has great influence; il y met la derniere main he is
putting the finishing touches to it; un coup de collier; un coup
d'epaule put the shoulder to the wheel ; or : venez en aide come and
help; un dernier coup de collier let us make a final effort; encore
un coup one more lift (push); donnez-lui un coup de main give
him a hand or help; le bois tortu fait le feu droit the end justifies
the means; du secours help; la fin couronne I'aeuvre all is well
that ends well ( : the evening crowns the day) ; le travail mene a
tout; au succes; work leads to everything; to success; sans en
faire profession without making a profession of it; choisir le
moment favorable to select (choose) the propitious moment; pro-
duits finis finished products; d'un bout a I'autre de la route from
one end of the route to the other.
Exercice de Conversation:
demi-fini half finished; matiere premiere first product; venir en
aide a ^'execution d'une entreprise to come to (the assistance)
assist in carrying out an enterprise; cela tend a justifier un gain
plus ou mains honnele that tends to justify a result more or less
honest; reflechirto think (over); to ponder: c'est del'interet general
seul qu'il s'est inspire he was inspired by general interest; general
interest alone prompted him; d'une grande perfection of great
perfection; une bonne chose susceptible de resultats feconds a good
thing that may bring fertile results; prolific results; guerir un
malade to cure a patient; etablir un gouvernement to establish
a government; le froid engourdit les membres the cold benumbs
the limbs; I'infirmiere ne cesse de prodiguer au soldat blesse des
soins eclaires et devoues the nurse does not cease to lavish her
capable and devoted care on the wounded soldier; une ceuvre
reflechie thoughtful work; voila I' atelier ou s' execute ce travail
there is the work-shop (studio) where that work is carried on;
la paresse (I'oisivete) engourdit I'esprit laziness (indolence) dulls
the mind; attendrir un chou to soften a cabbage; la gelee a trans-
forme ces eaux en une route solide the frost has transformed the water
into a solid path; la le$on estfinie the lesson is over; j 'admire lefini
de son aeuvre I admire the polish of his work ; Us sont brouilles, tout
248 RECEVOIR CONJUGATED
est fini they are no longer friends; il a des bras qui n'en finissent
pas his arms are unusually long; c'est une tache qui n'en finit pis
an everlasting task; c'est un joueur fini he is a shrewd player;
cesses de (finissez de) plaisanter stop joking; unfin connoisseur an
expert connoisseur; voila la fin de la leqon; du livre; de I'annee;
this is (there is) the end of the lesson; of the book; of the year;
ilfranchil furtivement lafronliere he stealthily crossed the frontier.
des traits fins delicate features; de I' or pur pure gold; elle a la
taillefine she is slender; Us savent le fin du fin they are acquainted
with (they know) the most secret springs of affairs; c'est le grand
finale du dernier acte it is the great termination (concluding part)
of the last act; a ban chat, ban rat or fin contre fin diamond cut
diamond; U est fin comme I'ambre (amber) he is shrewd ;fin comme
un cheveu fine as hair; I' or brut ore; il etablit un puissant frein a
he put a powerful check on; la finesse d'une toile d'araignee the
fineness of a cobweb; un supplement a la fin d'un ouvrage sup-
plement at the end of a volume; beau joueur great player; rup-
ture passagere of a short separation; muni d'une meche having
(a wick) a lock (of hair); match; une semaine interminable an
endless week; la paresse abrutit laziness abases the mind; le
paresseux s' abrutit a lazy person becomes stupid; ennemis irre-
conciliables irreconcilable enemy; le conflit ne prit fin que vers
1918 the conflict only ended about 1918; terminer a I'amiable
to settle a quarrel amicably ; on I' a converli he has been converted ;
on aplanit les chemins (on les rend unis) they level the roads
(make them smooth) ; un clair avertissement an intelligible notice ;
un nouvel orage sevit another raging storm; gazon uni smooth
lawn.
LESSON XXIII
Recevoir to receive (conjugated in full and for practice) :
recevant receiving requ received
52. PRESENT INDICATIVE (le present de Vindicatif):
je re$ois I receive (am receiving; do receive; have been receiving)
tu reqois you receive (are receiving ; do receive ; have been receiv-
ing)
il recoil he receives (is receiving ; does receive; has been receiving)
nous recevons we receive (are receiving ; do receive ; have been
receiving)
RECEVOIR CONJUGATED 249
vous recevez you receive (are receiving; do receive; have been
receiving)
Us resolvent they receive (are receiving; do receive; have been
receiving)
Oral Drill:
je le reqois I receive it (him); je la repots I receive it (her); j'en
re$ois I receive some; en recevez-ious do you receive any? les
recevez-vous or est-ce que vous les recevez? do you receive them?
en reqoit-il or est-ce qu'il en reqoit does he receive any? on les revolt
they are received; combien en reqoit-on par jour, par semaine,
par mois? how much (many) do they (or we, etc.) receive a day,
a week (per week), a month? le lundi ou le mardi on Mondays
or Tuesdays, etc.
Exercice de Conversation:
on recruta parmi les paysans le plus grand nombre d'adherents
the largest number of adherents was recruited among the peasants;
les mains crispees his (her) hands contracted; la contraction des
muscles contraction of the muscles; la chair qui subissait un tiraille-
ment the flesh undergoing a pain (: twitching with pain): un
tiraillement d'estomac a griping pain in the stomach; une boite a
compartiments a box with compartments; on loge chez soi they
(we) live at home; chaque convive reqoit des aliments each guest
receives food; il remplit la malle; il la bonde; he is packing the
trunk; is filling it; autant que possible as much as possible;
diamant fa^onne cut diamond.
le reQoit-il chez lui does he receive him at his house? la reqoit-elle
chez elle? does she receive her at her home? les reqait-on chez eux
(m. pi.) are they received at their house? les reqoit-on chez elles (f. pi.)
are they received at their home? est-ce que je ne le reqois pas chez
moi do I not receive him at my home? n' est-ce pas que vous le
(la; les) recevez chez vous? si; je le reqois, etc. do you not receive
him (her; them) at your house? Yes, I do; ne le recevons-nous pas
chez nous? do we not receive him or is he not received at our home?
madame reqoit tous les jeudis madam receives every Thursday
( is at home, etc.); il reqoit mieux que moi he receives more
lavishly than I do ; il fait les honneurs de la maison he does the
honors of the house; de qui recevez-vous cette lettre (ces lettres)?
who sent you that (those letters) letter? en voici une pour toi,
pour vous (lui; pour elle) here is one for you, for you (him, her) ;
en voila deux pour eux, pour elles there are two for them and for
25O RECEVOIR CONJUGATED
them; en recevez-vous une de lui (d'elle; d'eux; d'ettes)? do you
receive one from him (her, them and them)? on en recoil plus
d'une tons les matins, tons les jours more than one are received
every morning, every day; la bienveillance kindness; attention;
elle les reqoit avec une bienveillante politesse she receives them with
marked attention ; une personne dont on a re$u la visile a person
who paid us a visit (we received a visit from him or her); c'est
une maison oil I' on reqoit beaucoup they see a great deal of company
in that family; la famille; en famille; the family; in the family
circle; je refuse, j'accepte, je reqois des off res I refuse, accept and
receive offers; il re$oit un mauvais accueil he meets with a bad
reception.
on I'a fort bien re$u (traite ou accueilli) he was well received
(was welcomed or entertained); faire accueil to extend welcome;
cette chambre est claire that room is light (receives much light);
il recoil quelque chose de nouveau he receives something new;
on tient table ouverte they keep open house; elle n'est pas visible
she receives no visitors (callers); nombreuse maison large house-
hold ; */ louche ses appointements he receives his salary ; on regoit d
la bonne franquette they receive unceremoniously; without cere-
mony; faites comme chez vous do as (at home) you would at home.
53. IMPERFECT (Indicative) (Vimparfait de Vindicatif) :
je recevais I was receiving (I received, did receive, or had been
receiving ; and would receive as a past of habit, used to receive,
etc.)
tu recevais you were receiving (you received, etc.)
il recevait he was receiving (he received, etc.)
nous recevions we were receiving (we received, etc.)
vous receviez you were receiving (you received, etc.)
Us recevaient they were receiving (they received, etc.)
Oral Drill: and with me; te; nous; vous; le; la; les:
il me recevait he received me (he would receive me) ; il te recevait
he received you (used to receive you) ; U ne nous recevait pas tous
les jours he did not receive us every day ; on ne les recevait pas le
dimanche they were not received on Sundays; s'il vous recevait
if he should (if he were to; if he happened to receive: should he
receive you: if he did) receive you; (with the Conditional);
si elle la recevait if she should receive her, etc. ; si on ne les recevait
pas if they were not received ; je croyais que tu recevais le journal
RECEVOIR CONJUGATED 251
du matin (soir), de I'apres-midi I thought you used to receive the
morning (evening), afternoon papers; les journaux the news-
papers (papers); la feuille the sheet; le papier blanc white paper.
le journal mensuel monthly paper; une revue mensuelle monthly
review; publication bimensuelle bimonthly paper (issue); ce soni
(c'est) des off res acceptables (acceptable) offers worthy of being
accepted; Coquelin dont le talent inimitable jut un grand succes
Coquelin whose inimitable talent was a great success ; la reception
reception; recevait-il les journaux du dimanche did he receive
(then) the Sunday papers? la revue hebdomadaire the weekly
review; elle recevait la quinzaine thedtrale she would (used to)
receive the (Fortnightly) Biweekly Theatrical Review; actualites;
nouveautes; topics of the day ; novelties (fancy articles) ; derniere
creation latest styles; marchand de nouveautes linen-draper; in-
novation (chose nouvelle) innovation (change); nouveau litre
qui est substitue a un ancien new title replacing a former one;
les mauvaises nouvelles ont des ailes bad news has wings; rien de
nouveau sous le soleil nothing new under the sun; il n' arrive sur
la terre que ce qui s'est dejd fait everything that happens on earth
has happened before; le Nouveau Testament the New Testament;
I' Ancien Testament the Old Testament; c'est un nouveau (novice)
dans he is a novice in; sans experience (: inexperimente) without ex-
perience (: inexperienced); nouvel an (le jour de I' An) New Year's
day; nouvel habit a different coat.
c'est du nouveau (voila du nouveau) that's news to me (: I am sur-
prised); de nouveau over again; afresh; anew; une robe nouvelle
a new gown (of recent date) ; un habit neuf a new coat (brand new) ;
une maison neuve a newly built house; le nouveau plait anything
new pleases; depuis peu (recemment) recently; nouvelles d la main
(petites nouvelles) news items; ouvrages nouvellement par us (livres
nouveaux) books recently published; il a achete un nouveau lime
he bought another book ; un autre livre another book ; encore un one
more; on recevait le jeudi we used to receive on Thursdays; encore
une fois once more; deux fois twice; trois fois (thrice) three times.
54. PAST DEFINITE:
je requs I received tu requs you received
il reQut he received nous resumes we received
vous requtes you received Us requrent they received
mostly used in books or with conjunctions of time; also with:
hier encore only yesterday; hier yesterday; hier matin yesterday
252 RECEVOIR CONJUGATED
morning; hier soir yesterday evening (last night); avant-hier
the day before yesterday ; avant hier soir before yesterday evening.
Conversation :
lundije requs une lettre de M. X. Monday I received a letter from
Mr. B.; il la requt hier soir he received it last evening; on en requt
une dvant-hier one was received the day before yesterday; Us
n'en requrent qu'une hier avant-midi they received only one yester-
day forenoon; elles en requrent plusieurs hier apres-midi several
were received by them yesterday forenoon (or : they received several
of them, etc.); elle n'en requt qu'une de lui; le mots dernier: she
received only one from him; last month; la semaine derniere, il
en requt trois last week he received three (of them); la semaine
passee, on en requt quatre last week four were received; I'annee
derniere elle en requt cinq d'eux last year she received five from
them ; autrefois elle en recevait plusieurs formerly she would receive
several of them; d'aujourd'hui en huit in a week from to-day;
des I' entree at the very entrance; c'etait hier lundi yesterday was
Monday; les trois quarts du temps most of the time; un beau
matin (un beau jour) one day; one fine day; un de ces matins one
of these days; je m'attendais a recevoir de ses nouvelles I expected
to hear from him (her); il m' attend he expects me; he is waiting
for me; on s'y attendait si peul it was the least expected; toutes les
fois que every time; c'est avec impatience qu'elle attend de ses nou-
velles she is impatiently waiting for news from him (her); une
marque de prosperite generate a sign of general prosperity ; marque
de fabrique trade-mark ; il donne de belles fleurs de couleurs variees
he is giving beautiful flowers of various colors; le messager porte
des ordres the messenger is carrying orders; se donner des airs
to assume airs; d quel litre on what grounds? membre de la societe
de bienfaisance a member of the Benevolent Society ; on le nomme
membre bienfaiteur he has been called a beneficent member ( is
appointed as); nombreuses ceuvres patriotiques numerous and
patriotic deeds (acts); se devouer a to devote one's self to; en
juillet dernier in July last; executer des commandes to carry out
orders; contribution imposee required contribution.
55. PAST INDEFINITE (PERFECT) (le passe indefini):
j'ai requ I (have) received tu as requ you (have) received
il a requ he (has) received nous avons requ we (have) received
vous avez requ you (have) received Us ont requ they (have) received
RECEVOIR CONJUGATED 253
French conversational tense and with:
Oral Drill:
aujourd'hui to-day; ce matin this morning; cet avant-midi this
forenoon; ce soir to-night; cet apres-midi this afternoon; this
evening, etc. ; il a bien requ votre lettre he duly received your letter;
je n'ai pas encore requ ta lettre I have not yet received your letter;
tu n'as plus requ de lettres you haven't received any more letters;
die n'en a jamais requ de toi (de moi; de lui; d'elle; d'eux; d'elles)
she never received any from you (from me; from him; from her;
from them, etc.); elle n'en a requ qu'une aujourd'hui she received
only one to-day; on n'en a requ qu'une only one was received;
only one has been received.
Exercice de Conversation:
en avez-vous requ plus que moi did you receive more than I? en
a-t-elle requ plus que lui did she receive more than he? n'en as-tu
pas requ mains (plus) qu'eux? did you not receive less (more)
than they? or: qu'elles; que nous; than they; than we? n'en
a-t-on point requ aidant qu'eux? have we (they) not received as
much (many) as they? contbien en ont-ils requ? how much (many)
did they receive? en ont-ils beaucoup requ did they receive many
(much)? Us n'en ont pas trap requ they haven't received too many
(much) of them or: too much (of it).
56
Note that plus; moins; autant; contbien; beaucoup;
trop; peu (little, few) assez enough
tant so much (many) un peu a little ; all
require de immediately before the noun; bien much, many a,
requires the de plus the definite article:
bien du monde many people; plusieurs (adj.) several; and no
de; plusieurs amis several friends; plus de pommes more apples;
que de pommes! how many apples! moins de cafe less coffee;
plus de cinq dollars more than five dollars ; il y a eu bien du monde
there were many people; Us ont requ bien des limes they received
many books; on a requ beaucoup de livres many books have been
received.
Observe also: trop (too; and with adjective); trop cher too dear
(expensive); and is never used before beaucoup:
beaucoup trop cher far too expensive; beaucoup moins cher far
254 RECEVOIR CONJUGATED
less expensive; beaucoup plus cher much dearer; beaucoup mains
cher far less, etc.; plus il travaille, mains il reussit the more he
works, the less he succeeds; il n'est pas aussi habile que son cousin
or: (si habile) he is not as clever as his cousin; elle en a mains de
trots, n'est-ce pas? she has less than three, has she not?
57
Positive
(general rule) Comparative Superlative
petit (m.) plus petit le plus petit
small smaller the smallest
cf . : ban good meilleur better le meilleur the best
mauvais bad plus mauvais worse le plus mauvais the worst
wicked ' more wicked le pire the most wicked
58. and with possessive adjectives:
ses plus chers amis his dearest friends
with some superlatives:
la le$on la plus difficile the most difficult lesson; ses ouvrages les
plus interessants his most interesting works; de after a superlative;
I'homme le plus riche du monde the richest man in the world;
as adverb: mieux better; j'aime mieux (je prefere) I prefer;
il a bien faim he is very hungry ; le plus fort des deux the stronger
of the two; la plus forte de ses deux sceurs the stronger of his two
sisters; la plus intelligente des trois the most intelligent of the
three; un orateur des plus eloquent s a most eloquent orator;
c'est a ravirl (c'est tout ce qu'il y a de plus joli) it is most beauti-
ful; cf.: absolute superlative le mains; le plus (which remains
invariable): au plus haul degre (: extremement) to the highest
degree (extremely) and meaning also: tres (bien; fort; fort bien
very well); elle est le mains gate quand elle va a I'ecole she is the
least cheerful when she goes to school; cf.: c'est la mains gaie de
toutes she is the least cheerful of all; plus haul de trois pouces
higher by three inches; le moindre bruit the slightest (least)
noise.
General Practice:
vous en serez d'autant plus satisfait you will be better satisfied for
it; c'est assez cher it is expensive enough; il a requ quelques dollars
he received a few dollars; on en a requ quelques-uns a few have
been received; venir de to have just (with verb): je viens de la
RECEVOIR CONJUGATED 255
recevoir I just received it; il vient d'en recevoir he just received
some; on vient d'en recevoir quelques-unes a few have been received ;
Us viennent de they have just; vient-on de les recevoir have they
just been received? un billet a note; l'a-t-on requ has it been
received? pas encore not yet; c'est la dame la plus riche du pays
she is the richest woman in the country; c'est pourquoi on I' admire
that is why she is admired; c'est dommage it is a pity; que c'est
vilain how ugly that is! ce n'est plus ni bon ni mauvais it is no
longer good nor bad; est-ce qu'il a requ la lettre? did he receive the
letter? oui, monsieur; il I' a reque; yes, Sir; he did; les avez-vous
requs (-es) did you receive them? aujourd'hui meme this very day;
en avez-vous requ un (une) ce jour-la? did you receive one (on)
that day? on a bien requ son livre his (her) book has been well
received; son livre n'a pas pris his book was a failure (: has not
been well received); il a requ son conge he was dismissed (dis-
charged); don'iiez-lui son conge dismiss him; passez a la caisse
go to the cashier and get your money; on I' a requ a bras ouverts
he was received with open arms; avaler des hmtres to swallow
oysters; recevoir des affronts to receive insults; a-t-il avale des
couleuvres (adder; bitter pill) did he receive insults without
protest? or indignities, etc. ; sans protester without protest.
59. PLUPERFECT (INDICATIVE) (le plus-que-parfait) :
j'avais requ tu avais requ
I had received you had received
*/ avail requ nous avions requ
he had received we had received
vous aviez requ Us avaient requ
you had received they had received
yi (plus the Pluperfect) answers to the Conditional Past:
si je I' avais requ (e), je vous I'aurais donne (e) or: vice-versa: if I had
(or: had I) received it, I would have given it to you; j'en avais
requ un (une) I had received one; tu en avais requ un peu you had
received a little; il en avail requ un peu he had received, etc.;
il n'en avail pas requ he had not received any; elle n'en avail pas
encore requ she had not received any (then); en avait-il requ had
he received any? aucun (e) none; n'en avait-il pas requ beaucoup?
had he not received a great deal? Assez Enough; s'il en avail
requ au mains un (e) if he had received at least one; si elle en avail
256 RECEVOIR CONJUGATED
requ un (e) de plus if she had received one more; si on avail regu
ce soir-la if there had been company that evening (on that very
night); si die ne I' avail pas requ, elle n'y aurail pas repondu (: re-
pondre a) if she had not received it, she wouldn't have answered
it; replied to it).
elle croyail avoir requ les leltres (: qu'elle avail requ, etc.) she thought
she had received the letters; elle croil les avoir reques she believes
she received them; il croyail les avoir regues he thought he had
received them; il croyail qu'elle les avail reques he thought she
had received them ; nous ne savions si vous les aviez re$ues (ou non)
we didn't know whether you had received them or not.
60. de after a negation or before an adjective:
pas d'amis no friends; aucun ami no friend (at all); de bans amis
good friends; il n'a point d'amis he has no friends (at all); il a
du papier blanc he has white paper; de ban pain good bread;
del' or pur pure gold; de bonne huile good oil; de mauvaises plumes
bad pens; de bonnes pommes good apples; de bonne viande good
meat.
61
NOTE. some or any always expressed in French before every
noun by de; du; de I'; de la; des.
il a de bon pain; de bonne salade el de bonne viande he has good
bread; good salad and good meat; il n'a pas de bon pain, de
bonne salade el de, etc. he has no (not any) good bread, good salad,
etc. , and if negation is not complete, use : du; de I'; de la; des in
the following: je n'ai pas du vin rouge, mats j'ai du inn blanc; I
have no red wine, but I have white; aussi l'avais-je requ, el des
la porle, observe to be sure I admitted him, but had observed him
well from the door beforehand.
62. PAST ANTERIOR (le passb anterieur):
j'eus requ tu eus re$u
I had received you had received
il eul re$u nous eumes requ
he had received we had received
vous eules requ Us eurenl requ
you had received they had received
RECEVOIR CONJUGATED 257
Tense mostly used with conjunctions of time:
quandj'eus requ vos ordres when (after) I had received your orders;
des qu'U eut requ sa pension as soon as he had received his pension;
a peine eut-il requ ma note qu'il la paya scarcely had he received
my bill when he paid it; aussitot qu'ils eurent requ leurs gages as
soon as they had received their wages.
de (for general practice) :
de.bons livres et de mauvais good books and bad; assez de crayons
pencils enough; une douzaine de mouchoirs one dozen handkerchiefs
une chaine d'or a gold chain; assez de the tea enough; enough tea;
non content de le recevoir not content with merely receiving it
(him); il I' avail a peine requ hardly had he received it; on parle
de ne pas le recevoir they talk about not receiving him ; assez de
chapeaux et assez chers hats enough and dear enough; de plus en
plus vite faster and faster; en mains d'une minute in less than a
minute; I'un des messieurs I' a requ one of the gentlemen received
it; ni I'un ni I'autre ne I'ont requ neither one (neither of them)
admitted him ; son bureau est du cote droit his office is on the right
side; tout de ban (serieusement) seriously; sans plaisanterie with-
out joking; de tons cotes on all sides; il y a de tels barbares there
are such barbarians; d'autres pensent de m&me others think like-
wise; il y en a bien d'autres and many others; il n'a rien de
nouveau he has nothing new; quelques centaines de metres a few
hundred meters (yards); il en reste deux two left; two are left over;
a maintes reprises (a plusieurs reprises) repeatedly; several times;
mainte (s) fois many a time.
63. FUTURE (lefutur):
je recevrai I will or shall receive
tu recevras you shall or will receive
il recevra he shall or will receive
nous recevrons we will or shall receive
vous recevrez you shall or will receive
Us recevront they shall or will receive
je recevrai un present I will receive a present; un don; des cadeaux
de Noel; a gift; Xmas presents; des etrennes du Jour del' An New
Year's gifts; etrenner une robe (la porter pour la premiere fois)
to wear it for the first time; il en recevra he will receive some;
die en 'recevra she will receive some; vous n'en recevrez pas ce soir
you will not receive any to-night (this evening) ; nous en recevrons
17
258 RECEVOIR CONJUGATED
demain, soil dans I'apres-midi, soil dans I'avant-midi we shall
receive some to-morrow either in the afternoon or in the forenoon;
quiconque les recevra, les meritera whoever receives them will
deserve them ; dites-moi a quelle heure vous les recevrez tell me at
what time (hour) you will receive them; quand vous en recevrez
j'en acheterai when you receive some, I'll buy some; je suis sur
qu'il n'en recevra point I am sure he will not receive any; il croit
toujours en recevoir he always believes he will receive some; or:
il croit toujours qu'il en recevra; des demain not later than to-
morrow; il ne sait s'il en recevra six ou sept he does not know
whether he will receive six or seven; du jour au lendemain any
day (shortly).
vous n'en recevrez pas de sitot you will not receive any for a long
while; plus on en recevra, plus on en donnera the more we receive,
the more we will give; ni vous ni lui n'en recevrez neither you nor
he will receive any; cf.: je vais en recevoir I will receive some
(I am going to receive some) ; je dots en recevoir au plus tot I am
(expect) to receive some at the earliest date; voulez-vous en recevoir
do you wish to (will you) receive any (some)? en recevrez-vous
will you receive some (in the near future)? il n'a pas a recevoir
des ordres de lui he does not have to receive orders from him;
U vous en donnera la primeur (un livre en sa primeur) you will get
the first one; les fruits en leur primeur content cher fruit is expen-
sive when it first arrives.
Exercice de Conversation:
en quantite considerable in large quantity ; obtenir des commandes
de VEtat to receive orders from the State ; les premices des champs
the first fruits from the fields; quant a la plus grande partie (pour
la plupart) for the most part; la plupart (des hommes) sont hon-
netes most men are honest ; il en aura I'etrenne he will be the first
one to wear (use) it; cafe nature coffee served without milk;
pommes de terre nature plain boiled potatoes; payer en nature to
pay in kind; en valeur propre in full value; il toucha des objets
en nature he received the same kind of articles in exchange;
les naturels de I'Amerique the aborigines of America; habitants
originaires the earliest known inhabitants; natif de New- York;
native of New York; le sol natal the native soil; il se fait natu-
raliser Americain he is getting his naturalization papers; bceuf
au naturel steak cooked plain; naturellement naturally; by na-
ture; easily; facilement (simplement) easily; sans aucun change-
ment or sans changement aucun without any change (whatever).
RECEVOIR CONJUGATED 259
64. FUTURE ANTERIOR (PAST) :
j'aurai requ I will or shall have received
tu auras requ you shall or will have received
U aura rec,u he shall or will have received
nous aurons re$u we will or shall have received
vous aurez regu you shall or will have received
Us auront re$u they shall or will have received
Oral Drill:
quand vous aurez re$u la commande de savon, de chapeaux, de pan-
talon after you have received the order for soap, hats and trousers;
payer d'apres le nombre to pay according to the number; aussitot
qu'il I'aura re$u, il passera chez vous as soon as he has received it,
he will call on you; aussitot qu'il aura requ I'ordre du general, il
partira as soon as he has received the order from the general he
will set out; il aura requ des blessures plus graves que ne le laissait
supposer le journal he must have received more serious wounds
than the account (in the paper) intimated ; il reqoit tous les jours
les doleances de braves gens desoles de ne pouvoir lui venir en aide
he receives every day the sympathy from honest people (folks)
who are very sorry not to be able to come to his aid.
65. CONDITIONAL (le condilionnel) :
je recevrais I would or should receive
tu recevrais you should or would receive
il recevrait he should or would receive
nous recevrions we would or should receive
vous recevriez you should or would receive
Us recevraient they should or would receive
Note that this tense generally answers to the Imperfect with
si je passais chez lui, il me recevrait bien (if I were to call) or (were I
to call) or if I should call on him, he would receive me well; s'il
avail de bons mattres, il recevrait une education superieure if he had
competent teachers, he would receive superior instruction; qui
recevrait de telles excuses? who would receive such excuses? la
prime the premium; cf. : il voudrait bien recevoir la somme he
would gladly receive the sum offered; on aime mieux recevoir que
de donner we prefer to receive rather than to give; il prefere le
vin a la biere he prefers wine to beer; or: il aime mieux le vin que
26O RECEVOIR CONJUGATED
la biere he likes wine better than beer; on ne saurait mieux rece-
voir ses amis (we cannot better receive our friends) one could not
receive one's friends better; je ne sais si on recevrait ces ordres de
M. X. I do not know whether these orders could be received from
Mr. B.; luil recevoir un outrage I he would receive an insult!
il ne saurait dorer la pilule he couldn't gild the pill; moyennant
une prime in consideration of a premium; d'une bonte excessive
with excessive kindness or how very kind! que de bontes how kind!
une avance supplemenlaire an additional advance; cinq sous de
supplement five cents extra; lettre chargee registered; I'arant-veille
two days before.
66. CONDITIONAL PAST (First Form) (le passe du con-
ditionnel) :
j'aurais re$u I would or should have received
tu aurais re$u you should or would have received
il aurait re$u he should or would have received
nous aurions requ we would or should have received
vous auriez re$u you should or would have received
Us auraient rec,u they should or would have received
Note that this tense answers generally to the Pluperfect with
si (if) :
s'il avail passe chez le banquier, il aurait louche son cheque if he
had called on the banker, he would have received his check; il
aurait requ dix francs a compte he would have received ten francs
on account; il prend des marchandises a compte he receives (takes)
merchandise on credit; il acquitte (regie sa note) sa facture he pays
his bill (settles his account) his (itemized) bill; solder un memoir e
or en faire I'entier payement to settle the whole bill (as per state-
ment); je crois qu'il aurait requ mes ordres I (believe) think he
would have obeyed my orders; obeir a to obey; aurait-il re$u ma
lettre plus tot? man billet? would he have received my letter sooner?
my note? plus tard later; il le tua he killed him; quoi! il aurait
re$u la mort (: il aurait ele tue!) what! he would have been killed;
quand rrieme il I 'aurait re$u, il n'en aurait pas ete satisfait even if
he had received it, he would not be satisfied (with it, etc.); au
comptant (argent comptant) cash; faire le compte de son bien to
estimate one's fortune; qu'on lui donne son compte or (: le payer
et le congedier) let him get his money; he is discharged! il faut
verifier le compte d'un construcleur (d'un entrepreneur) one must
RECEVOIR CONJUGATED 26 1
verify the account of a constructor (builder); marchandise a ban
compte merchandise at a bargain; d compte on installment; a
valoir to be deducted; compter to count; to expect; tenir compte
de to take into consideration ; au bout du compte or en fin de compte
when all is said and done or in the end;, tout compte fait taking
everything into consideration; il n'a pas son compte he has not
his due; mettre au nombre de (compter parmi) ses amis to number
among one's friends.
67. CONDITIONAL PAST (Second Form) (le condition-
nel passe) :
j'eusse requ I would or should have received
tu eusses requ you should or would have received
il eut requ he should or would have received
nous eussions requ we would or should have received
vous eussiez requ you should or would have received
Us eussent requ they should or would have received
NOTE. To replace the ist Form this tense must have a con-
dition expressed :
si vous eussiez requ la note, vous I'eussiez payee or auriez payee
if you had received the bill, you would have paid it; cf. : elle
comptait que vous auriez requ sa lettre lundi she expected you to
receive his (her) letter Monday; le for cement de ce detroit eut
cree une situation de fait favorable a leurs vues, de meme que la prise
de la ville en eut etabli le litre definitif a la possession de la province
entering this Strait would have in fact created a situation favorable
to their views, also the capture of the city would have established
their permanent title to the possession of the province; eut-il
requ had he received or if he had received.
68. IMPERATIVE (I'imperatif) :
reqois receive recevons let us receive
recevez receive (you or ye)
qu'il reqoive let him receive qu'elle reqoive let her receive
qu'ils reqoivent let them receive qu'ettes reqoivent let them receive
Oral Drill:
reqois-le receive it (him); recevons-la let us receive it (her); ne
le reqois jamais never receive it (him); ne la recevez pas do noc
receive it (her) ; qu'ils ne les reqoivent pas let them not receive them ;
262 RECEVOIR CONJUGATED
qu'ils en re^oivent let them receive some; qu'ils n'en re$oivent pas
let them not receive any ; jusqu'd ce que le temps sec soil venu until
dry weather has come; apres que les tranchees furent prises after
the capture of the trenches; se debattre dans la boue to struggle in
the mud; V affaire s'est fort mal terminee the matter ended very
badly; Us se sont trompes dans leurs calculs they were mistaken in
their calculations.
69. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT or FUTURE (le present du
subjonctif) :
que je receive that I may (can) receive or other forms in English
que tu receives that you may (can) receive
qu'il regoive that he may (can) receive
que nous recevions that we may (can) receive
que vous receviez that you may (can) receive
qu'ils rec.oivent that they may (can) receive
il est possible queje le reqoive I may receive it (him) or it is possible
that I may receive it (him); il faut qu'on les receive one must
receive them; they must be received; je ne puis mefigurer qu'ette
le refoive I cannot imagine her receiving him; il se peut qu'on
les receive they might be received ; qu'on le revive ou non whether
he is received or not. See Lesson IX fully illustrated.
Ezercice de Conversation:
je pars ce matin meme pour Boston I leave this morning for Boston ,
il revient a I' instant he is coming back directly; son bail a expire
hier (: est expire depuis, etc.) his lease expired yesterday; il a
expire entre mes bras he expired in my arms; je ne puis parler
sans qu'il m'interrompe I can't speak without his interrupting me;
or: (je ne puis parler, qu'il ne m'interrompe); elle a ete mieux
re$ue qu'ette ne ie croyait she had a better reception than she
expected; elle n'est pas aussi riche que vous le pensez she is not as
rich as you think; credule jusqu'd la niaiserie credulous to stu-
pidity; il est recommande de ne jamais se mettre d I'eau quand on est
en sueur it is recommended never to go in bathing (or: into the
water) when perspiring; plonger dans I'eau to plunge (to dive)
into the water; nager to swim; passer d la nage to swim across;
une augmentation de salaire an increase of pay (salary); sa part
his share; partager to divide; versement partiel installment (partial
payment) ; sa quote-part or cotisation his membership fee (quota).
RECEVOIR CONJUGATED 263
70. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I'imparfait du sub-
jonctif) :
queje regusse that I might receive, etc.
que tu regusses that you might receive
qu'il regut that he might receive
que nous regussions that we might receive
que vous regussiez that you might receive
qu'ils regussent that they might receive
and other forms in English ; see and review the examples or rules
at Lesson XIII and end of Lesson XXV.
71. SUBJUNCTIVE PAST:
quej'aie regu that I may (can) have received
que tu aies regu that you may (can) have received
qu'il ait regu that he may (can) have received
que nous ayons regu that we may (can) have received
que vous ayez regu that you may (can) have received
qu'-ils aient regu that they may (can) have received
Oral Drill:
suppose qu'on les ait regus (-es) suppose they were received;
quoiqu'il (: bien qu'il) les ait regus although he may have received
them; elle craint que vous ne les ayez point regus she fears you
may not have received them; qu'il les ait regus ou non whether
he received them or not; une visile inattendue an unexpected
visit; on alloue une somme pour indemnite a sum is allowed as
indemnity; paye tant, regu tant et partant quitte paid so much,
received so much; and consequently the account is settled;
a-t-il obtenu (attrape) une place? did he get (secure) a position?
une diminution (reduction) a reduction (decrease); au profit de
tous for the benefit of all; tout benefice any profit; ajouter au
traitement to add to the salary; prive de mon salaire deprived of
my salary; un ordre proclame (notifie) publiquement an order
proclaimed in public (issued publicly); des viandes frigorifiees
cold storage meat; payer de sa vie to expose one's life to danger;
une circonstance curieuse strange coincidence; arrivee des mar-
chandises arrival of mdse. ; au moment precis at the precise
moment ; etre promu au baccalaureat to receive the first University
degree; or le premier grade universitaire; Us sont promus they
have been promoted; elever & quelque dignite to be promoted
(in rank).
264 DEVOIR CONJUGATED
72. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (le plus-que-parfait du
subjonctif] :
quej'eusse re$u that I might have received, etc.
que tu eusses re$u that you might have received
qu'il eul re$u that he might have received
que nous eussions re$u that we might have received
que vous eussiez re$u that you might have received
qu'ils eussenl re$u that they might have received
and other forms in English, Lessons XIII and XXV.
je ne savais pas que vous eussiez re$u sa carte postale I didn't know
you had received his (her) postal card; ellc n'aurait pas voulu
que vous I'eussiez re$ue she would not have wished you to receive
it; elle ne croit pas que vous I'eussiez requ, si vous aviez etc present
she does not believe you would have received it, if you had been
there.
73. Six VERBS CONJUGATED like the above:
apercevoir to perceive; to notice
decevoir to deceive; to disappoint
concevoir to conceive; to imagine
devoir to owe; (must; ought to; etc.) with verb
percevoir to perceive; to levy
recevoir to receive; to admit
preconcevoir to preconceive
LESSON XXIV
74. Devoir (of frequent use) is conjugated as follows:
and followed by a noun means: to owe; and fol-
lowed by a verb (in the Infinitive) may mean:
must; was to; had to; will have to; ought to
Present Indicative:
je dots; tu dois; il doit; nous devons; vous devez; Us doivent; I owe;
you owe; etc.
Imperfect:
je devais; tu devais; il devait; nous devions; vous deviez; Us devaient;
1 owed; etc.
DEVOIR CONJUGATED 265
Past Definite :
je dus; tu dus; il dut; nous dumes; vous diltes; Us durent; I owed;
you owed; etc.
Future :
je devrai; ludevras; il devra; nous devrons; vous devrez; Us devront;
I will owe; etc.
Conditional :
je devrats; tu devrai s; il devrait; nous devrions; vous devriez; Us
devraient; I would (should) owe; etc.
Imperative :
do-is; devons; devez; owe; let us owe; owe
Present Subjunctive:
qtie je doive; que tu doives; qu'il doive; que nous devions; que vous
deviez; qu'ils doivent; that I may owe; etc.
Imperfect Subjunctive:
que je dusse; que tu dusses; qu'il dut; que nous dussions; que vous
dussiez; qu'tls dussent; that I might owe; etc.
Compound Tenses:
j'ai du; tu as du; il a du; etc. (followed by the Infinitive): I had
to; etc.
Review :
recevoir to receive; recevant receiving; re$u received;
je regois; tu repots; il reqoit; nous recevons; vous recevez; Us resolvent
I receive (am receiving; do receive; have been receiving)
je recevais; tu recevais; il recevait; nous recevions; vous receviez;
Us recevaient; I received (used to receive; was receiving; did
receive; had been receiving; etc.)
je reus; tu regus; il regut; nous resumes; vous refutes; Us re^urenl;
I received; etc.
je recevrai; tu recevras; il recevra; nous recevrons; vous recevrez;
ils recevront; I will (shall) receive; you shall (will) receive, etc.
je recevrais; tu recevrais; il recevrait; nous recevrions; vous rece-
vriez; Us recevraient; I would (should) receive, etc.
regois; recevons; recevez; receive; let us receive, etc.
266 DEVOIR CONJUGATED
que je reqoive; que tu receives; qu'il reqoive; que nous recevions;
que vous receviez; qu'ils reqoivent; that I may (can) receive, etc.
que je requsse; que tu re$usses; qu'il requt; que nous requssions;
que vous requssiez; qu'ils requssent; that I might receive, etc.
j'ai requ; tu as requ; il a requ; etc., I received, etc.
Exercice de Conversation:
combien vous dois-je? how much (many ) do I owe you?
combien le dois-je? how much (many) do I owe you?
combien est-ce que je vous dois how much (many) do I owe you?
vous me devezvingt-cinq francs you owe me twenty-five francs ($5);
// lui doit un franc he owes him (her) one franc ; Us leur doivent
quelque chose they owe them something; on ne leur doit rien we
(they) do not owe them anything; we owe them nothing; rien
du tout nothing at all ; je vous devais cinq centimes (un sou} I owed
you one cent; il se peut que je vous doive davantage I may owe
you more; on leur doit de V argent money is owed them; il me doit
une jour nee de travail he owes me a day's work; elle lui doit la vie
she is indebted to him (her) for her life or: she owes her life to him
(her); fais ce que dois, advienne que pourra do what you must
(do), come what may.
75
as auxiliary : devoir may refer to a simple future :
je dois travailler c soir I am to (will) work to-night
duty:
je dois travailler pour vivre I must work for my living or (: I owe
it to myself as a duty to work)
obligation:
je dois obeir aux lots du pays I must obey the laws of the country
(: it is a necessity)
intention:
je dois partir ce soir m&me 1 intend to leave this very evening
supposition :
il doit etre malade he must be ill; perhaps he is ill
DEVOIR CONJUGATED 267
Oral Drill:
le facteur doit passer chez vous a huit heures the letter-carrier must
call at your house at eight o'clock; quand meme je devrais (dusse-je)
perir even if I were to perish ! il doit y avoir beaucoup de monde
there must be many people there; il devait y avoir quelqu'un there
must have been some one (there); elle a du repasser she had to
call again; vous auriez du le faire you should have done it; you
ought to have done that; vous devriez vous reposer you should rest.
76
du as a noun:
monsieur reclame son dn the gentleman claims his due
as an adjective:
v otre billet est en bonne et due forme your note is legal ( : legally
made); il rentre a une heure indue he comes home at a late hour;
contre la regie against the rules; le cas echeant if such should be
the case; a I'echeance d'un billet at the expiration of a note.
devoir as a noun:
votre devoir est corrige your exercise is (has been) corrected; vos
devoirs sont corriges your exercises are corrected; nos devoirs sont-
ils corriges are our exercises corrected? tel est man devoir such is
my duty; tels sont ses devoirs such are his (her) duties; je me fais
MM devoir de lui rendre une visile I make it a duty to pay him (her)
a visit; il est de man devoir de le punir it becomes my duty to
punish him; il est du devoir de M. X. d'y alter it is incumbent upon
Mr. B. to go there.
77
requ as a noun:
voila votre requ there is your receipt; requ cinq francs received
five francs; cinq francs requs five francs received; est-ce une
quittance is it a receipt in full? ce qui est du what is owed.
Exercice de Conversation:
il doit retourner la-bas la semaine prochaine he is to go back (return
over there) next week; il doit se faire recevoir a ce baccalaureat
he is to receive his first University degree; contenir les termes
expres dans lesquels un acte drit etre conqu to contain the exact
268 DEVOIR CONJUGATED
terms in which (such) an act should be expressed; il consul le
principe de cette machine he conceived the principle of that machine ;
recevoir un renfort de troupes to receive a re -enforcement of troops;
un temoignage de satisfaction a token of gratification; un bureau
receptionnaire a receiving bureau; une blessure a wound; il
s'engage a en payer le mantant he pledges himself to pay the
amount; devoir reussir to be bound to succeed; la patrie impose
des sacrifices a country imposes sacrifices; nul plus que moi ne
s'interesse a no one is more interested than I in; demander un
inventaire du mobilier to ask for an inventory of the furniture;
qu'on lui rende cette justice let him be given credit for it; reprocher
a un locataire de ne pas payer ce qu'il doit to reproach (blame) a
tenant for not paying his rent (or debt); etre inquiet pour le paye-
ment to be worrying (anxious) about the payment; comme cell
se doit as it should be (in the proper manner) ; des chases pareilles
doivent arriver such things are liable to occur; le percepteur con-
tinue de leur reclamer ses impots the collector continues to claim
his taxes from them; extorquer to extort.
78. VARIOUS EXAMPLES ON: devoir; recevoir, etc. (Ma-
terial for composition):
agreez, monsieur, que je vous felicite allow me to congratulate you,
Sir; agreer (to receive kindly) is often used at the end of French
letters; U accuse reception de la somme he acknowledges the sum
of; elle se departit de son devoir she swerved from her duty; il
remplit ses obligations he fulfills his obligations; tu es dans I 'obli-
gation de leur repondre you are under the obligation of answering
them; il faut rendre justice au diable we must give the devil his
due; la poule (hen) ne doit pas chanter devant le coq (cock) a woman
must not lord over her husband; je n'ai pas man compte I have
not my due; toute reflexion faite after due reflection; or: tout bien
consider e all things considered; a tout seigneur, tout honneur
honor to whom honor is due; graces a lui thanks to him; qui paie
ses dettes, s'enrichit he who pays his debts becomes rich; c'est a
eux qu'il le doit he may thank them for it; elle accomplit ses devoirs
she accomplishes her duties; U a besoin d'etre a tel endroit, a telle
heure he is obliged (has got) to be at such a place at such an hour;
une t6che qui m'incombe a task that falls to me.
s 1 engager a rembourser une perte to bind one's self to reimburse a
loss; supporter les lourds fardeaux qui nous incombent to bear
DEVOIR CONJUGATED 269
the heavy burdens that befall us; cela doit lui etre attribue that
must be attributed to him (her); il attend de grands resultats de
he expects great results from; on vous en est redevable one is in-
debted to you; moyennant une redevance en denrees in considera-
tion of a royalty in (wares) or merchandise; on eteint une dette
en en payant le capital we (pay off) reduce (liquidate) a debt by
paying on the principal; garantir une creance to guarantee (vouch
for) the payment of a debt; on le dispense de travailler they (re-
lease) exempt him from work; tout retombe sur lui everything
falls upon him; il n'a pas les soins qu'il devrait avoir he has not
the care he should have; I'exercice des fonctions dont on est charge
the exercise of the duties with which we are invested; le temps
pendant lequel on les exerce the period during which they are dis-
charged; il renlre dans son devoir he resumes his duty; il reprend
son travail he resumes his work; ce qui est du what remains to
be paid; on alloue (decrete) un credit they allow (establish) a
credit; lerenouveler to renew it; etre en fonctions to be discharging
(to perform) one's duties; accepter (agreer) un don to accept a
donation; on donne avis que notice is given that; on vous somme
de you are summoned to; je certifie que I certify that; achever
son devoir to finish one's task.
il le neglige (I' abandonne) he neglects it; // repond negligemment
aux questions he answers the questions negligently (indifferently) ;
il s'occupe mains exactement de ses devoirs now he attends less to
his duties ; former un projet to form a project; payer aux calendes
grecques (: nejamais payer) never to pay; revetu des formes legates
legally made; legaliser to render legal; rendons honneur a nos
glorieux marts let us render homage to our glorious dead; con-
ceder une grace to grant a favor; la garantie warranty (security);
categoriquement to the purpose; liber er to liberate; debaucher
to entice; convertir ce billet de banque en especes to change a bank
note into cash; supporter le poids des affaires to bear the burden
of (the) business; demander plus qu'il n'est du to ask more than
is owed him (her) etc. ; une haute paye journaliere est allouee a big
increase in pay has been granted; */ I' engage a quitter son paste
he entreats him to leave his post ; accorder du temps to allow more
time; il lui doit sa guerison he owes his recovery to him; il rentre
en fonctions he resumes (begins) his duties; je dois necessairement
(and with Infinitive) I must needs or: il faut absolument que (and
the Subj.); d I'heure qu'il faut in due time; en temps utile propi-
tiously; il a a faire une visile he has to make a visit; c'est moi
270 DEVOIR CONJUGATED
qui devrai en faire les frais (en etre responsable) I shall have to
bear the expenses (of it) or: I shall stand responsible for it; le
contre-coup counter- blow ; result (consequence); on le rend quitte
de cette obligation he is released from that obligation; acquitte-
ment prealable des frais de port previous exemption from port
charges ; on lui doit une fort estimable histoire we are indebted to
him for a very meritorious history; payer une amende to pay a
fine.
je pate d'avance I pay in advance; on ne doit pas s'en etonner
one must not wonder at it; on ne doit pas s' etonner si le terme est
echu it is not strange if the rent is due; il est de garde he is on
guard duty; nous ne nous devons plus rien de part el d'autre (we
are even): we don't owe each other anything more; nous sommes
quitte a quitte we are quits; chose promise, chose due promises
should be kept; cela lui pese (: cause de la peine) that causes him
grief; peser sur le caeur to weigh on the mind; accabler de to
overwhelm with; to be overwhelmed with; personne ne doit le
savoir no one is to know it; la faction sentry duty; il fera le
service he will do duty ; le devoir I'appelle duty calls him ; il monte
la garde he mounts guard ; ilfaitleguet he is on the watch (keeps
watch); quand meme je devrais perir even if I were to perish;
il a manque a son devoir he failed in his duty; dans I'ordre voulu
in due form; (payer son ecot to pay one's share); rembourser
to reimburse; une tdche a task; une tache a spot; (stain; blot);
il s' attache a remplir son devoir he strives to fulfill his duty; il
s'endette he runs into debt; il nie ses dettes he denies his debt;
il declare qu'il ne doit rien he declares he does not owe anything;
*/ s'en acquitte he pays (his debt) it.
il faut payer ce que I' on doit a debt must be paid ; sije n'ai pas reussi,
toujours ai-jefait mon devoir if I have not succeeded, I have done
my duty nevertheless; (colloq.: il boucha un trou he stopped a
gap or he paid a debt); par maniere d' acquit for form's sake; pre-
parer la tache to prepare a task; contracter to contract; effectuer
(mettre a execution) to put into effect; il effectua son projet he
carried out his project; elle effectua le trajet she made the trip; se
donner bien du mat to give one's self much trouble; on constate
le payement d'une facture the settlement of a bill is being verified ;
presenter to present; il a acquitte la facture he receipted the bill
in full ; il vous en tient quitte he lets you off ; pour acquit (on a bill)
paid! major er une facture to overcharge a bill; exonerer to exon-
erate; to be freed from; faire des emprunts to borrow (on a large
REGULAR VERBS IN -RE 2JI
scale); emprunter to borrow; un emprunt a loan; un pret a loan;
sous caution under bail; prater de I' argent to loan money; c'est un
compte d ' apothicaire an extortionate bill (: an apothecary's bill);
il se porte garant du paiement de la dette he answers for the pay-
ment of the debt; il se porte fort pour lui he stands security for
him; repondre (a) to answer; to reply to; etre garant to vouch for;
repondre pour to stand security for; decharger d'une dette to free
from a debt; dispenser to release; to exempt from; objet rends
en garantie article given as security; donner des gages pour garantir
le pret to give pledges to assure the loan; pour surete de as security
for.
il n'est pas sans le savoir he must have heard of it; he probably
knows it; c'est qu'il I' aura paye he must have paid it (: for it);
je I'aperqois I see him (over there); remarquer to notice; il ne
s'apergoit de rien (he overlooks): he does not notice anything;
cf. : j'avisai le voleur I detected the thief (I noticed him quickly);
decouvrir to discover; on ne s'avise jamais de tout one can't think
of every thing ; cela se conqoit that is easily understood; sans qu 'on
le remarque (: inaperqu] unobserved; without being seen; il passa
inaperqu he passed unnoticed.
LESSON XXV
79. THIRD GROUP OF REGULAR VERBS ends in -re:
rompre to break (off, up) rampant breaking
rompu broken
vendre to sell vendant selling vendu sold
NOTE. In the Present Indicative (in the third person singular)
vend is not followed by : /; il vend.
casser (and of the ist Group) to break (in two); briser to break
(to pieces) ; dechirer a coup de fouet to lash to pieces.
Present Indicative:
je romps; tu romps; il rompt; nous rompons; vous rompez; Us rom-
pent; I break, etc.
Imperfect:
je rompais; tu rompais; il rompait; nous rompions; vous rompiez;
Us rompaient; I broke, etc.
2/2 REGULAR VERBS IN-RE
Past Definite:
j rompis; tu rompis; il rompit; nous romptmes; vous rompites;
Us rompirent; I broke, etc.
Future :
je romprai; lu rompras; il rompra; nous romprons; vous romprez;
Us rompront; I will (shall) break, etc.
Conditional:
je romprais; lu romprais; il romprait; nous romprions; vous rom-
priez; Us rompraie.nl; I would or should break, etc.
Imperative:
romps; rompons; rompez; break; let us break, etc.
Present Subjunctive:
que je rompe; que tu rompes; qu'il rompe; que nous rompions;
que vous rompiez; qu'ils rompenl; that I may (can) break, etc.
Imperfect Subjunctive:
que je rompisse; que tu rompisses; qu'il rompit; que nous rompis-
sions; que vous rompissiez; qu'ils rompissent; that I might break,
etc.
and Compound Tenses :
j'ai rompu; tu as rompu; il a rompu; etc., etc.
Review pp. 148-235 and pp. 205-252.
Oral Drill:
il plie et ne rompt pas he bends and does not break; plier to bend
(fold) ; le pli the fold; elle brise la glace she breaks the looking-glass;
on rompit le pain they broke bread; tu romps la glace you break
the ice; Us rompent le menage they are breaking up housekeeping;
il le rompt aux affaires he is training him for business; elle a
beau se rompre la t&te in vain she racks her brain; (il se casse la
t&te he puzzles his brain) ; qui casse les verres les paie who breaks
the glasses pays for them; or: you must pay for the damage;
courber une branche to bend a branch or: la player to bend it; il
se creuse le cerveau (I' esprit) he ransacks his brain; on se fatigue
a chercher one gets tired of searching; se baisser to stoop;
s'incliner to bow down; plier les genoux to bend the knees; il
s'humilie he humbles himself; il porte le deshonneur dans une
REGULAR VERBS IN -RE 273
famille unie he brings dishonor into a united family; le vent
balance les arbres; the wind sways the trees; il est brise par les
secousses morales he is broken by remorse; briser ses chaines to
break loose one's chains; objets casses broken articles.
une pierre creusee a hollowed stone; une bille de bois a log; une
buche (chunk of wood); a log; un bloc de bois creuse a hollowed
log; la buche de Noel the Xmas log; dompter un animal to tame
an animal; apprivoiser to tame; to domesticate; payer la casse
to pay the breakage; par maladresse through blunder (careless-
ness); payer les violons to pay the fiddler; on plie du linge they
fold linen; pencher to lean; pulveriser to pulverize; resistant ou
flexible resisting or flexible; courbe en arc; bent like a bow;
pierres concassees or (: reduites en petits fragments) broken stones
(reduced to small pieces); friable easily crumbled; il coupe du
pain he is cutting bread; il decoupe he is carving; une tranche
de pain a slice of bread; dispensez-vous de penser spare your
brains; levons le camp let us break camp; il manque a sa parole
he breaks his word; on lui tranclia la tete they cut off his head;
un detraque unbalanced mind; sa voix mue his (her) voice is
breaking; d'une voix entrecoupee in a broken voice; d'un cceur
navre (brise) with a broken heart; il va sur les brisees de M. X.
he waits for Mr. B.'s old shoes (: follows in his footsteps); c'est
un anneau brise it is a split ring; enfant de la balle (: une personne
elevee dans la profession de son pere) a child brought up in his
father's profession; c'est une maladie qui se declare an illness that
breaks out in eruptions; il s'y casse le nez he fails in it; il s'est
casse le nez he broke his nose; on viola le droit des gens they broke
the law of nations.
Oral Drill:
la faim chasse le loup hors du bois hunger chases the wolf from the
forest: or: hunger will break through stone walls; le vent souffle
a tout rompre (casser) or: d tout detraquer: the wind is blowing
great guns; or: (is throwing everything into confusion); detraquer
une pendule to put a clock out of order; elle sentit son cceur se
dechirer she felt her heart breaking; dechirer le cceur to wring the
heart; un incendie se declara a fire broke out; c'est couper (fendre)
un cheveu en quatre, that is to split hairs; fendez-le en deux
split it asunder; partageons le differ end (les parties s'accordent)
let us split the difference or (the parties have come to an under-
standing); enfonqons la porte let us break open the door; or:
is
274 REGULAR VERBS IN -RE
forgons-la let us force it; Us r ester ent en panne (standstill) they
were stopped by a breakdown; il fit sauter la banque he broke
the bank; le plomb est facile a player lead is easy to bend; I' osier
se ploie facilement rattan is easily bent; on broie (ecrase) des cou-
leurs en delayant they blend colors; detremper to dilute; delayer
(detremper dans un liquide) to dilute; to dilute with liquid ; ecraser
to crush, to bruise, to overwhelm; s' ecraser un doigt to crush one's
finger; les rugissements de la tempete the roaring of a tempest;
pousser des cris dechirants to utter heart-rending cries; dechire-
ments (m.) de cceur pangs of the heart; causer de grands degats
to cause great devastation; eclater to fly into shreds; dechirer a
belles dents to pull to pieces; later er (: mettre en pieces) to tear to
pieces; voler en eclats (: eclater) to fly into shreds; se rompre to
fly into pieces; mettre en poudre to pulverize.
Practice:
reduire en poudre or triturer to triturate; reduire en pate to reduce
to paste; en parties menues par ecrasement into small parts by
crushing; de la craie friable breakable chalk; belle tele, point de
, ceraelle! beautiful head, no brain! vent impetueux violent wind;
le frottement des roues the friction of the wheels; une cassure nette
a clean break; il casse or broie du poivre he is grinding pepper;
il joule de I' or he beats gold; flexible (aise de plier) easy to bend;
il se cassa I'os de la cuisse he broke his thigh-bone; il s'est demis
la hanche he dislocated his hip.
81. DRILL ON THE IMPERFECT:
le fleuve rompait ses digues the river often broke its dams; la
riviere the river; le ruisseau the stream (brook); la pluie rompait
(abimait) toujours nos chemins rain often damaged our roads;
abtmer to overthrow; to spoil; s'ecrouler to crash down; s'abvmer
dans la douleur to be plunged in grief; un amas de sable apporte
par les eaux a mound of sand brought (made) by the waters;
le sol fut defonce the ground was sunken ; un terrain has et enfonce
a low and sunken ground; fouler aux pieds to trample.
Oral Drill:
si on rompait le silence! suppose we break the silence! on rompait
le jeune a Pdques we broke fast at Easter; la pluie gala (endom-
magea) les chemins rain spoiled (gullied) the roads; les soldats
rompaient les rangs a midi soldiers were dismissed at noon; leurs
voix nous rompaient les oreilles their voices deafened our ears;
REGULAR VERBS IN -RE 275
le fit thread; on se torturait I' esprit they puzzled (we, etc.) their
brains (our, etc.) ; que ne rompiez-vous le fil de son discours? why
did you not interrupt him in his speech? or: que ne lui coupiez-
vous la parole? why did you not interrupt him when he spoke or:
(: when he was speaking)? on s'arreta tout court they stopped
short; or: abruptly; si on avail dit un mot, on rompait son sommeil
if a word had been uttered, his sleep would have been broken;
sans cesse without ceasing; il rompait son serment, s'il eut pu
he would have broken his oath, if possible or: if he could; sans
cesser unceasingly; sans discontinuer without discontinuing.
82. PAST DEFINITE:
Exercice de Conversation:
il rompit son jeune hie.r he broke his fast yesterday; on rompit le
silence sans savoir pourquoi they broke the silence without
knowing why; interrompre to interrupt; interruption, etc.; chemin
raboteux rough road; secouer to shake; to jolt; la tete the head;
on I'interpella (on le somma de s'expliquer) he was asked to ex-
plain ; abregeons le debat let us cut short the discussion ; qui rompit
ce cheval who broke in that horse? il se rompit le cou he broke
his neck; la rupture the break; breaking; une division entre des
personnes unies par a break between persons united by; Us rom-
pirent: (Us cesser ent d'etre amis) they ceased to be friends; la
rupture or fracture d'un os (une fracture violente) the fracture of a
bone; la rupture d'une digue the bursting of a dam; la rupture
d'un mariage the breaking off of a match; c'est un enfant gate
he is a spoiled child; la roue roule the wheel moves (revolves);
(colloq. : il m'a roule he bowled me over) ; le roulement des voitures
the noise of the carriages; d'yeux the rolling of the eyes;
du tonnerre the rolling of thunder; le mariage est rompu the
marriage is annulled; le cahot the jolt; le silence du resettlement
the silence of meditation; dans le chemin creux qui horde la route
in the hollow road that borders (skirts) the way; couper la fievre
to break the fever.
83. PAST INDEFINITE:
Oral Drill:
est-ce lui qui a rompu les glaces de ce coupe? did he break the win-
dows of that coupe (brougham)? la poutre a rompu (: s'est rompue)
the beam broke; j'ai rompu le cheval, des que je Vai re$u I broke
276 REGULAR VERBS IN -RE
in the horse as soon as I received him; il a casse sa canne he broke
his cane; il porte une canne he carries a cane; I'arbre porte des
fruits a tree bears fruit ; elle a casse sa montre she broke her watch ;
Us ont rompu avec leurs habitudes they broke off with their habits;
le sceau the seal ; a-t-elle rompu le cachet de la lettre? did she break
the seal of that letter? tin grand cachet a large seal ; il confia la
chose sous le sceau du secret he confided the matter under the seal
of secrecy ; dccacheter une lettre to open (unseal) a letter ; depouiller
sa correspondance to open his mail.
Exercice de Conversation:
il lit son courrier he is reading his mail; la corde s'est rompue the
cord broke; vous m'avez rompu les os you broke my bones; il
etudie la musique d batons rompus or a diverses reprises he studies
music by fits and starts (at intervals); une horrible morsure
ghastly bite; il n'en reste que quelques fragments there are only a
few pieces left (: fragments); il a ete question de limiter ou d'in-
terrompre la guerre sous-marine it was a question of limiting or
putting an end to the submarine war; ligne droite (brisee) straight
or broken line.
84. PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE:
Oral Drill:
je croyais qu'on avail rompu le traite I thought the treaty had been
broken; il a cru qu'on avail rompu le cheval he thought the horse
had been broken in; Us croyaient avoir casse leurs pipes (: qu'ils
avaient casse leurs pipes) they thought they had broken their
pipes; si nous I'avions cassee, nous I'aurions payee if we had broken
it we would have paid for it; je ne savais si on avail rompu le pain
I did not know that they had broken the bread; on avail casse
la fenetre quand je rentrai the window was broken when I came
home ; a I 'emporte- piece very sharply ( : cutting answer) ; la voiture
m'a brise (fatigue) the carriage tired me; on ne fait pas d' omelette
sans casser des ceufs we do not make an omelet without breaking
eggs.
Exercice de Conversation:
toute entreprise entraine ses perils, ses frais all enterprise entailc
its perils, its expenses; il fit ses frais he made his expenses; il
fera de grands frais he will go to great expense ; elle se mil en frais
(: depensa plus que de coutume) she spent more than usual; a
REGULAR VERBS IN -RE 277
grands frais at great expense; a peu de frais at little expense;
sans depenser beaucoup without spending much or: without much
trouble; jamais entre nous ne s'est elevee une querelle never a quar-
rel arose between us; d'humeur douce (pliable) of a gentle (amen-
able) disposition; docile docile or tractable; un temperament chaud
ne se defend pas comme il veut a quick-tempered person does
not defend his rights as he wishes to; il lui annonce que sa
derniere heure est venue he announces to him that his last hour
has struck.
85. PAST ANTERIOR:
Oral Drill:
aussitot que vous I'eutes rompu au travail, il fut sage as soon as he
was trained up to his work, he was (became) good; des que les
cordes eurent rompu, il tomba as soon as the ropes broke, he fell;
la poutre sert a soutenir le toil a beam serves to support the roof;
un chemin aussi bien entretenu, aussi propre qu'une rue a road as
well cared for and as clean as a street; d'un coup de pistolet by
a pistol shot; ses mesures prises his measures having been taken;
il brise tout he is destructive; quand I'equilibre des forces sera
rompu when the equilibrium of forces is at an end; tout ne sera
que chaos chaos will reign; reprocher d 'avoir rompu cette union!
to reprove for having broken that union !
Exercice de Conversation:
route frequentee frequented path (road); accoutumer (: habituer)
to accustom; to habituate; on I'accoutume au travail he is trained
to work; il s'habitue au bruit he is getting used to the noise; elle
en contracta I'habitude she contracted the habit; on le traite dure-
ment they use him roughly; avec mepris with scorn; scornfully;
on plie le drap (en plusieurs doubles) cloth is folded (in many folds) ;
ses mains sont comme deux tenailles his hands are like a pair of
tongs; le cheval s'enleva des quatre pattes the horse broke away;
une fracture d'os dont on enleva une partie the fracture of a bone
part of which has been removed; fracturer to fracture; une frac-
tion a fraction; chaque annee each (and every) year; se cabrer
to rear; to prance; un cheval fringant a spirited horse; joule par
pressed by; une pression a pression, pressure; le pressurage
des pommes, etc. the pressing of apples; le pressoir the wine-
press; la presse a papier printing-press; la presse a copier
copying- machine; presser I'eponge to squeeze the sponge; presse
278 REGULAR VERBS IN -RE
a cidre cider-press; presse-citron (s) lemon-squeezer; I'imprimerie
a printing-establishment; presse-papier paper-weight; le pressage
the pressing; U se recommande a eux he refers to them; lettre de
recommandation letter of reference; il lui recommande de ne pas
le faire he requests him not to do that.
86. FUTURE:
Oral Drill:
Us rompront le cheval, des qu'il sera id they will break in the horse
as soon as he is here ; je le romprai, si vous voulez I shall break him
in, if you wish; on rompra les couleurs the colors will be blended;
quiconque rompra sa volonte, sera heureux whoever breaks his will,
will be fortunate; on m'a assure que vous le romprez a I'obeissance
I have been assured that you will train him to be obedient; vous
ne romprez point le cachet de cette lettre you shall not break the seal
of that letter; or- do not break the seal, etc.; rompre le fil de I'eau
to change the course of the water; cf. : on I'arreta or le detourna
it was checked or diverted; le bruit m'assourdit the noise deafens
my ears; on rompra le marche the bargain will be annulled; il
quitta subitement le fil de son discours pour entrer dans une autre
matiere he suddenly changed the course of his speech to branch
off into another subject; surmonter les premieres difficultes d'une
affaire to overcome the first obstacles; il lui dit brusquement et
en face quelque chose de desobligeant he said something to him
bluntly and unpleasantly; il vaut mieux plier que rompre better
bend than break: il ceda he yielded: il s'attira un malheur irre
parable he brought an irreparable misfortune upon himself.
87. FUTURE PAST:
Oral Drill:
des que vous aurez rompu le cheval, il I'achetera as soon as you break
in the horse, he will buy him; Us les auront rompus, quand vous
viendrez they will be trained (broken in), when you come; on
I' aura rompu (e) he or she must have been broken in; on examina
le projet en tous sens the project was thoroughly studied (they
considered the project from every aspect); placez votre carte, de
maniere qu'on voie la face place your card so one can see the face
of it; regardez derriere vous look behind you; quelle est la couleur
retournee? what suit has been turned up? Us retournent au combat,
a la victoire they resume fighting and conquer again; ces fails se
retracent a mon esprit those deeds are recalled to my mind; bal-
REGULAR VERBS IN -RE 279
later to toss (about); tanguer to pitch; le roulis d'un vaisseau
the rolling of a boat; on lui assouplira le caractere (: on le rompra)
his temper will be made more tractable; I'eclisse sert a maintenir
les os fractures a splint serves to hold the fractured bones; porter
le bras en echarpe to wear one's arm in a sling; echarper la laine
to comb the wool; etriller un cheval to curry (comb) a horse;
etroitesse de vues narrow-minded.
88. CONDITIONAL:
Oral Practice:
si on I'avait, on le romprait if we had or should we have him, we
would train him (: break him in); je croyais qu'on le romprait I
thought he would be broken in; je s^lis sur qu'on le romprait I am
sure (that) they would break him in; on le romprait, qu'elle n'en
serait pas satisfaite or (quand meme on le romprait, elle n'en serait,
etc.) he would be broken in and yet she wouldn't be pleased
(even if he would be broken in, she, etc.) ; il le romprait bien, lui
he would break him in (he would) ; sur la cote de la mer de Chine
on the coast of the Sea of China; ecrase par un enorme poids
crushed by an immense weight; un bois reduit en cendres a wood
(forest) reduced to ashes.
Exercice de Conversation:
on met un certain acharnement a tout detruire they seem to be actu-
ated by (a certain) fury in their destruction; une passion brutale
a brutal passion; crisper son front to contract his forehead; I'en-
veloppe de la chdtaigne est armee de piquants a chestnut is provided
with a prickly envelope; glisser la lettre sous la porte to slip the
letter under the door; la couler (adroitement) to slip it (adroitly);
or: un billet a note; contihuer une lecture interrompue to resume
interrupted reading; une forte tdche (dure, penible) a great task
(arduous, painful) ; on retourne la terre they turn the soil.
89. CONDITIONAL PAST (First Form) :
Oral Drill:
vous I'auriez rompu, si vous I'aviez eu or: si vous I'aviez eu, vous
I'auriez rompu you would have broken him in, if you had had him;
on aurait rompu la glace, si on avail pu they would have broken
the ice, if they could; Us I'auraient rompue, eux they would have
broken it (they would); on croyait la rompre (: on croyait qu'on
I' aurait rompue) they thought they would have broken it; defor-
280 ROMPRE (continued)
mer le pavage to break up the pavement ; les cailloux the pebbles ;
le beton concrete; on brise la tige du lin, du chanvre they crush
the stalk of flax, of hemp; on extrait le mineral de la mine ore is
extracted from the mine; fendre I' air, I'onde, la joule to cleave the
air, to plow the wave, to break through the crowd; sillonner les
mers to furrow the seas.
Exercice de Conversation:
avec facilite easily; fendre du bois to split wood; le sol est durci
(battu) or: foule the soil is hardened (trampled down); I'entretien
d'une route the maintenance of a road; metal cassant breakable
metal; facile a reduire en poudre easy to reduce to powder; decider
a rester aupres d'elle to decide to remain beside her; etre fou (folle)
de douleur a Videe de la separation to be mad with grief at the
thought {idea) of, etc. ; on creuse des mortaises they hollow mortises.
90. CONDITIONAL PAST (Second Form) :
si vous eussiey rompu votre serment! if you had broken your oath!
si elles eussent rompu leur serment if they had broken their oath!
s'il eut rompu son serment, on I' eut puni if he had (should he have)
broken his oath, he would have been punished; rompre desormais
axec lui les relations auxquelles son bail V avail assujetti to break off
henceforth the (business) relations to which his lease held him.
91. IMPERATIVE:
romps-le break it (thou); romps-la break it; rompons-le (la)
let us break it; rompez-les break them; ne les rompez pas do not
break them; ne le romps pas do not break it; ne la rompez point
do not break it; ne les rompons point let us not break them;
rompez! go away! (break away).
LESSON XXVI
92. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT:
Oral Drill:
je souhaite que vous rompiez sa volonte I hope you may break his
will; elle doute qu'ils le rompent au travail she doubts they can
train him up to work; il est possible qu'il se casse la jambe he may
break his leg; il vaut mieux qu'on rompe le silence it is better to
break the silence; se tordre (: se replier) to twist (to writhe; to
recoil; to spring back); machoire inferieure (superieure) lower
ROMPRE (continued) 281
(upper) jaw; la bouche mouth; lagueule du lion the mouth of the
lion ; le jugement est rendu; I'arret est rendu the sentence has been
pronounced; the issue has been decreed; publiquement in public;
la ratine est tordue sur elle-meme the root is twisted (bent) upon
itself; premiere violation des traites international first violation of
international treaties; a quoi bon rompre les rapports diplomatiques?
of what avail is it to sever diplomatic relations? bloquer une roue,
un convoi to block a wheel, a train; effectuer une charge a la
bawnnette to make a charge with the bayonet.
Exercice de Conversation:
en travers d'un cours d'eau through a stream; le duel d'artillerie
continua ardent the artillery duel was vigorously maintained;
defaite humiliante humiliating defeat; le prestige militaire a
sombre the military prestige has foundered; le tir est bien regie
the shooting is well regulated; barrier e elevee sur un chemin bar-
rier erected on a road ; dresser to erect ; obstacle etabli an obstacle
that has been set up; un casse-noisette (s) a nut-cracker; il est
tout casse he is all worn out; cicatrice saillante prominent scar;
se croiser to meet one another; to intersect; se signer to make the
sign of the Cross.
93. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE:
with review:
croit-il que nous ne rompissions sa volonte? does he believe he could
not break his will? il faudrait que vous la rompissiez it would be
necessary for you to break it; il ne niera pas qu'ils ne la rompissent
he will not deny that they broke it; on voulait que je la rompisse
they wished me to break it ; on doutait que je rompisse sa volonte
they doubted I would break his will; on douta que je rompisse,
etc.; they doubted, etc.; on a doute que je rompisse sa volonte it
has been doubted that or if I would break, etc.; on avail doute
que je rompisse sa volonte they had doubted my breaking (: that
I could break) his will ; on aurait doute que je rompisse sa volonte
they would have doubted my breaking his will.
and also with the Conditional:
on douterait que je rompisse sa volonte they would doubt my break-
ing his will.
NOTE. In the last example the Imperfect (Subj.) refers to a
future act and we may also use the Present Subjunctive:
282 ROMPRE (continued)
on douterait que je rompe sa volonte they would doubt my breaking
his will; quoiqu'on doutdt que je rompisse sa volonte although they
doubted that I would break, etc.
94
Review:
(a)
je doute que (plus the Present Subjunctive)
quoique je doute '
doutez que
je douterai que
and in other words: governing clauses requiring governed clauses
in the Present Subjunctive ; and incomplete action ;
(b)
je doutais que (plus the Imperfect Subj.)
je doutai que
quoique je doutasse que '
je douterais que
95
NOTE. In an hypothetical clause added to a subordinate, the
Imperfect Subjunctive answers to the Imperfect (Indicative):
je ne crois pas qu'il la rompit, si on s'y opposait I do not believe
he would break it, if some one objected.
Again: any other tense than (a) requires the Imperfect Subjunc-
tive; compound tenses follow the same (a) and (b); and the verb
being the auxiliary:
j'ai doute (j'aurai doute; quoique j'aie doute) plus the Present Subj.
or the Past (Perfect) Subj.
j'avais doute (j'eus doute; j'aurais doute; quoique j'eusse doute)
plus the Imperfect or the Pluperfect Subj. or complete event.
Subjunctive present answers to the Present Indicative
Pluperfect (Subjunctive) answers to the Pluperfect Indicative.
96. SUBJUNCTIVE PAST (PERFECT):
Oral Drill:
on ne croira pas que nous I'ayons rotnpu they would not believe
that we broke (did break) it; qui douterait que vous ayez rompu
ROMPRE (continued) 283
votre serment? who would doubt you have broken your oath?
croient-ils qu'ils n'aient jamais rompu leurs vceux? do they believe
they never broke their promises? je n'ai jamais cru qu'il les ait
rompus I never believed he did break them.
and the General Rule: The Perfect (Past) of the Subjunctive
refers to a past act and depends generally on a principal clause in
the Present or Future of the Indicative ; and again the main under-
lying idea may (in the principal clause) introduce a Past tense or
Future of the Indicative; otherwise study the context:
j'ai doute qu'il soil parti I doubted that he has left; j'ai doute
qu'il fut parti I doubted that he had left; on ne dit pas qu'il fut
absent we do not say he was absent; elle a doute qu'il vienne she
doubted his coming (: that he will come); il a doute qu'il partit
he doubted that he would set out; on ne croyait pas qu'il le fasse
it was not believed he would do it; il faudrait qu'il le fasse he
would have to do it; je desirerais (je voudrais bien) qu'il le fasse
I should like him to do it.
and an Imperfect (plus a relative clause) may have a Past Sub-
junctive instead of a Pluperfect; or the Imperfect or the Pluperfect
of the Subjunctive may follow any tense (hi the Indicative).
97. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE :
Oral Drill:
il voudrait que nous I'eussions rompu au travail he would wish
(now) we had trained him to work ; on ne savait pas que vous eus-
siez rompu sa volonte it was not known you had broken his will;
elle n'aurait pas voulu qu'on eut rompu sa volonte she would not
have wished her will to have been broken ; je ne croirai jamais
qu'il I' eut rompue, si elle le lui avail ordonne I shall never believe
he could have broken it, if she had ordered him (to do so) ; je
doute qu'il les eut rompus I doubt he would have broken them.
98. RULE. The Pluperfect of the Subjunctive refers
to a past act and depends generally on the prin-
cipal clause (in one of the Past Tenses of the
Indicative and Conditional) :
on doutait; on a doute; on douta; on avail doute; on aurait doute
(plus the que) and the Pluperfect of the Subjunctive.
284 ROMPRE (continued)
Final Review: Above all the main underlying idea may (in the
principal clause) introduce a verb in the Present, Future of the
Indicative or Conditional, and require the Subjunctive and be
followed by the Pluperfect of the Subjunctive; and again (as
previously stated at p. 1 72 under General Rule) in an hypotheti-
cal clause added to a subordinate the Pluperfect (Subjunctive)
answers to the Pluperfect (Indicative) :
RECAPITULATION
Proposition Proposition
Principale Completive
Present du Subjonctif.
Present ou Futur.
Je doute; je douterai
Qu'il le fasse
Parfait du Subjonctif.
Qu' ill' ait fait
Temps passes. Imparfait du Subjonctif.
Je doutais; je doutai;
Qu' tile fit
j'ai doute; j'avais doute; pl ^^ du Subjonctif .
j aurais doute, etc. Qu'il I'eut fait
Present du Conditional. I Present ou Imparfait du Subjonctif.
Je douterais \ Qu'il le fasse ou Qu'il le fit
je ne crois pas qu'il I'eut rompu, si on le lui avail defendu I do not
believe he would have broken it, if he had been prohibited (to do
so); cf.: s'il I'eut rompu had he broken it, etc.; eut-il avoue if
he had confessed; for: s'il I' avail rompu; s'il avail avoue.
(End of the First, Second and Third Groups.)
Exercice de Conversation:
on s'etonne qu'un impot eut ete mis sur le tabac we (they) are sur-
prised that a tax should have been put on tobacco; la rupture
d'un contrat the breaking of a contract; le fer est cassant iron
(is apt to break) can be broken; petit biscuit ferme et cassant a
crisp and solid little biscuit; on coupe I'arbre pour avoir le fruit
they are cutting the tree to get the fruit; prohiber to prohibit;
fructifier to be fruitful; to bear fruit; se plier aux circonstances
to bend (bow) to circumstances; quelque prof and que soil leur
ressentiment however deep their resentment may be; provoque
PASSIVE VERB CONJUGATED 285
par des motifs humanitaires prompted by humanitarian motives;
ce ban (billet) vous autorise & toucher de I' argent this ticket entitles
you to receive some money ; un bon de pain bread ticket ; I' opera-
tion qu'il indique, c'est la rupture the transaction he recommends
leads to war (open hostility) ; il dompte les betes feroces he is taming
wild animals; les dresse trains them; combat tres violent very
violent battle; I'ennemi a ete brise the enemy has been crushed;
sur ces deux points on both of these points; a force de penser, ma
tele se creuse by dint of thinking, I rack my brain.
son cerveau lucide percera peut-etre les tenebres qui I'environnent
perhaps his lucid mind may penetrate the veil of darkness; I'acier
est dur steel is hard; hauler les cornes d'un taureau to provide
the bull's horn with leather tips; un boulet de canon a cannon-
ball ; une boule bowl (ball) ; boule noire rejected vote ; jouer a
la boule to play at bowls; boule blanche vote carried; motion
adopted; fldner sur les boulevards to loiter on the boulevards;
un morceau de bois fendu pour le chauffage a piece of split wood
for burning; cambrer to bend like an arc; cambre (horse) whose
knees are bent out; rompre les liens de I'amitie to break the bonds
of friendship; un clou a ttte ronde (une punaise) a nail with a
large, round head.
LESSON XXVII
99. CONJUGATION OF A PASSIVE VERB (in -er) &tre
dime to be loved. Rule Lesson XVI.
100
INDICATIVE
Present
je suis aime (e) I am loved
tu es aime (e) you are loved
il est aime he is loved
elle est aimee she is loved
nous sommes aimes we are loved
nous sommes aimees we are loved
vous etes aime (e) you are loved
vous etes aimes (ees) you are loved
Us sont aimes they are loved
dies sont aimees they are loved
286 PASSIVE VERB CONJUGATED
101
Imperfect
j'etais dime (e) I was loved, Cetc.)
tu etais dime (e) you were loved
il etait aime he was loved
die etait aimee she was loved
nous etions aimes we were loved
nous etions aimees we were loved
vous etiez aime (e) you were loved
vous etiez aimes (ees) you were loved
Us etaient aimes they were loved
elles etaient aimees they were loved
102
Past Definite
je fus aime (e) 1 was loved
tu fus aimi (e) you were loved
il fut aime he was loved
elle fut aimee she was loved
nous fumes aimes we were loved
nous fumes aimees we were loved
vous futes aimes you were loved
vous futes aimees you were loved
Us furent aimes they were loved
elles furent aimees they were loved
103
Perfect (Past)
fai etc aime (e) I have been loved
tu as etc aime (e) you have been loved
il a ete aime he has been loved
elle a ete aimee she has been loved
nous avons ete aimes we have been loved
nous avons ete aimees we have been loved
vous avez ete aime (e) you have been loved
vous avez ete aimee (ees) you have been loved
Us ont ete aimes they have been loved
elles ont ete aimees they have been loved
PASSIVE VERB CONJUGATED 287
104
Pluperfect
j'avats ete aime (e) I had been loved
tu avais ete aime (e) you had been loved
il avail ete aime he had been loved
ette avail ete aimee she had been loved
nous avions ete aimes we had been loved
nous avions ete aimees we had been loved
vous aviez ete aime (e) you had been loved
vous aviez ete aimes (ees) you had been loved
Us avaient ete aimes they had been loved
elles avaient ete aimees they had been loved
105
Past Anterior
j'eus ete aime (e) I had been loved
tu eus ete aime (e) you had been loved
il eut ete aime he had been loved
elle eut ete aimee she had been loved
nous eumes ete aimes we had been loved
nous eumes ete aimees we had been loved
vous eutes ete aimes you had been loved
vous eutes ete aimees you had been loved
Us eurent ete aimes they had been loved
elles eurent ete aimees they had been loved
106
Future
je serai aime (e) I will (shall) be loved
tu seras aime (e) you shall (will) be loved
il sera aime he shall (will) be loved
elle sera aimee she shall (will) be loved
nous serons aimes we will (shall) be loved
nous serons aimees we will (shall) be loved
vous serez aimes you shall (will) be loved
vous serez aimees you shall (will) be loved
Us seront aimes they shall (will) be loved
elles seront aimees they shall (will) be loved
288 PASSIVE VERB CONJUGATED
107
Future Anterior
j'aurai ete dime (e) I will have been loved
tu auras ete aime (e) you shall have been loved
il aura ete aime he shall have been loved
elle aura ete aimee she shall have been loved
nous aurons ete aimes we will have been loved
nous aurons ete aimees we will have been loved
vous aurez ete aime (e) you shall have been loved
vous aurez ete aimes (ees) you shall have been loved
Us auront ete aimes they shall have been loved
elles auront ete aimees they shall have been loved
108
Conditional Present
je serais aime (e) I would be loved
tu serais aime (e) you should be loved
il serait aime he should be loved
elle serait aimee she would be loved
nous serions aimes we would be loved
nous serions aimees we would be loved
vous seriez aimes (ees) you should be loved
Us seraient aimes they would be loved
100
Conditional Past
j'aurais ete aime I would have been loved
tu aurais ete aime you should have been loved
il aurait ete aime he should have been loved
elle aurait ete aimee she would have been loved
nous aurions ete aimes we should have been loved
nous aurions ete aimees we should have been loved
vous auriez ete aime (e) you should have been loved
Us auraient ete aimes they would have been loved
IMPERATIVE
no in
Present Perfect
sots aime (e) be loved aie ete aime (e) have been loved
soyons aimes(-es) let us be loved ayons ete aimes let us have been, etc.
soyez aime (e or -es, -ees) be loved ayez ete aime, etc. have been loved
PASSIVE VERB CONJUGATED 289
112
Present Subjunctive
queje sois aime (e) that I may be loved
que tu sois aime (e) that you may be loved
qu'il soil aime that he may be loved
qu'elle soil aimee that she may be loved
que nous soyons aimes that we may be loved
que vous soyez aime (e) that you may be loved
qu'ils soient aimes that they may be loved
113
Past Subjunctive
quej'aie etc aime (e) that I may have been loved
que tu ates ete aime (e) that you may have been loved
qu'il ait ete aime that he may nave been loved
qu'elle ait eie aimee that she may have been loved
que nous ayons ete aimes that we may have been loved
que vous ayez ete aimes that you may have been loved
qu'ils aient ete aimes that they may have been loved
"4
Imperfect Subjunctive
que je jusse aime (e) that I might be loved (or other forms in
English); que tu jusses aime (e) that you might be loved; qu'il
Jiit aime that he might be loved; qu'elle fut aimee that she might
be loved, que nous Jussions aimes (-ees) that we might be loved;
que vous fussiez aime (e), (-es); -ees that you might be loved;
qu'ils Jussent aimes that they might be loved, etc.
115
Pluperfect Subjunctive
quej'eusse ete aime (e) that I might have been loved; que tu eusses
ete aime (e) that you might have been loved; qu'il eut ete aime
that he might have been loved , qu'elle eut ete aimee that she might
have been loved; que nous eussions ete aimes (-ees) that we might
have been loved, que vous eussiez ete aime (ee) or: -es (-ees) that
you might have been loved, qu'ils eussent ete aimes that they
might have been loved, etc., Lesson XXVI.
19
2QO PASSIVE VERB CONJUGATED
INFINITIVE
Il6 117
Present Perfect
itre aime to be loved avoir ete dime to have been loved
PARTICIPLE
118 119
Present Perfect
etant aime (e) being loved ayant ete aime (e) having been loved
1 20
Past Participle
aime (m.) loved aimee (f.) loved
121. RULE. The past participle of a Passive Verb
always agrees with the subject.
NOTE. Strictly speaking all Active (Transitive) verbs become
Passive :
transitive :
on vend ce livre a cinq francs that book is sold at five francs
reflexive:
cf.: ce livre se vend cinq francs that book is sold at five francs
passive :
le livre est vendu the book is sold (has been sold)
on (one; we; they) plus the active voice often rendered in English
by the passive voice. See Reflexive (p. 203) ; Intransitive verbs
(Neuter verbs) take frequently etre.
Practice:
il est estime he is esteemed; elle est estimee she is esteemed; vous
ites estime (m. sing.) you are esteemed; de tons by all; vous etes
estimee (f. sing.) you are esteemed; vous etes estimes (m. plur.)
you are esteemed; vous etes estimees (f. plur.) you are esteemed;
tu es estime (m. sing.) you are esteemed; tu es estimee (f. sing.)
you are esteemed; la leqon est finie the lesson is over; la maison
est vendue the house is sold.
ETRE CONJUGATED 2QI
Observe. Whether the past participle ends in -e (First Group) ;
in -i (2d Group) ; or in -u (36 Group) it agrees as above in number
and gender with the subject. All passive verbs take etre and in
all tenses and denote state or condition resulting from action.
LESSON XXVIII
122
INFINITIVE MOOD
Etre to be:
Participial Mood (Present) :
etant being; ete being; ayant etc having been; avoir etc to have
been (Infinitive in the past).
123
INDICATIVE MOOD
Present Indicative:
je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous etes, Us sont: I am, you are,
he is, we are, you are, they are
Imperfect:
j'etais, tu etais, il etait, nous etions, vous etiez, Us etaient: I was,
you were (thou wast), he was, we were, you were, they were or:
I used to be, etc.
Past Definite:
je fus I was; tu fus you were (thou wast); il jut he was; nous
fumes we were; vous jutes you were; Us jurent they were
Past Indefinite:
j'ai ete I have been; tu as ete you have been (thou hast been);
il a ete he has been; nous avons ete we have been; vous avez ete
you have been; Us ont ete they have been
Past Anterior:
j'eus ete I had been, etc.
Pluperfect:
j'avais ete I had been, etc.
292 ETRE CONJUGATED
Future:
je serai I will or shall be; tu seras you shall or will be; il sera he
shall or will be; nous serons we will or shall be; vous serez you
will or shall be; Us seront they shall or will be.
Future Past (anterior) :
j'aurai ete I will or shall have been, etc.
CONDITIONAL MOOD
Present or Future:
je serais I would or should be; tu serais you would or should be;
il serait he would or should be; nous serions we would or should
be; vous seriez you would or should be; Us seraient they would
or should be.
Past (First Form) :
j'aurais ete I would or should have been; tu aurais ete you would
or should have been; il aurait ete he would or should have been;
nous aurions ete we would or should have been; Us auraient ete
they would or should have been.
Past (Second Form):
j'eusse ete I would or should have been; tu eusses ete you would
or should have been; il eut ele he would or should have been;
nous eussions ete we would or should have been; vous eussiez ete
you would or should have been; Us eussent ete they would or
should have been.
IMPERATIVE MOOD
Present or Future:
sois be (thou); soyons let us be; soyez be (you, ye)
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present or Future:
que je sois that I may be (and other forms in English) ; que tu
sois that you may be (thou mayest be); qu'il soil that he may
be; que nous soyons that we may be; que vous soyez that you
may be; qu'ils soient that they may be. See pp. 158-164.
Imperfect:
que je fusse that I might be (and other forms in English) ; que
tu fusses that you might be; qu'il fut that he might be; que nous
TOMBER CONJUGATED 2Q3
f ttssions that we might be; que vous fussiez that you might be;
qu'ils fussent that they might be.
Past:
que j'aie ete that I may have been (and other forms in English);
que tu aies ete that you may (thou mayest) have been; qu'il ait
ete that he may have been; que nous ayons ete that we may have
been; que vous ayez ete that you may have been; qu'ils aient ete
that they may have been.
Pluperfect:
quej'eusse ete that I might have been (and other forms in English) ;
que tu eusses ete that you might have been; qu'il eut ete that he
might have been; que nous eussions ete that we might have been;
que vous eussiez ete that you might have been; qu'ils eussent ete
that they might have been.
124. CONJUGATION OF A NEUTER (INTRANSITIVE) VERB
ending in -er:
tomber to fall; tombant falling; tombe (e) fallen (with etre)
je tombe (like je parle) I fall (am falling, etc.): tu tombes you fall
(thou fallest): are falling, etc.; il tombe he falls (is falling, etc.);
nous tombons we fall (are falling, etc.) ; vous tombez you fall (are
falling, etc.); Us tombent they fall (are falling, etc.): Present
Indicative.
je tombais I was falling (I fell, did fall, used to fall, etc.) ; tu torn-
bais you were falling, etc.; il tombait he was falling, etc.; nous
lombions we were falling, etc. ; vous tombiez you were falling, etc. ;
Us tombaient they were falling, etc. : Imperfect of the Indicative.
je tombai I fell; tu tombas you fell; il tomba he fell; nous torn-
bdmes we fell; vous tombates you fell; Us tomber ent they fell: Past
Definite.
je tomber ai I will or shall fall; tu tomber as you shall or will fall;
il tombera he shall or will fall; nous tomber ons we will or shall
fall; vous tomber ez you shall or will fall; Us tomberont they shall
or will fall : Future.
je tomber ais I would or should fall; tu tomber ais you would or
should fail; il tomber ait he would or should fall; nous tomberions
294 TOMBER CONJUGATED
we would or should fall; vous tomberiez you would or should fall;
Us tomberaient they would or should fall : Conditional Present.
tombe fall (thou); tombons let us fall; tombez fall: Imperative.
que je tombe that I may fall (and other forms in English) ; que tu
tombes that you may fall (thou mayest fall) ; qu'il tombe that he may
fall; que nous tombions that we may fall; que vous tombiez that you
may fall; qu'ils tombent that they may fall: Present Subjunctive.
que je tombasse that I might fall (and other forms in English) ;
que tu tombasses that you might fall; qu'il tombat that he might
fall; que nous tombassions that we might fall; que vous tombassiez
that you might fall; qu'ils tombassent that they might fall: Im-
perfect (Subjunctive).
125. COMPOUND TENSES with 2tre:
je suis tombe (e) I fell (have fallen) ; tu es tombe (e) you fell (have
fallen); */ est tombe he fell (has fallen); nous sommes tombes we
fell (have fallen) ; vous ties tombe (-e; -es; -ees) you fell (have fallen) ;
Us sont tombes they fell (have fallen) : Past Indefinite.
j'etais tombe (e) I had fallen; tu etais tombe (e) you had fallen;
il etait tombe he had fallen; nous etions tombes (es) we had fallen;
vous etiez tombe (-e; -es; -ees) you had fallen; Us etaient tombes
they had fallen: Pluperfect.
je jus tombe (e) I had fallen; tu jus tombe (e) you had fallen; il
jut tombe he had fallen ; nous fumes tombes (-ees) we had fallen ;
vous jutes tombe (-e; -es; -ees) you had fallen; Us furent tombes
they had fallen; elles furent tombees they had fallen: Past Anterior.
je serai tombe (e) I will or shall have fallen; tu seras tombe (e)
you will or shall have fallen; il sera tombe he will or shall have
fallen; nous serons tombes we will or shall have fallen; vous serez
tombe (-e; -ee; -es; -ees) you will or shall have fallen; Us seront
tombes they will or shall have fallen; Future Past (Anterior).
je serais tombe (e) I would or should have fallen ; tu serais tombe (e)
you would or should have fallen; il serait tombe he would or
should have fallen; nous serions tombes (-ees) we would or should
have fallen; vous seriez tombe (-ee; -es; ees) you would or should
have fallen; Us seraient tombes they would or should have fallen:
Conditional Past.
TOMBER CONJUGATED 2Q5
sois tombe (e) have fallen; soyons tombes (-ees) let us have fallen;
soyez tombe (-ee; -es; -ees) have fallen: Imperative Perfect.
queje sois tombe (e) that I (may) have fallen; que tu sois tombe (e)
that you (may) have fallen; qu'il soil tombe that he (may) have
fallen; que nous soyons tombes (-ees) that we (may) have fallen;
que vous soyez tombes (-ees) that you (may) have fallen; qu'ils
soient tombes that they (may) have fallen: Subjunctive Past.
que je fusse tombe (e) that I (might) have fallen; que tu fusses
tombe (e) that you (might) have fallen; qu'il fut tombe that he
(might) have fallen; que nous fussions tambes (-ees) that we
(might) have fallen; que vous fussiez tombe (-ee; -es; -ees) that
you (might) have fallen; qu'ils f us sent tombes that they (might)
have fallen: Pluperfect Subjunctive.
etre tombe to have fallen: Infinitive Past.
etant tombe having fallen : Past (Participle) ;
tombe (e) fallen: Past Participle.
126. OTHER NEUTER VERBS CONJUGATED WITH etre :
aller to go devenir to become
deceder to die naitre to be born
mourir to die eclore to hatch (out)
parvenir to succeed (reach) intervenir to intervene
arriver (d) to arrive; to reach rester to stay, to remain
venir to come and its compounds. Note. deceder rarely used.
127. OTHERS MAY IMPLY action AND state of being:
with avoir or etre :
sortir to go out disparaitre to disappear
entrer to enter (dans) passer to pass
partir to set out retourner to return (to go back)
rentrer to go in again descendre to descend
accourir to hasten (run to) croitre to grow (up)
retomber to fall again redescendre to come down again
monter to go up remonter to go up again
sonner to strike (ring) changer to change
baisser to lower (sink) deborder to overflow
demeurer to reside (remain) echouer to run aground
echapper to escape rechapper to escape again
ressortir to go out again ressusciter to revive (resurrect)
and few others in little use.
296 FORMS COMPARED
Practice:
Us sont sortis they are out (have gone out) ; ils ont sorti lex fleurs
they took the flowers out; descendez les mattes take down the
trunks; ils sont descendus d I'hotel they are stopping at the hotel;
elles ont disparu ensemble they disappeared together; il y a cinq
ans qu'ils sont disparus it is five years since they disappeared.
128
Some take avoir only: ils ont dormi (action is implied). Few neuter
become Impersonal :
il est venu quelqu'un some one came; il est venu deux dames two
ladies came.
Compare the Forms of a Passive Verb with a Neuter:
ils sont aimes they are liked (loved); Us sont arrives they have
arrived.
Material for General Practice:
retomber dans la meme faute to fall back into the same state;
to commit the same error (recidiver); le feuillage (les branches]
retombe lateralement the foliage (the branches) droops (sinks
down) to one side (on both sides); tomber aux mains de I'ennemi
to fall into the hands of the enemy; errer dans I'espace (le traverser)
to wander through space (to soar through it); de tout son long
(he fell) full length; il tombe bien! he is lucky or: he comes to the
wrong person; a plat venire flat on the ground; tomber sur un
passage to come across a passage; renverser une muraille to tear
down a wall; la pluie tombe avec violence it is raining torrents; se
jeter a la renverse to throw one's self; se pencher en arriere to lean
backwards; le ballon atterrit the balloon came down; le coup
I'atterra the blow overwhelmed him.
tomber dans la degradation to fall into degradation; la source a
tari the spring dried up; la source est tarie the spring has dried
up; ils ont passe un contrat they drew up a contract; ses beaux
jours sont passes his best days are over; il tomba mart he fell
dead; us r ester ent sur la place; grievement blesses they fell (were
left dead on the field); seriously wounded; laisser tomber to let
drop; les particuliers jettent des lettres dans la boite individuals
throw letters into the box ; il a disparu de son domicile he vanished
from his home; tomber gravement malade to fall seriously ill; de-
FORMS COMPARED 297
gager sa responsabilite to throw off his responsibility; retourner
vers quelqu'un to go back to any one; colis fragiles fragile pack-
ages; tomber comme des fruits trap murs to fall like overripe
fruit; sauter du haul d'une tour to leap from the top of a tower;
c'est renversant! a stunner! tomber en extase to fall into ecstasy
(entrancing joy); il est aise de tomber it is easy to fall; faire re-
tomber la f ante sur M. X. to cast the blame on Mr. B.; tomber en
quenouille or bouc-emissaire scape-goat; passer en succession
(entre les mains des femmes) to fall to the female line; pouf!
le voila par terre bang! he is on the (ground) floor; le vent est tombs
(a cesse) the wind stopped (has subsided); tomber a I'eau to fall
into the water; la voiture renverse the carriage tips (falls on) to one
side; laisser tomber d'une certaine hauteur to let drop from a certain
height; dans toute son etendue to the full extent; goutte a goutte
drop by drop; degoutter to drop (trickle, drip; to roll off);
il roula de haul en has he rolled down from top to bottom; de-
gringoler les escaliers to tumble downstairs; rouler sur I' or to be
very rich ; la scie the saw ; le rouleau roule a roller rolls.
un rouleau de papier roll of paper; il est au bout de son rouleau
he is at his wit's end; basculer to see-saw; to tip off; scier to
saw; la maison s'ecroula the house collapsed (to cave in; to fall
in); les balles tombaient dru comme grele (mouches) bullets fell as
thick as hailstones (flies); le malade s'affaiblit de jour en jour
the patient is growing weaker every day; il fut renverse par une
automobile he was thrown down by an automobile ; il a fait une
culbute he turned a somersault; renverser to overturn (upset;
spill); I' edifice tomba en s'affaissant avec fracas the building fell
with a crash; sur le dos on the back; s'affaisser to sink down;
se precipiter d'une hauteur to leap from the top; les deux princes
s'aborderent amicalement the two princes approached one another
amicably; son mal est empire his condition is worse; or: son mal
a empire his condition has grown worse; cf. : avoir (etre) expire
to have died; il s'attira une affaire he got into a scrape; d, la torn-
bee du jour (entre chien et loup) at the fall of day; vers le soir at
dusk; d la nuit tombante at nightfall; le jour baisse (: est au declin)
night is coming on; the day is on the decline; mon ami baisse
my friend is growing weaker; tout tombe en mine everything
runs to ruin; il jut sur le point de se perdre (se ruiner) he was on
the point of ruining himself; les fonds baissent the funds are
falling (sinking); baissez le rideau drop the curtain; baissez les
yeux lower your eyes; le lever et le baisser du rideau the rise and
298 REFLEXIVES
fall of the curtain; le vent est tombe the wind has abated; les
bras me sont tombes my arms fell at my side; or: I was struck dumb
with surprise; retablir les forces to recover one's strength; il
tombe en faiblesse his strength is failing (is growing weak) or: il
se sent defaillir he feels himself sinking; rendre stupcfait to stu-
pefy; la hausse et la baisse fluctuation; les bras inertes his (her)
arms inert; du reste, il a assez travaille; voild la nuit qui tombe
night is falling.
LESSON XXIX
129. PRONOMINAL VERBS : REFLEXIVE RECIPROCAL
action on the same subject:
qui s' excuse, s' accuse a guilty conscience needs no accuser; qui
se ressemble, s'assemble birds of a feather flock together; il se
fiatte; elle se fiatte; he flatters himself; she flatters herself; nous
nous flattens we flatter ourselves; vous vous flattez you flatter
yourself (-selves) ; Us se flattent they flatter themselves.
1 30. reciprocal action :
Us s'aiment they love each other (: one another); Us se plaisent
les uns aux autres (elles . . . les unes, etc.) they please one another
or: I'un plait a, etc.; plaire (d) to please.
131. others are used instead of the Passive Form and
refer to the frequency of the same act :
le cafe se boit ckaud coffee is drunk hot; ces livres se vendent cher
those books are expensive; la ville se voit d'ici the city can be
seen from here; cf. : la maison s'est abtmee (ecroulee) the house
collapsed or: (was totally or wholly destroyed); cela se voit tous
les jours (journellement) that is seen daily (an everyday occur-
rence); ces huttres se mangent crues those oysters are eaten raw;
ces fleurs se tournent vers le soleil those flowers turn toward the
sun; le rugissement du lion s'entend de fort loin the roaring of a
lion can be heard from a great distance; un jeu qui se joue avec
deux cartes retournees et legerement pliees a game played with two
cards face up and slightly bent; ce verbe ne se conjugue qu'd this
verb is conjugated only in; les manages se celebrent d la mairie,
REFLEXIVES 299
a I'eglise, etc. marriages are performed (celebrated) at the town-
hall; at church, etc.
le mais se seme en maize (Indian corn) is sown in; la soucoupe se
place sous la tasse a saucer is placed under the cup; la peche de
I' Sponge se pratique sur les cotes d'Algerie fishing for sponges is
practised on the coast of, etc.; nous nous sommes trompes (-ees)
we were mistaken ; Us se reconnaissent coupables they acknowledge
themselves guilty; Us s'accordent pour le faire they agree to make
(do) it; il s'avoue I'auteur de ce crime he confesses himself to be
the author (perpetrator) of, etc. ; son etat s'ameliore his condition
improves; se rapprocher de ses semblables like meets like; Us se
font des concessions mutuelles they, make mutual concessions;
le bruit du tonnerre se fait entendre the roaring of thunder is heard ;
s' assembler (s'attrouper) en tumulte to assemble noisily; se reunir
to unite; to gather; to meet; cette maison se loue a that house
can be rented for. P. 20.3.
132. PRONOMINAL VERB ending in -ir; se repentir to
repent (Irregular Verb) de:
INDICATIVE MOOD
Present Indicative:
je me repens I repent; tu te repens you repent; il se repent he
repents; nous nous repentons we repent; vous vous repentez you
repent; Us se repentent they repent.
cf.: je me retablis (se retablir to recover; to gain strength)
je me flatte (se flatter to flatter one's self) etc.
je me reconnais (se reconnaitre to know one's self).
Imperfect:
je me repentais I was repenting, etc.; tu te repentais you were
repenting, etc.; il se repentait he was repenting; nous nous repen-
tions we were repenting; vous vous repentiez you were repenting;
Us se repentaient they were repenting.
Past Definite:
jemerepentis I repented; tuterepentis you repented; ilserepentit
he repented; nous nous repentimes we repented; vous vous repen-
tites you repented; Us se repentir ent they repented.
3OO REFLEXIVES
Future:
je me repentirai I will or shall repent; tu te repentiras you shall
or will repent; il se repentira he shall or will repent; nous nous
repentirons we will or shall repent; vous vous repentirez you shall
or will repent; Us se repentiront they shall or will repent.
CONDITIONAL MOOD
Conditional Present or Future:
je me repentirais I would or should repent; tu te repentirais you
would or should repent ; il se repentirait he would or should repent ;
nous nous repentirions we would or should repent; vous vous repen-
tiriez you would or should repent; Us se repentiraient they would
or should repent.
IMPERATIVE MOOD
Present:
repens-toi repent; repentons-nous let us repent; repentez-vous repent;
qu'il se repente let him repent; qu'ils se repentent let them repent.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present or Future:
queje me repente that I (may) repent (or other forms in English);
que tu te repentes that you (may) repent, etc.; qu'il se repente
that he (may) repent; que nous nous repentions that we (may)
repent; que vous vous repentiez that you (may) repent; qu'ils se
repentent that they (may) repent. Review Rules, pp. 158-162.
Imperfect (Subjunctive):
que je me repentisse that I (might) repent (or other forms in Eng-
lish); que tu te repentisses that you (might) repent; qu'il se repentit
that he (might) repent ; que nous nous repentissions that we (might)
repent; que vous vous repentissiez that you (might) repent; qu'ils
se repentissent that they (might) repent.
COMPOUND TENSES
Past Indefinite:
je me suis repenti (e) I have repented (I repented); tu t'es repenti
(e) you have repented ; il s' est repenti he has repented; nous nous
sommes repentis (-es) we have repented, etc.; vous vous ties repenti
(-e; -s; -es) you have repented ; Us se sont repentis they repented.
REFLEXIVES 3OI
Pluperfect:
je m'etais repenti (e) I had repented; tu t'etais repenti (e) you had
repented, etc.
Past Anterior:
je me fus repenti (e) I had repented; tu te Jus repenti (e) you had
repented; il se jut repenti he had repented, etc.
Future Past:
je me serai repenti (e) I shall have repented ; tu te seras repenti (e)
you will or shall have repented, etc.
Conditional Past:
je me serais repenti (e) I would or should have repented; tu te
serais repenti (e} you would or should have repented; il se serait
repenti he would or should have repented, etc.
Subjunctive Past:
que je me sois repenti (e) that I (may) have repented (or other
forms in English); que tu te sois repenti (e] that you (may) have
repented; qu'il se soil repenti that he (may) have repented, etc.
Pluperfect (Subjunctive) :
que je me fusse repenti (e) that I (might) have repented (or other
forms in English) ; que tu te fusses repenti (e) that you (might)
have repented; qu'il se fut repenti that he (might) have repented,
etc.
133
INFINITIVE PAST
s'etre repenti to have repented.
PARTICIPLE
Present: Past
se repentant repenting s'etant repenti having repented
PAST PARTICIPLE
repenti (m.) repented repentie (f.) repented
302 IMPERSONAL VERB
LESSON XXX
CONJUGATION OF AN IMPERSONAL VERB ending in -er:
neiger to snow.
i34
INDICATIVE
Present Past Indefinite
il neige it snows (is snowing) il a neige it has snowed
Imperfect Pluperfect
il neigeait it was snowing il avail neige it had snowed
Past Definite Past Anterior
il neigea it snowed il cut neige it had snowed
Future Future Past (Anterior)
il neigera it will snow il aura neige it will have snowed
Conditional Present Conditional Past
il neigerait it would snow il aurait neige it would have, etc.
Subjunctive Present Subjunctive Past
qu'il neige that it may snow qu'il ait neige that it may have, etc.
Imperfect (Subjunctive) Pluperfect (Subjunctive)
qu'il neigedt that it might snow qu'il eiit neige that it might have
snowed
INFINITIVE
Present Past
neiger to snow avoir neige to have snowed
PARTICIPLE
Present Past
neigeant snowing neige snowed; la neige, snow
Practice:
falloir to be necessary; pleuvoir to rain.
NUMBERS
303
135- LES NOMBRES CARDINAUX (Cardinal Numbers}:
21 vingt et un twenty-one
22 vingt-deux twenty-two, etc.
30 trente thirty
3 1 trente et un thirty-one
32 trente-deux thirty-two, etc.
40 quarante forty
41 quarante et un forty-one
50 cinquante fifty
51 cinquante et un fifty-one
60 soixante sixty
6 1 soixante et un sixty-one
70 soixante-dix seventy
7 1 soixante et onze seventy-one
72 soixante-douze seventy-two, etc.
80 quatre-vingts eighty
8 1 quatre-vingt-un eighty-one
82 quatre-vingt-deux eighty-two, etc.
90 quatre-vingl-dix ninety
91 quatre-vingt-onze ninety-one
92 quatre-vingt-douze ninety-two, etc.
too cent (a or:) one hundred
101 cent un (one) hundred and one
deux cents two hundred; trois cents three hundred, etc.
NOTE. s when cent is multiplied; no s when cent is followed by
another numerical adjective: trois cent un (301); trois cent deux
(302), etc.; likewise with vingt: quatre vingts livres eighty books;
quatre-vingt-deux eighty-two, etc.
quatre cents four hundred; cinq cents five hundred; six cents six
hundred; sept cents seven hundred; huit cents eight hundred;
neuf cents nine hundred; mille one thousand; deux mille two
thousand; un million one million; un milliard one billion; un
crayon a (one) pencil; une plume a pen.
cf.: mil (Christian era) neuf cent seize (1916) one thousand nine
hundred and sixteen; before Christ mille (1900) neuf cent or again:
nineteen hundred (dix-neuf cent) , etc. ; deux milles two miles.
136. NOMBRES ORDINAUX (Ordinal Numbers}:
premier (premiere) first; deuxieme (second) (e) second; troisieme
third; quatrieme fourth; cinquieme fifth; sixieme sixth; septieme
o zero
zero
i un (e)
one
2 deux
two
3 trois
three
4 quatre
four
5 cinq
five
6 six
six
7 sept
seven
8 huit
eight
9 neuf
nine
10 dix
ten
ii onze
eleven
12 douze
twelve
13 treize
thirteen
14 quatorze
fourteen
15 quinze
fifteen
i 6 seize
sixteen
17 dix-sept
seventeen
1 8 dix-huit
eighteen
19 dix-neuf
nineteen
20 vingt
twenty
304 AGES
seventh; huitieme eighth; neuvieme ninth; dixieme tenth; onzieme
eleventh, etc.
2Oth: vingtieme twentieth; 2ist: vingt el unieme twenty-first;
22nd (22 e ) vingt-deuxieme twenty-second; le ler. mai the first of
May or: May First; le deux juin the second of June; Napoleon
ler. Napoleon the First; Louis qualorze Louis the Fourteenth;
NOTE. premier is the only ordinal used for months or proper
names: Napoleon III (trots) Napoleon the Third, etc.; cf. :
d'abord first; puis then; preincrement first (firstly); deuxieme is
preferred to second when it suggests third, etc.: il est le second
he is the second (only two are suggested); il est le deuxtime he
is the second (refers to the idea of a third).
Practice:
Us sont descendus les premiers they came down first; un demi
(une moitie) one half ( 1 A)\ 2 }/* (deux demis) halves; le tiers %
one third; % un quart one fourth; ^ un cinquieme one fifth;
3 /i4 trois quatorziemes three fourteenths; une douzainc a dozen;
une huitaine about eight; une dizaine about ten; une quinzaine
about fifteen; une vingtaine (a score) about twenty, etc.; un
milliard or un billion a billion; une paire a couple (a pair;
two); un couple d'amis a couple of friends; une couple d'ceufs
two eggs; un millier about a thousand; une demi-heure half an
hour; une heure et demie an hour and a half; a la page deux cent
page two hundred ; trois millions de francs three million francs.
137. AGES DIMENSIONS:
Review:
quel age a monsieur? How old are you, Sir? J'ai cinquante ans I am
fifty years old; man frere a trente ans et ma sceur en a vingt-huit
my brother is thirty years old and my sister is twenty-eight;
il est age de vingt ans he is twenty years of age (he is twenty);
vous dies mains age que lui de cinq ans you are younger than he
by five years; plus age older; elle est plus agee que son man de
deux ans she is two years older than her husband; quel age avez-
vous how old are you? etc.; a I'dge de raison at the age of. reason;
de quelle hauteur est cet edifice or quelle est la hauteur de cet edifice
what is the height of this building? il est haul de cent pieds (il a
cent pieds de hauteur; il a cent pieds de haul; il a une hauteur de
cent pieds) it is one hundred feet high; long, haul, large may be
TIME 305
used for longueur, hauteur, largeur, but not profond nor epais for
profondeur and epaisseur; plus epais de deux pouces thicker by
two inches.
138. TIME OF DAY DATES:
quette heure est-il what time is it (what o'clock) is it? il est une
heure it is one o'clock; il est une heure el demie it is half -past one;
il est trois heures (et) un quart (it is) quarter past three; trois heures
et demie half -past three; il est six heures mains cinq (minutes)
five minutes to six; six heures six (minutes) six minutes past six;
I'heure du depart hour for departure; 3:45 P.M. (trois quarante-cinq
P.M.) three forty-five; d huit heures du soir at eight o'clock in
the evening ; a une heure precise on the stroke of one (at one o'clock
sharp [precisely]); promptly at one (o'clock); a quelle heure at
what time? vers (les) sept heures toward (about) seven (o'clock);
I'heure du diner dinnertime; quel quantieme du mois est-ce aujourd'
hui (le combien what day?) what day of the month is this (
is it to-day)? quel jour du mois sommes-nous aujourd' hui? or:
quel jour du mois est-ce aujourd' hui what day of the month, etc.?
c'est aujourd 1 hui le premier (du mois) to-day is the first; c'est
aujourd' hui le deux (du mois) to-day is the second ; ce sera demain
le trois to-morrow will be the third; le ler. mai the first of May
(on the first of May); c'est aujourd' hui le ler. mai it is May first;
il est parti le deux Janvier he left on January second; en mai in May;
au mois de mai in the month of May; en (dans) quel mois in
what month; en 1917 (mil neuf cent dix-sept); dix-neuf cent dix-
sept in nineteen seventeen or in one thousand nine hundred and
seventeen; d' aujourd' hui en huit est (sera) la sortie a week from
to-day is Commencement Day; d' aujourd' hui en quinze est la
rentree des classes (in) two weeks from to-day is the beginning of
the term (: the opening of school, etc.); il y a quinze jours two
weeks ago (a fortnight ago); il y a huit jours (: une semaine a
week) a week ago; lundi en huit (de lundi en huit) a week from
Monday.
Practice:
le double double; le tiers etat (le tiers neither of the nobility nor
of the clergy) but commoners? French Hist.; le triple triple; le
quadruple quadruple; le quintuple fivefold; le sextuple sixfold;
le septuple sevenfold; I' octuple eightfold; le nonuple ninefold;
le decuple tenfold; le centuple hundredfold ; le decime (ro) the tenth
part of a franc; cinq centimes one cent; dix centimes (2) two
20
306 MONEY
cents, etc. ; cinquante centimes ten cents ; un franc about twenty
cents; une piece de deux francs two-franc piece; cinq frs. (un
dollar) one dollar; decimer to decimate; to destroy a considerable
part of; chapitre trois chapter third; les deux premiers chapitres
the first two chapters; une fois once.*-
PART IV
IRREGULAR VERBS
307
IRREGULAR VERBS
in -er
i
oiler, to go
Present Ind.:
I go, etc. : je vais, tu vas, il va, nous allons, vous allez, Us vont.
Imperf . :
I was going, etc.: j'allais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
I went, etc. : j'allai, -as, -a, -dmes, -ales, erent.
Pastlndef.:
I have gone, etc. : je suis alle, tu es alle, etc.
NOTE. See tomber, page 294.
Future:
I will go, etc.: j'irai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
I would go, etc.: j'irais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, .-aient.
Imperat. :
go, etc.: va, allons, allez.
Pres. Subj.:
that I may go, etc.: que faille, que tu ailles, qu'il aille, que nous
allions, que vous alliez, qu'ils aillent.
Imperf. Subj.:
that I might go, etc.: que j'allasse, que tu allasses, qu'il alldt,
que nous allassions, que vous allassiez, allassent.
NOTE. All its compound tenses with dtre.
2
envoyer to send, to throw; renvoyer to send hack, to
discharge.
Pres. Ind.:
j'envoie, -es -e, envoyons, envoyez, envoient.
309
3IO IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -ER
Imperf.:
j'envoyais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
j'envoyai, -as, -a, -Ames, -dies, -erent.
Future:
j'enverrai, -as, -a, -cms, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
j'enverrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
envoie, envoyons, envoyez.
Pres. Subj.:
quej'envoie, -es, -e, envoyions, -iez, envoient.
Imperf. Subj.:
que j'envoyasse, -es, envoydt, envoyassions, que vous envoyassiez,
qu'ils envoyassent.
Pres. Part.:
envoyant.
Past Part.:
envoye, envoyee.
Compound Tenses:
j'ai envoye, etc.
in -4r
3
acquerir to acquire; conquerir to conquer; s'enquerir
to inquire; querir to be in quest (seek); requerir to
request (require); reconquerir to reconquer,
cf . : acheter to buy ; faire des achats to make purchases ;
faire des emplettes to go shopping.
Pres. Ind.:
j'acquiers, tu acquiers, il acquiert, nous acquerons, vous acquerez,
Us acquverent.
Imperf.:
j'acquerais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -ai&it.
PastDef.:
j'acquis, -is, -it, -imes, -ties, -irent.
Future:
j'acquerrai, -as, -a, -ons, -et, -ont.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR 311
Condit.:
facquerrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iet, -aient.
Imperat.:
acquiers, acquerons, acquerez.
Pres. Subj.:
que j'acquiere, -es, -e, que n. acquerions, -iez, qu'ils acquierent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que j'acquisse, -es, qu'il acquit, que n. acquissions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.: acquerant. Past Part. : acquis, acquise.
NOTE. querir (no e acute) used in the Infinitive only.
cf. : envoyez querir le medecin-chirurgien (surgeon) and allez cher-
cher, etc. P. I 78.
4
assaillir to attack (hastily and vigorously),
cf. : attaquer to attack (to begin an attack).
Pres. Ind.:
j'assaille, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf.:
j'assaillais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
j'assaillis, -is, -it, -imes, -ttes, -irent.
Future:
j'assaillirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
j'assaillirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
assaUle, assaillons, assaillez.
Pres. Subj.:
que j'assaille, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
quej'assaillisse, -es, qu'il assailltt, que n. assaillissions, assaillissiez,
assaillissent.
Pres. Part.: assaillant. Past Part.: assailli, assaillie .
NOTE. Likewise conjugated : tressaillir (de joie, de peur), to
start with joy, fear.
312 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR
5
benir to bless, like finir; in reference to Holy water or
consecrated bread, use adjective: benit, benite.
6
bouillir to boil; rebouillir to. boil again; ebouillir boil
away.
Pres. Ind.:
je bous, bous, bout, bouillons, -ez, -enl.
Imperf.:
je bouillais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je bouillis, -is, -it, -tmes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je bouillirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je bouillirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat . :
bous, bouillons, bouillez.
Pres. Subj.:
queje bouille, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
queje bouillisse, -es, bouUlit, que n. bouillis sions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.:
bouilla.nl.
Past Part.:
bouilli, bouillie.
7
courir to run; accourir to hasten; concourir to concur,
to compete; discourir to discourse; encourir to incur;
par courir (courir par} to run over; recourir to run
again, to have recourse to ; secourir to succor (assist) .
Pres. Ind.:
je cours, tu cours, il court, nous courons, vous courez, Us courent.
Imperf. :
je courais, -ais, -ail, -ions, -iez, -aient.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR
313
Past. Def.:
je courus, -us, -ut, -times, -utes, -urent.
Future:
je courrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -on/.
Condit. :
je courrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat . :
cours, courons, courez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je coure, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je courusse, -es, courut, que n. courussions, que r. courussiez,
qu'ils courussent.
Pres. Part. :
courant.
Past Part.:
couru, courue.
Compound Tenses with avoir: j'ai couru, etc.
8
couvrir see offrir; decouvrir like offrir.
cueillir to cull, to gather, to pick; it is conjugated like
parler, except in the Past Participle, Past Definite,
Imperfect Subj., and Infinitive; also in its compounds.
Pres. Ind.:
je cueille, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf. :
je cueillais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past Def.:
je cueillis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je cueillerai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je cueilierais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
cueille, cueillons, cueillez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je cueille, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
314 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR
Imperf. Subj.:
qtie je cueillisse, -es, -it, que n. cueillissions, -issiez, -issent.
Pres. Part.:
cueittant.
Past Part.:
cueilli, cueillif.
9
dormir to sleep; s'endormir to fall asleep; endormir to
put to sleep; redormir to sleep again; r endormir to
put to sleep again; se rendormir to go to sleep again.
Pres. Ind.:
je dors, tu dors, il dort, n. dormons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf.:
je dormais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je dormis, -is, -it, -tmes, -ties, -irent.
Future:
je dormirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je dormirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat . :
dors, dormons, dormez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je dorme, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj. :
que je dormisse, que tu dormisses, qu'il dormit, que n. dormissions,
dormissiez, dormissent.
Pres. Part.:
dormant.
Past Part.:
dormi.
10
faillir (faireunefaute) to fail; faillir (with an Infinitive)
or Ztre sur le point de, to come near; defaillir to grow
faint (and weak) ; faillir to fail in business,
cf. : manquer to fail (to do), to miss, to lack.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR 315
faillir almost like finir and the irregular forms of the
Pres. Indicat., Future, and Condit. are so seldom used
that many conjugate them ttkefinir.
Pres. Ind.:
je faux, faux, faut, faillons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf . :
jefaillais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
jefaillis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je faudrai or faillirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit. :
je faudrai or faillirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
No Imperative.
No Subj. Present.
Imperf. Subj.:
quejefaillisse, -es, faillit, que n. faillissions, que v. faillissiez, qu'ils
faillissent.
Pres. Part.:
faillant.
Past Part.:
failli, faillie.
"
Jerir to strike, has only the Past Participle :
Used only in sans coup ferir, without striking a blow,
that is; sans en venir aux mains.
feru,ferue smitten; feru d' amour: aimer a lafolie.
fleurir to flower (blossom), \\kefinir; the Past Participle
has two forms : fleurissant and florissant (flourishing) ;
also in the Imperf ect,fleurissais, etc. andflorissais, etc.
NOTE. It is wrong to use the latter forms interchangeably.
13
fuir to flee, to run away; s'enfuir to run away, to run off.
316 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR
Pres. Ind.:
jefuis, fuis, fuit, n. fuyons, fuyez, fuient.
Imperf . :
je fuyais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
jefuis, fuis, fuit, fuimes, fuites, fuirent.
Future:
jefuirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
jefuirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat . :
fuis, fuyons, fuyez.
Pres. Subj.:
quejefuie, -es, -e, que n. fuyions, -iez, fuient.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je fuisse, -es, futt, fuissions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.:
fuyant.
Past Part.:
fuijuie.
14
gisir to lie, used only in:
Pres. Ind.:
je gis, gis, git (ci-gtt, here lies), gisons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf. :
je gisais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Pres. Part.:
gisant.
cf. : c'est de I' argent mart, money lying idle.
15
hair to hate, like finir; no trema (diaeresis) in the Sin-
gular (Pres. Ind.) nor in the 2d person Imperative and
takes no circumflex.
Pres. Ind.:
je hais, hais, hait, kaissons, haissez, -ent.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR 317
Imperf . :
je ha'issais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
hais, hois, hdit, halmes, hdites, hdirent.
Future:
hairai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
halrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
hais, haissons, haissez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je haisse, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je ha'isse, -es, hail, que n. ha'issions, que v. haissiez, quits
hats sent.
Pres. Part.:
haissant.
Past Part.:
hai, haie.
Observe. Several expressions referring to hatred, love, anger,
etc., Lesson XVIII.
16
issu, issue (Past. Part, from the old verb issir, sortir}
born, sprung (descended) from.
Us etaient issus d'un desfils de M. X.
as a noun: a I' issue du combat.
cf . : to be issued paraitre.
17
mentir to lie, not to speak the truth.
Pres. Ind.:
je mens, mens, ment, mentons, mentez, mentent.
Imperf. :
je mentais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
je mentis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
318 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR
Future:
je mentirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -on/.
Condit.:
je mentirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
metis, mentons, mentez.
Pres. Subj.:
queje mente, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
queje mentisse, -es, menttt, que n. mentissions, mentissiez, mentissent.
Pres. Part.:
mentant.
Past Part.:
menti, mentie.
Observe. Conjugated in like manner partir to leave; sortir
to go out; sentir to feel; servir to use and compounds; excep-
tions: asservir, ressortir, assortir, repartir likefinir.
18
mourir to die; it takes tire in Compound Tenses;
mourir de soif to die with thirst; mourir de faim to
starve; mourir de rire to die with laughter; mourir de
froid to perish from cold; mourir de peur to die of
fright; mourir de regret to die of a broken heart; mourir
de la poitrine (de phtisie) to die of consumption,
cf. : meurtrir to bruise; meurtrier murderer.
Pres. Ind.:
je meurs, meurs, meurt, mourons, mourez, meurent.
Imperf.:
je mourais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
mourus, -us, -ut, -umes, -utes, -urent.
Future:
tnourrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -onl.
Condit.:
mourrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR 3IQ
Imperat.:
meurs, mourons, mourez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je meure, -ex, -e, que n. mourions, -iez, qu'ils meurent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je mourusse, -es, mourut, que nous mourussions, mourussiez,
mourussent.
Pres. Part.:
mourant.
Past Part.:
mart, morte.
NOTE. amortir, to deaden, to sink or redeem; c'est un fonds
d'amortissement it is a sinking-fund.
19
offrir to offer; conjugated like parler, except in the Past
Def.
Pres. Ind.:
j' off re, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf.:
j'offrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
j'offris, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
j'offrirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
j' offrir ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
offre, offrons, offrez.
Pres. Subj.:
que j 1 offre, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que j'offrisse, -es, offrit, que n. offrissions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.:
offrant.
Past Part.:
offer I, offerte. Likewise: ouvrir, etc.
320 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR
20
ouvrir to open; couvrir to cover; rouvrir to open again;
souffrir to suffer; decouvrir to discover; recouvrir to
cover again; entr' ouvrir to half open; rentr' ouvrir, etc.
cf . : recouvrer to regain (recover) ; ou'ir see dire.
21
ar/t> to leave, to depart; repartir to set out again, also
to retort; departir to distribute and se departir to
deviate; cf. : repartir (like finir) to distribute, to
assess; mettre a la voile (partir} to set sail.
Pres. Ind.:
je pars, pars, part, n. partons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf.:
je partais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je partis, -is, -it, -tmes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je partirai, -as, -a, -cms, -et, -ont.
Condit.:
je partirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
pars, partons, partez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je parte, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je partisse, -es, partit, que n. partissions, -issiez, -issent.
Pres. Part.:
partant.
Past Part.:
parti, partie, with 2tre in compound tenses.
22
se repentir, to repent (see Lesson XXIX) ; sentir to feel, to
smell; ressentir to feel, to experience; consentir to con-
sent; pressentir to forebode; all like mentir.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR 321
servir to serve; se servir (de) to make use; desservir to
remove (clear the table), also to officiate in;
cf . : asservir to reduce to servitude (enslave) ; assortir
to sort (match) ; ressortir to be under the jurisdiction,
like finir.
sortir to go out; ressortir (to go out again) like mentir.
23
saillir (in its modern sense) to project, to bring into
prominence; os qui fait saillie prominent bone; c'est
une fenetre en saillie bay-window.
NOTE. It is conjugated like finir.
24
servir (like mentir) to serve, to wait on.
servir de, to serve as; se servir de to use, to make use of.
servir d to serve to, to be useful.
25
sortir to go out.
Pres. Ind.:
je sors, sors, sort, sortons, sortez, sortent.
Imperf.:
je sortais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je sortis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je sortirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je sortirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
sors, sortons, sortez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je sorte, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je sortisse, -es, sortit, que nous sortissions, sortissiez, sortissent.
322 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR
Pres. Part.:
sortant.
Past Part.:
sorti, sortie; generally used with etre.
26
tenir to hold, to hold fast; to keep; retenir to retain;
obtenir to obtain; s'abstenir to abstain from; appar-
tenir to belong; contenir to contain; detenir to detain;
entretenir to entertain ; maintenir to maintain ; soutenir
to sustain.
Pres. Ind.:
je liens, tu liens, il tient, n. tenons, v. tenez, Us tiennent.
Imperf . :
je tenais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je tins, tins, tint, ttnmes, tintes, tinrent.
Future:
je tiendrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit:
je tiendrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Impera t . :
liens, tenons, tenez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je tienne, -es, -e, que n. tenions, que v. teniez, qu'ils tiennent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je tinsse, que tu tinsses, qu'il tint, que n. tinssions, que v.
tinssiez, tinssent.
Pres. Part.:
tenant.
Past Part.:
tenu, tenue.
Observe. Verbs ending in (v) enir likewise conjugated.
27
venir to come (and its compounds like tenir} : avenir
happen (Impers.); advenir to happen (Impersonal);
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -IR 323
convenir to suit; contrevenir to violate; circonvenir to
circumvent; devenir to become; disconvenir to deny;
intervenir to intervene ; parvenir to reach ; prevenir to
warn; provenir to spring (originate); revenir to come
back; redevenir to become again; se souvenir to re-
collect; subvenir to aid (provide); survenir to occur;
se ressouvenir to recollect (remember).
28
r to clothe, to dress; revetir to clothe, to put on;
devetir to divest; se devetir to take off clothing; se
revetir to put on clothing.
Pres. Ind.:
je Vets, vets, vet, vetons, vttez, vetent.
Imperf . :
je v&tais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je vetis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je vetirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je vetirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
vets, vetons, vetez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je vete, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je vctisse, -isses, vetit, que nous vetissions, que v. vetissiez, qu'ils
vetissent.
Pres. Part.:
vetant.
Past Part.:
vttu, vetue.
Observe. French Academy says: Indicative and Imperative
Sing, hardly used; same with the plural in the Indicative, Imper-
fect (Indicat.), Pres. Subj. in all its persons and Pres. Participle.
324 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -OIR
29
Remarks on ouir and transir:
ouir to hear, is used only in:
j'ai out dire, 1 heard (some one say)
ouir les comptes to audit accounts
as a noun: I'ouie, the hearing
Compare: entendre to hear, to be familiar with (language);
entendre dire, to hear (reported) ; comprendre comprehend.
in -oir
30
apparoir used only in: il appert it is evident, it results.
NOTE. Law term.
3i
asseoir to seat; s'asseoir to sit down; se rasseoir to sit
down again.
Pres. Ind.:
j'assieds, assieds, assied, asseyons, asseyez, asseyent.
Imperf.:
j'asseyais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past Def.:
j'assis, -is, -it, -tmes, -ties, -irent.
Future:
fassierai or asseyerai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
j'assierais or asseyerais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient-
Imperat. :
assieds, asseyons, asseyez.
Pres. Subj.:
quej'asseye, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que j'assisse, -es, assit, que n. assissions, assissiez, assissent.
Pres. Part.:
asseyanl.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -OIR 325
Past Part.:
assis, assise.
Observe. s'asseoir to sit down, like asseoir.
Other form of conjugation often used in a figurative sense.
Pres. Ind.:
j'assois, assois, assoit, assoyons, assoyez, assoient.
Imperf . :
j'assoyais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Future:
j'assoirai, -as, -a, ons, -ez, -on/.
Condit.:
j'assoirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
assois, assoyons, assoyez.
Pres. Subj.:
que j'assoie, -es, -e, assoyions, assoyiez, assoient.
Pres. Part.:
assoyant.
Pact Part.:
assis, assise.
Use Pronominal form for s'asseoir.
32
choir to fall; rechoir to fall again; both used in the
Infinitive and Past Participle only: chu, chut.
ce sont souvent nos meilleurs amis qui nous font choir (Hugo) our
best friends are often the cause of our fall.
as a noun:
chute, la chute Niagara.
33
dechoir (de, choir), to decline.
Pres. Ind.:
je dechois, -ois, -oil, dechoyons, -ez, dechoient.
Imperf. :
je dechoyais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
326 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -OIR
PastDef.:
je dechus, -us, -ut, -times, -utes, -urent.
Future:
je decherrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je decherrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Pres. Subj.:
que je dechoie, -es, -e, que n. dechoyions, dechoyiez, dechoient.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je dechusse, -es, dechut, que n. dechussions, dechussiez, dechus-
sent.
Pres. Part.:
is wanting.
Past Part.:
dechu, dechue.
NOTE. decheance fall (as a noun).
34
devoir to owe, etc. (see Lesson XXIV).
35
ichoir to expire, to fall due, used only in :
Pres. Ind.:
il echoit (or echet).
Future :
j'echerrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
j'echerrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperf. Subj. :
que j'echusse.
Pres. Part.:
echeant.
Past Part.:
echu, echue.
36
falloir (Impersonal Verb), to be necessary, indispensable,
proper, useful.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -OTR 327
Pres. Ind.: Condit.:
ilfaut. ilfaudrait.
Imperf.: Pres. Subj.:
ilfallait. qu'il faille.
PastDef.: Imperf. Subj.:
ilfallut. qu'il fallut.
Future: Past Part.:
ilfaudra. fallu (no fem.).
37
mouvoir to move (machines, etc.); promouvoir to pro-
mote.
cf. : demenager to move (one's furniture).
emouvoir to move (to tears) ; deposer un ministre.
cf . : changer de demeure to remove (quarters) .
Pres. Ind.:
je meus, meus, meut, mouvons, mouvez, meuvent.
Imperf. :
je mouvais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, aient.
PastDef.:
je mus, mus, mut, mumes, mutes, murent.
Future:
je mouvrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je mouvrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat . :
meus, mouvons, mouvez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je meuve, -es, -e, que n. mouvions, -iez, qu'ils meuvent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je musse, -es, mut, que n. mussions, mussiez, mussent.
Pres. Part.:
mouvant.
Past Part.:
mu, mue with no circumflex in the feminine.
Observe. promu and promue (from promouvoir) are the only
forms in use as adjectives and participles.
328 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -OIR
38
pleuvoir (Impersonal Verb) to rain.
Pres. Ind.: Pres. Subj.:
il phut. qu'il pleuve.
Imperf.: Imperf. Subj.:
il pleuvait. qu'il plut.
PastDef.: Pres. Part.
il plut. pleuva.nl,
Future: Past Part.:
il pleuvra. plu.
Condit.:
il pleuvrait.
39
pourvoir to provide, to supply; depourvoir to leave un-
provided.
se pourvoir de to provide one's self with.
Pres. Ind.:
je pourvois, pourvois, pourvoit, n. pourvoyons, pounoyez, pourvoient.
Imperf. :
je pourvoyais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aienl.
PastDef.:
je pourvus, -us, -ut, -times, -utes, -urent.
Future:
je pourvoirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je pourvoirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
pourvois, pourvoyons, pounoyez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je pourvoie, -es, -e, que n. pourvoyions, -iez, qu'ils pourvoient.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je pourvusse, -es, pounut, que n. pounussions, pourvussiez,
p~>unussent.
Pres. Part: Past Part.:
pourvoya.nl. pourvu, pourvue.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -OIR 329
4
pouvoir to be able; le pouvoir, la puissance the power.
Pres. Ind.: I (may) can, etc.
je puts, or peux, tu peux, peut, n. pouvons, pouvez, peuvent.
Imperf.:
je pouvais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je pus, pus, put, putties, pules, purent.
Future:
je pourrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je pourrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperative is wanting.
Pres. Subj.:
que je puisse, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. :
que je pusse, -es, put, que n. pussions, que v. pussiez, pussent.
Pres. Part.:
pouvant.
Past Part.:
pu (only).
4i
savoir to know (by the mind), to be aware.
savoir (with Infinitive), to know how; can, could,
cf. : connaitre to know (by the senses), to recognize.
Pres. Ind.:
je sais, sais, sail, savons, savez, savent.
Imperf.:
je savais, -ais, -ait, -ions, iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
je sus, sus, sut, sutnes, sutes, surent.
Future:
je saurai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je saurais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
330 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -OIR
Imperat . :
sache, sachons, sachez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je sache, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je susse, -es, sut, que n. sussions, sussiez-, sussent.
Pres. Part.:
sachant.
Past Part.:
su, sue.
42
valoir to be worth; valoir mieux to be better; faire
valoir to set off, to make the best of; equivaloir (fare
equivalent) to be equivalent; chaloir (obsolete) to
care for; prevaloir to prevail, cf. : rendre la pareille or
^revaloir to pay back.
Pres. Ind.:
je vaux, vaux, vaut, valons, valez, valent.
Imperf. :
je valais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je valus, -us, -ut, -umes, -utes, -urent.
Future:
je vaudrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je vaudrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
vaux, valons, valez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je vaille, -es, -e, que n. valions, -iez, qu'ils vaillent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je valusse, -es, valut, que n. valussions, -ussiez, -ussent.
Pres. Part.:
volant.
Past Part.:
valu, value.
NOTE. prevaloir in the Subj. Pres.: que je prevale.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -OIR 33!
43
voir to see; se voir to visit one another; se faire voir to
show oneself; oiler voir les curiosites to go sight-seeing ;
entrevoir to get (catch sight of) a glimpse; revoir to
see again; prevoir to foresee (regular in the Future
and Conditional).
Pres. Ind.:
je vois, vois, voit, voyons, voyez, voient.
Imperf.:
je voyais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je vis, vis, vit, vimes, vites, virent.
Future:
je verrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je verrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
vois, voyons, voyez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je voie, voies, voie, voyions, -iez, qu'ils voient.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je visse, -es, qu'il vit, que n. vissions, vissiez, qu'ils vissent.
Pres. Part.:
voyant.
Past Part.:
vu, vue
44
vouloir to will, to wish, to want (wish for) ; en vouloir to
bear ill-will; vouloir du bien to wish well; vouloir dire
to mean; vouloir dire a to want to tell; vouloir bien
to be willing; en vouloir condure to infer from.
Pres. Ind.:
je veux, veux, veut, voulons, voulez, veulent.
Imperf. :
je voulais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
332 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
PastDef.:
je voulus, -us, -ut, -times, -utes, -urent.
Future:
je voudrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -on/.
Condit.:
je voudrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
veux, voulons, voulez.
NOTE. This form implies an express recommendation to be
firm.
veuille, veuillons, veuillez (the latter form often used) are for
requests.
Pres. Subj.:
queje veuille, -es, -e, que n. voulions, -iez, veuillent.
NOTE. que n. veuillions, que v. veuilliez were used in the iyth
and 1 8th centuries.
Imperf. Subj.:
queje voulusse, -es, voulut, que n. voulussions, voulussiez, voulussent.
Pres. Part.:
voulant.
Past Part.:
voulu, voulue.
in -re
45
astreindre to oblige, to compel; s'astreindre to tie one's
self down; conjugated like atteindre.
46
absoudre to absolve, to acquit, to remit (sins) ; cf. :
pardonner to forgive.
Pres. Ind.:
j'absous, absous, absout, absolvons, absohez, absolvent.
Imperf. :
j'absolvais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past Def.: wanting.
Future :
j'absoudrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 333
Condit.:
fabsoudrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.: Pres. Subj.:
absous, absolvons, absolvez. que f absolve.
Imperf. Subj.: wanting.
Pres. Part.:
absolvant.
Past Part.:
absous, absoute.
47
atteindre to reach, to attain, to be seized; ratteindre
to overtake.
NOTE. Verbs ending in aindre, oindre like atteindre.
Pres. Ind.:
j'atteins, atteins, atteint, atteignons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf.:
j'atteignais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
j'atteignis, -is, -it, -tmes, -ties, -irent.
Future:
j'atteindrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
j'atteindrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
atteins, atteignons, atteignez.
Pres. Subj.:
que j'atteigne, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
quej'atteignisse, -es, atteignit, atteignissions, -iez, qu'ils atteignissent.
Pres. Part.:
atteignant.
Past Part.:
atteint, atteinte.
48
battre to beat, to bang, to thrash; se battre avec acharne-
ment to fight desperately; se battre a coups de poing
334 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
(with fists) ; abattre to abate, to fall down, to cut
down; combattre to combat, to wage war against;
debattre to debate; se debattre to struggle; s'ebattre
to be engaged in sports, to gambol; rabattre to pull
down, to deduct.
cf. : livrer bataille to fight a battle.
lutter corps a corps to wrestle.
NOTE. Loses t in the Present Indicative; otherwise like rompre.
49
boire to drink, to imbibe; s'imboire to be imbued;
cf . : avaler to swallow and achever de boire to drink
up; sabler une coupe de champagne to toss off, etc.
Pres. Ind.:
je bois, bois, boit, buvons, buvez, boivent.
Imperf.:
je buvais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je bus, bus, but, bumes, butes, burent.
Future:
je boirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je boirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
bois, buvons, buvez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je boive, -es, -e, que n. buvions, -iez, -boivent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je busse, -es, qu'il but, que n. bussions, bussiez, qu'ils bussent.
Pres. Part.: Past Part.:
buvant. bu, bue.
50
braire (formerly to whine) to bray, to imitate the cry of
an ass.
cf. : hi-han (cry of an ass).
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 335
Pres. Ind.:
il brait, Us braient.
Future:
il braira, Us brairont.
Condit:.
il brairait, Us brairaient.
bruire (formerly to speak loudly of a person, of things),
to make an indistinct sound, to rustle, to rattle;
faire bruire to cause to rattle.
Pres. Ind.:
il bruit.
Imperf.:
il bruyait, Us bruyaient.
NOTE. A few writers have used other persons.
Bruit (m.) a noise.
52
ceindre to enclose, to encircle (little space), to gird on;
enceindre to enclose (so as to forbid entrance), to
surround (large space).
Pres. Ind.:
je ceins, ceins, ceint, ceignons, ceignez, ceignent.
Imperf. :
je ceignais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
je ceignis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je ceindrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je ceindrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imoerat.:
ceins, ceignons, ceignez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je ceigne, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
336 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN-RE
Imperf. Subj.:
que je ceignisse, -es, qu'il ceignit, que n. ceignissions, ceignissiez,
ceignissent.
Pres. Part.:
ceignant.
Past Part.:
ceint, ceinte.
53
clore to close, to fence, to finish, to close (accounts);
declare to unfence, to throw open; eclore to hatch, to
open; enclore to fence in, to inclose; forclore to fore-
close, to estop, to debar,
cf . : fermer to close.
Pres. Ind.:
je clos, tu clos, il cldt.
Future:
je clorai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je clorais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperative:
clos.
Pres. Subj.:
que je close, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Past Part.:
clos, close, in all its compound tenses.
54
inclus, incluse, with ci:
ci-inclus, (e), here enclosed. (See Past Participle.)
55
conclure (de~) to conclude, to end, to close; condure (d)
to lead to, to judge; exclure to exclude; inclure to
inclose; reclure to shut up, to cloister.
Pres. Ind.:
je conclus, conclus, conclut, concluons, -ez, -ent.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 337
Imperf . :
je concluais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -client.
PastDef.:
je conclus, -us, -ut, -times, -utes, -urent.
Future:
je conclurai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je conclurais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
conclus, concluons, conduez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je conclue, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je conclusse, -es, qu'il condut, condussions, condussiez, con-
dussent.
Pres. Part.:
conduant.
Past Part.:
condu, conclue.
NOTE. condure means also to draw a final conclusion, to come
to a final conclusion.
cf.: deduire, to draw a special inference from a general statement.
induire to lead to a general statement by way of special inferences.
56
conduire to conduct, to govern, to escort; se conduire
to behave; econduire to show out (dismiss); reconduire
to lead back.
cf. : guider to guide (mostly persons).
mener to lead.
NOTE. Verbs ending in -duire, like deduire, to deduct; enduire
to coat (plaster); induire to induce; introduire to introduce;
produire to produce; reduire to reduce; reproduire to reproduce;
seduire to seduce; traduire to render (translate); construire to
construct ; reconstruire to reconstruct ; deconstruire to take apart.
Endings -truire, all like conduire. Also detruire, to destroy and
cuire (to cook) and recuire (recook).
338 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
Pres. Ind.:
je conduis, conduis, conduit, conduisons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf . :
je conduisais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je conduisis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je conduirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je conduirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
conduis, conduisons, conduisez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je conduise, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperfect :
que je conduisisse, -es, conduisti, que n. conduisissions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.:
conduisant.
Past Part.:
conduit, conduite.
57
confire to preserve, to cause to steep (soak), to pickle;
deconfire to discomfit, to do for; deconfiture (n.) dis- -
comfiture, havoc, insolvency.
Pres. Ind.:
je confis, -is, -it, -ons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf.:
je confisais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je confis, -is, -it, -imes, -Ues, -irent.
Future:
je confirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je confirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
confis, confisons, confisez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je confise, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 339
Imperf. Subj.:
que je confisse, -es, qu'il confit, que n. confissions, -iez, -ent.
NOTE. Tense little used in the Imperfect Subj.
Pres. Part.:
confisant.
Past Part.:
confit, confite.
58
connaitre to know, to be acquainted with, to perceive;
connaitre a fond to know thoroughly ; se connaitre to
know one's self or each other; se connaitre en quelque
chose to be a judge of, etc. ; ne plus se connaitre to be
beside one's self; se fair e connaitre to become known ;
cf . : divulguer un secret to reveal a secret ; meconnaitre
not to know; reconnaitre to recognize.
Pres. Ind.:
je connais, -ais, -ait, connaissons, -ez, -ent.
NOTE. Verbs in -aitre preserve the circumflex before t.
Imperf. :
je connaissais , -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je connus, -us, -ut, -times, -utes, -urent.
Future:
je connattrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je connatirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
connais, connaissons, connaissez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je connaisse, -es, -e, -ions,* -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je connusse, -es, qu'il connut, que n. connussions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.:
connaissant.
Past Part.:
connu, connue.
340 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
59
construire (like conduire) to construct, to build, to frame.
60
contraindre (like craindre at page 341), to constrain, to
compel.
NOTE. contraindre a with Infinitive or noun when the sense
implies great efforts; contraindre de refers to the result.
61
contredire (\ikedire at page 344, except in the Pres. Indicat.
2d Pers. Plural vous contredisez) to contradict; dedire
to recant, to retract, to disprove; interdire to interdict;
medire to slander; predire to predict, all like contredire.
NOTE. Imperative like Indicative.
62
coudre to sew, to stitch; recoudre to sew again; decoudre
to unsew, to rip.
Pres. Ind.:
je couds, couds, coud, cousons, cousez, consent.
Imperf. :
je cousais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past Def.:
je cousis, -is, -it, -tmes, -ties, -irent.
Future:
je coudrai, -as, -a, -ons\, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je coudrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
couds, cousons, cousez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je cause, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je cousisse, -es, qu'il coustt, que nous cousissions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.: Past Part.:
cousant. cousu, cousue.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 34!
63
craindre to fear, to dread, to have fear of; sefaire craindre
to cause one's self to be dreaded.
NOTE. Verbs ending in eindre, oindre likewise conjugated.
Pres. Ind.:
je crains, crains, craint, craignons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf . :
je craignais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je craignis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je craindrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit. :
je craindrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
crains, craignons, craignez.
Pres. Subj.:
queje craigne, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je craignisse, -es, qu'il craignit, que nous craignissions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.:
craignant.
Past Part.:
craint, crainte.
$64
croire to believe, to have faith in, to be of opinion.
faire accroire to make to believe (impose); mecroire
(seldom used), to disbelieve,
also decroire to disbelieve.
Pres. Ind.:
je crois, crois, croit, croyons, croyez, croient.
Imperf.:
je croyais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je cms, cms, crut, crumes, crutes, crurent.
342 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
Future:
je croirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je croirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
crois, crayons, croyez.
Pres. Subj.:
queje croie, -es, -e, croyions, -iez, croienl.
Imperf. Subj.:
queje crusse, -es, qu'il crut, que n. crussions, que v. crussiez, qu'ils
crussent.
Pres. Part.:
croyant.
Past Part.:
cru, crue.
65
croitre to grow, to grow up, to thrive; accroitre to in-
crease; decrcntre to decrease; recrmtre to grow again;
surcroitre to overgrow.
NOTE. Compare 2d Group Verbs like grossir, to grow stout;
maigrir, to grow thin; rajeunir to grow young; vieillir to grow
old; jaunir to become yellow; blanchir to whiten, etc.
Pres. Ind.:
je crois, crois, croft, croissons, croissez, croissent.
Imperf.:
je croissais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je crus, crils, crut, crumes, crutes, crurent.
Future:
je croitrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je croitrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
crois, croissons, croissez.
Pres. Subj.:
queje croisse, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 343
Imperfect :
que je crfisse, crusses, qu'il crtit, crtissions, crtissiez, crussent.
Pres. Part.:
croissant.
Past Part.:
cr&, crue (no circumflex in the feminine).
66
accroitre (like croitre) to increase; recroitre to grow again;
surcroitre to grow out (of), to overgrow, have no cir-
cumflex in the Past Participle nor in the third person
singular and third person plural.
NOTE. accroitre includes in its meanings those of agrandir (to
enlarge) and augmenter (referring to number or elevation).
67
cuire (like conduire} to cook, to do, to boil, to bake, to
roast, to broil, to grill; recuire to cook again, etc.
cf . : br filer to burn.
68
deduire (like construire) to take from, to draw from.
induire to induce (lead into), to infer.
detruire to destroy, to demolish.
69
detruire (like conduire) to destroy; se detruire to destroy
one's self.
70
deteindre (like atteindre) to take out the dye, to fade.
man costume se deteint my suit loses its color; cf.: ettes se fanent
they are fading away (falling out); elles se fletrissent they are
withering. See teindre (to dye) ; reteindre to dye again.
344 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
71
dire to say (tell), to relate, to name, to recite, to express,
to think; entendre dire to hear (reported); faire dire d
to make any one say or send word to ; d vrai dire or d
dire vrai to speak the truth ; ne pas se le faire dire deux
fois to obey at once; vouloir dire to mean, to signify;
pour ainsi dire so to speak; sans mot dire (sans dire
le mot} ; ne dire mot to keep silent ; dire un mot to say
a word; avoir beau dire to speak in vain; se le faire
dire to hesitate.
redire to say again; maudire to curse (like dire in the
Past Part., Future and Cond.; otherwise like finir);
contredire to contradict; dedire to recant, to deny;
inter dire to interdict; medire to slander; predire to
predict; like dire except in the Indicative (Pres.) and
Imperative, 26. pers. plural, -ez.
Pres. Ind.:
je dis, dis, dit, disons, dites, disent.
Imperf . :
je disais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je dis, dis, dit, dimes, dites, dirent.
Future:
je dirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je dirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat . :
dis, disons, dites.
Pres. Subj.:
que je dise, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj :
que je disse, disses, qu'il dit, dissions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.: Past Part.:
disant. dit, dite.
NOTE. ou'ir dire (to hear say) used only in the Infinitive and
in ouie (hearing); apprendre des nouvelles (hear news). See 39.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 345
72
dissoudre (like cbsoudre) to dissolve, to break up.
73
eclore (like dore), to hatch, to open, and is used as follows
Pres. Ind.:
eclos, eclos, eclot, eclosons, -ez, -ent.
Imperf . :
eclosais, eclosions.
Future :
eclorai, eclorons.
Condit.:
eclorais, eclorions.
Pres. Subj.:
que j'eclose.
Past Part.:
eclos, eclose.
74
ecrire to write, to pen, to set down; circonscrire to cir-
cumscribe; decrire to describe; inscrire to inscribe;
prescrire to prescribe; proscrire to proscribe; r ecrire
to rewrite; souscrire to subscribe; transcrire to trans-
cribe;
cf . : faire le releve de, to make an abstract of (dates,
births, etc.).
Pres. Ind.:
j'ecris, ecris, ecrit, ecrivons, ecrivez, ecrivent.
Imperf. :
j'ecrivais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
j'ecrivis, -is, -it, -itnes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
j'ecrirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
j'ecrirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
346 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
Imperat. :
ecris, ecrivons, ecrivez.
Pres. Subj.:
quej'ecrive, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
qtte j'ecrivisse, -es, qu'il ecrivit, que n. ecrivissions, ecrivissiez, qu'ils
Pres. Part.:
ecrivant.
Past Part.:
ecrit, ecrite.
75
inscrire (like ecrire) to inscribe, to set down, to impanel.
76
souscrire (like ecrire) to subscribe, to underwrite.
77
empreindre (like craindre) to imprint, to impress, to stamp.
cf. : marquer d I'empreinle de to bear the stamp of; imprinter
to print ; cf . : imprimeur printer.
78
enfreindre (like craindre} to infringe, to violate.
on a enfreint les regies the rules have been violated; Us ont enfreint
le traite (infringed, etc.); elles ont enfreint les lots (transgressed
the laws).
79
epreindre (like craindre) to squeeze out.
il a epreint lejus he squeezed out the juice.
eteindre (like craindre) to extinguish, to put out; reteindre
to put out again.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 347
8l
etreindre (like craindre) to embrace.
qui trap embrasse, mat etreint grasp all, lose all; les emotions
m'etreignent (seize); ce furent de douces etreintes (sweet embraces).
82
enduire (like deduire] to coat, to do over.
83
faire to do, to make, to create, to construct, to take, to
carry on, to cause to, etc., etc.; contrefaire to counter-
feit, to disguise; defaire to undo; forfaire to forfeit,
to be lacking in one's duty; malfaire to do ill; mefaire
to harm; parfaire to complete; redefaire to undo
again; refaire to do again; se defaire to get rid of;
satisfaire to satisfy; surfaire to overcharge, to over-
praise; cf. : faire epoque to mark an era.
Pres. Ind.:
je fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font.
Imperf . :
je faisais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je fis, fis, fit, fimes, files, firent.
Future:
je ferai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je ferais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
fais, faisons, faites.
Pres. Subj.:
que je fasse, -es, -e, -ions, iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que jefisse, -es, qu'il fit, fissions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.: Past Part.:
faisant. fait, faite.
NOTE. faire is frequently followed by an Infinitive; faire is
frequently followed by noun (no article); faire voir to show;
faire fortune, to make a fortune.
34 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
faire faire to cause to be made; faire b&tir to have built; ne
faire que to be always engaged in.
quel temps fait-il? how is the weather? il fait chaud, le temps est
chaud it is warm; il fait froid or il fait un temps froid it is cold;
il fait mauvais, il fait un mauvais temps it is bad weather; il fait
humide it is damp; cf. : quel vilain temps! what disagreeable
weather! quel sale temps! what nasty weather! il fait sec it is
dry weather; il fait ban it is comfortable; il fait frais it is cool;
il fait obscur (sombre or noir) it is dark; il fait un temps noir it is
gloomy weather; il fait gris it is raw; il fait nuit it is night or
getting night; il fait jour it is daylight; il fait clair it is light;
U fait clair de lune it is moonlight ; il fait doux it is mild ; il fait
soleil, ilfait du soleil it ie sunny; il fait un beau soleil it is beautiful
sunshine; il est tantot nuit it will soon be night; il fait un froid
de loup it is bitter cold; il fait verglas or */ tombe du verglas the
rain freezes; il fait des eclairs it is lightning; il fait du vent it is
windy (il fait de I' air); il fait de I'orage it is stormy; il fait du
brouillard, it is foggy; il fait de la boue it is muddy; il fait de la
poussiere it is dusty; il fait glissant it is slippery; cf.: le pied
m'a manque my foot slipped; il fait ban vivre id this is a good
place to live in; il fait bien crotte dans les rues, the streets are
very dirty; le temps est triste it is dull weather; le temps est bru-
meux it is misty (hazy); le temps est convert it is cloudy; le temps
se brouille clouds are gathering ; le temps se tourne au beau (chang-
ing to fair); le temps se remet au beau it is becoming fine weather;
le temps se resserre it is getting colder; le temps s'adoucit (se reldche)
it is getting milder; le temps se rechauffe it is getting warmer;
le temps s'obscurcit it is getting cloudy; le temps s'eclaircit it is
clearing up; le temps se rembrunit or se couvre (cloudy); le del
se couvre or s'obscurcit; le temps est or se met, au beau; le vent se
refroidit the wind is freshening, or le vent se rafraichit; voila un
temps qui promet un orage this weather forebodes a storm; voila
un orage qui se prepare there is a storm brewing; le jour court a
son declin or est a son, etc. the day is declining (twilight); quel
temps il fait! what weather to be sure! cf. : apres la pluie le beau
temps every cloud has its silver lining; petite pluie abat grand
vent a little rain lays a great dust.
84
geindre (like craindre) to whine; gemir (like finir) to
groan.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 349
cf.: pousser un gemissement to utter a groan; colloq.: qu'a-t-il
& geindre? what is he complaining about?
85
instruire (likededuire) to instruct, to teach, to investigate.
cf. : enseigner to teach (grammar); ignorer not to know; not to
be aware of; s' instruire to instruct one's self.
86
interdire (like dire except in the Indicative: vous inter-
disez and in the Imperative, interdisez) to interdict
(dumbfound).
87
joindre (like craindre) to join, to add, to overtake; ad-
joindre to adjoin; conjoindre to conjoin; dejoindre to
disjoin; disjoindre to disjoin; enjoindre to enjoin; re-
joindre to rejoin; oindre to anoint; also poindre to
dawn.
cf. : relief, to bind; relieur binder.
lire to read; elire to elect; relire to read again; reelire
to re-elect; lire et relire to read over and over again.
faire la lecture (reading) a, to read to.
ct.:faire une etude speciale de to read up; jaire'la leqon a to lecture
any one; faire mention (books) to read of.
Pres. Ind.: ,....-. . .
je Us, Us, lit, lisons, lisez, lisent.
Imperf.:
je lisais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
je lus, lus, lut, lumes, lutes, lurent.
Future:
je lirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
35O IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
Condit.:
je lirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
lis, lisons, lisez.
Pres. Subj.:
quc je Use, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je lusse, gut tu lusses, qu'il lut, que nous lussions, que vous lus
siez, qu'ils lussent.
Pres. Part.:
lisant.
Past Part.:
In, lue.
luire to shine, to glitter, to appear; reluire to glisten.
Pres. Ind.:
je luis, luis, luit, luisons, luisez, luisent.
Imperf.:
je luisais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Future:
luirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je luirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Pres. Subj.:
que je luise, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.: Past Part.:
luisant. lui (only).
NOTE. No Past Definite, Imperative, Imperfect Subj.
90
maudire (like dire except in the Plural of the Indicative)
to curse.
je ntaudis, ntaudis, ntaudit, maudissons, maudissez, tnaudissent.
je maudissais, etc., likefinir; maudissant.
il maudit son sort he curses his lot; ntaudit sois-tu, bourreau de
man enfant cursed be thou, executioner of my child; Cain fut
maudit de (par) Dieu malediction of God fell upon Cain; maudit
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 35!
soil le maladroit! deuce take the clumsy fool: cf.: U jure, he
swears; il en jure he swears to it.
9i
meconnaitre (like connaitre) not to know again, to disown.
92
medire (like dire, except in the 2d Pers. Plural in the In-
dicative, Imperative : medisez) to slander, to speak ill.
93
mettre to put, to put on; admettre to admit; commettre
to commit; compromettre to compromise; demettre to
dislocate; emettre to emit; s'entremettre to interpose;
omettre to omit; permettre to permit; promettre to
promise; remeitre to remit, to put back; repr omettre
to promise again; soumettre to submit; transmettre to
transmit; se mettre d, to begin; se mettre en route to
set out.
Pres. Ind.:
je mets, tu mets, il met, n. mettons, mettez, mettent.
Imperf . :
je mettais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je mis, mis, mil, mimes, mites, mirent.
Future:
mettrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit. :
je mettrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
mets, mettons, mettez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je mette, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je misse, -es, qu'il mit, missions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.: Past Part.:
mettant. mis, mise.
352 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
94
moudre to grind; emoudre to sharpen; remoudre to
grind again ; remoudre to sharpen again ; cf . : tailler
un crayon to sharpen a pencil; repasser un rasoir (or
affiler un rasoir sur la pierre) to hone, set a razor;
aiguiser (to whet) refers more to bringing to a sharp
point: tranchant tres affile (keen edged).
Present Ind. :
je mauds, mouds, moud, moulons, moulez, moulent.
Imperf.:
je moulais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past Def.:
je moulus, moulus, moulut, moulumes, moulutes, moulurent.
Future:
je moudrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit. :
je moudrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat. :
mouds, moulons, moulez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je moule, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj. :
que je moulusse, -es, qu'il moulut, que n. moulussions, moulussiez,
moulus sent.
Pres. Part. :
moulant.
Past Part.:
moulu, moulue.
95
naitre to be born; renaitre to be born again, to receive;
prendre naissance to originate; donner naissance d to
give rise to; faire naitre des soup$ons to give rise to
suspicion.
Pres. Ind.:
je nais, nais, nait, naissons, naissez, naissent.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 353
Imperf.:
je naissais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past Def.:
je naquis, -is, -it, -imes, -ites, -irent.
Future:
je naitrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je naitrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
nais, naissons, naissez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je naisse, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj. :
que je naquisse, -es, qu'il naquit, que n. naquissions, que v. naquis-
siez, qu'ils naquissent.
Pres. Part.:
naissant.
Past Part.:
ne, nee.
NOTE. Always etre in its compound tenses.
96
nuire to hurt, to annoy; ne pas nuire not to harm; se
nuire to hurt one's self or each other,
cf.: blesser to wound, to hurt, to injure; faire mal to hurt; faire
du mal to injure.
Pres. Ind.:
je nuis, nuis, nuit, nuisons, nuisez, nuisent.
Imperf.:
je nuisais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
je nuisis, -is, -it, -imes, -ties, -irent.
Future:
je nuirai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je nuirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
nuis, nuisons, nuisez.
23
354 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
Pres. Subj.:
que je nuise, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je nuisisse, -es, qu'il nuisU, que n. nuisissions, nuisissiez, qu'ils
nuisissent.
Pres. Part.:
nuisant.
Past Part.:
nut (invariable).
97
oindre (like craindre} to anoint; cf . f rotter to rub.
98
paitre (like connaitre) to graze, to pasture; repaUre to
feed (not frequently used); se repaitre to feast upon
(to feed).
NOTE. Paitre has no Past Def. nor Imperf. Subj.; pu is little
used, but repaitre has a Past Part, and a Past. Def.
99
paraitre (like connaitre} to appear, to seem, to be issued;
apparaitre to appear (suddenly); reparaUre to reap-
pear; comparaitre to be summoned, to appear at court;
dispar aitre to disappear, to vanish out of sight.
100
peindre (like craindre) to paint, to depict; repeindre to
paint again; depeindre to depict, to portray.
cf . : faire le croquis d'une figure to sketch a figure.
peindre en email to enamel; une peinture en email enameled
picture; peindre a I'huile to paint in oil; peindre d'apres nature
to paint from nature; se faire peindre (faire son portrait) to sit
for one's portrait; cf. : poser pour son portrait (debout, standing;
assis seated); faire poser to keep waiting for nothing, to be
duped.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 355
101
plaindre (like craindre) to pity, to moan; n'etre pas a
plaindre not to be pitied, to be in good circumstances;
se plaindre to complain of, to pity each other.
cf. : geindre to whine; gemir to moan, to sigh over, to 'groan;
s'attendrir sur to be moved to pity; se lamenter to bewail; pleurer
(ses j 'antes) to regret; regretter to regret (lament), to be sorry
for, to miss.
102
se plaindre que, used with Subjunctive; se plaindre que
used with Indicative when that verb refers to a true
statement; se plaindre de ce que always followed by
Indicative.
103
plaire to please, to suit; deplaire to displease; se plaire
a to delight in.
cf. : faire plaisir d to give pleasure to; charmer to please; en-
chanter to delight; ravir to enrapture; etre content (de) to be pleased ;
prendre plaisir a to be pleased in; etre enchante (de) to be delighted
to ; se faire un plaisir de, faire ses delices de to delight in.
Pres. Ind.:
je plais, plais, plait, plaisons, plaisez, plaisent.
Imperf.:
je plaisais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past Def.:
je plus, plus, plut, plumes, plutes, plurent.
Future :
je plairai, -as, -a, -cms, -ez, -imt.
Condit.:
je plairais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
plais, plaisons, plaisez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je plaise, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
356 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
Imperf. Subj.:
que je plusse, -es, qu'il plut, que nous plussions, que vous plussiez,
qu'ils plussent.
Pres. Part.:
plaisant.
Past Part.:
plu (only).
104
poindre no longer used in the sense of: to sting; piquer
now replaces it. Poindre (used in the Infinitive and
Future) is conjugated \\kejoindre. 87.
105
prendre to take, to provide one's self, to seize, to accept,
to catch.
se prendre to be taken; se prendre d to begin to; s'y prendre to
manage to do (a thing), to set about; s'en prendre d, to lay the
blame on; se prendre pour to look upon one's self as; se prendre de
paroles to engage in heated words; se prendre d'amitie to take a
liking to.
Pres. Ind.:
je prends, tu prends, il prend, nous prenons, TOUS prenez, Us prennent.
Imperf. :
je prenais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
PastDef.:
je pris, pris, prit, primes, prites, prirent.
Future:
je prendrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, ont.
Condit. :
je prendrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
prends, prenons, prenez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je prenne, que tu prennes, qu'il prenne, que n. prenions, que v.
preniez, qu'ils prennent.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 357
Imperf. Subj.:
que je prisse, que tu prisses, qu'il prit, que n. prissions, que v. prissiez,
qu'ils prissent.
Pres. Part. :
prenant.
Past. Part.:
pris, prise.
Also:
apprendre to learn; desapprendre to unlearn; rapprendre to learn
again; comprendre to understand; cf.: entendre to understand;
deprendre to loosen; reprendre to retake; s'eprendre to become
enamored of; entreprendre to undertake; se meprendre to mistake;
surprendre to surprise.
cf.: mettre une chose sur le metier to undertake; trop entreprendre
to overreach; s' engager dans to undertake (embark in); cf.
s'engager (enroler dans) to enlist.
106
produire (like conduire) to produce, to yield, to exhibit;
reproduire to produce again, to republish.
107
reduire (like conduire) to reduce, to abate, to curtail.
108
resoudre (resolvant, resolu, or resolue); also resous.
to resolve, to solve, to dissolve, to settle.
NOTE. Other tenses like absoudre; resous, refers exclusively
to things.
iog
rire to laugh; sourire to smile.
cf.: ebaucher un sourire (indiquer legerement); pleurer to weep;
se moquer de to laugh at.
Pres. Ind.:
je ris, ris, rit, rions, riez, rient.
Imperf.:
je riais, riais, riait, riions, riiez, riaient.
358 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
Past Def.:
je ris, ris, rit, rimes, rites, rirent.
Future:
je rirai, riras, rira, rirons, rirez, riront.
Condit.:
je rirais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Impera t . :
ris, rions, riez,
Pres. Subj.:
queje rie, que tu ries, qu'il rie, que n. riions, que v. riiez, qu'ils rient.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je risse, risses, qu'il rit, que n. rissions, que v. rissiez, qu'ils
rissent.
Pres. Part.:
riant.
Past Part.:
ri (only).
no
suffire (like confire) to suffice, to be equal to.
NOTE. The Past. Part, is suffi.
in
sourdre to rise from the earth is used only in the Infini-
tive and in the third person Singular Indicative
(Academic) .
NOTE. une source, a spring, derives from it.
112
suivre to follow, to go next, to pursue; s'ensuivre (Imper-
sonal) to ensue, to follow; pour suivre to pursue, to
proceed.
Pres. Ind.:
je suis, tu suis, U suit, nous suivons, vous suivez, Us suivent.
Imperf. :
je suivais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 359
PastDef.:
je suivis, -is, -it, -imes, -lies, -irent.
Future :
je suivrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je suivrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
suis, suivons, suivez.
Pres. Subj.:
que je suive, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je suivisse, -es, qu'il suivit, que n. suivissions, que v. suivissiez,
qu'ils suivissent.
Pres. Part.:
suivant.
Past Part.:
suivi, suivie.
3
taire (like plaire) to say nothing of (not to mention);
se taire to keep silent. Taire has no circumflex.
8iM
teindre (like craindre) to dye, to color; reteindre to dye
again.
NOTE. See page 343, 70.
traduire (like conduire} to translate, to render, to denote.
116
traire to milk, to draw; abstraire to abstract; distraire
to distract; extraire to extract; soustraire (subtract).
cf. : tirer to draw, to pull, to extricate; trainer to draw, to drag
along, to trail.
360 IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE
"7
tistre or litre to weave, is used only in the Past. Part.
and compound tenses; tisser is now in use.
118
vainer e to conquer, to overcome; se vainer e to conquer
one's inclinations; se laisser vaincre a to lead one's
self into; convaincre to convince.
cf.: se persuader d'une chose to convince one's self, etc.
Pres. Ind.:
je vaincs, vaincs, vainc, vainquons, vainquez, vainquent.
Imperf . :
je vainquais , -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past. Def.:
je vainquis, -is, -it, -tmes, -ties, -irent.
Future:
je vaincrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je vaincrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
vaincs, vainquons, vainquez.
Pres. Subj.:
queje vainque, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
queje vainquisse, -es, qu'il vainqutt, que n. vainquis sions, -iez, -ent.
Pres. Part.:
vainquant.
Past Part.:
vaincu, vaincue.
119
vivre to live; savoir vivre to behave like a gentleman;
revivre to come to life again; survivre to survive.
demeurer to reside; habiter to live in.
Pres. Ind.:
je vis, vis, vit, vivons, vivez, vivent.
IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -RE 361
Imperf . :
je vivais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Past Def.:
vecus, -us, -ut, -times, -lites, -urent.
Future:
je vivrai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.
Condit.:
je vivrais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Imperat.:
vis, vivons, vivez.
Pres. Subj.:
quejevive, -es, -e, -ions, iez, ent.
Imperf. Subj.:
que je vecusse, -es, qu'il vec&t, que n. vecussions, que v. vecussiez,
qu'ils vecussent.
Pres. Part.:
vivant.
Past Part.:
vecu, vecue.
NOTE. This verb is frequently active in form only.
GENERAL VOCABULARY
in French or English for guidance
NOTE. Abbreviations: (n.) nom; (m.) masculin; (f.) feminin; (adj.)
adjectif; (prep.) preposition; (pron.) pronom; (interj.) interjection;
(v.) verbe; (p. p.) participe passe; same word; numbers refer to
pages; other abbreviations as in English Dictionaries; to before
verbs often omitted. For convenience the correct division of
French syllables has not always been observed.
a a (m.); -(an, one) un (e) 9, 75
d at, to, in, 3
abandon (v.) abandonner; -ment,
abandon (m.)
abase (v.), degrader; s'humilier
abate, 55, s'abattre; diminuer;
aecroitre
abattre (v.), 334, to fall
abbe, 66
abbey abbaye (f.); abbot abbe
(m.), 15
abbrevi-ate (v. 1 ) abreger; -ation,
- (f.)
abdic-ate (v.) abdiquer; -ation
(f.); (v.) renoncer a, 197
abdomen (m.), 19
abduct (v.) ravir, 238
a secede (m.) I' alphabet, 6
abed alite; au lit, 148
aberration (n.) (f.) ; anormal, 78
abhor (v.) avoir en horreur,
hair, detester
ability, 108, habilete (f.), capacite;
aptitude (f.)
abject, 33, vil; meprisable; has
abjure (v.) abjurer; renoncer d,
341
ablative ablatif (m.), 74 (with
par, de)
ablaze en flammes (f.), 102
able (adj.) capable; propre a;
en mesure de; en etat de; to
be pouvoir, 329
able-bodied (adj.) robuste; fort
ably (adv.) avec habilete (f.)
(adresse, f.)
aboard a bord (m).; en vciture
(f.), 309
abode sejour (m.); residence (f.),
abol-ish (v.) abolir; mettre fin a;
revoquer; annuler; dissoudre,
345; abroger; -ition (f.)
abnormal (adj) anormal; irre-
gulier, 78
abomin-able (adj.) ; degoutant,
115; -ate (v.) avoir en horreur
(f.), degout (m.); hair, 316;
repugner; -ation (f.)
aborig-inal (m.) naturels, 258;
-ines -enes
abound (v.) etre en abondance
(f.), 109; abonder en
about (prep.) environ, 187;
a peu pres; vers (time or
direction)
above (adv., prep.) au-dessus
(de); board, sans deguise-
ment (m.), 187
abreast (adv.) cote a cote (f.), 193
abridg-e (v.) faire un abrege
(epitome); -ment abrege (m.),
228, 275
abroad d I'etranger
abrogate (v.) abroger
abrupt (adj.) brusque, rude;
(slope) rapide; perpendicu-
laire, vertical; declin (m.); -ly,
224; a plomb, perpendiculaire
(-ment); -ness rudesse (f.)
363
364
GENERAL VOCABULARY
abscess (n.) abces (m.); infec-
tion (f.)
abscond (v.) derober; cocker; se
absen-ce (n.), 54, absence (f.)
(lack); -t, 4, , (m.); -tly,
359; par distraction (f.); par
manque d 'attention; -t-minded,
54, distrait (adj.); il s'absente
he often goes away
absolu (adj.) perfect, 43
absolu-te (adj.) absolu; indepen-
dant; souverain; -tely (adv.)
absolument; sans restriction
(f.); purement et simplement;
-tion (f.)
absolve (v.) absoudre, 332
absorb (v.) absorber; plonger
(mind); occuperjortement, 197,
217; etre absorbe; (drink)
boire, 334; avaler, 255
absor-bent (adj.) absorbant; qui
occupe entierement; -ption
abstain (v.), 322, s'abstenir (de);
s'empecher (de)
abstemious (adj.) temper ant;
sobre (dans)
abstract (n.) abstrait; (v.)
isoler, 22?;faire abstraction de;
-ly isolement
absurd (adj). ridicule: -ity -ite
(f.) ; stupldite
abundan-ce (n.) abondance (f.);
surcrott (m.), 343; -t (adj.)
abondant; en abondance (f.)
abuse (y.) abuser (de); mal user,
197; injurier (offenser), 165
abusif, 59, wrongly used
abyss (n.) abime (m.); gouffre
(precipice} (m.), 145, 297
academ-y, 47, academic (f.);
-ic (adj.) -ique
accede (v.) ceder (a); se ren-
dre aux desirs de; consentir, 320
accelera-te (v.), 343, accroitre;
-tion (n.) accroissement (m.),
228
accent (n.), 46, (m.); pronon-
ciation (f.); tonic /' 'accent
tonique; -uate (v.) -uer; mar-
quer d'un ; (stress)
(f.), 45, 225
accept (v.) 28, accepter; rece-
voir, 249; prendre, 356; -able,
28, agr cable; -ance -ation (f.)
access (n.) acces (abord) (m.);
entree (f.); -ible (adj.) ;
abordable, 215; -it (n.) , 33,
-ory (n.) accessoire (m.), 24
accident (n.) (m.), 193; -al
(adj.) -al; -ally (adv.) par
accident
accla-im (v.) acclamer, 349;
-ma tion (f.)
acclimate (v.) acclimater; s' ;
s'habituer a, 277
accolade, 5 (brace), embrasse-
ment (m.), 347; (f.)
accommod-ate (v.) accommoder;
convenir; etre content (de);
-ation, 104; amabilite, com-
plaisance (f.)
accompagner (v.) accompan-y,
57; -ist (n.) qui accompagne;
358; -iment (n.) accom-
pagnement (m.)
accompli (adj.) -shed; (years)
reached, 304; completed; ef-
fected; fulfilled; done; achiev-
ed ; performed ; carried out, 238
accomplish (v.) accomplir, achev-
er, remplir; executer; realiser,
238; -ment (n.) accompli sse-
ment (m.), 152; achievement
(m.); resolution (f.); acquisi-
tion; agrement, 244
accord (n.) accord (m.), 59;
conformite de sentiments; har-
monie (f.); concordance (f.);
union de sons; no, a' accord
(agreed upon); tomber d'
to agree; to be of one mind
(finally); 59, s'accorder to
agree (suit)
accorder (v.) to agree; etre en
accordance (77, gr., Vadjectif
s'accorde avec le nom; on ac-
corde le verbe avec son sujet) ;
cf.: 269, conceder; mettre d' ac-
cord; octroyer; consentir (cL
admettre); etre d' accord; 60, to
grant (to be of one mind)
accordeur (de) tuner
according to selon; suivant;
-ly, 169, en consequence, done,
alors; see follow
GENERAL VOCABULARY
365
accost (v.) accoster, aborder
(to come alongside); (s'ap-
procher aussi pres que possible),
127, 205
accouder (s') (v.) to lean upon
one's elbow (s) 203; du
coude (sur le c )
account (n.) compte (m.); (v.)
rendre compte de; -able, respon-
sable, 268
decoupler (v.) to couple; to
yoke; s' to pair
(r)accourcir (v.) to shorten (the
way); 34 2 . un e raccourcie
short cut
accourir, 312, to hasten (run) to
accoutrement -- (m.), 115;
habillement bizarre (peculiar,
unusual)
accoutrer (s') or: se parerde, 323,
to bedeck one's self (rig, etc.)
accoutume (a), 277, accustomed
(to); used to
accouver to set (a hen), 345
accredit (v.) -editer, 160; inspirer
la confiance; s'-er to gain
esteem
accroc hitch, tear, 191; 206,
-hement locking (of 2 teams) ;
-her to hang (a hat) up or
upon; to catch; s'-er to cling,
203
accroire (faire) d. to make believe,
341 ; s'en faire to consider
one's self important, 209
accroissement (m.) increase of
(speed) ; cf . : ralentissement
(m.) slackening
accroupir (s') to squat (down),
203; se baisser
accrue, 343, accroitre (s'); aug-
menter; cf. : diminuer, amoin-
drir, 165
accueil (m.) reception, 36; -lir,
313 (v.) welcome
acculer (contre le mur) to push
(to the wall) ; s'adosser to lean
against, 205; on le mil dans
I' impossibility de;he was placed
where he could not move, etc.
(nonplussed)
accumul-er (v.) -ate, amass;
entasser (heap) pile up; mettre
I'un surVautre; 231, amasser;
amonceler,22g; r assembler, $1$,
cueillir (gather); faire une
collection
accura-cy (n.) precision, 99;
clarte; justesse (f.); -te, 305,
exact; correct, juste
accurse (v.) maudire, 344
accu-sateur, 66; (v.) accuser -se;
(de); imputer; reveler (sins);
(betray) servir d'indice;
indiquer; faire ressortir (to
bring out), 321 ; j' accuse recep-
tion de, 268; s' accuser
accusatif accusative; (ce) que
= that which (what)
accusation (f.); imputation
(f.), 199; reproche (m.), 227
accustom (v.) see accoutumer
accustom (v.) accoutumer (s');
se faire; 183, prendre I' habitude
a; avoir coutume (de) to be
-ed; s'habituer to get used to,
1 06; 347, se faire a to inure
one's self
ace (n.) as (m.)
acerbe (adj.) sharp (taste);
(harsh) language, 153
achalandee (boutique bien) well
patronized shop (f.)
acharne (adj.) desperate (fight);
bitter
acharnement (n.) fury (m.);
s'acharner a, 98, to persist in
achat (m.) purchase, 310
ach-e, mal; -ing douleur; souf-
france (f.); (adj.) douloureux
acheminement (m.) (forward)
march towards; pr ogres (m.)
s'acheminer to (speed along)
march
acheter (v.) to buy, 22, 229
achet-er purchase; see acquerir,
Irr. verb; -eur buyer
ach-ever achieve, see finir (con-
jugated) ; terminer; consommer;
donner le coup de grace; tuer;
perdre completement; -evement
(m.) completion; see bdtir;
construire; eriger
Achille (m.), 24; -s
acid, 12, acide (m.); (tart) (adj.)
acide; -ity -ite (f.)
3 66
GENERAL VOCABULARY
acide (m.) acid
acier (m.) steel; fondu cast
steel; fit d' steel wire
acknowledg-e (v.), 339, recon-
naitre; (letter) accuser recep-
tion de (: [un] accuse de r );
-ment reconnaissance (f.); cf. :
ingratitude (f.)
acolyte (m.) , 14
acompte, see devoir; 10 ]>s. a
compte (on a/c.)
acoustics acousiique (f.); cornet
ear (rubber) trumpet
acquaint renseigner; (le) tenir
au courant de, informer; to
get -ed faire la connaissance
de, 310
acquerir acquire; acquisition;
acquereur purchaser, 29; cf. :
prendre des informations (or:
demander); sans s' informer
(make inquiries) : a to come
into possession of; s' un
nom to become celebrated;
mil acquis ill-gotten; I' argent se
gagne avec peine; contrat d'ac-
quisition deed of purchase
acquiesce acceder a (accede to)
acquit, ) see devoir, etc.
) see
\ 2 7
j cf.
5 acquitter, j cf. constater le
payement; to verify the pay-
ment; -tal acquittement (m.)
acre, II, acre (140 ares et demi)
or 160 sq. rods, or 43,560
sq. ft.
acrid acre; piquant (pungent,
sour, sharp); -ity dcrete (f.)
acrobat -e (m.) danseu-r (-se de
corde); cf.: clown, jongleur,
equilibriste
across, see p. 189
acrost-iche -ic (m.)
act, 9, acte (m.); action (f.);
(v.) agir to ; faire acte de
presence to put in an appear-
ance
act-e (n.) act; -ion, 33 (deed);
(v.) agir to act
acteur actor, 66
ac-tif (adj.) active; -tivity -tivite
(f.); verbe transitive verb;
la forme active active form;
-tivement -lively; actif et passif
assets and liabilities, 87
action, 64, deed (act) ; en at
work; Jour d' Action de Graces
Thanksgiving; -5 shares
(stock) ; -naire, shareholder
activer to expedite (business);
(poke) le jen
actualites (f.) news of the day
actuate (v.) mouvoir, 327
actuel present, actual; (real)
e.iective; -lement, 56, now
(-adays)
acuite (f.) acuteness; cf.: aigu,
pointu acute, pointed
acute (adj.) aigu (-e)
adage proverbe (m.); maxime
(f.)
Adam, 26
adap-tation appliance; adjust-
ing; fitting; -ter to make
suitable (fit)
add (v.) ajouter; up addi-
tionner; -ition addition (f.)
add (to) joindre, augmenter;
faire I' addition (f.); see su-
perfluous
adder couleuvre (f.)
addicted to vice porte au vice
address adresse (f.); adresser;
wrong , mal mise; s' ^er
a to apply to; adressez-lui la
parole speak to him (her)
adherer (v.) adhere (cling),
188
adhesion (f.) consent
adieu a farewell (quand on se
quitte at parting)
adjacent ; attenant; contigu
(-ous); see follow
adjectif (n.) adjective, 55
adjectival (adj.) qui tient de
V adjectif (m.)
adjoindre adjoin; associer a, 99
(see joindre); -ing, see adja-
cent
adjoint (professeur ) associate
professor; adjunct
adjudant adjutant
adjudicataire (in public con-
tracts) purchaser who is to
fulfill the agreement as per
contract : par adjudication
GENERAL VOCABULARY
367
adjuger (une entreprise) to award
labor to be performed as
above; (un prix) to a
prize
adjur-er to beseech (implore);
-ation or priere instanie
adjust (v.) joindre; adapter
adjuteur who helps (: as auxili-
ary)
admettre, 351, admit (see mettre);
recevoir, comporter (to stand);
accueillir
adminis-trateur trustee; (-trator)
curator; -tration (f.); -ter
-trer; conduire; diriger; confe-
rer (Cath.)
admirable , 30
admira-ble ; -bly admirable-
menl; d'une maniere admirable,
parfaite
admira-teur admirer; -tion -
(f.)
admi-re (v.), 58, admirer; consi-
derer (avec etonnement et sur-
prise); -rer (m.) admirateur;
trouver etrange to wonder at
(find it strange) ; -ration (f .) ;
-rable ; deeply ravir d' ad-
miration; charmer to delight;
transpprte de joie (beside one's
self) in raptures; in heaven
( : etre aux anges) ; plaire extreme-
ment; fasciner (to put under
a spell); roses admirables
wonderful flowers!
admirer (v.) to admire, 147
admissible ; entitled (worthy)
to be admitted; allowable
admission (f.); admittance;
no defense d'entrer
adonne (a) addicted to; s'-er a
to give one's self up to
adopt-er un enfant to adopt a
child; il fait une motion he
makes a motion; on I'appuie
it is seconded ; on la fait
it is carried ; meltons aux voix la
motion let us put the motion
to vote; -ion (f.), 25; -if (fils)
adoptive child, 28, 79
adorable charming (lovely!)
adorer (v.) to love (adore);
aimer avec passion; cf. : aimer
eperdument to love to dis-
traction; languir d' amour to
pine away for love; etre eprls d;
to be enamored with; se Her
avec (former une liaison) to
become acquainted with; en-
tiche de infatuated with, or:
en raffoler to be, etc. ; cherir la
patrie to love the fatherland;
prendre en amitic, to take a lik-
ing to; to be wedded to an
opinion; s' attacker fortement
a une, etc.; il I'aime comme la
prunelle de ses yeux he loves
her like the apple of his eye;
s' attacker a plaire to use every
effort (to strive) to please;
see follow
adorn orner (v.); cf. : purer (de);
embellir; decorer; iUustrer;
-ment parure (f.); ornement
(m.)
adosser to rest against; or:
appuyer centre
adouc-ir to sweeten; cf. : to miti-
gate (soften, calm, soothe and
appease; 5' ; -issement sweet-
ening, palliation, relief: sou-
lagement (m.); assuaging
adresse (f.) see address and
parler
adroit (cf.: direct) clever; plein
d' esprit, d' invention; cf . : habile
skillful; connaisseur ruse
(cunning); -ly avec adresse;
-ness dexterite (f.); se con-
naitre en to be an expert in;
ingenieux
adula-te "aduler; flatter servile-
ment; -tion flatterie basse;
compliment flatteur; -tor flat-
teur, louangeur
adult adulte
adulterate falsifier; alterer; adul-
terer; cette boisson est frelatee
this beverage (drink) is ad-ed;
or: on y met des substances
etrangeres they make it im-
?ure by admixture of a foreign
ar a baser) substance
advance avancer; (d'un pas)
one step; qui n'avance pas
recule he who does not
368
GENERAL VOCABULARY
advance Continued
retrogrades; faire des pr ogres
to make progress; (pro-
ceed) poursuivre; continuer;
promouvoir (promote) ; what
is the advantage! la belle
avance
advancement progres; avance-
ment (d'un pas) (m.); making
a step forward; elevation en
grade promotion; ameliora-
tion (f.) (improvement)
advantage avantage, profit (m.);
-s (successes) ; -ous avantageux
advenir, see venir
Advent I'avent (m.); Sunday in
dimanche de
adventur-e aventure (f.); entre-
prise hasardeuse; a I' at all
hazards; par (d') by
chance; -ous -eux; see s' ex-
poser, p. 170; courir le risque
to take the chance
adverb -e (m.); mot invariable,
59; -ial (modifie le verbe, I'ad-
jectif, V expression) ; locution
-ale
advers-ary adversaire, rival; faire
concurrence d (f.) to (oppose)
compete with (concourir pour);
c d (co-operate); -ative
conjunction (f.): mais (but),
quoique (although)
advers-e, la partie ; the opposi-
tion (law) ; fortune ill for-
tune; la mauvaise chance le
poursuit he has a run of bad
luck ; -ity -He (f . ) ; infortune (f ) . ;
malheur (m.)
advertise (v.) annoncer; -ment,
-ce (f.); reclame (f.); to praise
(loud) en faire I'eloge (m.);
see louer, p. 213; mousser tin
succes to praise a successful
affair loudly; battre la grosse
caisse to make a splurge over;
a big splurge; il claque son
fouet he cracks his own whip
advice (n.) avis, conseil (m.); see
follow; (v.) donner avis to give
notice; donner (demander) des
conseils to advise (to ask
for)
advisable (adj.) prudent; ban;
sage (de); it may not be (deem-
ed) on ne saurait recom-
mander (a) de; convenable (ex-
pedient); a propos (utile); cf.:
to seek a makeshift chercher un
expedient, or: recourir d, see
courir; -ness utilite (f.); *'-
struire (de) to be made cog-
nizant of; il est au courant de
(com.) he is well informed in
(grounded) ; le tenir au c de
to keep him advised concern-
ing
advise (v.) conseiller (de)
advisedly d dessein; see expect;
de dessein premedite design-
edly
advisement consideration (f.);
see devoir; une telle le decida
(or: raison (f.) motif); such
motive prompted him; see
resoudre (solve) or settle (a
point); determiner or faire
prendre une resolution to take
resolve; se determiner d to r
upon; cela le d d that
makes him take that resolve;
conseiller de; resolu -te; il est
determine (bold); les resoudre
d to prevail upon them ; s' y r
to make up one's mind to do
it; colloq.: il branle dans le
manche irresolute; s'obstiner
dans; see s' opinidtrer , p.. 204;
un parti pris foregone conclu-
sion ; resolutely resolument;
manquer de to lack ; quelle
resolution what a ! changer
de to change mind; see (v.)
cut; qu'ont-ils arrete what has
been resolved on? il previent
(resout) d'avance toute objec-
tion he meets any in
advance
afar (adv.) au loin, 96
affame (adj.) famished, 32
affirm (v.) affirmer; -ation
(f.); -ative (adj.) affirmatif;
- (n.); affirmative (f.); -ly
d'une maniere
affirmative (form) (la forme) ,
59
GENERAL VOCABULARY
369
affluent (m.), 188
affluer (v.), 188
afflux, 34 (m.); (med.)
affreux, So
affut (m.), 13, gun carriage; on
the lookout.
Afrique (n., f.), 192
age, 3, age (m.); -d age de, 304
agenda (m.) memorandum book,
18
agnosticisme (m.), 22
agriculteur, 3, farmer
at (avoir), 81
aid aide (f.); (see help); (v.)
aider d; in of (towards) au
profit (benefice) de; to come
to (assist) aid venir en aide;
preler son contours', s'aider de
(with)
aie (avoir), 81
aiel ouch! 17
a'ieul, 71
aigles, 68
aigu (-e), 9, 78
aiguille (f.) needle, switch; -r to
thread a , 24; -ur (m.)
switchman
aiguiser to sharpen (whet), 352
ai/e (f.) wing, 4
a*7/e etc. (alter) Subj.
ailleurs elsewhere, 16
aim (at), see purpose
aimable, 30, lovable
aimer (v. ) to like (love) , 20
aine sr. ; elder
atrm* thus, 46
atr (avoir I'), 56, to look; to seem
to be; paraitre; I' air et la chan-
son (appearance and reality)
air (n.) air (m.), 14; il fait del' air,
348, there is wind; il prend
I'air, 356, he goes out for a
walk; or: le frais (takes) the
air (-ing); made up stories
contes en I'air; to hover (soar)
in the planer dans les airs
ajouter to add, 26
alarme, 64
album (m.) , 21
alcove (f.) alcove, recess, 12
Alexandre (m.) -er, 34
allaient et venaient, 40, kept going
and coming
attant (en) while going (on his,
our, my, their, her way to), 40
Allemand, 5, German; A gne,
192, Germany
alter, 309, to go; s'en to go
away
allez, 30, go, 309 (Imper.)
allonger (v.) to lengthen (pro-
long)
allons, 3, come! alter, 309
almanack (m.) almanac, 22
almonds (burned) pralines (f.)
almost presque; d pen pres; the e
in elided in: presqu'ile
alors then, 30
aloyau (m.) sirloin, 14
alphabet, 6; alphabet (m.); in
-ical order par ordre -etique
already deja
Alsace (f.), 30; -cien (-nne f.)
Alsacian
also aussi; (likewise; so)
amaze (v.) f rapper d'etonnement
(m.); see wonder, surprise;
stand aghast demeure ebahi;
- inter dit speechless; quel
ne fut point son etonnement
imagine his amazement when;
imaginez-vous que (fancy or
just imagine or picture to
yourself . . .); colloq.; c'est
renversant I am dazed! (eton-
nement profond great sur-
prise!); and verb enchanter
(delight); enrapture (v.) &tre
sous le char me de (spell of),
seduire fascinate (v.)
amazone (f.) (woman) rider, 12
ambassadeur, 66
ambi-tion (f.); -tious ambi-
tieux; il a de I'ambition; see ex-
tinguish
ambulance (f.) , 19
dme (n. f.) soul, 3
amen, 19 (m.)
amer (adj.) bitter, 29
America I'Amerique (f.), 192
American, 5, Americain (m.);
lady, 19, -e (f.), 65
ami (n. m.) friend; -e (f.), 3;
-tie (f.), 19, friendship, 12;
en amitie as a
ammoni-aque (f.) -ac, 26
370
GENERAL VOCABULARY
amnistie (f.) amnesty, 19
among entre; parmi
amont (m.) (the direction from
which a stream descends) ;
(en), up the river (from)
amour, 68; 19
amputation (n.) , 19
amus-ant (adj.) -ing, 32
amuser (v.) to amuse, 19
an (m.) year, 304; -nee (f.)
(whole) year
anabaptisme (m.) -m, 28
anabaptiste (m.) -t, 28
analyse (f.), 14, analysis
ancien, 78
dne (m.) mule, 9
anglais 5, English (language);
Angleterre, 192, England
anguille (f.) eel, 24
animal (m.) 70
annales (f.) annals, 18
anneau (m.) (plain) ring, 18
annee (f.) year, 18
annexe (f.), 18, annex; -r (v.) to
- (add), 53
annivers-aire (m.) -ary, 27
annonce (f.), 27, advertisement;
-r (v.) to announce, 58
annoter (v.) to annotate (edit),
18
annuaire (m.) (yearly) book re-
cord, 1 8
annu-el -al, 27
annuit-e (f.) -y, 18
annuler (v.) to cancel (annul),
18
another un autre; encore un;
one I'un I' autre
answer (n.) reponse (f.); (v.)
repondre (a)
Ant-echrist (m.) -ichrist, 31
antipath-ie (f.), 32, -y
any, 124, see de; du, de I', de la,
des; .other tout autre; quel-
qu' autre
aout (m.) August, 180; -er (v.)
to reap in
apart a part
apath-ie (f.), 33, -y
aplomb (m.) assurance, 20
apostrophe apostrophe (f.), 57,
mots mis en apostrophized
words
apdtre (m.), 12, apostle; faire le
ban to be a wolf in sheep's
clothing
apparaitre (v.) (paraitre), 354
apparent, 57 (adj.)
appartement, 56, apartment
appear, 354, paraitre; (comets)
apparaitre ; sembler (seem) ;
- (publish, to be issued);
to to me only as dots ne me
paraitre que des points; be-
fore the judges a la barre;
le soleil parait the sun -s;
il luit it shines or: brille; darder
ses rayons to dart forth its
rays; eblouir to dazzle; (passer
or disparaitre) : la beaute passe;
just out! vient de paraitre;
mettre au jour to have (it)
published; p to seem to be;
so it seems d ce qu'il parait;
to come in sight (sun)
commencer d, p ; faire un
acte de presence to put in an
appearance; p (se faire
voir); I'aurore parut; I'acteur
fit son debut (appeared on the
scene) for the first time; p
comme temoin to as a wit-
ness; before courts of justice
(comparaitre) en justice; le
mandat de comparution sum-
mons to ; he was sued at
law on I'appela en justice; si
vous etes fdche, ne le laissez
point paraitre if you are angry
do not show it; p pour la
derniere fois to make his last
a ; aimer abien p , to like to
make a good appearance ; faire
P to write (books); faites
paraitre le coupable have the
guilty one brought in ; il par ait
que ... it seems as if . . . ;
il n'y parait pas there are no
signs of it; il y parait it seems
so (:*/ y a toute apparence);
il lui semble qu'on le Voit he
thinks (fancies) that they see
him; cela lui semble ainsi
so it seems to him ; selon toute
apparence in all probability;
dispel the clouds faireais (or:
GENERAL VOCABULARY
371
appear Continued
dissiper) les nuages; cf. : dissi-
per (squander) son bien (for-
tune) : (le manger); il a Vair et
la chanson; see air; appari-
tion (astro.); en apparence
[la recolte sera bonne apparently
the harvest will be good]
judging from what we see;
ces lignes sont apparemment de
M. X. apparently those lines
are from Mr. B.; les appa-
rences sont pour eux probabili-
ties favor their case; il fera
cela pour les apparences he
will do that for show; le ble a
une belle apparence that wheat
promises well; sauvez les ap-
parences (dehors) save ap-
pearances; sont-ce des plaintes
apparentes? are those com-
plaints feigned? pas la moindre
apparence de verite not the
least sign of truth; cf.: il est
bien de figure good-looking;
ette a bonne mine she looks
well; en peinture in appear-
ance
appeler to call, 229
appendice (m.) appendix, 18
applic-able can be applied ; -ation,
56
apply (to) s'adresser a
apporter (v.) to bring (fetch),
156
apprendre (see prendre), 356-7,
to learn
appris p. p. of apprendre, 356, 28
approuve, 192
appui (m.) support, 46
appuyer (v.) to lay stress (on,
upon)
apres after; d' according, 56
April, 180 (m.), avril
aquat-ique (adj.) -ic, 28
aquilin (nez) (adj.) Roman nose
aquilon (m.) north wind, 29
arbre (m.), 55, tree
arc, 1 1 ; en-ciel (m.), 112
archeologie (f.) archaeology
archeyeque archbishop
archiduc archduke
archidiacre (m.) archdeacon, 24
architect-e (m.) architect, 24, 40;
-ure (f.)
ardent burning, 37, 42
are (see:/o be (v.)
argent (m.), 3, money (silver)
argile, 65
arguer (v.) (law) to accuse (of),
24
aride (adj.), 12, arid
aristocra-te (m.), 32, -t; -tie (f.) -cy
Aristophanes (of Byzantium)
Aristophane (de Byzance)
aritkmetique (f.) arithmetic, 24
arm, 65, to -s aux armes! to
take up -s prendre les armes;
he has long il a des bras
longs; -ed (with) arme (muni)
de or: ayant
armoire, 65
army, 1 1 , armee (f . ) ; see follow
arome (f.) aroma, 12
arret (m.), n, stop; decree (deci-
sion), 53
arreter (v.) to stop; 5' to make
a stop
arrive, 3, arrived, 194
arriv-e (v.) at -river; -alarrivee (f.)
at (reach) -er, 38
arroser (v.) to water (sprinkle),
T 3
arrow (n.) fleche (f.); see traire,
etc.
art (m.), 33,
artere, 65
article (m.), 54
articulate articuler (un son)
articuler (v.) to articulate
artiste, 66
as as aussi (si) que, 167;
comme (just) de meme que
[see comparative]; as comme,
en qualite de; as an example
exemple; such as tel que; as
well as aussi bien; as if dead
(en quelque faqon) comme mart;
as a teacher en qualite de
maitre; cf. : comme il est drole
how funny he acts ! as he was
entering comme il entrait (au
moment ou); comme il est votre
parrain as he is your god-
father; cf. : parce que because;
puisque since (as); see follow
372
GENERAL VOCABULARY
aseend-ance (f.), 30, -ency
ascension (f.) , 30
Ash Wednesday mercredi des
cendres
aside de cote; a I'ecart (aloof)
Asie (f.) Asia, 192
ask (v.) demander (a M. de);
after des nouvelles de
la sante de
aspect (m.) f 33,
ass dne (m.), 227
assembly, 3, assemblee; reunion
(f.) '
asseyez-vous , 15 (s'asseoir) sit
down, 324
assez, 253
assister (a) to attend, 31
Ass-omption (f.) -umption, 28
assurance de ma (noire) parfaite
consideration (: letter- writing)
or: ... consideration distin-
guce (see expression)
asterisk, 5, asterisque (m.)
asthme (m.) asthma, 24
astrono-mique, 37; -mie (f.) -my
at a; rest en repos; home
chez moi (lui, die, eux, ettes)
athee (m.), 33, atheist
Athenes (f.) Athens
athlete (m.), 33,
atlas (m.), 30
atome (m.), 12, atom
atonique, 12, atonic
atout (m.) trump, 16
dtre (f.), 11, hearth
attend (v.) (a meeting), assister
(d une reunion); see .follow;
(take care of) soigner;
-ance (large) nombreux audi-
toire (m.)
attend (on), 42 (we, they, etc.),
are waiting
attendant, 38, meanwhile; while
waiting (en), 38, in the mean-
time
attendre to wait (for) ; expect
atlendu considering, 192
attentat (m.), 40, attack; attempt
(at crime)
attente (salle d') waiting-room
attenti-f (adj.) -ve, 33
attribute (n.), 59, attribut (m.);
(v.) attribuer; (gr.) I' attribut
(le predicat) est le troisieme
terme de la proposition the pre-
dicate is the third term of a
proposition
au, 124, to the
aucun (m.), 119 (pron.indef.), no
augmenter (v.) increase, 15
aujourd'hui to-day, 54
auquel, 135
aurore (f.) aurora, 15
aussi, 55, also, too, 3, 95
aussi (bien . . . que) as (well
as), 53
aussitdt que as soon as, 167
austere austere, 15
autant, 253, as much (many);
pas not so much (many)
auteur, 67, author
autocra-tie (f.), 32, -cy
automne, 64
autre other, 40; -ment que, 59,
different from
autres (a d'), 54 (to), others;
tell it (colloq.)
avais (avoir), 81, had
aval (m.), 11 (security); donner
son to indorse (note);
down en (a stream);
le cote vers lequel descend
une riviere the direction in
which a river descends; cf.:
amont
avant before (time); 56; que,
60, before;
avant-dernier last but one, the
penult
- -hier (adv.), 33
avec with (prep.), 23
avertir to warn, 41
avis (m.), 39, notice: 271
aviser (v.) to advise (let know)
avocat (m.), 9, lawyer
avoir, 81, to have
avril (m.) April, 25
axe (f.) axis, 34
axiome (m.), 12, axiom, 34
ayant (p. part., avoir), 85
ayons (imperative) avoir, 85
B
babil (m.) chatter, 25
Babylone (f.) Babylon
GENERAL VOCABULARY
373
bac (m.) ferry (boat), u
bachelier, 31 , es-Lettres Bache-
lor in Literature
bacill e (m.) -us, 25
bague (f.), 9, ring; anneau (plain)
ring (m.)
bailleur, 66
bait (n.) appdt (m.) (see hook)
bal (m.) ball, 1 1
balafre (f.) scar, 1 1
balbutie (f.) lisping, 32; (v.) -r
to stammer
balbutier, 225
a//<? (f.) ball; see pelote (f.)
(hand)
balle (f.) bullet, 25
balsam-ique (adj.) -ic, 30
6awc (m.) bench, 18
banque (.), 30, bank
bapteme (m.), 64, baptism, 28
baptiser to baptize, 28
baptism-al, -e, -aux (adj.), 28
baptistaire (m.) birth (certifi-
cate), 28
Bapt-iste (m.) -ist (Jean), 28
baptis-tere (m.) -tery, 28
bargain marche (m.); good
(faire un) nt avantageux;
current price m au comptant;
sales occasions (f.); (mar-
chandises au rabais: solde (f.)) ;
(v.) marchander; il n'y a pas
a ! now (decide) make a
decision; profitez des occasions;
see opportunity; you will not
come down on your price vous
ne rabattez rien de volre prix;
vente (f.) au rabais sale at
reduced prices; solde de
merchandises (f.) sales
baril (m.), 25, barrel
bas (adj.), 78; (n. m.) stocking
base (f.), ii, base; basis; se -r
( fonder)
basket (n.) panier (m.)
bastion (m.) , 33
bat (m.), 9, pack saddle; Prov.
savoir (stntir) ou le blesse
to (know) feel where the shoe
pinches
(to) be, 291, etre; exister; y avoir;
out Stre sorti; in
rentre; a part of fair e
Partie de; - - equal etre
egal; make rendre egal
beau (bel), 79
beaucoup, 253; hard, 39
beautiful beau ; -ly admirable-
ment; avoir beau in vain
{with verb), 21 1
beauty beaute (f.)
Beaux-Arts Fine Arts, 53
become, 323, devenir; (to grow)
small petit; what has
of him qu'est-il devenu?
before (prep.) avant (time);
devant (in front of), 142
beg (v.) mendier; -gar mendiant;
see request: prier (pray) ;
see urge
begin (v.) commencer; se mettre
a; se prendre a, 356; 351 ; -ner
commenc,ant; -ning commence-
ment (m.)
behind derricre (see follow)
beige (bis), 15, laine (f.); -
undyed wool
belier, 67
believe (v.) croire, 341; penser
(think); avoir la foi en; s'ima-
giner; juger; ci en juger par
( judge by); se croire; lui
faire croire to make him
belle (adj.), 79
belong (v.) appartenir, 322; etre a
benzine (n.) (f.), 19; (essence,
f.)
berceau (m.) cradle
bercer (v.) to rock (lull)
berceuse (f.) rocker, 15
berger, 65
beseech (v.) supplier; see request,
beg. entreat; -ing supplication
(f.)
beset poursuivre; see follow; see
rompre (3d group)
bestial (adj.), 71, , 33
betail (m.) cattle, 71
bete (f.), 9, beast; de somme
of burden; (adj.) stupid
Bethleem, 26, Bethlehem
between (prep.) entre; us
three a nous trois
beurre (m.), 16, butter; (v.) -r
to ,29; battre du to churn
the cream, 333
374
GENERAL VOCABULARY
beware (of) (v.) prendre garde,
172
bible (f.), 12
biceps (m.), 101
biche, 67
bien, 95, well; mieux better; le
the good; 38, property; assez
fairly well, 309; pas trap
not very well, 19; plus
much more, 253; en plus, 31;
in addition ( : par surcroit, 342)
bill (m.) (Parl.), 25
billard (m.) billiard, 25
bille (f.) billiard-ball, 25
billet (m.) note; ticket, 25
birth (n.) naissance (f.) (naitre);
fete(f.); day fete den-
bis, 30
bis (adj.) brown (bread)
Biscay (Bay of) Biscaye
biscuit (m.), 33,
bizarre odd, 1 1
blade lame (f.); trancnante
(not dull) keen edged; see cut
blague (f.) pouch; hoax, 24
blaguer (v.) to hoax, 24
blanc, 78 (-he); -hir, 99, 236
ble (m.) wheat, n
bleu, 70; clair light blue, 56
bloc (m.) (de marbre), 12, block
(of marble)
blocus (m.), 30, blockade
blunder (see commit) erreur;
see mistake (oversight) bevue
or erreur grossiere; a big
lourde meprise; par inadver-
tence inadvertently
boa (m.) ,17
boeuf (m.) beef, ox, 31, 15, 24
boire (v.) to drink, 334
bois (v.), 334
bois (m.), 59, woods (forest)
bol (m.) bowl, 12
ban good, 78; (n. m.) ticket
bond (m.) bound (hop), 20
bonheur (m.) happiness, 43
bonhomme, 73
bonnet (m.) cap, 53
bonte, 65
oorax (m.) borax, 34
borrow (v.) emprunter (a); -ed
by, 270, emprunte par
bosquet (n. m.), 13, grove
bos-se (n.) bump, 13; -su hunch-
back
bosseler (v.), 229, to emboss
botte (f.), 65
bouc (m.), 67, he-goat
bouche (f.) mouth; gueule (f.)
(of tigers, etc.); -er (v.) to
stop (gap), 1 6
boucher (n. m.) butcher, 29
0ow<? (n. f.) mud, 64, 348
bouillir (v.) to boil, 312
bouillon (m.) broth, 25
boulanger (n.) baker, 39
boule (f.), 16, bowl
bouquet (n.), 33
hour be (f.), 64
oowrg (m.) hamlet, 37; -e0, 16
bourse (f.) purse; scholarship, 16
POM/ (m.) end (top), tip, 29, 8;
a ir to come to an end
brake (n.) frein (m.); apply the
serrez le
bras (m.) arm, n
bread pain (m.); cuire le p to
bake bread; in the oven
p au four; new du pain
frais; fresh du pain tendre;
stale du pain dur (rassis);
brown du p bis; home-
made pain de menage; little
rolls des petits pains; crois-
sants (m.) crescent rolls; see
crochet
break (v.), 271, briser; (out, in;
up)
breath souffle (m.); respiration
(f.)
breathe (v.) respirer ( in);
respirer encore still alive (to
be); le temps de r un moment
just a chance to breathe! y
respirer un ban air to breathe
(therein, to) a pure air;
respirer (au visage) la sante
to be the picture of health;
see traire, etc. ; un ouvrage de
longue haleine a work requir-
ing much time
brebis, 65
' breed (good) de bonne race; see
follow; (v.) engendrer
breeze brise (f-)
brief court; brej; -ly bref,en un mot
GENERAL VOCABULARY
375
brigade (f.), 36
broad large; -ening extension (f.)
broche (f.), 12, brooch; spit
(cook.), 343
bronze (m.) bronze, 20
brosse (f.), 13, brush; (v.) brosser
to
brother frere; -in-law beau-
frere; -ly en frere; fraternel
brouillard (m.) fog, 348
bru (f.), 67, daughter-in-law
brume (f.) (thick) fog, 13, 348
brut raw, 33
Bruxelles, 34, Brussels
buche (f.), I3,^log
build (v.) bdtir; construire; se
faire to have built; une
maison quil se fait construire
he is having a house built;
-ing bdtiment (m.); edifice;
de haute construction high
buis (m.), 30, boxwood
bulbe (f.) bulb
burn bruler; (n.) brulure (f.)
burst (v.) crever; see rtre; -ing
explosion (f.); /aire e to
explode
bury ensevelir, enterrer; see extract
business affaires (f.)
ftwste (m.) bust, 13
but mais; (only) ne . . . que;
seulement; (v. doubt) que
butte (f.), 9 (small hill) hillock,
or colltne (f.); 32, &re ew butte
a to be exposed to
buveur, 66 (v. &0m>, 334)
buy (v.) acheter; (shop) faire
des achats (m.)
by par, de, a; followed it
(qui) en est suivi
fd, 9, there; el la (hither and
thither) here and there
(a = (cela) colloq. : that (it) ; c'est
! that's it! fa ira, 46, it will
go (do, etc.)
cabane (f.) hut, n
cabinet (m.) (de lecture) (reading-)
room, 33
cdbl -e (m.) , ();corde (f.) (rope) ;
-ogramme (m.) depeche tele-
graphique par un cable
cacao (m.), 13, cacao (: to make
cocoa and chocolate)
cafe, (m.), 11, coffee
calcul (m.) calculation, 25; (v.)
-er to compute
call (v.) appeler; to be called
s'appeler; se nommer; on
passer chez ; again repasser;
your attention to attirer
(appeler) votre attention sur;
(see direct); -ed dit; so-called
soi-disant; call the roll faire
I'appel (m.); proclaim their
names proclamez les noms;
Lecture- Hall 50 lie dcs confe-
rences (f.); to give a lecture
faire une conference; lecture
him finely chantez-lui sa
gamme; lui en remontrer to
teach him (by irony); keep
on reading continuez a lire;
up your continuez de lire
calm, 3, calme; tranquille; to
se calmer
calomnie (f.) slander; -r to ,26
calvitie (f.) baldness, 32
Camille, 25
camp (m.) , 38; -er (v.) to
campagne (f.) country
Canada (m.) Dominion of, la
Puissance du Canada
canard, 67
candidat (m.), 53, -e
canne (f.) cane, 18
canon (m.), 8
cantatrice, 66
caoutchouc (m.) rubber (shoes),
2 3
cap (m.) Cape (Cod), u
capable habile; propre a; sus-
ceptible (de) or: liable to
caper (v.) faire des cabrioles;
sauter gaiement et vivement
capital (n.) capitale (f.); capitale,
5; chef-lieu (m.); dinner fier
diner
capre (f.), n, caper
capt-ieux (adj.), 80, -ious, 33
car (conj.) for, n; cf. parce que,
126, because
carafe, 64
376
GENERAL VOCABULARY
car of on, 64
cardinal points les points cardi-
naux, 64
care (in of) aux soins de; soin
(m.); to take avoir soin de;
(to see to) s'en charger,
occuper; to keep an eye on
y veiller
career (see profession) (n.) car-
riere (f.); cours (n.) de la vie;
embrasser la c des armes;
see follow; donner c d to
give free rein to, or: pleine
liberte free scope
caress (v.) caresser, 227
caressante, 3
cargo (m.) , 8
carnaval (m.), 36, carnival
carnivo-re (adj.). 58, -rous ani-
mal
carre (m.) square; (adj.), 53
carreau (m.) diamond (card);
II, pane; (tailor's goose) ;
little square; demeurer (rester)
sur le to be killed on the
spot
carve decouper; see to cut
cas (ad) (m.) case (when), 53, 59
cascade (f.), 35
case, 30, cas (m.); in (see p.
163) au (en) que; in most
-s dans la plupart des cas
case (f.) (Uncle Tom's), 1 1, cabin;
pigeon-hole; il est case he has
settled down; (v.) -r to secure
a position for
catalogue (m.) catalog; (v.) -r
to make (write upon) a
cathedrale, 64
cathpl-icisme, 6, Catholicism; -ic
-ique
cave (f.), 11, cellar
ce (c') t 132, 175
cede yields to, 29
ceder (v.) to yield, 29
cedilla, 7, cedille (f.)
celle (-s) that, etc., 130
celui (celle), 130
cent (one) hundred, 303-5; 35
centime (m.), 305; }/$ sou; 5 c.=
I ct.
centimet-re (m.), 33, -er
century (dge) siecle (m.)
cep (f.) (vine) stock, 28
ce qui (que) what, 131
cercueil (m.) coffin (bier), 25
cerf (m.) stag, 67
cerf-volant (m.) kite, 24
cerise (f.), 5, cherry; -ier tree
certain (adj.), no,
ces, 129, these (those) (dem.
adj.), 129
c'est-d-dire that is to say, 5
c'est que, 5, why
c'est que, 1 13
cesur-e (f.) -a (pause), 45
cet (-te), 129
ceux (celui) those, 130
chacun, III (pron. indef.), 57
chair, 65
chaise (f.) chair, 14
chaleur, 64
chambre (f.) room, 56
chameau (m.) camel, 3
champ (m.) field, 28
champagne, 9, 334; la
change se modifier (its form);
changer (de); ex echanger,
faire un echange (troc), 59
chanson (f.) song, 66
chant (m.), 26, singing; 54, airs
chanter (v.) to sing, n
chanteur, 66
chaos (m.), 24
chapeau (m.), 13, hat
chapelier (m.) hatter
chapitre (m.) chapter, 27
chaque, 59, each
Charles-Quint Charles the Fifth
charm-ant (adj.) -ing, 40
charmer, 40
chasse (f.) hunt; -r to chase, 24
chasseur, 66
chasuble (f.), 13, chasuble (outer
vestment)
chat, 67
chateau (m.), 13
chatte (f.), 24
chaud, 121, warm, heat, 36
chaux, 65
cheap (a) bon marche; -er, a
meilleur (m.)
chef d'ozuvre (m.), 24
chef-lieu, 36, chief town
chemise (f.) shirt; see bargain
chene (m.) oak
GENERAL VOCABULARY
377
chenil (m.) kennel, 25
cheptel (m.) lease of cattle, 28
cher, 9, dear (expensive); chere-
ment -ly
chercher (v.) to seek (look for),
cherry ceris-e (f.); -tree -ier
(m.)
cheval (m.) horse, 70
cheven (x) (m.) hair
chevre, 67
c/tez (prep.) at (the house of)
home, 122
chien (m.) dog, 41
chiffre (m.) figure (cipher); see
dechiffrer decipher
child enfant (m., f.)
chimere (f.) chimera, 24
Chine (f.) China, 20, 192
chiourme (f.) convicts' gang
(crew), 17
chiromancie (f.) palmistry, 24
chirurgie (f.) surgery, 24; -n
surgeon, 24
chceur (m.) choir; chorus, 16, 26
cAoix (m.), 16, choice; (v.) choisir
to select
chok-e (v.) etouffer (see riVe) ;
stifle ; smother; suffocate;
il ne petit (plus) respirer he
can hardly breathe; -ing
etouffement (m.); intercepter
I' air to check the air; eteindre
une revolte to suppress
cholera (m.) , 22
chomage (m.) loafing, 12
chomer (v.), 12, to be idle; to
celebrate
chorus (m.) , 30
chose (f.), 3, thing, 70
chretien (m.) Christian, 33
Christ, 22, le Christ; Jesus-Christ,
31; -mas Noel; la
christianisme, 64
chrome (m.) chromium, 12
chuintant (like cA, j), 23; frica-
tive
efarf/33
cie/, 71
czgwe (f.) hemlock, 7
ci-inclus, 192
ci-joint, 192
c7 (m.) eyelash, 25
ctng five; -uieme fifth, 303
cinquante fifty, 303
circumflex circonflexe (m.)
are (f.) wax, 12; -r to wax (pol-
ish)
cireur de bottes bootblack
cite (f.) local precincts, 43; or:
cir conscription locale; eminent
city; oldest part of London
die, de Londres; la cite sainte
the Holy City or Jerusalem
clair (adj.) clear; light, 56; 5, -ly
clarte (f.) clearness
class classe (f.)
classical Latin, latin classiquc
classics les classiques (m.)
classification tableau; classemenl
(m.); (sorting) distribution (f.);
-fy (v.) classer, 56
classique (adj.), 59, classical
de (clef) (f.), 65
clear (adj.) clair; limpide; -ness
clarte, precision (f.); -ly claire-
ment; out (v.) vider les
lieuxl
clerc (m.) choir boy (Fr.); (law-
yer's) clerk; pas de un-
successful step, 23
close (v.) fermer; clore, 336;
(adv.) tout pres; it smells close
qa sent le renfermc; (see shut);
clore la seance to the meet-
ing; la fenetre clot mal the
window does not firmly;
hermetiquement hermetically
closed; clore un marche to
a bargain; arreter un compte
to an account ; a huis clos be-
hind closed doors; on demande
le huis clos the public is re-
quested to leave the room ; clos
(m.) (or: enclos) a small tract
of land or: enclosure; a fleur
de Ier re close to the ground;
up ranks serrons les rangs;
I'hiver est sur son declin winter
is drawing near its end; il
trouva visage de bois he found
(the door closed) no one; see
(past part.) ci-inclus; il a la
bouche close (is mum); rap-
procher to bring (nearer)
closer; serrez-vous! stand close;
378
GENERAL VOCABULARY
close Continued
toucher au terme de to draw
near the close of the term;
la fin du jour (s') approche it
grows towards the close of
the day; resserrer to tie again,
to draw closer; fermer a double
tour to double lock; close lines
les lignes serrees; les poursuivre
I'epee dans les reins to pursue
them closely; etre sous les
verrous (bolt) to be in jail;
(colloq.) coucher au violon to
be locked up; pres (proche)
de near, close to; aupres de
beside; see enclore; enfermez
le chien dans le chenil put the
dog in the kennel; renfermez-
le shut him in; entourer (de)
to surround; to be -ed; de
soins to be well attended; en-
vironner la ville to encompass
the city ; envelopper to wrap up ;
etre -e to be hemmed in; cerner
de toutes parts to encircle;
rock-bound entoure de rockers
(m.); &tre en tele a tele avec le
medecin to be closeted with
the doctor; il les garde sous
clef he keeps them locked up ;
sous bande under wrapper;
bras de mer (resserre entre
deux terres) an arm of the sea
club (m.), i$,ferme (exclusive)
coch-er (-ere f.) coachman, 29
codic-ille (m.) -il, 25
cceur (m.) heart, courage, 16
caff re (m.) chest, 12; -fort safe
cognation (f.) , 24
cognats (m.) cognates, 24
cognition (f.) act of knowing,
24
coiffeur (m.) hairdresser, 16
coincident, 188
coincider (v.), 188
coing (m.) quince, 24
col (m.) crest (hill), \2\faux-col
collar (man)
cold (n., adj.) froid (m.), 121,
318; to have a avoir un
rhume; to catch s'enrhu-
mer; 348, to suffer from a
avoir des atteintes de froid;
benumb with transi de
or pris de ; he caught
a there il y a gagne un
rhume; -ness froideur (f.);
-ly froidement (avec froideur)
colis (m.) parcel, 30
collation (f.) , 25
colle (f.) glue; -r to glue, 25
collect (v.) faire la collecte
(quete); see follow; cueillir or
ramasser des chiffons dans la
boite a ordures to rags from
the waste-box; recueillir des
olives to harvest, etc. ; recueillir
des idees (: se recueillir) to
one's thoughts; colliger des
limes rares to make a of,
etc.
collect-if (adj.) -ive, 58, 26
college (m.) college, 25
collier (m.) collar, 25
colliger to make a collection
(libr.),26
colline (f.) hill, 25
collocation (f.) (classification),
26
I collo-que (m.) -quy, 26
collusion (f.) deceit, 26
colon: deux points (:)
coloris, 30, hue (coloring)
combat (n. m.), n, fight; -
lutte (f.) struggle
combattre, see battre, 234
combien, 38, how much (many),
253.
combine (v.) reunir, meler d
(avec)
combustion (f.) , 33
come! allons; (v.) venir; to have
just come venir de; to -
across (meet) rencontrer;
over (side with) se ranger a;
see follow; down! descendez;
(price) rabattre
comma virgule (f.); signe (trait
un peu courbe a gauche) (m.)
comme, 94, 55, as (like), 12; 126,
how!
commemoratif , 79, 26
commen-cement (m.) , 56; (v.)
-cer to begin
commensal (m.) eating at same
table, 26
GENERAL VOCABULARY
379
comment how? 20
commentaire, 113
commet, 4 (v. 351)
commis (m.) clerk; voyageur
traveling salesman
commiseration (f.) , 26
commit (v.) commettre (see mettre,
351); she made a blunder e//e
commit une erreur; faire une
faute to make a mistake
common noun nom commun (m.)
commotion (f.) , 26
commu-able -taole, 26
commun (adj.) common, 88
compagnon, 66
comparaison (f.), 92, comparison
comparatifs, 59, 92 (see positif)
compare (v.) comparer (a), 5, 330
comparison comparaison (f.)
complement, 53, as adjunct; obj.
case, 57
complet, 79; (n.) (full) suit
complete (v.) completer; see
superfluous: and achieve orfinir
complique, 59, complicated, intri-
cate
comporter, 53, to have to deal
with
comp-ose (v.) composer; ecrire,
rediger, 53 ; se composer (word)
de; faire un devoir; -osition, 53,
(f.) ; (gr.) y'f a developper;
-oser compositeur (m.)
compound (adj.) compose, 54
comprendre (prendre), 53, 356
compris (p. p.) (v), 56, included;
356
comptab-le accountan-t, 28; -iWe
-cy, 28; bookkeeping
comptant cash, 28
compte (m.) account; -r (v.) to
count, 28
compteur (m.) register (gas), 28
comptoir (m.) (: rayon) depart-
ment, 28
comte, 66
concert, 33
concordance (f.) 58, (agree- !
ment) of words as per rules
concourir (courir) to compete, 312 |
concours (m.) competition, 53
condamner (v.) to condemn, 26
conditionnel, 58
conduit (se) behaves, 38, 337
; conduit (conduire, 337), 38, takes
(drives)
conduite (f.) conduct; pipe
cone (m.) cone, 12
confesser (v.) to confess, 31, 332
confier (v.) to confide
confire (v.) to preserve, 338
confiserie (f.) confectionery
confitures (f.), 53, preserves
conformably conformement; see
follow
confu-se confondre avec; -sion
-(f.)
conge (m.) day off; leave, 28;
- (pour prendre) p. p. c.
= to take leave, 28
congres (m.), 30
conjonctif (pronom), 1 20; as sub-
ject, as dir. obj., as indir.
obj., 156
conjonction, 58
conjuga-te (v.) conjuguer; -tion
conjugaison (f.)
connaissance (f.) knowledge, 56;
acquaintance
connaitre (v.) to know, 339
connect (bind, join) Her; propo-
sitions liees entre elles proposi-
tions being related to each
other (par le sens from the
context); avoir les pieds et
poings lies to have tied hands
and feet; joindre les mains to
clasp hands; joindre I' interest
au capital to add the interest
to the capital; il saute a pieds
joints sur le sable he jumps
upon the sand; joindre les
deux wagons to couple the two
cars; joindre I'utile et I'agre-
able (meler I'utile a I'agreable)
to combine utility with pleas-
ure; melez-vous de vos affaires
mind your own business! col-
loq.: il ne s'y frottera pas!
he will not meddle with it;
sa boutique joint la votre his
shop is adjacent to yours;
Her; joindre; unir (a); -ion
rapport (m.); liaison (f.);
vousvousjoindrez a nous, n'est-
ce pas? you -will join us, will
380
GENERAL VOCABULARY
connect Continued
you not? cf.: serez-vous des
notres? will you join (: be
with) us? joindre (to add)
requires d; joindre (to com-
bine) requires d or avec; joints
bien fails well-made joints;
il joint a peine les deux bouts
he hardly makes both ends
meet, la jointure du genou
ci-joint; see p. part. Various
examples: le besoin rapproche
les homines necessity brings (re-
conciles) men together; Us lie-
rent amitie avec lui they became
intimate friends of his; Us ont
le jeu serre (close) they play
most cautiously; sans serrer
(to clasp) la main without
shaking hands; resserrer les
liens de I' amitie to bring closer
the bonds of friendship; Us
renouerent amitie they re-
newed their friendship or:
they were friends again; ne
nous meltons pas au jeu do
not mix ourselves in it; que
diable allait-il faire dans cette
galere (Moliere) what business
had he there? pourquoi s'est-il
mdle a eux? why did he mix
with them? or: s'est-il mele
dans cette affaire? did he take
part (or: mix) in that affair?
rattachez cette question aux
autres connect this question
with the others; cela ne vous
engage a rien that binds you
to nothing; les beaux esprits se
rencontrent great wits (jump
together) run in the same
channel; leurs idees se ren-
contrent their ideas coincide;
les extremes se touchent ex-
tremes meet; ces maisons se
touchent these houses adjoin;
Us s'entendent pour me nuire
they work together to injure
me; il ira vous joindre he will
go and meet you; Us se melent
ensemble they commingle; de
quoi vous melez-vous? what
business is that of yours?
mele-toi (melez-vous) de tes
(vos) affaires; deux teles dans
un bonnet they are hand and
glove together; ajoutez a cell
add to this (added to this);
bout a bout or: I'un ajoute a
I'autre one (being) added to
the other; ce passage a ete
ajoute a cette page this passage
is an interpolation; il fron$a
le sourcil he knit his brows;
ces rues se coupent a angle
droit those streets meet at
right angle; la rue aboutit a
I'avenue X. the street (leads
to) meets Avenue X.; il m'a
aborde dans la rue he accosted
me in the street; on ne pourra
les rejoindre they will be out
of reach; il ne faut pas leur
marcher sur le pied one must
not step (tread) on their feet
(they are thin-skinned) ; I'em-
boiture des os the juncture
of the bones; Us nous rejoin-
dront they will rejoin us; ces
deux rues se rejoignent (meet) ;
la Saone debouche dans le
Rhone the Saone river falls
into the Rhone; la Seine se
jette dans la Manche the Seine
river falls (flows) into the
English Channel; debander to
disband; to unbind; d la de-
bandade in the confusion (dis-
order)
conquer, 310, conquerir; see van-
quish; -or conquer -ant (m.)
conquiert, see acquerir, 310
conscience, 31
conseil, 53, Board (m.)
consider er, 45, to take into con-
sideration
consist (v.) se composer de;
former de; etre compose de;
consister dans (en), 46
consister (v.), 46
consonant consonne (f.)
conspirer, 31
const-ance (I.) , 65; constant (adj.)
; -amment -antly (adv.),
19
constitut-if (adj.), 56, -ive
GENERAL VOCABULARY
381
construct, 340 (v.), construire;
bdtir (build); see materiaux;
(produce) un poeme;
(draw) in geom.; - - les
phrases (sentences); or: faire j
la construction de (to arrange '
and connect the words) ; se
(to for); American-built
ship un vaisseau de c ameri-
caine; shipyard la cale de c ;
dry dock la cale seche; house-
builder construcleur de maison;
demolir to demolish (tear
down)
construction (f.), 53, arrange-
ment and connection
construire (v.), 340
conslruit p. p. of construire, 340
contact, 33, contact, choc (m.)
content (adj.) content, 27
confer (v.) to tell (relate), 27
cont ester (v.), 59, to dispute
(oppose)
conticnnent (tenir), 322, contain
consent (tenir), 322, contains
continu e (v.) continuer; ne cesser
(de); (to resume: poursuivre,
continuer a); (to keep up read-
ing: continuer de lire); -ation
la suite; to be -ed a suivre; see
end or follow
contract (v.) se contracter, se
crisper; -ion contraction (f.)
contradiction (f.), 54; see dire, 344
contraire (m.) opposite; cf. : je
sais le I know better
contredire (dire), 344, to contra-
dict
contributions directes direct taxes
converger, etc., 188
converser, 31, to converse
convient (venir), 55, 323
convince (v.) convaincre (see
vanquish), 360; conviction pro-
fonde deep (firm) ; preuve
evidente clear proof; certitude
raisonnee persuasion by argu-
ment ; see croire
copie (f.), 56
copier to copy
coq (m.) rooster; d'Inde, 67
coque (f.) shell; ceuf a la boiled
egg
coquille (f.) shell (mollusk), 29
corps (m.) body, 12
correct (adj.), 33, correct; en
regie; exact (juste)
correct (v.) corriger; -ion, 29, cor-
rection (f.); -ed corrige (-e);
-ly correctement, 5, 80
correspondance (f.) sequence, 58
corro-borer (v.) -borate, 29
corrosi-f (m.) -ve, 29
corruption (f.) , 28
cote (m.) side, direction; (each
went his own way), 57
! cote (f.) coast; rib; -lette cutlet
! counsel (v.) conseiller; see advise
(deliberate), tenir conseil or
deliberer; cf. : dissuader (de-
tourner); si jeunesse savait, et
si vietilesse pouvait if only
youth knew (wisdom), if only
old age could apply it or: la
jeunesse manque de sagesse
pour deliberer et la vieillesse
de puissance pour executer
( lacks wisdom in -s;
power in execution) ; see con-
sult
I country pays (m.); patrie, region
(f.); in the d la campagne;
house (see villa)
coupe (f.) cup; cut, i^
couper (v.) to cut, 44
courir, irreg., 312
courrai (courir), 312, 29
course (n.), 30, cours (m.) (river,
evolution, length of a stream) ;
streamlet d'eau; duration
cycle, cours; to give vent to
donner a; French cours
de fran^ais; cette piece de
monnaie a cours that coin is
in circulation; rate (at the
Bourse or Stock Exchange)
cours; see course, coureur,
courant, coutir
court (adj.), 16, short, brief;
vetu dress, 56
cousin, 66
couteau, 63
coutil (m.) ticking, 25
couvent (m.) convent, 27
corner (v.) to set (hens), 27
coward lache
GENERAL VOCABULARY
crac (m.), 11, crack (pop);
in no time! le voild parti he
was off, 320
crackle (v.) croquer; see crochet
craindre (v.) to fear, 341
crains (craindre), 59
crainte (f.) fear, 19
crdne (m.),9, cranium; quel air
! how determined he looks!
d'une crdnerie how bold ! (col-
loq.)
crayon, 63
cree (p. p.), 230
creep (v.) ramper; (along)
or walk with difficulty se
trainer pesamment; that makes
my flesh cela me donne la
chair de poule (gooseflesh)
creer (v.) to create, 10
crescent (n.) Csee crottre, 342);
croissant; (rolls)
eric (m.) (screw) jack, 23
eric! ( crac!) creaking (noise),
23, accompanied by breaking
(tearing)
crier a (fut. of crier); (he) will
shout, 10
crime (m.), 4
croc cf.: croc (m.) tusk, fang,
hook, 23; moustache en croc
with turned up ends; croquer
to crackle; faire croquer sous
la dent to crackle between the
teeth; croquer des pralines to
eat burned almonds; croquer
le pain sec to crunch dry bread
with, etc.; cf. : accroc (n.) a
tear; hitch; accrocher to hook
(hang); decrocher to unhook
(take down) ; (snatch) or win
crochet (m.), 2; (v.) broder au
crochet to knit with a needle
or hook
croix (f.), 65, cross
croute (f.) crust, 16
croyait (croire), 125, 341, thought
(believed)
cru (p. p. of croire, 341), believed
(thought)
cru (p.p. of crottre, 342), grown
(increased)
crucifix (m.) , 34
crunch (v.) croquer; (see crochet)
crush (v.) ecraser, 274
cuiller, 65
cuir (m.) leather, 16
cuire (v.) to cook, etc., 343
cuisine (f.) kitchen, 20
cuivre (m.) copper, 16
cultivat-e (v.) cultiver; -ion la
culture; sugar cane la-
de la canne a sucre; to rea-
soning powers cultiver la rai-
son; friendship (entretenir
des relations assidues avec):
cultiver ses amies; bee culture
la culture des abeilles; to de-
vote one's self to se livrer d,
s'adonner d; -ed ground terrain
cultive (: que I' on cultive); il
prend des soins pour rendre
utiles des productions de la
terre he takes pains to im-
prove the products of the
ground
cure (m.) curate, priest, 8, 321
cut (v.) couper; seemoudre, 352;
up a fowl depecer une vo-
latile; to carve decouper; (ran-
cher to slice; to cut out work
for lui tailler de la besogne;
donner du fil d retordre;
to the quick couper (trancher}
dans le vifor: to work in earn-
est; to skin (fleece) tondre;
a flint / sur un ceuf; split
fendu; remove (trouble) tran-
'cher la difficulte; voild le hie!
or: la d there is the rub!
partager le differend to split
the difference; sharpen the
appetite ouvrir I'appetit (m.);
se frayer un chemin to make
way (to cut through: to
succeed); cutting answer une
reponse mordante; see rompre;
fin comme un rasoir sharp as
a needle
cyclone (m.) , 14
cynique (m.) cynic; (adj.) -al, 14
d'abord, 5, first (at ); from the
first, 304
dagger, 5, poignard (m.)
GENERAL VOCABULARY
383
daim (m.) deer, 20
dalle (f.), ii, slab; flagstone;
-r (v.) to pave with f
dam (m.) (eternal) punishment,
19
dame, 65
damner (v.) to doom, 19
dans in, into, within
dense (f.) dance, 18; -r (v.) to
dtinseur, 66
dart (y.), see traire, etc.
dash tiret; elan (m.)
date (n.), 54, da/e (.); echcance
(expiration) (f.); out of ;
passe de mode (suranne, vieilli,
demode); dated (under date
of) en date de (datee du); to
date (v.) dater, mettre la date;
to date as far as remonter a;
to bear the date porter la date;
undated sans date
datif (m.) dative; (ce) a quoi
(that) of (to) which, 74
day jour (m.); good bonjour;
I wish you good (morning)
je vous souhaite le bonjour;
he bids you good il vous dit
bonjour; (long) journee (f.)
de, 74, of (from) ; 103; 125, some
(any); 176, 253-254
dead (died) mart (n. or adj.);
-e (f.), 318
debris (m.), 72
decembre, 180, December
decimer (v.) decimate, 305
deccuvert (p. p. decouvrir, 320)
deccmerte (f.) (v. decouvrir, 320)
defendeur, 66
dffendre (v.), 59, to prohibit
defense, 64
defi (m.) challenge, 12
deficit (m.), 54
defier (de) (v.) to challenge
defunt (m.) (defunct) deceased,
21
degre (m.), 55
dejd, 56, already; so soon!
dejeuner (m.) breakfast (lunch),
15
delay (n.) retard, delai (m.); to
-etarder; see drag
deliberate (see resolve) (adj.)
libre, aise; -ly a (avec) des-
sein (de propos delibere) ; on I'a
fait expres it was done pur-
posely; see counsel
delicatesse (f.), 58; delicate point
delice, 70; 355
demander (v.) to ask, 4; (a)
+ de (with Inf.), 226
demandeur, 66
demangeaison (f.), itching, 15
demi (adj.) half, 36; m...| = i
deux demis valent un entier, 330
demi-unite (f.) = une demie one
half
democratic (f.), 32, democracy
demonstrati-f (adj.), 57, -ve
denote indiquer, denoter, marquer
dent, 65
dentiste dentist
depend (see follow) on; (v.) de-
pendre de; (or: rest with;
relever de to be amenable to),
53
depens, 72
depense. 64
depot (m.) (mil.) depot; ware-
house; (railroad) station (U.
S.A.), 12
depuis, 118
derivation derive (m.)
derive (v.) venir (tirer son ori-
gine) de, pro-uenir (due to) de
derives (temps) see p. 81
dernier, 79, last; 5, final
des, 124, 256
descendre, 296
desespcrer, 59, to despair
design dessein; cf. : dessin (m.);
delibere firm ; accomplir
un acte to perform an action
(act); his mother's wish / 'in-
tention de sa mere; see vouloir;
in honor of: a I' intention de;
la bonne volonte or I' intention
est reputee pour le fait the will
is as good as the deed; c'est
positif! it is a fact
designa-te (v.), 53, designer, in-
diquer, fixer; cf. : 54, 53, to
refer; -lion (f.), 56
designer, 53
desinence (f.) (suffix) ending,
^46
des que, 167
GENERAL VOCABULARY
destination (n.) (f.); (letter)
d sa as addressed; (au
destinataire to whom it is
directed); ce d quoi die est
destinee the purpose for which
it was intended ; to destine : on
l'a destine d exercer le metier
des armes he was made to be
in the army ( : a soldier) ; a qui
destinez-vous (reserver) ce bien
to whom do you intend to
give that property?
destiny des tin (m.); la deesse dn
destin the goddess of ; lot;
doom; fate; fortune; le destin
est irrevocable; la destinee de
I'homme (le sort auquel il est
reserve) the course of human
life (to be pursued by him) : the
fate to which he is destined:
le parti en est pris: le sort en
est jete the die is cast; elle se
plaint de son sort she bewails
her fate; choisi par le sort
selected by chance (good
fortune); par un heureux ha-
sard by lucky chance; voue
d la perdition (mine, au
desastre) doomed ! chdtiment
merite deserved punishment;
*/ accomplira sa destinee he
will fulfill (meet) his
desuetude (f.), 30, disuse (law)
determinatif, 74 (n.), (m. ; or adj.)
deter -mi-ncr (v.) to -ne
detruire (see conduire), 337
dctruit (p. p.), 337
deux two ; both ; -ieme second, 303
devant, 55, before ( : in front of)
devenu (venir) become, 322
devez owe (v. devoir, 267), 27
deviate (v.) changer de direc-
tion; detourner; se detourner;
se departir de
devinette (f.) riddle
devineur, 66
devot (m.), 78, devout person
devra, 59 (devoir, 266), must
diaeresis trema (m.), 7
diagnos-tique (f.) -tics, 24
dictee (f.) dictation, 55
dieter (v.), 55, to dictate
dictionary dictionnaire (m.), 48
Dieu, 4, God; 66, les dieux the
gods
difference (f.) , 56, 33
differend (n.) divergence of opin-
ion, 1 8
differ en-t (adj.) , 188; (v.) -tier
to -tiate, 33
difficile (adj.), 59, difficult
digne, 22, worthy; dignite (f.)
dignity
dilemme (m.) dilemma, 19
dimanche, 6, Sunday; le , on
dindon, 67
diocese (m.) diocese, II ; desservir
to officiate in, 321
diph-thong -tongue (f.)
diploma-te (m.) -t, 32
diploma- tie (f.) -cy, 32
dirais (Condit.) of dire t 344, 3
direct (adj.), 33, direct; en ligne
-e or droite: straight line; direct
(v.) diriger, conduire, surveil-
ler, mener; (steps) diriger
ses pas, se vers; (atten-
tion) I' attention de . . .sur;
-ion (f.); (suivre) la ;
conduite (f.) (assume); ad
ministration (f.); (direc-
tor's office); -ly directement;
il va d New- York he goes
straight to N. Y.; I go j'y
vais tout de suite or de ce pas;
-or directeur; cf. guiding
plan plan directeur; by the
most direct road par la voie la
plus directe (rail, etc.)
dis (d're, 344) say, 3; le, 7,
say it (so)
disait (dire, 344) said
disappear, 354 (v.), disparattre;
(flee) s'echappcr, se dero-
ber; -ance disparition (f.)
disconnect (see, 349, joindre or
follow)
discourir, 312
discours (m.), 32, speech, 312
dish plat (m.) ; pan bassine (f.)
disjunctives or: formes toniques:
moi, tot, etc.
disorder desordre (m.) ; tout traine
chez lui his house is in
disposition, 53, arrangement (pro-
vision)
GENERAL VOCABULARY
3*5
distance (f.) ; at a de loin
distant lointain; eloigne; see far
distiller (v.) to distill, 25
distinct different, 33; clair
distinguer, 57
distin guish separer, etablir la
difference; discerner; one's
self se distinguer par, se signa-
ler; se faire remarquer; -ction
difference; division; separa-
tion; -ctly distinctement ; d'une
maniere distincte; -guished dis-
tingue; refined manners des
manieres -ees; cf. savoir dis-
tinguer: to be able to tell
which is which
dit (dire) said, 344
dites (dire) say (tell), 344
diurne (adj.), "3
divergent, 188
divers, 1 1 1 ; -He (f.), 58, variety
divide (v.) diviser; (share) par-
tager; separer par parties (into
sections); partager en parties
egales to into equal parts;
to create division desunir; to
spread discord semer la dis-
corde (division); cf.: repartir,
disposer, distribuer
divin, divine, 43
division (f.)
dix (10), 303; -ieme doth)
dix-sept (17), 303
dix-huit (18), 303
dix-neuf(ig), 303
dizain (m.) (rosary) beads
dizaine (f.), 304, about ten; some
ten
docte (m.), 12, scholar (erudite
person)
dog chien (m.); see follow;
house chenil (m.); see close
doge, 66
dogm-e (m.) -a, 12
dois (v. devoir, 264) owe, must,
am to
dome (m.) , 12
dominer (v.) to lord (overlook),
43
domino (m.), 12
dompt-er (v.) to tame, etc.; -able
-able, 28; -eur tamer, 28
don (m.) gift (donation)
done then, therefore, 20, 35
donner (v.) to give, 12
dont (rel. pron.) of whom, etc.,
136
dors (v. dormir) sleep, 314
dot point (m.) ; your i's mettez
les points sur les i; -ted with
mistakes crible de fautes (f.)
dot (f.) dowry, 65
douairiere (f.) dowager, 15
doucement, 3, slowly, '80
douceur (f.), 58, gentleness
douter (v.), 59, to doubt; se
de to suspect
douteux doubtful, 59
doux, 79
doyen (m.) dean
drachme (m.) drachma, 23
draft traits (f.)
drag (along) tirer; trainer;
into it y entramer; on trai-
ner en longueur
drap (m.) cloth, 38
draught horses, see traire; be-
tween two -s entre deux airs;
un courant d'air ; (chimney
cheminee f.) avoir du tirage
or tirer (to draw)
draw (v.) tracer une ligne (line);
des larmes (tears); tirer une
loterie (lottery number); tire
du latin borrowed from Latin ;
son origine (its origin) or
provenir de; see silence; colloq.
to pump tirer les vers du nez;
dessiner
drole (adj.) funny, 12
du (see article), 124
du (p. p. devoir), 266
due, 66
dune (f.) , 13; sand dune
duo (m.) duet, 73
dur hard, 13
duree (f.) duration, 13
durer (v.) to last
dye (v.) teindre, 359; la
facade en noir to have the
facade black , bon (grand) teint
fast color (dye); avoir le teint
pale to look pale; mauvais
(faux or petit) teint poor -ing;
-ing establishment teinturerie
(f.); -r teinturier (-ere, i.);
386
GENERAL VOCABULARY
dye Continued
-ing teinture (f.); une t de
I'ecole superficial knowledge
(from school); teinturier de-
graisseur, scourer
dynamo (m.) dynamo, 13
dynas-tie (f.) -ty, 20
ear-ly de bonne heure; -Her de
meilleure ; as as des 1919;
riser matinal (adj.)
easy (adj.) facile; he takes it easy ;
-going il ne se fait pas de bile
(si.) (f.), ne pas se tottrmenter;
-ily facilement, aisement
eat (v.) manger; (feed) donner d
eau (f.) water, 13
eblouir (v.) to dazzle, 17
cchec (m.) reverse, 23
echecs (m.) chess, 31
echo (m.), 12, echo; au loin I'
resonne afar the is heard
echouer (v.) to fail; to shipwreck
eclair (f.) lightning, 14, 348
eclat (m.) pomp (splendor), 39
eclatanl (adj.), 39, brilliant (color)
ecol-e (f.), 3, school; -ier boy
econome (m.) bursar (steward);
(adj.) saving (thrifty), 12
ecossais (m.) Scotchman
Ecosse (f.) Scotland, 192
ecrasant (adj.) crushing, 37
ecraser, 9, to crush
ecrit (ecrire) written, 345; to be
, 55: - ure (f-) writing
ecrivain, 67
Eden, 26
edit (v.) publier, 354; faire
paraitre; rediger; -ion edition
(f.) f 54; -or in chief redacteur-
en-chef; -or (publisher) editeur
Edmond (m.), 23, Edmund
Edouard Edward, 23
efface, see 213: erase, strike out;
gomme (f.) a effacer eraser;
rayer; biffer; raturer; s'effacer
to bow down before talent;
s'incliner
effect (n.) effet (m.), 33; see
follow
effort, 47, pressure
egalite (f.) equality (see corn-
par atif, 91)
egoiste selfish
Egypte (f.) Egypt, 192
eight huit, 303
either ... or: ou (soil) ... ou
(soil); see Subj.; soil dans
soit dans ; one I'un ou
I'autre; vaincre ou mourir to
conquer or die
electeur (m.) elector
ekction (f.), 43; (v. elire), 349
elementaire, 54
eleve (m., f.) pupil
elevc, 55, high; (v.) clever to raise
elide (v.) elider; faire une elision
elision (n.) elision, suppression
elle, 81, she; her(s), 99, 129
ellips-e (f.), 56, -is
eloquence (f.), 32
eloquent, 42
embar-quement (m.) -king, 29
embarquer (v.) to embark, 29
embleme (m.) emblem, 19
embrace (n.) accolade ;etreinte (f.) ;
embrassement (m.); to (v.)
embrasser
embroider (v.) broder; or: (em-
bellish); -y broderie (f.); see
crochet
emmagasiner to store (ware-
house), 1 8
emmener (v.), 18, to take (lead)
away, 229
empecher (v.) to prevent, 55
empereur (m.), 66
empire (m.) , 19
emplo-i (m.), 53, use; -yment
emploie (Subj. employer, 230)
employer (v.), 55, (to employ)
use
emprunte (d), 54, borrowed from,
19
emprunter (a), 54, to borrow
(from)
en (prep.), 4, in, 74, 181
en (pron.), 120, 253, 156
s'en with oiler, 204
en ce que, 59, from the fact that
enchanteur (m.), 66
encre (f.) ink, 26
encrier (m.) inkwell, 26
GENERAL VOCABULARY
387
end fin (f.); bout (tip, top) (m.);
terme (m.); (y.) finir, ter-
miner, achever; -ing terminal-
son (f.) ; in : se terminant par;
(that the word is not finished)
que le mot n'est pas fini et qu'il
continue a la ligne suivante
(but is continued on the next
line) ; see follow
endormi asleep (dormir), 314
endormir (s') to fall asleep, 47,
3H.
endroit (m.) place, position, 29
enemy ennemi (m.)
enfant, 3, child, 68
Enghien, 24
English A nglais; -man ; -wo-
man Anglaise; language
anglais (m.)
enivre-r (v.) to intoxica-te, 18;
-ment (m.) -tion
enjoy (see relax) : jouir d'une
bonne sante good health;
goiiter la musique music;
il s' amuse he is having a good
time; savourer les auteurs
enjoy (relish) the authors;
-ment la jouissance; la posses-
sion
ennemi (m.) enemy; inimical, 27
ennoblir (v.) to ennoble, 18
ennui (m.) vexation, 18
ennuyer (v.) to tire (bore), 18
enorgueillir (v.) to make proud,
18
enseigne (f.) ensign, 53; sign
enseignement (m.), 53
enseigner to teach, 5, 115, 223
ensemble, 34
ensue (see follow)
ensuite, 5, afterwards
entail (v.) entrainer; amener; see
beg, urge
entendre to hear, 38; entendu,
53
entente (f.)
enti-er, 79; -erement entirely
(wholly)
entourage (m.) (company) rela-
tion, 45
entourer (v.) to surround (de)
entreat (v.) conjurer (de)
entre-croiser (croiser en divers
sens), 57, to cross in various
ways
entrer (v.) (dans) to enter (into) ;
54, incorporated
entresol (m.) suite of low rooms
between the ground floor and
the first floor
entr'ourrir (v. ouvrir), 320, to
half open
envers, 103
envoie (see envoyer) , 309
epais, 78, thick
cpaisseur (f.) thickness
cpigramme (f.) epigram
epigramme, 65; witty thought
epigraphe, 65
epine (f.), 12, thorn; dor sale
spinal cord
episode (n. m.)
epithe-te(i.), 59, -t
epitre (f.) epistle, 12
epoque (f.), 12, epoch; faire
to mark an era, 347
epouvantable, 37, frightful, 46
epreuve (f.), 53, test
equal egal; -to a (equivalent
a); see egaler under to be;
-ly egalement; -ity egalite (f .) ;
-ize (v.) egaliser
Equateur (m.) Ecuador, 24
equation (f.) , 24
equestre equestrian (adj.), 28
equilibre equilibrium, 25
equivalent to: valant (being
worth, 330); 188, / 'equivalent
de: qui equivaut a, 58; [equi-
valoir] (irreg.), 330
equivoque, 65
erase (see efface) effacer
errant (adj.) wandering, 188
errer (v.) to err (wander), 29
erreur (f.) error (with:commettre)
erron-e (adj.) -eous, 29
es (in the), 30; B -cs-L.
escarps (adj.) steep, 35
escort (chaperon) escorter /(see fol-
low) ; accompagner pour prote-
ger; -e d'un agent accompanied
by a policeman ; trainer avec elle
des valets to be accompanied by
a retinue of servants ; surveiller
to watch closely; to supervise
(direct) ; see conduire
388
GENERAL VOCABULARY
escroc (m.), 36, crook
esperance (f.) hope, 24
esperer (v.), 228
cspoir (m.), 37
esprit (m.) mind, wit, 35
essai (m.) essay
essayer (v.), 58, to try
essence (.), 31
essenti-el (adj.) -al, 33
est (n.) east, 64
etf, 120
estime, 42, esteemed
estomac (m.) stomach, 23
eJ (conj.) and, 3
etablir (v.), 57, to establish
ctait, 291, was (were), 3
etang (m.) pond, 24
etant being (v. &re), 291
etat condition (m.), 58; Etats-
Unis (m.) the United States
ete, 29 1 , been
ete, 64
etendre (v.) to stretch, 47
g/M, 3 (291, tire}, are
Etienne Stephen, 18
etiqu-eter (v.) to label, 29; -eite
(f.) , 29
etoffe (f.) material (cloth), 12
etre (v.), 291, to be; (n.) being;
peut-etre perhaps; bien-Hre
(m.) welfare
etrier (m.) stirrup; a franc
at full speed
etude, 65
etudiant (m.) student, 40 (col-
lege)
etudier (v.) to study, 40
etymolog-ie (f.) -y, 14
ew (p. p. avoir) , 8 1 , had
eumes had (avoir), 82
euphon-y -t'e (f.); -ic (al) eupho-
nique
Europ-e (f.), 192; -eew (m.), 20
eusse (quei'), (avoir), 85
ed/ had (avoir), 82
evening soir (m.); soiree (f.)
m/er (v.), 59, to avoid, 164
exact, 33 (adj.),
examen (m.), 53
example, 22, exemple (m.); for
par , 55
excellent (adj. or v.), 188
except (prep.) excepte; hormis,
22; -ion, 54, exception; -ally
par
except-e, 192; -er (v.) to except,
28
exception (f.) 34; -nel -al, 37
exceptionnel, 37; unusual
ce*j (m.),34
excessif (adj.), 34
exciter (v.) to incite, 34
exclamation (f.), 4
exclamer (s') (v.) exclaim
exclnre (v.) to exclude, 336
e#ea/, 73, leave (eccl.) of absence
execr-er (v.) -ate, 34
exemplaire (adj.) excellent; (n.),
54, (m.) copy
exempt (adj.) free from; ; (v.)
-er to exempt, 28
exerci-ce (m.) -se, 34
exhaust (v.) epuiser; -ed with
fatigue epuise de fatigue (f.);
(cf. : rendu, ereinte done up)
exiger (v.), 56, to demand (re-
quire)
exit (m.) -e; -er (v.) to exile,
25
exister (v.) to exist, 55
exod-e (m.) -us, 22
expect (v.) attendre, 99; compter
(penser); s'attendre a; (partir)
dans le dessein de (to leave)
in (with) the expectation of;
avoir I' intent ion de to intend;
see purpose; goal; aim
expedient (m.) , 26, 188
expedier (v.) to forward (goods),
1 88
expedition (f.), 74
experience, (f.) , 54
expert, 40
explication (f.) explanation, 57
expliquer to explain, 57
exposer (v.), 55, to be exposed
expres, 99
express (v.) exprimer, 346; mani-
fester ses pensees, etc; les faire
connattre; enoncer un axiome;
-ive expressif; langue -ive; see
translate
(train) le rapide, I' express (m.) ;
train express; bateau express
cz que I'on con$oit bien,
s'enonce clairement
GENERAL VOCABULARY
389
express Continued
" et les mots pour le dire ar-
tivent aisement "
expression, 55, expression; mani-
ere de s'exprimer; phrase (.),
mot (m.); locution (f.j; en
termes expres precise words
expression collective (f . ) , 59, c
expression (/') (letter ending)
de mes (nos) sentiments distin-
gues (or: respectueux hom-
mages) ; 54, Respectfully yours
(see assurance or veuillezagreer)
extase, 65
extend (v.) etendre (enlarge,
expand surface, influence,
etc.)' to hold out tendre (La
mam: hand); presenter (offrir]
des condoleances (or: temoigner
des sentiments de regrets (sym-
pathie) a la douleur d'autrui)
- sympathy; nostrils
expand les narines se dilatent;
rise in price augmenter de
prix; atteindre reach (age) ; (s)
accroitre (vice); s' etendre or
atteindre: (illness;; augmenter
le volume d'un corps to increase,
etc.; elargir (to broaden) to
enlarge; se developper (to in-
crease) to develop; croitre
to grow (up) ; to thrive; length-
en (days); outgrow devenir
trap petit; to gain in; to rise
(water) ; grown-up man homme
fait; see increase
extension: see stretch (-ing);
du bras arm extension;
(growth) of business des
affaires (f.); see extend
extent etendue (f.); s' etendre to
stretch one's self; to lie
down (at full length) upon; to
dwell sur un sujet (de com-
position) ; etendu stretched
(arms); of great area de
grande etendue; des connais-
sances profondes (-ues) wide
(extensive) knowledge; vaste
etendue des mers wide ex-
panse of the sea (s); ailes
deployees (-ues) wings spread
out; il se coucha de tout son
long he laid down full length;
eparpillerto scatter (to spread)
or disperser (repandre) ; a sa
portee within his reach; d'une
cerlaine etendue of some extent
exterieur (n. and adj.), 80
extinguish, 346 (v.), eteindre
(put or go out) ; le feu s'est
eteint the lire went out; le feu
est eteint the fire is out; (check
it) : on a arrete I'incendie (m.)
they have the fire under
control; (subdue): e I' ambi-
tion; elle s'est eteint Li voix
she lost her voice; calmer li
soif to quench thirst; no! re
soif est eteinte our thirst has
been quenched; reteindre to
put out again; cf. : il n'a pas
invente la poudre he will never
set a river on fire; le soleil
eteint les couleurs the sun soft-
ens clown, etc.; il s'eteignit
le 31 mat he died peacefully,
etc.; il a la voix eteinte his
voice is scarcely audible; yeux
eteints dull eyes
extraire (see traire, 359); arra-
cher to extract; (extirpate)
extirper; exterminer (destroy)
or detruire; (uproot) deraciner;
un extrait (bouillon); tirer de
la terre (extract from the
earth); retirer to pull out
(see withdraw); la partie qui
vient en terre the part (root)
growing in the soil; see croitre;
objet enfoui dans le sol object
sunken in the earth (buried
under); avaler d'un trait to
swallow at a gulp; faire le
trajet d'un (tout d'une
haleine: (traite) to make the
trip at a stretch (without
stopping) ; partir comme un
to dart off like an arrow;
trait or train des bateaux train
of boats; une traite a draft;
un traite a treatise; trailer to
treat; a fond de train at full
speed (gallop); la traite des
noirs slave trade
eye ceil (m.); yeux -s; sore
390
GENERAL VOCABULARY
eye Continued
mat a I'ceil ( aux yeux eyes) ;
les objets frappent ma vue the
objects strike my eyes
fable, 5, fable (f.); conte (ra.)
fabliau (m.) short fable, 17
fabrique (f.), 1 88; -r (v.), 29, to
make
fabulist fabuliste (m.)
face (f.) , 9; to donner sur
(to look into)
f acetic (f.), 32, jest (joke)
facile (adj.), 59, easy
faqon, 65
facultatif, 56, optional
faculte de droit law school
faible (adj.) feeble, weak, 16
faiblir (v.) to weaken
fail (v. ) faillir^ 3 1 4- 1 5 ; /e caeur lui
a failli his (her) heart failed;
elle a failli tomber she came
near falling; cf. : 2tre sur le
point de or manquer de; le
cceur lui a manque (defailli);
une affaire faillie an unsuccess-
ful dealing; ce commerqant a
failli; c'est un'failli; that mer-
chant failed; a bankrupt;
cf. : faire faillite to become
bankrupt; Us ont fait faillite;
Us sont en faillite they became
bankrupt ; they are bankrupts ;
cf . : deposer son bilan to stop
payment (to become bank-
rupt) ; on a vu le moment qu'elle
allait mourir we came near
seeing her die; toujours pret
never failing; je me sens de-
faillir I feel myself sinking;
elle se sentit defaillir she felt
she was going to faint; ses plans
echouerent his plans failed;
il fit faux bond he failed to
come; il a manque au rendez-
vous he failed to keep his ap-
pointment; des artistes man-
ques failures as artists; il en a
etc quitte pour la peur he got
off with a fright; il est sujel
a manquer he is liable to fail
(or : to be mistaken) ; manquer
le train to miss the train;
manquer a I'appel not to
answer the roll-call; il manque
deux eleves two pupils are
wanting (: absent); spnt-ils
absents? are they missing?
un temoin fait defaut one wit-
ness is wanting; elle a manque
de se noyer she came near
being drowned ; manquer a un
engagement to fail to keep an
appointment; le fusil a man-
que (rate) the gun missed
fire; manquer une occasion
to lose an opportunity; cf.:
profitez toujours des occasions
avail yourself (-ves) of oppor-
tunities (: bargain sales);
ne manquez pas de repasser
do not fail to call again;
je n'y manquer ai pas I shall
not fail to do so; manque-t-il
d' argent? is he short of money?
depourvu de chases necessaires
to be destitute; dans le besoin
(la misere) or a Vetroit: in
need (poverty) or in narrow
(straightened) circumstances^;
viser (to aim at) : il a donne a
cote he missed the mark or: il a
manque son coup he missed his
aim; il n'y a si ban cheval qui
ne bronche it is a good horse
that never stumbles; la raison,
de meme que I'homme, trebuche
souvent reason, like man, often
has its failures; on ne peut s'en
passer (to do without) we
can't dispense with it (him,
etc.); c'est sa faute or il ne
pourra s'en prendre qu'a lui
it's his own fault ( : he alone to
blame); jouer de malheur to
have a run of ill-luck; il paie
(paye) d' ingratitude he lacks
gratitude; a defaut de cela
failing that; to miss: il me
manque I miss him; elle me
manque I miss her; ses amis
lui manquent he (she) misses
his (her) etc. ; tous ses amis le
regrettent all his friends miss
him; impersonally: il me
GENERAL VOCABULARY
391
fail Continued
manque deux limes I miss two
books; il m'en manque un I
miss one; il ne m'en manque
que trois I miss but three;
je manque a ma sceur my sis-
ter misses me; il s'en manque
d'un pen just a little more
(measurement) ; see falloir,
vouloir; il ne manquerait plus
que cela that would be the
last; il s'endormit sur son
ouvrage he was slack about
his work; (he was wanting in,
etc.) ; faute de parler on meurt
sans confession spare to sp eak
and spare to speed ; il ne rcus-
sit en rien he is a complete
failure; il manque de courage
or le courage lui manque he
lacks courage; rien ne lui
manquera ( : il ne lui manquera
rien) he shall want for nothing
or: he will have all he wants;
il I 1 a manque belle I he missed
a fine opportunity ! ( : occasion
f.); cf. : on ne vous voit plus!
we miss you; or: vous devenez
rare (comme les beaux jours)
you are a stranger
faim (f.) hunger, 65
faire (v.) to do (make), 347
faisan, 66
faisant see faire, 347
faisons see faire, 347
fait (m.), 8, fact; (p. p. of v. faire)
makes (causes to), 176; fait
partie, 55, forms a part
faites (or fats), 347, do (make)
faith foi (f.); croyance (f.); -ful
fidele; -es (church) ; -ness fide-
lite ({.)-, -f \dlyfidelement
falloir (s'en) see want, or require;
peu s'en estfallu qu'il ne tombdt
or: il s'en estfallu de peu qu',
etc. ; il s'en faut de beaucoup
qu'il soil aussi savant que M.
X., he is far less learned than
M. B.; il ne s'en est fallu
guere qu'il ne mourut he came
very near dying ; cf . : il a failli
mourir (il fut sur le point de
mourir); il s'en faut I'epaisseur
d'un cheveu it comes within
a hair's breadth; de combien
s'en faut-il? how much is
wanting? il s'en faut de peu
little is wanting; cf. : il ne
tient qu'a un cheveu it hangs on
a thread; il s'en fallut de bien
peu it was a narrow shave!
cf . : il I'a echappe belle (narrow
escape); il s'en est fallu de
peu qu'elle ne tombdt; tant s'en
faut far from it; il m'en faut
un I want (need) one; il lui
faut $i she (he) needs $i;
il leur faut $i they need $i;
il nous faut $i we need $i ; il
me faut etudier or: il faut
que j'ctudie I must study ; dc
plus, il faut remarquer one
must observe, moreover; c'est
la plume qu'il faut it is the
right pen; ce n'est pas la
plume, etc. the wrong pen; il
faut s' entr' aider , s'il le faut
it is necessary to help one
another, if need be; combien
vous (en) faut-il? how much
(many) do you want? ilfaudra
leur en passer you will have to
hand them some; se passer de
to dispense with; il faudra
vous en passer you will have
to dispense with it; il faut y
passer a tout prix no escape
from it ; il vous faudra y passer
you'll have to go through it;
il nous faut en passer par Id,
it must be borne (endured);
de deux maux, il faut choisir le
moindre of two evils, choose
the lesser; il m'a fallu un
mois pour le faire it took me
a month to do it; il a I' air
comme il faut he looks like a
gentleman ; elles ont I' air comme
il faut very ladylike; il ne faut
pas regarder de si pres (so
closely) one must not be so
particular; il ne lui faut plus
rien, or: il a ce qu'il lui faut,
or: il a ce dont il a besoin he
has all he needs; il ne manque
de rien he wants for nothing;
392
GENERAL VOCABULARY
falloir Continued
ne leur manque-t-il rien? have
they all they want? avez-vous
tout ce qu'il faut pour ecrire?
or : avez vous de quoi ecrire?
have you all you need for
writing? plus qu'il n'en faut
more than enough; die n'a
besoin de rien she wants (needs)
nothing; il lui en faut deux
he (she) must have two; comme
il faut in style; elle ne dit que
ce qu'il faut dire she says only
what is necessary (to say); il
fallait done le dire! you ought
to have said so (sooner) ; il ne
faut pas eyeiller le chat qui dort
let sleeping dogs lie (or: re-
veiller, etc.); une phrase tournee
comme il faut or: une phrase
bien tournee a well-turned
sentence; un jeune homme
comme il faut a well-bred
young man; ilfaut que jeunesse
se passe he is sowing his wild
pats; a I'heure qu'il fallait
in the nick of time; ce n'est
pas Id ce qu'il faut that is not
the right thing; il faut des
livres a eel enfant that child
must have books; il n'a que
ce qu'il faut pour vivre he has
enough to live on; vous en
faut-il deux de plus? do you
need two more? il ne m'en
faut que trois de plus I need
only three more; je croyais
qu'il vous en fallait un I
thought you were in need of
one; j'en avais plus qu'il ne
m'en fallait I had more than
I needed; see NE; que faut-il
faire? what is to be done?
il ne faut pas lui ma "-fier sur
le pied he is quick-tempered
or: see tread; il me faut aller
a Boston I have to (or: I must)
go to Boston; que after il faut,
il fallait, etc., calls for the
Subj.; il fallait bien que je
sois Id I had to be (come) here;
il fallait qu'il sortit tous les
jours it was necessary for him I
to go put every day; il me
faudrait y aller I ought to go
there.
NOTE. Imperf.of the Subj.
thus avoided in conversation:
il lui faut y aller he has to
go there. Observe: when
addressing oneself or others,
one may omit se, me, le, lui,
etc. ; il faut ouvrir (you or I,
etc.) someone must open the
door; il faut savoir ce qu'il
veut you (we) must know
what he wants; il faut y aller
you (we, someone else) must
go; partons, puisqu'il le faut
let us depart then; faites-le
comme il faut do it properly ;
voild, I'homme qu'il me faut
the very man I need; cf. : il
n'y a que lui pour cela he is
the very man needed; il fait
mon affaire he (it) suits me;
voild mon affaire ( mon fait)
just what I want ( was look-
ing, for)! pourquoi faut-il que
why is it that . . . ? Obs.: il
faut que may mean: it may
be (it is to be supposed, one
would think) (: on dirait que)
in: ilfaut qu'il soil maladehe
must be ill ( : perhaps he is ill) ;
s'il fallait qu'il mourut, elle
en mourrait (should he die)
if he should die, she would
die also. In exclamations of
surprise, regret, irony, admira-
tion, etc. : ilfaut voir! il fallait
voirl il faut le voir d Vaeuvre!
you should see him at work!
il fallait la voir danserl you
should have seen her dance!
faut-il voir tant de politiciens
au pouvoir what a pity to see
so many politicians in power!
il faudra voir comment il s'y
prend! let us see how he will
do it! (well! let us wait for
results!); s 'en falloir beaucoup;
de beaucoup (by far) ; a beau-
coup pres by a great deal; s'en
falloir peu (de peu, tres pen) to
come near, little is wanting;
GENERAL VOCABULARY
393
falloir Continued
ne s'en falloir guere (de guere)
to be wanting but little. Obs.:
Used negatively, interroga-
tively, or with pen, s'en falloir
calls for que and ne in the sub-
ordinate clause (in the Subj.),
even when the sense may
not be construed negatively.
Various expressions: j'ai af-
faire a lui I want to speak
to him; il desire se faire cou-
per les cheveux he wants to
have his hair cut; presse d' ar-
gent in urgent need of money ;
qui s 'excuse, s'accusesee Reflex-
ive (gr.); faute de for lack of;
faule d'un point Martin perdit
son dne for want of a nail the
shoe was lost (or: a miss is
as good as a mile) ; il ne sefera
pas faute d'y aller or: il ne
manquera pas d'y aller he shall
not fail to be there; de plus,
je vous ferai observer more-
over, I shall point out to you;
sans faute without fail; s
mistakes; il a faute or manque
de tout he is in want of every-
thing; connaitre la gene to
know what want is; Us ne se
le laisseront pas dire deux fois
they will not need to be told
twice; au besoin if need be
(s'il lefaut); a bon vin point
d'enseigne good wine needs no
bush; on ne doit pas se gener
entre camarades there is no
need of ceremony among
comrades; j' en avais de trap
(de reste) more than I needed;
cf . : il en a plus besoin que vous
he needs it more than you;
il n'en est pas besoin no neces-
sity for it; a sotte demande
point de reponse a silly ques-
tion needs no answer; deman-
der une jeune fille en mariage
to solicit the hand of a, etc.;
il demande a la dame he asks
of the lady; elle demande ou
il demeure she enquires about
his residence; on demande qu'il
sorte it is required of him to
go out; elle voulait vous voir
she wanted, etc.
famille (f.) family, 55
fanfare, 48; (sonner sa) to
strike up a flourish
fang (birds) serre; griffe (f.)
claw; see crochet
fantome (m.) phantom, 12
faon (m.) doe, fawn, 14
far loin; -ther plus loin; very
bien loin; (distant) lointain
farmer agriculteur, fermier (m.)
fasse preuve, 58; (show); see
faire, 347
fatalite (f.) or:
fate sort (m.); see destiny
father pere; grand grand-pere
(m.)
fatherland patrie (f.)
f aligner (v.), 54, to tire
faubourg (m.) suburb, 24
faubourgs in Paris city proper
faudrait (falloir, 326), it would
be necessary
faut (falloir, 326), 140 (imper-
sonal)
faut (s'en), 59; see (tient a) falloir,
326; pen s'en est fallu qu'il
ne tombdt or: il s'en est fallu
de peu qu'il etc. he came near
(very near) falling; il s'en
faut de beaucoup much is
wanting; far from it
faute (f.), 53, mistake; de for
want of
faut-il, p. 5, must I (speak more
plainly) ; see falloir
faux, 79; chanter to sing out
of tune
fau(l)x (f.) scythe, 65
favor (esteemed) honoree (f.);
see honoree; javeur (f.); to ask
a demander une
feast fete (f.) ; regal, festin (m.)
features traits (m.) ; see traire etc.
February fevrier (m.), 180
femelle (f.) female
feminin (n. and adj.), 10, femi-
nine
femme (f.) wife, woman, 26
fenctre (f.) window, 10
fer iron, 9; shoe (see horse)
394
GENERAL VOCABULARY
ferai (fut. of faire) etc.; I'll not
do that, 10 ; 347
fermer, 5, 336
fete (f.), 7, feast, celebration, 54;
de naissance birthday, 352
feu (m.) fire; au / 15
feu, 56, the late
feuille, 65; -ter
fever fievre (f.); to be -ish avoir
la fievre (etre fievreux) ; he had
a return of la fievre I'a
repris
fidele, 10, faithful
fidele faithful; fidelite f ness;
les -es the congregation
fier (adj.) proud, 29
fier (se) d (v.) to trust, 157
figure (f.) ; -r (v.) to appear
figurer (v.) to appear, 58, 354;
fievre (f.) fever, 4
fit (m.) thread; (v.) -er to spin
fille (f.) daughter
filleul godson
filleule goddaughter
fits (m.) son, 23
M 65
find (v.) trouver, se rencontrer
finesse (f.) fine point, 60
finir (v.) to end, 203
first (adv.) d'abord; premier e-
ment; at d'abord; au com-
mencement; from the very ;
des le debut; the (one) le
premier; unieme; in the -
place en premier lieu
fixed fixe; immuable (not liable to
change)
flageolet (m.) , 15
flashes (o f wit) traits d 'esprit (m.) ;
etinceler d 'indignation flash
with indignation; see luire
(shine)
flatter (v.) flatter; se flatter de
to boast ; to glory in ; -y flat-
terie (f.); -er flatteur (m.)
fleur (f.) flower, 16; -ir to blos-
som, 315
fleuve (m.) river (large), 15
flexible (adj.), 34.
fling (v.) lancer; see traire, etc.
flourish (see traire); fleurir, 315
flute (f.), 231
flux (m.), 114
foi (f.) faith
fois (f.), 65, time; une once;
deux twice, 306; toutes les
fois que, 58, every time
M 79
folie (f.), 10, madness
folle (f.) | mad j insane, 71
follow (v.) suivre; (escort) ;
closely de pres; (his
bent) -- son penchant (se
laisser aller a); cf. : sa voca-
tion; cf. : est-ce a dire que does
it that? une question n'at-
tendait pas I'autre one ques-
tion followed another; lew
maison louche d la notre their
house is next to ours; qui
m'aime me suive peril proves
who dearly loves; quelle pro-
fession suit-il? what is his
profession; or: what career
is he about to enter? cf. :
entrer dans la carriere to begin
a career (difficult undertak-
ing); il exerce le metier des
armes he is (in the army) a
soldier; faire suivre forward
(letters); un conseil an
advice; de loin at a
distance; a suivre to be con-
tinued; (adhere to) suivre les
opinions de; se ranger d son
avis to come over to his opin-
ion; marts et il les a suivis
dead and now he is gone;
listen well to me suivez-moi
bien; il n'est pas present d la
conversation he is not listen-
ing (to, etc.); s un cours to
attend a course; suis ton
chemin go your way; poursui-
vons notre ch let us go our
way; s des yeux jusqu'a la
gare f with the eyes as far
as the station; comme (ainsi
qu') il suit as follows; s les
pr ogres to observe the ss;
idee qui le pour suit (: obses-
sion) idea which (besets or
dominates) haunts him; il
tend (va) d ses fins he pursues
his point; bo n chien chasse
de race a chip of the old block;
GENERAL VOCABULARY
395
follow Continued
suivre le fil de I'eau to go with
the stream; pour en justice
to prosecute at law; cf. : in-
tenter des poursuites or un
proces to institute proceedings ;
il suit de la que vous avez
raison then it follows you
are right; il ne s'ensuit pas
qu'il ait tort (see Subj. );
ce n'est pas une raison plau-
sible that reason does not
follow logically; il ne faut pas
inferer de Id que or: ce n'est
pas a dire it does not follow
that; la suite continuation;
ainsi de suite and so forth (on) ;
faites-le tout de suite do it at
once; la suite au prochciin
numero the continuation in
the next number; marcher a
la suite des soldats to walk
behind the soldiers; chapitres
(m.) sans suite disconnected
chapters; donner suite a un
projet to pursue a project;
cf.: relancer, 99, or le pour-
suivre pour obtenir quelque
chose to importune him for
something; ensuite or quoi
encore what next? mettez-les
de suite put them one after
the other; a la suite d'une
tongue maladie after a pro-
longed illness; telles furent les
suites de sa maladie such were
the effects of his, etc.; une
belle suite de timbres-poste
a beautiful collection of post-
age-stamps; par suite d'un
malentendu on account of a
misunderstanding; attendez
la suite wait for what comes
next; le jour suivant the next
day; le lendemain de sa fete
the day after his birthday;
suivant according to; leurs
progres in proportion to their
progress; cf. : conformement
d ce litre conformably to that
title; d vous en croire (a vous
entendre) according to you;
d'apres votre sentiment (: a
votre avis) according to you;
suivant le dire de or au compte
de M. X. according to Mr. B.
selon lui in his opinion; c'esl
selon it depends; selon I' exi-
gence du cas as occasion
requires; suivant qu'il est heu-
reux ou malheureux as he is
fortunate or unfortunate; on
vous ecoute, poursuivez we
are listening, proceed ; le re-
mords le poursuivra remorse
will torment him; Us les ont
poursuivis they pursued them;
cf. : il est a ses trousses he is
after him; courir apres lui
to run after him; etre aux
trousses de I'ennemi to be
upon the enemy's heels; ne
marchez point sur mes talons
do not follow me too near
(tread upon my heels); a I' in-
star des poetes by imitating
the poets; ce me semble or a
man avis in my opinion
follower disciple(m.) ; apotre(m.) ;
lesfideles (faithful)
following suivant (e); see follow
fondateur founder; fondation (f.)
foundation
fonder (v.), 10, to found (estab-
lish)
fontmake (are, 27) (v.),faire, 347
fool, 79; it's -ish de lafolie
for (prep.) pour; (since) de-
puis; but sans; (conj.)
car (parce que because)
force (f.) strength, 35; (coercion),
58
foret, 65
form (v.), 55, former; composer;
organiser
formal (adj.) formel, precis
formation (du pluriel), 70, 77
(the) former, 133, celui-ld; I'an-
cien; -ly anciennement, autre-
fois, anterieurement
formes atones (see personal pro-
nouns, 156-157); toniques,
moi, lui, etc.
fort (adj.), 33} fort (adv. very;
fort (se faire) to take upon
oneself; to undertake to, 55;
396
GENERAL VOCABULARY
fort Continued
se faire forte (f.) d'une chose
to derive advantage from it
fortunate heureux; (happy)
fortune (f.); see (v.) smile; for-
tune, 58
forward! en avant; (send)
faire suivre (on letters) ; expe-
dier (send off)
fosse (f.) ditch (grave), 13
fougueux spirited, impetuous,
24
fouille (f.) excavation, 17
fouine (f.) martin, 17
Joule (f.), 1 6, crowd, 196
four quatre; -th quatrieme; (>)
le quart, 304
four (m.) oven
fourchette (f.) fork
fournil (m.) bakehouse, 25
frais, 79
frais (m.); see air, 348
f raise (f.) strawberry
/rawc (n.) de port, 56, post-paid,
305
franc (adj.), 79; -hement -kly
fran$ais (m.) French (language)
fran$ais, 5, 77; -f (f.) French
woman, 210
France, 192
jratern-el (adj.) -al
//em (m.), 64 (see brake)
French, 77, franqais (e); le fran-
fais (language); man Fran-
qais; woman -e, 220
frequent (adj.) frequent; nom-
breux; -ly souvent, frequem-
ment; to (v.) -er; visiter,
hanter
frere (m.) brother, 9
friction, 32; -ner, to rub, 354
friend ami (m.); amie (f.)
froid (n.; adj.) cold, 348
froler (v.) to touch (lightly), 29
frotte-r (v.) to rub; -ment rubbing;
354, oindre to anoint ; friction-
ner un membre or faire une
friction to rub a limb ; friction
(f.) or nettoyage (m.) de la
tete shampooing; onguent salve;
bouchonner to rub down (horse)
fruit (m.), 55
fuir (v.) to flee, 315
fun (n.) plaisir (m.); par plai-
santerie for fun; see rire; -ny
drole
fusil (m.) gun, 37
/M/ (m.) cask (wine), 13
// (past def.) of etre, 291
futaie (f.) timber trees, 15
gageure (f.) wager, 13
gat (adj.) merry (cheerful), 14
garantie (f.), 32; 271
garqon, 65, boy; waiter; toujours
still a bachelor
garde (-r), 5, keep, 172
garni (m.) (see live in a), 12
gars (: garqon), 9, boy; colloq.:
rude hardy youth
gdter (v.), 59, to spoil (decay)
gather, 313, cueillir; se reunir
Gaule (f.) Gaul, 192
gaulois (m.) gallic, 16
gaz (m.) gas, u
geai (m.) jay, 15
gemme (f.) any precious stone, 26
gendre, 67
gne (f.) embarrassment; daws
/a in need; ne vous genez
point do not stand on cere-
mony; -r to pinch
general, 3, 70 (n. and adj.), 54
generally en general ;generalement;
d'une maniere generate
Geneva Geneve (f.), n
genisse, 67
genitif (m.), 74, genitive; (ce)
dont: (that) of which
genre (m.) gender; kind, 53
gens, 54
gentil, 99; homme, 73
gentle dow*; sweet d ; mild;
soft tempere; -y doucement;
slowly; -ness douceur (f.)
indulgence (f.); less severe
towards plus doux envers
gentle-man monsieur; the le
; -men messieurs
geol-e (f.), 15, gaol (jail); -ier
(m.), 15, jailer
German allemand; lady -e;
-y I'Allemagne (f.)
gestion (f.) , 33; management
GENERAL VOCABULARY
397
get out of my way otez-vous de
man passage; to get (obtain)
avoir, obtenir
ghetto (m.) , 24
gilet (m.) vest (waistcoat), 24
give (v.) donner; offrir; presenter
good (adj.) ban (f. bonne);
(adv.) bien (well); as as
aussi bon (bien) que
good! (interj.) c'est tres bien!
bon!
goujon (m.) gudgeon, 24
gouverneur, 66
glace (f.) ice; mirror, 272
glacer (v.) to ice; 47, chilled
globe (m.) , 12
glory, 3, gloire (f.)
gnome (m.), 12, gnome, 22
gnost-ique, 22 -ic
goal (n.) but (m.); (jrapper au
to aim at); see purpose;
la fin qu'il se propose the end
he has in view; de en blanc
brusquely
go (v.) aller; away s'en aller;
s'eloigner; se retirer. How are
you comment allez-vous? Very
well, thank you, and how
are you? Tres bien, merci, et
vous? Fairly well assez bien;
not very well pas trap bien;
better and better de mieux en
mieux; from bad to worse
de mat en pis. How is business?
comment vont les affaires?
rather quietly tout doucement;
comment $a va? how goes it?
fine! a mer-veille; go and dine
aller diner; for aller cher-
cher; back reculer; to let
go reldcher; let drop laisser
tomber; go ahead aller de
I'avant; (first) prendre
les devants; and meet
aller au devant de; a la
rencontre de; astray s'egarer;
- to sleep s'endormir; -
backwards reculer; back
and forth aller et venir;
beyond (aller trop loin) de-
passer; by (pass); for-
ward avancer; (leave) partir
de, quitter; go on continuer (a);
avancer (steps); down de-
scendre; out sortir; s'eteindre
(fire); over (through) pas-
ser; up monter; ^ascend)
remonter; in all directions
courir de tous cotes; up
to aborder; with accom-
pagner (de); without se
passer de; with (follow);
go your way (see follow}
golfe (m.) gulf, 12
gondole (f.) gondola
Goth (m.), 25
grace (a vous), 9, thanks to you;
par la de Dieu, 332, by" the
grace of God; Grace! Mercy
(upon) ; dire ses -s, 344, to
say grace; de bonne readily,
331; with a good ; il est
en aupres de he is in the
good -s of; s'insinuer dans les
bonnes de to grow into (his,
etc.) favor; Jour (d' Actions)
de Graces Thanksgiving day;
coup de the last blow;
demander en to implore
urgently; -fully avec grace;
on lui fit grace he was par
doned; se pourvoir en to
make a petition for mercy
(a commutation of a sen-
tence)
grammar, 5, grammaire (f.);
-ian grammairien, 19
grammatic (al) ; de grammaire,
19
grammatiste (m.) poor gram-
marian, 19
gramme (m.) (15= grains), 19
grand (adj.) great, 77; -ir to
grow tall
grand-father -pere, 73
grand-mother grand'mere (f.), 73
gras (-se), 78, fat
grasseyer (v.) to roll the r, 29
gratis, 30
gratuit (adj.). 32 -ous
grave (adj.), 65, grave, serious,
60, 9
Grec (n.) Greek, 79; Grece (f.)
Greece, 192
grenouille (f.) frog
gresil (m.) sleet, 348
GENERAL VOCABULARY
gril (m.), 25, gridiron
grimper (v.) to climb (up), 47
gros (-se f.) big (fat); (v.) -sir,
342
groseille (f.) gooseberry, 53
group groupe (m.); reunion (f.);
-ing groupement (m.); (v.)
mettre en groupe; grouper; to
gather in (s) reunir en ;
agr0tt/>er
grow (up), 342 (v.), crottre; to
thrive pousser; (see extend,
increase), les jours commencent
a c days begin to lengthen;
a dccroitre (decrease); c
trap rapidement too rapidly
guenon, 67
guer-re (f.) war; -rier -rior, 36
guest (n.) hole (m.)
gwett* (m. adj.) (wretchedly)
poor, 24
gui (m.) mistletoe, 24
guide, 67-8, 24
guider (v.) to guide, 24, 337
guillemet (m.), 5 (Fr.), quotation
mark, 5
guillotine (f.), 24
guitare (n.) guitar, 17
gulp /rai< (m.) see traire, etc.
gymnas-e (m.), 14, -ium, 24;
-ftgwe (f.) gymnastics, 20
1!
habile (adj.) clever; -te (f.) -ness,
habits (m.) clothes, 53; war-
row maroon, 56
habitude, 65
handed (word) down to us mot
qui nous vient de
hang (v.) pendre; up accro-
cher; (in the air) suspendre;
-ing en suspendant; see hook
haine (f.) hatred, 20
haineux full of hatred, 20
hair cheveu (m.); to have a
cut (trimmed) se faire tailler
les -x; il porte la barbe rase
he shaves close; (clip)
rafratchir les cheveux; se
faire couper les ; see to cut
hair (v.) to hate, 7; haine (f.)
hatred; -neux, 316, full of
resentment
happ-y heiireux; -iness bonheur
(m.); -ily heureusement; par
bonheur (luck)
hareng (m.) herring, 24
harnacher to put on the harness
harnais (m.) harness, 16
hate (f.), ii, haste; se -r (de) to
hasten to, 204
hate, 316, hair, detester; mepriser;
en vouloir a; meprisable, -ful
haineux
hatred haine (f.)
haunt (obsess) poursuivre; see
follow; cf. : dis-moi qui tu
hantes et je te dirai qui tu es
(tell me with whom you keep
company and I shall tell you
who you are)
haut, 77, 305
hauteur, 305
he, 1 1 6, il; lui; cf.: he, himself
lui-meme; (as intensive pro-
noun) ; celui qui he who (that),
any one, etc.; he and she lui
et elle; (as disjunctives) : sera-ce
lui can he be the one?
head tete (f.); -ache mal a la
tete ( de ); first la
la premiere
health sante (f.); Board of
Health Bureau (m.) de Sante
(f.); -y sain; salubre; salu-
taire (pour la sante) whole-
some; cf.: sain et sauf; see p.
89; sound body corps sain
(m.); of a sound mind sain
d' esprit; cf . : troubler par aucune
maladie not to be disturbed
by any illness; en bonne sante
in good ; porter une sante
to present a toast; maisnn de
sante private hospital; to
your a votre sante
heel (n.) talon (m.); see follow
helas! alas! 30
Helene (f.) Helen
help! an secours (a moil) ;
aide; assistance (f.) ; to give
porter secours; main forte;
one another s'entr'aider;
GENERAL VOCABULARY
399
help Continued
aider, secourir, assister; pub-
lic - - assistance publique;
with the of d I'aide de;
(ayant) or muni or arme or
pourvu de
hennir (v.) to neigh; (see nasals); \
-issement (m.) neighing
her, 118; see poss. adj.; -s, etc.
Hercule (m.) -s, 35
here id (la); is (are) void;
and there id et la; un peu
partout
herewith sous ce pli; see p. part.
heroine (f.) heroine
her os (m.) hero, 24
herseltelle-meme; se (in Refl. v.);
by toute seule; sans aide
heure (f.) hour; time, 305
heureu-x, 80; -se annce, 10, happy
New Year; (adv.) -semen t
happily, fortunately
hexamet-re (m.) -er, 34
hiatus (m.), 44
hideux (adj.) hideous, 22
hier, 99
hippodrome (m.), 12
histoire (f.), 65, history, story
hiver (m.), 64; -ner (v.) hiber-
nate
homme man, 4
homonyme (m.), -ym, 14
honorable (adj.) , 42
honoree (f.) (<*): (letter) or
kind letter
hook (crochet) crochet (m.);
hamegon (m.); (v.) accrocher;
see crochet; mordre a I'hameqon
to nibble at the bait; qa mord
it bites; fa we word pas or
il ne se laisse pas prendre he
is not easily duped
hopital (m.), 73
horloge, 65
horreur (f.), 88; horrible (adj.), 29
horse cheval (m.); shoe /er d
cheval (m.); dealer maqui-
gnon; on back a cheval (to
ride monter)
hospice (m.) (Cath.) hospital;
almshouse
hospital (n.) hopital, hospice,
Hotel-Dieu (m.)
Aote, 66, host, guest, 12
//o/e/ (m.) hotel
houille (f.) (gisements de, m. 316),
coal-beds, 17
how comment? comme (qu') il
fait chaud, 126, how warm it
is! ever ce pendant, d'ailleurs:
il parait cependant difficile de
it seems difficult however to
huche (f.) (bread) board; d
Pain (bread) box; -r (hunt.)
to whistle, 47
huile, 65
huit eight ; -ieme -h ; le on the
8th; d'aujourd'hui en in a
week from to day, 303
huitre (f.) oyster, 33
hum-din (adj.), 33 -an
humble humble, 21
humbug (m.) , 21
hundred (one) cent; about
une centaine de, 303
hussard (m.), hussar, 13
hyene (f.) hyena, 17
hymen (m.), 19
hymne, 69
hyphen trait (m.) d'union (f.), 7
I jfe; mot
id here, 12; foici is (are);
voila there is (are), 127
idea idee (f.); see follow and
s/n'&e
idem, 26
idiome (m.) idiom, 12
tdo/e, 65
if '; whether si
igne igneous, 24
ignorance (f.) , 55; P ar
(blunder)
ignorer, 55, 243
il (pron.) he; it, 25
ill (sick) malade (see patient);
-ness maladie (f.) ; ill + adj. =
mal; also: un or dis as pre-
fixes
illumin-er (v.) to -ate, 25
illustr-e illustrious; -e -ated, 25
image, 65, picture (book); litre
d s
imitation (f.), 32,
400
GENERAL VOCABULARY
immangeable unfit to eat, 20
immanquable sure to happen
(occur), 20
immediate, 20, immediat; -ly
immediatement; tout de suite
immesurable unmeasurable, 20
immeuble (m.), 20, real estate;
apt. house, 26
immortel (adj.) immortal, 20
imparfait, 58
imperalrice, 66
imperitie (f.) unfitness, 32
implore (v.) implorer une grace
(pardon) ; see 6eg or request
or wrge; demander humblement
et avec instance to call upon
(for) in supplication; see be-
seech
import il importe (see Subj.),
162; il est important de (or
with Subj.); il y a grande
urgence a ce que (and Subj.):
it is very urgent, etc. ; see urge
importance (f.)
important, 40
importune (v.) importuner, fati-
guer, incommoder, assaillir;
solliciteur canvasser; see follow
impossible impossible, 20
impromptu, 28
in en; dans (in, into, after,
within)
inattendu (adj.) unexpected, 36
incertitude (f.), 55, doubt
inclus, 192
increase (v.) accroitre (fortune);
s'accroitre, 342 (see extend);
to a certain extent jusqu'd un
certain point; allonger une
table (lengthen a table) ; aussi
loin que la vue s'ctend as far
as the eyes can reach
indefini (adj.) -te, 57, 211
indem ne unscathed, 18
index (m.)
indication (f.), 37, , sign, mark
indifferemment, equally, 53
indifferent (adj.)
indiquer, 53, to denote, 59,
enumerate; to mention, 55;
to show, 55
indirect indirect; see direct; con-
tributions -es indirect taxes;
[proposition completive indi-
recte explanatory clause]; -ly
indirectement; d'une maniere
detournee in an way
indispensable indispensable; see
pass
industr-ie (f.) -y
industry Industrie (f.); chevalier
d'industrie (vit d 'expedients
lives on his wits) ; agricole,
manufacturiere agricultural,
manufacturing ; man of
homme (laborieux) industri-
eux; -al center centre industriel
(m.); cela concerne I'industrie
it relates to ; cf. dexteritc,
intelligence, adresse (f.); tra-
vailler beaucoup to work dili-
gently; recherches laborieuses
laborious researches; couter
beaucoup de peine to cost
much labor
inep-tie (f.), 32, -tness
inert (adj.), 32, ; -ie (f.) -ia
inex-act (adj.) , 20
-auce (adj.), 34, ungranted
-citable unexci table
-cusable, 34
-ecute unexecuted, 34
-erce, 34, untrained, 34
-igible not exacted, 34
-istant not existing, 34
-arable , 34
-perience (f.) , 34
-piable (adj.) unatonable, 34
-pie (adj.) unatoned for, 34
-plicable (adj.) , 34
-ploite (adj.) untilled, un worked
(mine), 34
-plore (adj.) unexplored, 34
-pressif (adj.) -ve, 34
-primable (adj.) inexpressible, 34
-pugnable (adj.) , 24
-pugnable (adj.) impregnable, 34
-tensible (adj.) , 34
-tricable (adj.) , 34
infer (v.) inferer; see follow, 337
inferieur, 80
inferiorite (f.) ; see comparatif, 92
infinitif (m.) , 59
inflect varier; flechir (bend),
moduler; (gr.) decliner (noun);
conjuguer
GENERAL VOCABULARY
401
in-folio, 20
ingrat (n.), n, ingrate; -itude (f.)
inhumain (adj.) inhuman, 20
initial (adj.) , 33
initier (v.) to initiate, 33
innocence (f.) innocence, 22
innocent (n., adj.) innocent, 20
innombrable numberless, 20
innomme unnamed, 27
innover (v.) to innovate, 20
innovation (f.) , 20
inquiet, 80; -etude (f.) unrest,
29
Inquisition (f.), 25.
insatiable (adj.), 33,
insensibilite (f.), 22, unconscious-
ness
insister (v.) to insist; to lay
stress, 46
instance (for) ar exemple (m.)
instant (loth): (letter) </M 10 ct.
(: courant)
instar (a I') de by imitating the
(poets)
instinct (m.) instinct
institute (n.) institut (m.); 395
instituteur, 66
instruction (f.), 53, ; (v.
instruire, 349)
instru-it (v. instruire, 349), -cted
instrument (m.) , 22
intelli-gent (adj.), 36; -gence (f.)
, 60
inten d -tion; see expect, design;
count upon (contemplate)
intenter (see follow)
interessant, 35
interet (m.) interest, 20
interim (m.) , 20
intermission (theat.) entr'acte;
(m.) ; inter mede; interruption
(f.); no performance reldche
(m.)
interrogat-if, 59; 119 (-<e f.)
interrogation, 4
interroger (v.) to question (quiz),
29
interruption, see rompre, 275
intervalle, 64
into dans; one ew wn sew/
intransitii, 59; 293 (o neutre)
(adj.)
26
introduce, 337, introduire;
(show in)
introduction introduction (f.)
introduire (see conduire), 337
inutile (adj.) useless, 22
invaria-ble (adj.), 55; -bly invari-
ablement, toujours
invent (v.) inventer; -ion (f.);
-or inventeur; see extinguish
ionique (adj.) Ionic order
>a* (v. aller), 309, will (shall) go
irez (fut. of a//er) will go; qa ira,
46, it will go (do)
irreguli-er (adj.) irregular, 307,
79; -erement irregularly, 29
irriter (v.) to irritate, 29
isthm-e (m.) -us, 24
it, \^,il;elle(L);le(m.);la(L};
lui (m., f.); en; ce; cela ('.a);
(pers. pron.) -self lui-meme;
elle-meme; (eux or elles)-memes;
la bontc meme kindness it-
self; cf. to go smoothly (all by
itself) aller tout seul; its use was
far from being general / 'usage
etait loin d'en etre general
Italian, 55, Italien (m.), (-ne, f.);
language I'italien
Italic, 192 ;-n, 55
Italy I' Italic, 192
item (m.), 19
itiner-aire (m.) ; -ary, 33
J
Jacques, 9, James
jadis (adv.) formerly (yore), 25
jalap (m.) , 28
Jamaique (f.) Jamaica, 12
jamaisl never, 119
Janvier (m.), 180, January
jardin (n.) garden; -ier -er
jars, 67
je I, 117
/eaw John; -ne Jane, 18
Je n'en sais rien, 10, I know
nothing of it (about it); see
savoir
jest plaisanterie (f.) ; see rire, 358
(a) jeun on an empty stomach
jeune (adj.), 15, young; -we (f.)
youth
402
GENERAL VOCABULARY
jeune (m.) fasting; -r to fast, 15
je vais mettre une lettre a la paste
I am going to mail a letter
(post-office); see filler
joindre (v.) to join, 349; to
connect
joint added to, 56; se joint a,
4 6 > 349
joke plaisanterie (f.) ; see rire, 358
jolt, 77, pretty
jonc (m.) rush, 20
jonqu-ille (f.) -il, 26
jouer (v.) to play, 19
jouerai (fut. of jouer), 10, I will
play, 175
jpug (m.) yoke, 37
joui (p. p. jouir) d'une bonne
sante enjoys good health
jouir (v.) enjoy (de), 17
jpuissance (f.) enjoyment, 17
jour (m.) day, 3
jpurnee, 64
jpyeusement, 80, joyfully
joyeux joyful
juger (v.) to judg-e, 67; -ment
jugement (m.)
jfttt-/ (-PC, f.) Jew (-ess), 16
julep (m.), 28
July, i8o,jitillet (m.)
jument (f.) mare
junction jonc/j'on (f.)
June, iSo,juin (m.)
jungle (f.), 21
jftt/>e (f.) skirt, 13
>s (m.), 346
jusque, 187
just (fair) jws/e, 13; impartial;
after adding: right! apres
I' addition: c'est juste I
justice (n.) justice (.); avec
equite (f.) with fairness, 47;
il a la justice de son cote justice
is on his side, justice favors
him ; faire a to redress the
wrong to; faire de, 99, to
treat him as he deserves; ilfaut
reparer le tort fait a one must
repair a wrong done to; y re-
medier to remedy it.
justify, 54, (v.) justifier; il -
sa conduite he proves his in-
nocence; cf. demontrer; prou-
ver; legitimer; rendre juste; se
j , (Refl.); la fin justifie les
moyens (the evening crowns
the day); rien ne ntotive cette
opinion nothing justifies that
opinion; show cause faites
valoir vos motifs; vos motifs
sont bans well grounded
K
kermesse (f.); kermis (-mess), 25
(Danemark, etc.), festival and
fair
kilo (m.) (= 2 Ibs.) 25
kilogramme (m.) kilogram, 25
kind genre (m.); espece (f.)
king (n.) roi (m.); -dom royaume
(m.)
kiosque (m.) kiosk, 25
kirsch (m.) , 25
la, 63, the; it, her, 120, 155; 9
la there, 130; see voila, 118; cf.
monsieur n'est point la (the
gentleman is not here?)
lac (m.) lake, n
Idche, 9, coward; -te (f.) -ice
Idcher (v.) to let go
La Haye (f.) the Hague, 192
laie, 67
laisser (par ne rien ) (v.), 5,
to leave (nothing) ; s'etre laisse
prendre, 59, to allow one's
self to be deprived (of)
lait (m.) milk, 14
lame (f.), 9, blade; see cut;
(vague) wave
lance (f.) lance, 8; -r (v.) to
launch; 309; to issue (send
out); -ment -ing, 340
langage (m.), 58
langouste (f.) (spiny) lobster, 16
langue (f.), 220
lapis (m.), 30
laquelle (d 1 apres), 58 (according
to), following which, 135
larynx (m.), 34,
las (-se) (adj.) tired, 47; (v.)
lasser
last (adj.) dernier; night hier
soir
GENERAL VOCABULARY
403
late tard; -r plus tard; to be
fare en retard; see p. 100; it was
only later ce n'est que plus
tard que
laugh (n.) rire (m.) ; (v.) rire, 358;
tel chante qui ne rit pas a heart
may be sad though the face
be gay; to burst out -ing
partir (eclater) de rire; on dit
souvent la verite en riant many
a true word is spoken in jest;
il tourne tout en raillerie he
makes a jest of everything;
il entend raillerie he takes a
jest; il entend la raillerie he
jokes well; r aux eclats to
- loud; pouffer de r to
buist out 1 ; etouffer
to choke with 1 ; pour rire
(plaisanter) for fun; colloq.:
lui faire un pied de nez (se
moguer de lui) to 1 at him ;
il se moque, sans doute he is
jesting, no doubt; r a gorge
deployee to roar with 1 ; etre
le jouet de la fortune to be the
sport of fortune; il veut rire
he is jesting; r a ses depens
(expense) to ridicule him;
toujours le mot pour r ready
wit; se tenir les cotes de r
to shake sides with 1 ; en
faire des gorges chaudes to
'chuckle over it or : se tordre
de r ; rire de ses menaces
not to mind threat; en rire
to jeer at him (etc.); do not
laugh at that : (nothing to 1
at in that) il n'y a pas la de
quoi rire; rire comme un bossu
(hunchback) to split one's
sides with 1 ; radiate with
joy rayonner de joie (f.);
r sous cape 1 in his sleeve;
r dans sa barbe; et tout le
monde d'en rire and everybody
began to laugh; il n'y a pas
de quoi rire this is a serious
matter; r jaune (d'une mani-
tre contrainte) his (her) smile
is forced ; se mettre (se prendre)
a rire to begin (start) to 1 ;
exciter La risee to move to 1 ;
faire r aux eclats (pamer de
r ) that set us in a roar; ne
pouvoir garder son serieux
impossible not to 1 (keep
his countenance) ; il prend son
serieux he grows serious; cela
. passe le jeu that's beyond a
joke; c'est a mourir de rire to
die with 1 ; r aux larmes
(eclats) to roar with 1; r
du bout des dents forced smile;
crever de r to die laughing;
on n'y trouve pas le moindre
mot pour r there is nothing
amusing in that or here; il me
fait r he makes me 1 ; rira
bien qui rira le dernier he who
laughs kst laughs best; il
nous pretait a r he was a
subject for 1 to us; appreter
a rire to make oneself laugh-
able; se moque-t-il de nous?
Is he joking? on le tourna en
'ridicule they made a fool of
him; il en riait he 1 ed at it;
r du bout des dents to 1 on
the other side of the mouth;
de bon cceur heartily; anecdote
(f.) pour rire laughable ;
tel qui rit vendredi, dimanche
pleurera laughter is akin to
tears; il a le r facile he 1 s
easily; un fou rire uncontrol-
lable laugh; ris moqueur it
was a mocking laugh; la risee
the laughing-stock; de grands
eclats de rire great shouts of
1 ter; plus on est de fous,
plus on rit the more the
merrier
law loi (f.); see follow
I' (=le, la) it, him; her, 120, 155
le (invariable), 120 (b.), 254
le (variable), 63, the; it (him),
120, 155
league (n.) ligue (union) (f.);
(v.) liguer
learned (p. p.) appris, 357; (n.)
(man) savant; bien-instruit,
109
leave (v.) laisser; quitter; 320
- (to take) : ^p. p. c. = pour
prendre conge
404
GENERAL VOCABULARY
teqon (f.) lesson, 65
lec-teur (m.) (-trice) reader
lecture (f.) reading (349, v. lire)
left (on the) d gauche; (p. p.
laisse); cf. laisser, 175
leger, 80 ; legerement lightly,
thoughtlessly, slightly
legs (m.) legacy, 24
lemm-e (m.) (geom.) -a, 24
lengthen (v.) allonger; crottre
(jours), 342
Lent car erne (m.)
/pre (f.), ii, leprosy
lepreux (m.) lepers
les the, 63, 120; them
less, 253, moins; (the) le ;
least moindre; than moins
que; moms de
lesson lec,on (f.)
letter, 10, lettre (f.); paper
papier a ; capital majus-
cule (f.); small minuscule
(f.)
leur (poss. adj.) their, 118
leurre (m.) lure; -r (v.) to ,
29
levre (f.) lip, 11
lexicologie (n. f.) scientific, pro-
gressive knowledge of words
relating to their etymology
or meaning and in general of
what is essential in being able
to write a language correctly
liaison (f.) 34, (linking)
liberty, 4, liberle (f.) ; at en ;
libre; to take the prendre
la de; liberties prendre
trap de libertes, 56
libre free; -ment -ly, 40
lichen (m.) , 24
lier (v.) to bind, 349
lieu (m), 3, place, spot; au de,
55, instead of; (il y a)
there is reason; (donner),
59, to give rise to
lieue (f.) league (distance),
15
life vie (f.); such is ainsi va
le monde; (animation)
entrain (m.); all your -
(long) loute votre (to) vie
ligue (f.) league; (v.) liguer to
form a
like, see 200; avoir de I' affection,
de I'amitie, du gout, un pen-
chant pour; I should like to
go to je voudrais bien aller a
(en); (ant.: detester, hair); to
suit his taste trouver a son
gout; better (best) preferer,
aimer mieux; as you a votre
aise (comme vous voudrez:
comme il vous plaira); now
he likes it il commence a s'y
faire (a y prendre go At);
music gouter la musique;
a liking du gout (pour)
like (conj.) comme; cf. : lei pere,
telfils; semblable a (adj.)
likewise (il en est) de meme, 54
linceul (m.) shroud, 25
line (n.) ligne (f.); to the
a I'alinea; to write a line ecrire
un mot; (refl. v.) (against)
s' aligner; cf. align, adjust or
form to a line aligner; (n.)
alignement (m.)
linguales (consonnes) d, t, I, n, r,
24
linguiste (m.) linguist, 24
linguist ique (f.) linguistics, 24
lion (m.) lion, 17
liquefier (v.) liquefy, 29
liqueur (f.) liquor, 29
liquide (m.) -d, 29
Us (m.), 30, lily
lisse sleek; -r (v.) to comb down
liste, 53 (f.), list
listen (to) ecouter; see follow
litre (m.) litre, 12
little petit; a un peu (de), 253
live, 361 (v.), vivre; to be-
have like a gentleman savoir
vivre; to come to life again
revivre; survive survivre (a);
cf. demeurer (reside); habiter
(to live in, inhabit); loger
(habiter habituellement) ; loger
en garni to occupy a room (in
an apartment house); un
logement provisoire temporary
lodging; (: partie de maison
plus modeste qu'un apparte-
ment part of a house more
modest than an apartment);
garni ou meuble furnished apt. ;
GENERAL VOCABULARY
405
live Continued
qu'on loue avec ameublement
(rented with set of furniture) ;
maison pen logeable: (ou Von
ne pent loger commodcment)
not a very comfortable house;
she lives with her mother elle \
vit aupres de sa mere; in society i
dans le monde; comfortably
(on vit) bien; bien vivre to lead
a good life; people die as they
telle vie, telle fin; faire la vie
to fast; on lui sauva ses
jours they saved his (her) life;
he who wishes to long
avoids excess qui veut oiler
loin menage sa monture; long
live America! vive I'Amerique!
long live the free countries!
vivent tous les pays libres! to
on good terms (en bonne
intelligence); to like cats
and dogs comme chien et chat;
faire bon menage their mar-
ried life is happy; to on
vivre de; when in Rome do as
the Romans do il faut vivre a
Rome comme d Rome; ap-
prendre d vivre to teach how
to live, etc.; you will not find
a soul vous ne trouverez ame
qui vive; on n'y voit plus ame
vivante no living soul there
(any more); to (high) well
faire bonne chere; only
for himself ; v dans la
pauvrete; from hand to mouth
aujour le jour; 1 in straight-
ened circumstances v d I'e-
troit; colloq.: lead a struggling
existence tirer le diable par
la queue; 1 on their meagre
salary vivoter de leur maigre
salaire; Us n'ont que de quoi
vivre they keep body and soul
together; 1 by begging men-
dier sa vie; on his savings de
ses economies; on what does
she live? De quoi vit-elle? 1
in hope v d'espoir; il faut
manger pour vivre et non pas
vivre pour manger one must
eat to live and not live to eat ;
on their income de leurs rentes;
at his expense d ses depens (m.) ;
living is expensive in America
il fait cher vivre en Amerique;
la cherte des vivres high cost of
food (living); rise in price of
commodities le haussement du
prix des denrees; according to
their means selon leurs moyens;
free sans attache (f.); 1
on his wits vivre d'industrie
(f.): un chevalier d'industrie;
vous le faites v you feed him ;
un roman vecu a novel based on
fact (or seemingly so); lui a-l-
on coupe les vivres? did they cut
off his income (pension)? on
lui tattle (rogne) les morceaux
he is fed on too little or spar-
ingly ; si Dieu lui prete vie if
he lives long enough; you will
have food and lodging vous
aurez le vivre et le convert;
v sur ses amis 1 on his
friends; life-annuity une rente
viagere; while alive en son
vivant; the quick and the
dead les vivants et les marts;
while his uncle lived du vivant
de son oncle; burned alive
brule vif; very life-like pris sur
le vif; stung to the quick
pique au vif; dead or alive
mort ou vif; while he lived de
son vivant; provisions are
expensive les vivres sent cheres;
to earn a living gagner sa vie;
il a de quoi vivre he has enough
to live on; a keen interest un
vif intertt; la lettre tue, mais
I' esprit vivifie the letter killeth,
but the spirit giveth life;
1 amicably vivre en accord;
avoir I' ame chevillee au corps
he has nine lives; la caisson
des vivres provision wagon;
colloq.: se la couler douce to
take life easy; compter les
morceaux to give a scanty
allowance; diner par caeur to
go without dinner; such is
life ainsi va le monde; live
again in his works se survivre
406
GENERAL VOCABULARY
live Continued
dans ses outrages; revivre dans
ses enfants to live again in
his children; a sa guise as
he likes; le printemps ranime
toute la nature Spring revives
all nature; he lives a life of
lassitude (inert life) il traine
une miserable existence; mener
grand train to 1 in great
style; mener une vie reglee to
live a regulated life (une vie
heureuse); il gagne sa vie he
gets his livelihood; (: il ne
vit que de ses bras) : by the
labor of his hands; habiter un
garni to live in a furnished
apt.; il demeure au no. IQ;
. il habile I'Amerique; chacun
doit vivre selon sa condition
everyone should live accord-
ing to his station; he is not
expected to live le mcdecin I'a
condamne; il, donne signe de
vie he is still alive; une vive
replique a smart reply; les
danseurs sont animes dancers
are alive; une avenue vivante
a lively avenue; le Jran^ais
n'est pas une langue morte,
mais bien une langue vivante
litre, 68
"local" (or city) E. V. ( = ad-
dressed)
loch (m.) , 24
locution, 55 (f.), expression
loge (f.), 12, box (theat.);
lodge; (v.) to lodge -r
logic (n.) logique (f.) ; -al logique;
see follow
loi (f.) law, 1 6
loin (adv.) far; -tain distant, 96,
105; (v.) eloigner (s')
Londres, 31, London
long, 304, long, 40; time long-
temps; (in length) de lon-
gueur (or: long de); -er plus
long; , 24, longtemps; no -er
ne plus; no than pas
plus long que (de); -er still
longtemps encore, 24
loom metier (m.); profession (f t ); j
see follow; his trade son metier
lors (de) at; -que when, 54; the
time of
loss per te (f.); (v.) per Are
louange (f.) praise, 17
louera (fut. of louer), 10, will
praise (rent)
Louis Lewis, 17
Louise Louisa, 17
loup, 67 (m.)
lu (p. p. lire) read, 349
Luc Luke, 23
lueur (f.) glare (light), 17
lui (pron.) he, 78; a his, 27;
- meme himself
lui (p. p. luire), 350, shone
luisants (v. luire, 350) (m.), pat-
ent leather shoes
lundi (m.) Monday, 125
lutte (f.) struggle (fight), 334
luxe (m.), 13, luxury
Luxembourg (m.), 19
lyr-e (f.) lyre, 8; -ical lyrique
\\
ma, ta, sa, 118, my, your, his
(her)
M., 4, Mr.
machin-e (f.) , 8; -ist, 22,
mecamcien
Madame, 3, Madam (Mrs.), 73
madone (f.) madonna, 12
maigre lean, 36; -rir to grow
thin
main (adj.) principal
main, 65 (f.)
maint (adj.) many a, 257
mais but ; oui, 39, why, yes ! 30
maison (f.) house, 14:^/0 , 99
maitre (m.) master
majuscule (f.) capital, 5
mal (m.) evil, u; (adv.) bad;
un; mis; ill (with cer-
tain adj. in English); mal, 64
malade (m., f.) (le, la) patient
malade (adj.) ill (sick); -ie (f.),
57
male male, 9
man homme; of war vaisseau
(m.) de guerre (f.): -ly virile;
good (fellow) bonhomme
(m.)
GENERAL VOCABULARY
407
manage conduire, regir, diriger;
gerer; (him), (savoir) comment
le prendre; to (in a way)
jaire en sorte que; -able docile,
traitable; -r gerant, directeur;
stage regisseur; house
menagere (f.)
manege, 64
manger (v.), 228, to eat
maniere (f.), 168, sort, 29;
manner (way), 55
manne (f.) manna, 18
manuscript manuscrit (m.); old
m ancien
marc (m.) mark, 23
marc (m.) residuum (skin, pulp,
seed), 23
March mars (m.), 180
marchandise, 57 (f.)i mdse.
mardi (m.) Tuesday, 5; gras
Shrove
mark, 54, signe (m.); marque
(f.}; forme, 54, ; (v.) marquer
marque (f.), 54, mark; -r to ,
25
marquis, 65
marraine, 67
marrons (habits) maroon dress
Mars jo; March
marsouin (m.) porpoise, 17
masculin (m.), 9, -e
master wat/re (m.); (v.) />osse-
der, connattre parfaitement:
savoir a fond
mat (m.) mast, 9
moduli (dead), 33 (adj.)
materiaux (see construire) mate-
rials; matieres (f.) (qui entrent)
dans la construction construc-
tion material; on r assemble
des idees etc., pour la composi-
tion ideas are (being) gathered
for composition
materiel (implements) (m.); es-
prit material mind; cf. : ma-
terial; etoffe (f.) ; see weave
matin (m.) mastiff (dog), 9
matin (m.) morning; -ee (f.)
forenoon
maxime (f.), 12, -m
may (can) ; see pouvoir, 329
May, 1 80, mat (m.)
Mayence Mainz
mean (adj.) sordide, mesquin;
-ness mesquinerie (f.)
mean (v.) signifier, vouloir dire,
331; -ing sens (m.); significa-
tion (f.) ; -less depourvu de sens
means (money) les moyens (m.);
by of au moyen de; through
the influence of par (I'entre-
mise) le m de, 99; according
to his selon ses moyens;
having recourse to en faisant
usage de; par le (an) mo veil d"
medecin (m.) doctor
meditate (v.) mediter; soumettre
a des reflexions (a nn examer
interieur) ; ri'flcchir a (consider
to think seriously (the matte;
over); se creuser la tete tt
rack (his) brain; (plan) pro-
Jeter; combiner (to scheme; to
contrive); complotcr to plot;
se recueillir to collect one's
thoughts; prier to pray; plonge
dans all-absorbed in (tout a
son travail) his work
meet (v.) rencontrer; oiler a la
rencontre de to go and meet
(part way); see to connect;
to come across ; cela ne se
rencontre guere that is met
rarely; -ing (n.) rencontre;
assembler (f.); reunion (f.);
il a toujours bien rencontre
circumstances always favored
him
meilleur better, 92
meme (adj.), 3, same; (conj.)
quand even if (+ Cond.);
aujourd'hui this very d_ay;
venez quand meme come just
the same; il en est de de
(so with) likewise, 54; meme
lorsque even when, 56
menager (v.) to husband, to
save, 58
mener (v.), 229, to lead (by the
hand), 337
menu (m.) , 13
mepris, 32; -er to scorn
mer, 65, sea; in the open (au
large) en pleine mer
merchandise (mdse.) marchan-
dise (f.); see bargain
408
GENERAL VOCABULARY
mere mother, 6
merit merite (m.); demerit de-
merite (m.), considere comme
si (as if); au point de vue du
m ; I>H du d ; see voir
mes (poss. adj.), 118, my
met (v. meltre)
metre (m.) meter (39 inches), n
mettre (v.) to put (on), 351
meuble (m.); -e, 56, furnished
Mextque, 64
Michel- A nge Michael Angelo, 24
midi (m.), 187; 304
miel, 64
mien (le), 39, mine, 129
mienne (la), 129
mteux, 95
mil (m.) millet, 25
mil 1000; mille 1000; 304
mill moulin (m.); saw sciene
(f.); wind moulin d, vent
mille (m.) mile; millesime, 56,
date on coins
million (m.) million, 304
minime very small (slight), 12
mimstere (m.) department
ministre, 53
minuit, 305, 139
minuscule small, 5
minute (f.), 32
minutie, 32 (f.), minuteness
misfortune malheur (m.)
mistake (n.) faute, p. 5; to
je tromper (de); se meprendre,
356; see misunderstand and
blunder; une meprise mistaking
a person, etc., for another;
c'etait d ne />aj s'y meprendre
there was no -ing it; c'es* d
e a.s 5*y m there is no
it; par meprise by m ;
sans faire de faults without
(making any) mistake
misunderstand (see 356, prendre)
(v.) il entend mal he -s; ne
pas comprendre; il prend la
chose au mal he takes offense
at it; c'est d ne pas s'y me-
prendre there was no mistak-
ing it; se tromper to be mistak-
en; se tromper de to take the
wrong [way]; elle s' abuse she
deceives herself; il se meprend
he mistakes; elle se meprend
she forgets herself; v. v. adres-
sez mal you mistake your men ;
prendre tout en mauvaise part
to take things amiss; p mal
ses conseils not to take kindly
to his advice; les tourner en mal
to misinterpret them : il ne veut
rien entendre he won't listen;
donner a entendre que to inti-
mate that ; il n'y entend rien he
can't make it out
mixtion (f.) , 33
Mile. Miss, 73
Mme. Mrs., Madam, 4
mode, 68 (m., f.)
modern, 78, moderne, nouveau, 55
modest-e, 32 (adj.) ; -ie (f.) -y
modulation, 46 (f.)
moelle (f.) marrow, 16
mceurs (f.) customs, 30
moi, 3, I (disjunctive pron.);
I; d ! help; etre a to be
mine (my own), 99, 5; 78
moi-meme, 7 (intensive pron.),
myself, 57
mains (au), 5, at least; less, 39;
d que unless, 60; de en
. 39; (le): as neuter, 254
mois (m.) month, 180
Moise, 12, Moses
moitie (f.) half, 304
mol, 79
mollesse (f.), 47, indolence
moment, 179
momentane (adj.), 22, momen-
tary
man my, 118
monde, 69, hulled (husked)
monde (m.), 9, world (universe);
2 1 1 ; tout le everybody (all)
monde (m.) world, 405, society;
du company
monnaie (f.) coin, mint, change,
37, 36
monosyllabe, 30
monosyllab-le -e (f.); -ic -ique
monsieur Mr., Sir, 4; le the
gentleman, 73
mont (m.) peak
montagne (f.) mountain, 58
month mois (m.); -ly mensuel;
tous les mois, 180
GENERAL VOCABULARY
409
mood (gr.), 144, mode (m.);
(temper) humeur (f.)
more plus; davantage; the , 39;
over de plus; (besides)
d'ailleurs
morgue ({.), 12, morgue; arro-
gance (scornful look)
morrow le lendemain; see follow
mart (m.) (-e) the dead person;
1 3, dead (died), 319
mart (f.) death, 40, 65
morue (f.) codfish, 13
most (men) la plupart des
hommes; -ly surtout; princi-
palement; at au plus
mot (m.) word, 5; d word
for
mother mere (f.) ; grand grand'
mere (f.); ( -in-law) step
belle-mere (f.); - - tongue
langue maternelle (f.)
motte (f.), 9, clod; de terre
lump of earth
mou, 79, soft (molle, f.)
moulin mill, 5; 352
mourir (irreg.), 318, 29
mousse (m.) cabin-boy, 68
mousse (f.) moss, 68
moyen (cours) intermediate
(course) : see means; moyen
dge, 38, Middle Ages
mu (m.) ( 1 2th letter of the Greek
alphabet) name, 13
muet, 78, mute, deaf
mulct, 67
multi-plier, 56 (v.), to -ply
mur (adj.) ripe; -ir to ripen
mure (f.) mulberry, 13
Muse (f.) , 26
musical, 46
musicien musician, 46
musique (f.) music), 46
must (one) faut-il, 5 ; 266
must I faut-il? (see devoir) or
(list: irreg. verbs)
mute muet (see adj.)
myope (m.) short-sighted, 14
myosotis (m.) forget-me-not,
H
myself moi-meme; intensive pro-
noun
myriade (f.) myriad, 14
mystere, 64
N
nacre, 65
name (n.) nom (m.); (v.)
nommer; porter le nom de
to bear the ; first prenom
(m.)
narcotique, 37
nasal (adj.) , 17
nation (f.)
national, 54, (adj.)
ne...pas, etc., 3, not, 119
ne (e), (v. naitre) born, 194, 352
necessary (it is) il est necessaire;
see Subj.
nectar (m.) , u
needle (n.) aiguille (f.)
nef, 65
negation (f.), 57; negatif (-ve,
119)
negliger, 188
-ent (adj.), 188
negre, 66
nenni (obsolete) no, 18 (Fables)
nerf (m.), 31, 80, 36, nerve,
sinews, 36
neuf (adj.), 79, 23
neuf nine, 303
neutre neuter, 55
never ne ... jamais, etc.; !
jamais! more jamais,
jamais, 119
neveu nephew (m.), 35
next suivant (n. or adj.); to
pres de; line a la ligne sui-
vante; see follow
nez (m.) nose, 9; a , 41,
face to face; 224
ni ... ni neither ... nor, 119; ni
or, 5
niais, 78
nid (m.) nest, 36
niece (f.), 12, niece
nier (v.), 59, to deny
noble (adj.) noble, 12
Noel (m.) Christmas, 7; la (fete
de) Noel, 68
nceud (m.) knot, bow; (see
nouer), 16
noir, 91, black; dark; -cir to
blacken, 241
noir (m.) negro
noix, 65
4io
GENERAL VOCABULARY
nom (m.) name, 4, 231
nombre, 53,3O3;cf. No. = numero
nombreux, 80, numerous, 35
nombril (m.) navel, 25
nominatif; subject; (ce) qui or:
what
nommer (v.) to name, 47
non, 8, not; que, 163, not
that; et but not; je pense
que I think not
(ne) ... non plus either, 57
non compris not including, 56,
nord, 64
not (neg.) pas; (a book) but
non (un litre) mais, 57
note (v.) marquer, remarquer,
prendre note de
note (n.) 14; billet (m.) note (f.);
bill
nothing, 119, rien; not anything
rien; -ness chaos (m.)
notice (v.) noter, remarquer
(take ) observer, s'apercevoir;
cf. : bear well this in mind
notez bien que: (n'oubliez point
que; retenez bien ceci); to give
donner avis (connaissance) ;
avertir (warn); to tell before-
hand prevenir; without a
moment's sans avis pre-
alable; to bring to your know-
ledge porter a votre connais-
sance; until further jusqu'a
nouvel ordre (avis contraire);
within short a court delai;
public ! avis (m.) au public;
look out ! attention (faites )/
foreword avis au lecteur; two
heads are better than one
deux avis valent mieux qu'un
notion (f.) , 33
notions (v.) noter, 32
noire our, 118
noire (le) ours, 129
noueux knotty, 17
nous we, us, 81, 156
nouveau, 79
nouveau-ne new-born, 56
November, 180, novembre
nu, 88, naked
nuance (f.) shade, 56
nuit, 65 (f.), night, 348
nul, 113, 78
number, 303, no. (numero};
nombre (m.); compter (par-
mi); etre au nombre de; see
follow
numeral, 56, 303
numero (m.) no. (: number); 27
O
o, 4
oasis (f.), 30
object, 55, objet (m.); (direct)
regime (m.); -s de premiere
necessite most necessary arti-
cles; (aim, goal); (gram.)
synonyme de: complement; cf. :
avoir pour to have in view;
-ion (n.) (f.); faire des
-s to object
-tif (the opposite: le contraire
de) subjectif
obole, 64
obscur -e; -ite, 54
observe (v.) remarquer; faire
une observation a call attention
to (remind him, etc.); faire
remarquer to bring to (his)
notice
obus (m.), 31, shell
occuper (s'en), 54, to take it up;
to consider it
occur (v.) se trouver, ar river,
194; -rence incident (m.); daily
ce qui arrive frequemment
(tous les jours); ce qui se
rencontre
Oceanie, 192
o'clock heure (f.); in the evening
du soir; 305
October, 180, octobre (m.)
ode (f.) ode, 12
odieux infamous, 40
(Edip-e (m.) -us, 16
ceil (yeux) (m.) eye (s), 47
aeillet (m.) pink
ceuf (m.) egg, 31, 15
ceuvre (f.) work (art); deed, 69
offend (v.) offenser; blesser;
froisser; , p. 5 (to do in-
justice to)
offe
"ense (n.) offense (f.)
offenser (v.), 5
offi-cier (m.) -cer, 58
GENERAL VOCABULARY
411
oh! oh! 4, ah! la, la! oh my!
oie, 67
oignon (m.) onion,. 1 6
oindre (irreg. v.), 354; see f rotter
old (adj.) vieux age; (vieux)
ancien franqais old French;
one year un an; age d'un an
omission suppression (f.) ; (f.) ;
omission of the article sup-
pression de I' , 76
omit (v.) supprimer, 351 ; omettre,
manquer a faire (dire); negli-
ger; cf. : leave out, fail to do
(say)
omnibus, 70 (m.)
on, 81, pronoun, 135
on (upon) sur; foot a pied;
Monday (s) le(s) lundi(s);
fire en flammes; my way
chemin faisant; and so -
ainsi de suite
once, 64
once une fois (que); twice deux
fois; see follow
oncle, 67
one un (e); only un seul;
ne que ; in (into) one en un
seul (settlement un); by
un a un; he is the c'est luil
one (pron.) on; (/') on; celui
(celle); on ecrira done one may
then write; any quelqu'un;
every tous (toutes); an-
other I'un, I'autre, etc.; self
soi-meme; si I' on veut (cf . : si on
le veut)
- armed manchot; -- eyed
borgne
only (seulement) ne que (but)
ont (v. avoir) have, 81
onze eleven, 38; 303
onzieme, 304
open (adj.) ouvert (e); mouth
bouche ouvert e; in air en
plein air; with arms d
bras -s; house (tenir):
to keep tenir table ouverte;
(Ant.: closed ferme)
open (v.), 320, ouvrir; the
eyes les yeux; (confide)
son cceur a; an account
(bank) un credit d; to start
(store) un compte a;
not -ed Sundays qui n'ouvre
point le dimanche; easily -ed
qui s'ouvre facilement; the
curtain rises la scene s'ouvre;
(flowers): (s'epanouir);
itself s'ouvrir; wide tout
grand ouvert; to be to con-
viction etre pret d accepter le
pour ou le contre
open: see ouvrir
opening ouverture; entree (f.)
openly franchement, ouvertement
openness franchise (f.); candeur
d'dme (f.)
opera (m.) opera, 8
opinion (n.) (f.); see follow
opium (m.), 26
opportune opportun
opportunity occasion (f.); cf. :
opportunite (f.) seasonable-
ness; seasonableness gives
everything its price I'a-propos
fait le merite or: donne du prix
d tout; a propos opportunely
oppresse, 47, oppressed
option choix (m.); -al facultalif
optique, 12, optical
or (conj.) now
or (m.) gold
oracle, 64
orbite, 65
ordinaire, 3, usual
ordre (m.) order; commande (f,),
oreille (f.) ear; -r (m.) pillow
orfevre (m.) gold (silver) smith, II
organe (m.) organ, medium
orge, 54
orgue, 68
origin (n.) origine (f.); -ally, 45,
d I' origine
orme (m.) elm, 12
orphelin, 66
orthography, 53, orthographe (f.) ;
spelling epellation (f.); (v.)
orthographier to write words
with the prdper letters
os (m.), 30, bone
osciller (v.) to oscillate, 25
oser (v.) to dare, 175
ossature (f.) (bony) frame, 31
osseux bony, 87
oter, 53 (v.), to remove: 56, -e
412
GENERAL VOCABULARY
other autre; to -s d d'autres;
wise autrement; par centre;
see follow
ou or, 38
ou (adv.) where ( in, to);
d' (whence), 136, from ?
ouate (f.) cotton (absorbent);
padding, 24
oubli (m.) forgetfulness, 16
oublierai (fut. of oublier) I will
forget
ouest, 64
ouf! oh! (now), 16
OM * 5. y es : mais out, 24, why
; si, yes! 70, je pense que oui
I think so
oui-dire (m.) (hearsay) reports,
38
ouir (dire) (v.) hearsay; ouie (f.)
hearing, 38, 72; 324
ours (m.), 30
ourselves nous-mimes
out of Aors <fe; - - place
deplace; see season
outil (m.) tool, 25
OM/re (f.), 1 6, goat-skin bag
outre-(mer) d' oversea; en
besides, moreover
ouvert (p. part, of ouvrir), 320
ouvrez open, 5
ouvrir, 320, to open; spread, 48
over sur; au-dessus de
overcome, 360, (v.) accabler (de);
see vanquish; (faint) s'eva-
nouir; perdre connaissance to
lose consciousness; se trouver
mal (swoon); le malade ne se
connatt plus the patient is
(out of his senses) uncon-
scious; sentir un malaise to
feel discomfort
oversight (see blunder)
oversupply see superfluous
own (v.) avoir; ppsseder; -er
patron; proprietaire (m.); -
(adj.) propre
oxygene (m.) -en, 14
Pacte (m.), 9, pact (treaty); see
336, conclure and conclue;
trailer de la paix to discourse
upon peace; enfin il conclu!
de voyager he finally decided
to travel; done (ainsi) thus;
partant for that reason; lui
donner gain de cause to decide
in his favor; lui donner tort
to against him (her); con-
clure a to lead to; cf . : on a
conclu a la mart their decision
was for death; voild ce qu'il
faut conclure that is what will
come at last; ils n'ont encore
rien conclu they have not yet
arrived at anything; ils con-
cluront de Id. que ce n'est rien
(of no consequence) they
will conclude therefrom that
it is nothing; la paix se conclut
peace is made (decided upon) ;
la paix est conclue peace is
concluded ; ils ont fait la paix
peace has been made between
them; pour conclure, sa de-
monstration n'est pas juste to
conclude, his demonstration
is wrong; de telles raisons n'a-
boutissent a rien such reasons
prove nothing; c'est un raison-
nement qui cloche lame argu-
ment ; la conclusion tiree de ce
livre conclusion drawn from
this book; voild la conclusion
(the outcome) such the case
will be
page (n.), 68; at d la page;
(v.) paginer; verso: turn
page: recto: present page
paill-e (f.), 9, straw; -asson (m.)
(foot) rug or natte de paille
(jonc)
pain (m.), 8, bread, loaf, 19;
cake (soap) ; petits-pains (m.)
rolls
paint (v.) peindre, 354; -ing
peinture (f.); tableau (m.)
painter peintre (m.); en bdti-
ments house , 354
paire (f.) pair, 304
paix, 65
pal, 71 (m.)
palais (m.), 30, palace; palate,
H
palm-iste (m.) -ist, 12
GENERAL VOCABULARY
413
panier (m.) basket, 5; waste-
basket corbeille d papier
pacn (m.) peacock, 14 .
papa, 8, (daddy)
paque (f.), 69
P&ques, 69
par, n, by, through, per; 64,
id this way ; la that way
paradis (m.), 30
parasol (m.), 30
pare (m.) park, n
parce que, 46. because
pardon (m.), 332, (forgive-
ness); demander to beg
pardon; il vous demande
he begs your pardon
parent (m.) relative, 27; also
( \. . parer)
pure/: these (f.), 4
purer (v.) to ward off
Puresse (f.), 31, laziness
pcresset'x, 80, lazy
farfait (adj.) perfect, 14
parfum (m.) perfume, 8; -er (v.)
to ; 13, -erie (f.) -ry; -eur
-e maker or dealer, 21
parla, 213, spoke (past def. or
absolute)
parler, 209
par mi (prep.) among (st), 56
parole (f.), 226, parole; mot (m.)
paroi (m.), 65
paronymes (m.) -ym, 14
parrain, 68
part ( ent) (v. partir), 320
par/ (r6!e) (n.) ro/e (m.); (ist)
! partie; for my <7aM< d
moi (pour ma part); he comes
from Mr. B. *'/ vient de la part
de M. X.; good naturedly en
bonne part; for the most part
pour la plupart; on his part
(side) de sa part; to form (be)
a part oi faire partie de;
(with) (v.) se defaire de; se
separer de (se quitter)
portage, 64
partake (share) partager; (in)
partidper d, 64 (avoir part d);
to take part in prendre part a;
(taste) gouter a
part-i (m.) -y; match, 32
partial (adj.) , 33
partidp-e, 56, (m.) -le
parti-cule (f.), 57 -cle
particulier, 88; -erement particu-
larly, 54
partie (f.) part, game, 32
de (faire) to form a part of, 55
partir (v.), 33, 320
partitif, 124 (sens), (adj.), 55
par lire (f.), 64, ornament
parvenu (m.), 13; (p. p.), 295,
323
pas (m.) pace (step), 39; ne...
pas, 119, not
j pass (v.) passer; by (via)
par; (go to) au tableau
(blackboard) ; (vanish) dis-
paratlre; away mourir ou
passer; (to be promoted a)
passer capitaine; (call on)
chez; (to be looked upon as)
pour; etre repute pour; let
it (over) outre; (go to
extremes) du blanc au noir;
overlook it n'en point tenir
compte; it will pass cela peut
passer; assez bien; cela est sup-
portable (sera accepte); cf. : cela
se passera it will not last long;
(durer); passez-lui pass him;
un passe-temps a pastime; just
the time to slip it on le temps
de le passer (mettre); (conclude)
un central or: make faire;
(subir) un exam-en (-ina-
tion) ; (forgive) (pardonner)
une Jaute; that's beyond me
cela me passe; cf. : c'est trap fort
it's going too far; he was shot
il fut fusille (passe par les
armes); beyond my compre-
hension cela me passe; going
through en passant par; time
passes by (fuir) le temps passe;
s'ecouler to elapse; s'enfuir
to fly (away); le temps to
kill time; se passer to take
place; occur; de to dis-
pense; en passer par Id to
undergo; to go through
passage (m.); a defective
(incomplete) passage de-
fectueux; (crossing the Alps):
le passage des Alpes; ct.-.fran-
414
GENERAL VOCABULARY
passage Contin ued
chir to cross; (tr aver see, f.)
crossing (nav.); right of way
droit de passer; rail, crossing
passage d niveau (m.); birds
of oiseaux de
passe past; 56, after
passenger (n.) passager; voya-
geur (m.); cf.: passager tran-
sient (adj.)
passer-by passant (m.)
past passe (n.) (adj.) last; over,
gone by; past 10 10 hrs.
passees
pdt-e (f.), 9, pas-te, dough; -issier
-try cook; -isserie (f.), 9,
pastry shop
pale (m.) blot
patience (f.) , 81
patient (n.) le (la) malade; to
be , 1 8, avoir de la patience;
le m decline (s'eteint) the
is failing
-er (v.) to have patience, 18
pdtre (m.), n, herdsman; (v.)
pattre, 354
patriarche (m.), 12
patrie (f.), 3, fatherland
patriote, 65
patroness patronne; protectrice
patte, 8, leg; (man's) jambe (f.)
paupiere (f.), eyelid, 15
pause (rest) pause (f.); repos
(m.); silence (m.)
payement (m.) payment
payer (v.) to pay, 230
pays (m.) country; (see cam-
pagne), 14 (m.) country
(whole), 57; see nation, patrie
pay sage (m.) landscape, 14
paysan (m.) farmer
paysan (-ne, f.) countryman, 30
peau (f.) skin, hide, 13
peche (f.), n, peach
pecheur, 66
peigne (m.) comb, 15; (v.) se -r
to
peintre, 67, 354, painter
pelle (f.) shovel, 9
pelote (f.) pincushion; ball; jouer
a la to play handball
pencil (n.) (see 'to cut), 352
peninsula presqu'Ue (f.)
pensee (f.) thought
penser (a), 209
pensum (m.) , 21
Pensylvanie (f.) Pennsylvanit
pentagone (m.) -n, 18
Pentat-euque (f.), 18, -euch
penultimate penultieme (f.)
I' avant-derniere (syllabe)
percussion, 37
erd (ind. of perdre)
perdre to lose; (p. p. perdu,
13)
perdrix (f.) partridge, 34
perdu (p. p. of perdre,) lost
ere (m.), 4, father
/>pn7 (m.) peril
peripetie (f.), 32, incident
per/e (f.) pearl; 69, -e barley
per-mettre(\.) (mettre), 53, 351,
to -mit
person, 66
persil (m.) parsley, 25
persist (v.) insister; continuer
person personne (f.), 55; -al
personnel; -ally personneUe-
ment; en personne
personify (v.) personnifier
perspi-re (v.) trans pirer; -ration
- (f.); to be -ring etre e,i
transpiration; all etre en
nage (f.); cf. it transpired
cela commenc.a a etre conn:\
(to begin to be known)
persuader (v.) to persuade (set
360, vanquish); (induce him
to believe or do) le porter a
croire or le decider d faire;
(see to resolve); n'influencez
point do not try to influence.'
-.exercer une influence sur (to
urge); cf. contraindre; le pius-
ser a; se faire prier to like to
be urged; see (pre)valoir; win
(over); seduire; conseiller de
advise
perte (f.) loss
peser, 11, to weigh; soupeser,
229
petit, 92
petition (f.), 64
peu (un), 253, a little (few);
rather
peuple (m.) people, 28
GENERAL VOCABULARY
415
peur (f.) fear, 59; de peur que \
pent, peuvent (pouvoir); n'y
rien is (are) of no avail, 58, |
329
phare (m.) beacon-light, 28
pharynx (m.) , 34
phcnix (m.) , 34
phihsnphe, 12, -r
philosoph-y philosophic (f.), 25;
to be in faire sa ; -ical
-ique, 25
phonetique (f.) phonetics, 45
phrase (f.), 9, sentence (clause)
phtisie (f.) consumption, 25
physiognomic (f.) -y, 24
physique (f.), 14, physics; (m.)
; (adj.) physical
piano (m.) , 17
piece (f.) piece; room; paper, 56
pied foot, 17; de en cap head
to , 36; a terre (m.)
(transient) lodging
piege (m.) trap (see trappe)
pieton pedestrian
pilule (f.), 64, pill
pin (m.), 64, pine-tree
pinch (v.) pincer; see gene
pipe, 65
piquer (v.) to sting (prick), 356
piqure (f.) sting, 13
pis, 95, worse
piste (f.) trail; footprints, 346;
see empreindre
pitie (f.), 64, pity
place place; lieu; endroit (m.);
localite (f.); emplacement (m.)
- (v.) placer, mettre, deposer;
to be (put) placed s<? placer
sur; see season
place (f.), 64; ./orte fortified
city, 37;
placer, 56 (v.), to put
/>/ate (f.) wound, 14
plaindre, 58, 355, to pity; to
be pitied: to complain
plainte (f.) complaint
plait (Indicative) of plaire, 355;
38, likes
plan (m.) plan, 18
plat (m.) dish
plat (adj.) flat, u
platane (f.) plane-tree, 18
plausible ; see follow
play (v.) jouer; (n.) /e>; at
au jeu; -er (n.) joueur
please (v.) plaire (a); if you
s'il vous platt (: s. y. p.)
plein full; en air in the open,
38
pleonasme, 64
pli (m.) fold; -er to fold, 272
plomb (m.) lead; d perpen-
dicular
plume, 63
plupart, 40, most (of them)
pluriel (m.), 53
plus, 92, 31-9; en in addition,
96; rf'wn, 58
/>/z*,s (le): neutre (neuter), 254
plus -que -par fait (m.) pluperfect,
31
ne ... plus jamais, 45, no longer
plusieurs (adj.) several, 253
poele, 68 (m., f.)
poet poete (m.)
Poete, 5
poetry poesie (f.)
/w'ds (m.), 30, weight
poignard (m.) poniard, 16; -er
(v.) to stab
poignee (f.) (hand) grasp (col-
loq.), 1 6
poindre (v.) to dawn, 356
point (m.), 4, ; dewx -s colon,
4; virgule, 4; (v. poindre,
356); H9
pointure (f.) size (glove)
poire (f.) pear, 16
pois (m.) pea, 16
poivre (m.) pepper, 16
o/e word (m.) North Pole, 12
/>o/:e (f.) (Dept.) force; la
Surete detectives ; a ses trousses
after him; -r (v.) to enforce
rules for public welfare
poly gone (m.) -on, 14
polysyllab-e (f.) -le, 30
pomme (f.) apple, 12
de terre potato, 55
pommier (m.) apple-tree, 29
pompe (f.) pump, 8; pamper (v.)
to pump
pompier (m.) fireman
popular (adj.) populaire
pore (m.), 12, pork, 23
or/ (m.), 63
4i6
GENERAL VOCABULARY
porte, 65
porter (v.) to take (carry, bear),
15.6
portion (f.), 33,
portrait, 33; 354, (m.)
Portugal, 64
poser (v.) to put; lay in position,
13; see request, ask
positif, 95 romparatij, 95
bien mieux
beaucoup plus
mal pis
peu mains
position (f.) place (adjectives, 82)
position (situation) position (f.);
occupation (f.); emploi (m.);
paste; place (f.); (see adj., 82)
posseder, 55, (v.) to own, to
possess, 55
possessi-f (m.) -ve
possum (m.), 21
paste (f.), 10, post (office); 13,
position
posterity, 13, posterite (f.)
pastiche (adj.) false (hair), 13
pot (m.), 12, pitcher; aw /CM on
the fire
pot-au-feu (boiled) meat stew
with carrots, etc., 312
pouce (m.), 1 6, thumb; inch, 304
poule, 67
Pauls (m.), 25, pulse; tater le
to feel the
( pourra (on), 59, may (one), 329
'. pourront, (pouvoir) may be, 55,
( 329
powder poudre (f.) ; see extinguish
pre (m.) meadow, 1 1, 354
precede (v.) preceder (de), 54
precipice (m.), 58
precis, 99; (v.) preciser; la forme
se -e the form becomes more
in evidence
prefix (adj.), 34, set in advance;
-er (v.)
prefixe (m.) -x, 34
premier, 79, 304
prend (v. prendre), 356, takes
prends-y garde! beware! 5, 172
prennent (v. prendre, 356), take
prenom (m.) (Christian) name,
preposition (f.) preposition, 56
pres (de) near
preseance (f.) precedence, 30
presence, 64, pre ; in of
en de
present, 4, present; actu^el; in the
- tense au present; at the
- time a present (actuelle-
ment); d I'heure qu'il est (just
now); to be at etre a
(assister a); to be (there) etre
present; (gift) , don; ca-
deau, present (m); to make a
faire cadeau de; -ly pour le
moment; - - (v.) presenter;
introduire: to show in (an-
nounce); (offer) offrir a; cf. :
je le lui presente I offer it to
him (her) ; je le presente a lui
(elle) I present him to him
(her)
president (m.), 188
presider, 188
pres-omption (f.) -umption, 28
-tif, 28, apparent (heir)
presupposer, 30, to -e
pret (a) ready, 40
preterit (m.), 33,
pretre (m.) priest, 53
preuve (f.), 98
prevent, 164, empecher (de) or
que (w. Subj.); I' elision evite
(I'hiatus)
prevot (m.), 12, provost; marshal
price, 65, prix (m.); avoir le
to win (gain) the prize, 65;
see bargain
prie, -es, -ent, 209, pray, etc.
prierai (fut. of prier), 10, I shall
pray (request)
priere (f.) prayer, request, 17
prima-lie (f.), 32, -cy
prince, 66
print (v.), 346, imprimer; -er
imprimeur (m.); -ing impri-
mer -ie (f.); out of edition
epuisee; (foot) -s traces, em-
preinte (des pieds) (f.)
| printemps, 64
proceed (v.) poursuivre, 358;
see follow
proces (m.) lawsuit; (intenter un)
to prosecute at law, 358
I prochain, 54, next (adj.) (coming)
GENERAL VOCABULARY
417
produce (v.), 357, produire
(yield; to exhibit); reproduire
to again; to republish; cet
arbre produit (porte) des fruits
that tree bears fruit; sa
charge (rapporte) tant par
mots his post (office) yields
so much a (per) month; la
guerre produit (occasionne) de
grands maux war is productive
(: gives rise to) of many evils;
cf. qu'il fasse connaitre^son
avis (opinion) let him give
his advice ( ); cela produisit
un mauvais effet (: fit un, etc.]
it created a bad impression;
qu'il prouve ses litres let him
show (montre: exhibit) his
title-deeds; la vigne n'a pas
produit cette annee (or: a man-
que) the vine was a failure
(did not yield); a-t-on produit
des temoins? have witnesses
been brought forward? elle
(introduira) produira sa fille
dans le monde (society ) ; I' A me-
rique produit de grands ecri-
vains, de generaux (: gives
birth to great writers, etc.);
cf. : a donne le jour a de
grands homnies (produced fa-
mous men); le produit a pro-
duct (result); donner lieu a
(fournir I' occasion a) to give
rise to (see misunderstand);
il a donne lieu a he was the
occasion of; production (f.);
cf. : denrees (f.) produce (: pro-
visions); reproduire ces articles
to publish those articles again;
reproduire fideleme nt la nature
to imitate (copy) nature faith-
fully; droits de reproduction
rights of printing
professeur, 67
profession (f.); (metier
(m.) trade) ; see follow
profit (m.) -e, 25
progress (n.) pr ogres (m.); see
follow
project (n.) projet (m.); (see
follow), 57
projet, 57;faire un to form, etc.
prolong (v.) prolonger; (adj.) long
(-ue); see follow
prompt (adj.) quick (comme as),
32
prone (m.) short sermon, 12;
(instruction) ; -r to boom
pronom sujet, 57, nominative
pronominal (adverbe): v, 156-7
(verbe), 203
pronoun pronom (n.), 26
pronounce (v.) prononcer
pronunciation prononciation (f.),
43
proper names noms propres
f>roph-ete (m.), 66; -etie (f.) -ecy,
32
proposition (f.); structure of
sentence
proposition (f.) proposition (sug-
gested for deliberation); pro-
posal (demande en manage);
also- of peace de paix; (rhet.)
exposition (f.); (math.) theo-
reme (m.); (gram.), 56, com-
plete sentence: le sujet, le
verbe et I'attribut. Toute pro-
position se compose de trois
termes any proposition con-
sists of three words. N. B.
In a phrase there are as many
propositions as there are verbs
(conjugated as per: modes
personnels, p. 144) whether
expressed or understood and
grouped as : independantes,
absolues, principals, ou com-
pletii'es; directes ou indirectes,
circonsta ncielles, determinatives
(noms ou pronoms), ou expli-
catives, coordonnees, 58, subor-
donnces, incidentes, p. 142.
See also: Lesson XII; pp. 282-
4 ; main clause (que) subordi-
nate clause; i. Indicatif; 2.
Conditionnel ; 3. I.nperatif:
with que and subordinate
clause: see Subj. or Indicative
propositions completives subor-
donnees: generally after quand,
si, que, quel, ou, 58
- completives incidentes: with
qui, que, dont (in relative
clauses)
4 i8
GENERAL VOCABULARY
propositions dr.: les gouts chan-
gent quand on vieillit; il est
joyeux quand il sort
sub.: ils regrettenl la vie quand
elle leur echappe
incidente: le fer, qui est un
metal precieux
explicative: le fer qui est un
metal precieux, est tire du sol
de la lerre
absolue: (celle qui par elle-
meme enonce un sens complet)
prindpale: regit les autres
propositions, et dans la cons-
truction reguliere occupe tou-
jours le premier rang: I'ennui
est une maladie, donl le travail
est le remede
completive: sert de complement
directe (remplit le role de
complement direct); les anciens
croyaient que la terre tourne
indir.: chaque jour nous
avertit que la mart approche
- determinative (role de com-
plement deter minatif) : les
fables que La Fontaine a com-
posees sont des chefs-d'oeuvre
propre, 12, own ; clean ; 54, proper
propriete (f.), 37, property
prose (f.), 13
prosecute (v.), 358, (see follow]
poursuivre
prospectus (m.), 30,
protec-teur, 66, (-trice, f.), 3,
patroness
Protestant, 6, protestant; -ism
-isme (m.), 64
protestantisme, 6, Protestantism
prouver (v.) to prove, 60
proxy, 66
prudemment (adv.) prudently, 19
prudent (adj.) , 26
Prussia, 192, la Prusse; -n prus-
sien
psaume (m.) psalm, 28
pseudonyme (m.) (pen) name, 28
pst! (psitt or ps't) [: simply to
call attention while hissing)
psyche (f.) standard mirror, 14
publ-ic (-ique) (adj.), 53
publication publication (f.); ou-
vrage (m.)
publisher (n.) editeur (m.)
puis then, 304
puisque, 167
pull (v.) tirer; out retirer;
through se tirer d'affaire
(: savoir conduire sa barque
to paddle his own canoe) ; see
359. extract or traire; il lira
la langue he putout his tongue;
se tirer de (se degagea) to get
out of; d'un mauvais pas from
a bad predicament
pulpe (f.) pi Ip, 13
punch (m.) , 21
punctua-te (v.) ponctuer (une
phrase); -tion ponctuation (f.)
pupil el eve (m., f.); -le; orphan;
protege
pupille (f.) apple of the eye, 25
pure, 4, pur; style style pur;
loss en pure perte; (Ant.:
impure impur; foul air air
vide)
purpose (n.) objet, dessein (m.);
see goal, expect; reach a goal
atteindre un but; il vise (tire
juste) bien he aims right ( a
good shot); il vise au but he
aims at the mark; il y arrive
le premier he reaches the goal
first; avoir pour objet to have
in view (to be the aim); le
coucher en joue to take aim at
him
pursue (v.) poursuivre; see follow,
358
put (on), 35, mettre; out (fire)
eteindre; a question poser
une q ; cf . : to ask a question
faire une q ; to ask a favor
demander unefaveur; (down)
deposer; (in position) poser;
(place) placer
Pyrenees (f.), 14,
Pythagor-as, 6, Pythagore; -can
-icien (m.), 78
quadra ge-naire, 28, of 40 yrs. of
age
-simal, 28,
-sime (f.), 28, -a
GENERAL VOCABULARY
419
quadra-ngul-aire (adj.), 28, -ar
-tri-ce (f.), 28, -x
-ture (f.)
quadri-fi-de (adj.), 28, -d
-lateral (adj.), 28,
-lie (m.) , 25
-syllab-e (m.), 28, -le
quadru-mane (m.), 28,
-/>ede (m.), 28 -ed
-#, 305; - r (v.) to
gwai, 93
quaker, 24
qualifier (v.) to qualify, 55
quality qualite (f .) ; merite(m.),2$
quand when, 168
gwanJ (a) as for, 28
quantieme, 304 *
quantit-e, 55, -y
(adverbes de), 253
quarantaine (f.) (about 40), 303
quarante (m.), forty, 303
<7war/ (m.), 304
quartier (Latin) Latin Quarter,
28
quartz (m.), 24
quasi, 25; /a -modo, 28
quatorz-e (14), 303; -/ewe (i4th)
<7wa/r-e four; -ieme fourth; -ieme-
ment -ly, 303
quatuor (m.) quartet (-te), 24
<7tte, 131 ; 253, rfe; than, 92
gwe, 47, why (-f- ne)
quel, 135; quelle, etc., 32; what
.(sort of); who
- que soil whatever may be,
56, 163
quelque, 113, 163
quelquefois sometime (s), 55
quelquun, 30, some (any) one
querelle (f.) quarrel; -r (v.) to ,
29
qu'est-ce que c'est que qa? what
is that? 10
question, 4, question (f.); what a
belle demandel 33, unfair
( indiscrete), interrogation ;
out of the il ne faudrait
point y songerl to interro-
ger; questionner (quiz) ; (ask
a) faire une , 25 ; to put a ,
58, poser une ; to ask a
favor demander une faveur;
interpeller (Parl.) to interrupt;
without (undoubtedly) hor$
de doute; it is a of il s'agit
de; see follow
questionnaire grammatical g
drill, 25
qui (rel.) who, that, which, 131
quiconque, 135
quidam (m.), 19, a man (by
the name of?)
quiet (v.) calmer; pacifier
quille (f.) ninepins, 26
quincaille (-rie) (f.), 29, hard-
ware (store)
quin-conce (m.) -cunx, 29
quinine (f.) , 28
quinquagesime (f.), -a, 29
(Charles] -Quint, 20, Charles the
Fifth
quintal (m.) (100 wt.)
quinte (f.) (V 5 ) mus.
quintessence (f.) , 29
quinteux (adj.), 29, subject to
a fit (of cough)
quintuple (m.), 305
quinzaine (f.), 251, fortnight (-ly)
quinze (15), 303
quinzieme, 303
quite (adv.) tout a fait; tin pen:
tout aussi bien as much
(colloq.)
quittance (f.), 267; quitte, 267
quitter (v.) to leave; (see partir)
qui-vive, 170
quoique, 163
quotation citation (f.); guilleme 1
( )
quote (v.) citer
race (f.), 9, race; de bonne
of good breed (stock) ; -r trot-
teur (m.)
racing courses
radis (m.) radish, 30
rage (f.), 9, rage; fury; it is the
rage cela fait fureur; or: cela
jouit d'une grande vogue; cf. :
rabies; see enrager (: rager,
pester)
raide (adj.) stiff (rigid), 16
raideur (f.) stiffness, 16
420
GENERAL VOCABULARY
raidir (v.) to stiffen
rate (f.) parting (hair), 15
rail (m.) rail, 25
raison (f.) reason; -ner (v.) to
reason
rdle (m.), n, rattling (in the
throat); -r to be gasping for
breath
ramas (m.) (cheap) lot; -ser, 313,
to pick (up)
rante (f.) oar, 8; -ur, 66, rower
(oarsman); -r (v.) to row
random (at) a tort et a travers
rang (m.) rank, 18; -er (v.) to
arrange
rangee (r.) row, 24
rapide (n.) express- train, 12
rapid-e, (adj.), 12, swift; -ite (f.)
-ity
rapporter (se), 55, to refer (to
be related), 53
rapsodie (f.), 28, rhapsody
rare (adj.), 47
ras (adj.) close (shave), u;
-er (v.) to raze, 352
rastaquouere (m.), 17, prodigal
foreigner
raf (m.) ,67; -iere (f.) rat-trap
ravoir to have again (Inf. only)
rayon (m.) ray (of light);
(dept. store), 14
read (v.), 349, lire; to be a
lire; -er Hire de lecture (f.);
lecteur (lectrice); his mail
(letters) son courrier; with
a magnifying-glass a la loupe;
he longs to hear from you
U lui tarde de vous lire : (de
recevoir de vos nouvelles);
(cursorily) to glance par-
courir; interpreter;
backward a rebours; aloud a
haute voix; correct proofs lire
des epreuves; ainsi conqu reads
thus (worded); ses propres
termes his own words; the
purport of the letter la teneur
de la lettre; his turn to c'est
d lui a lire; at sight d lime
ouvert; a premiere vue; decipher
dechiffrer or: to read; his
thought / dans sa pensee;
see to call
real reel; ce qui est what is real ;
-ly en realite (f.); reellemeni;
a trunk too heavy une
matte reellement trap lourde
reali- sable, (pro jet) -zable
reality, 54, realite (f.); en realite
realize constater man erreur: se
rendre compte de (as a matter
of fact); realiser: (to make
real) or accomplir; s'en faire
une idee juste
realization (n.) accomplissement
(m.)
reason, raison (f.); see follow
receipt (n.) requ; full quit-
tance (f.)
receive (v.) fecevoir, 249
recemment recently, 19
recent (adj.) recent
recherche, 54, sought af*er, re-
fined
recognition (f.) , 24
reqoive (v. recevoir), 248, 16
recommandee (lettre) or chargce
registered
recju, (recevoir), 248, received;
a receipt
recueil (m. ) collection ; -lir (irreg. ) ;
see cueillir, 313
redempteur Redeemer, 28
redemption (f.) Redemption
rediger to write (word), 53; to
edit
reduce, 357, (abate; to curtail);
rendre moindre (to , to les-
sen the number); cf. : trans-
former; du ble wheat; enfarine
into flour; on le reduit a I'obe-
issance he was made to obey;
see taire; on subjugua I' Europe;
reduis tes depenses curtail
your expenses; la reduction
d'une fraction a fraction re-
duced; I' affaire est reduite a
ce point the matter has come
up to this stage; quel reduit
(logement miserable) what a
lodging (hovel)! reduire en
poussiere (dust) to pulverize;
see bargain; cf. : on le mettra
a la raison he will be brought
to his senses; reduit au silence
silenced; votia ou U en est
GENERAL VOCABULARY
421
reduce Continued
reduit! see what a desperate
situation he is in! cf. : il est
aux abois (hard up); at his
wits' end; il est dans de beaux
draps or ( : dans une situation
fdcheuse) he is in a predicament
(pretty pickle)
reel (adj.), 58, real
refer (v.) se rapporter a; s'agir
de; avoir trait a; r envoy er;
-ence reference (f.) ; renvoi (m.),
5; in to (par rapport a)
touchant; see traire; lettre de
recommandation (f.) letter of
reference
reflux (m.), 114
refus (m.), 30, -al; (v.) -er to
decline
regards to all meilleures amities
a . . . or: rappelez-moi (nous)
au ban souvenir de . . .; see
remembrance (s)
regie (f.), 54, rule; ruler; -ment
(m.); rules and regulations;
generate in most cases
reglementaire as per regulations
(mil.): in compliance with the
rules
regler (v.) to rule; to plan; to
settle (solder un compte)
reglisse, 65
regne (m.) reign, 24
regner (v.) to reign; 54, to pre-
vail, 24
regulier, 58, 207, regular
Reims, 20
reine (f.) queen, 15
rejouir (de) to rejoice, 164, (at),
i?
rejouissance (f.) rejoicing
relaps (n., adj.) -ing, 28
relatif a, 53, bearing on
(pronom ou conjonctif), 131
relativement, 58, regarding
relax (v.); la promenade distrait
(distraire), 359, a walk affords
relaxation; detendre I' esprit
to the mind; elle se distrait
she -es her mind; se divertir
to enjoy oneself; s'en donner
a cceur joie to enjoy ^oneself
thoroughly; il se recree he is
taking recreation ; la recreation
recess (-time) ; rel&che (a I' Ope-
ra) no performance
j religieux (adj.), 54
1 religion religion (f.), 54; profes-
sion (f.)
j remembrance (to all) un bon
souvenir a tous (: a la famille,
etc.)
remet, 10, (remettre), 351; to put
back, 57
remettre (v.) replace; (see mettre);
57, 351
remmener (v.), 18, 229, to take
(lead) back
remords (m.) remorse, 19
remorse (n.) remords (m.); see
follow
remuer (v.), 13, to stir (move);
to till (soil)
rencontrer (v.) to meet; se
to meet; to be met, 54
rendre (v.) to return (give back) ;
to render; se to go (repair)
to
rendu (p. p. rendre), 47
rene (f.) rein (check), 68
renvoi (m.), 5, reference; 310
r envoy er, 310
repas (m.) meal (prendre ses),
30
i repeat (v.) repeter; dire; pro-
noncer de nouveau
repeter (v.) to repeat, 228
repetition repetition (f.); ge-
nerale general rehearsal
replace (v.) remplacer; to take
the place of
reply (in) en reponse a
repondre (a), 36, 148, 92
reponse (f.) answer
repos (m.), 12, rest; se reposer
to , 267
represent (v.) representer
reptile (m.) , 28
reputed (to be) repute pour; (see
estimer, valoir): tenir pour or
considerer
require, 310, (v.) exiger; deman-
der; see follow; (falloir) to be
necessary or must; tout ce qui
est necessaire, c'est de all that
is required is to; or tout ce
422
GENERAL VOCABULARY
require Contin ued
qu'il faut, c'est de; cf.: que
voulez-vous de luif what do
you want of him? il exige cela
de tous he requires that of all;
die est exigeante she is over-
particular; le voleur demands
la bourse ou la vie a thief says-
your money or life! cf. :
requerir (de) to request; allez
requerir les agents de paix
go and request the police
officers to come; un requerant
a plaintiff; cette nouvelle merite
confirmation that news re-
quires confirmation; cf. : il se
fait tirer I'oreille (pull the ear)
he requires much pressing; on
le prie de venir (is requested to
come); aux grands maux les
grands remedes (m.) desperate
diseases require desperate
remedies ; failes votre demande
par ecrit present your request
in writing; il appuie sa de-
mande he seconds her request;
que demande-t-il? what does
he want? je ne demande pas
mieux I am only too glad;
demandez-l-ui de ask (of) him
to . . .; demandez a monsieur
de venir ask Mr. to come; on
vous demande au telephone
you are wanted on the 'phone;
elle nedemandepas mieux noth-
ing would please her better
residence residence (f.), 27
resident (n.) , 188
resider (v.), 188
resolute resoudre; (see advisedly)
respect (m.), 33; -er
respectfully yours(see expression )
respect humain (m.) self-respect
responsabili-te (f.) -ty, 22
ressenti (e) keenly felt, 46
ressentir (sentir), 320, to feel (in-
wardly) ; (discomfort, malaise)
rest repos (m.); to reposer;
-ing en se reposant
rester (v.), 56, to remain (stay)
restrict (y.), 341, restreindre;
(see eteindre; (check) : mettre
un jrein (a); see brake
resultat (m.), 59, result
resumer, 58, to sum up
retard (m.) delay, 36; (v.) -ei
to delay
retreci, 12 (see retrecir), shortened
retrecir (v.) to shorten (narrow);
to shrink
return (v.) retourner (de); or:
oiler de nouveau (dans); etre
de retour to be back; it
rendez-le; (to come back)
revenir; renvoyer; rentrer
tard to come home late; to
the point in question revenez
au fait (sujet); -- (yield)
rapporter; the compliment
rendre la pareille; I
thanks je vous en remercie;
to work retournez (remet
tez-vous) au travail; (go)
s'en retourner; etre revenu
to have (to be back)
(n.) retour (m.); in for
en retour (recompense) de;
by post par le retour du
courrier; ticket billet d'aller
et retour; single d'aller
(de retour)
reunion (f.) meeting, 3, 56
reunir (v.) together; to combine,
56,3
reve (m.), n, dream; (v.) -r (a)
to
revient (v. venir, 322) returns, 29
rez-de-chaussee, 35, ground floor
rheteur (m.) rhetorician, 30
rhetor -ique (f.) -ic, 30
rheumatism (n.) rhumatisme (m.) ,
4; (le fait souffrir makes him
suffer, 320) or: he suffers from
rhum (m.) rum, 21
rhume (m.), 24, cold (de ceneau)
in the head
rich (adj.) riche, 12; to (grow) be-
come s'enrichir; devenir ;
-ness richesse (f . ) ; riches riche sse
ride (f.), 12, wrinkle; -r (v.) to
ridicule, 32 (adj.), ridiculous
rien du tout, 5, nothing (at all);
rien, 119, nothing; pour un
rien for at all ( : the least
thing), 19
GENERAL VOCABULARY
423
rig (outfit) accoutrement (m.);
(colloq.) nippes (f.) or: vieux
vetements old (worn-out)
clothes; linge use old linen;
to (nav.) grcer
rime (f.) rhyme, 10
ripe (adj ) mur; -n (v.) murir
riposte (f.) retort, 13; (v.) -r to
rire to laugh, 357
rive (f.), 12, shore (bank)
riviere (f.), 65
roar rugir, grander, se faire en-
tendre; le bruit du canon (ton-
nerre) the roaring of the can-
non (thunder) ; de colere anger;
-ing grondement, rugissement
(s) (de la tempete of a storm);
le lion rugit a lion roars: le cri
the cry; [pousser des rugisse-
ments] semhlable a celui de
like that of; bruit compare a
noise compared to; see (tanner)
to thunder; = le tonnerre ne
tombe pas toutes les fois qu'il
tonne = threats are not always
carried out
robe (f.) gown; coat (horse;
roc (m.) rock, 47, 12
roc he (f.) stone
rocker (m.) rock, 29; (: escarpe
el eleve steep and high)
roder (v.) to roam (prowl)
roi (m.), 4, king
role (m.) (part); jouer un
to play a ,12
romain, 66 (n. and adj.), 53
romanes (langues) Romance
Languages
romsteck (m.) rump steak, 21
root racine (f.); see traire, 359;
square la racine carree;
-ed (deeply) avoir de profondes
racines; to take prendre
racine; s'implanter quelque
part; to settle somewhere;
root (of a word) le mot primi-
tif; la 46 puissance the 4th
power; il y demeura longtemps
(see to live)
rosbif (m.) roast beef, 13
rose, 64, ; pink cf. : le rose
pink (color)
rose rose (f.) ; - - tree rosier (m.) ;
color teint de rose; water
cau de rose (f.); couleur ver-
meille des joues (cheeks) et
des levres (lips)); rosy com-
plexion teint rose; voir tout cou-
leur de rose to see everything
roseate (: voir tout en beau)
to be an optimist; il n'y a
point de roses sans e pines no
rose without its thorn; no
pleasure without alloy point
de plaisir sans peine
rosee (f.) dew, 64
roti (m.) roast, 36; -e (f.) toast
(-ed bread); -r (v.) to , 343
one (m.) debauchee (rake), 17
ouge, 1 6, red; -dtre reddish
(sandy)
ougeole (f.) measles, 15
ougir (v.) to blush
ouille (f.) rust; (v.) -r to , 17
ouler, 297, to roll
oulis, 279, rolling
ue, 64 (f.), 3
un (v.) courir, 312; see follow
use (adj.), 13, artful, cunning
rush" d'urgence (urgent, presse)
Russe (m.) Russian; Russie (f.;
Russia
sac (m.), ii, bag (satchel); de
voyage traveling-case
sacre (m.), 9, coronation: see
ceindre; ceignez votre tete du
bandeau royal crown your
head with the diadem; (v.)
sacrer to crown
sacre sacred; (v.) consacrer con-
secrate; pain benit consecrated
bread
sage wise (good), 35
sain (adj.), sound
saint (n.) saint, 10
sais know (savoir), 329
sala.de (f.) salad, n
salle (f.) (de classe), 9, class-
room; des conferences, 349,
Lecture Hall; a manger, 74,
dining-room; de recreation
recess , 359; (distraire)
424
GENERAL VOCABULARY
salve onguent (m.); see (v.j
frotter
same meme; just the tout de
meme
samedi Saturday, 125; le , 6,
on
sang (m.) blood, 18; suer et
eau to toil hard, 37
sanglant bloody
sanglier, 67
sanhedrin (m.)
sanitary sanitaire (adj.); cf.:
empecher la propagation des
maladies contagieuses to check
the spread of contagious dis-
sans without, 55, 181
sante, 58, health
satiete (f.), 33, satiety
satisfaisant (satisfaire, 347; satis-
factory
Saturday (s) samedi; le (on)
sauf (adj.) safe; except, 53;
conduit, 36; erreur, 192
Saul, 7
saurait (savoir), 329, could not
(cannot)
saut (m.), 13, leap; -er (v.) to
leap
sauvage, 59, savage; wild
sauve, 170; (v. -r)
savant learned, 5 ; (see savoir, 329)
save (see 89) (v.) sauver; see
devoir
savoir (m.) knowledge; (v.)
to know, 329
say (tell) dire (v.), 344; that is
to c'est-a-dire
scandale, 30, scandal
sceau (m.) seal; sceller to seal, 30
scene, 65, scene; se passer to
take place
scept-ique -ical, 28
sceptre, 3 1
schema schema, 24
schisme (m.) schism, 24
school ecole (f.); at (to, in)
d I'ecole; boarding pension,
institution (f.); pensionnat;
day jour de classe; boy
ecolier; day external (m.);
master mattre d'ecole; -
year I'annee scolaire (f.); Law
Faculte de Droit; Medical
Faculte de Medecine (f.)
scholastical scholastique
science (f.) , 18
scintill-er (v.) to -ate, 25; (see
hare)
scold (v.) grander; -ing repri-
mande (f.); to give a gran-
der; reprimander; reprendrt;
cf. : a lecture une semonce
scorbut (m.) scurvy, 30
scorpion (m.), 30
sculp-ter (v.) to -ture (chisel), 28
sculpteur sculptor, 28
sculpture (f.) , 28
sea mer (f.); over d'outre-mer
seance (f.), 3, sitting (meeting)
search (v.) chercher avec soin;
faire des recherches (f.); in
of en quite de; se metlre en
quete de to ; (n.) perquisi-
tion (f.) ; investigation (probe) ;
visiter or faire la visile to go
in
season saison (f.); see opportu-
nity; dull morte-saison (f.) ;
timely (etre) de saison or a
propos; en temps et lieu con-
venables in suitable time and
place; hors de saison out of
season
seasons, 64
sec dry, 79, 23; seeker (v.), 226
second, 55, second, 303, -e (f.);
-er (v.) to second, 23
secondaire secondary, 23
secourir, 312; secours, 32
secretaire secretary
secundo, 21
see, -ing (saw, seen), 331, voir,
voyant (vis, vu)
seed graine (f.); -y (feel) mal a
I'aise (discomfort) ; grenu (beau-
coup de graines) abounding
with -s (bearing ); ble
grenu wheat gone to seed;
shabby clothes habits rapes;
use jusqu'H la corde worn-out,
threadbare
seem (v.) sembler (paraitre); see
Subj. or follow, 354
seigle (m.) rye, 15
sein (m.) breast
GENERAL VOCABULARY
425
seing (prive) (m.) private seal,
19, 24
seiz-e (16), 303; -ieme (i6th)
selon, 38, according to (: suivant;
au. dire de)
semblable, 57, similar, such
semer (v.) to sow, 229
sempiternel (adj.) everlasting, 19
sens (m.), 30 ; devant derriere
wrong side first; dessus
dessous, 31, topsy-turvy
sens, 53, meaning (sense), 59
partitif, 75
sensorium (m.) , 28
sent feels, 47 (v. sentir)
sentence (gram.) phrase (f.) ;
(law) sentence (f.)
sentiment (m.)
sentir (irreg.) to feel; to smell,
320
sentry, 67
separate (v.) separer; (ad''.) -ly
separement; separation (f.) ;
(to part) se quitter
separer (v.), 55, to separate;
se to part
sept (7), 303; [-ante] for 70; 303
septembre (m.), 180
septentrion (m.) north (-ern),
82
sera will be, 292
serein (adj.) serene, 19
(n.) night-dew, 19
serf (n.), 31
serieux (adj.) serious, 41
seront will be, 292
serpent (n.) snake, 49; (v.) -er
to meander
serre (f.), II, green-house; talon
frein (m.) brake
servant (m.) (-e, f.) domestique;
serviteur (m.); servante (f.)
servante, 66
serve (v.), 321, servir; to be use-
ful to ( a); at (wait on)
tables a table
servir (v.), 321, to serve; a
to be useful to; de to serve
as- se de to use (make use
of)
serviteur, 66
ses (poss. adj.), 118
seul alone; 56, single
seulement, 5, only; cf. : we que
only, 119, (but)
seve (f.) sap, u
several (adj.) plusieurs, 253
severe (adj.) doux; climat rigou-
reux severe climate ; lois severes
rigid laws; stern look regard
severe; austere customs (life)
moeurs -s; austere style of
architecture (: plain, etc.)
architecture severe (f.); -ly
severement; avec severite; sans
indulgence (f.); heavy cold
gros (violent) rhume (m.)
shafts traits (m.); see traire
shake (v.) secouer; (hands) serrer
la main; (grasp); (clasp) en-
lacer; (or: etreindre) un adver-
saire adversary
shampooing (see f rotter)
shape forme; in the of en
forme de; (v.) jaqonner, donner
la forme de
sharpen (v.), 352; (see to cut)
tools faire I'emoulage des outils
(m.)
shine (v.), 350, luire (glitter)
paraitre; (glisten) reluire; see
appear
shoot (v.) tirer; (fire) faire feu
(m.); (aim at) viser or
tres juste; partir (gun, fusil) to
gooff
short court, bref; in en resume,
bref; -ly sous peu
show (v.) marquer, indiquer, mon-
trer, faire voir; prouver; (n.)
spectacle (m.)
shut (close) fermer; (lock) fermer
a de (clef); to bolt au verrou
(verrouiller)
si, 3, if, 146, whether; so, as
(since); however (+ adj. and
Subj.); suppose ( + imperf.)
si (tellement), \, so (to such an
extent)
sick (ill) malade; -ness maladie;
-ly (person) maladif
sied (asseoir), 324, fits on (be-
coming), 23
sien (le), 129, 19
sienne (la), 129
sifflet (m.) whistle
426
GENERAL VOCABULARY
siffler (v.) to whistle, 47
sign, 8, signe; of rain, 328,
de pluie; indice (m.); mar-
que (f.); to make the of
the Cross faire le signe de la
croix; (v.), 24, signer;
your name signez (: apposez
votre signature)
signifier, 59, (v.) to mean
s'il (si elle) if it
(he); if she (it),
117
silence, 64, (v.) taire, 359; se
taire to keep silent; faites-le
taire silence him (gag); taire
un secret not to reveal a secret ;
gardez silence! be silent;
rompre le silence: see rompre;
imposez-lui le silence silence
him; rcduire au s to silence;
observer (garder) le s to keep
silent; passer sous silence not
to mention; cf. : rentrer dans
sa coquille (shell) (to draw in
his horns) to keep s ; se tenir
coi (: ne dire mot; souffler mot)
not to say a word; il n'a pas
dit un trattre mot he didn't
utter a (single) word; ne pas
desserrer les dents (se I obsti-
nement) not to open lips;
il a la langue trap longue he
can't hold his tongue; on ne
pent lui arracher une parole
you cannot get a word out of
him; Us lui ont rive son clou
they gave him a clincher; cf.:
iirer les vers du nez (pump)
to draw him out; il se tut he
kept silent; qui se tail (qui
ne dit mot) consent silence
gives consent; ces choses ne
doivent pas se taire those things
must not be kept secret; cf.:
on entendrait voler une mouche
you could hear a pin drop;
on etouffa I'affaire the affair
was hushed up
silex (m.) flint, 34
simple (adj.), 46, plain, 20
simplification (f.), 53
simpli-fier (v.) to -fy
sing (v.) chanter; a ravir admir-
ably; le faire to have him
sing; lui faire une chanson
to have him a song; la lui
faire chanter to have him sing
it
singe, 67
singulier (m.), 53
sink (down) enfoncer; -ing (drive
a nail) enfoncer un clou; en-
foncement (m.); fund fonds
d'amortissement (m.); enfoncer
une porte ouverte much trouble
over a trifle; (to force an open
door)
Sir monsieur; -s messieurs; (let-
ter: Dear Sir)
sirop (m.) sirup, 28
sitting seance (f.); service (m.)
six (6), 303; -ieme (6th)
sizain (m.) 6 lines (stanza)
sky (n.) del (m.), 71; firmament;
les deux (pi.); azur (m.);
light lucarne (f.); scrapers
(gratte-ciel) qui louche aux nues
(clouds)
smile, 357, sourire (m.); see (v.)
sourire; jeunesse (f.) au front
riant youth with its smiling
face; la fortune vous a souri
fortune smiled upon you; see
rire; ebaucher (indiquer legere-
ment) un to sketch a s
so si (tellement: to such an ex-
tent; point); and so forth; see
follow; so much (many) tant
(de); so, so (passable) cammed,
comme fa
sobr-e, 8, sober; de (modere,
retenu) chary; -iete soberness
see ur (f.), 8, sister
sofa (m.) sofa, 9
soft doux; -ly doucement
soi (pron.) self (one), itself, 16;
-mime oneself; -disant
self-called
soie (f.), 64; soierie (f.) silks
soif, 65
soigneusement carefully
soin (m.), 59
soir (m.) evening; -ee (f.) (entire)
, 16
soil . . . soil (v. etre) either, or, 59
soixante (60), 303
sol (m.) soil, 25
GENERAL VOCABULARY
427
solde (f.) see bargain; soldier's
pay, 12
solder (v.) to pay (settle)
soldier (m.) soldat
soleil (m.) sun, 37
solennel (adj.) solemn, 18
sombre (adj.) gloomy (sombre),
20, 348
some (any) du, de I', de la, des;
quelque(s) or quelqu'un or
(certain) quelques-uns ; les uns;
les autres some; others;
more encore d'autres
somme, 68
som-met (m.) summit; -mite (f.)
the very top, 26
somptueux, 28, sumptuous
son his, her, its, 118
son (m.) sound
song chanson (f.); ne savez-vous
qu'une ch ? are you singing
the same song over and over
again?
songe (n.), 10, dream; -r (a) to
think (dream) of, 14
sonner to ring (peal); to herald,
48; to ring for
sonore, 46
sont (v.) etre, 291
sorbet (m.) sherbet, 13
sort (v. sortir, 321); comes out, 29
sorte, 1 68; 57, kind
(de) sorte que so that, 29
(est) sorti, 194, (sortir)
sortie (f.), 64, exit
sor/j'r (irreg. v.), 57, 321
sot, 78
sottise (f.) foolishness, 57
sow (m.), 8, penny; 5 centimes,
304
soubresaut (m.) sudden start, 30,
3"
soul tipsy (full), 25
sound (v.) se faire entendre;
sonner; rendre le son de; (n.)
son (m.)
sound (adj.) sain (see health),
robuste
soupqon (m.) suspicion; -ner (v.)
to suspect, 54
soupqonneux (adj.) suspicious, 54
soupir (m.) sigh; -er (v.) to , 47
source (f.) spring, 16, 358
j sourcil (m.) eye-brow, 25
I sowrd deaf, 36
sourire (v.) to smile, 357; (n.)
22
souris (f.), 67
sows (prep.) under
soulient (v. soutenir, 322) sup-
ports, 27
souvent often
soyez (e/re), 35, 291
speak (see ler Group) fully
illustrated; -er orateur (m.)
special (adj.) special, particulier,
53; -ly surtout, principalement
specimen (m.) , 19
spirituel (adj.), 78, witty; men-
tal
split (v.) fendre; see to cut
squelette (m.), 30, skeleton
stagnant (adj.) stagnant
stamp (i cent; timbre- paste de
5 centimes; postage (m. )
star (n.) etoile; asterisque (f.);
-ry (spangled) etoile
start (n.) commencement (m.);
see finir; debater dans une
entreprise difficile to make a
in an arduous task; partir
station (n.) gare (f.); station (f.)
statue (f.), 30
still (yet) encore; waters eaux
dor mantes
stop pause (f.); arret (m.);
to (v.) s'arreter; see parler,
finir
street rue (f.)
stretch (out one's limbs) s'etirer
(colloq.); s'allonger en eten-
dant ses membres; il a le bras
endormi his arm is numb;
se degourdir les membres to
limber them; s'etendre dans
le fauteuil to one's self at
full length in an armchair;
see extend; at a d'un trait;
tout d'une haleine; I'esprit
tendu his (her) mind alert;
les bras tendus with outstretch-
ed arms; a of imagination
une exageration (MM effort
exagere d' esprit); I'auditoire
etait tout yeux, tout oreilles
the audience was all atten-
428
GENERAL VOCABULARY
stretch Continued
tion; on prete I'oreUL (listen
attentively); la tension des
muscles muscles under severe
strain; / d 'esprit strain of
mind; etre suspendu d ses
levres to drink in his words
strict, 33, severe; -ly proprement,
precisement, exactement
strike (v.) sonner; battre; f rapper
d la porte (knock) ; out with
a dash (see traire); an idea
-s me il me vient a I'esprit
study (n.) etude (f.); se livrer a
/' to apply (devote) one's
self to ; maitrc d'etude super-
visor of studies; (v.) etu-
dier; student eleve (m., f.);
etudiant (-e)
style (m.), 14, style
su (savoir ) (p. p.) known; au vu
et au de tous right before
everyone
suave (adj.) , 17
subject sujet (m.) ; topic, subject-
matter; [le verbe s'accorde en
nombre et en personne avec le
sujet]
subjonctif, 58
subordonne, 58, dependent
substantif (m.), 53
subtil (adj.) subtle, 25; -ite (f.),
59, delicate points
subtract, 359, soustraire; -ion,
soustraction (f.); se (se de-
rober) a to avoid (by shrewd-
ness or fraud); (to take off)
retrancher; (faire echapper) to
make (any) one escape; le
signe (mains) indique qu'il
faut soustraire
succinct (adj.) , 33
succomber (v.) to yield, 47
such (adj.) tel (-le, f.); as tel
que; a man un tel homme
sud (m.) south, 8; le Midi de
la France; -ern France, 64,
36
suer (v.) to sweat; d.:transpirer,
17
suffer, 320, souffrir (de); -ing
souff ranee, douleur (f.) ; -er per-
sonne qui souffre; losses
eprouver des pertes (f.);
(for it) en porter la peine
suffice (v.) suffire (to be equal
to), 358; souvent pen de chose
suffit pour calmer une grande
colere; a little rain lays a great
dust; cf. : petite pluie abat
grand vent; a chaque jour suffit
sa peine sufficient unto the day
is the evil thereof; le peu qu'ils
ont leur suffira the little they
have will suffice; un rien suffit
pour le froisser it takes little
to hurt his feelings; il n'en
faut pas davantage pour le
froisserthat is sufficient to hurt
his feelings; cela suffit or me
suffit I had enough or no n:ore,
please; cf.: c'est assez or en
voila assez that is enough;
en vo'ld pjur trois mots that
will do for three months; il
suffit qu'il se prononce his word
is enough; il suffit de parler
you have but to say the word ;
cf. : a ban entendeur salut a
word to the wise (suffices) ; on
ne se le laissera pas dire deux
fois no need to be told twice;
contentement passe richesse
enough is as good as a feast;
il en a par-dessus la tete or: il
en est rassasie (sick of it) he
had enough of it; cela suffira
d vos depenses that will be
enough for your expenses;
cf. : suffit or cela suffit (it
suffices) enough (: no more);
Us ont suffisance de provisions
they have provisions enough;
Us ont des livres en suffisance
(d suffisance) they have books
enough (: a plenty); cinq dol-
lars sont suffisants five dollars
are enough; c'est un homme
fort suffisant a very conceited
person, 59; supplier a I'insuf-
fisance (f.) to supply the de-
ficiency (: to make up the
difference)
suffisant (adj.) sufficient (suffire,
358)
suggerer (v.) to suggest, 22, 33
GENERAL VOCABULARY
429
suggestion (f.) , 33
suicide (m.) , 16; (se) -r (v.)
to commit , 16
suie (f.) soot, 1 6
suis am, 3, (v. Sire, 291); , 358
Suisse (f.), 192, Switzerland'
Swiss, 66
suit (n.) habit; (full) complet
suit (v. suivre, 358) follows, 55;
(v.) convenir; seoir: il lui sied
(va) bien it fits him well
suitable convenable
suite (f.), 1 6, continuation; par
, 56, owing to
suivant (m.); que, 54; accord-
ing to
suivent (v. suivre) follow
suivi (p. p. suivre) de followed by
suivre (v.) to follow, 358
sujet, 57, (as) subject (nomina-
tive)
summer etc (m.); in (time)
en etc; pendant I'ete; dressed
for en etc, en toilette d'ete
Sunday (s) dimanche; le (on)
superflu (adj.), 55. -ous
superfluous superflu (: qui est
de trop); useless (inutile);
dormer le s to give surplus
(money); see (croitre) sur-
crottre; un surcroit de an over-
supply of; par surer oil in
addition; into the bargain
par-dessus le marche; pour
surcroit (comble) de bonheur
to complete his happiness;
pour s de malheur to add to
his misfortune
superieur, 80
superiorite (f.), 91 (comparatif)
superlatif (m.), 92
absolu, 97, 254
c upervisor inspecteur; cf. (v.)
surveiller
supplier ai (fut. of supplier) to
implore, 15
suppos-e (v.) supposer; admettre
par hypothese; inventer (ima-
giner) centre la verite; see
Subj.; suppose (que); cf.: si
c'etait vrail if it were true
or suppose it to be true! dans
la s que; -ition (f .) ; faire
des -s to make (s); allega-
tion, conjecture (f.); une
que let us suppose (he, etc.)
or let us admit that as an
example admettons cela comme
exemple; see prepositions
suppose que, 56, (v.) supposer
supposition (f.), 32,
suppression, 55, omission
supprimer, 55, to omit
suprema-tie (f.), 32, -cy
sur (adj.) sure, 8; sour; -ete
security (safety) ; en safe
sur, 4, on (upon); to
sure sur, certain; -ly surement,
assurement; -ty surete, secu-
rite ({.); (stand) for se porter
garant de (repondre de)
| surement surely, 3, (safely)
! surmonter (v.) (see vanquish,
360) to rise above (passer
par-dessus); (to crown) etre
place au-dessus; dominer (over-
look)
surnom (m.) surname, 20
surnommer (v.) to surname, 20
surprise surprise (f.); see wonder;
ce qu'il y a d'etonnant, c'est
que the wonder is that: (it is
surprising he or she, etc.);
joyeuse surprise causee par
quelque chcse d' extraordinaire
pleasant (agreeable) caused
by something wonderful ;
homme etonnant! extraordinary
man; commotion brusque sud-
den agitation; unexpected
inattendu; (saisi) frappe de
- struck with ; confus
dumfounded ! emerveille de
amazed at; emerveille par son
talent; il n'en revient pas he
can't recover from his s
suspect (adj.), 33
suspendre (v.), 184, 191
suspension (f.), 4
swallow (v.) avaler; see traire,
etc.
sweat (v.); suer; (n.) sueur (f.);
see perspire
sweep (v.) balayer; sa robe traine
her gown -s the ground ; clean
(faire) table rase
430
GENERAL VOCABULARY
sweet, 79; -ness douceur (f.);
gently doucement
swell (v.) (s')enfler: gonfler (in-
flate)
switch aiguille (f.); -man aiguil-
leur
syllable, 14, syllabe (f.)
symbole (m.) symbol, 20
sympalhie (f.), 32
symptome (m.) symptom, 20
synagogue (f.) , 20
syndic (m.) magistrate, 20
syntaxe (f.) syntax, 20
synthese (f.) synthesis, 20
(f.) Syria, 192
to (your) thy, 118
tabac (m.) tobacco, 23
/o6/e (f.) table; 5e mettre d -
to sit at ; quitter la ; or
se lever de ; sortir de to
rise or get up from
table, 63, 15
tache (f.)
spot, 9; (v.) -r to spot
(stain)
tdche (f.) task, u
tact (m.), 33,
taille-crayon(s) pencil sharpener
tailleur tailor; see to cut or
sharpen
take, 356, prendre; -n pris;
(buy) tickets; (drink tea)
du the
off bier (see remove)
tamis (m.) sieve (strainer), 30;
-er to pass through the
taon (m.) gadfly, 14
tandis que (whilst) while, 168
tant, 253
tante, 67
tantdt . . . tantot now, now, 54
tapage (m.) noise (stamping)
taper, 8, to slap; trois coups a
to knock three times at;
pomme tapee dried apple;
du pied to tap on the floor with
the foot
tapis (m.) carpet, 30
tard, 100, (see tdt) late
tardif, 54, tardy
las (m.), 9, pile, heap; (v.) en-
tasser
taureau, 67
taxe (contribution), n, (f.) tax;
cf. : mettre un impot sur le
tabac to impose a upon
tobacco; droils de sortie ex-
portation duties; droils d 'en-
tree importation duties
teach (v.) enseigner, instruire;
-ing enseignement, instruc-
tion (f.); to make him learn
lui faire apprendre; to lecture
on professer; to behave fa ire
la leqon a (to lecture him); re-
prendre avec autorite; apprendre
a vivre; cf. to give lessons don-
ner des lemons ; his terms ses
conditions, etc.
tear (n.) accroc (see crochet);
(v.) dechirer; see hook (hang)
teins (v.) teindre, 359, dye
teint (m.) complexion, 19
teintu-re (f.) tincture; -rie (f.)
dyeing establishment, 29; -rier
(degraisseur), 19, dyer (scour-
er)
tel (-le) such as (que), 55; 268,
tempete, 55, storm (tempest);
snow de neige (f.), 302
temps (m.), 39, time; tempera-
ture, 348
, 58, tense
composes compound tenses,
294
simples simple tenses
tend: tendre (porter) a; (pursue:
see follow) ; il vague toujours
a ses affaires (he still attends
to his affairs, business)
tenir, 322, (a) to care (for); to be
anxious to
(de) to take after; to have
(information)
(s'en) d to abide by, 58
terre (f.) earth, 65
les (poss. adj.), 118
tele (f.), 7, head; -u (adj.) obsti-
nate; enlele self-willed; stub-
born
text, 55, lexle (m.); old ancien
; -ual textuel, 57
GENERAL VOCABULARY
431
than que, 92
that, 129, ce (cet), cette (f.) -
(la); of ; de cela; is the
point (question) c'est cela
(voila la question)! (relative)
?ue, qui; - of (or: 's) celui
celle de); is to say c'esl-a-
dire
the (m.) tea, 25
theatre (m.) theatre, 25
thebaique, 12, relates to opium
their leur, 1 1 8
theme latin Latin exercise (: 24,
from one's own language into
Latin)
then (afterward) puis (ensuite);
(conj.) done (alors); let him
do it then qu'il le fasse alors!
parlez done why not speak !
theocratic (f.), 32
there is (are) voila, 1 18
Thermopyles (f.) ThermopyLc
these (f.), II, thesis; soutenir une
to prepare a and uphold
it publicly
thing, 70, chose (f.); -.; affaires
(f.)
this (that); what is this quest
ceci? cf. : qu'est-ce-ci? 129
thousand mil; mille (B.C.), 303
thus ainsi, done, de meme;
one may (will) write ainsi
I' on ecrira
thym (m.) thyme, 20
lien (le), 129
tienne (la), 129
tienne, tiennent, 18, (v. tenir, 322)
tient (v. tenir), 322
tient & pen, 59, (it hangs only on)
very little obstacle; it rests
only with; it lies only in your
power to ; cf . : il ne tient pas a
it does not depend on
tiers (m.) (>) the third, 305
tiers-etat (m.), 305
tigre, 5 8 . ( m -) tiger
tilleul (m.) linden-tree, 25
timbre (m.) bell, 20
paste (m.) postage stamp
time temps (m.); heure; fois (f.);
moment (m.); lose (v.) time
retarder; (at the) present
le present; d I' heure actuelle;
at a when & I'heure (au
moment) oft (que); once upon
a ily avail une fois; next
la prochaine fois; mesure
(mus.) (f.); -ly (see season)
timide (adj.), 11, timid, bashful
tip bout; (drink) pourboire
(m.)
tirer (v.), 359, to pull
tiret (m.), 5
litre (m.) title, 12
toast (m.) , 33; (porter un
to offer [propose] a )
to-day a ujourd'h ui; this very day
dss aiijourd'hui
toi (disjunct, pron.), 13.2
toi-meme (intensive pron.) your-
self (thyself), 57
tolerance (f.), 53,
tolerate (v.) tolerer, 53
tomber (v.) to fall, 293
tome (m.) tome, 12
ton (m.) tune, tone, 46
ton (poss. adj.) your (thy),
118
ton-ique (adj.) -ic, 46
tanner (v.) to thunder, 12
torment tourment (m.); (v. see
follow); torturer; tourmenter
torrent (m.) , 29
tort (m.), 121, 55; a et a
travers at random, 33; a
wrongly, 55
tortue (f.), 13, tortoise
tot (adv.) early, 96; trap -
too ; venez bientot come soon ;
tot ou tard sooner or later,
40
toujours (ever) always, 3
tour, 68
tourner (v.) to turn (Index)
tournesol (m.) 30, sunflower
tons (pron.) all, 30, 211
tout (adj.), 211, (or pronom in-
defini)
tout a fait quite; fully, 54
tout aussi bien, 5, quite as much
(well)
toutes les fois que, 58, every time
towards vers (dans la direction
de); a peu pres au temps oil;
(to) envers, 189
tracas (m.) turmoil, 30
GENERAL VOCABULARY
trace (.); en porter la to
bear the trace of it; (v.)
tracer
train (m.); passenger le
train des voyageurs; see traire,
etc.; (v.) for mettre a I'en-
tratnement; (to drill) entratner;
see rompre
traire, 35, to milk; re to
again; see (compounds): ab-
straire; dis ; ex ; sous .
trait : d' union hyphen, 7, tiret,
5, a dash; (arrow); shafts; 359,
features; (fling) lancer (deco-
cher) un ; episodes (hist.);
effacer d'un to strike out
with a dash; avoir trait a to
have reference to; de lumi-
ere ray of light; flashes of wit
-s d' esprit ; chevaux de -
draught-horses; flourishes;
pour stroke for stroke.
traite (m.), 48, treatise; (v.) -er
to treat, 56
tranquil, 3, tranquille, 25
transaction (f.), 30
transalp-in (adj.) -ine, 30
transatlant-ique -ic, 30
transe (f.), 31, in dread
transept (m.), 31,
transferer, 31, to transfer
transiger (v.) to transact; to
come to terms
transir to penetrate (cold); to
make any one shiver, 324
transit (m.) , 30; -aire sub-
ject to , 30
transitif (adj.) transitive or ac-
tive (verb)
transition (f.) , 30
transit-oire -ory, 30
transla-te (v.) traduire, 359;
-tion traduction (f.); rendre
un passage to a ; -table
traduisible; dijjtiUement with
difficulty; -tor traducteur; ce
que Von con^oit bien s'enonce
clairement, et les mots pour
le dire arrivent aisement
what is clearly thought out is
clearly expressed, and words
to render it, flow easily
trappe (f.), n, (Sing Sing gal-
lows) trap; cf. : tendre un piege
to set a trap; donner (tomber)
dans le panneau to run head-
long into the t
travail (m.), 71
travailler (v.) to work, 22
trovers, 189
tread (trample), fouler upon
(heels) marcher, etc. ; see Jol-
low, 359
trefle (m.) clover, 28
treize (13), 303
trema (m. ), 7
tremblement (m.) shaking; trill,
29
trembler (v.) to tremble
tres very, 254
tresor (m.) treasure, 29
-ier (m.) treasurer, 29
tribune (f.) platform (orator's)
tribune (f.) , 13
trick (m.) (fear), u; il a le
(colloq.) he is scared; on trick,
(m.), ii, game (whist) or:
tri
trictrac (m.) (game) backgam-
mon, 1 1
triomphe (m.), 48; (v.) -r, 360
trip trajet (m.); see traire, etc.
triumph (v.) triompher (de);
dan s (in arguing) ; (excel-
ler) ; (to glory in) tirer vanite de;
see vanquish; cf . : rer.:porter un
avantage sur to gain a point
over; (n.) triomphe (m.); rem-
porter line grande victoire (to
win) ; grand succes (m.) ; un s
fou enormous ; porter en t
see carry; reussir a succeed in;
parvenir d ; see to come or reach;
s brillant; in t en t
trois three; -ieme third, 303
tromper (v.) to deceive, 36
trompeur, 66
trap, 253, too much (many), too,
28
trou (m.) hole
trouble (m.) confusion, 16
trouer (v.) to make a hole, 17
troupe (f.) troop, 16
trouver (se) (v.) to find; 46, to
be found
truite (f.) trout, 16
GENERAL VOCABULARY
433
tu (thou, 117), you
tu (v. se taire, 359)
tua (tuer), 8, killed; (n.) la tuerie
butchery (slaughter), 343
tub cuve (f.) ; cuvette (f.) ; bath
baignoire (f.)
Tuesday (s) mardi; le (on)
tunnel (m.) tunnel
turquoise (.), 16
tusk (dent canine) croc (m.);
see crochet; (elephant) defense
(f.)
two deux (2), 303
typhus (m.), 30
wtt, 303, a, an, one, 8; I'un I'autre
one another (both); d I'un
to one, 24; J? /' ou de I'autre
of either
unanime (adj.) unanimous, 14
unanimite (a I') (f.) unanimously |
uncalled for, 54, que rien ne \
justifie
unceasingly sans cesse
under (-neath sous); au-dessous
de below; -stood sous-entendu \
understand (v.) comprendre; see
misunderstand; -ing (n.) com-
prehension (f.); intelligence;
clear connaissance parfaite
({.); j'entends un bruit I hear
a noise; il entend I'anglais he
understands English; see re-
cevoir; donnez-nous de vos nou-
velles let us hear from you;
elle n'y entendait pas malice she
meant no harm; Us ne veulent
point en entendre parler they
will not hear of it (or: refuse
to); grasp saisir; cela s' entend
(: va sans dire) of course; il
n' entend pas de cette oreille-
Id he does not see it in that
light
unfortunate malheureux
unieme (adj.), 304, (with 21 to
70; from 80 on)
uninjured non blesse; qui n'a
eprouve aucun mal; see p. 89
unir (v.), 55, to join (unite), 349
unit-e (f.) unit, 56; -y
28
unknown to inconnu a
until jusqu'd; ce que (with
Subj., 142)
uproot (v.) deraciner; detruire;
extirper
urge, see (require) stimuler (spur)
or eperonner; exciter au combat
urge on; -nt! d'urgence; on
vous prie instamment de you
are earnestly requested to;
je vous en prie I do beg of
you ; implorer, exhorter, supplier
avec instance: implore, exhort,
to adjure (beseech); il est
presse d'argeni in urgent need
of money
urn urne (f.), 64
us (m.), 30-1, manners (customs)
usage (m.), 53
use (n.) usage (emploi) (m.);
of some de quelque utilite
(f.); (own) profit (avantage)
(m.); personal interet per-
sonnel (m.) ; accepted usages
requs; out of use hors d'usage;
(gram.); 53, make of it
faites-en usage; for the of
a I'usage (au profit) de; -ful
(of ) utile; (used) of great
d'un frequent emploi; tres
utile; of no d'aucune utilite
(inutile); (to be) of no use ne
servir a rien; good for nothing
ban a rien; in (terme) usite;
en usage (employe); in general
- d'un usage general; to
what good a quoi ban? a quoi
cela sert-il (de)?
use (v.) (treat) agir (envers);
trailer; user d'egards to be
considerate; to avail oneself
of profiler de (saisir a propos);
(to make use of) se servir
de; to have no further (more)
- n'en avoir plus besoin;
cf . : en vain (avoir beau)in vain
(of no for); to abuse user
mal; en user mal avec; oil
user (consommer) del'huile (f.);
forbearance user de menage-
ments (indulgence) envers; to
get -d to s'accoutumer (s'habi-
tuer d); clothes previously
434
GENERAL VOCABULARY
use Continued
used vetements usages (: qui
ont dejd servi); avoir coutume
(I'habitude) de to have the
habit of; see the Imperfect;
see 125; cf. : little used peu
usite; obsolete inusite; d'un
usage restreint restricted use
(usage) ; worn-out gloves gants
uses; almost new hat chapeau
presque neuf; old subject:
sujet use; edition epuisee out
of print
used (adj.) usite; employe; (v.)
user, 53
usual (adj.) ordinaire; as -
comme d I'ordinaire; de
coutume (d' habitude); -ly ordi-
nairement
utile useful; 57, -ment usefully
utilite (f.), 55; de peu d' of
little merit, 55
va, 3, goes, 309; vats, 309
vacciner (v.) to vaccinate
vache, 67
vaciller (v.) to vacillate, 25
vainc(s) (v. vaincre), 360, 20
vaincu (p. p. vaincre), 360, con-
quered
value valeur (f.); -- (merit)
merite (m.); (v.) valoir, 330;
couter; see better
vanill-e (f.) -a, 25
vanquish (v.) avoir ban marche
de lui to get the better of
him easily; vaincre, 360, con-
querir (to triumph over) ; sur-
monter (surmount); by this
sign par ce signe; woe to the
-ed! malheur aux vaincus;
en demeurer convaincu be con-
vinced of it; plus qu'd moitie
persuade more than half con-
vinced; se rendre d I' evidence
to be c (finally) ; on le gagne-
ra he will be won over fran-
chir les obstacles to overcome
obstacles; la victoire se decida
en faveur des Americains Am-
ericans won
vapeur (f.) vapor, 57; steam
various (adj.) different, divers;
in ways de diverses manieres
(fac.ons)
vary (v.) varier, diversifier, chan-
ger
vaudeville (ml), 25
vaut (see valoir, 330), is worth
i veau, 67
Vendeen (m.) (from Vendee f.),
20
vendeur, 66
! vendre (v.) to sell
i venez come! venir, 322
i vzngeur, 66
i venitien (adj.), 33, Venetian
I vent (m.) wind, 348
; vente (f.) sale, 18
1 venu (p. p. venir, 322), came, 3,
194
I Venus (f.), 30
ver (m.) worm, 40
verb, 57, verbe (m.)
verbal (adj.), 58,
veritable (adj.), 55, , real
verite (f.) truth, 9; dire la
to speak the
verre (m.) glass, 74.
ver s, 187, toward (s)
Versailles, 25
version latine Latin translation
(into one's own language)
I versions (plusieurs) (various) ac-
counts (interpretations)
vert green, 56
; verve (f.), 65
I veu-f (m.) widower; -ve (f.)
widow, 34
i veut (veux, veulent), see vouloir,
331
i mande (f.) meat, 17
vice (m.), 12
| victoire (f.), 48, victory
victori-eux (adj.) -ous, 360
vie (f.) life; living
vieil (m.) vieille (f.) old, 79;
(v.) vieillir, 342
vieillard, 67
viendra (venir), 322
viennent (venir), 18, 58; de
have just
vient (venir), 18; de has just
vieux (adj.) old, 79
GENERAL VOCABULARY
435
t>if (adj.), 79; au to the quick
vigne (f.) vine; -ran (m.) wine-
grower, 24
vil, vile, low, 25
vilain, ugly
villa (f.) ; maison de campagne
elegante
village (m.) ; 25
villageois villager; en villegiature
a (while sojourning in): se-
jour (m.) a la campagne; il
dine en v he is dining out
villf (f.), 65
vin (m.) wine, 8; vinaigre (m.)
vinjgar
vingl (20), 303
vinl (venir), 322
vint (venir), 58, (imp. subj.)
violent (adj.), 188
violer (v.) violate, break, 188
virgule (f.) comma, 3
vir/7 (adj.) virile, 25
vision (f.), 64
tt'st'te (.), 12, visit; -er (v.) to ;
faire une (rendre) visile to pay
a visit
visit er (v.) to search, to visit
w/ (v. vivre to live, 361) lives
vitre (f.), 171
w'/re (f.), 12, window gla.*s (pane)
vifrier (m.) glazier
t'tt'a*/ 33
vivent (v. w'rre to live, 361) live
vizir (m.) vizier, 12
vocabu-laire (m.) -lary
toca/ (adj.)
vogue (f.) , 12
iw/d, 1 1 8, there is (are)
voir (v.) to see, 331
voisin, 66, neighbor; le plus ,
56, nearest
voiture (f.) carriage, 363
voix (f.), 65, voice
vol (m.), 34, flight; theft; (v.)
-er to fly; to steal
voleur, 66
volonte (a) at will, 58
volte (t.) face (to turn) front, 12
Fosges (fe*), 30
votre (le) yours, 129
votre your, 118
voudrais (condit. of vouloir, 331),
should like
vous you, 3, 1 20
voyage (m.), 24, trip; -r ( v .)
to travel
-Mr (m.) traveler
voyelle (f.), vowel, 17
z>rat (adj.) true; -ment truly
vraisemblable likely, 30
ftt (p. p.) seen, 331;"-^ (f.) view
(sight), spectacle (m.) show
vu, 53, regarding
vue (f.) sight; eyesight; view, 13
W
wagon-lit (m.) sleeper, 34
- -poste (m.) mail-coach, 34
-restaurant (m.) dining car, 34
walk (n.) promenade (f.); faire
prendre
une p to take a ; (v.)
marcher; -- ahead pren
les de-cants; see follow
wander (v.) errer; s'egarer; -ing
errant; vagabond (m.)
want (see vouloir); que voulez-
vous? what do you ? or:
what is your will? or what do
you desire? (what can I do
for you?) ; what will you have
him do? (que voulez-vous qu'il
fasse. 1 ) il le veut he -s it; je ne le
veux pas I will not have it!
tout ce qu'il voulait (desirait)
all (anything) he wanted (de-
sired); elle I' a voulu it is
her fault (: she would have
it); il ne veut pas he will not;
avez-vous besoin de lui? do you
want (need) him? see request;
see falloir; il lui faut un guide
he needs (must have) a guide;
a-t-il envie de sortir? does he
wish to go out? un ouvrage
de longue haleine; see breath;
cela demande du temps that
requires time; we (want)
wish you to know it nous vou-
lons que vous le sachiez; il le
voulait sans faute he would
have it without fail; cf. :
r envie lui en est pas see his
longing is over; qui veut du
froid, qui du chaud some desire
cold, others heat; les fleurs
436
GENERAL VOCABULARY
want Continued
veulent de grands soins flowers
require great care; il veut $100
(500 frs.) de son cheval he wants
$100 (500 frs.) for his horse;
vous ne savez pas ce que vous
voulez you do not know your
own mind ; je veux bien gladly ;
il n'a pas voulu de toi he would
not have you; see follow; fais
ce que tu veux go your own
way; elle le veut bien she has
no objection; elle fait desvoeux
pour votre bonheur she wishes
you happiness; souhaiter un
joyeux Noel, une bonne annee
to wish a merry Xmas, happy
New Year; tout comme vous
voudrez just as you please;
sans le vouloir (unintention-
ally) without meaning to; il
vnulait mefaire tirer lesmarrons
du jeu he wanted to make a
cat's paw of me (or: to pull
the chestnuts out of the fire
for him); il fait d'eux ce qu'il
veut he directs them as he
pleases; ( : has great influence
over them) ; on en veut a son ar-
gent they are after his money;
les formalites requises or vou-
lues (or: en regie or dans les
regies) the required formali-
ties; c'est son vouloir it is his
(her) will; tout lui vient a
souhait everything succeeds
according to his wishes (see
follow); c'est a qui I'acheterait
everyone wishes to buy it; il
a trouve chaussure a son pied
(: shoe for his foot) he found
what he wanted (also his
match); la volonte will; quand
on a de la bonne volonte, on
ne manque pas de moyens
when there is a will, there is a
way (see Infijiitive) ; dernieres
volontes testament (last will);
son testament his ; mauvais
vouloir bad (ill) feeling; mau-
vaise volonte ill-will; bonne
volonte readiness; ban gre, mal
gre willing or not ; de gre (force)
willing, unwilling; de plein
gre very willingly; volontiers
(: je veux bien) willingly;
gladly; de ban gre willingly; de
ban caeur with pleasure; de
bonne grace with a good grace
(readily)
waste-box botte- a ordures (f.);
see basket
watch (n.) montre (f.); (y.)
garder (guard); veiller (vigil);
y veiller to over it; en
prendre soin (veiller sur quelque
chose) to take good care of a
thing; en faire son affaire or
s'en charger to take it upon
himself (to see to it: y
avoir I'aeil); s'en occuper: see
attend
water eau (f.); warm de I'eau
chaude; hot de I'eau bouil-
lante; cool fratche;
spring de source; (f.);
lukewarm tiede
wav-e vague (f.); onde (poet.)
(f.) -r ; (v.) vaciller ; chanceler ;
hesiter; (flicker) vaciller (trem-
bloter); onduler; ondoyer;
flatter (float) ; balancer; s'agiter;
se mouvoir ; tournoyer ; -in?
vacillation (f.) (rolling boat);
cf. : etre irresolu, incertain,
indecis, inconstant, non solide
(it shakes: not firm); to
faire signe (de la main); (ship)
rolling : le roulis
wavy ondoyant; onduleux; ondule
way chemin (m.); see follow:
-side (sur) le bord du (de
la route); to make se frayer
un c ; see cut; to make for
laisser passer quelqu'un; to
give to (yield) se laisser
oiler a (to abandon oneself);
se pousser dans to make one's
way into; il fit son chemin
he made, etc.
weave (tistre or tttre) tisser;
well-woven material une etoffe
bien tissue; du drop trap serre
close-woven cloth
weaver tisserand; silk un t
de soie; (poet.) : des jours tissus
GENERAL VOCABULARY
437
weaver Continued
d'or et de soie opulent (hal-
cyon) days; un tissu de men-
songes a tissue of lies; see
mentir (to lie)
week semaine (f.); -ly hebdoma-
daire, 251
(days of the), 125
what (?), 135
what (that which), 131
what! comment! quoil about
de quoi? is it qu'est-ce (qu'est-
ce que c'est)? do you do?
que faites-vous? do he says
faites ce qu'il dit; is . . . ce
qui est; qu'est-ce qui ( que)?
ever quoi que ce soil; he
speaks of ce dont il parle ( : that
of which) ; he is thinking of
ce a quoi il pense (songe);
then ct puts apres? she
needs ce dont elle a besoin;
for pourquoi faire? how
many books que de livres!
(pron., adj.) quel (see adj.)
soever quel . . .que; see 164
ever quoi que ce soil; quelque
wheat ble (m.); mais (m.)
when (conj.), 168, quand, lorsque;
ever quand; the time d
I'heure ou (que)
where ou ( to); 136; d'ou
from where?
which qui, que (see relatives, 131)
whist (m.) , 34
whistle (n.) sifflet (m.); (v.) sif-
fler; whistling sifflement (m.);
-r siffleur (m.); te vent siffle
the wind blows (souffle); cf. :
<J tout rompre (see) soujfler
to breathe; essoujfle out of
breath; essoufflement (m.) out
of breathing ; reprendre haleine
(f.) to catch one's breath;
forte haleine strong breath
white blanc (-he); to get -
Uanchir (washing) ; (bleach)
who, etc., 131; whom, whose,
1 3 1 ; to -m a qui? whose? a qui?
wing aile (f.); on the au vol;
coulisse (f.) (theat.); under
the wing of sous I'egide (pro-
tection) de; -ed aile
winter, 64, hiver (m.)
with avec; de; par; -out sans
withdraw (v.) retirer; s'eloigner
wonder surprise (f.); etonnement
(m.); les sept merveilles the
seven wonders; at s'etonner
de; admirer; - if se demander
si; -ful admirable; nouvelle
etonnante astonishing news!
il ne peut se lasser d'admirer
he can't help but admire; etre
etonne de to be astonished (at) ;
etre surpris to be surprised;
je (doute) or suis curieux de
savoir I (doubt) am anxious
to know ; ce qui me surprend!
and that or which surprises
me! ce qui n'est point surpre-
nant and no wonder! he is a
wonder (hero) prodige de va-
leur ! il ne s' etonne de rien
nothing surprises him ! faire
des prodiges to perform great
deeds
word (n.) mot (m.); for
mot a mot; (uttered) parole
(f.); in these -s en ces termes;
in other en d'autres termes;
man of honor (word) homme
de parole; parole d'honneur
upon my word ot honor; be-
lieve me (take my ) crois
(croyez) men; send to en-
voy ez un mot or faites dire a
or faire savoir a; by of
mouth de vive voix; not to
keep one's word manquer a
sa parole; he speaks a good
for il dit un mot en faveur de;
il recommande M. X. a; je
cite ses propres termes I quote
his very words
(v.) (edit) rediger; thus -ed
(expressed) ainsi con^u ^ (:
en ces termes); see enonce or
ecrit
work (n.) travail (m.); peine (f.);
done ouvragefait(a faire
to be done); hard (task)
tdche (f.) ; ou labeur penible (m.)
worth (to be) (v.) valoir; valeur
worthy digne (de)
438
GENERAL VOCABULARY
write (v.) ecrire; (edit) rediger,
composer un ouvrage (book);
- (spell) orthographier ; -
(correspond) correspond par
leltre; -- (printed) marquer
(empreindre) sur ses traits
(engraved) upon his face
(features) ; writing ecriture (f .) ;
must abide by your writing
ce qui est ecrit, est ecrit (you
can't go back on your writ-
ing); -er auteur, ecrivain; sa-
vant; writing-desk pupitre, ecri-
toire (f.); il tient les ecritures
(comptes) de he attends to (the
accounts) or correspondence
of (business); out in full
ecrire en toutes lettres (: d'un
bout d I'autre); cf. : copier to
copy; - up faire I'eloge
de; faire mousser un succes;
to draw a few lines tracer des
lignes; it down en prendre
note; in par ecrit; caracteres
de convention conventional
types; contenir tout ce qu'il
faut pour e to contain
everything needed for writing
purposes; sans gout no taste;
sans soin careless; vile et mal
hastily and poorly; sans talent
untalented; fertile author au-
teur fecond; cf.: composer des
litres; femme ecrivain; ecrivain
public; son metier de rediger,
etc., pour le public; outrages
de I' esprit intellectual pro-
ductions
y avoir, 116, to be
(/) y vais (I) am going (there),
309
yacht (m.), 17,
yard (m.), 24
yatag (h)an (m.) long knife
(Turk), 2d
year an (m.); un an a ; 304,
(une) bonne et heureuse annee
(see souhaiter to wish) happy-
New Year; le Jour de I' An
New Year's day; how old is
he? quel age a-t-il? -ly annuel
(-le, f.) (adj.); annuellement
(adv.) or tous les ans
yes, 24, oui; si (si) (indeed)
yeux (m.) eyes, 71 (ceil)
your votre; ton; -s le (la, les)
votre (-s); -self toi-meme,
vous-meme (as intensive pro-
nouns)
yours truly votre bien devout or:
bien (tout) d vous
zenith (m.), 33
zephir (m.), 35
zero (m.), 303, zero, naught
zest, 8; entre le zist et le so and
so (or: ni bien ni mal) mid-
dling; ! il s'enfuit why! he
ran away! 315
zone (f.) , 35
INDEX
REGULAR VERBS IN -ER
A
abaisser, 224
abandonner, 170-1, 198, 269
abimer, 274, 298
abonder, 109
abonner (s) to subscribe (to a
paper), 345
aborder, 214, 297
aboyer, 230
abreger, 228, 275
abreuver ($'), to drink (trough)
absenter, 187
abuser, 433
acharner (s'), 105
acheter, 130, 205, 229, 310
achever, 152, 229, 232, 244
accabler, (de), 186, 270
acceder (a) to comply (with) 228
accclerer, 228
accentuer, 225
accepter, 155, 250
accommoder, 104, 113
accompagner , 150, 168
accorder, 1 10, 269, 273, 299
accouder(s'), 203
accoutumer, 277
accrediter, 160
accrocher, 191
accuser (de), 199, 268, 298
acquitter, 260, 270
addilionner, 109, 226
adherer, 100, 188, 249
administrer, 231
admirer, 147, 247
adonner (s'), 203
adopter, to adopt
adorer, 95, 131, 209
adosser (s'), 205
adresser, 205, 214, 232
oerer, to air (ventilate)
affaisser (s'), 297
affamer, 96
affect er, 220, 227
afficher, to post (bills)
affiler, to hone, 352
affirmer, 161, 173
affliger, to sadden
affluer, 188
affubler (5'), to rig (up;
agacer, to tease
agenouiller (s'), 203
agiter, 169
agreer, 161, 268
agriffer (s'\ 203
aheurter (s'), 203
aider, 1 1 6, 183, 247
aiguiller, 189, 200
aiguiser, 209
' a/mer, 137, 166, 175, 209, 285
ajpurner, to adjourn
I ajouter, 226, 263
alarmer (s'), 199
aligner, to align
alleger, 239
allonger, 244
allouer, 263
amasser, to amass
ameliorer, 299
amener, 185, 229, 236
amonceler, 229, 231
amuser, to amuse
ancrer, 231
animer, 97, 223
annoncer, 101, 214, 226, 277
annuler, 278
anonner, 227
apaiser, 169
appeler, 229, 231
appliquer, 143, 200
a p porter, 155
apprecier, 113
apprchender, 140
appreter, 161, 231
apprivoiser, 273
approcher, 127, 143, 205
439
440
INDEX
approprier, 235
approuver, 128, 161-4
appuyer, 95, 191, 206
armer, 122, 279
arpenter, to stride
arracher, 161
arreter, no, 145, 222
arriver, 133, 140, 152, 164, 233,
278
arroger (s ), 203
articuler, 225
asphyxier, 115
aspirer, 107
assassiner, 213
assembler, 298-9
ojsener, to deal a blow
assisler (d), 116, 170, 213, 235
assommer, to knock on the head
assumer, 202, 252
tmwrer, 96, 103, 131, 195
astiquer, to polish (soles)
attacker, 101, 140, 230, 236, 270
attaquer, 104, 218, 311
alteler, to harness
attenler, to try to kill
alterrer, 296
attirer, 199, 278, 297
attraper, 263
attribuer, 202, 269
attrouper, 299
augmenter, 165
autoriser, 159, 285
ara/er, 255, 334
avancer, 107, 147
aveugler, to blind
aviser, 271
avouer, 142, 166-8, 284, 299
babiller, 227
badiner, 225
bailler, to yawn
bdiller (belle) to try to impose
upon
baiser, 198
baisser, 232, 224, 272, 295
balader, 185
balancer, 97, 273
balayer, 231
balbutier, 225
balloter, 279
banqueter, 229
baptiser, 213
baragouiner, 227
baraqner, 223
barbouiller, to daub
basculer, 297
bavarder, 227
becqueter, 229
6g/er, to bleat, 212
forcer, 115
biffer, 213
bifurquer, 189
bldmer, 213, 242, 297
blesser, 97, 133, 190, 202, 259
bloquer, 281
border, 275
borner, to confine to, 235
bosseler, 229
botleler, 229
boucher, 106, 232, 270
bouchonner, to rub down (horse)
bonder, 127
bouger, to budge (stir)
bouler, 285
bouleverser, 238
bourreler, 229
bourrer, 184
boutonner, 223
bouse uler, to jostle
branler, to shake (unsteady)
bredouiller, 227
ftrttfer (luire), 350
briqueler, 229
briser, 204, 216, 272
broder, to embroider
broncher, to stumble
brosser, to brush, 13
brouiller, 248
broyer, 274
bruiner, to drizzle
bruler, 102
cabosser, 232
cabrer (se), 203, 277
cocker, 212
cacheter, 229, 231, 276
cailler, 226
cailleter, 226
cajoler, 95, 227
calfeutrer, 235
calmer, 187
calomnier, to slander
INDEX
441
cambrer, 285
canneler, 229
cantonner, 227
caqueter, 226, 229
caracoler, 206
caresser, 227
carter, 246
carreler, 229
caserner, 223
casser, 163
causer, 223, 226-7, 2 7O
cfer, 228, 278
celebrer, 228, 298
cerner, to hem (in)
certifier, 192, 269
cesser, 225
chamailler (se), to chop (quarrel)
changer, 165, 183, 215, 228, 258,
chanceler, 229
chanter, 91, 107, 128
charger, 166, 214, 237, 269
charmer, 101, 176
chasser, 273
chdtier, to punish
chauffer, 285
chausser, to shoe, 214
chercher, 211, 216, 272, 311
choquer, 206
circuler, 160-5
ctrer, to wax (polish)
ciseler, 229
ct/er, 71, 190, 218
civiliser, 101
claquer, 212
classer, 195
clocher, 108
clouer (to nail), 108
coaguler, 226
cogner, 206
coiffer, to dress (head)
color er, 186
colleter, 229
colliger, to make a collection of
books
combler, 220
commander, 138, 219
commencer, 160, 174, 231
commenter, 113
communiquer, 195
comparer, 5
complimenter, 164
comporter, to bear
composer, 379, 216-19
compter, 154, 170, 214, 261
concasser, 273
conceder, 269
confectionner, to make (clothes),
9 1
conferer, 214
confirmer, 214
congcdier, 199, 260
conjuguer, 92, 298
conjurer, to enjoin
consacrer, 217
conseiller, 152
conserver, to preserve
considerer, 168, 209, 268, 278
consigner, to consign
consoler, 95, 153, 185
constater, 270
cons tit uer, 227
consulter, 169, 210, 218
consumer, 200
contenter, 113
confer, to relate (tell)
continuer, 216
contracter, 249, 270-7
contrarier, 93, 105, 205
contribuer, 214
controler, 108
converser, 89, 226
copier, 277
coqueter, 95
cordeler, 97, 229
corriger, 185, 381
coucher, 148, 205, 216
cow/er, 218, 240, 279
couper, 201, 275
courber, 272
couronner, 247
courroyer, 235
cori/er, 97, 104, 164, 197
couturer, to seam (face)
couver, to set (hen)
cracker, to expectorate, 158
craqueter, 229
creer, 129, 228
creneler, 229
creuser, 273
crever, 229
cribler, to dot (mistakes)
mer, 165, 213
crisper, 249, 279
critiquer, 142, 157, 170, 189
croiser, 281
442
INDEX
croquer, to eat (gobble)
ctdbuter, 297
cultiver, 101
cuver, to get sober
darner, to outwit (game)
danser, to dance
darder, to dart
dater, 116
deballer, to unpack
debander, to unbind
debar bouiller, 206
debarquer, 97
debaucher, 269
debiter, to unstring (tale)
deborder, 222, 295
deboucher, to turn
debater, 241
decacheter, 276
decamper, to decamp
decider, 295
dechatner, to release
decharger, 271
dechi/rer, to decipher
dechiqueter, 230
dechirer, 273-4
decider, 170, 280
dlct/fer (dessiller)
decimer, 306
declarer, 162, 270-3
decliner, to decline
decocher, to fling
decoiffer (se) to undress
deconcerter, 112
decouper, 273
decourager, 227
decreter, 160, 269
dedaigner, 234
dedier, to dedicate
dc/ir, 1 60, 203
de/i/r, 167
def oncer, 274
deformer, 280
degager, 297
degeler, 229
degouter, 103, 115, 127
degoutter, 297
degrader, 226
degraisser, to scour
degringoler, 297
deguiser, to disguise
dejeuner, to lunch, 174
delayer, 274
deliberer, to deliberate
delivrer, 160
deloger, to dislodge
demander, 107, 138, 147, 152,
234
demanger, 226
demenager, 327
demeurer, 136, 212, 295
demontrer, 168
denoncer, 199
denouer, to untie
denteler, 230
depasser, to exceed
depecer, to cut up
depenser, 124, 154, 276
deplacer, 220
deployer, to unfold
deporter, 235
deposer, 327
depouiller, 276
deranger, 143, 158, 161
derober, to steal (away)
derouter, to rout
desapprouver, 164, 242
desavouer, 197
desesperer, 108
deshonorer, 272
designer, 214
desirer, 99, 133, 160, 162
desister (se), 197, 203
desobliger, 278
desoler, 215, 259
desserrer, to loosen
dessiller, to open (eyes)
dessiner, 195
destiner, 227
detaler, to scamper
deteriorer, 226
determiner, no, 235
detester, 93, 107, 209
detourner, 278
detraquer, 273
detremper, 274
detroner, 236
devancer, 97
devaster, 222, 274
developper, 113, 220
deverser, to pour
dCTtder, 184
deviner, 123
devisager, 185
INDEX
443
devorer, 138
ecrouler (s'), 204, 274, 297
devouer, 252
eduquer, 259
diffamer, to defame
effacer, 213
differ er, 188
effectuer, 270, 281
digerer, 102, 200
effleurer, 108
diminuer, 165-7, 2I 4
efforcer (s'), to try
diner, 147, 158
effrayer, 159
diriger, to direct
egaler, 96, 173
discontinuer , 234, 275
egrener, 223
disculer, 89, 216 elancer (s'), to rush
dispenser, 269, 271-3 e7ei>er, 164, 218, 224, 273, 277
disposer, 189, 190, 209
eloigner (s'}, 105, 197
disputer, 206
emanciper, 220
dissimuler, to feign
emballer, 91
dissiper, 151-4
embrasser, 198, cf. : 200
distinguer, 213, 223
embrouiller, to embroil
diver ger, 188
emmener, 185, 229
diviser, 226
emmitoufler (s') to be wrapped
divulguer, 339
up in furs
dompter, 273
emousser, to blunt
donner, 137, 158, 160-6
empaqueter, 230
dorer, 260
emparer (s'), 204
doter, to endow
empecher (de), 140-1, 164
douer, 115
empierrer, to pave (w. stones)
douter, 106, 138, 162-6,
empieter, to encroach
douter (se) de, to suspect
empirer, 297
dresser, 206, 224, 281-5
empoigner, 153
dttrer, 93, 95, 168, 213
employer, 200
emporter, 225
E
empresser (s), 204
emprisonner, 110
ebaucher, to sketch, 357
emprunter, 218, 270, 271
ebranler, 152
enchainer, 106, 214
ebruiter (s') to spread about
enchanter, 166
(rumor)
encourager, 227
ecarquiller, to move (eyes)
endetter (s ), 108, 270
ecarter, to push (away)
endommager, 226, 274
ecarteler, 229
endosser, to indorse (don)
echanger, 165
endurcir, 235
echapper, 94, 295
endurer, 140
echarper, 279
echauder, to scald
enfanter, 234
enfariner, to sprinkle (flour)
echauffer, to chafe
enfermer, to shut in
echouer, 164, 204, 295
ew/i/er, 200
eclairer, 200
enflammer, 200
eclater, 274
enf oncer, 223, 273
edipser (s'), to eclipse
engager, 200, 226, 228, 268-9
economiser, 143, 154
engendrer, to breed
ecorcher, 212
enivrer, to intoxicate
ecouler, 197, 205
enlacer, to grasp (lace)
ecouter, 157, 213
enlever, 169, 212, 238, 277
ecraser, 274
ennuyer, 90, 108
eerier (5'), 147, 204, 347
enqueter (s'), 204
444
INDEX
enrager, to enrage
enrhumer (s'), 92, 204
enrdler (s'), to enlist
enrouer (5'), 94
enseigner, 115, 223
ensemencer, 229
ensorceler, 230
entacher, to spot (blacken)
entamer, 183, 226
entasser, 231
enterrer, to bury
enticher (de}, 107
entourer (de), 219
efl/r' outer (5') to help mutually
entratner, 276
entrer, 143, 161,212, 278
envelopper, 230
environner, 285
eni'isager, 135
envoler (s'), to fly away
epargner, 164
f^/tr, 88
e/ner, 109
eprouver, 98, 99, 141, 223, 320
ereinter, to tire (out), 276
errer, 185, 296,
esperer, 140, 161, 228
esquiver (s') t to steal away
essayer, 231, 241
essouffler, 232
esswj^r, 230
estimer, 95, 148, 151, 290
estropier, to murder (lines)
etaler, 171
etancher, to make water-tight
etinceler, 230
etonner, 94, 133, 153, 270, 284
etouffer, to choke (stifle)
etrenner, 257-8
etnller, 279
etudier, 209, 232
evacuer, 186
evader (s'), 204
eveiller, to wake
eyenter, to fan
evertuer (s'), 204
eviter, 164
examiner, 278
exceder, 188
exceller, 115, 188
excepter, 101, 113
executer, 100, 148, 168, 236, 247
exercer, 189, 200
exclamer (s'), to exclaim
exciter, 227
excMser, 220, 298
exhiber, 171
exj'ger, 161
exi/er, 109
exister, 210, 220, 224
expcdier, 1 88
expirer, 136, 262
expliquer, 235, 275
exploiter, to work (mines)
exposer, 170
expr inter, 219, 223
extasier (s'), 204
extenuer, 240
extorquer, 268
extravaguer, 188
F
fabriquer, 102, 188, 218
/(ic/fr (se), 102, 154, 161, 204
fa$onner, 91, 249
familiariser, 232
faner, to wither
farder, to color (make up)
fatiguer, 188, 272
favoriser, 227
/Iter, to crack (bell)
Jeliciter, 164, 224
fermenter, 104
fermer, 99, 104, 210, 336
feuilleter, 230
ficeler, 230
faker, to drive (in)
/ier (), 142, 205
^ger, 226
figurer, 262
yf/er, to spin
/beer, to fix.
flairer, to scent
fldner, 185, 285
flatter, 203, 227, 298
flatter, 166
fonctionner, 185
fonder, 235
forcer, 261, 274
forger, 184
former, 269
fouetter, to whip
fouiller, 218
/outer, 227, 274-7
fourcher, 224
fourrer, to (thrust) poke
445
fracturer, 277
f rapper, 102, 203
frayer, to cut (way)
frelater, to adulterate
frequenter, 277
fretiller,' 226
frictionner, to rub (skin)
frigorifier, 263
/riser, 127, 1 68, 237
frissonner, 90, 93
froisser, 133
/ro/er, to touch (lightly)
froncer, to frown
f rotter, 274
fructifier, 284
fumer, 97, 133, 184, 226
f ureter, 230
gagner, 150-4, 161, 214
galoper, 189
garder, 139, 169, 172
gargariser (se), 204
gaspiller, 154
g<Jter, 226
ge/er, 229
gendarmer (se), 204
ger, 101, 113, 212, 225
g/5ttr, 279, 348
glorifier, 164
gonfler, 169
gouter, 97, 106, 153
grasseyer, 227
gratter, to scratch
graver, 190
gresiller, to sleet
grimer, to make up
grincer, 228
grommeler, 230
grander, 200, 213-4
grouper, 246
guetter, 109
gwi'der, 337
H
habUler(s'), 115, 153, 159,
Aafo/er, 361
habituer, 93, 106, 277
haleler, 230
hanter, to haunt
harceler, 229
hasarder, 170
, 2OI, 2O6, 226
hausser, 232
hesiter, 165, 224
heurter, 205
honor er, 164, 249, 269
humilier, no, 272
hurler, to howl
ignorer, 165, 172, 243
imaginer, 153, 160-1, 162
imbiber, 334
I imiter, 196, 221
immatriculer (se faire), to have
name registered (univ.)
: implorer, 158
importer, 176
imposer, 160, 268
imprinter, 141, 240, 278, 346
j incarcerer, no
incendier, 89
indiner, 272
incomber, 268
incommoder, 143
inculper, to accuse (law)
inculquer, to inculcate
indiquer, 171, 214, 235, 285
infcrer, 336
influer, 95, 188
informer, to inform
ingenier (s), 204
ingerer (s'), 204
injurier, 197
inquieter, to worry
inserer, to insert
insinuer, to insinuate
insister, 165
inspirer, 225, 247
installer, to install
insulter, to insult
intenter (proces) to bring a law-
suit
inter esser, 171, 245, 268
interpeller, 275
| interpreter, 113
interroger, 228
intriguer, 188
inventer, 214
tnw/er, 158, 188
invoquer, 218
wo/er, 227
44 6
INDEX
J
jacasser, 227
japper, 231
jaser, 227
jeweler, 230
Jeter, 229, 296
jouer, 175, 213, 236
juger, 164, 224
jurer, 141,351
justifier, 247
later er, 274
lacker, to let go
laisser, 144, 193
lancer, 228
lasser, to tire (out)
/ai>er, 76, 101, 205
/ecfor, 227
/eg diser, 269
/erer, 146, 153-6, 229
liberer, 269
/*r, 87, 214
limer, to file (saw)
limiler, 235
/U'rer, 200, 334
/oger, 1 08, 249
r, 219, 299
r, 334
macher, 219
majorer, 270
maltraiter, 184
to manage, 168
mander (official), to send
manger, 153, 224-8
manij "ester, 211
manquer, 123-5; 164-5; 196,236,
270-3: 3H
marchander, to haggle, 96
marcher, 127, 227
marier, 90
marquer, to mark
marqueter, 230
marteler, 229
mecontenter, 223
mediter, 275
roe/ier (j) de, 204
meler, to mix
menacer, 145
menager, 226, 238
mendier, to beg
mener, 229, 246
mentionner, 227
mepriser, 277
merit er, 150, 160, 258
mesurer, 94, 96, 12 1, 214
mirer, to aim ; to candle (eggs)
modeler, 229, 232
moderer, to control (self)
monter, 150, 270, 295
montrer (faire voir), to show
moquer (se) de, 107, 154, 204
morceler, 230
morigener, 214
motiver, to assign (motives)
moucher, to blow (the nose)
moucheter, 230
mouiller, to cast anchor
mousser, 102
mouvementer, to enliven
mM^r, 273
multiplier, 226
murmurer, 152
museler, 230
mM5er, 215
N
nager, 262
naturaliser, 258
navrer (de}, 273
negliger, 1 88, 269
negocier, 115
neiger, no, 302
nettoyer, 231
nier, 165, 243
niveler, 169, 230
nommer, 214, 231, 252
no/er, to note (jot down)
notifier, 263
numeroter, 200
O
objecter, to oppose
oWt'ger,95, 102, 135, 340
observer, 214, 256
obstiner, 98
occasionner, 185
INDEX
447
occuper, 102, 112, 197, 217, 269
offenser, 165, 238
operer, 195
opinidtrer (s'), 204
opposer, 161, 282
oppresser, 232
organiser, 114, 227
orner, 219, 226
oj<>r, 113, 135, 153
outlier, 216, 243
ordonner, 160, 232, 283
oter, 212
pdmer (de rire), to roar
panser, to dress (wound)
parnlyser, 165
pardonner (a), 197
parer, to bedeck
purer, to ward off
parjurer (se), 204
parler, 209
parsemer, to strew
partager, 94, 153, 262, 273, 200
participer, to participate
/xwer, 135-7; 153, 167, 170-4;
183, 255
patiner, to skate
patronner, 198
aiw, 107
pajer, 125, 159, 230
pecAer, 213
pecker, 213
/>ner, 143
p*/", 229
pencher, 232, 296
penetrer, 95, 101
/>eser, 95, 151, 162, 173, 209
percer, 108, 228, 285
per severer, 186
per sister, 154
persuader, 239
peser, 195, 219, 229, 270
petiller, to sparkle
piailler, 227
pincer, 234
pincer, 236
/>*, 356
placer, 108, 228, 299
plaisanter, 95, 248
planter, to plant
pleurer, 94, 149, 176
/>/ier, 272
plonger, 107, 213
player, 230, 272
packer, to poach (bruise)
por/er, 156, 212, 214, 276
porter (), to fare (be)
poser, 196
pas seder, 74, 168
poudrer, 107, 214
pouffer (de rire}, to roar
Pousser, 183, 211, 227, 342
pratiquer, 228, 299
precautionner, 89
preceder, 188
precher, 211
precipiter, 145, 297
preciser, 99
prefer er, 133, 160, 254
preoccuper, 231
pre parer, 213, 231
presager, 167
presenter, 133, 143, 164-7; 23:
presider, 188
presser, 94, 206, 277
pre/er, 271
priVr, 158, 230
primer, 226
priver, 201
proclamer, no, 263
procurer, 145, 214
prodiguer, 247
proferer, 185
professer, 214, 247
rq/^r, 154, 237
prohiber, 101-3, 2 ^4
prolonger, 106
promener, 127, 184, 185
prononcer, 88, 214, 2247
proposer, 145, 237
protcger, 94, 139, 234
protester, 204, 224
prouver, 98, 113
provoquer, 224, 238
publier, no, 114
pwuer (d), 218
pulveriser, 273, 274
Q
questionner, 149
quitter, 160, 269
448
INDEX
R
reg/er, 114, 121, 139, 215, 260
rabaisser, to lower
regretter, to regret
rehabiliter, 237
raccommoder, to mend
rejeter, to reject
raconter, 167
reldcher, to release
raffoler (de), to be mad (love)
relancer, to throw again
raisonner, 224
releguer (se), to retire to
ramasser, 184
relever, 229
ramener, 229
re/t>r, 349
ranker, to arrange
remarquer, 213, 271
rammer, to inflame
rembourrer, 107
rappeler, 162, 222
rembourser, 268, 270
rapporter, 224
remedier (a), 90
rapprocher, 299
remercier, 69, 109
rassasier, 92
remonter, 140, 226
rassembler, 99
remontrer, to teach (?)
rasscrener, to clear up, 348
remplacer, 165, 251
ratatiner, 204
remporter, 215
rdper, to be worn (shabby)
remuer, to stir (up)
rdteler, 230
rencontrer, 145, 160, 215
rater, to miss (fire)
renfermer, to shut in
rattacher, to connect
rengorger (se), 204
rattraper, to catch up
renoncer, 197
raturer, 213
renouer, to renew
raviser (se), 204
renouveler, 230, 269
rcryer, 213
renseigner, to inform
rayonncr, to radiate
rentrer, 155, 295, 269
rebeller (se), 204
rentrer, 102, 238
rebrousser, 183
renverser, 229, 296, 297
rcchapper, 295
reparler, 226
rechauffer, to warm up
reparer, 140
rechercher, 195, 232
repasser, 185, 267
rccidiver, 1 14, 296
repeter, 109, 114, 218, 219
rcclamer, 147, 202
replier, 280
recolter, to harvest
reporter, 1 66
recommander , 171, 262 278
reposer (w), 147, 152, 267
recommencer, 219, 234
repousser, to repel
recompenser, 190, 214
representer, to represent
recouvrer, 197, 320
reprimander, 215
recreer (se), to divert
reprocher, 227, 268, 277
r eerier (se), 204
repudier, 197
recruter, 249
repugner, to feel reluctant
reculer, 139
re<fer, 1 88, 360
rediger, 113
re sister (a), 141, 273
redouter, 140, 217
respecter, to respect
reformer, reformer, 114, 269
refuser, 168, 215, 250
respirer, 165
ressembler (d), 222, 298
refugier (se), 204
ressemeler, 230
regagner, to reach again
resserrer, to bring closer
rcgaler, 1 06
ressusciter, 295
regarder, 211-15; 191
restaurer, 198
regarder (d), 215
rwter, 143, 159, 213, 244, 280
regner, 197, 231
resulter, 93, 109, 162
INDEX
449
resume, 215
sommeiller, to slumber
retarder, 100, 143
sommer, 269
retirer, 197, 205, 226
sonder, 157
retomber, 221, 296
songer (a), 90, 133, 136
retourner, 246, 267, 278
sonner, 128, 133, 220, 295
retracer, 278
soucier (s'en) 97, 121
retracter, 197
souder, 235
retrancher, 226, 239
souffler, 273
retrouver (re + trouver)
reveiller, to wake up
souffleter, 230
souhaiter, 149, 160-2
revendiquer, 202
rerer (o), to dream
souiller, 108
soulever, 198, 228
revolter, 112
souper, to dine, 174
rimer, to rhyme
rincer, 183
ri-sgwer, 93, 159, I7, 2I 5
rissoler (to brown)
raer, to rivet
rogner, to (clip) cut sparingly
soupeser, 229
soupirer, to sigh
sour ciller, to frown
subsister, 163, 185
substituer, 251
succeder (a), 231
ronger, to gnaw
rower, 184
rouler, 168, 226, 275, 297
ruer, to rush (se), kick
ruisseler, 230
suer, 262
suggerer, 145
suicider (se), to commit suicide
supporter, 93, 268, 277
supposer, 97, 143, 2 . 2 59
surmener, 229
surmonter, 202, 278
S
surpasser, to surpass
sabler, 334
sursauter, to startle
5a/er, 227
sa/wer, 95, I7 2 , 184
scandaliser (se), to take offense
T
sauter, 198
sautiller, 206
fcic/MT (de), 169, 204, 270
tacher, 89, 98, 270
sauver, 170
savonner, 232
tacheter, 230
savourer, to relish
tailler, 213
lancer, 214
scier, 220
seeker, 226
tamponner (se), 206
secouer, 275
tanguer, 279
tdHHCf IO5
sejourner, 114
sembler, 162, 176
semer, 151, 229, 299
taquiner, to tease
torder, to long (for)
tfter, to feel (pulse)
serrer, 158
sieger, 228
signaler, 199
temoigner, 71
/eraser, 198
terminer, 149, 150, 232-6; 248
signer, 281
signifier, 88
silhouetter, 186
simuler, to sham
tirailler, 249
iirer, 153,201,211,232,359,214
tomber, 224-5; 293
tanner, to thunder
sifwer, 231
soWer, 260
solliciter, 108, 160
sombrer, 281
tortiller, 191, 223
torturer, 275
towAer, 167, 193. 2 36- 8 ; 2 5
29
450
INDEX
tourmenter, 170, 232
tourner, 200, 298
tousser, 94,
trainer, 195, 225
trailer, 167, 214, 250, 277
trancher, 273
transformer, 247
transpercer, 139
transpirer, 262 (perspire>
transporter, 195, 221
travailler, 86, 175, 237
traverser, 189, 213, 186
trebucher, to stumble
trembler, 140, 222
tremousser, to be impatient
tremper, to dip (soak)
trepigner, to stamp one's feet
tressauter, to startle
(richer, 222
trimbaler (se), to go about
trinquer, to click (glasses)
triturer, 274
tromper, 137, 151-2; 224, 243
trotter, to trot
trouver, 127, 136, 209
<trr, 127, 260
tutoyer, 227
U
user (de), to use; to wear out
usiter, 195
V
vanter, to boast
vaguer, 188
warier, 186, 236, 252
vet//er, 1 01
venger, 159, 165
verifier, 261
verser, 199
wder, 169, 231
fto/er, 1 88, 273
wser, 195
visiter, 201, 267
vtfrer, 171
viyifier, to fortify
vivoter, to live (poorly)
vaguer, to sail
o/er, 151, 213, 274
voleter, 230
rower, to vow
votiter (se), to become round-
shouldered
voyager, 160, 175, 184
REGULAR VERBS IN -//?
abolir, to abolish
aboutir (d), 236, 246
abrutir, 234, 248
accomplir, 238, 268
accroupir (5'), 203
adoucir, to soften
affaiblir, 297
affermir, 234
affranchir, 141
og*>. 15,, 236
agrandir, 343
allegir, 239
alourdir, 238
amincir, 235
amortir, 319
aneantir, 240, 108
aplanir, 248
aplatir, 238
appauvrir, 238
appesantir, 238
applaudir, 239, 224
approfondir, 240
arrondir, 241
a55em'r, 321
assortir, 321
assoupir, to doze
assouplir, 279
assourdir, 278
assouvir, to quench
assujettir, 280
attendrir, 234, 247
atterrir, 296
attiedir, 234
avertir, 152
B
M<tr, 104, 240
blanchir, 99, 236
blemir, 236
WoWtr (se), 203
ftondtr (d), 234
INDEX
451
cherir, 105
choisir, 220, 232
convertir, 89, 248, 269
D
degarnir, 169
demolir, 239
desobeir (<i), 244
divertir, to divert
durcir, 280
E
#>a&*> (s'), 203
eblouir, to dazzle
eclaircir, 234
elargir, 245
embellir, to embellish
endurcir, to harden
enfouir, to bury (under), 152
engourdir, 247
enrichir (s') t 268
envahir, 215, 222
epaissir, 235
etablir, 234, 248, 261, 281
etourdir, to feel giddy
evanouir (s'), 202-4
^>, 230, 248
yZ&rtr, 343
fournir, to provide
franchir, 248
Jremir, 246
garantir, 234, 246, 269
garnir, 184, 235
gemir, 198
grandir, 149
grossir, 342
gen>, 236, 269
inveslir, to be invested
jaillir, 240
jaunir, 242
1 08
languir, 198
M
maignr, 342
meurtrir, 318
WMwtr (</e), 234, 248
murir, 240, 242
N
ncnrcir, 241
oi^V (d), 133, 244, 266
obscurcir ($'), 348
ourdir, to hem
a/i>, 95, 236, 246
/erf>, 267
<?/*>, 244
pourrir, 235, 246
/>*>, 135, 1 60, 234
raccourcir, to shorten
rafraichir, 91
raidir, 106, 245
rajeunir, 342
raw, 238, 254
reflechir, 138, 154, 160, 247
refroidir, 234
rejouir, 161, 164, 176
rembrunir, 348
remplir, 107, 217, 234, 249, 268
rencherir, to outbid; to be dearer
repartir, 320
reserve (to), 203
ressortir, 321
retablir (se), 151, 234, 298
reunir, 97, 245, 299
452
INDEX
reussir (d), 95, 99, 143, 160, 234,
295
reverdir, 239
rougir, 107, 237
roussir, to scorch
rugir, 137, 274
saillir, 94
saisir, 238, 235, 244
salir, 98, 1 10, 240, 244
shir, 248
subir, 196, 234, 249
surgir, to surge (rise)
tarir, 296
trahir, 152
ttnir (d), 244
vernir, to varnish
vieillir, 342
vomtr, to vomit
VERBS ENDING IN -OIR
Page 248
apercevoir, 152, 161, 271
concevoir, 88, 268, 271
decevoir, 264
devoir, 264, 174, 175
(conjugated)
(echoir) echeant, echu, 225,
267, 270, 326
percevoir, 264
recevotr, 249 (conjugated)
redevoir, 264
REG. CONJUG. ENDING IN -RE
attendre, 143, 158, 160, 192, 252
attendre (s') d, to expect to
confondre, 108
correspond, 188"
corrompre, 246
defendre, 142, 152, 160
demordre (n'en pas), to stick to it
dependre (de), 143, 245
de cendre, 295
detendre^ to distend
entendre, 90, 92, 132, 159, 189,
239
etendre, 167
fendre, 273, 280
153, 188
interrompre, 262, 275
mordre, to bite
perdre, 131, 153, 214
pretendre, 163, 183
rendre, 98, 107, 166, 170, 180,
193, 199, 268, 330
repondre (a), 92, 148, 256
repandre, 198
retordre, 281
rompre, 271
suspendre, 184, 191
tendre, 122
tondre, to shear
/ordre, 229, 280
vendre, 140, 271, 290, 298
LIST OF FRENCH IRREGULAR VERBS
to abate, abattre, 169, 191, 298,
334. 357
absolve, absoudre, 332
abstain, s'abstenir, 164, 176,
322
abstract, abstraire, 359
acquire, acquerir, 310
adjoin, adjoindre, 193, 349
INDEX
453
to aid, subvenir (a), 323
admit, admettre, 160, 351
annoy, 353
anoint, oindre, 349, 354
appear, paraitre, 133, 354
assess, repartir, 320
assume, 201
attack, assaillir, 106, 218, 311
attain, 333
audit, ouir (les comptes), 324
avail, 228
to bake, 343
be 2tre, 1 16, 291
able, 132, 134, 329
ashamed, 176
at leisure, 97
aware, 329
better, 162, 330
becoming (seoir), 324
busy, 102, 217
enamored, 357
equivalent, 330
issued, 317
-in need, 176
necessary, 140, 326
silent, 175,359
waited on, 217
willing, 331
worrying, 92, 102, 268
bear, 212, 331
beat, battre, 237, 333
become, seoir (il sied), 324
become, devenir, 323, 149
begin, se mettre a, 351, 123,
356
believe, croire, 137, 341
belong, appartenir, 93, 322
bind, 137, 349
bless, benir, 312
blossom, 102, 315
boil, bouillir, 312, 343
born (to be), naitre, 317, 352
bray, braire, 334
bring out, /am; ressortir, 321
broil, 343
to be able (or can), 132, 142,
329
care, 134, 112
' 277
circumvent, 323
cloister, reclure, 336
close, clore, 336
clothe, vetir (de), 323
coat, enduire, 337, 347, 140-1
combat, combattre, 334, 94
come (back), revenir, 314
come, 322, 132, 145, 152
commit, commettre, 351
compel, 340
complain, se plaindre (de),
355
complete, 347
comprehend, 324, 171
compromise, 351
conclude, condure, 336, 152
concur, concourir (a), 312;
or: to compete
conduct, conduire, 337, 157
conjoin, 349
conquer, 360, 310
consent, consentir, 320, 159,
164
construct, 337
contain, contenir, 322, 222
contradict, 344, 340
convince, 360
cook, cuire, 343
(could), 241, 329, 135, 151
counterfeit, 347, 97
curse, 344, 350
curtail, 357
D
to dawn, 356, 349
deal, 225, 92
debate, 334, 206
decline, 325
decrease, 342
deduct, 343, 334~7
delight, 355
demand, 200
deny, 323
depict, 354
describe, 345
destroy, 343, 190, 337
detain,, 322, 140
deviate, 320
discomfit, 338
die, 318, 152
454
INDEX
to disappear, 354
discharge, 269
discourse, 312, 214-19
discover, 320, 271, 193
disguise, 347, 199
disjoin, 349
dislocate, 351
disown, 351
displease, 355
dissolve, 345, 357
distract, 359
distribute, 320, 1 1 1
divest, 323
do (make), 347
draw, 359, 218, 170
dread, 341
dress, vStir, 199, 323, 102
drink, 334, 176
drive, 223, 337
dye, 359, 343
to elect, 349, 193, 152
(re), 349
embrace, 347
emit, 351
enamel, 354
enclose, 335
enjoin, 349
entertain, 322, 211
escape, 315, 165
exclude, 336
experience, 320
expire (rent), echoir, 326
extinguish, 346, 152, 269
extract, 359, 280
to fade, 343
fail, 314, 164, 204, 224, 298
fall (choir), 325, 334. 224-5
fear, 341, 140, 172
feel, 320; 176
feign, 348, 341, 227
fence (in), 336
fight, 333, 203
flee, 315; 145, 165
flower, 315, 102, 114
follow, 358, 152, 162
forebode, 320, 348
foreclose, 336
foresee, 331, 237
forfeit, 347
fry, frire (faire frire), p. p.
frit(e)
to gambol, 334
gather, 313, 155, 89
get a glance, 331
rid of, 347
gird (on), 335
glance, 312 (look over)
glitter, 350
go after, 309, 146,358
away (s'en oiler), 204
down, descendre, 295
out, 321
shopping, 310
up, monter, 1 50
graze, 354
grill, 343
grind, 213, 352, 274
groan, 348
grow (up), 342
H
to happen (avenir, advenir), 123,
322, 195
harm, 347, 353, 206
hasten, 312, 204
hatch, 345
hate, 316, 165
have (own), 81
recourse, 312
hear (ouir), 324, 344, 299
hold, 322, 171
hone, 352
hunt, aller d la chasse, 309
hurt, 95, 353, 115, 142, 122
ill-become (messeoir), 324
imbibe, 334, 101
impose, 341
imprint, 346
inclose, 336
increase, 342, 343
incur, 198, 312
induce, 337, 343
INDEX
455
to injure, 205
infer, 331
infringe, 346
inquire, 310, 147, 204
inscribe, 345, 168
instruct, 349, 203, 167, 93
interdict, 344-9, 340
interpose, 351
intervene, 323
introduce, 337
issue, 354, 160
to join, 349, 165-9
to keep, 322
know, 329, 339, I33~7.
to need, 326, 165, 136
O
to oblige, 332
obtain, 322, 160
occur, 323
offer, 319, 155, 167
officiate (in), 321, 186
omit, 351
open, 320, 224, 190
originate, 352
overcharge, 270
overcome, 360, 347
grow, 342
overlook, 216, 271
overreach, 357
overtake, 333, 349, 168
owe, 266 (conjugated)
own, 94
to lament, 355, 166
laugh, 357
lay, 356
lead, 337
learn, 357
leave, 320, 127
let off, 270
lie, 316, 152
317, 130
like, 134, 151
live, 360, 125, 139, 154
look, 97
loosen, 357
M
to maintain, 322, 279, 103
make, 347, 176
(may), 329, 115
mean, 331,344
mention, 100, 344
milk, 359
miss, 314
mistake, 357, 151, 137, 204
moan, 355
move, 327, 355
(must), 266
to paint, 354, 93, 103
pasture, 354
penetrate (cold), 324
permit, 351, 161
pickle, 338
please, 355, 131, 205, 298, 9:
portray, 354
predict, 340, 344, 200
prescribe, 345, 237
preserve, 338
prevail, 330
proceed, 358
produce, 337, 357. I 7 l
project, 321
promise, 351
promote, 327, 263
proscribe, 345
provide, 328, 323, 279
pull (down), 334
pursue, 358
put (on), 351, 323
put out, 346
to raid, 222
rain, 328, 106
rattle, 335
456
INDEX
to reach, 323, 333, 158
read, 349. *49
reap, 313, 15*
recant, 344, 203
recognize, 339, 153
recollect, 323, 205
reconstruct, 340
recover, 234
reduce, 337, 357, 165, 273
rejoin, 349
remember, 323, 162, 204
remit, 351
remove, 321-7; 169
repent (conjugated), 299, 97;
320, 204
reproduce, 337
request, 310, 158
resolve, 357
restrict, 235
result, 324 (law)
resume, 269
retain, 322, 130
retake, 357
retort, 320
ride, 126
rip, 340
rise (spring), 358, 352-8,
206
roast, 343
run, 312, 315
to satisfy, 347
say (tell), 344, 158, 165
seat, 324, 150
seduce, 337
see, 331, 158, 1 66
seized (be), 333, 346
send, 309, 311, 171-6
serve, 321, 152
set, 139; about, 356
off, 330
out, 320, 351
sail, 320
sew 340
sharpen, 352
shine, 350
(should), 134, 151, 267
show, 331; out, 337
in, 337
side, 193
silence, 359
sit (down), 324, 354, 150-6;
98
sketch, 354
slander, 340-4; 224
sleep; fall asleep, 314
smell, 320
solve, 357
smile, 357
sport, 334
spring (derive), 323, 136
squeeze, 346, 123
stamp, 346
stand, 160, 322, 271
start, 311 (depart), 320
starve, 318
stitch, 340
strike (a blow), 315, 165
(knock), f rapper
(ring), sonner
struggle, 334, 262
submit, 351
subscribe, 345
subtract, 359
succor, 312
suffer, 320, 140, 161, 197
suffice, 358, 131, 140, 201
suit, 323, 140
summon, 354
supply, 328
surprise, 357
survive, 360
suspend (surseoir) law, 324
sustain, 322
swear, 351
swerve, 268
to take, 356, 170
(drink, buy), 356
care, 172,94,97, 104
off, 323
put, sortir
in, entrer
a part in, 337
place (avoir lieu), 171
(conduct or accompany),
150; see conduire, 337
teach, 349
tell (say), 344, 147
tie down, 332
thrash, 333 (thresh)
transcribe, 345
INDEX
457
to transgress, 346
translate, 337, 359
transmit, 351
to understand, 357
undertake, 357
undo, 347
unlearn, 357
use, 321, 237
to vanquish, 360, 166
value (to be worth), 330, 140,
162, 169, 171, 261
vanish, 354
violate (enfreindre, contre-
venir), 323, 346
visit, 331
vouch, 271
W
to wage (war), 334
wait (on), 321
walk, 127
want (wish), 160
warn, 323
watch, 270
weave, 360
welcome, 313, 224, 250
whet, 352
whine, 348, 355
(will), 150, 169, 94
wither, 343
wish (will, want), 331
132
worsted (to be), 130
worth (to be), 330, 151, 22
(would), 134, 151, 241
to wound, 353, 205
wrestle, 334
wrong (to be), 173
130,
A
Short History of Rome
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