^jTiTjIi^^^^^B ^^^^^H ^^B ^^B' of the ^^thorised Version o/t/ie Knglish Bible. If CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS, LITHOGRAPHS, AND PRINTED COPIES OF THE SCRIPTURES, EXHIBITED TO ILLUSTRATE THE MEANS BY WHICH THE BIBLE HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED. 191 1 Thrice Sixpence net. ♦;>♦ The Exhibition will be open every week-day from ten to eight, and on Sunday from three to five, until the end of July. *#♦ Exhibits numbered in roman characters are books : loans from Liverpool and Manchester are in glass cases, for instance, II ; those belonging to Preston are on tables to be read, for instance, VIII. Exhibits numbered in arable figures, such as 4, are lithographs or photographs, many being in gold and colour : these are mounted in the revolving case in the centre of the room. J^THE HARRIS FREE PUBLIC LIBRARIES ^ MUSEUM, PRESTON : ' Catalogue of manuscripts, lithographs, and printed copies of the Scriptures, exhibited to illustrate the means by which the Bible has been transmitted, until the production in A.D. 1 6 1 I of the '^ Authorised Version, WITH FIFTEEN PLATES, ALSO A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE SOURCES, AND The previous HISTORY OF THE BIBLE IN ENG- LAND, BY W. T. WHITLEY, M.A., LL.D., F.R. Hist, S. Pregton : George Toulmin i^ Sons, Limited, 191 1. \6^ 'i\i^ 99 HE Committee of the Hams Free Public Libraries and Museum has arranged for an exhibition of books and facsimiles to illustrate the way in which the Bible has been handed down, until it assumed its famihar English form in a.d. 1611. It may be with some surprise that inhabitants of Preston will see the resources of the Borough for this end. Thanks are due to other quarters for aid ; notably to the authorities of the British Museum for leave to reproduce illustrations ; to the Corporation of the City of Liverpool for the loan of two valuable manuscripts from the museum, and of books from the hbrary ; to the Corporation of the City of Manchester for the loan of many facsimiles of mediaeval art, and of other books. Mr. BramweU, the Librarian, and Mr. Barton, the Curator, assisted by their staff, have given every possible facihty. It is with pleasure that I have accepted the respon- sibihty of collection, arrangement, and description, placed in my hands by the Committee. W. T. W. :')i)nr! ' - -•:n-3 Kir.n D^parroa' Mipi nt r: r,^ . -., •^-. .un .'D'i TD'Kl .'131 : 'n w^p -,.-,vi:;' ■->f* vi r)*3cS ^JM hy.n lyan' ai^ra or f 5. Hebrew Roll and Pointer : Shape used in public worship. Sources of the English Bible. 9 uncertainty existed for awhile as to the precise Hmits of the last group, but the whole Christian world settled down later on to include the Acts and seven more epistles, making the familiar 27. THE GREEK BIBLE. Thus to the Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures, already enlarged by the Apocrypha, and in this form called by the Christians the " Old Testament," there was added a correspond- ing series of Christian scriptures in Greek, known as the " New Testament." The double series was called " The little books," in Greek, Biblia ; and this word has given us by a slight alteration our familiar title, Bible. OLD LATIN VERSIONS AND THE VULGATE. Greek was not much used around the West of the Mediter- ranean, and early Christians there produced Latin versions- Towards the end of the fourth century. Pope Damasus com- missioned a learned monk named Jerome to produce a revised version of the Latin gospels, and of the psalms ; these were at once brought into use at Rome. Jerome further revised the rest of the New Testament, and after his patron's death went to Palestine, where he revised the psalms anew from a better edition of the Septuagint. Then he undertook a new version of the Old Testament direct from Hebrew to Latin, publishing by instalments, with prologues to the books, all being complete shortly before a.d. 4n. Much indignation was expressed at the time ; and even two hundred years later, when Pope Gregory sent Augustine to Britain, some copies of the scrip- tures sent were of the old as well as of the revised version. But the influence of Rome was thrown on the side of the newer, and while the old continued to be used in some parts even till the thirteenth century, it exerted little influence in England. Jerome's work, pieced out with the old Latin of the Apocrypha, which he for the most part declined to revise, passed into general use, and so acquired the name of the Vulgate. OLD-ENGLISH VERSIONS. By 711 there were four Christian races in Britain : the Kymry or Britons or Welsh, occupying the west coast from Glasgow to Cornwall ; the Picts, of the far north ; the Scots, in the north-west, from Ireland ; the English, from Edinburgh down the east coast to the Humber and all over the Midlands and south. All alike used the Latin Bible, but once Caedmon led the way in versifying its story into Old-English song, translation proceeded apace. The earliest efforts, even by the Venerable Bede, have perished ; but there remain many 10 Bible Exhibition. psalters and gospels, besides even other portions of the Bible story. At first these were written in Latin copies, then they were copied separately, and by a.d. 1011 most of the Bible was available for Englishmen to read in their own tongue. ECLIPSE BY NORMAN-FRENCH. The coming of the Normans ended the career of Old-English as a written language. The Latin Bible resumed its sway, and although the Normans professed to look down on the English as ignorant, it is to be noted that one of their kings who could write his own name was surnamed Beauclerc, Fine Scholar ! After a century or so, they began to want a version for themselves, and a Norman-French version of some books came into being. As usual, the first books dealt with were the Psalms, the Revelation, the Gospels ; then followed a digest of the Bible story. But right down to a.d. 1311 there is very little trace of any interest in the Prophets of the Old Testament or the Apostles of the New. COMPLETE ENGLISH BIBLES. The renewed EngHsh patriotism of the fourteenth century expressed itself in an outpouring of literature, and after two or three new translations of parts of the Bible, a band of Oxford scholars produced in 1382 a complete Bible, which was revised six years later, and at once obtained great popularity. These versions are usually associated with the name of John Wycliffe, though it is doubtful if he did much more than inspire and superintend the movement in its beginning. Their success was so marked that they brought to an end the copying of the Latin Bible in England. The clergy ordered that the use was to be confined to those who were licensed by the bishops, but licences seem to have been granted in some dioceses, and many Bibles remain to show the extensive use. PRINTING. When the art of printing from types was perfected in Europe, the first book in demand was the Latin Bible, of which the first edition came out in 1456. National versions soon followed, but in England William Caxton went no further than to produce an abstract of the Bible History, which he interspersed with lives of saints in his version of the Golden Legend, 1483. The Jews took prompt advantage of the new art, and soon all their scriptures were in print. At the same time Greek scholars, fleeing from the Turk, brought their manuscripts to the West, and a great revival of learning took place. Curiously .•♦• ^ ^afi^ 9^ II tan UDni y r ,H)lxn* Uf frtwl 'tni >/ixis roUfii OiCfmJ. fuif ^T o'lw uc iioii aiims K itciio ro W iBUMiTi! i fill' piJiar iiir mhau of pat iiuvp.'fff I'f asfrftiSi'f ad/ion;iDr i-ar mCrnuXlrui: aiii nuiuv If IS iBour ©tr ^ tmi iBnmi; |f »uirt)f f3:(Dn fpA flJiO HOT iii<'f itnit iBrfr.'ft/'f to K.pfir^ irts t'lKTiJijT I'f new inufuj'"^ iH^ ijinii tiian of i5nm'ii{a' iiau Jifrarip wnmuftrrt-irfpCgi'tristou'ptf p'' ^ iiiDisfmiiauiictswiiaT ftfHbi'f flj ^ fliirWf man i of mSf ftire Cjrrtir iif riir I'Uigr is mnigib of riifdliril' f/t* (turOiatir.u'linfo; irfrUiUM'Vnjf \&ri^ii frtial nor lllOlBu^(Tpl j;f Homr of msCmiiou bcfoiu op \ of lunfi'i itct>A ) pifpftt as grmtJ aft pc ff iinm' muinROimi* (umrtejn t fOni(u1tr» <- dicotonfla (hiitjtfOf pnrf iirp^tfciiaitp iHOK m uiiiiftoiiini of pf to aniir (criiior of unn -• Qj nv u" iianrrtj'ooii ituinwlaff i-c mp ^vouct)f iTi'i'aif tolmii iTrt^-o-afF ~r? \\\y t- afrtMii) OiCpiifr i.;ct> Itdin DC Cecil iior of tDuir £w pf [>f iivoviii of l)fttcn)iiliiiow riVtotBiiif iirfe, (o\K piar jjftqvof iti irrtiin tu ic wcpf nor uf pc tni iriiagis («& i to ^rni'ftr' i of n'l en- iriPiiic uoiv co tn- iioiBc firup{(i)i iir icitriirit pc p:o plictrf* |^« oivr xuntic (|f be iioiir « pc pzcCfitt ftpuf i rff IT am-ftr ealjpiorariif ttctolyir |f fl;ni niim' of pf pitplf 111 to icipfiTC nni al llis NCniirtTif I60f pf lifvrup' of nUstofprnuiir'/iarofaiihiBdoi: liou lupriir iiiPic ;f lonni o paiHc-t cuftoriif fo inidif moic of [jmi «.T>ir par fip'i-cpfairifaiDprriigr tnuili/ri) mrriiipcsiiuconiorfprornni ncto U^uif irrfit iiifcD m rpiiir ro ni: i^'^uiotr uicfO! [/"[imHYroljminuar fpf ictr upiigr of affriiijrtniiicrr ictvpf iriBf" laigir fiiiilfni pirm trpfr ro fdrn- riiisoflii of pcfainjrtfof laipnuw .vinfifliiiiof prarfoiroffi iiu)&p'"lKraiB lipOIIJlJiTSlil icTutaifiii I'r tnr>s of oftr ! arlmii ariia* ?ai)if;yMiinfof5TIiS-!)rn-iP!fl)nji i \B'oiv yrci'iif I'Oii n-p fo: pf loij *rtaK CcMij'S f uiinfi1jiiroiir< fiimiAi' nn ft;fo;'Oi(ju;fl''t mf j»f ORUiins (ii9\WU)*i prafTf )'f otif of I)i9 lozD: riurtft):0:piiirl>iii'05i>ori uippii pir iniD'rtoOf uor vjn to ii'iifii! ftl tBpCpuplC'jCltPui'UjirfiiO.iOlf.tp' >1'f (rtimBiO fort C 1 1- o?in'? ftii Of III tpu(tsi e 2 P' ^' 5 F J-; f >: 5 5 J » 3 I! n U.|. It 5? 5- - Q Bi ^2: ^ u ^— i- ' c i'^ H' ^- •" ?=' s*- Si- J^ ■' ^;> -r.' v ■muyi £ s P ^ p. tr, & r 2> .ci — ' ^!— & ■*-' 5f- ^ ^1 3 |y ^ ? d< 3^ ^ ** r 5, ? ^' t:_E, p • § 'C P S ^. .5! E»/?*fc >J^;.-- '->jr^ 4.1 Hebrew Scriptures. 15 5. Photograph of a Codex of the Law, written on vellum in the ninth century, probably the oldest known except in fragments ; the original is at the British Museum. The book or " codex " shape was adopted for private reading ; and besides the text, there are vowel-points and accents to indicate pronunciation, punctuation, musical notes. Above and below are notes called the Greater Massorah ; at the side are other notes called the Lesser Massorah. {Copyright photograph bought from the Topical Press.) 6. Facsimile of Leaf from a Samaritan Codex. This is the old style of Hebrew writing adopted from Tyre, perhaps by Solomon, and used till after the days of Ezra. Since then it has been abandoned to the Samaritans, the remnant of whom still own a few copies of the Law. 7. Facsimile of Leaf from Hebrew Bible. This style of writing was adopted from Tadmor or Palmjnra, and was in use by the Jews before the days of our Lord. This is the first page of a copy of the Law, written on vellum in the twelfth century, and acquired by an abbey at Bologna. It was for private use, as is shown both by the ornamenta- tion, and by the subsidiary marks for vowels, &c. VIII. Hebrew Bible. These two volumes contain all the books regarded as sacred by the Jews of Palestine. They are in three groups, called the Law, the Prophets, the Psalms. The reference to these titles in Luke xxiv, 44, indicates that this was exactly the grouping and the set of books familiar to our Lord. These books, rearranged, divided into 39, and translated, are the basis of our English Old Testament. This edition of 1613 is furnished with an interlined Latin translation, made in 1528 by Sanctes Pagninus, but revised by Benedictus Arias Montanus in 1572. The work of Pagninus was used by Coverdale, that of Montanus by later revisers of our English Bible. f^fje t)olj> gcripturcsi are able to make tfjee toisfe unto sialbation tfirougl) tattt taf)tcf) is; in Cfjrist ^esus." 16 Section II. ^ourcefl! of tije O^nglisi) 2^it)le. Greek Version of the Old Testament, Septuagint. Greek of the New Testament. Exhibits 9 — 20. ^ The use of Greek was common for centuries before Christ over all the Eastern Mediterranean. Old capitals like Athens and Ephesus, new ones like Antioch and Alexandria, made it the medium of communication in society and commercial circles even further afield. Great libraries at Alexandria and Pergamos stimulated the production of books, and also of translations from other languages. New materials for writing became known widely ; papyrus from Egypt, a thin leaf made of sliced stalks glued together ; from Pergamos, a much finer preparation of skins, called then parchment, but now vellum. This latter material was made up in a new way, not sewn into a long roll, but folded in sets of four or five sheets, into " quires," which could be sewn into book form, constituting a " codex." Later on, the same form was adopted for books of paper, imported from China by the Arabs as early as 750, first manufactured in Europe by the Moors in Spain about 1 150. The Greek language has never died out, and a modern Greek newspaper is readily intelligible to anyone who can read the New Testament, which was written in the spoken language of Syria, not the pohshed literary dialect of Alexandria or Athens. 9. Facsimile of Leaf from a Greek Psalter, written on papjnrus, probably in Egypt, about a.d. 250. The oldest portion of the Bible in England, in any language. {Published by Dr. Kenyan for the British Museum.) X. Volume of the Vatican Greek Bible, printed 1868. The oldest manuscript of the Bible known in any language is in Greek ; it is now housed at the Vatican Library. It was written about A.d. 350, probably at Csesarea, by the orders of Constantine, as a present to a cathedral church, being one of fifty such copies. This was about the time when vellum replaced papyrus as the regular material for writing anything permanent. This printed edition made the text of the manuscript generally known ; it is now recognized as the most valuable of all, giving the Bible as fSf •-.^■-■S'f' U V.I .^-_ ' ■_ " : ^=-~>' -^J^;.' Vtt^H- '■'^i^j22Cr5>-..U.\ Leaf of Greek Psalter on Papyrus. Nearly the oldest Bible manuscript known. /■■-■«„ facsimih h\ Dr. Kenym, of the I'.ritiih Mi, Greek Scriptures. 17 read at Alexandria early in the fourth century. The revisers of 1881 paid much deference to it. {Lent by the Liverpool Public Libraries.) XI. Volume of the Sinaitic Greek Bible, printed 1863. This Greek Bible was brought from a convent on Mount Sinai to St. Petersburg last century. It is probably one of the fifty copies presented by Constantine to the chief churches of his empire, about a.d. 350. These great volumes were perhaps the first to gather all the familiar Christian literature into one cover, and it is interesting to note the books publicly used by the Greek churches. Among the translations of the Jewish scriptures, they added certain other books, known now as the Apocrypha. All these were then considerably rearranged into three groups : Law and history, Poetry, Prophecy. And after all these they added the 27 Christian scriptures. Occasionally one or two other tracts were appended. {Lent by the Liverpool Public Libraries). XII. Volume of the Alexandrian Greek Bible, printed 1821. The original was written at Alexandria about a.d. 450, on very thin vellum. It was presented by Cyril Lukar, patriarch first of Alexandria and then of Constantinople, in gratitude for the protection of our King James I. When it arrived in 1628, King Charles ordered one of the 1611 revisers to revise that version afresh, as this was the most ancient manuscript then known. The edition of the English Bible in 1629 is therefore important. The original of this Greek Bible is now in the British Museum ; and this printed edition is a gift from the Trustees. 13. Page of the Alexandrian Greek Bible, photographed, showing Luke xxii, 42 — xxiii, 3, with a system of marginal references to parallel passages in other gospels, known as the Eusebian Canons. {Reproduced by leave of the British Museum.) XIV. The Gospels and Acts in Greek and Latin, printed in 1864 from a valuable manuscript known as the Codex Bezae. This was written in the sixth century, probably for use near Lyons, whence it came to Cambridge as the 18 Bible Exhibition. gift of Theodore Beza in 1581. The order of books, Matthew, John, Luke, Mark, is that which was common in the west till the editions by Alcuin of York. The text is that called " Western," and represents what was widely read all over the Roman Empire tiU the time of Con- stantine. 15. Facsimile of Greek Manuscript, about 600, written in Syria and compared with a standard copy at Casarea. In the tenth or eleventh century it was inked over again. In 1218 the librarian at Mount Athos tore it up to bind more modern works. 16. Facsimile of Leaf from Greek Gospels, written in gold and silver on purple vellum. The manuscript has been scattered among five libraries, at Patmos, Rome, London, Vienna, and St. Petersburg. It is one of the earliest with the type of text giving the " Textus Receptus " whence the Authorized Version was translated. 17. Facsimile of Leaf from Greek Psalter, written in a.d. 1066, in the best style of Byzantine art. Psalm bcxix, 12 and 13, illustrated by a figure of our Lord, and by another of Bishop Spyridon, prominent at the Council of Nicaea ; Psalm Ixxx, 1 and 2, illustrated by Jacob bringing Joseph and Benjamin. XVL Beza's Greek-Latin-Vulgate Testament. In 1556 Theodore de Beze imitated Erasmus by publishing a fresh Latin version of the New Testament. In 1565 he took up the work of Estienne and republished his Greek text, with his own Latin version and the old Vulgate. Ten editions of this appeared by 1611, and he practically fixed the text from which the revisers by James translated. To this reprint of 1642 a commentary is added. XVIf. Volume of the London Polyglot. Dr. Brian Walton, aided by other Cambridge scholars, published in 1654-57 an edition of the whole Bible in nearly every ancient language known. He dedicated it to Oliver Cromwell, who had helped the work by remitting import duties on -^^«^^'!?«^r" '"■'^ '* H HW I| ) HP i l . lH L »«»' y 7. .'.fl5« ■■■ OOMIX»IISCtXK.> lvV|VM»t-.T' V; f ixrr 1 .o 11 }■< >i:^- -,-^ , ,(>v^ Vj> ^ I ,^, ,, . TOVCk. VOi . I -VOCYfi MX>,-| ov< K^ V.VV1 n ."n urvMi>.- ii;-lVinX>KU-.KJOClO\'N-VC" t"i»i- ■ K vii trrCiic , \>UMVI1»-4.V-|-|-(X)r4<^-JO'~^ IX.>-»Af •v'^ I I'xf .wi viixr i\.i>nr<*Oxc. V."*I I fX^pl>.■^■•|'(>^^'^0^"^'^^.>^■'<~^-^O^i e 11 I t>M x^Ti I )«.■■>■> • • • »- »CC-ri-|Xt>i-v-\Kixm.-vn "IVCil,-*- (I lVfTX~l IXJ>'-, >r vn'fv'vl )CivX|.vi.t-i Vfr^xi !••' >i<'«.:i 1 1- - - . n. VI.VM X C'm"i I x^«oM«.>o■|^>^■v.ly^l«.)^'>.I'I.^ .v\ iDM Oil ret ixnc I VOC IV >YOl IXP-M X'MOKt?i uMiC^n ir'iC.'^.OMi^-vovT, M(-|'XM.VV:VI j'vl )KI K»-IiY^<"» • -j-KKOMOi iniJiOfit)tyviv-«.Mci« • MXTX?"i'x<.?vo.i i>(.^v:iniK»«."vvv.vv •iiivMtnMCcri irJt n,i>pxis'c i' '(Hk • -j'oYXj'vic joci >*." oxt:-! ipi !••<. I I IxO \0^ 0<" I r I VK J- I llv V<.1|v^.VH-|\l »uv> -|-<1>» If. Iv" vi>M |t><>i iciptH^Ox' KiCO<.l>x*,-| ,.1 w II Vcn-O-vVi'.X-i i; • i-vixn.^Ki 1 ru' iv.v^>i I M»."r»nf 1 ■I irocrod^nx-^Kxi v-roi lu^xc-- v^'-i-ci>t^i»i iv. t-j ivVii'>'>"i».ii;i'Y>' x^ Tvi » I tJ • <.\ vcM I pr4 1 icxm .\YT<.>nx<.':ixi»rj i--v-n-xK"»Ni<.->iv> vy rt>i I i>:xl^^CT-•v^^vv^(^ ic .v7io<.mt't:i>»vx<.>o I lo x I iox>'ri''-C"rt>vcixi>M «:i i>xji OO'xc KVfcT«v-ix-»(jrvi«.ri-XYix>v> . V V«.> V«.'l\-H.> K.VI I 1XI--VSC11 llvv^^ ,, vxVt.>Yri l\K'>x\'H.>Y<-i i, CO. r r Kxii'-i rii he r<.- C>Ki;c t i<.-f.vO-|-eij-|xS»f'f<.--rfi|, {■^xi-,-! .c»r<>N- rONivYvl i«.ii ic ri«K lC-«r=lln:iJ.' V 1 1 X I- * J 1 1 oi I xioif lo k- VI CT*.: V ^>«.i>Kii" .vno(iiri|\)ocu-vv-v(«- •| IIKjXI'lC lvXK1|,VnX|'ClH>l .-,v (^"^\- nOxxiKiiX". or*. ■)isn I lo.V J>."-it»- [•I i,-j-.vM-i-ooxY»xii le I -i KVKTI |-| irv.l>ltl'>HXV"IV)M vci>> ' I x'vThtoIKm rCY«.X)rri u>oci • VVI lAuSxdoOKXUVI OPXI lOVVX J,x voa>ii».K>'^M-l eco.voioi > , On-xVrOM :,<• l\xn.no.f.i-ct^CTv>ni-«of vc;%-"' j, MXOii iX>iiT'C-OfiV-rOriOiJIX>Y vv(.»v>«rxiv^f*?i.-^i-C.»ivirpxM M.V-|-<''ll.?-| II'XlOnJLvio' ' i';n.^n.»o\'NiO-V|'Kii-Ji:,VYi vi,|., Vt-lx>r-t-n;0\"K?N'f. K>XC.'l-i lit: 1 I Kii M • <". ri iC.f-iX0XY"iX>i«'! ^^ • ( > vt iY>-i I MCn iii>o%'»>^i ri nv?i«-i "■'i' >.?i rix'. c-xnxoi «.«>•!• I k-*i> <,> Y !>■ » H'XT'O K f I O I rt 'C M<.>I 1 1 V 1 iirsvomx'; ; • .vi n.>rtn-r>i-» u \ i.:-v-'--'r*-»Ovi'oO"ixrv XMo^ivxtt*' \ K«0>^00<.':j'~^TMOVM-Ci"OVOVc ri lO'^O'S-i riix ' ■rcox^^ t»N f^0K>Y'O0%-O-v •'•■■ <^)x<.rnfoovv-n>voOvl>>' >>'"'•«, ' vortr«xU"»Tic?ixi>».~i^ii I, >! vtX'^»'frl>'^«'«-*'t?"*''xj'i.vi n.:xx» s KtCMx«XfTVI''XC^xv-|t>iixpii K-OYOVMOI^Xi lO IX>Y<"*'IX)MX iS ■ tOOXVTOV KXIXr ixoixix '. \i i-xM IXVI I V« IO< >C XY '• X I >t 1 » I IX ror-JXV'OMCi I riX>r 1 1 icivvio IX I I p^xiNi-ixixCKxriiroi-oinvyis.- .xixorrccKwii x-ix>c<.>Kiv>o Kxi Kxi ivKx''! ri->^i^■|'• vcvY^o^lx^• (iXOlxcv».^ltJXltlvellOlxvl•ov e. . 1 1 ptl > 11 iOOr»XY-i ON Xi^iv OYC.I<'iKXOlXCVO'lXl>MiO'»'^"" 5. Page of the Alexandrian Greek Bible. Repnduced b\ knve 'if the V.ritiih Miiieum. Polyglots. 19 materials : after the Restoration he cancelled this tribute, and dedicated the work afresh to Charles II, who made him a bishop. Although Charles I. had caused a second revision of the Royal Version to take place in 1638, after an edition of the Greek Testament claiming to give the text received by all scholars, no further revision followed Walton's Polyglot. XVIII. Mill's Greek Testament, 1707. This edition, the fruit of thirty years' study, gives notes of the readings in more than a hundred manuscripts, besides quotations from many ancient writers. It was this which first drew general attention among scholars to the need of com- parison and careful selection, to regain what was originally written. XIX. Volume of the Leipzig Polyglot. A Bible in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German was pubhshed in 1854, sum- ming up the work of scholars in comparing the old manu- scripts, and trying to regain what the first translators or the authors had written. The Hebrew is the Standard Edition of the Massoretes, dating from about a.d. 200. The Greek is the famous Septuagint, prepared in Egypt before B.C. 150. The Latin is the famous Vulgate edited by Jerome between a.d. 383 and 405. XX. Greek Testament. In 1881 were published three editions of the Greek Testament ; two indicating the text used by the revisers of the English Testament, the other the text prepared by Drs. Westcott and Hort, which deeply influenced the others. All three differ from that used for the 1611 edition, by relying chiefly on the Vatican manuscript, checked by the Sinaitic manuscript and one or two others, none of which were known in the days of King James. 2?en ^ira. " Parbon usf, if in anj> partg ot iofjat toe ijabe labourcb to interpret, toe map seem to fail in siome of tfje pljrasies;." 20 Section III. ^onxttsi ot tfje CngUsift ^Mt. Latin Bibles. Exhibits 21 — 82, {Chiefly in the Revolving Case.) ^ Latin was the language of mid-Italy, spread over the whole Roman Empire, adopted by the Western Churches, and still the official language of the Roman Cathohc Church. When Britain was a province of the Empire, Christian missionaries carried their religion to Ireland, and winning the Druids, became heirs to their learning and art. When the Empire on the mainland was submerged by the barbarians, Ireland was a home of religion, whence streams of missionaries went forth to all the islands, perhaps to Greenland, and southward to the Franks, Burgundians, as far as Italy. The Latin tongue was the means of communication, and gradually the tongues of the Goths and Franks and Vandals died out. The Gothic version made in the fourth century was not needed in the tenth, but the Latin became more and more important as nation after nation accepted Christianity. The most beautiful Latin Bibles, and the standard editions, owe much to Ireland and England. In Ireland was evolved a living art, which passed to lona and thence over all North Britain down to the Humber. From Ireland and the mainland came plenty of books, and special efforts were made to import copies of the Latin Bible in the new one-volume form, called Pandects. From these, magnificent editions were pre- pared in the highest style of Anglo-Celtic art ; and the finest copy of the Vulgate known is the Codex Amiatinus, written at Jarrow or Wearmouth, and taken by Abbot Ceolfrid as a present to the Pope. The influence of the Irish art is seen wherever Irish missionaries or scholars went ; and the names of Scotus Erigena, Duns Scotus, remind us of their influence far into the Middle Ages. For careful editing of the Bible, English scholars excelled. Alcuin of York produced for the great Prankish Emperor Charles the standard edition which settled the order of books. Stephen Harding revised again about 1150 on the basis of Hebrew and Greek manuscripts. Stephen Langton made our chapter divisions. Roger Bacon did good work in the thir- teenth century, and at length William Allen had a large share in producing the present Authorized or Standard Edition of the Vulgate. The specimens exhibited show much of island art, and also the popular books : Psalter, Gospels, Revelation. UKiOnr viKiiirrii iim secniroimnHrrrh^T: ^n so. The Lindisfarne Gospels: Beginning- of Matthew. Refradticed by Irave of thr British Muienm. Latin Bibles of Ireland and England. 21 21-24. Four Pages from the Book of Durrow, a set of the gospels written in Ireland about a.d. 650. They were copied from a manuscript written by Columba the Scot, who went to lona and became missionary to the Picts and Kymry. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 25. Two Pages from a copy of the Gospels, written in the seventh century, showing a portrait of the evangelist Mark, and the beginning of the third gospel. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) XXVI. Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels, Text of the Latin Vulgate, printed 1854-1865 from two ancient copies made in North England and in Ireland. The Lindisfarne copy was made about 710 in memory of Cuthbert, apostle of the north. After preservation from the Danes, it was lodged at Chest er-le-Street, Durham, Lindisfarne again, and is now at the British Museum. The book whence it was copied was e\ddently brought to Jarrow or Wear- mouth by Benedict Biscop, who escorted Theodore of Tarsus and Hadrian of Naples to England, for the Table of Lessons shows the Use of Naples. (The " Rushworth Gospels " are described at 44.) Volumes giving Mark and John are shown here ; those of Matthew and Luke are exhibit 84. 27, 28. Portraits of the Evangelists Matthew and John ; facsimiles from the Lindisfarne Gospels, showing the influence of Byzantine art, introduced by Theodore of Tarsus. [Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 29. Facsimile of the beginning of the Fourth Gospel in the Lindisfarne Gospels, showing the Anglo-Celtic art intro- duced by the Scot missionaries from lona ; this style characterizes the whole book. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 30. Beginning of the First Gospel. Photographic print of page from the Lindisfarne Gospels. The large orna- mental " uncial " letters are the original; for explanation of the small writing, see number 84. 22 Bible Exhibition, 31. Portraits of the Evangelists Matthew and John, copied from the Prayers of Bishop More, eighth century. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 32, 33. Two Portraits of King David, facsimiles from a com- mentary on the Psakns professing to be written by the Venerable Bede of Jarrow in the eighth century. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 34. Index to the Latin Gospels. This page from a manu- script once belonging to the abbey of St. Augustine, at Canterbury, shows a system of cross-references between the gospels, called the Eusebian Canons, drawn up in the fourth century. The ornaments are in gold and colour. 35. Portrait of the Evangelist Marie, facsimile from the Lichfield Gospels ; Irish art. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) XXXVI. The Lichfield Gospels, compared with the Codex Amiatinus. This copy of the gospels was written in the seventh or eighth century by an Irishman, probably in South Wales. It was brought shortly before 1000 to Lichfield and placed in the library dedicated to Chad, the missionary of Mercia. The printed edition gives three representative pages, and records all variations from the great " Amiatinus " copy written in Wearmouth or Jarrow. 37-39. The Book of Kells, three pages in facsimile. This set of the gospels was copied in the seventh or eighth century in County Meath. It is the most beautiful specimen of Irish writing known. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 40. Page from a " Roman " Psalter in facsimile, showing the Old Latin translation from the Greek Septuagint, as revised by Jerome, and ordered by Pope Damasus to be used in his cathedral at Rome. 41. Portrait of David and attendants, in facsimile, from an eighth century " Roman " Psalter. {Lent by the Man- chester Free Public Libraries.) Latin Bibles of Ireland and England. 23 42. Page of Psalter, with English gloss, or word-for-word translation, as to which see exhibit L. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 43. Page of Isaiah in Alcuin's Bible, facsimile. Alcuin of York prepared a standard edition of the Latin Bible for the Emperor Charles the Great, which fixed the contents and the order of books for Western Europe. This manu- script is of the ninth century, and is supposed to have belonged to Alcuin himself. 44. Portrait of the Evangelist John, in the " Rushworth Gospels," better known as the Book of Mac Regol, in facsimile. Another splendid copy of the Latin gospels was made by Mac Regol, abbot of Birr, in Ireland, about the year 800. Ireland at this time was at the height of her fame, and had sent learned missionaries not only to the Picts and the Enghsh, but up the Rhine and over the Alps. Irish art and reUgion civilized the rude Franks and Burgundians and other barbarians, even in Italy. This book was subsequently enriched with an English gloss, as to which see number LXXXIV. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 45. Portraits of the Evangelists Matthew and Luke, with the beginning of the second gospel, in facsimile. From the Gospels of MacDumon, copied about a.d. 850. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) XLVI. Coronation Book of the Anglo-Saxon Kings ; fac- similes of two pages, showing the beginning of the fourth gospel, with portrait of the Evangelist John. Ninth century. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 47. King Athelstan's Psalter ; facsimile of a page from a manuscript copied and illuminated about a.d. 900. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 48. " Galilean Psalter " ; facsimile of two pages. After Jerome had revised the Old Latin, he made a second revision from the Greek text of the Septuagint prepared by Origen at Caesarea. This was popularised by Gregory of Tours, and became used throughout Gaul, whence its name. It at last won its way everywhere outside the 24 Bible Exhibition. city of Rome. This manuscript is of the tenth century. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 49. Latin Psaiter with English Gloss : reproduction of one page. This tenth century psalter and hymnal has in many places an English gloss or word-for-word transla- tion, interlined. This page shows the beginning of psalm li, in violet, blue, and red ; the capital is also coloured in green, brown, and yellow. Most pages are less elaborate. L. Latin Psalter with English Gloss ; text. These two volumes give the Latin text in the manuscript illustrated in exhibits 41, 42. The English gloss is perhaps the first for the Psalms, from which all others were derived. Experts differ whether it was made in the Midlands or in Kent. 51. Winchester Gospels, facsimile of a page, showing the beginning of Luke. Written and illuminated in a new style at Winchester about a.d. 1017. 52. Portrait of the Evangelist Luke in the Winchester Gospels, facsimile. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 53. Winchester Psalter, with English gloss interlined ; fac- simile page. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 54. Canterbury Psalter, written in 1020, Jerome's Roman text corrected to his Galilean text ; facsimile page. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 55-57. Latin-Norman Psalter, Winchester ; three pages re- produced in black and white. This psalter, with the canticles. Lord's Prayer, creeds, &c., was written in Latin and Norman-French before 1161. It is a sign of a growing demand for a version in the spoken language of the ruling classes, which led up to the second period of the English Bible. The pictures of the Last Supper and of Hell- mouth are in English style ; that of the enthronement of the Virgin Mary is Byzantine. 58. Scenes from the Life of Christ ; leaf reproduced in black and white. Pictures need no translation, and before a Latin Manuscripts of England. 25 written version was made, series of pictures were increas- ingly used. This leaf was one of a set probably prefixed to a Psalter. 59. Pictures of the Last Supper, reproduced in black and white. A Latin Psalter, appearing to have been used at Winchester, was furnished with sixteen pictures of the Gospel history. 60. Psalter of Twelfth Century, facsimile page. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 61. King David, portrait on page of Latin Psalter of the twelfth century ; facsimile. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 62. Shaftesbury Psalter of the twelfth century, facsimile page. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 63. Portrait of our Lord, and Symbols of the Evangelists, reproduced in black and white. This leaf originally belonged to a Psalter of the thirteenth century. 64. Kentish Bible of the thirteenth century, facsimile page. Written by William of Devon, incorporating Stephen Langton's divisions into chapters, 65. Bible of the thirteenth century, facsimile page. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 66. Psalter of Edward I ; page reproduced in black and white. King Edward intended his son Alphonso to receive this as a wedding present ; as he died in 1284, when only a few pages were written, it was finished less elaborately for his sister Elizabeth. 67. Alphonso's Psalter, or Tenison Psalter (alternative names for the same) ; facsimile page. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 68-70. Norman Bible History and Latin Psalter ; three pages reproduced in black and white. In the last days of Norman French, a Bible History was prepared ; this was chiefly pictorial, with a line or two of title to each picture. Two hundred of these deal with the period up to the death of Solomon : then comes a Latin Psalter. Fifty- six pages more give New Testament scenes, and other illustrations, both religious and grotesque. 26 Bible Exhibition. 71. The Revelation. Facsimile of a page from manuscript of the fourteenth century. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries . ) 72, 74. Psalter of Robert, Baron do Lisle ; three pages repro- duced in black and white. These illustrations show the appeal made by pictures, often of fine design and colour- ing, for the upper classes. 75, 76. Psalters of the fourteenth century ; facsimile pages. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) 77. Bible of Richard II. Part of a page reproduced in black and white. This Bible was probably written for Richard by artists who came with his bride Anne from Bohemia. This was the period when English Bibles were again produced, and the writing of Latin Bibles ceased in England. The influence of Wycliffe and his school was introduced to Bohemia, where it became manifest in the production of a Bohemian Bible, and in the movement headed by John Huss. 78. Bible of Richard II. Parts of two pages in facsimile. The Bible is so large that it was impossible to give a whole page. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) LXXIX. Poor Man's Bible, modern reproduction in facsimile. While rich men could afford books illuminated in gold and colours, and were sometimes well enough educated to read writing, the appeal to the poor man had to be made by preaching or drama or picture-book. The pro- duction of picture books in black and white came to be by carved wooden blocks, and these made a first step towards type-printing. The present work is an exact reproduction of a good specimen. {Lent by the Man- chester Free Public Libraries.) LXXX. A Smaller Biblia Pauperum : modern composite work. This edition was printed from wood-blocks of the fifteenth century. Extracts from the Wychffite version of the fourteenth century have been printed opposite within antique borders. But the pictures alone consti- tuted the " Poor Man's Bible." LXXXI. Pocket Latin Vulgate, written on vellum in Italy. During the thirteenth century the booksellers at Paris Complete Latin Bibles. 27 produced beautiful little copies of the Latin Bible, for which there was a great demand. The text was poor, but the form became very common, and set the fashion for our double-column Bibles. {Lent by the Liverpool Free Public Museums.) LXXXII. Printed Latin Bible of 1481, " fontibus ex Grsecis, " in wooden boards. WTien printing was invented in Europe, the Latin Bible was the first book produced, and many editions were soon issued in many countries. The price was about one-fifth of that asked for written Bibles of the same size. This edition contains the usual pro- logues of Jerome. But it shows the renaissance of learning in that a brief note at the end claims it has been corrected from the Hebrew and Greek. If this is not a mere conventional note, we see that the Vulgate text was becoming the object of care, not only to restore what Jerome wrote, but to improve upon him. The Hebrew scriptures were published in print by 1477, and within four years this edition seems to profess that they have been used. Other links with the past are : the indication of church lessons in a table at the end, whence some owner has annotated the margin ; the absence of any division except Langton's chapters ; the illumination of capitals in red and silver, the illuminator sometimes adding further reference marks in the margins. One or two interesting devices appear : a metrical list of books in their order as fixed by Alcuin ; a concordance of Hebrew names with their meanings, which was imitated in early English Bibles, and even survives in some " Teachers' Bibles " to-day ; a thumb-index to the different books, which has leaped again into modern popularity. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) Cije Cfjurcf) boc£i not pretenb tfjat tfjcsfe translations are Either infaUible in all tfteir partsf, or tfjat nothing more correct can be tjali." 28 Section IV, Cngligfi l^ihltn 2^ageb on tfic Hatin. Exhibits 84 — 109. ^ The study of Greek was introduced to England by Theodore of Tarsus in a.d. 668, and several English scholars made direct translations of various works, as Bede testifies. But for English versions of the Bible, the Latin was always the immediate source until the revival of learning under Erasmus, Colet, and More about a.d. 1500. Three distinct series of such versions are to be noted, each independent of the others : before the Norman conquest, under the Plan- tagenet kings, since the invention of printing and the dis- ruption of Western Christendom. The Old-English or Anglo-Saxon versions are not readable to-day ; but to the scholar they are of great interest, both as very early monuments of written Teutonic speech, and as a valuable means of recovering the text of the Latin from which they were made. (Exhibits 84 — 91). The fourteenth-century versions indicate the revival of English nationality and literature. After a few experiments, a translation of the whole Bible appeared which circulated very widely among all classes. But its fate was very unlike that of contemporary Continental versions, for it was never printed until as a monument of the past, in the eighteenth century. (Exhibits 92—100). After the invention of printing there was long delay in England, the gap being very imperfectly filled by editions of the Golden Legend. The work done by Coverdale here is seldom appreciated, because on the one hand he was a Protestant, and on the other he clung to the Latin Vulgate, neglecting the new version of Erasmus. Not only did he base his 1535 Bible partly on the Vulgate, but he put forth several editions of the Vulgate New Testament, with a translation of his own alongside. Another scholar, a barrister, Richard Taverner, also made some use of the Vulgate in his revision. So when the exiles at Douay set to work to prepare their version, they drew freely on these two sources ; though, as usually happened between scholars of different faiths, without '1 l^.-jnjji.-iJvci^'cic.W-n f " lofp (Scripture of tbc Oli'c .inft rfiw Tcftamott , fjirt)- fiidy ant) truly tranflatcC) cut of JDOu^bcant' Jlatvrt in to 'irnolilbf. e.paul.n.Ccfp.in. P* tT^l' "'" ^ ^ pwiefoJ tvg.chat the n-o:be cr<5o{> iHiJic { ^Czfy" \ IJ :r „.paurcoi.iH ill TNX^'^-i^' ietthe wo:&c ofCb:ifl55wcUmyouplcn rAF-y-^-f «! fora / $gecon?)Cp ^e fo^ / to Vti^nj \t 16 gpMcn / 7Uit>? J^etp 9e ie fapo &pmon biJona / t^< t« to fttg ^nnc of t^ touuc / t^p Ib^JcQi »o gpmij to ^onrRonojij/ f^at ^ ftM> Beautc of manwc / prfto of &t ? 6» »«ir-v&? fpmoa jpiixt g { I I^ttoBg ()t tfDnftrwcd «t mat^j 5^ / ^ni? 3 Tap (D d^ t^t «^ otf psCar (T Tfsot) (§^0 f{on? s Z/^iO m;)4(l:ton} itixotc nvxxi'. JjL ^y tba« of tnoofJ ^twni ■31 fcpnt ftur9 fap*^pf*Rit>ftno Uj« ^ 6: IboCDc (Vitw iont ^>»» IbH^ ^jo Cct^ / ?lnJ> ifyrcfovt out fcrO JtooO not name ()^m to ggnj/ JJiw 00 Cnfof torn* fa^ i^f 0? ftU>? n«>nc^ 9p»»7 /pc» tcx ea& atgr«n /ana? «ff« to totif ^gwj cpcttt Ibcnt ■?pon tfyr fcc/fc tb«0 c&» fen of go&? to fe a( ^ twnffi^Hmcon ■2U»& wgfcD: a mapCc ftD»»> oe^ to Cgf »}e f9«0 t^ ftatrx 0: pica of moncg n| tfyr ^f|^8 moi*t^ / it)c wa?wc6 of out fcca ttje fi^gjo of % ftpti^liom of et»«5 fc tofie % c^nt^t to ^08 1^ fft

.« iacr(}?/0t icgftO (^6gflr/0t 6ip oo« netpi I njit§ t^ (T)5h)tbc of ^to &&?/ ^wgfoJj 6p ^tx)«i /Qpwt 6g «^ angcffe of om tofx ^ Iboo CieJgucTJ>? / lb^< Qie mc* tboe ono? ^p« tfct^png? % a>fic of fcpttt CCcmcnt ibpttieffit^/ Joi Cb faf* 6cpc» onCp U)pf^ oCpacc an>i IcCcc Ibit^ IboittC io mgjj ^og« / 2lti^? 3 fitaue fucft: cft)%n92 as tQ»« {ttfi a Coft cmDea tncntcCy 7ltTt>; Ibl^ 3 ftjuc t^ / 3 ixmatifite no > nunc,' 3< »6 fapbz foK ojlttopij tfy»< fli ft»« oEtbap a futarp n? ^le fofoM) HwtQ lb^K<)» ft; tt>»»«7 t^c fctw tBjAt rajji ftwfj ^0 cpiJj / if 0: t»^ij fe tntwm 61^ i^ fkbcfc ptrfctiJi of om fct&f for t6c gtcfie fbuc tf)ai 6? fti^ 6) Qg»»> jjc mp5^< nof fbtSfte tb^ppngj / Tln&f flCfo IbOaj) Ot t)rmfm6iT&,' K)at ft ft»5>| wnpc^» ^fc tbfpi eo6Mn^untfp nwtc pCcnet of *tw / 3>) (Ucfc n>pf« tfyd flr IbcMS fo of to Ib?pe rt|ft< ^6 faor Ibae fiwrtt tbptQ ofi>? »bcp« mfloniaeCp / An&? af*t ^''•^ ** ie t3e5» w) ^V?ona rctfefwfdwo ; tt^M to ftt VMf^oi) / \[jt)e ^ §«* Vjp / Tlnb? cnRcO? J)gr Sp ^k pwpw nam« an::^ fogo? to ftt / Wg ibpf a ? wcTtitw t^ of out fcr&?/ ^tx tpMtc tbftin ©epn< Cpe*T fti^ l«n<» ftbo of (^ »pfopfe<^ ' - to Pt«* tf-^ fept§? of 3Wu ctyi / '2i««e 105. Caxton's Golden Legend. Roman Catholic Versions. 33 CVI. Rheims Testament, 1582 ; modern reprint of the text, with its source, the Vulgate. In 1545 the Council of Trent decreed that the Latin Vulgate used for so many years was to be regarded as authentic ; and Roman Cathohc versions have since that time been based on it chiefly. No step was taken under Queen Mary to prepare such an English version ; but some Oxford scholars, who took refuge at Douay after her reign, prepared one, and published the New Testament at Rheims in 1582. This was planned and superintended by William Allen, of Rossall ; and his scholarship was so high that he was invited to Rome to help prepare the Standard edition of the Latin Vulgate. {Loan copy.) evil. Douay Testament, 1600; revised version printed at Antwerp : original copy. When the Standard Vulgate had appeared, the Rheims Testament was revised to correspond. It contains the preface, prologues, notes, and recapitulations, which were of a highly controversial character. This led to a controversial reprint by a Protestant, with long critical notes ; and in this way the New Testament decidedly influenced the translators of 1611, so that many effective phrases were borrowed. CVIII. Modern " Douay " Bible, with notes, historical index, &c. About the year 1750, a Douay scholar named Challoner began carefully revising the old version from the Vulgate. He borrowed most extensively from the Royal Version of 1611, and all subsequent editions show much evidence of its influence. {Loan copy.) CIX. Archbishop Kenrick's New Testament, 1862. This is based on the old version of 1582, but is revised with the help of Dr. Lingard's edition of the Gospels. It is one of the many versions all equally authorised. {Loan copy.) Clfjeims; 'Testament. " 31n '^Cfjist <©ur 'translation, because toe toisfj it to tie most Sincere, as faecometf) a Catfjolic translation, anlj fjabe enbcaboitreb So to make it ; toe are berp precise & rclisioiis in folotoing our copie, tl)e olb bulgar approbeb Hatin." 34 Section V. Cnglifiif) 2?ible£f 'Cranglateb from C^ebreto mh O^reefe unber i^enrp VIII. Exhibits 110 — 121. ^ The study of Greek was restored in England by Erasmus, a Dutch monk, friend of Dean Colet and Sir Thomas More. When lecturing at Cambridge, he seems to have had William Tyndale as a pupil ; and at Cambridge he began an edition of the Greek Testament which he afterwards published at Basel in 1516, dedicating it to Pope Leo X. Alongside the Greek he placed a new Latin translation, and in the preface expressed a hope that others would translate into their native languages, till " the ploughman may sing something out of it at his plough, the weaver chant something out of it at his loom, the traveller lighten the weariness of his journey by tales of this kind." In 1522 Tyndale translated another book by Erasmus, and in dispute with some Gloucestershire clergy took up the words of his teacher and said that he would soon cause a ploughboy to know more scripture than his opponent. He sought the support of the Bishop of London while translat- ing, but found it necessary to go to the Free Cities of Germany. Here he had the opportunity of studying not only the Greek Testament, but Luther's new translation into German from the Greek, furnished with completely new and controversial prologues and notes. His own first edition was projected on the same lines, but finding that such new features gave dire offence, he abandoned it when only partly printed. A second edition was of the bare text, without note or comment, but with a devotional epilogue. This, however, equally excited opposition, even from the scholarly Sir Thomas More ; while King Henry and Cardinal Wolsey ordered it to be burned as corrupt and untrue. A great demand thereupon arose, met by Antwerp printers, while Tyndale turned his attention to the Old Testament. Finding that no compromise as to a bare text would be accepted by the King, he published the five books of the Law with notes. Then in six months he issued three revised editions of his New Testament, at Antwerp, one of which has only lately come to light. His enemies enticed him outside the Free City, and he was arrested. He had finished translating to the end of Chronicles, with two detached portions ; but he was executed by the Imperial authorities in 1536, before he could publish any more. During his imprisonment, Miles Coverdale had published a complete English Bible, taken from five other translations, including Tyndale's own work. And in 1537 Antwerp friends 5:f)c(Dcrrci!cf ■>>lE5v(vnf£t, <^"" btfajTic rbc fAfTic/t^fthc |7'c:aiib c^n j-c n^nbifccrMc the ^ircAtjiicP art- cl,^'/ ^fyO"'--'' ofthc tynici>:C f)c fro\vcr^c lUiio ..nt u^\\ i:irc vc/ nlti" \V(3ticifu!Ucv j-cfcrl)aft\iu-:tb(ic |hallnc iicfbo f r\'icl^i 0^^'tii vnr.. rhc/ flDcH .IMP niirjdfs/ {,,,j. ffjf ,^.g„c o\tbc iMcrbcr'jautv^Cvlcirc I)c rbcin c;I)^^c^ \vbi:b\Vcrcp;orb> p.-.,:-,, . r, r / -- trit.DortH-f-o;c/ro.-ir ^''^'*'t' t r ^^ r t. r ■- v r l r}?cv n,Mi:oc t^cronc Ci'.--i'i^ u■>ponb:C'^lk iplcc^ ircrccornc t: rbc ctt;cr',v^c cfrbc in ICl^viiiio rvujf. \v;!rcr, rfjcyb-'^N^'tJ-'trcn r.-> raFt^lcc^lrit!;tbcn^.2:b«^■'jf^ '-^ir. iEfaic.cvu " fu.it'M"-M^ruorl)cni;. ibcy rbct-ahra nicnnc rbuii p-p>cffrj ff^f .;r^> j-clrc£>rwy>'HTcaVv bAvcbrclI.■;brncbrcc^ iriif) rc-ATtrjf- iSvMl!cS^l^S- fiI<^rM^cr|ro:^crbArbc|:;l^evnrotbc^^ vPycof I)rvUf»>tb/ -. nfdYio U5 rbcVocMc. "^b^" >^i'»^ y^'in'c "») n>cC' c llb^e^ be c«ii(c y t bacc brc iirtl;r no "Jlowc IP \\n]d t.V'! ^rlC^f !c^o yc ncr vet pciccvare ncri^cr icintUKr : b^^ fc ^■' Icvcfr/ to;u/ or fiino :onj!? tvbf rbcit vrcrc r. VH. iitc ■: be vrc nuir.- b»0"inf tcFe ycx-p;" fo.-c/fjllc? -}-n-r.r / ^^ .,^ .^ ^.|,, ^,^.iovcA wbc rbcrcrrcrc-n-Ul. an^ b^ivc ina^ f(i3. wbofocvcr ri,- J " -' ^'" I Fen •^rcic yc vppenvpy perceive vc ncf rbf rb^t y fpa ^ rb;t5wy(ecofe(!crb Fcnct rr1rovOlK•-tb^ec^/rl^bf Ji"-*^''-"'^'-"'^"'^"'^* -t rbclerai ef cfzCni'ilf /rbf r.inie rbep!,urtfcc-irl^ofrI)e)o^lu-c■;-:■i^beIlrn^fr|rc^etbcy b^^vc iec.il!ep-j>erii rof f|,.f b: ba>Mcrrrbcniben^aiecf tbdcren ef brtc^: bnrretf ScS'S rba^.'r ^bc^carv^:ofrbc pb.r:(^. .,.^ctrbc|:;Mi.e.. rniccbriflcif. Xbe lO."^bf 'cfiic-c.; iiuorbctoc|i-*ctrbeLitcub:cl^'-:HV.lkbccfa^:^4r, fsevcn-ff^rirreiTu rcapbibrp'; bcu^c^b*"'> ^ feipUs.^ fAvinac :\Tbeni fo wen vitj. twonupcrci-.txc; f.-a-ifbar ^rbc lonnc ef(i'v-Ji -.sMfcbcvfai'-c j" rie favctb.-.t lowrim^ettn-iiMiii; oJroep!^^pberr^-f-c^cy^_ev:l^Mbcl;I _rn!rr\-rocJ!: j-.vecy; ti>;r , anc>norcb fe r fu j^c £M^ jh^'mbS'S Mc.,^b.v^^er_opcr^c^ n:r.rberb.r b.rmv f.rcr^rbKby^ " ' iJioifroiisircrprcr', »nbcren.3M>'J|ave aib> rnrotDC rb.-.rtbeti e:rrcC- pcrcr. •\r;jrco'-"rbi!cvciiof Cf ben be J-'ari1c^bl•3^^eIplc•^ rbat rbf v Hnil^crcil mo tn.;/ ^r^'*^ lit. 1 10. Tyndale's Quarto Testament. Matthew xvi. Rfprc^iiiCfii h\ l,\r.( if the British Miii.um. Tyndale's Versions. 35 of Tyndale published a second complete Bible, piecing out his own work from Coverdale's. It was furnished with notes translated from a French Bible, and its origin was disguised by associating it with an almost unknown Colchester man, Thomas Matthew. Even so, it was only allowed by the King to circulate on condition that the notes were obHterated. In December, 1534, Convocation had petitioned for a properly authorized version, but the bishops were very slow, and under the patronage of Thomas Cromwell, the King's Vicar-general as governor of the church, two revisers set to work on the " Matthew " Bible. Taverner issued his edition through the King's Printer ; Coverdale issued his, the Great Bible, through two private men. In 1540 the latter was adopted as the First Authorized Version, and every parish was ordered to provide a copy available for reading in the church. 110. Tyndale's Quarto Testament, 1526, photograph of a page showing Matthew xvi, 3-21, with parallel references and new explanatory notes. This edition was being printed at Cologne, but was abandoned. Most copies were bought or confiscated in order to be burned, and only eight sheets of a single copy are known. These are now at the British Museum, which pubhshes this photograph. CXI. Tyndale's Octavo Testament, 1526, without note or comment ; facsimile copy. This edition was printed at Worms, and was destroyed hke the other. The chief cause of offence was the choice of unconventional terms, such as Seniors, Congregation, Love. The Bristol Baptist College owns the only complete copy, which has been reproduced in facsimile. {Lent by the Liverpool Public Libraries.) 112. Tyndale's " second boke of Moses," 1530. Photograph of a page showing Exodus xxxiv, 33 — xxxv, 7. The marginal note shows the reason why this and similar editions were proscribed, and why ten years later the editor of the first Authorized Version was not allowed to give any notes at all, even explanatory, or even at the end of the book. {Published by the John Rylands Library.) CXIII. Tyndale's Revised Testament, 1534; modem reprint of the bare text, in Bagster's Hexapla. Tyndale's octavo Testament was reprinted at least thrice without his consent, while he was busy on the Old Testament ; but 36 Bible Exhibition. by 1534 he issued a revised version at Antwerp. This was handsomely edited, with prologues, subject-headings, marginal references, notes, 39 woodcuts ; at the end are added translations from the Hebrew of the Old Testament lessons or " Epistles " appointed by the Sahsbury Use for church reading. Tyndale revised twice again in 1535, and more than forty editions were printed, some of them side by side with the popular new Latin version by Erasmus ; the last appeared in 1566. 114. Tyndale's Revised Testament, 1534. Photograph of Title-page, published by the John Rylands Library. 115. " Matthew's " Bible, 1537. Photograph of two pages with blotted margins. Tyndale had done his later work in the house of the English Merchants at Antwerp. The chaplain there, John Rogers, prepared a new edition of the Bible, including Tyndale's work on Genesis to Chronicles, and the New Testament, supplying the rest of the Old Testament and the Apocrypha from Coverdale, and revising the whole. Some notes were reproduced from Tyndale, some translated from a recent French version. Two London citizens, Grafton, a grocer, and Whitchurch, paid for the printing at Antwerp, and it was put out with a dedication by an otherwise obscure Thomas Matthew of Colchester, who may possibly have been concerned in the Zurich Bible. Copies were sent to Cranmer and to Cromwell, and as the Bishops of the Southern Convocation had petitioned Henry for a new version in 1534, which they were very slow in preparing, this edition obtained the king's licence. Since, however, all Tyndale's work was under a cloud, circulation of this edition was a dangerous experiment, and in 1543 an order appeared that all the notes must be obliterated, leaving only the bare text. {Copyright photograph bought from the Topical Press Agency.) 116. Title-page of "Matthew's" Bible, 1537. Photograph of a copy in the John Rylands Library. CXVII. Coverdale's letter to Cromwell as to Annotations, facsimile. Grafton and Whitchurch were financing an edition of the Bible, revised by Coverdale, printed at Paris. They were much disconcerted at finding that >3 s=5s3S2 = E-«es 2 E 2 = ■=; = . l I 5l|S||l||||i|||gf Sl2||2l-if||Iim||l|||li|lc|||||i| li|ss|||li|i||? Si'SSfSrSisSi sis !='§S€f SlEEB::eSsSgl5 lsS"'€? egSlee illil. ill lllllll :- .- ^ - ^ ' r ^- -^ ^ = 2 ' t: f- - r J|iS8 -■^sSeSl ECilft Plllll g=Pfi==- — First Authorized Version. 37 Cromwell had instructed one of his subordinates, Richard Tavemer, a learned barrister, to revise the Matthew Bible. A long correspondence has lately been printed by Mr. Pollard, showing how they petitioned for some kind of countenance. This letter relates to the Annota- tions which Coverdale wished to place in an appendix, but which were forbidden if the king's licence were sought. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) CXVIII. Great Bible, 1539; text of the New Testament reproduced in Bagster's Hexapla. The original printing of this in Paris was stopped by the Inquisition when King Henry was excommunicated by the Pope. A few sheets were saved, and a small first edition was finished in London by the French workmen with the French types. This was the beginning of the highest class of printing in England. Another citizen of London, Anthony Marler, came forward to finance the venture, and with the patronage of both Cromwell and Cranmer, it secured the coveted authorisation. Other versions were allowed to circulate, such as the Coverdale, the Matthew, the Taverner ; but this alone was to be placed in the parish churches. Grafton and Whitchurch therefore abandoned their previous trades, and devoted themselves to printing, six huge editions being issued in two years. 119. Great Bible, 1539. Photograph of the title-page of the original edition, Paris-London ; not yet authorized. The design is supposed to be by Holbein ; it shows the king handing one copy to his Vicar-general, Cromwell, who distributes to the people generally, also handing another copy to Cranmer, who distributes to the clergy. The arms of these dignitaries are shown. This " hole byble of the largest volume " is at the John Rylands Library. 120. Great Bible, 1541, Authorized Version. Photograph of the title-page of the fourth edition, printed in November, 1540, published next year. In July Cromwell had been executed, so Whitchurch erased his arms, thereby making his portrait more conspicuous than ever. The printers evidently felt it hkely that authorization might be with- drawn after Cromwell's fall, so they arranged with the 38 Bible Exhibition. king to have Bishops Tunstall (who had declined to countenance Tyndale's work) and Heath revise the book. The revisers used the work of Erasmus, and also cancelled the " hands " in the margin showing where Coverdale had hoped to supply annotations. The form in which it left them became the standard for all future editions, and the new title shows that this was the sole Authorized Version. {Photograph reproduced by leave of the British Museum.) CXXI. Great Bible, 1549, actual copy. Under Edward VI, great activity was shown in Bible circulation. This year saw two Tyndale Testaments, a Tyndale Testament with the Latin of Erasmus, a Coverdale Revised Testament, an edition by Taverner, a Matthew, a revised Matthew, and this edition of the Great Bible for church use. It will be observed that the type is the antique ecclesiastical black-letter ; that the chapter-division invented by Stephen Langton is used, as all over Western Europe, each chapter being now supplied with a brief summary prefixed ; that chapters are broken into para- graphs lettered A, B, C, &c. ; that a few marginal refer- ences are given to other parts of scripture. A few ex- planatory notes in smaller type are placed in the text itself, within brackets, in the style popularised by the Wycliffite versions ; for instance the term Gethites for one class of David's servants is followed by the note (mightie men of warre). Of controversial notes there appear to be none : but whereas Sir Thomas More objected to the translation Congregation for the Greek Ecclesia, that is retained in Matthew xvi and xviii, " I will build my congregacion : tell it vnto the con- gregacion " ; and apparently is the standard rendering. {Lent by the Manchester Free Public Libraries.) Cpnbale. " 3!t toas; inipostsiitjle to gtablpgfj tf)c lape people in anj> trutfj» excepte tfje sJcripture toere plapnlp lapbe before ttjcir ej>efi! in tfjeir mother tonge." mtw 120. TiMe Page of the Great Bible: The First Authorized Version. Reproiliiceii by leave of the British Museum. 39 Section VI . Ojnslisif) ^MtS: Cfje Clifaal OBbitions; unber Exhibits 122—128. ^ William Whittingham, when in exile at Geneva, prepared a New Testament which introduced three important devices of type. Not the old-fashioned gothic or old-english, but the southern roman type was used. Italics were used to indicate words supplied to fill out the sense — a device imitated from the copyists of the WycHffite Bible. The text was broken up into short paragraphs, each numbered on a pattern introduced in 1551 by the French printer Estienne. Thus the verse- division taken over from the Jews in the Old Testament, was imitated in the New Testament for the first time ; chapters had been invented by Stephen Langton in the Middle Ages. The volume was produced in an ornamental pocket size. After a further experiment with the Psalms, whose existence is often forgotten, a complete Bible was issued at Geneva in 1560. Elizabeth revived her father's system, ordering the Great Bible to be reinstated in the churches, and permitting free trade in other versions. John Bodley secured copyright for the Genevan version, with the proviso that every Enghsh edition must be allowed by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London : though his privilege was extended to 1577, he never came to terms with Archbishop Parker, and the editions continued to be printed abroad, with notes, some of which were objectionable to the bishops. Parker therefore fell back on the plan of 1534 and arranged with several bishops to revise the Great Bible, the work being complete by 1568. Though it was handsomely printed, and though Parker's loyalty was shown by inserting portraits of Elizabeth, Leicester, and Burghley, yet Elizabeth declined to authorize it. Until his death he tried to force it on the churches by authority of his southern Convocation. Three weeks after he died, the Privy Council permitted a printer to issue in England the Genevan version ; next year the same printer published a New Testament revised by Laurence Tomson, a member of Parliament, from Beza's French Genevan version ; and as he speedily bought an extensive patent, the Genevan Version in this new form now had the weight of authority behind it. At the same time it was taken up in Scotland, the General Assembly ordering every parish to subscribe in advance for a foho edition, and the Parliament ordering every substantial householder to buy a copy. Thus by 1579 the Genevan was the official Scottish Authorized Version. A third version 40 Bible Exhibition. appeared three years later, though as it was prepared by the College of Douay, under Jesuit influence, it hardly competed with these. For the greater part of Elizabeth's reign there were three rival versions in use ; the Great, the Genevan, the Bishops'. This was a great factor with those who loved uniformity, in promoting revision for a second Authorized Version. 122. Photograph of a Chained Bible. The arrangements in the parish churches were much altered at this time, and one of the changes was to order that a large English Bible be made available for all readers. Bishop Bonner announced in 1542 that while it might be read aloud, such reading was not to be at the time of any divine service or sermon, nor was it to be with exposition or disputation, nor to a multitude, nor with noise, but reverently. The old custom, long observed in monastic libraries, of chaining the books, to prevent their being removed, was continued now that the books were still more accessible. In many free libraries to-day, maga- zines are similarly guarded. [Copyright photograph bought from the Topical Press Agency. See page 4.) CXXIil. Genevan Testament, 1557, modern reprint in Bagster's Hexapla. This is based on Tyndale, but influenced by the Great Bible and by a new Latin version executed at Geneva by Theodore Beza. It was the first to give such prologues and notes as formed a critical edition for Enghsh readers. 124. Genevan Bible, 1560. Photograph of page showing Genesis ii, 23 — iii, 8 ; with explanatory notes, and map with geographical note. In verse 7 the translation " breeches " is continued from the Wycliffite version and from Caxton, The marginal references, summary pre- fixed to chapter, division into verses, and the roman type, set the fashion now so famihar. {Reproduced by per- mission of the British Museum.) 125. Genevan Bible, 1560. Photograph of page showing the beginning of Matthew, with summary or " argument " of the whole book. Original in the John Rylands Library. The woman fcJuc^t^- Gcncfi?. J^trii.t. jj Then iK; man fi-J,* T>.:v r.vA :s lone anJ Kit mnr!ur,inJtlij!ilraurto.hii wife, of' my bonit.itij ll.fti of my l!;lh. Shi an.! ti'irv (hi.'bo on; flclli. •s, V/ — . ilijl.SccailcJ'wonun.bctaufi. fl c wi.ti- :} AiiJ tiicywsrcbodicnjkcJ, th; min Sf li:> wit"i,anj ivcrcnot 1 illume J. •»«.»,'.., !4 »rKcrefo.t Qialminlciue f Kisfj-!.fr '"''•..ir'.'lV. THE ?:rvvciov n t t 'i r <. v n n r K of lr>iv. t.-o.!;. iiitfj.i!- • CE> TRR.\7 ' ' I j -^ V .TIL rioF^a- V ISCoi.rEDEl/A.MEa.'" rr ,T,-hriitt'.iitift!cT,t.',:'7ry':a :'.r,.,j^, ■ .■ If •■•.; f 9paju;>i I'll !a^i ?" HsmI -hji ttntxtt rj ft ; .■C" B'.,«. C H A T'. I ! I. A«. i-.:,(,.„. i \:hcr..,., CI -v.. „- - . . .■ -.-.:. V.-OXjn.'V'ca.rni.l. (rij.l :: !.„. ; ■-'■'■ il-.j!ro:i-a! cfcii£r:circ.-t ■. . ; J i '-"'.■» A:iJ rlitwiiminljii! vr.;„ : .. K: 4 I hen';!:. f.rp.T.t fjidtoi.'K- vvomjiijVc »«■•"•'"'• :,r->kh,fb>.r- il-ilr '■ ^ ^i-.'i- ■>: ill, ' k»."."',',,'''," ,.•- ^r C>-"J J I :u:(m.J .ofjr ;...c.AC,:!-..i:wIicn vcnul-'^;"» ^»'' •"•''">■"•'.■•'••' fat :ii, C'.t, 1 oij- c^e^ llialo; opLiicJ.S^ i c l..ui.;u'.:c I ■ 1 i,.l,r.:. iS. 1 'or p-.cat.and rJ'.a! itwa? pitafjnt lo : n t i-rv \'. ^,\ a cctol'cd.liifo to!;ctl.ri'c.v%- h!",'" '^,,1'''V '; Vw- !.>'.; :. t, I. .)t ili; I rule iluicof, ji-.J .!i.; •"-■■•:'■') >«• ■ • .-' — ,;a,ii.alfo to hct liouilijn.i w.tli jvVIohn,,.'' W'c K - ;!ij : . I Ji.i eat. » '!"! *•;»•• m>«,« •m'i^''jn'r*,!' 1 Ei-.tot'tii i".!;t.-oi't'.ictie,«Jiic)i(\ in t!ii ni. ',ti:clty r l.nc.vi that tiii) v.vit nifcci', ll,'?,;^'/,"* f^-l^fin>-lr. mi J 'cs ()t':':c -^^rd n,Cj n'.'.ii \.:Ut\,\c an.:;lic\ Iv-.vtci ho.iL-lci-.i:* to^ctlur, anJ _"•■'•'= if«Vi.',>r.! llu!ni)C.j-..t";i.i).:ii.i iV.aJyc toui.i.cit, nujct! c;n fJiiij "Li\rcbv>. " \\j,'ti^f''ii *j??''''' ' l*-!' )'' Ji-'- * *Ai'-c;\*arJc they hca;d the voyce of '■'".'■ '.'"* 124. Page from the Genevan Bible. Repriuiuifd b\ h-nz'f of tht- British Museum, Elizabethan Versions. 41 127. Bishops' Bible, 1568; photograph of a page showing Cecil, Lord Burghley, and the beginning of the Psalms. The second edition contains initial sketches in even more startUng taste. A note on Psalm xlv, 9, states that " Ophir is thought to be the Ilande in the west coast, of late [1492] founde by Christopher Columbo : from whence at this day is brought most fine golde." St. John's College at Cambridge bought a copy of this handsome edition for 27s. 8d., worth perhaps £16. With this may be compared the price of a folio edition of the Genevan Bible for church use, pubhshed in 1578 by the rival printer ; 20s. unbound or 24s. bound. The print ex- hibited is published by the John Rylands Library. CXXVili. Genevan Bible, with Tomson's Revised Testament. This contains a Prayer-Book printed in 1627. Although the title-page of the Bible is dated 1601, there is much reason to beUeve that this was a deception, to keep up a pretence that this was old stock being worked off, whereas it was a new edition to rival the Royal Version. The New Testament is Tomson's version. Two indexes by Robert F. Herry, with Sternhold and Hopkins' Psalms, complete the volume. These indexes keep up the custom inherited from the mediaeval Latin Bibles, see LXXXII. Metrical versions of the Psalms became very popular under the Tudors. Coverdale set the fashion, which was followed even by Elizabeth and James. The most acceptable edition was begun by John Sternhold, con- tinued by John Hopkins, completed by William Whit- tingham, and other Genevan exiles. Cling Mantes;. Exhibits 129—137. ^ When Whitgift became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1583, he ordered new editions of the Bishops' Bible to be printed, and then ordered his suffragan bishops to insist on the churches using this version. This ended the demand for large folio Genevans, but in all other sizes the popular version was poured out, so that these are the commonest of old books. The deaths of Elizabeth and Whitgift cleared the way for fresh action, and all parties were ready for it. The Scottish Assembly in 1601 had resolved that a fresh revision was desirable, the Puritans at the Hampton Court Conference formally asked for it, and the King rapidly sketched out a plan of action, which on maturer consideration was abandoned in nearly every detail. The method actually adopted was that 54 men were invited to take part, of whom 47 accepted ; they divided into six companies, each preparing a first draft of one portion, to be criticised by the other five, and then reconsidered. The revisers did not work at all on the lines suggested by James, as we learn from a pedantic Address to the Reader penned by Miles Smith. They endeavoured, and hit the mark, out of many good translations to make one principal good one. Those actually used were evidently the Genevan, the Bishops', the Great, and the Douay New Testament. Of foreign translations they consulted two new Latin versions, a French, an Itahan, and a Spanish, all issued since the last revision of the Enghsh. All good material available was used. The committee method inaugurated by Wycliffe and followed at Geneva was now elaborated, with the result of eliminating eccentricities due to any one reviser. Two from each company were deputed to give a third reading of the whole, sitting continuously at Stationers' Hall for about nine months. Finally two of the number saw it through the press. The financial arrangements were curious, and have only just been rescued from the shade. James paid no part of the expense, but tried to claim good livings for the revisers ; an attempt that met with poor success. He did sell a monopoly in connection with it, to John Speed, who obtained the right The Never Authorized Version. 43 to force a copy of his Genealogies and Map into every volume sold for ten years. Probably this remarkable transaction accounts for the fact that no application was made to James to authorize the new version, lest he should charge for it. But among the printers there was some stir, and Mr. Pollard has just shown that in 1606 Barker, the King's Printer, began settling with some obscure partners : this led up to a " Bible Stock " of which he was the ostensible head : and in 1651 it leaked out that Barker (probably acting for his partners) paid £3,500 for the copyright ; but who got this money is by no means clear. We may hope that the revisers had some share, above their bare expenses ; the committee of twelve were paid about £700 for their nine months' work. That James did not get any may be charitably inferred from the fact that Barker did not venture to claim that the version was " Authorized and " Appointed to be read in Churches, as the Bishops' Bible had been authorized by Convocation and had advertised itself since 1584, or as the Great Bible had been since 1540. The work was ready by 1611, but as no authorisation was obtained, there was no huge demand buch as occurred in 1541. It cost £2 18s. well bound, say £35 in present value, and evidently no parish owning a large folio capable of further use would hghtly incur such an expense. The bishops did not enforce its use ; two editions in large size and one smaller were issued by 1617, and then the supply ceased for years. The arrival of the Alexandrian manuscript caused King Charles to order a revision issued in 1629 ; his coronation in Edinburgh marks its being urged on Scotland by a handsome edition there in 1633 ; the pubhcation in 1633 of a Greek Testament boasting it gave the text received by everj^body, caused a final revision by royal order. Both these revisions were printed by the University of Cambridge, not the King's Printer ; and the text of 1638 was intended as the standard. In 1762 Dr. Paris prepared a new standard edition at Cam- bridge, rivalled in 1769 at Oxford ; but both editions were accidentally burned, when very few copies had been sold. No further improvement of the text took place till modern times, though notes and appendices of many kinds were freely added by different editors. 129. Title-Page of Royal Version, 1611. The original title was a fine copper-plate, but this soon wore out, and a wood-cut hitherto used for the New Testament title was used also as the general title. This reproduction is from a copy in the John Rylands Library. {Compare 173.) 44 Bible Exhibition. 130. Title-Page of New Testament, 1611, photographed. {Reproduced by leave of the British Museum.) CXXXI. First Edition of 1611, reproduced in roman type, hne for Une. So many editors took on themselves to introduce modifications, without the authority given in 1629 and 1638, that at the request of " a Committee of Dissenting Ministers," the Oxford Press issued a careful reprint in 1833 ; unfortunately they chose the first edition, not the final edition of 1638. CXXXii. Tlie Royal Version, 1613, original copy. This volume contains many works in one set of covers. First is a Prayer-Book (mutilated) revised by James on his sole authority as Governor of the Church. This ends with the Great Bible version of the Psalms, for church use. Then come certain Genealogies and Maps, whose compiler had bought from James the right for ten years to have them inserted in every copy of this Bible. Next the Old Testament and Apocrypha, printed 1613. The New Testament was printed 1614. There follow Two Concordances by R.F.H. ; the first interprets every foreign name and directs to chapter and verse ; the second is an index of subjects : these were printed 1615. Finally Sternhold and Hopkins' metrical version of the Psalms, with music, edition of 1618. {Loan copy, on sale.) CXXXI 11. Royal Version, 1613, folio copy, in oak boards and brass comers ; with woodcut title (mounted) to the the Old Testament, and the Address to the Reader. {Gift of Dr. R. C. Brown). CXXXI V. Baskett's Edition of 1717. This four-volume edition contains the address of the Translators to the Reader, also 749 plates mounted to illustrate. John Baskett succeeded the Barker family in their monopoly of printing the Royal Version in England, buying from their executors in 1709 the remaining years of their patent, which ran on till 1739. Two other men obtain- ing an appointment to take effect then, he bought them out, and obtained an extension of his monopoly till THE ^^^^^ Tcikment of Bsfe^^f ^^ l"^?^ c 1 mandemcnt. Com. X^ f^^ i: i^LS^i A ^^^P^l ^IMPRINTED I^SS^^^S-^^ ^^PSlhfe^^i '^'London by =2^^..: ^^^^^^''MMl?^ c^i^o^iDnffiAi 150. Title Page of the New Testatment. 1611. Rtfrnducid h) iraxi of the Britiih Museum. Editions de Luxe. 45 1799. In 1769, however, the remainder was sold for ten thousand pounds to Charles Eyre, and by constant renewals the Enghsh right of reprinting came into the hands of Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode, King's printers. But from 1709 for sixty years, the Baskett family were the chief Bible publishers, buying the right also to print in Scotland and in Oxford. So careless did they become, and such exorbitant prices did they ask, that in 1724 a royal order issued to check them in both respects. This edition, despite its beauty, so abounds in misprints, that it was nicknamed " A Baskett-ful of Errors." CXXXV. Ed i tion of 1 781 . A plain issue intended for ordinary church use. CXXXVI. Macklin's Edition of 1791-1800. This edition in seven volumes is profusely illustrated. The type is note- worthy in that words supplied by the translators are not in itahc, but in roman, with a dot under the first vowel. CXXXVI I. Oxford quarto of 1835. A plain copy for pulpit use. Preface 161 X. 'Cranslation it in tfjat openetfj tfje tDinboto, to let in tfje lisftt ; tljat breafeetf) tfje i\)tVi, tfjat toe map eat tfje kernel ; tfjat puttetl) afliibe tf)e curtaine, tfjat toe map loofee into tfje mosft C^olp place." 46 Section VIII. Hater ^ebisiions anb t^erfiiong. Exhibits 138—148. ^ In Commonwealth times the merits of this version became generally recognized ; one very able translator met with no encouragement in a proposal to issue a new version ; a com- mittee of Parliament appointed to consider a further revision reported that none was desirable, as the English had the best version in any tongue. Bibhcal scholars therefore turned their attention in two other directions. One set devoted attention to the Hebrew and Greek texts, when it speedily became apparent that in small details there was much uncertainty as to the precise wording of the Greek, while all Hebrew copies known agreed most closely. New editions of the Greek Testament appeared from time to time, and kept before the mind of scholars the desirabihty of revising the English to correspond. Another set of students devoted themselves to creating all manner of helps to the study of the Bible : concordances, maps, references, pictures, chronological tables ; or they revived the idea of writing devotional notes. Typical productions are the critical commentary of John Gill, the devotional commentaries of Matthew Henry, Thomas Scott, Adam Clarke, John Wesley. For editions of this kind, the monopoly was not.considered to hold, and the stream of revisions, commentaries, new versions flowed very strongly in the nineteenth century, nearly every year seeing some fresh venture relating to the New Testament, Even for the Old, an independent version by a Jew appeared in 1854, and ran to several editions. And in America, where the monopoly was useless after 1776, decisive steps were taken ; one great Bible Society prepared a Standard Edition of the Royal Version, another prepared a revision of it. This latter proved so popular that it precipitated a demand for a more authorized revision for America and England, which was complete by 1885 here, and was revised again in 1901 there. CXXXVIII. Campbell's Gospels, Macknight's Epistles, 1789- 1 795. These two versions are usually circulated together, being on the same plan, and furnished with a copious commentary. Modern Translations. 47 CXXXIX. Scarlett's New Testament, 1798. This was pre- pared by three " men of piety and hterature." It is an independent translation into the speech of the day, printed somewhat in the style adopted for dramas, with names of speakers, somewhat in the style of an ordinary book ; thus setting the idea copied a century later. CXL. Granville Penn's New Covenant, 1836. A private revision, professedly based on manuscript authority. CXLI. American Bible Union Testament, 1865. This was a revision of the 1611 version, prepared for a society by sixteen American and eight British scholars, belonging to five different communions. It was the first modern example of co-operative work on a large scale. Its wide circulation showed that the desire for a revision was very marked. {Loan copy.) CXLII. Dean Alford's New Testament, 1869. Henry Alford had worked for years on an edition of the Greek Testa- ment with commentary. This led to his association with four other clergymen in revising the Enghsh version, and after several instalments, this appeared with his name. {Loan copy.) CXLI if. Bowes' Testament, 1870. A fair specimen of the many private ventures. {Loan copy.) CXLIV. interlinear Bible, 1611-1901. The Convocation of Canterbury set on foot a revision of 1611 by scholars of all communions, both English and American. The New Testament appeared in 1881, the complete Bible in 1885. This is one of many editions designed to give the old and the new versions at a glance. {See CXLVL) CXLV. American Revised Testament, 1881. Differences of opinion remained between the English and the American revisers. An edition naturally appeared exhibiting what the latter preferred. {Loan copy.) ^ 48 Not to be taken from this room CXLVI. American Standard Bible, 1901. Following the [^' ^ precedents of 1629 and 1638, the Americans waited and \ \ considered all criticisms passed on the work of 1881-1885, then went over the work again. In this final form, the revision circulates extensively across the Atlantic, but the copyright laws prevent its being put on sale here, except apparently as in CXLIV. {Loan copy.) CXLVll. Twentieth Century New Testament, 1898. A band of some twenty translators decided to repeat the experiment of ^798 and produce a completely new translation in ordinary speech. This is one of the instalments. The completed version appeals to a different stratum of readers from the ordinary Bible-student. {Loan copy.) GXLViil. Emphasised Bible, 1902. These two volumes appeal to the careful student, and by elaborate typographical devices seek to convey details of emphasis. The transla- tion is quite new, from the latest revised texts. {Loan copy.) Hrcf)t)is!f)op Parker. "Cijougfjt one otfjer gpeciall 2?it)le for tfje cfjurcfjesS be meant t)j» ba to be get fortf)e an conbenient tpme anb lepfiour \)tttalttr toiU permitte, pet fibaU it notbing binbre but ratber bo mocbe goob to b^be biber£(itie of tranfiilacton£i anb reabinges!." 3 1205 03016 Facsimiles and Reproductions of Pictures on the screens and in the glass cases. 507 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. Shrine off Patrick's Bell. Cup off Ardagh. Illustratioi adorned many Old-English mi The Last Chapter. The Ven^ translation of St. John's Gospel. John Wycliffe. A Scribe. Rembrandt. A Rabbi. Rembrandt. Caxton's Printing Chapel. Maclise. Archbishop Warham and the son of Sir Thorn;' Judge More. Holbein. Erasmus. Holbein. William Tyndale. Tyndaio translating the Bible. Johnstone. Miles Coverdale. The Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520. From the original at Hampton Court. London, Westminster, and Southwark, 1543. Reading a Chained Bible. Edward VI. Holbein. The Boyhood of Raleigh. Millais. Title-page off the Scots Authorized Version. The Spanish Armada. Brierley. Shakespeare reading to Queen Elizabeth, -\ioiru. James i. Baby Stuart, l Lancelot Andrewrs, Reviser. First Title-page, 1611. Charles I. Van Dyck. Mrs. Fry reading the Bible to the prisoners in Newgate. Cathedrals off England and Wales. ''''mmmi^mmM