LIBRARY 
 Y-
 
 Beta Illustrated 
 
 FOB 
 
 STUDENTS AND EXAMINEES; 
 
 WITH 
 
 A. DESCHZPTIVE 
 
 I LOOK UPOK PHRENOLOGY AS THE GUIDE TO PHILOSOPHY AND THE HANDMAID 
 OP CHRISTIANITY. WHOEVER DISSEMINATES TRUE PHRENOLOGY IS A PUBLIC BBS- 
 
 EFACTOH. Horace Mann. 
 
 THE PROPER STUDY OP MANKIND IS MAN. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS, PUBLISHERS, 
 753 BROADWAY. 
 
 1883.
 
 fiutered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 18<J8, hy 
 SAMUEL R. WELLS, 
 
 In tie Clerk's Office of the District Coart of the United States for the Southern 
 District of New York.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 first Phrenological CHART ever produced 
 was printed on a single sheet, the size of our 
 common note paper, and was sold for a cent. It 
 simply gave the names of the organs then discov- 
 ered "by Dr. GALL. The next was larger, and gave 
 "both the names and definitions of the organs ; still 
 later, the charts of Drs. GALL and SPURZHEIM em- 
 braced all the above, together with some account of 
 the Temperaments. But as it was with the invent- 
 ors of the steam-engine, the locomotive, and the 
 steamboat, so it has been with phrenologists. Each 
 succeeding author is supposed to have availed him- 
 self of all that has been proved to be true and useful, 
 adding thereto his own observations and experiences. 
 Thus the improved charts of to-day are as unlike 
 those first printed as are the modern steamers, loco- 
 motives, and engines to those first invented. 
 
 During our thirty years' experience in the prac- 
 tical application of scientific rules to character read- 
 ing, we have used many different charts, revising 
 old ones year, after year, and adding one improve- 
 ment after another. The present work embodies our 
 latest and best ideas on the subject, so far as they 
 can be set forth in this condensed and popular form.
 
 iv PREFACE. 
 
 It contains not only all of the PHRENOLOGY of pre- 
 vious charts or hand-books for self-instruction, but 
 it embraces much more of PHYSIOLOGY and PHYSI- 
 OGNOMY than any former book of the kind. 
 
 In this Illustrated Hand-book we have endeavored 
 to incorporate just that kind of matter best suited 
 to both the EXAMINER and the EXAMINED, and to 
 put it in the smallest possible compass compatible 
 with completeness of statement and ample illustra- 
 tion. We have endeavored to be systematic in our 
 arrangement, succinct and clear in our expositions, 
 and popular rather than technical or professional in 
 our style. We do not claim that this work is free 
 from error. Our knowledge of Anatomy, Physiol- 
 ogy, Chemistry, Astronomy, etc., will, we doubt 
 not, increase with our years and with more careful 
 study ; so we intend it shall be with our knowledge 
 of Phrenology and Physiognomy. We hope to re- 
 vise this and all our other works when time may 
 permit. We ask examiners and readers to kindly 
 point out errors and to suggest improvements, that 
 we may correct the former and incorporate the latter 
 in future editions. 
 
 That this little work may be the means of- encour- 
 aging the reader to correct any errors of judgment 
 or improper habits he may possess to cultivate and 
 develop all the higher qualities of mind and heart 
 and to make the most of his opportunities and of 
 
 himself, is the desire of 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 YOBK, January, 1869.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE BRAIN AND THE SKULL. 
 
 OME knowledge of the 
 structure of the human 
 brain, and of its appear- 
 ance when exposed, as 
 well as of the general 
 forms of the skull, will be useful 
 to the learner. We can here 
 merely give very brief descrip- 
 tions, referring those who desire 
 further information to our larger 
 and more elaborate works. 
 
 The human brain is an oval 
 mass filling and fitting the inte- 
 rior of the skull, and consisting 
 of two substances, a gray, ash- 
 colored, or cineritious portion, and a white, fibrous, or medullary por- 
 tion. It is divided, both in form and function, into two principal 
 masses the cerebrum and the cerebellum. 
 
 The cerebrum is divided longitudinally into two 
 equal hemispheres, and each of 
 these, in its under surface, into 
 three lobes. But the most remark- 
 able feature in the structure of the 
 cerebral globe is its numerous and 
 complicated convolutions, the fur- 
 rows between which dip deeply 
 
 THE HUMAN SKULL. 
 
 BRAIN IN THE 
 
 SKULL.* 
 
 down into the brain. By means 
 
 BRAIN EXPOSED. 
 
 of these foldings the surface of the brain is greatly increased, and 
 
 * The side and top of the cerebrum are seen in this engraving. A A. The scalp 
 turned down. B B. Edge of the base of the skull, the top having been sawed off and 
 removHd. C. Dura Mater, a part of the lining membrane of the skull raised up from 
 the brain. D. Left hemisphere of the brain. E. Bight hemisphere. F. The longi- 
 tudinal cleft or fissure which divides the hemispheres. 
 
 In the next engraving the brain is fully exposed.
 
 vi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 power gained with the utmost economy of space ; for it is a demon- 
 strated fact, that in proportion to the number and depth of these con- 
 Volutions is the mental force. " The mind's revolvings," as Wilkinson 
 beautifully expresses it, " are here represented 
 in moving spirals, and the subtile insinuation of 
 thought, whose path is through all things, issues 
 with power from the form of cerebral screws. 
 They print their shape and make themselves 
 room on the inside of the skull, and are the most 
 irresistible things in the human world." 
 
 The cerebellum lies underneath the posterior 
 halt of the cerebrum, and is about one-eighth the 
 size of the latter organ. It is divided into lobes 
 and lobules, and consists of a gray and a white 
 substance, like the cerebrum, but is not convo- 
 luted on the surface like the cerebrum ; the gray 
 matter somewhat darker than thatiof the cere- 
 brum occupies the surface of the cerebellum, the 
 white being interiorly disposed. 
 
 Extending from the base of the brain to the 
 atlas or bony pivot on which the head rests, 
 is the medulla oblongata. It is conical in 
 shape, and may be considered as merely the 
 head or beginning of the spinal cord, which 
 continues it, and, in fact, extends the brain down 
 the vertical canal, and by means of the nerves 
 which it gives off, and which pass through 
 notches between the vertebras, connects it with 
 every part of the body. There are generally 
 reckoned eleven pairs of nerves arising from the 
 brain, and thirty-one from the spinal marrow. 
 It is thus seen that the whole nervous apparatus 
 is included in the mental system, and that the 
 brain, as the organ of the overruling mind should be, as it unquestion- 
 ably is, is omnipresent in the human body. 
 
 Now, as is the soul which is incarnate in it, so is the brain in texture, 
 size, and configuration ; and as is the brain, so is its bony casement, the 
 cranium, on which may be read, in general forms and special eleva- 
 tions and depressions, and with unerring certainty, a correct outline of 
 the intellectual and moral character of the man. 
 
 * a. The brain. Z. Cerebellum. /. Medulla oblongata. g, g. Nerves distributed to 
 the arms, k, k. Great sciatic nerve, distributed to the lover limbs. /. Dorsal nerve. 
 n. Lumbar nerve, m. Plexus of cervical nerves. 1. Olfactory nerve. 2. Optic nerve. 
 8, 4, 5, 6. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth nerves. 7. Portio dura of the seventh nervrf 
 8, Auditory nerve and par vagum. 9. Hypoglossal nerve. 
 
 SPINAL CORD AND 
 NERVES.*
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vit 
 
 MALE SKULL. 
 
 FEMALE SKULL, 
 
 The heads .of the sexes differ in shape as much as do fheir bodily 
 forms. The engravings here presented are from two skulls in our 
 possession, and were copied by daguerreotype, and show their relative 
 size and shape. The first is from the skull of a man, and is a fair speci- 
 men of the male head. It rises high from the opening of the ear, a, to 
 Firmness, b. It is large in the social region, particularly at Amative- 
 ness, c. The phrenological organs of force, pride, energy, and self-reli- 
 ance are predominant. The second 
 is of a well-balanced female skull, 
 and is fine, smooth, and even. The 
 leading developments are at d, in 
 the region of Philoprogenitiveuess, 
 Adhesiveness, and Inhabitiveness, 
 while at b and c it is much less than 
 in the male. At e, Benevolence, and 
 at /, Veneration, the female is rela- 
 tively more developed, but less so at Firmness and Self-Esteem, b. 
 
 The skulls of races and nations also differ widely in form, and 
 these differences are found to correspond with known differences of 
 character. In the Caucasian it will be seen that the forehead is 
 prominent and high, the coronal region elevated, 
 and the back-head moderately projected. The 
 facial angle, measured according to Camper's 
 method, is about 80. It indicates great intellect- 
 ual power, strong moral or spiritual sentiments, and 
 a comparatively moderate development of the pro- 
 pensities. The special organs in which the Cau- 
 casian brain most excels, and which distinguish it CAUCASIAN SKULL. 
 from those of all less advanced races, are Mirthfulness, Ideality, and 
 Conscientiousness, the organs of these faculties being almost invariably 
 small in savage and barbarous tribes. 
 
 See what a contrast between the Caucasian skull and those of tho 
 North American Indian and the negro here represented ! One of the 
 most distinctive traits of the 
 aboriginal American skull is 
 roundness. This quality is 
 very manifest in every as- 
 pect, but still more so in the 
 vertical and back views than 
 in the one here presented. 
 Great breadth immediately NEGRO SKULL. 
 above the ears and in the region of Cautiousness and Secretiveness, 
 and a lofty coronal region, are also prominent characteristics. The 
 forehead is broad and -very prominent at the lower part, but retreating, 
 and not high. The back-head in the region of the affections is, in 
 
 INDIAN SKULL.
 
 Vlll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 general, only moderately developed, but there is almost always a large 
 and sharply defined occipital protuberance. 
 
 The negro cranium is long and narrow. Compared with that of 
 the Caucasian, the difference is seen to be striking. In the side 
 view of the former the frontal region is less capacious than in the 
 latter, the forehead more retreating, and the occiput comparatively 
 more full. The facial angle is about 70, the jaws being large and 
 projecting, and forming what is called the prognathous type. Here 
 the animal feelings predominate over both the intellect and the moral 
 sentiments. The top view shows the facial bones compressed laterally, 
 but projecting enormously in front. 
 
 We might carry these comparisons still farther, and show that each 
 nation has its peculiar type of skull, the English differing strikingly 
 from the French, and the American from both, and so on, but space 
 will not here permit, and we must refer the reader to " New Physiog 
 norny" for additional particulars on this and kindred topics. 
 
 BONES OF THE HEAD AKD FACE.* 
 
 * A. Frontal bone. B. Temporal bone. C. Zygoma. D. Mastoid process. E. Pa- 
 rietal bone. F. Occipital bone. Q. Malar bone. H. Superior maxillary bone. L 
 Nnsal bone. K. Inferior maxillary bone. L. Angle of the jaw. M. Coudyles. N. 
 ConEoid process.
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER, 
 
 i. 
 
 FIRST PRINCIPLES. 
 
 I. PHRENOLOGY DEFINED. 
 
 ^|JIRENOLOGY is a system of 
 
 mental philosophy founded on 
 the physiology of the brain. It 
 treats of mind, as we know 
 it in this mortal life, associ- 
 ated with matter and acting 
 through material instru- 
 ments. 
 
 In its practical application, 
 Phrenology becomes an art, 
 and consists in judging from 
 the head itself, and from the 
 body in connection with the 
 head, what are the natural tendencies and capabilities of the 
 individual. 
 
 Phrenology docs not now claim to be entirely complete as 
 a science or perfect as an art, and it demands recognition and 
 acceptance only so far as it has been firmly established on the 
 broad and immovable basis of the constitution of man. 
 
 The chief principles of Phrenology every one of which is 
 supported by an array of unquestionable facts and susceptible 
 of the clearest proof are the following: 
 
 1. The Brain is the Organ of the Mind. 
 
 2. Each Faculty of the Mind has its separate or special 
 
 Organ in the Brain. 
 
 FIG. 1. "THE DOME OP THOUGHT.'
 
 10 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 3. Organs related to each other in Function are grouped to- 
 
 gether in the Brain. 
 
 4. Size, other things being equal, is the Measure of Power. 
 
 5. The physiological conditions of the Body afl'ect Mental 
 
 Manifestation. 
 
 6. Any Faculty may be Improved by Cultivation and may 
 
 deteriorate through Neglect. 
 
 7. Every Faculty is normally Good, but liable to Perversion. 
 
 II. BRAIN, THE ORGAN OF MIND. 
 
 While in this material world, where the all-wise Creator 
 has seen fit to place it, mind can neither act nor be acted 
 upon except through an organized apparatus. Impressions 
 of external objects must be received through the organs of 
 sense and their delicate nervous filaments, and thought can 
 find expression only by means of the physical instruments 
 tinder its control. 
 
 Now, if we go behind these instrumentalities, tracing back 
 the nerves which ramify through all the bodily organs 
 to their focus in the interior of the cranium, what do we 
 find ? Not mind, but brain not the immaterial intelligence 
 which receives, analyzes, and compares the impressions trans- 
 mitted through these nerves, but a material apparatus an 
 organ. Without this organ, no mental manifestation would 
 be possible while mind remains linked to matter. 
 
 That the brain is the organ of the mind is noAv universally 
 admitted, and it is necessary merely to mention a few of the 
 facts by means of which the truth of the proposition has been 
 established. 
 
 1. Consciousness localizes the mind in the brain, giving a 
 clear conviction that it is there, and nowhere else. 
 
 2. Deficiency of brain is always connected with a low 
 degree of mental power. 
 
 3. The brain is found to be larger -and more complicated in 
 proportion to the strength and variety of the faculties mani- 
 fested. 
 
 4. Mental disturbances always accompany affections of the
 
 FIRST PRINCIPLES. 11 
 
 brain, a fever or a blow on the head often changing an intel- 
 
 7 O O 
 
 ligent and gifted individual into a raving maniac. 
 
 5. The rapid withdrawal of the blood from the brain causes 
 a swoon, and temporarily suspends consciousness. 
 
 6. Where a part of the skull has been removed and the 
 brain laid bare by an injury, it has been found that conscious- 
 ness could be suspended by merely pressing on the brain with 
 the fingers, and restored by withdrawing the pressure. 
 
 7. It has been observed also, in cases where the brain has 
 been exposed to view, that in dreamless sleep it is motionless; 
 that dreams agitate it in proportion to their vividness, and 
 that when awake the motion is still greater.* Cases coming 
 under this head are quoted at length by Mr. Combe in his 
 "System of Phrenology," to which the curious reader is 
 referred. 
 
 It being proved and conceded that the brain is the organ 
 of the mind, it follows that every mental aifectlon must be 
 accompanied by a corresponding state of the organ, and that 
 every state of the organ must be attended by a certain deter- 
 minate condition of mind ; and secondly, that the manifesta- 
 tions of mind will bear a strict relation in power and variety 
 to the size and quality of its instrument. 
 
 III. THE BRAIN A COXGERIES OF ORGANS. 
 
 The brain, as a whole, is admitted to be the organ of the 
 mind, as a whole. The mind is made up of many separate 
 faculties, from which fact alone it might be inferred that the 
 brain has a corresponding separate organ for each. That 
 such is the case is conclusively proved by evidence which 
 can not be set aside or successfully controverted. A small 
 
 * A writer in the Medico- Chirurgical Review mentions that many years ago he had 
 "'frequent opportunities of witnessing similar phenomena in a robust young man, who 
 X>st a considerable portion of his skull by an accident which had almost proved mortal. 
 ~A T hen excited by pain, fear, or anger, his brain protruded greatly, so as sometimes to 
 disturb the dressings, which were necessarily applied loosely ; and it throbbed tumultu- 
 ously, in accordance with the arterial pulsations." 
 
 The cause of these appearances obviously was, that the brain, like the muscles and 
 other organs of the body, is more copiously supplied with blood when in a state of 
 activity than while at rest ; and that when the cerebral blood-vessel* were filled, th,o 
 volume of the brain was augmented, and the protrusion above noticed took place.
 
 12 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 portion of this evidence all that our space will allow may 
 here be cited : 
 
 1. In all other parts of the system throughout all nature, 
 in fact each function has an organ for itself. Sight has the 
 eye ; hearing, the ear; digestion, the stomach ; and it may he 
 further observed, that wherever the function is compound, the 
 organ is correspondingly so, as in the case of the tongue, in 
 which there is one nerve the office of which is to move the 
 member and thus subserve the purpose of speech, a second 
 which communicates the sense of feeling, and a third which 
 conveys the sense of taste.* In short, in the whole human 
 frame there is, so far as we know, not a single instance of one 
 nerve performing two functions. Reasoning analogically, 
 therefore, we infer that functions so essentially different as 
 observing and comparing not to speak of others still wider 
 apart must have separate cerebral organs. 
 
 2. Individuals frequently exhibit extraordinary capabilities 
 for some particular pursuit or branch of study, while in regard 
 to all other departments of mental effort they never rise abovo 
 mediocrity. If the brain were a unit in function, eacli faculty 
 should be manifested with equal efficiency through its agency. 
 
 3. The various mental powers in man do not appear simul- 
 taneously. The child loves and fears long before he has any 
 notion even of veneration or of moral responsibility. lie 
 observes, too, the qualities of external things almost from the 
 commencement of his existence, but the power to reason con- 
 cerning them comes later. This seems to show that loving, 
 for instance, requires the exercise of one part of the brain, and 
 venerating another that observing has one organ, and 
 reasoning a different one. 
 
 4. In dreaming, one or more faculties may be in active 
 exercise, while all the others are apparently dormant. Emo- 
 
 * But the most interesting example of distinct functions being dependent on distinct 
 organs, i.- furnished by the spinal marrow. This is composed of two double columns, 
 the anterior being appropriated to motion, the posterior to sensation. This, Sir Charles 
 Bell clearly proved in the following manner: he cut an anterior nerve at its root in an 
 ass. and the parts through which it ramified lost the power of motion, though feeling 
 remained unimpaired. He cut a posterior nerve in another, and the parts through 
 which it ramified lost the power of feeling, but retained that of motion.
 
 FIRST PRINCIPLES. 13 
 
 tions of love, fear, anger, and jealousy may arise and succeed 
 each other, coming and going without order or restraint (the 
 controlling organs being asleep), or a thousand vivid but 
 disjointed conceptions may fill the mind sometimes rational, 
 but oftcner absurd, and always differing from the ordinary 
 and orderly operations of the fully awakened brain. If the 
 brain were a single organ, these partial manifestations could 
 not occur, but all the faculties would be asleep or awake 
 together. 
 
 5. Partial idiocy and partial insanity are plainly contradic- 
 tory to the doctrine of the organic unity of the brain. Some 
 idiots, utterly deficient in intellect, have strong moral feelings. 
 Others manifest only the propensities. In many, perfectly 
 idiotic in everything else, some particular faculty is strongly 
 developed as Time, Tune, or Calculation. Pinel mentions 
 an idiot girl who manifested wonderful propensity and talent 
 for mimicry could imitate anything she saw or heard, but 
 who displayed no intellectual faculty in a perceptible degree, 
 and evidently attached no ideas to the sounds she uttered.* 
 Were deficiency of brain, as a whole, the cause of idiocy, 
 these phenomena could not occur, for whatever brain might 
 exist would be as competent to manifest one faculty as 
 another. Partial insanity furnishes equally conclusive evi- 
 dence on the same point. 
 
 6. Partial injuries of the brain result in a suspension of one 
 or more faculties, while the others retain their normal activity, 
 which could not be the case if the brain were a single organ. 
 
 O O 
 
 7. Referring to our own individual consciousness, we may 
 satisfy ourselves at any time that the faculties must act 
 through a plurality of organs, for we find ourselves feeling 
 and manifesting not only different but opposite emotions at 
 the same time. This would be clearly impossible with but a 
 single orcran for all the faculties. 
 
 *jVIr. Combe mentions an idiot in Liverpool, named Jones, who manifested great 
 facility in learning languages ; " Show him," he says, " a passage in the Bible, and ho 
 will point oat and read the parallel passage in seven or eight other languages. But 
 about the meaning he has no idea. Now if the brain were a single organ, this would 
 be the same as if a man had the power of walking east, without having the power of 
 walking: west."
 
 14 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 III. GROUPS OF ORGANS. 
 
 The location of any particular organ being known, it would 
 naturally be inferred that other organs having related func- 
 tions might be found in the same region of the brain. This 
 inference is in accordance with the fact as established by 
 observation, and furnishes another evidence of the truth of 
 Phrenology, for this arrangement is the natural one, and the 
 one which best serves the purpose of facilitating the action 
 of the faculties through their organs, each being thus enabled 
 to support and co-operate with the other members of the 
 same class. It will also be seen, further on, that the arrange- 
 ment of the groups in the cranium is in accordance with the 
 same beautiful natural order. 
 
 IV. SIZE THE MEASURE OF POWER. 
 
 That size, other things being equal, is the measure of 
 power, is a universal and undisputed law, and requires no 
 detailed exposition here. It is the basis of all our calculations 
 and reasonings in mechanics and natural philosophy as well 
 as in Physiology and Phrenology.* 
 
 V. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 In stating the general law, that size is the measure of 
 power, w r e are always careful to add the qualifying clause 
 " other things being equal." The " other things" which 
 modify this law in the case of the brain are certain physio- 
 logical conditions, such as Temperament ; Quality ; Health ; 
 Respiration; Circulation; Digestion; Activity; Excitability; 
 and Balance or Harmony, all of which affect mental manifes- 
 
 * When the brain is below a certain size, icliotism is the invariable result. In the 
 lowest class of idiots, the horizontal circumference of the head, taken a little higher 
 than the orbit, varies from 11 to 13 inches ; in a full-sized head, the circumference is 
 22 inches ; in Spurzheim's skull it is 22>^. In such idiots the distance from the root 
 of the nose, backward over the top of- the head to the occipital spine, is only 8 or 9 
 inches ; in a full-sized head it is 14 ; in the skull of Spurzheim it is 15 6-10. Let those 
 who deny the influence of size reconcile these facts with thex.- belief. " But," *;iy 
 some, " we know idiots who have large heads." Our reply is so . > we ; but, then, in 
 these cases, the brain is not healthy. A large leg is usually indicativ of strength ; but 
 this is not the case when the leg is large from disease. But though cL ease be absent, 
 if the size of the brain be very deficient, idiocy is invariable, and men cmarkable for 
 great force of character, as Bruce, Cromwell, Bonaparte, Franklin, Webster, and Burns, 
 invariably have heads of unusual magnitude.
 
 FIRST PRINCIPLES. 15 
 
 tation in a greater or less degree, and must always be taken 
 into account in estimating character. 
 
 VI. IMPKOTABILITY. 
 
 Every faculty of the human mind is susceptible of being 
 improved by judicious culture. This is a principle of great 
 practical importance, and aifords opportunity and encourage- 
 ment to every one (for all have more or less need of improve- 
 ment), and especially to those who have marked and embar- 
 rassing deficiencies of chai'acter. It is only applying to the 
 mind through its organ, the brain, or to a faculty of the mind 
 through its special organ, the same means we make use of to 
 strengthen the arm or increase the flexibility of the fingers 
 properly adapted exercises. The improvement of man does 
 not imply the extinction of any faculty or the creation of 
 new faculties, but the development and training of all existing 
 mental powers. The means through which each faculty may 
 be strengthened, if too weak or restrained, if too active or 
 influential, will be pointed out in another place. 
 
 VII. ALL THE FACULTIES GOOD. 
 
 Each faculty is in itself good, and was given by the Creator 
 for the benefit of its possessor and the world, but may be 
 perverted and distorted, and thus made an instrument of evil, 
 or stunted and dwarfed, so as to become impotent for good. 
 When rightly developed, acting in harmony, and with the 
 lower faculties duly subjected to the higher, each contributes 
 its share to the welfare and happiness of man. 
 
 There is no organ of murder, but there is a faculty intended 
 to impart energy, executiveness, force and effectiveness in 
 character and action, which, when large, active, and not 
 restrained by the more consei-vative powers, of the mind, 
 may lead to violence and bloodshed. So the property- 
 getting, accumulating propensity, given us for the laudable 
 purpose of making a wise provision for the future, may, by 
 perversion and lack of moral control, become the instigator of 
 fraud and theft. In all cases the evil is the result of a disorderly 
 manifestation, and not the legitimate action of the faculty.
 
 16 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 II. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 I. BODY AND BKAIN. 
 
 MT has been stated in the previous chapter that mental 
 manifestation, depending primarily upon the size of 
 the brain for its power and efficiency, is modified by 
 certain bodily conditions which affect the action of the organs. 
 These conditions are so important in their practical bearings, 
 that the student of Phrenology, especially if he have in view 
 any application of the science either in public or merely 
 among his friends and acquaintances, should not fail to make 
 himself familiar with them. 
 
 The intimate connection between body and brain is illus- 
 trated in many ways, and in the experience of every one. 
 They act and react upon each other. The nerves which 
 ramify through every part of the body, all have their focus in 
 the brain. If the body be ill, weak, or exhausted, the brain 
 gives but feeble manifestations. If the body be stimulated 
 or exhilarated, the brain shares its strengthened or quick- 
 ened action. The influence of mind upon body is not less 
 potent. Hope and joy quicken the circulation, brace the 
 nerves, and give firmness and tension to the muscles. Grief 
 and despondency have a relaxing tendency, weakening the 
 limbs and deranging all the functions of the body, and 
 especially those of digestion and secretion. In the same way 
 other conditions of body and mind, whether constitutional 
 and permanent or pathological and temporary, act and react 
 upon each other, making it necessary for him who would 
 study mind and read human character to make himself familiar 
 with the conditions of the body, and equally so for him who 
 would minister to the needs of the body, either in sickness or 
 in health, to make himself acquainted with the existing state 
 of the mind as well as its permanent characteristics.
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 17 
 
 II. TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 First in order, in noting the physiological conditions which 
 affect mental manifestation, is temperament, which may be 
 defined as " a particular state of the constitution depending 
 upon the relative proportion of its different masses and the 
 relative energy of its different functions." 
 
 Temperament has generally been looked at from the stand- 
 point of physiology and pathology rather than from that of 
 anatomy, and the classification of the various constitutional 
 conditions now generally accepted by physiologists is founded 
 on the distinct influences of the stomach, the lungs, the liver, 
 and the brain, either of which predominating gives its peculiar 
 conformation and complexion to the body and its specific 
 tone to the mind. We have, then, under this arrangement, 
 four temperaments. They are called : the Lymphatic Tem- 
 perament ; the Sanguine Temperament ; the Bilious Tem- 
 perament ; and the Nervous Temperament. 
 
 1. The lymphatic temperament, depending on the pre- 
 dominance of the stomach, is characterized by roundness of 
 form ; repletion of cellular tissue ; softness of the flesh ; a 
 weak pulse, and a languid condition of the system generally. 
 The complexion is pale, the hair generally light, and the eyes 
 light and dull. 
 
 2. The sanguine temperament, depending upon the pre- 
 dominating influence of the arterial system, is indicated by 
 a moderate plumpness of parts ; tolerably firm muscles ; light 
 or chestnut hair; blue eyes; a strong, full pulse; and an 
 animated countenance. Persons with this temperament are 
 ardent, lively, and impressible, and possess more activity an. 
 energy than those having the lymphatic temperament. 
 
 3. The bilious temperament, having the liver for its b2*is, 
 has for its external signs black hair ; a dark yellowish skin ; 
 black eyes; firm muscles; and harshly expressed forms. It 
 indicates great activity, energy, and power. 
 
 4. The predominance and abnormal activity of the nervous 
 system gives rise to the nervous temperament, a constitutional 
 condition marked by light, thin hair; slenderness of form; 
 delicate health ; general emaciation ; rapidity of muscular
 
 18 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 action; and vivacity in sensation. It imparts great senst 
 bility and mental activity. 
 
 This classification has clearly a physiological foundation, 
 but the nomenclature adopted (drawn from pathology rather 
 than from anatomy or physiology) is objectionable, and two 
 of the conditions or temperaments themselves the lymphatic 
 and the nervous as usually described, are diseased and 
 abnormal, and not healthy states of the constitution. While, 
 therefore, we acknowledge its value in a pathological point 
 of view, and take into account the morbid conditions it 
 embraces, we prefer to base our examinations on what w& 
 deem a simpler, and at the same time a more comprehensive, 
 system founded on anatomy. 
 
 There are in the human body three grand classes or systems 
 of organs, each having its special function in the general 
 economy, namely : the Motive or Mechanical System ; the 
 Vital or Nutritive System ; and the Mental or Nervous 
 System. On this natural basis rests our doctrine of the 
 temperaments, of which there are primarily three, correspond- 
 ing with the three classes of organs just mentioned, namely: 
 
 1. The Motive Temperament ; 
 
 2. The Vital Temperament ; and 
 
 3. The Mental Temperament. 
 
 Each of these temperaments is determined by the pre- 
 dominance of the class of organs from which it takes its 
 name. The first is marked by a superior development of the 
 osseous and muscular systems, forming the locomotive appa- 
 *atus ; in the second, the vital organs, the principal seat of 
 ^-ich is in the trunk, give the tone to the organization; while 
 in the third, the brain and nervous system exert the control- 
 Ting power. 
 
 THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 In the motive temperament the bones are comparatively 
 large, and generally long rather than broad, and the form 
 manifests a tendency to angularity. The muscles are only 
 moderately full, but dense, firm, and possessing great strength. 
 The figure is generally tall; the face long; the cheek-bones 
 l.igh ; the front teeth large ; the neck rather long ; tho
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 19 
 
 
 
 shoulders broad, and the chest moderately full. The com- 
 plexion and eyes are generally, but not always dark, and the 
 hair dark, strong, and rather abundant. The features are 
 strongly marked, and the expression striking and sometimes 
 harsh or stern. The whole system is characterized by strength 
 and toughness, and is capable of great 
 endurance. Persons in whom this 
 temperament predominates possess 
 great energy, physical power, and 
 capacity for work. They have strongly 
 marked characters, and are the ac- 
 knowledged leaders in the sphere of 
 active life. They are men for the field 
 rather than the council chamber, and 
 are often found at the head of public 
 works and of armies. They are observ- 
 ers rather than thinkers ; are firm, self- 
 reliant, constant in friendship and in FlG " 2 " 
 love ; executive, ambitious, and persevering. They love 
 power and conquest, and often pursue their ends with a reck- 
 less disregard for their own or others' physical welfare. As 
 speakers, they use strong expressions, emphasize many words, 
 and talk to the point, hitting the nail on the head with a 
 heavy blow. 
 
 There is an abnormal development of this temperament, in 
 which both the vital and mental systems are sacrificed to 
 mere animal strength. It is marked by a small head, deficient 
 in the coronal region and broad at the base ; a short, thick, 
 neck; broad shoulders; expanded chest, and large, dense 
 muscles, the tendons of which are apparent through the skin. 
 The possessor of this excessive development is remarkable for 
 brute strength, and for nothing else, unless it be stupidity. 
 Muscle is a good thing, but it is not well to absorb all of one's 
 brain in producing an excess of it. 
 
 Full or large Firmness, Combativeness, and Destructive* 
 
 " * William Reeves, a popular Methodist clergyman, is noted as an active, energetic, 
 and efficient worker in his chosen profession. His character is as strongly marked as 
 MB features. He has black hair, dark brown eyes, and a dark complexion.
 
 20 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 ness, and a strongly developed perceptive region are charac- 
 teristic of the motive temperament. 
 
 The motive temperament is generally predominant and 
 strongly marked among the North American Indians, and is 
 very common in Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and France. In 
 America, the States of Vermont, Maine, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
 Missouri, and Arkansas are noted for its development. It 
 prevails in mountainous regions. 
 
 THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 This temperament, depending upon the predominance of 
 the vital organs which occupy the great cavities of the trunk, 
 
 is necessarily marked 
 by breadth and thick- 
 ness of body, rather 
 than by length. Its 
 prevailing characteris- 
 tic is rotundity. The 
 chest is full ; the abdo- 
 men well developed ; 
 the limbs plump and 
 ^ tapering, and the hands 
 and feet relatively 
 small. The neck is 
 short and thick; the 
 shoulders broad, but 
 not angular; and the 
 head and face corre- 
 sponding with the other 
 
 parts of the system, incline to roundness, as seen in fig. 3. 
 The complexion is generally florid, the eyes and hair light, 
 and the expression of the countenance pleasing and often 
 mirthful. 
 
 Persons in whom this temperament predominates are both 
 physically and mentally active, and love fresh air and exercise 
 as well as lively conversation and exciting debate, but are, in 
 
 PIG. 3. REV. CHAKLKS H. SPUBQEON.* 
 
 * Rev. Charles Iladdon Spurgeon is a very popular English minister of the Baptist 
 denomination. He is ardent, impulsive, persuasive, and very effective as a preacher.
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 21 
 
 general, less inclined to close study or hard work than those 
 in whom the motive temperament takes the lead. They are 
 ardent, impulsive, versatile, and sometimes fickle ; and possess 
 more diligence than persistence, and more brilliancy than 
 depth. They are frequently passionate and violent, but aro 
 as easily calmed as excited, and are cheerful, amiable, and 
 genial in their general disposition. Being fond of jovial com* 
 pany and good living, they are more liable than others to 
 become addicted to the excessive use of stimulants, as well as 
 to over-eating, and should be on their guard against this 
 danger, and curb their appetites with a strong will. 
 
 Phrenologically, the vital temperament is noted for large 
 animal propensities generally, and especially Amativeness, 
 Alimentiveness, and Acquisitiveness. Benevolence, Hope, 
 and Mirthfulness are also generally well developed. 
 
 An undue and abnormal preponderance of the absorbent 
 system, and a sluggish action of the circulatory organs, pro- 
 duce the unhealthy condition called in the old classification 
 the lymphatic temperament, characterized, bodily and men- 
 tally, by insurmountable languor, sloth, and apathy. 
 
 The vital temperament is the prevailing one in Germany, 
 Holland, and England, and in low countries and valleys 
 generally ; also among the negroes. 
 
 THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 The mental temperament, depending upon the predomin- 
 ance of the brain and nervous system, is characterized by a 
 frame relatively slight and a head relatively large ; an oval 
 or pyriform face ; a high, pale forehead, broadest at the top ; 
 delicately cut features ; an expressive countenance ; fine, soft 
 hair; a delicate skin, and a high-keyed flexible voice. The 
 figure is often elegant and graceful, but seldom striking or 
 commanding. 
 
 Sensitiveness, 1'efinement, taste, love of the beautiful in na- 
 ture and art, vividness of conception, and intensity of emotion 
 mark this temperament in its mental manifestations. The 
 thoughts are quick, the senses acute, the imagination lively, 
 and the moral sentiments generally active and influential.
 
 22 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 In the mental temperament, the superior portions of the 
 forehead together with the coronal region are most fully de- 
 veloped. Causality, Comparison, Ideality, Spirituality, and 
 
 Veneration are generally 
 prominent, while the or- 
 gans which lie in the bas- 
 ilar and posterior regions 
 of the cranium are not so 
 fully developed. 
 
 It is the excessive or 
 morbid development of 
 this temperament unfor- 
 tunately very common in 
 this age and country 
 which corresponds with the 
 nervous temperament of 
 the pathologists. It is 
 characterized by emacia- 
 tion of muscles, weakness of body, intensity of sensation, and 
 a morbid impressibility. The foundation for this diseased 
 condition is laid in the premature and disproportionate devel- 
 opment of the brain, and it is built up by sedentary habits ; 
 the immoderate use of tea, coffee, tobacco; and other hurtful 
 indulgencies. 
 
 The mental temperament is the prevailing one among scholars 
 everywhere, and especially in Ireland, France, and America. 
 
 FIG. 4. ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.* 
 
 BALANCE OF TEMPERAMENTS. 
 
 Where either of the temperaments exists in great excess, 
 the result is necessarily a departure from symmetry and har- 
 mony, both of body and mind, the one, as we have seen, 
 always affecting the character and action of the other. Per- 
 fection of constitution consists in a proper balance of tem- 
 peraments, and whatever tends to destroy this balance or 
 to increase existing excesses should be carefully avoided. 
 
 * A young English poet of undoubted genius, whose head is something like that of 
 Edgar A. Poe. Is he not wully wanting in vitality ?
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 23 
 
 FIG. 5. CHARLES A. MACT.* 
 
 Fig. 5 is a tolerably good illustration of a well-balanced 
 temperament and a harmoni- 
 ous organization. 
 
 A thorough practical knowl- 
 edge of the temperaments 
 alone will enable one to form 
 a correct general estimate of 
 character. The practical dif- 
 ficulty (by no means unsur- 
 mountable, however) lies in 
 measuring accurately the rel- 
 ative proportion of the dif- 
 ferent elements in each indi- 
 vidual temperament, so as to ^ 
 give each its due influence 
 on the character. Study, 
 careful observation, and the 
 necessary practice will enable the student to do this in time, 
 however, with great exactness. 
 
 III. QUALITY. 
 
 The next physiological condition to be considered, as affect- 
 ing mental manifestation and modifying the law of size, is 
 quality. A piece of wrought iron is much more tough than a 
 piece of cast iron of the same size. Density gives weight and 
 strength. Porous, spongy substances are light and weak. 
 The lion is strong because his muscles, ligaments, and bones 
 are dense and tough. It is the same in man as in beast, in 
 brain as in muscle. Real greatness can exist only where a 
 bulky, compact brain is combined with strong nerves and a 
 dense, tough, firmly-knit body. Men with small heads may 
 be brilliant, acute, and, in particular directions, strong, but 
 they can not be comprehensive, profound, or commanding; 
 and, on the other hand, men with large heads may be dull, 
 if not stupid, on account of disease or low organic quality. 
 Both high quality and large size are essential to the highest 
 order of power, whether of body or of mind. 
 
 * Formerly a merchant, now a banker in New York. He in a " Friend," or Quaker.
 
 24: HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 It is difficult to illustrate by means of wood-cuts the con- 
 ditions denominated high and low quality respectively, but 
 
 HIGH QUALITY. 
 
 LOW QUALITY. 
 
 Fia. 6. REV. F. W. ROBERTSON.* Fro. 7. AKTOINE PROBST.t 
 
 figs. 6 and 7 will convey an imperfect idea of their external 
 manifestations. Observe the features of the two characters, 
 and note the difference.. 
 
 IV. HEALTH. 
 
 Having taken note of the size of the brain and the original 
 organic quality of the body (with which the brain must 
 correspond), the existing condition of the whole, as regards 
 health, must be taken into account. 
 
 All states of the body affect the mind, as we have shown 
 in a previous section. The strong thoughts which have 
 moved the world have not been sent forth among men through 
 the agency of weak, sickly bodies. The motive power of 
 muscle and of brain is the same. We can no more write, 
 study, or think energetically and effectively when sick, than 
 we can wield the ax, the sledge hammer, or the scythe. 
 
 * An English clergyman who resided in Brighton, of singularly refined tastes, fervent 
 piety, and impressive eloquence. He died in 1863. 
 
 t Antoine Probst, a brutal murderer, confessed that he killed seven personu^tha 
 Deering Family. He was executed in Philadelphia in 18C6.
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 25 
 
 Animal power is not mind, but it is something which mind 
 requires, in this life, for its manifestation. Memory, reason, 
 eloquence, poetry, philosophy, and even morality, are. aifected 
 by disease. A disordered body involves disordered or 
 weakened mental manifestations. In some diseases, as in 
 consumption, for instance, there is often great clearness and 
 vividness of conception and a high tone of moral feeling, but 
 there is, at the same time, lack of power and continuity, and 
 a fitful and vacillating state of mind. " A sound mind in a 
 Bound body" is the law; and in the sickly body, a weak and 
 inefficient state of mental action. 
 
 v. RESPIRATION. 
 
 Respiration is one of the most important functions of the 
 physical system. Breath and life are 'one. When the former 
 fails, death supervenes. Even plants breathe, in their way, 
 and die at once if air be excluded from them. 
 
 The power of respiration depends upon the size of the chest 
 and the condition of the luno;s. The size of the chest is 
 
 O 
 
 readily ascertained by measurement.* This, other things 
 being equal, will be the measure of the breathing power. 
 The general health as well as the condition of the lungs must 
 oe taken into account as modifying the energy of respiration. 
 The signs of good breathing power, in addition to a broad or 
 Jeep chest, are considerable color in the face, warm extremi- 
 ties, elastic movements, and vigorous functions generally. 
 Where it is deficient, there is general pallor, with occasional 
 flushing of the face, cold hands and feet, blue veins, and great 
 liability to colds and coughs. 
 
 Our vitality is in proportion to our respiration. The asser- 
 tion of a distinguished physician, that " many people die for 
 want of breath when it is their own carelessness alone that 
 prevents them from breathing," is no less true than startling. 
 If we only half breathe and many scarcely do that we only 
 half live. To expand the chest, therefore, and to increase our 
 breathing power where it is deficient, is of the utmost irnport- 
 
 * Military regulations require the circumference of the recruit's chest to be equal to 
 une hull' his height. 
 
 2
 
 26 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 if 
 
 ance. Whether, as Alphonse Le Roy and others have con- 
 ten.ded, the development of the chest be actually an absolute 
 standard of the length of life or not, it is clear enough that 
 by expanding it, life may be prolonged and health and beauty 
 promoted.* 
 
 TI. CIRCULATION. 
 
 Respiration and Circulation are closely related. Lungs 
 and heart co-operate harmoniously in the work of manufac- 
 turing vitality. Between the heaving of the chest and the 
 beating of the pulse, there is a definite relation both in 
 strength and rapidity. 
 
 Good blood is the result of pure food properly assimilated 
 and fully oxygenated by the copious breathing of pure air, 
 and it is the office of the heart to propel this blood through 
 the system. From the blood is made muscle, nerve, and 
 brain. If the blood be good, these are strong, healthy, and 
 efficient. If the blood be poor, or charged with impurities, 
 the structures built up by it will be weak and disordered ; for 
 " the blood is the life thereof." 
 
 The signs of a good circulation are a healthy color in the 
 face, warm extremities, and a slow, strong, steady pulse. 
 
 VII. DIGESTION. 
 
 Digestive power depends primarily upon the condition of 
 the organ of digestion the stomach; but is affected by both 
 circulation and respiration. If the former be deficient, the 
 proper quantity of blood may not be sent to the stomach 
 during the process of digestion ; and if the latter be imperfect, 
 the blood sent to the stomach will lack its full quickening 
 and strengthening power. Copious breathing promotes the 
 process of digestion and strengthens the digestive organs 
 as well as the lungs. 
 
 A good development of firm, solid flesh and a healthy 
 color are signs of sound digestive organs and an effective 
 
 * To cultivate breathing power and expand the chest, practice the following exer- 
 cise : Stand erect, throw the shoulders back, and then breathe slowly, freely, and deeply, 
 Jltting the lungs to their utmost capacity at every inspiration. Do this several times 
 day in the open air if practicable, and if not, in a well-ventilatod room.
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 27 
 
 performance of the digestive process. Emaciation, paleness, 
 a sallow or pimpled skin, and a peevish and desponding 
 state of mind are indications of deranged or imperfect 
 digestion. 
 
 VIII. ACTIVITY. 
 
 Activity is a matter of temperament mainly, and is greatest 
 where the motive and the mental temperaments are both 
 strongly developed. Its indications are length of body and 
 limb, with very moderate fullness of muscle. The deer, the 
 greyhound, and the race-horse illustrate the fact that activity 
 and ease of action are associated with length and slenderness, 
 and delicacy of structure. 
 
 IX. EXCITABILITY. 
 
 This is another condition depending upon temperamental 
 combinations, and has its greatest normal manifestations in 
 those in whom the vital and the mental temperaments are 
 both well developed. It is morbidly active in persons whose 
 nerves are disordered and whose systems have been subjected 
 to the stimulation of alcoholic liquors, tobacco, and strong 
 tea and coffee. In the lymphatic temperament there is the 
 opposite condition, a general coldness and apathy, which 
 nothing seems to arouse into a genuine feeling of interest in 
 present things and passing events. 
 
 X. BALANCE OF CONDITIONS. 
 
 It is essential to a harmonious character, and the most 
 efficient action of the faculties, that all the developments of 
 the body and brain and all the physiological conditions of 
 both be well balanced that there be no marked excesses or 
 deficiencies ; and in estimating the influence of the body upon 
 the mind in any given case, we must not only consider its 
 individual developments and conditions, but the proportions 
 and relative activity and power of each. Where all act 
 together harmoniously, the effective strength of each is 
 increased ; while, on the other hand, lack of balance or 
 harmony impedes the action of all.
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 m. 
 
 GROUPING OF THE ORGANS. 
 
 FIG. 8. THREE REGIONS. 
 
 I. PLAN OF THE GROUPS. 
 
 'HE arrangement of the 
 various organs of the 
 brain in groups fur- 
 nishes a beautiful illustration 
 of that perfect adaptation of 
 means to ends which charac- 
 terizes all the works of God, 
 and which man can only ap- 
 proximate in his most skillfully 
 contrived inventions. The 
 place of every organ of body 
 and brain is just that which 
 best fits it for its special 
 function, and grouped around 
 it for its support, and for co-operation with it in action, are 
 those organs most closely related to it in function. Observe, 
 for instance, the relations so admirably indicated in the 
 arrangement in contiguity of Amativeness, Parental Love, 
 Friendship, and Inhabitiveness ; or of Acquisitiveness, Secre- 
 tiveness, Destructiveness, and Combativeness. So Individu- 
 ality, I jrm, Size, Weight, Color, Order, and the rest of the 
 Perceptives, indicate by their locations not only their matter 
 of-fact tendencies, but their relationship to each other and to 
 the external senses seeing, hearing, etc. 
 
 In accordance with the same principle, we find the groups 
 so placed that the location of each indicates its rank in the 
 graded scale of functions. The propensities or animal organs 
 (fig. 8) are placed next to the spinal column, in the base of 
 the brain, and in close connection with the body. Rising 
 above these, we come into the region of intellect ; while above
 
 GROUPING OF THE ORGANS. 29 
 
 that, in the coronal region, are the moral or spiritual senti- 
 ments, through which we are brought into relation with God. 
 
 II. THE GKOUPS AND THEIK FUNCTIONS. 
 
 The first division of the faculties of the mind and the 
 organs of the brain is into three grand classes : 
 
 1. The Propensities ; 
 
 2. The Intellectual Faculties; and 
 
 3. The Moral or Spiritual Sentiments. 
 
 How these great classes of faculties are arranged, each in 
 its special region of the brain, may be seen in fig. 8. The 
 Propensities, having to do with natural things, and being 
 closely related to the physical system, are placed nearest to 
 the body, with which their connection is intimate through the 
 spinal marrow and its ramifying nerves. In front, the Intel- 
 lectual Faculties are arranged in appropriate order. They are 
 not in quite so close connection with the body as the Propen- 
 sities, nor yet too far removed, and have their out-look, as it 
 were, upon the external world. Above these, and crowning 
 all, are the MORAL SENTIMENTS, occupying the highest place, 
 as they are highest in function and relation. Through them, 
 as through windows opening toward heaven, the soul gets 
 glimpses of things lying above and beyond its present narrow 
 environments of a better life, and of the joys to which it 
 can here only aspire. 
 
 The Propensities give force and efficiency in all actions; 
 adapt us to our fellows ; and lead us to take care of ourselves. 
 The Intellectual Faculties enable us to obtain knowledge of 
 men and things ; to compare and arrange facts ; and to invent 
 and construct what we need for the practical application of 
 our knowledge. The Moral or Spiritual Sentiments are 
 meant to control all the rest by subjecting them to the 
 tribunals of kindness, justice, and the Divine Law. 
 
 The grand classes or orders of faculties and organs we 
 have thus described and illustrated are each divisible into 
 smaller groups, the members of which bear a still closer 
 relation to each other than to the members of other sub- 
 groups.
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 FIG. 9. YANKEE SULLIVAN. THE PKOPENSITIES. FIG. 10. REV. DB. BOND. 
 
 LARGE. SMALL. 
 
 11. REV. H. M. GALLAHEI$. 
 
 Iff 
 
 FIG. 12. A PARTIAL IDIOT. 
 
 LARGE. THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. SMALL. 
 
 FIG. 13. T. WORCESTER, D.D. Fio. 14. BRIDGET DURGAM. 
 
 THB MORAL SENTIMENTS.
 
 GROUPING OF THE ORGANS. 
 
 31 
 
 The classification we adopt gives us the following arrange- 
 ment of classes and groups : 
 
 I. THE PROPENSITIES. 
 
 1. The Social Group. 
 
 2. The Selfish Group. 
 
 II. INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 
 
 1. Group of the External Senses. 
 
 2. The Perceptive Group. 
 
 3. The Reflective Group. 
 
 4. The Literary Group. 
 
 III. THE MORAL SENTIMENTS. 
 
 1. The Selfish Group. 
 
 2. The Semi-Intellectual Group. 
 
 3. The Religious Group. 
 
 1. The Social Group has for its collective function the 
 manifestation of those affections which connect us with 
 country and home, and attach us to relations, conjugal com- 
 panions, family, and friends. 
 
 2. The office of the Selfish Group is to make proper pro- 
 
 FIG. 15. GROUP op ORGANS. 
 
 FIG. 16. BLACK 
 
 FIG. 17. JOSEPH SMITH. 
 
 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 
 
 vision for the animal wants, and to secure the preservation 
 of life, the defense of the person, and the accumulation and 
 protection of property.
 
 32 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 3. The External Senses have for their appropriate work the 
 conveying to the brain of intelligence concerning the world of 
 material things outside of the brain itself, acting, therefore, 
 in direct co-operation with the perceptive faculties. 
 
 4. The Perceptive Group, through the senses, brings man 
 into direct communication with the physical xiniverse, gives a 
 correct judgment of the properties of things, and leads to the 
 practical application of the knowledge obtained. 
 
 5. The Function of the Reflective Group is to analyze, 
 compare, and classify the facts collected by the perceptives, 
 and to philosophize, contrive, invent, and originate ideas. 
 
 NOT LABOE. 
 
 FIG. 18. Louis AGASSIZ. FIG. 19. Miss CARMICHAEL. 
 
 THE PERCEPTIVE GROUP. 
 
 6. The Literary Group imparts memory, and the ability to 
 .communicate ideas and feelings by means of written or spoken 
 words. (Included among the perceptives in diagram, fig. 15.) 
 
 7. The Group of Selfish Sentiments gives regard for charac- 
 ter, love of distinction, self-reliance, independence, stability, 
 and perseverance. They have an aspiring and governing 
 tendency. 
 
 8. The Semi-Intellectual Group has for its function self-im- 
 provement, and the love and production of whatever is beauti-
 
 GROUPING OF THE ORGANS. 33 
 
 ful. It is elevating and chastening in its influences, and acts 
 in co-operation with the strictly religious group, to Avhich it is 
 closely allied. 
 
 9. The Religious Group has the highest office of all, and 
 tends to elevate man into fellowship with angels, and beget 
 aspirations after holiness and heaven, while making him at 
 the same time meek and humble even as a little child 
 
 FIG. 20. EMANTJEL KANT. FIG. 21. A NEGRO. 
 
 REFLECTIVE GROUP. 
 
 toward God. When large and active, and holding the lead- 
 ing place which belongs to it, all the other groups are sancti- 
 fied through its action. 
 
 Our illustrations, so far as they go, tell their own story too 
 well to need much comment. "We select extreme cases when 
 we can, in order to make the contrast as great as possible, and 
 thus impress the fact illustrated upon the mind. Some of the 
 sub-groups are not susceptible of pictorial illustration. 
 
 CLASSIFIED LIST OF ORGANS. 
 I. THE PROPENSITIES. 
 
 I. THE SOCIAL GKOUP. 
 
 1. Amativeness. 3. Adhesiveness. 
 
 2. Philoprogenitiveness. 4. Inhabitiveness. 
 
 5. Continuity (not grouped). 
 2*
 
 84 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 II. THE SELFISH GROUP. 
 
 E. Vitativeness. 8. Alimentiveness. 
 
 6. Combativeness. 9. Acquisitiveness. 
 
 7. Destructiveness. 10. Secretiveness. 
 
 II THE MORAL SENTIMENTS. 
 
 I. THE SELFISH GROUP. 
 
 11. Cautiousness. 13. Self-Esteem. 
 
 12. Approbativeness. 14. Firmness. 
 
 II. THE RELIGIOUS GROUP. 
 
 15. Conscientiousness. 17. Marvelousness. 
 
 16. Hope. 18. Veneration. 
 
 19. Benevolence. 
 
 HI. SEMI-INTELLECTUAL GROUP. 
 
 20. Constructiveeesa 22. Imitation. 
 
 21. Ideality. 23. Mirthfulness. 
 C. Human Nature. D. Agreeableness, 
 
 III. INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 
 
 5 GROUP OF THE EXTERNAL SENSES. 
 
 Feeling. Hearing. 
 
 Sight. Taste. 
 
 Smell. 
 
 II. PERCEPTIVE GROUP. 
 
 24. Individuality. 28. Color. 
 
 25. Form. 29. Order. 
 
 26. Size. 30. Calculation. 
 
 27. Weight. 31. Locality. 
 
 III. THE LITERARY GROUP. 
 
 32. Eventuality. 34. Tune. 
 
 33. Time. 35. Language. 
 
 IV. THE REFLECTIVE GROUP. 
 
 36. Causality. 37. Comparison.
 
 DEFINITION OF THE ORGANS. 35 
 
 DEFINITION OF THE ORGANS. 
 
 1. AMATIVENESS, Love between the sexes desire to marry. 
 
 I. CONJUGALITY, Matrimony love of one union for life. 
 
 2. PARENTAL, LOVE, Regard for offspring, pets, etc. 
 
 3. FRIENDSHIP, Adhesiveness sociability love of society. 
 
 4. INIIABITIVENESS, Love of home and country. 
 
 5. CONTINUITY, One thing at a tune consccutiveness. 
 
 E. VITATIVENESS, Love and tenacity of life dread of annihilation. 
 
 6. COMBATIVENESS, Resistance defense courage opposition. 
 
 7. DESTRUCTIVENESS, Executiveness force energy. 
 
 8. ALIMENTIVENESS, Appetite hunger love of eating. 
 
 9. ACQUISITIVENESS, Accumulation frugality economy. 
 
 10. SECRETIVENESS, Discretion reserve policy management. 
 
 II. CAUTIOUSNESS, Prudence provision watchfulness. 
 
 12. APPROBATIVENESS, Ambition display love of praise. 
 
 13. SELF-ESTEEM, Self-respect independence dignity. 
 
 14. FIRMNESS, Decision perseverance stability tenacity of wilL 
 
 15. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, Integrity love of right justice equity. 
 
 16. HOPE, Expectation enterprise anticipation. 
 
 17. SPIRITUALITY, Intuition faith " light within" credulity. 
 
 18. VENERATION, Reverence for sacred things devotion respect 
 
 19. BENEVOLENCE, Kindness goodness sympathy philanthropy- 
 
 20. CONSTRUCTIVENESS, Mechanical ingenuity sleight of hand. 
 
 21. IDEALITY, Refinement love of beauty taste purity. 
 
 B. SUBLIMITY, Love of grandeur infinitude the endless. 
 
 22. IMITATION, Copying patterning mimicry following examples. 
 
 23. MIRTHFULNESS, Perception of the absurd jocoseness wit fun. 
 
 24. INDIVIDUALITY, Observation desire to see and examine. 
 
 25. FORM, Recollection of shape memory of persons and faces. 
 
 26. SIZE, Cognizance of magnitude measuring by the eye. 
 
 27. WEIGHT, Balancing climbing perception of the law of gravity. 
 
 28. COLOR, Perception and judgment of colors, and love of them. 
 
 29. ORDER, Perception and love of method system arrangement. 
 
 30. CALCULATION, Cognizance of numbers mental arithmetic. 
 
 31. LOCALITY, Recollection of places and scenery. 
 
 32. EVENTUALITY, Memory of facts and circumstances. 
 
 33. TIME, Cognizance of duration and succession of time punctuality. 
 
 34. TUNE, Sense of harmony and melody love of music. 
 
 35. LANGUAGE, Expression of ideas memory of words. 
 
 36. CAUSALITY, Applying causes to effect originality. 
 
 37. COMPARISON, Inductive reasoning analysis illustration. 
 
 C. HUMAN NATURE, Perception of character and motives. 
 I). AGREEABLENESS, Pleasantness suavity persuasiveness.
 
 SYMBOLICAL HEAD 
 
 ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 NATURAL LANGUAGE OF THE 
 FACULTIES. 
 
 LOCATION OF 
 THE ORGANS. 
 
 NAMES AND NUMBERS OF THE ORGANS.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 37 
 
 IY. 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 
 
 I. AMATIVENESS. (l.) 
 Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it. 
 
 >O CATION". The organ of Amativeness occupies the 
 cerebellum, situated in the base of the back-head, 
 as shown at 1, figure 23. To find it, feel on the 
 middle line toward the base of the skull, at the back part 
 of the head, and you will discover a small bony projection 
 called the occipital process. Below this point, and between 
 
 FIG. 24. AAKON BUBB.* 
 
 FIG. 25. GEOKGB BANCBorr.t 
 
 two similar protuberances (the mastoid processes) behind the 
 bottom of the ears, lies the organ in question. Its size is 
 indicated by the extension of .the occipital sw r ellings back- 
 ward and inward of the mastoid processes, and downward 
 from the occipital process. Observe the striking contrast 
 
 * Aaron Burr, third Vice-President of the United States, was noted for his debauch- 
 ery in private life, as well as for his unscrupulous conduct as a statesman. 
 
 t George Bancroft, American historian, is best known for his " History of the United 
 States," the most complete and elaborate work of the kind yet produced. He was 
 never married. Observe how short and narrow the head back and below the ears, in 
 the organ of Amativeness. See also Rev. Dr. Pusey, fig. 97.
 
 38 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 between figs. 24 and 25 in respect to this region ; how full the 
 head behind the ears in the one case, and how small in the 
 other ! The characters of the two men correspond with their 
 developments. When it is large, the neck at those parts 
 between the ears is thick, and it gives a round expansion to 
 the nape of the neck, as shown in fig. 26. Fig. 27 shows it 
 small. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS. A large cerebellum and a full 
 
 neck are usually accom- 
 panied by a prominent 
 if not massive chin, in- 
 dicative of the strength 
 of circulation, vital stam- 
 ina, and ardor of passion 
 we expect to find in per- 
 sons thus characterized. 
 Another and an un f a iii ng 
 
 sign of Amativeness is the breadth and fullness of the lips. 
 Their redness indicates present activity of the organ. The 
 absence of color indicates inactivity. 
 
 3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. The action of Love on the chin, 
 constituting what may be called its natural language, consists 
 in throwing it forward or sidewise, the former movement being 
 the more natural to woman and the latter to man. These 
 movements of the chin are accompanied by a slight parting 
 and considerable humidity of the lip 
 
 4. FUNCTION. The function or use of Amativeness is to 
 manifest sexual feeling, and give the desire to love and be 
 loved, and to marry. 
 
 There is no phrenological organ of more importance, or 
 which has a greater influence upon human character and 
 human destiny, or the bearings and relations of which are 
 more extensive. It increases greatly in size and becomes 
 active at the age of puberty. In males, it nearly doubles in 
 size between the ages of ten and twenty, and the feelings and 
 emotions dependent upon it undergo a corresponding change. 
 The gentler sex, which before were viewed with comparative 
 indifference, now seem invested with every charm. Their
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 39 
 
 forms seem the perfection of grace, their faces all but divine, 
 their voices enchanting, and their smiles bewitching beyond 
 expression. The fair ones, at the same period, are conscious 
 of similar feelings, and both sexea discover their greatest bliss 
 in each other's society. 
 
 Dr. Spurzheim, speaking of this propensity, says : " Its 
 influence in society is immense. It may excite various feel- 
 ings, such as Combativeness, Adhesiveness, and Destructive- 
 ness, inspire timid persons with great moral courage, and at 
 other times and under different circumstances mitigates oar 
 
 O 
 
 nature, and increases the mutual regards of the sexes toward 
 each othei-." 
 
 5. PERVERSION. The abuse and disorderly gratification 
 of this propensity is fraught with innumerable evils, physical, 
 intellectual, and moral, destroying the health of the body and 
 debasing the tone of the mind ; and so great is the influence 
 of the amative propensity, that only the full development and 
 proper activity of the higher intellectual faculties and moral 
 sentiments are sufficient to hold it in subjection and make it 
 duly subservient to the great end for which it was created. 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. Where this organ is small, its size and 
 activity may be increased, like those of any other organ or 
 part of the body, by judicious exercise ; and this exercise 
 consists in a manifestation of the feeling of love for the 
 opposite sex, which should be encouraged and promoted by 
 social intercourse and the contemplation of the advantages 
 and pleasures of the conjugal union. Any one desiring to 
 cultivate Amativeness, then, should go into society as much as 
 convenient, make it a point to be as agreeable as possible to 
 those persons of the other sex with whom he or she may be 
 brought into contact, trying to appreciate their excellences 
 and to admire their personal charms. A well-developed man 
 or woman one in whom all the elements of masculine or 
 feminine organization and character are present in due pro- 
 portion will exert a strong influence upon the love feeling 
 of the other sex and help largely to awaken and develop the 
 organ of Amativeness. Such persons should be sought, and a 
 warm intimacy established with them. Marriage, when
 
 4:0 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 founded on constitutional fitness and true affection, awakens 
 and develops this organ greatly in those in whom it is 
 deficient or inactive. 
 
 7. RESTRAINT. The excesses and abuses to which this pro 
 pensity often leads are by no means always referable to the 
 excessive development of the organ in the brain. The true 
 cause is often perhaps in a majority of cases a pathological 
 one gastric irritation and an inflamed state of the blood. 
 A too stimulating diet ; liquors, wines, tea, coffee, and tobacco ; 
 and the excitements of the feverish sensational life of our fast 
 age are the principal causes of this unhealthy condition. 
 The first step, then, is to remove these causes. Abandon the 
 stimulants, withdraw from the sphere of social excitements, 
 and cultivate the society of people who are living a quieter 
 and more sober, earnest, and natural, but not less happy, life. 
 Bathing and exercise in the open air, with a rather spare and 
 cooling diet, will greatly aid in restoring the system to a 
 healthy tone. Beyond these hygienic measures, the only 
 means to be relied upon are the restraining influences of the 
 aspiring and governing intellectual faculties and the moral 
 sentiments. These must be cultivated, and their controlling 
 influence brought to bear upon the unruly propensity. Make 
 good use of the means God has placed within your reach for 
 the government of your passions, asking Him to aid you, and 
 you will not struggle in vain. 
 
 II. CONJUGALITY. (A.) 
 
 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife ; 
 and they shall be one. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Conjugality or Union for Life 
 is situated in the lower part of the back-head (A, fig. 23), just 
 above Amativeness. It does not admit of pictorial illustration, 
 except merely to indicate its place, as in fig. 28. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The instinct of permanent union between 
 the sexes which it is the function of Conjugality to manifest, 
 though closely related to Amativeness, is a distinct faculty, 
 and each may be exercised independently of the other. In 
 fact, Conjugality very often comes into activity before Ama*-
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 
 
 tiveness, and the young heart pants to find its mate, and 
 really does select, meets with a response, and never regrets 
 the choice, or changes in the least. Some of the most perfect 
 and happy of unions ever known have been of this sort, formed 
 in childhood, perhaps five years before the promptings of 
 Amativeness were experienced. 
 
 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Some birds and animals 
 choose a sexual mate, and remain faithful to that mate for 
 life, as the lion and the eagle. The sheep and horse associate 
 promiscuously, and do not choose mates at all. The lion and 
 eagle manifest one faculty that the horse and sheep do not 
 evince, consequently the disposition to choose a sexual mate 
 for life is a distinct and special 
 
 faculty. Among the lower animals, 
 those that pair for life are just as 
 constant in affection the whole 
 year round as they are during 
 the procreating season, showing 
 that for ten months in the year 
 
 * 
 
 Amativeness is by no means their 
 bond of union. 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. One desiring 
 to develop this organ should strive 
 to center all his or her hopes, in- 
 terests, and plans for life in the 
 one already beloved, and not let 
 new faces awaken new loves. Be 
 as much as possible in the com- 
 pany of the chosen companion, and 
 
 when absent cherish every memorial, association, and remi- 
 niscence connected with him or her, not allowing the affections 
 to wander, but keeping ever in vieAv the good qualities and 
 charms of person and mind which first attracted you. 
 
 5. RESTRAINT. Should the chosen one die, or love be 
 blighted in any way, it may be necessary to restrain an 
 excessive manifestation of this faculty leading to despondency 
 and broken-heartedness. Try, then, to appreciate the ex- 
 cellences of others ; seek society, and try to find a suitable 
 
 FIG. 28. FBMAIJS HEAD.
 
 42 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 object upon which to bestow your affections, remembering 
 that " there are as good fish in the sea as ever were caught." 
 
 III. PARENTAL LOVE. (2.) 
 Can a woman forget her sucking child T 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Parental Love or Philopro- 
 genitiveness is situated above the middle part of the cerebel- 
 lum (2, fig. 23), and about an inch above the occipital protuber- 
 ance. When large, it gives fullness to the back-head above 
 
 FIG. 29. QUEEN VICTORIA.* FIG. 30. A. JoHNsoN.t 
 
 Amativeness, as seen in fig. 29, which may be contrasted 
 with fig. 30, in which the organ is small. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. Parental Love, as its name implies, is the 
 peculiar feeling which watches over and provides for the 
 wants of offspring. Its primary function is to impart love 
 for the young, and particularly for one's own children ; but it 
 also leads to a fondness for pets generally, as an incidental 
 manifestation. It gives a softness of manner in treating the 
 feeble and the delicate, even in advanced life ; and persons 
 in whom this organ is large in combination with Benevolence, 
 are better fitted for the duties of a sick-chamber than those 
 in whom Philoprogenitiveness is small. The natural language 
 of the faculty is soft, tender, and endearing. It is essential 
 
 * Queen Victoria is known to have been a loving wife, and to be the excellent but 
 perhaps over-fond mother of many children. 
 
 t Johnson was a bachelor, no lover of children and children, we are sure, would 
 avoid him and is said to have been a woman-hater. Observe his lips and mouth.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 43 
 
 to a successful teacher of children. Individuals in whom the 
 organ is deficient, have little sympathy with the feelings of 
 the youthful mind, and their tones and manner of communi- 
 cating instruction repel, instead of attracting, the affections of 
 the pupil. It is particularly well developed in the negro, who 
 makes an excellent nurse. In selecting a person to take care 
 of children, always, if possible, take one in whom this organ 
 is full or large. 
 
 3. PERVERSION. A perverted manifestation of Parental 
 Love spoils children by excessive indulgence or pampering, 
 or by allowing them to rule, instead of yielding that obedience 
 which is due from offspring to parent. 
 
 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Those who possess the feel- 
 ing of parental love in a high degree, show it in every word 
 and look when children are concerned ; and these, again, by a 
 reciprocal tact, or, as it is expressed by the author of Waverly, 
 
 by a kind of ' free-mason- 
 ry,' discover at once per- 
 sons with whom they may 
 be familiar, and use all 
 manner of freedom. It is 1 ^ <? 
 common, when such an 
 FIG. 31. FEMALE SKULL, individual appear^ among FIG. 32. MALE. 
 them, to see him welcomed with a shout of delight. Other 
 individuals, again, feel the most marked indifference toward 
 children, and are unable to conceal it when betrayed into 
 their company. 
 
 The organ of Parental Love is more prominently developed 
 in the female than in the male head. It is this, in part, that 
 gives its proportionally greater length from the forehead to 
 the occiput in the former. Figs. 31 and 32 indicate this and 
 other differences between the heads of the two sexes. Of 
 course there are exceptions to this general rule. Sometimes 
 the back-head is small in women, and also occasionally very 
 large in man. In these cases it will generally be found that 
 the woman resembles her father and the man his mother. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. To cultivate the organ of Parental Love 
 one should court the society of children, play much with
 
 44 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 them, and try to enter into the spirit of their sports and games, 
 and to sympathize with them in their little joys and griefs, 
 being always tender and indulgent toward them. Those 
 who have no children of their own should, if they have the 
 means to support them, adopt one or more, or provide some 
 suitable pets. The organ is large in Ralph Wells, a teacher. ] 
 6. RESTRAINT. If there be a tendency to idolatrous fond- ( 
 ness or to undue and hurtful indulgence, the restraining influ- ) 
 ence of reason and moral sentiment must be brought to bear. I 
 It should be impressed upon the mind that the good of the ] 
 jehild_ requires the exercise of the parents' authority, and that \ 
 they are responsible for all the evils which come from their j 
 neglect to exercise it. 
 . 
 
 IV. FRIENDSHIP. (3.) 
 
 The soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as 
 hiB own soul. 
 
 LAEGE - 1. LOCATION. The organ of 
 
 Friendship or Adhesiveness is situ- 
 
 NOT SO LARGE. 
 
 FIG. 33. MIXE. N.* FIG. 34. ISAAC T. HECKEB.t 
 
 ated at the posterior edge of the parietal bone (3, fig. 23), 
 just above the lambdoidal suture. It projects at the pos- 
 
 * Mile. N., a young Parisienne, was so tenderly attached to a lady of her own age, 
 that neither marriage nor the solicitations of her mother could induce her to leave her. 
 Her friend died at a time when such an event was least expected, but Mile. N. did not 
 immediately exhibit any marked signs of grief, so that her friends deemed her resigned
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 45 
 
 terior and lateral part of the head, on each side of Inhab- 
 itiveness, and a little higher than Philoprogenitiveness, 
 and when very large produces two annular protuberances 
 there. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. Friendship (Adhesiveness) holds 
 fast, clings, adheres, and is represented by the round muscle 
 which surrounds the mouth and draws together or closes the 
 lips. When this muscle is large and strong it produces 
 slightly converging wrinkles in the red part of the lips, some- 
 times extending slightly into the white part. Small perpen- 
 dicular wrinkles in the red part of the lips indicate a smaller 
 degree of Friendship, but not a deficiency. 
 
 3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. The great activity of this organ 
 disposes persons to embrace and cling to each other; two 
 children in whom it is active will put their arms round each 
 other's necks, and lay their heads together, causing them to 
 approach in the direction of the organ of Adhesiveness, or 
 assuming this attitude as nearly as possible. A dog, when 
 anxious to show his attachment, will rub his head at the seat 
 of this organ on his master's leg. - 
 
 4. FUNCTION. This organ gives the instinctive tendency 
 to attachment and delight in the return of affection. It 
 causes one to seek company, love society, and indulge friendly 
 feelings. Those in whom, it is strong feol an involuntary 
 impulse to embrace and cling to any object which is capable 
 of experiencing fondness. It gives ardor and a firm grasp to 
 the shake with the hand. In boys, it frequently displays 
 itself in attachment to dogs, rabbits, birds, horses, or other 
 animals. In girls, it adds fondness to the embraces bestowed 
 upon the doll. The feelings which it inspires abound in the 
 
 to the loss of her companion. A day or two elapsed after the burial when she was 
 found in her chamber quite dead, having committed suicide. A letter, addressed 
 to her parents, disclosed the state of her mind previous to the fatal act, the substance 
 of which was that she could not survive the loss of her friend. In scanning the con- 
 formation of the back-head of Mile. N., it must be at once seen how very large the 
 region of the social sentiments appears. Mark the great distance from the ear back- 
 ward. It is an extraordinary instance, and the above account furnishes the surprising 
 fact in connection with so great a development. 
 
 t Father Hecker is a Roman Catholic priest of New York, of German and English 
 Btock, noted for learning, talent, energy, and strength of character.
 
 46 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 poetry of Moore. He beautifully describes its effects in the 
 following lines : 
 
 The heart, like a tendril accustomed to cling, 
 Let it grow where it will, can not flourish alone ; ' 
 
 But will lean to the nearest and loveliest thing 
 It can twine with itself and make closely its own. 
 
 5. PERVERSION. Perverted Friendship leads to bad com- 
 pany and the formation of attachments for the unworthy. 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. Friendship may- be cultivated by associ- 
 ating freely with those around us, going much into society, 
 and keeping the heart open to all social influences. One 
 should strive to be as companionable as possible, and not too 
 exclusive and fastidious in regard to associates. 
 
 V. RESTRAINT. Friendship hai'dly needs restraining, but 
 should be kept under the guidance of the intellect and moral 
 sentiments, so as not to be bestowed upon unworthy objects. 
 
 V. INHABITIVENESS. (4.) 
 The Lord forhid it me, that I should give the inheritance of my fathers unto the. ; 
 
 IAEGE. NOT LARGE. 
 
 Fio. 35. RBV. T. O. PAnra.* Fio. 36. REV. G. H. . 
 
 1. LOCATION. Inhabitiveness is located between Parental 
 Love and Continuity, on the back part of the head. Where 
 
 * Mr. Paine is a Swedenborgian preacher, and author of a work well known and 
 esteemed in his church, " Of Restoring the Holy Tabernacle," etc, 
 
 t Mr. Hepworth is a popular and eloquent Unitarian minister of Massachusetts.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 47 
 
 it is large or very large and Continuity moderate, an angle is 
 formed near the union of the lambdoidal sutures, between which 
 and the occipital bone there will be considerable distance. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The function of this organ is to give love 
 of home and country, a desire to have a permanent abode, 
 and attachment to any place where one was born or has 
 lived. The feeling is particularly strong in the Swiss, and in 
 the inhabitants of mountainous countries generally. 
 
 3. CULTIVATION. To increase the activity of this organ, 
 one should make home as attractive as possible, and cultivate 
 a love of it by planting trees, vines and shrubs, and by dwelling 
 on the associations and memories connected with it. Reading 
 the history of one's country, and cherishing a just pride in its 
 greatness and glory, has a tendency to arouse and increase 
 feeling. 
 
 4. RESTRAINT. Where this feeling is very strong and 
 active, absence from home or country often causes a terrible 
 feeling of home-sickness. This excessive local attachment 
 may be weakened by going frequently abroad, reading books 
 of travel, and becoming interested in ibreign countries. 
 
 VI. CONTINUITY. (5.) 
 
 Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called. 
 
 1. LOCATION. Continuity or Concentrativeness is situated 
 next above Inhabitiveness and below Self-Esteem. When 
 large, it gives a general fullness to that region ; and when 
 moderate or small, a marked depression will be perceptible. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The function of Continuity is to give con- 
 nectedness to thought and feeling, and thoroughness in the 
 elaboration of ideas or the working out of the details of any 
 plan. It enables us to keep the other faculties concentrated 
 upon a single object, and to follow a train of thought uninter- 
 ruptedly through all its phases till we reach the legitimate 
 conclusion. It gives unity and completeness to mental 
 operations. 
 
 8. EXCESS. A too strong development of this feeling leads 
 to excessive amplification and tedious prolixity.
 
 48 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Continuity is very largely 
 developed in the German head, and only a little less so in the 
 English, and the people of these nationalities generally stick 
 to one thing one trade or profession through life, and in 
 literature and art produce elaborate and finished works, 
 noted for unity and completeness. The American has in gen- 
 eral but a moderate endowment of the faculty, is correspond- 
 ingly versatile, and often changes his occupation. He is, 
 
 PIG. 37. THOMAS HUGHES.* 
 
 FIG. 38. ELIHU BuKKiTT.t 
 
 perhaps, first a lawyer, then a doctor, and finally a merchant 
 or a farmer possibly all these at once ; and this is one of the 
 greatest defects in the American character, and accounts, in 
 fact, for the superficial nature of much of our literature, and 
 the want of thoroughness in our studies and in our scientific 
 investigations. The defect is increased in those schools where 
 a great many studies are pursued at one time. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. Such an arrangement of work or business 
 as will compel continuous attention to one thing, or a steady 
 adherence to one line of conduct, will tend to increase the 
 activity of the faculty undei consideration, and promote the 
 growth of its organ in the brain. Let it be " one thing at a time." 
 
 * Thomas Hughes, member of the British Parliament, and author of " Tom Brown's 
 School Days," etc., manifests in his works the influence of this oigan. 
 
 t Well known as " the Learned Blacksmith." Observe also his largo Individuality.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 49 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. To restrain the excessive or too influential 
 manifestation of Continuity, one should reverse the directions 
 given in the preceding paragraph, and compel, by some 
 arrangement of occupation, a frequent transfer of the atten- 
 tion from one thing to another. In writing or speaking, 
 where there is a tendency to prolixity, it is well to prescribe 
 to one's self, before commencing, rather narrow limits, and 
 make it a point not to overstep them. 
 
 VII. VITATIVENESS. (E.) 
 All that a man hath will he give for his life. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of this faculty is located just be- 
 hind the ear, below Combativeness, and forward from Amative- 
 ness (fig. 23, E). See also fig. 39. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. It gives a love of 
 existence for its own sake, tenacity 
 of life, dread of death, and resist- 
 ance to disease. 
 
 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 
 There is a remarkable diiference 
 among men in regard not only to 
 the love of life and the dread of 
 death, but to the actual hold upon 
 life. One passes through cholera or 
 yellow fever ; gets shipwrecked, and 
 goes for days without food and 
 lives, while others " give up" and let 
 go of life when they might have held 
 on. Some yield readily to disease, and resign themselves to die 
 with little reluctance, while others struggle with the utmost 
 determination against death, and by the power of the will 
 often recover from a sickness that would quickly prove fatal 
 to another with the same degree of constitution and vital 
 power, but lacking this faculty of resistance to death. This 
 difference is believed, on the evidence of thousands of obser- 
 vations, to be due to the different degrees of development of 
 
 * An American politician and statesman, noted for his independence, persistence, 
 und tenacity as well as for piiybical and mental vigor. 
 
 3 
 
 FIG. 39. THOMAS H. BENTON.*
 
 50 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 a fundamental faculty which we call Vitativeness. It is not 
 recognized by the European writers on Phrenology. 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. The constant contemplation of the pleas- 
 ures and advantages of life, and the formation of plans to 
 secure these pleasures and advantages in the largest possible 
 measure, or to do good by living, will tend to increase the 
 size and influence of this organ. 
 
 5. RESTRAINT. A morbid love of this life should be 'held 
 in check by cultivating faith in God and in a better life to 
 come. Let us cheerfully accept the inevitable. 
 
 VIII. COMBATIVENESS. (6.) 
 Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might. 
 
 1. LOCATION. Combativeness lies behind and above the 
 ears, as shown in the diagram (fig. 23) at 6. To find it on the 
 
 MODERATE. 
 
 Fio. 40. J. II. HOPKINS, D.D.* 
 
 FIG. 41. HORATIO I'OTTEK, D.P.1 
 
 living head, draw a line from the outer angle of the eye to 
 the top of the ear, and thence straight backward from an inch 
 <and a half to an inch and three quarters, and you will be on 
 
 * Dr. Hopkins was for some years Presiding Bishop of the Protesfrmt Episcopal 
 Church of the United States, and was distinguished for energy, industry, and contro- 
 versial ability. 
 
 t Horatio Potter, D.D., is Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New Y<?rk. <md is much 
 beloved and admired by- hia people for intelligence, devotion, mili'UiucM. au<l vn&y 
 o/inimity.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 51 
 
 FIG. 42. 
 
 FIG. 43. 
 
 the place of the organ. On the cranium it corresponds with 
 the inferior posterior angle of the parietal bone, above and a 
 little behind the mastoid process, and when large, gives great 
 breadth to the he?-^. at that point, as shown in fig. 42. Fig. 
 
 43 shows the form of the head 
 
 when this organ is small. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS. In 
 /* connection with the breadth of 
 
 the back part of the side-head at 
 
 the point we have indicated, there 
 may generally be observed a marked enlargement of the neck 
 below, as in Marshall, the English boxer (fig. 44). This sign, 
 when present^ we consider infallible, and as it is not often 
 covered by the hair, is readily seen. 
 
 Prominence of the ridge of the nose is believed to be another 
 sign of Combativeness. It 
 is certainly a well-defined 
 characteristic of most great 
 warriors, pugilists, and 
 other fighters. 
 
 3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. 
 The action of Combative- 
 ness tends to throw the 
 head backward and a little 
 to the side in the direction 
 of the organ, and to give 
 the person the attitude of a 
 boxer. It also, when ex- 
 cited, gives a hard thump- 
 ing sound to the voice, as if 
 each word were a blow. 
 
 4. FUNCTION. Combat- 
 iveness is not primarily a 
 fighting faculty, and might 
 
 have received a better name. Its offiee is to give the will and 
 ability to overcome obstacles, to resist aggression, contend for 
 rights, and to protect person and property. If it be necessai-y 
 to fight for these objects, it gives the pluck to do it. A con- 
 
 FIG. 44. MARSHALL MUBDERER.
 
 52 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 siderable endowment of it is indispensable to all great and 
 magnanimous characters. Even in schemes of chanty, or in 
 plans for the promotion of religion or learning, opposition will 
 arise, and Cornbativeness inspires its possessor with that 
 
 instinctive bold- 
 ness which enables 
 
 the mind to look 
 
 undaunted on a 
 
 contest in virtue's 
 
 cause, and to meet 
 
 it without the least 
 
 FIG. 45. 
 
 shrinking. Were 
 
 FIG. 46. 
 
 the organ very 
 deficient in the promoters of such schemes, they would be 
 liable to be overwhelmed by contending foes, and baffled in 
 all their exertions. 
 
 5. PERVERSION. When too energetic and ill-directed, 
 Cornbativeness produces the worst results. It then inspires 
 with the love of contention for its own sake. In private 
 society it produces the controversial opponent, who will 
 wrangle and contest every point, and, " e'en though van- 
 quished, argue still." When thus energetic and active, and 
 not directed by the Moral Sentiments, it becomes a great 
 disturber of the peace in the domestic circle ; contradiction is 
 
 then a gratification, 
 
 and the hours which 
 
 ought to be dedi- 
 cated to pure and 
 
 peaceful enjoyment 
 
 are imbittered by 
 
 strife. On the great 
 
 field of the world its 
 
 abuses lead to quar- 
 rels, and, when combined with Destructiveness, to bloodshed 
 and devastation. 
 
 6. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. This organ is generally more 
 developed in men than in women, and in male than in female 
 animals. It is constantly found large in military commanders 
 
 FIG. 47. 
 
 FIG. 43.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 53 
 
 and others who have shown remarkable valor and disregard 
 of danger. Napoleon's generals Ney and Murat are ex- 
 amples in point. Look, too, at the skull of General Wurmser 
 (fig. 45), who defended Mantua so obstinately against 
 Napoleon ! See how broad it is from side to side in the region 
 of the organ we are illustrating ! and compare it with that of 
 the Cingalese boy (fig. 46) which 
 we have placed near it. Our own 
 great commanders, Grant, Sher- 
 man, Sheridan, Hancock, and 
 Thomas (fig. 49), are remarkable 
 for this development and for th 
 qualities it indicates. 
 
 The ancient artists seem to have 
 known that there exists some con- 
 nection between this configuration 
 and animal courage, for they have 
 
 given it to the heads of their gladi- 
 
 o o "'^w*^^'" ^sy """^s* 
 
 ators and wrestlers. 
 
 The heads of courageous animals FlG - .-GAI, THOMAS.* 
 bet wren and behind the ears are wide, as in fig. 48, while 
 those of timid and shy ones are narrow at the same place, as 
 Jin fig. 47. 
 
 7. CULTIVATION. To cultivate this organ where deficient, one 
 should rather court than avoid encounters with whatever has 
 a tendency to call out a spirit of defiance, resistance, or oppo- 
 sition ; and should make it a point to engage in debates and 
 mental contests on every suitable occasion. 
 
 8. RESTRAINT. To restrain Combativeness, requires the 
 controlling power of the intellect and the Moral Sentiments, 
 which should be placed as guards over it, to quell at once, 
 before it burst into flame, the rising spirit of anger and con- 
 tention. As precautionary measures, we should avoid excit- 
 ing discussions and conflicts of opinion, as well as scenes and 
 places where temptations to quarrel and fight would be likely 
 to assail us 
 
 * Major-General George II. Thomas is an officer in the United States Army, who 
 greatly distinguished himself during the late civil war.
 
 04 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 IX. DESTRUCTTVENESS. (7.) 
 Be ye angry, and sin not ; let not the sun go down on your wrath. 
 
 1. LOCATION. Destructiveness (7, fig. 23) is situated inv 
 mediately above the ear, and its development gives prominence 
 
 LARG3. NOT LAKUE. 
 
 PIG. 50. LEONARD BACON.* 
 
 FIG. 51. ALBERT BARNES.t 
 
 to the skull at that point, and breadth to the center of the 
 basilar region of the head, as shown ir fig. 52. Fig. 53 shows 
 the form given to the skull by its deficiency. When well 
 
 developed it is easily 
 
 distinguished. 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL 
 
 SIGN, -r- In carnivo- 
 
 rous animals the 
 
 lion, the tiger, and 
 
 the wolf, for instance 
 
 the upper jaw 
 
 YIB. 52. DESTRUCTIVENESS projects forward of 
 LAKGE. ,-, i i_-i 
 
 the lower; while in 
 vegetable eaters the reverse is true, as seen in the sheep, the 
 goat, the co\v, etc. In carnivorous birds, the upper mandible 
 
 * A prominent minister of the Congregationalist denomination in New Haven, 
 Conn., regarded as the champion of his sect in New England. 
 
 t Dr. Barnes, formerly of Western New York, now of Phi ladelphia, is well and widely 
 known as an author, and a* a pulpit orator o/ the Presbyterian denomination. 
 
 . 53. DESTBUCTIVE- 
 NESS SMALL.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 55 
 
 is much longer than the lower, bending over, as in the eagle, 
 the hawk, etc. It is believed that in man analogous physical 
 peculiarities indicate dispositions allied to those of the class 
 of animals to which the resemblance may be traced. Thus 
 an individual, like that represented in fig. 54, in whom the 
 upper jaw projects slightly beyond the lower, will be found 
 to have large Destructiveness and to be particularly fond of 
 animal food ; while fig. 55 represents one who prefers vege- 
 table food, and is adverse to the shedding of blood, Destruc- 
 
 Fre. 54. DESTKUCTIVENESS LARGE. 
 
 FIG. 55. DESTBUCTIVENESS 
 
 tiveness being small. This sign, however, requires the eon 
 firmation of more extensive observations. 
 
 3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. When very active, this propensity 
 produces a quick step, a drawing up of the body to the head, 
 and a stamping or striking downward, also a wriggling of 
 the head, like the motion of a dog in the act of worrying. 
 It gives a dark expression to the countenance, and harsh 
 and discordant tones to the voice. If in a friendly converse 
 with a person in whom the organ is large and Secretiveness 
 small, one happens to touch on some irritating topic, in an 
 instant the softness of Benevolence and the courtesy of Love 
 of Approbation are gone, and the hoarse growl of Destruc- 
 tiveness indicates an approaching storm. 
 
 4. FUNCTION. This is one of the organs given to man for 
 self-preservation. It imparts the energy and executiveness 
 necessary to enable us to overcome obstacles and remove or
 
 56 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 crush whatever is inimical to our welfare ; to tunnel mount- 
 ains, fell trees, blast out rocks, and face the storm. It impels 
 us to destroy in order not to be ourselves destroyed; to 
 endure and to inflict pain, when necessary, as in a surgical 
 operation ; to kill the animals necessary for our subsistence ; 
 and even to take human life in defense of our own lives, our 
 liberties, or our country's safety. 
 
 5. PERVERSION. A delight in destruction, in giving pain 
 for its own sake, in killing through revenge, 
 malice, or a mere thirst for blood, are per- 
 versions of a beneficent faculty. Professor 
 Bruggmans, of Leyden, told Dr. Spurzheim 
 of a Dutch priest whose desire to kill and 
 see killed was so great 
 that he became chaplain 
 of a regiment solely to 
 have an opportunity of 
 seeing men destroyed in 
 battle. 
 
 6. ILLUSTRATIVE EX- 
 AMPLES. Busts of Ca- 
 ligula, Nero, Severus, 
 Charles XII., and Catherine de Medicis present remarkable 
 prominences in the place of this organ. It was large in the 
 ancient Roman head generally, but comparatively small in 
 the Greek. It is large in the heads of most savage nations, 
 and especially so in those of the Caribs. The Hindoos gener< 
 ally have it small. 
 
 All deliberate murderers, in common with carnivorous ani- 
 mals, such as the lion, the tiger, and the wolf, have a large 
 development of Destructiveness. Observe fig. 56 in contrast 
 with fig. 57. It is also larger in men than in women, as indi- 
 cated by the broader heads of the former, and the manifesta- 
 tions correspond. 
 
 7. CULTIVATION. The killing of noxious animals, the extir- 
 pation of weeds, the clearing of forests, the breaking up of the 
 land, hunting, fishing, and so forth, help to exercise and 
 develop Destructiveness. We may also cultivate a whole- 
 
 FIG. 56. BULLDOG. 
 
 FIG. 57. DEEB.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 57 
 
 Borne indignation when wronged, fight against public evils, 
 and exercise our energy in striving to remove or destroy 
 whatever impedes our progress. 
 
 8. RESTRAINT. To restrain Destructiveness, cultivate 
 Benevolence and a mild and forgiving spirit, avoid killing 
 anything if possible, and take but little animal food and no 
 alcoholic liquors. 
 
 X. ALIMENTIVENESS. (8.) 
 
 For one bclieveth that he may eat all things ; another, who is weak, cateth herbs. 
 
 1. LOCATIOX. It is situated, as may be seen by reference to 
 our diagram (fig. 23), immediately in front of the upper part 
 
 FIG. 58. ALEXANDER DTTMAS.* FIG. 59. MR. . 
 
 of the ear (8). In the brain, it occupies the anterioi convolu- 
 tions of the middle lobe, and externally corresponds with the 
 anterior part of the temporal bone. To find it on the living 
 head, take the upward and forward junction of the ear with 
 the head as the starting-point, and draw a line half an inch 
 forward, inclining a little downward, and you will be upon it. 
 It lies nearly parallel with the zygomatic arch, which is often 
 rendered prominent by it, when large, but the distance of the 
 arch from the proper walls of the skull is variable, and it 
 therefore furnishes no certain guide. The temporal muscle 
 also opposes an obstacle to a correct judgment of its degree 
 
 * Well known as a very prolific French novelist of the modern sensational school. 
 
 3*
 
 58 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 of development, but may itself be taken as a, sign of character 
 in relation to this propensity, as it is almost always large in 
 connection with large Alimcntiveness, and its lower part is 
 pushed outward, making it appear as if lying on a pyramidal 
 instead of a vertical-sided cranium. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. In addition to the size and 
 strength of the temporal muscle, and the broadness of the 
 head on and above the zygomatic arch already alluded to, 
 we find accompanying large Alimentiveness a greater or less 
 enlargement of the lower part of the cheeks, as shown in fig. 
 58, sometimes, when excessive, resulting in an overlapping 
 of flabby integument, which gives a gross animal look to the 
 face. Fig. 59 shows these signs small. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. The function of this propensity is to prompt 
 us to select food and to take nourishment. Its action creates 
 the sensations of hunger and thirst, and when unpej-verted, 
 and the stomach in a healthy condition, furnishes a sure guide 
 as to the quality and quantity of food necessary for the pur- 
 poses of nutrition and health. 
 
 4. PERVERSION. Perverted Alimentiveness leads to glut- 
 tony and drunkenness, to the use of condiments, coffee, tea, 
 tobacco, and other unnatural stimulants, such as opium, 
 arsenic, and morphine, and through these to disease, suffering, 
 and premature death. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. To increase the activity of this faculty, 
 when it is weak or dormant, one should make his table and its 
 belongings as attractive as possible, provide the best and 
 jnost finely flavored dishes his means will permit, and then 
 sit down with the determination to er;joy the meal as much 
 as possible. If the inactivity of Alimentiveness result from 
 disease of any kind, its restoration will come with that of 
 health. The latter requires the first attention. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. To restrain this propensity is difficult, and 
 requires the exercise of the higher organs, whose action has a 
 tendency to hold the appetites in check. In addition to this, 
 the temptations of sumptuous tables and rich, highly season- 
 ed food should be avoided. You should " eat to live, rather 
 than live to eat."
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 
 
 59 
 
 XI. BTBATIVENESS. (P.) 
 
 Look not on the wine when it is red. At the last it hiteth like a serpent, and 
 stingeUi like au adder. 
 
 1. LOCATION. This organ is situated in front of Aliment- 
 iveness. It is riot marked on our diagrams. (See fig. 60.) 
 
 2. FUNCTION. It gives a fondness for liquids ; a love of 
 water, and a desire to 
 
 drink, bathe, swim, etc. 
 
 3. PERVERSION. In 
 its perverted action, it 
 leads to excessive drink- 
 ing, unquenchable 
 thirst, and drunkenness. > 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. The r^g 
 practice of bathing, r ^ 
 swimming, boating, 
 and the moderate drink- ' 
 ing of pure water will 
 tend to increase the) 
 action of this faculty. 
 
 5. RESTRAINT. To 
 restrain a too strong 
 appetite for drink, abstain wholly from all beverages except 
 water, and cultivate the higher faculties; a love for literature, 
 art, and nature, or whatever else has a refining and elevating 
 tendency ; and especially seek the help from above which comes 
 only through the awakened and sanctified moral sentiments. 
 
 XII. ACQUISITIVENESS. (9.) 
 
 If any provide not for his own, and especially for those of his own household, he hath 
 denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Acquisitiveness is situated, on 
 the side of the head next above Alimentiveness (9, fig. 23). 
 To find it on the living head, take the middle of the top of 
 the ear as a starting-point, and move the finger directly 
 upward one inch, and then horizontally forward the same 
 
 FIG. CO. WILLIAM COBBETT.* 
 
 * An English writer and politician who spent a portion of his life in America, and 
 was noted for his controversial tastes and abilities.
 
 60 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 distance, and it will rest upon the place of the organ. On the 
 skull, Acquisitiveness corresponds with the anterior inferior 
 angle of the parietal bone. Figs. 63 and 64 show how its' 
 
 FIG. 61. GEORGE PEABODY.* 
 
 FIG. 62. J. D. B. DE Bow.t 
 
 development affects the form of the head as seen in front, 
 giving greater width, when large, to this portion of the brain. 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. Persons noted for their love of 
 gain and ability to acquire property 
 are observed to have, as a general 
 rule, massive noses, and it is believed 
 that thickness of the nose above the 
 wing (fig. 65, a) is the true facial sign 
 of Acquisitiveness. The sign is promi- 
 nent in likenesses of the Rothschilds, Billy Gray, John Jacob 
 Astor, and in the living faces of the men of our day who have 
 made or are making fortunes. The noses of the Jews are 
 
 FIG. 03. 
 
 FIG. fi-L 
 
 * Mr. Pcabody, the American banker, is as well known for his princely munificence 
 as for his immense wealth. 
 
 t The late Mr. De Bow, best known as the editor of De Bow's Review, was a good 
 commercial and statistical writer, and had great taloat for business, but never accumu- 
 lated money.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 61 
 
 generally thick as well as arched, and the arched or hawk 
 nose has, not inaptly, been called the Commercial Nose ; 
 though it is not in the form of the profile, as some have 
 asserted, but in the thickness of the trunk, which almost 
 invariably accompanies it, that the sign of the 
 trading or money-getting propensity resides. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. Acquisitiveness prompts to 
 acquire, to accumulate, to store our surplus, to 
 make provision for the future. It incites the 
 farmer, the mechanic, the manufacturer, the 
 merchant, and the professional man to diligence 
 in their respective callings, and is one of the 
 sources of the comforts and elegances of life. 
 Its regular activity distinguishes civilized man 
 from the savage. The latter is, in general, con-- 
 tent with the satisfying of his present wants, 
 while the former looks thoughfully forward to 
 the possible necessities of the future. Consum- 
 ing but a portion of what he earns, the industrious and 
 prudent citizen contributes to the national wealth, and leaves 
 something behind Irim for the benefit of posterity. The 
 objects of Acquisitiveness may be various in one, money or 
 lands ; in another, books or works of art ; in a third, old coins 
 and other objects of antiquity, the propensity taking its direc- 
 tion from other faculties with which it is combined. 
 
 4. PERVEKSION. Excessively developed, Acquisitiveness 
 engenders a miserly, grasping penuriousness, and an all- 
 absorbing love of gain for its own sake ; and when not con- 
 trolled by the moral sentiments, results in theft and other 
 dishonest means of acquiring the coveted lucre. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. When the organ is small, and there is 
 too little economy, and a tendency to lavish and careless 
 expenditure, some plan, devised by the intellect, must be put 
 into operation to compel, as it were, a more prudent and 
 saving course. Keeping a strict account of expenditures, 
 and especially personal expenses, and looking over and bal- 
 ancing cash accounts frequently, will serve to remind one how 
 the money goes and wherein much of it might readily be
 
 62 HOW TO READ CHAEACTER. 
 
 saved. Making up one's mind to get rich, if there be a strong 
 will to back the resolution, sometimes arouses Acquisitiveness, 
 and finally greatly increases its power. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. The only way to restrain this or other 
 powerful propensities, is by cultivating the higher faculties 
 and sentiments, and bringing their influence to bear upon 
 them, thus keeping them in due subjection. Benevolence, 
 Conscientiousness, Ideality, and the reflective faculties tend 
 to counteract a miserly tendency or a too great love of money. 
 
 * XIII. SECRETIVENESS. (10.) 
 
 He that keepeth his mouth, keepeth his life ; but he that openeth wide his lips shall 
 have destruction. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of this propensity is situated at 
 the inferior edge of the parietal bone (10, fig. 23), immedi- 
 ately above Destructiveness, or in the middle of the lateral 
 
 FIG. 66. F. D. HUNTINGTON, D.D.* FIG. 67. J. C. SMITH, D.D.t 
 
 poi-tion of the brain. When this organ and Destructiveness 
 are both highly developed, there is a general fullness of the 
 lower and middle portion of the side-head, as in the outline, 
 fig. C8. Fig. 69 shows it small. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. The breadth of the wings of 
 
 * Francis D. Iluntington, D.D., formerly of Boston, well known both as an author 
 and as a preacher, is Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Maine. 
 
 t Dr. John Cotton Smith is an eminent leading Protestant Episcopal clergyman of 
 New York.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 63 
 
 the nose next to the face indicates Secretiveness. This is in 
 accordance with the physiological action of this faculty, 
 which tends to shut the mouth and expand 
 
 the nostrils. This 
 
 sign is large in the 
 
 O ~ 
 
 Negro, the Chi- 
 nese, the North 
 American Indian, 
 and in most savage 
 and half-civilized 
 tribes. 
 
 3. NATURAL LAN- 
 GUAGE. Persons 
 who have Secre- 
 
 Fio. 68. SECRETIVENESS LARGE. 
 
 FIG. 69. CLAKA FISHER. 
 
 tiveness large, 
 manifest its natural language in various ways buttoning up 
 the coat to the chin, wearing a high, tight cravat ; or, if a 
 woman, a dress fitting 
 high up on the neck. 
 Those who possess little 
 Secretiveness wear their 
 clothes more loose and 
 open. This propensity, 
 when predominantly ac- 
 tive, produces a close, 
 sly look, admirably ex- 
 emplified in our likeness 
 of Constance Emily 
 Kent, the murderess ; 
 .the eye rolls from side $ s 
 
 to side; the voice is 
 low; the shoulders are 
 drawn up toward the 
 ears, and the footstep 
 is soft and gliding. The movements of the body are toward 
 the side. Sir Walter Scott accurately describes the look 
 
 
 An English murderess, who showed a great deal of cunning.
 
 64: HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 produced by this faculty and Cautiousness in the following 
 lines : 
 
 "For evil seemed that old man's eye, 
 Dark and designing^ fierce yet shy. 
 Still he avoided forward look, 
 But slow and circumspectly took 
 A circling, never-ceasing glance, 
 By doubt and cunning marked at once, 
 Which phot a mischief-boding ray 
 From under eyebrows shagged and gray." 
 
 4. FUNCTION. The Good Book says : " A fool uttereth all 
 his mind, but a wise man keepeth it till afterward." The 
 fool thus characterized has no Secretiveness. 
 
 This faculty gives the wise man his prudence restrains 
 expression till " afterward" till a suitable occasion. It 
 imparts, in fact, an instinctive tendency to conceal, and the 
 legitimate object of it is to restrain the outward expression 
 of our thoughts and emotions, giving the understanding time 
 to pronounce judgment on its propriety. Some instinctive 
 tendency to restrain within the mind itself to conceal, as it 
 were, from the public eye the various emotions and ideas 
 which involuntarily present themselves, was necessary to pre- 
 vent their outward expression ; and nature has provided this 
 power in the faculty of Secretiveness. Those in whom it is 
 deficient are characterized by a lack of tact, great bluntness 
 of manner, and an instantaneous expression of every thought 
 and feeling ; and they seldom suspect any hidden purpose in 
 another. Othello is described by lago as such a person. He 
 says: 
 
 " The Moor is of a free and open nature, 
 That thinks men honest that but seem to be so ; 
 And will as tenderly be led by the nose 
 As asses are !" 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. Where the instinct of concealment is not 
 sufficiently developed, the intellect shou'd, so far as possible, 
 supply the necessary policy. There must also be a constant 
 effort to suppress injudicious out-gushings of feeling. Impulse 
 must be kept in check by Cautiousness and reason. Every- 
 body is not to be trusted. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. To restrain the too influential action of this 
 faculty, a more frank, open, and straightforward manner should
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 65 
 
 be cultivated, and constant effort be made to give hearty 
 expression to thought and feeling. 
 
 XIV. CAUTIOUSNESS. (ll.) 
 A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hidcth himself. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The place of the organ of Cautiousness is on 
 the upper, lateral, and posterior part of the head, and near 
 
 LARGE. MODERATE. 
 
 FIG. 71. JOHN BOWLING, D.D.* 
 
 Fia. 72. REV. J. G. BARTHOLOMEW.! 
 
 the middle of the parietal bone (11, fig. 23). When large, 
 the head is very broad at that point, as in figs. 71 and 73, 
 while a deficiency gives quite another shape to the skull, as 
 in figs. 72 and 74. To find Cautiousness on the living head, 
 take the back part of the ear as 
 the starting-point and draw a 
 perpendicular line upward, and 
 where the head begins to round 
 off to form the top is the location 
 of the organ. 
 
 2. NATURAL LANGUAGE. The 
 action of this faculty raises the head and body and gives the 
 former a rotary motion, as in looking on all sides, whence the 
 
 * Dr. Dowlmg, an Englishman by birth, is pastor of a Baptist Church in New York, 
 and author of a work on the Christian Martyrs. 
 
 t A Universalist preacher in Brooklyn, N. Y., of marked talent, and much respected 
 and esteemed by all who know him. 
 
 FIG. 73.
 
 66 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 French name given to the faculty by Spurzheim Circonspec' 
 tion, to look around one's self. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. It is the function of Cautiousness to give 
 prudence, watchfulness, carefulness, and provision against 
 danger. It is one of the restraining powers of the mind, and 
 prevents the propelling forces of our nature from plunging us 
 into difficulty and danger. Persons having it well developed 
 are habitually on their guard ; they know that it is more diffi- 
 cult to sustain than to acquire reputation, and, consequently, 
 every new undertaking is prosecuted as carefully as the first. 
 They look forward to all possible dangers, and are anxious to 
 anticipate every occurrence ; they ask advice of every one, 
 and often, after having received much counsel, remain unde- 
 cided. They put great faith in the observation, that of a 
 hundred misfortunes which befall us, ninety-nine arise from 
 our own fault. Such persons never break any article; they 
 may pass their lives in pruning trees, or in working with 
 sharp tools, without cutting themselves. 
 
 4. EXCESS AND PERVERSION. When the faculty is too 
 largely developed, with moderate Hope, it produces doubts, 
 irresolution, and wavering, and may lead to absolute in- 
 capacity for any decisive and vigorous action. A great and 
 involuntary activity cf it produces panic a state in which 
 the mind is hurried away by an irresistible emotion of fear, 
 for which no adequate cause exists. 
 
 5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. In armies and other large 
 bodies of men, a panic becomes contagious, and results in the 
 abandonment of everything else in obedience to the one 
 absorbing instinct of self-preservation. A large development 
 of this organ, combined with large Destructiveness, predis- 
 poses to suicide. Dr, Andrew Combe examined a number of 
 suicides in the Morgue (dead-house) of Paris, and found in 
 them Hope generally small, with Cautiousness and Destruc- 
 tiveness large. Cautiousness is larger in the Germans, English, 
 and Scotch than in the Celtic French or Irish. 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. By an intellectual effort, one may arouse 
 Cautiousness into activity and promote its development. The 
 disastrous results of indiscretion, carelessness, rashness, and
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 
 
 recklessness should be kept before the mind, and a r./ore 
 prudent and watchful policy resolved upon. Causality and 
 Firmness should be called to the aid of weak Cautiousness. 
 
 7. RESTRAINT. Causality and Firmness should be brought 
 into action to restrain as well as to encourage this faculty. 
 Reason should tell us that excessive or over-active Cautious- 
 ness inclines us to magnify dangers, and to be irresolute and 
 over-anxious, and we should therefore try to adopt a more 
 bold and decided course of action than mere feeliner would 
 
 O 
 
 suggest. Cornbativeness and Destructiveness may also be 
 made to partially offset this faculty, and promote a more 
 daring spirit. 
 
 XT. APPROBATIVENESS. (12.) 
 Do good, and thou shalt have praise. 
 
 1. LOCATION. Approbativeness is located on the upper 
 and back part of the top side-head, at the point marked 12 in 
 
 MODERATE. 
 
 FIG. 75 R. HANKS, D.D.* FIG. 76. JOHN P. DUBBIN, D.D.t 
 
 the diagram (fig. 23). When large, it produces a remarkable 
 fullness and breadth in the upper and back part of the head. 
 On the skull, it commences about half an inch from the lamb- 
 doidal suture. 
 
 * Dr. Hanks is an impressive and eloquent preacher of the Protestant Methodist 
 denomination. 
 
 t Dr. Durbin is one of the most powevnu and controlling leaders of the Methodist 
 Episcopal denomination in the United States.
 
 68 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. Approbativeness manifests itself 
 in the face by the lifting of the upper lip, sometimes exposing 
 the teeth, as shown in fig. 7V. It is generally largely de- 
 veloped in the French, the Irish, and especially in the Negro. 
 The latter is no less remarkable for his love of praise than for 
 showing his teeth. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. This faculty gives regard for 
 character, desire to excel and be esteemed, love 
 of praise, ambition, affability, and politeness. 
 Mr. Combe calls it " the drill master of society;" 
 and in this capacity it leads to acts of moral 
 tendency, as our ill feelings and selfishness are 
 restrained to please others; but it does not 
 FIG. 77. decide what actions are praiseworthy and what 
 are not, but merely judges these actions in reference to some 
 conventional standard set up by custom or by the dictates of 
 the other faculties, and praises or blames accordingly as they 
 do or do not conform to this standard. 
 
 4. PERVERSION. No faculty is more prone to run into 
 excess than Approbativeness. It leads to self-praise, vanity, 
 and egotism. The diversified forms in which its activity 
 appears" are well exposed in Young's " Love of Fame." 
 
 " The love of praise howe'er conceal' d by art, 
 Reigns, more or less, and plows in every heart : 
 The proud to gain it, toils on toils endure ; 
 The modest shun it, but to make it sure. 
 O'er globes and scepters, now on thrones it swells, 
 Now trims the midnight lamp in college cells ; 
 'Tis Tory, Whig ; it plots, prays, preaches, pleads, 
 Harangues in senates, squeaks in masquerades; 
 It aids the dancer's heel, the writer's head, 
 And heaps the plain with mountains of the dead ; 
 Nor ends with life, but nod? in sable plumes, 
 Adorns our hearse, and flatters on our tombs." 
 
 5. ILLTJSTRATVE EXAMPLES. The French are remarkable 
 for a large development of this organ, while the English are 
 more noted for Self-Esteem. The influence of Approbative- 
 ness shows itself in the manners, institutions, and daily litera- 
 ture of France, in an extraordinary degree. Compliments 
 and praises are the current coin of conversation, and glory
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 69 
 
 the condiment of the feast of life. Americans also generally 
 have the faculty largely developed. 
 
 Approbativeness is generally more active in woman than in 
 man, shown in her greater love for display, fashions, etc., and 
 it has been observed that a greater number of women than 
 of men become insane through excess of this feeling. 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. One who finds himself too careless of 
 reputation and of the opinions of his fellow-men, should strive 
 intellectually to arrive at a true estimate of the real value of 
 public opinion, and of the importance of one's character and 
 standing among men. The cultivation of manners and the 
 strict observance of the etiquette of social intercourse will 
 help to develop the organ of Approbativeness. 
 
 7. RESTRAINT. To restrain Approbativeness, one must 
 cultivate Self-Esteem and Conscientiousness, and, doing what 
 is right, try to not care too much what people say about it. 
 Have less fear of " Mrs. Grundy." Too great sensitiveness 
 to praise and blame must be overcome by allowing reason to 
 show how little either is generally worth, and by recalling to 
 mind how often the feelings have been hurt in the past, when,* 
 as has been afterward seen, there was no real cause. 
 
 XVI. SELF-ESTEEM. (13.) 
 What ye know, the eame do I know also ; I am not inferior unto you. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Self-Esteem is situated at the 
 back part of the top-head (13, fig. 23), where the coronal sur- 
 face begins to decline toward the back-head, and a little 
 above the posterior angle of the parietal bones. When it is 
 large, the head rises far upward and backward from the ear 
 in the direction of it, as in fig. 78. Fig. 79 shows the form of 
 the head when Self-Esteem is small. 
 
 2. NATURAL LANGUAGE. The action of this faculty throws 
 the head back in the direction of its phrenological organ, as 
 shown in fig. 81, and gives a dignified and upright carriage 
 to the body. Fig. 80 shows the attitude induced by a 
 deficiency of the faculty. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. The function of Self-Esteen is to inspire self-
 
 70 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 respect, self-reliance, independence, dignity, magnanimity, 
 pride of character, and an aspiring and ruling disposition. 
 
 MODERATE. 
 
 Fio. 78. GEN. E. KIKBT SMITH.* 
 
 FIG. 79. GEN. RosECRANS.t 
 
 Its due endowment produces only excellent results, and we 
 find that in society, that individual is uniformly treated with 
 most lasting and sincere respect who esteems himself so 
 
 FIG. 80. DEFERENCE. 
 
 FIG. 81. DIGNITY. 
 
 highly as to scorn every mean action. By communicating a 
 feeling of self-respect, it frequently and effectually aids the ( 
 
 * A noted "Confederate' 1 oflicer in the American Civil War. 
 
 t Distinguished in the army of the Union in the American Civil War.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 71 
 
 FIG. 82. PKIDK. 
 
 moral sentiments in resisting temptation to vice. Several 
 individuals in whom the organ is large, have stated to us that 
 they have been restrained from forming improper connections 
 by an overwhelming sense of the degradation which would 
 result from doing so; and that they believed their better 
 principles might have yielded to temptation had it not been 
 for the support afforded to them by 
 the instinctive impulses of Self- 
 Esteem." 
 
 4. PERVERSION. Perverted Self- 
 Esteem manifests itself in insupport- 
 able pride, hauteur, forwardness, 
 superciliousness, imperiousness, and 
 an insatiable love of power. 
 
 5. DEFICIENCY. A predisposition 
 tc excessive humility and a painful 
 lack of self-confidence are the results 
 of deficient Self-Esteem. A person 
 thus constituted has no reliance upon 
 
 himself; if the public or his superiors frown, he is unable to 
 pursue even a virtuous course, through diffidence of his own 
 judgment. Inferior talents, combined with a strong endow- 
 ment of Self-Esteem, are often crowned with far higher sue-. 
 cess than more splendid abilities joined with this sentiment in 
 a feebler degree. 
 
 6. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE. At Heidelberg Dr. Gall saw a 
 girl of eighteen, of a remarkable character. Every word or 
 gesture in the least familiar revolted her. She called on God 
 on every occasion, as if he took a special interest in her affairs. 
 When she spoke, assurance and presumption were painted in 
 her features ; she carried her head high, and a little backward, 
 and all the movements of her head expressed pride. She was 
 not capable of submission ; when in a passion, she was violent, 
 and disposed to proceed to all extremities. Although only 
 the daughter of a quill merchant, she spoke her native lan- 
 guage with extraordinary purity, and communicated with 
 none but persons of a rank superior to her own. 
 
 7. CULTIVATION. By assuming the attitude of Self-KKteem
 
 72 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 and trying to imbibe its spirit at the same time, the faculty 
 may be strengthened and its activity promoted. The too 
 low self-valuation which arises from a deficient development 
 of this faculty, should be corrected by bringing prominently 
 into view the best traits of one's character and reflecting on 
 the exalted nature of those endowments. "I am a man," 
 Black Hawk said to Jackson. " I am a man," or " I am a 
 woman," should be the proud assertion of the too modest 
 reader, who must learn to hold up the head in all company. 
 A correct phrenological delineation of character will do more 
 than anything else to correct false, and especially too low 
 estimates of character. 
 
 8. RESTRAINT. To restrain forwardness, pride, excessive 
 self-confidence, and an overbearing, domineering spirit, culti- 
 vate the moral sentiments, and especially Veneration, seeking 
 in religion that grace which maketh humble like a little child. 
 Correct too high estimates of yourself by the exercise of 
 reason and the help of Phrenology. 
 
 XVII. FIRMNESS. (14.) 
 Be ye steadfast, unmovable ; always abounding in the work of the Lord. 
 
 , 1. LOCATION. The organ of this faculty is situated at the 
 back part of the coronal region (14, fig. 23), on the median 
 line, and between Veneration and Self Esteem. Figs. 85 and 
 86 show how its degree of development affects the form of 
 the skull. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS. The facial sign of Firmness, 
 corresponding with the situation of its phrenological organ, is 
 the perpendicular straightness or convexity and stiffness of 
 the center of the upper lip (fig. 87). To tell a man to "keep 
 a stiff upper lip" is equivalent to telling him to be firm to 
 hold his ground. This faculty has also one of its most strik- 
 ing indications in the size and strength of the cervical 
 vertebrae, or bones of the neck, and in the perpendicularity 
 of the neck itself. 
 
 2. NATURAL LANGUAGE. The action of Firmness throws 
 the head, face, and neck into the line of the phrenological
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS- 73 
 
 organ of the faculty. "When it predominates, it gives a 
 peculiar hardness to the manner and stiffness and uprightness 
 
 MODERATE. 
 
 FIG. 83. F. W. HEDGE, D.D.* 
 
 PIG. 84. W. H. RYDER, D.D.t 
 
 to the gait (the foot being brought down heavily on the heel), 
 and an emphatic tone to the voice. 
 
 4. FUNCTION. Firmness imparts stability of character, 
 tenacity of will, perseverance, and an aversion to change. It 
 seems to have no relation to external things, its influence 
 terminating on the mind itself, and it ad'ds only a quality to 
 the manifestations of the other powers: thus, acting along 
 
 FIG. 85. LAEGE. 
 
 with Combativeness, it produces determined bravery; with 
 Veneration, sustained devotion ; and with Conscientiousness, 
 
 * A Unitarian preacher and an author of reputation. His scholarship is of the high- 
 est order. Noted for determination and strength of will. 
 
 t A Univcrsalibt miuibter of high culture, fervid eloquence, and great kindness of 
 Leurt.
 
 74 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 inflexible integrity. It gives perseverance, however, in acting 
 only on the other faculties which are possessed in an available 
 degree. 
 
 5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Firmness is much larger in 
 some nations than in others. The English have it much 
 more fully developed than the French. The latter, under 
 the influence of large Combativeness and moderate Cautious- 
 ness, make lively and impetuous charges, shouting 
 and cheering as they advance; but if repulsed or 
 steadily resisted, their ardor abates, they become 
 discouraged, and any serious reverse is apt to 
 become a total defeat ; while the English, on the 
 other hand, are less impetuous and dashing, but 
 hold steadily to their purpose, and if repulsed, 
 return undiscouraged to the charge, or, if com- 
 pelled to fall back, obstinately dispute the 
 enemy's advance step by step. Americans of 
 
 the Northern States resemble the English in this respect, 
 though they unite with this persevering steadfastness some 
 of the impetuosity of the French. The men of the South 
 have less Firmness and show less persistency; acting more 
 under the influence of Self-Esteem and Approbativeness, they 
 fight for glory, and refuse to yield through pride rather than 
 from genuine steadfastness. 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. Firmness may be developed by a well- 
 considered and wise assumption of positions which are clearly 
 important to be held. The faculty is then stimulated by 
 Conscientiousness, Self-Esteem, and Approbativeness. One 
 must constantly remember his weakness in this matter, and 
 strive to have a mind of his own, and to overcome difficulties 
 instead of turning a&.'de to avoid them. 
 
 7. RESTRAINT. To restrain Firmness, we must subject it to 
 the influence of reason and the moral sentiments. Listen, at 
 least, to advice, and if good try to profit by it. The needless 
 losses and humiliations to which obstinacy and an unreason- 
 able persistence in a line of conduct proved to be wrong or 
 impracticable has subjected us, should be constantly recalled 
 to mind when we are tempted to be willful or stubborn.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 75 
 
 XVIII. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. (15.) 
 
 TU1 1 die I will not remove mine integrity from me. My righteousness I hold fast, 
 and will not let it go. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Conscientiousness is situated 
 on the posterior and lateral parts of the coronal region (at the 
 point marked 15 in fig. 23), upward from the fore part of 
 
 FIG. 88. THE GOOD BOY. 
 
 FIG. 89. THE BAD DOT. 
 
 Cautiousness and forward from Approbativeness. On the 
 Bkull, its place is on the upper and forward part of the parietal 
 bone, about three inches above the opening of the ear, and 
 about one and a half inches from the middle line of the head. 
 When large, with deficient Firmness, it gives the head the. 
 shape shown in fig. 90. Fig. 91 represents it small. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. Conscientiousness imparts a perception and 
 love of right, an innate sense of accountability, and a dis- 
 position to fulfill promises, 
 speak the truth, and strive for 
 purity and moral excellence. 
 A sense of guilt, repentance, 
 n and desire to reform also arise 
 from its action. It is a regu- 
 lator of all the other faculties. 
 If Combativeness arid Destruc- 
 tiveness be too active, Conscientiousness prescribes a limit 
 to their indulgence ; it permits defense, but no malicious ag- 
 gression ; if Acquisitiveness urge too keenly, it reminds us of 
 
 Fio. 90. 
 
 Fio. 91.
 
 6 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 the rights of others ; if Benevolence tend toward profusion, 
 this faculty issues the admonition, Be just before you are 
 generous ; if Ideality aspire to its high delights, when duty 
 requires laborious exertions in an humble sphere, Conscien- 
 tiousness supplies the curb, and bids the soaring spirit restrain 
 its wing. 
 
 When this faculty is powerful, the individual is disposed 
 to regulate his conduct by the nicest sentiments of justice ; 
 there is an earnestness, integrity, and directness in his manner 
 which inspire us with confidence and give us a conviction of 
 his sincerity. Such an individual desires to act justly from 
 the love of justice, unbiased by fear, interest, or any sinister 
 motive. 
 
 3. DEFICIENCY. Small Conscientiousness leaves the pro- 
 pensities without adequate control. The feeling of justice 
 being wanting, the mind does not furnish reasons to oppose 
 to the influence of the baser inclinations. A deficiency of 
 Conscientiousness in connection with large Secretiveness, 
 especially when the latter is aided by Ideality and Wonder, 
 produces a tendency to magnifying so strong in some cases 
 that the unfortunate victim of a bad organization finds it 
 quite difficult to overcome it. 
 
 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. The sentiment of truth is 
 found by the English judges to be so low in the Africans, the 
 Hindoos, and the aboriginal Americans, that such individuals 
 are not received as witnesses in the colonial courts ; and it is 
 a curious fact, that a defect in the organ of Conscientiousness 
 is a reigning featm'e in- the skulls of these nations. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. A constant effort to keep a sense of right 
 and wrong uppermost in our minds in all our transactions, 
 and to make everything subservient to justice and moral 
 principle, will induce activity and development in the organ, 
 ,^,nd make doing right more and more easy and pleasant. 
 Our motto should be: "Let justice be done though the 
 heavens fall." 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. There is seldom great need to restrain this 
 faculty, but sometimes it makes one in whom it is largely 
 developed and morbidly active censorious, and too exacting
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 77 
 
 and fault-finding in respect to others, and liable to an uncalled- 
 for sense of guilt and unworthiness in regard to himself. 
 These perverted manifestations should be met by cultivating 
 Benevolence, Self-Esteem, and Firmness, and by correcting 
 intellectually the false estimates of sentiment and feeling. 
 
 xix. HOPE. (16.) 
 
 Now the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, that ye may abound 
 in hope. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Hope is situated on the side 
 of the top-head (16, fig. 23), on a perpendicular line drawn 
 
 LAHGB. NOT SO LABGB. 
 
 PIG. 92. BESSIE INGLIS.* FIG. 93. EDWARD THOMSON, D.D.t 
 
 upward from the front part of the ear, and between Marvel- 
 ousness and Conscientiousness. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. Hope elevates the center of 
 the eyebrow, opens the eyes wide, and turns them upward. 
 It gives an open and pleasant expression to the whole 
 countenance. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. In persons with large Hope, "the wish is 
 father to the thought." With large Approbativeness, they 
 expect to rise to distinction ; with large Acquisitiveness, they 
 think they shall become rich. "The sentiment of Hope," 
 
 * An English authoress and a very popular public reader. 
 
 t A Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, eminent as a writer and a preache*.
 
 78 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 Spurzheim truly says, " is indeed necessary to the happiness 
 of mankind in almost every situation. It often produces 
 more satisfaction than even the success of our projects. Its 
 activity, however, varies greatly in different individuals ; 
 while some easily despair, others are always elated and find 
 everything for the best ; constant hope sustains them in the 
 midst of difficulties; the first plan for accomplishing any 
 object having failed, only stimulates them to form new ones, 
 which they confidently expect will succeed. Those who are 
 everlastingly scheming, or building castles in the air, possess 
 this faculty in a high degree. It seems to induce a belief in 
 the possibility of whatever the other faculties desire, without 
 producing conviction ; for this results from reflection." 
 
 This sentiment is not confined to the business of this life, 
 but, passing the limits of the present existence, inspires ex- 
 pectations of a future state, and a belief, hope, and trust in 
 the immortality of the soul. 
 
 4. EXCESS AND DEFICIENCY. Hope, like any other faculty, 
 may be too strong or too weak. In the former case it induces 
 us to expect things which are unreasonable, not founded on 
 probability, or altogether impossible. When too feeble, on 
 the contrary, especially if Cautiousness be large, it is apt to 
 produce lowness of spirits, melancholy, and even despair. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. Lively youthful society, and the com- 
 panionship of those who are cheerful and buoyant, has a 
 tendency to promote Hope and develop the organ in those 
 who are naturally too easily discouraged and apt to look on 
 the dark side. Such ones should remember, too, that " every 
 cloud has a silver lining," and that though " grief may endure 
 for a night," "joy cometh with the morning." Nil desperanr 
 dum never despair. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. To hold in check excessive expectation, 
 cool judgment must be kept always on guard to correct the 
 over-estimates of this sentiment. In business, persons in 
 whom Hope is too large or active, should adopt and strictly 
 adhere to the cash principle, both in buying and in selling, as 
 there is always a great liability to buy too much, and sell 
 without sufficient security for the payment.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 79 
 
 XX. SPIRITUALITY. (17.) 
 We through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Spirituality (17, fig. 23) i 
 situated immediately above Ideality, in the lateral parts of 
 the anterior region of the top-head. 
 
 LAKGE. NOT LAEGE. 
 
 FIG. 94. P. N. LYNCH, D.D.* FIG. 95. H. W. BELLOWS, D.D.t 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. Large and active Spirituality 
 gives a singularly elevated expression 
 of countenance. The eyelids are 
 lifted and the eyes often turned ob- 
 liquely upward. When the excite- 
 ment of the organ results in the feeling 
 of wonder, the expression becomes 
 like that of fig. 96. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. The function of this 
 organ is to give a perception of 
 \spiritual things, faith in the unseen, 
 and an intuitive knowledge of what 
 is true and good, with a prophetic 
 insight and an internal consciousness 
 of immortality and a supersenuous existence. 
 
 4. PERVERSION. Perverted Spirituality leads to snper- 
 
 * Dr. Lynch, Roman Catholic Bishop of Charleston, S. C., holds a high position in 
 bis church. He is noted for his learning, kindness of heart, and epiritual-mindedness. 
 t Dr. Bellows is a distinguished Unitarian minister of New York. 
 
 FIG. 96. WONDER.
 
 80 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 stition, fear of ghosts, credulity, and excessive love of the 
 wonderful. There are many disposed to believe in dreams, 
 sorcery, amulets, magic, astrology, in the mystic influence of 
 spirits and angels, in the power of the devil, in second-sight, 
 and in miracles and incomprehensible representations of all 
 sorts. Some also are disposed to have visions, and to see 
 ghosts, demons, and phantoms. This sentiment gains credence 
 to the true and also to the false prophet, aids superstition, 
 but is also essential to the belief in the doctrines of refined 
 religion. It is more or less active, not only in different in- 
 dividuals, but also in whole nations ; its functions are often 
 disordered, constituting one form of insanity called demono- 
 mania. 
 
 5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. A gentleman who moved in 
 the best society in Paris asked Dr. Gall to examine his head. 
 The doctor's first remark was, "You sometimes* see visions, 
 and believe in apparitions." The gentleman started from his 
 chair in astonishment, and said that he had frequent visions ; 
 but that never, up to this moment, had he spoken on the sub- 
 ject to any human being, through fear of being set down as 
 absurdly credulous. 
 
 Spirituality was largely developed in Joan of Arc, Cromwell, 
 Tasso, Swedenborg, Stilling, Wesley, Burns, Scott, Hawthorne, 
 and Laura Bridgeman, and correct portraits of them show a 
 marked fullness in the region assigned to its organ. 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. To cultivate this faculty, the attention 
 should be frequently directed to that class of subjects upon 
 which it is legitimately exercised the Deity, a future exist- 
 ence, intuitive perceptions, premonitions, etc. Meditations 
 on divine things, the reading of religious works, and attend- 
 ance upon religious meetings will aid in its development, if 
 right use be made of such opportunities. The mind should 
 be kept open to the intuitive perception of truth, and all super* 
 sensual impressions and premonitions be heeded. 
 
 7. RESTRAINT. When it becomes necessary to hold in 
 check the too active manifestations of Spirituality, the 
 restraining organs of Cautiousness, Self-Esteem, and Firmness 
 must be called to the support of reason, and the mind with-
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 81 
 
 drawn from the constant contemplation of the spiritual and 
 fixed upon the real, tangible things of this life. Strict atten- 
 tion to practical matters, and a resolute performance of the 
 common duties of life will help to give a healthy tone to the 
 mind. 
 
 XXI. VENERATION. (18.) 
 
 Humhle yourselves in the eight of the Lord, and he shall lift you up. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Veneration is situated in the 
 middle of the coronal region (18, fig. 23), between Benevo- 
 lence and Firmness. Fig. 99 shows it large, and fig. 100 smalL 
 
 FIG. 07. DR. PUSEY.* 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. Sir Charles Bell says, " When 
 rapt in devotion- 
 al feelings, when 
 all outward im- 
 pressions are \m- 
 ^ heeded, the eyes 
 are raised by an 
 action neither 
 taught' nor acquired. Instinctively we bow the body and 
 
 * Rev. Edward B. Pusey, D.D., is a distinguished "high church" Episcopalian 
 clergyman, noted as a leader of the ritualistic party in the English Church, 
 t An English naturalist, in whom Veneration is somewhat wanting. 
 
 4* 
 
 FIG. 99. LAEGE. 
 
 FIG. 100.
 
 82 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 raise the eyes in prayer, as though the visible heavens were 
 the seat of God. In the language of the poet 
 
 Prayer i? the upward glancing of the eye, 
 When none but God is near. 
 
 *I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills,' the Psalmist says, 
 ' from whence cometh my help.' " 
 
 3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. The natural language of this 
 faculty carries the head upward in the direction of the organ. 
 The voice is soft, subdued, reposing, and adoring. The 
 greatest diiference is perceptible in the tones and manner of 
 prayer of clergymen in whom the organ is large, compared 
 with those in whom it is small; there is a soft breathing 
 fervor of devotion in the former, and a cold reasoning formal- 
 ity in the latter. One reaches the head, the other touches 
 the heart. 
 
 ' 4. FUNCTION. The faculty of Veneration produces rever- 
 ence in general, and especially for religion and things sacred ; 
 adoration of a Supreme Being; a disposition to pray and 
 observe religious rites and respect for whatever is perceived 
 to be great and good. It is the source of natural religion, 
 and of that tendency to worship a superior Power which 
 manifests itself in all well-organized men. The faculty, how- 
 ever, produces merely an emotion, and does not form ideas 
 of the object to which adoration should be directed. 
 
 5. PERVERSION. This faculty, when unenlightened, may 
 lead to every kind of religious absurdity, as worshiping beasts 
 and stocks and stones. Many African negroes, American 
 Indians, and even Hindoos, have but a moderate intellectual 
 development compared with Europeans, and their superstitions 
 are more gross. Socrates did not assent to the popular 
 religious errors of the Greeks, and in the ancient busts of him 
 he is represented with a splendid forehead. Veneration is 
 large also in negroes, who are prone to superstition. 
 
 Nothing is more common in the hospitals for the insane, 
 says Pinel, than cases of alienation produced by devotional 
 feelings excessively exalted, by conscientious scruples carried 
 to prejudicial excesses, or by religious terror. As this kind 
 ef insanity, Dr. Gall says, is often present without derange-
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTION*. 83 
 
 ment of the other faculties, physicians ought to have inferred 
 that it is connected with disease of a particular part of the 
 brain. 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. Attendance on religious worship, daily 
 family devotions, and association with persons religiously dis- 
 posed, and especially those whose character is such as to 
 command great respect, will do much to develop reverential 
 feelings. Respect to all superiors should l>e cultivated, and 
 the mind often led to the contemplation of the greatness and 
 goodness of God. 
 
 7. RESTRAINT. In those rare cases where there is danger 
 of this sentiment running into the forms of fanaticism and 
 religious monomania, measures should be taken to withdraw 
 the mind from the constant contemplation of subjects on 
 which the mind is warped, and to counteract the perverted 
 tendency by enlisting interest in worldly matters and by the 
 exercise of the reasoning faculties in relation to it. It should 
 be remembered, in such cases, that worship is not the only 
 business of life, but that while on the earth we have duties 
 connected with the earth to perform, and which we are not 
 at liberty to neglect. A balanced mind is the best. 
 
 XXII. BENEVOLENCE. (19.) 
 Be ye kind one to another, tender-hearted, forgiving one another. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Benevolence is situated in the 
 middle of the fore part of the top-head. Its location is marked 
 with its proper number (19) in our diagram (fig. 23). On the 
 skull, its place is just forward of the fontanel, or what is com- 
 monly called the opening of the head. The fontanel is at the 
 meeting of the coronal and sagittal sutures. In the young 
 child it is cartilaginous ; but from the time of birth it begins 
 to contract, and is generally completely ossified and closed 
 between the second and thii'd years. When large, it gives 
 great elevation to the fore part of the top-head, as represented 
 in fig. 103. Fig. 104 shows it small. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. The action of the muscular 
 fibers, which, passing down from the middle of the forehead
 
 84: 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 over the phrenological organ of the faculty, are inserted near 
 the root of the nose, elevates the inner extremities of the 
 
 FIG. 101. S. H. WESTON, D.D.* 
 
 FIG. 102. CHARLES 
 
 brows, sometimes causing, when strong, short hoi'izontai 
 wrinkles in the center of the forehead, and indicates active 
 Benevolence kindness translated into deeds. Persons with 
 this sign well developed will be found not merely sympathetic, 
 but ready to take hold and help those in need of assistance. 
 Men have more of this working Benevolence than 
 
 O 
 
 women, and it is proper they should have, as their 
 
 I power to help is greater; but 
 
 women are more sympathetic and 
 
 more readily touched by pity. 
 3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. It 
 
 should be observed, also, that the 
 
 activity of this faculty relaxes the 
 features and gives an open, genial, benignant, and pleasing 
 expression to the whole countenance. See the contrast in 
 
 * Dr. Wcston is an Episcopal clergyman of New York, noted for his kind and sym- 
 pathetic disposition. 
 
 t Mr. Fleming is thus described by the author of "The Autobiography of a Phre- 
 nologist :" "I can truly say that he was one of the worst characters I ever knew, and 
 ignorant to a degree that perfectly amazed me. He had a small head, which swelled 
 out above and behind the ears. His forehead was 'villainously low,' and retreating, 
 and the vertex of the head was very high, but rapidly declined toward the forehead, 
 and also sloped downward toward the parietal bones. His harshness and cruelty 
 ilmost exceeded belief." He would not " spare the rod," but use it freely. 
 
 FIG. 103. 
 
 FIG. 104.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 85 
 
 this respect, between the liberal, generous man and the 
 pinched-up miser (figs. 105 and 106). 
 
 4. FUNCTION. St. Paul gives a beautiful description of the 
 genuine character of this sentiment in his account of Christian 
 charity: "Charity," he says, "suffereth long and is kind; 
 charity envieth not ; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed 
 up," etc. Christ also illustrates it in the parable of the good 
 Samaritan. It gives kindness, sympathy, a desire to make 
 
 others happy, and a 
 self-sacrificing disposi- 
 tion. It produces liber- 
 ality of sentiment to- 
 ward all mankind, a 
 I disposition to love 
 i them, and to dwell on 
 their virtues rather 
 
 FIG. 105.-A MISEB. than their Vices " A FIG. 106.-ALIBEKAI. 
 
 person in whom this 
 
 feeling is strong, rarely complains of the ingratitude or heart- 
 lessoess of others. His goodness provides its own reward. 
 
 5. PERVERSION. This sentiment, beautiful as it is in its 
 proper action, is, like all others, liable to perversion and 
 abuse. It requires to be directed by Conscientiousness and 
 intellect and restrained by Firmness and Cautiousness, other- 
 wise it produces abuses. Some men, for instance, give 
 with an inconsiderate prodigality, which, while it soon 
 deprives them of the means to exercise their Benevolence in 
 that way, also fails to effect the degree of good that the same 
 means judiciously applied might have accomplished. That 
 individual is best fitted to mature wise plans of charity who 
 has a large endowment of this sentiment combined with 
 powerful intellectual faculties and a good degree of Cautious, 
 ness and Firmness. 
 
 6. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Murderers generally have the 
 forehead "villainously low" in the region of Benevolence. 
 Caligula, Caracalla, Nero, Catherine de Medicis, Danton, 
 Robespierre, and all individuals and tribes of men remarkable 
 for cruelty, as the Caribs, the North American Indians, etc.,
 
 86 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 are remarkable &r the same characteristic. Foreheads re- 
 markably lofty in the region assigned to the organ of Benevo- 
 lence are, on the contrary, among the leading traits of persons 
 distinguished for their benevolent feelings. Trajan, Marcus 
 Aurelius, Henri Quatre, Father Mathew, Oberlin, Jeannin,' 
 Malesherbes, Beecher, and Howard may be referred to as 
 illustrating this development. 
 
 7. CULTIVATION. One in whom this sentiment is not suf- 
 ficiently strong, should read and reflect upon the life of Christ, 
 and of such men as Oberlin and Howard, and try to appreciate 
 their self-sacrificing goodness. They should also strive to be 
 less selfish and accustom themselves to deeds of active benevo- 
 lence, giving according to their means as opportunity shall 
 offer. The world is not so full of r selfishness as such persons 
 are apt to think, and they will find that those who are least 
 selfish are most happy. 
 
 8. RESTRAINT. There is no necessity, in general, to restrain 
 this sentiment, but it needs the guidance of sound judgment, 
 and should be subservient to Conscientiousness. "Be just 
 before you are generous." But we may be both. 
 
 XXIII. CONSTEUCTIVENESS. (20.) 
 
 
 
 Skillful to work in gold, in silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber; in 
 purple, in blue, in fine linen, and in crimson ; also to grave any manner of graving. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Constructiveness (20, fig. 23) 
 is situated just forward of Acquisitiveness, the location of 
 which has been already described. On the skull, its place is 
 at the inferior and outer parts of the frontal bone immediately 
 above the spheno-temporal sutures, and behind and above 
 the outer angle of the orbit. Its development gives breadth 
 to the head above the zygomatic arch. Fig. 109 shows it 
 large, and fig. 110 small. "If the base of the brain be nar- 
 row, this organ," Mr. Combe says, " holds a situation a little 
 higher than usual, and there will then frequently be found a 
 slight depression at the external angle of the eye, between 
 the zygomatic process and the organ in question." 
 
 2. FUNCTION. By its means birds build nests, rabbits bur- 
 row, the beaver makes its hut, and man constructs whatever
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 87 
 
 his necessities, his comfort, his tastes, or his higher sentiments 
 require, from the hovel and the tent to the palace and the 
 temple. "It invents and produces fortifications, ships, the 
 
 NOT SO LARGE. 
 
 FIG. 107. JOHN SCOTT, D.D.* FIG. 108. GEO, W. EATON, D.D., LL.D.t 
 
 engines of war, the implements of manufactures, instruments 
 of all kinds, furniture, clothes, and toys ; it is essential not 
 only in every mechanical profession, but in all employments 
 that in any way require manual nicety, as the arts of drawing, 
 engraving, writing, carving, and sculpture. 
 
 3. PERVERSION. Large Constructiveness not sufficiently 
 controlled and guided by the higher intellectual faculties, 
 sometimes leads to great waste of time and labor in attempts 
 to invent perpetual motions or 
 other impossible machines; with 
 deficient Conscientiousness, it may 
 employ itself in making counterfeit 
 money, false keys, and other dis- 
 honest contrivances. 
 
 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 
 The organ of this faculty is seen to be largely developed in 
 busts and portraits of Michael Angelo, Canova, Brunei, 
 Whitney, Fulton, Franklin, Watt, Smeaton, Stephenson, 
 
 * A leading minister of the Pittsbnrg Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 and editor of the Methodist Recorder. 
 
 t Ex-President of Madison University, New York, and a Baptist minister of great 
 earnestness and piety. 
 
 FIG. 109. 
 
 FIG. 110.
 
 88 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 Howe, Morse, and artists, inventors, and builders. It is 
 generally large in French, Italian, and American heads and 
 fairly so in the English. 
 
 IN THE ANIMALS. Among the lower animals, it is clear 
 that the ability to construct is not in proportion to the 
 genei'al intelligence ; for the elephant, the dog, and the horse, 
 though in sagacity approaching very closely to the more 
 imperfect specimens of the human race, never attempt to con- 
 struct anything, while the bee, the beaver, and the swallow, 
 with far less general intelligence, rival the productions of 
 their superiors. Their skulls make plain the reason why. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. The constant use of tools, however awk- 
 wardly at first, the study of the mechanic arts, writing, 
 drawing, etc., will exercise this organ and promote its 
 development. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. To restrain this faculty is not often neces- 
 sary. If its action should lead to the pursuit of mechanical 
 chimeras, or to become a mania, it must be kept within due 
 bounds by the exercise of the judgment, or, if necessary, 
 mechanical pursuits should be abandoned and some calling 
 adopted which will bring other faculties more prominently 
 into action. 
 
 XXIV. IDEALITY. (21.) 
 
 O Tyrus, thou hast said, I am of perfect beauty, thy borders are in the midst of the 
 sea, thy builders have perfected thy beauty. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Ideality is situated nearly 
 along the temporal ridge of the frontal bone (21, fig. 23), 
 between Mirthfulness and Sublimity, and directly above Con- 
 structiveness. It is here that the last fibers of the temporal 
 muscle are inserted. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. This faculty produces a perception and love 
 of the beautiful, good taste, refinement, sense of propriety, 
 and appreciation of art and poetry. It desires to elevate and 
 endow with a splendid excellence every object presented to 
 the mind. It stimulates the faculties which form ideas to 
 create scenes in which every object is invested with the per- 
 fection which it delights to contemplate. It is particularly
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 
 
 valuable to man as a progressive being. It inspires him with 
 a ceaseless love of improvement, and prompts him to form and 
 realize splendid conceptions. When predominant, it gives a 
 manner of feeling and of thinking befitting the regions of 
 fancy rather than the abodes of men. Hence those only on 
 
 NOT LABGE. 
 
 FIG. 111. A. C. Cox, D.D.* 
 
 FIG. 112. BAENAS SEARS, D.D.t 
 
 whom it is largely bestowed can possibly be poets ; and 
 hence the proverb, " Poeta nascitur, non fit" 
 
 3. DEFICIENCY. There are persons who can perceive no 
 excellence in poetry, painting, or sculpture, and 1 who value 
 nothing merely for its beauty. Such persons declaim against 
 ornament in dress, furniture, architecture, etc., and deem the 
 solid and the useful (in its restricted sense) as alone worthy 
 of the attention of rational, immortal beings. For such per- 
 sons the varied loveliness of hill and dale, of sun and shade, 
 of bird and flower is displayed in vain. Wordsworth speaks 
 of one of this sort when he says 
 
 A primrose by a river's brim, 
 A yellow primrose was to him, 
 And it was nothing more. 
 
 4. PERVERSION. When permitted to take tha ascendency 
 
 * Arthur Cleveland Cox, D.D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Western New York, 
 is distinguished both as a preacher and as a poet. He is considered as the mouth- 
 piece of High Church Episcopalianism in this country. 
 
 t Dr. Sears has an enviable reputation as a scholar and an author, as well as in the 
 sphere of clerical duty and philanthropic effort. Ho is now general agent of tha 
 Peabody Southern Educational Fund.
 
 90 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 over the other powers, and to seek its own gratification to the 
 neglect of the serious duties of life, or when cultivated to so 
 great an excess as to produce a finical and sickly refinement, 
 fastidiousness, and distaste for every-day life, it becomes a 
 source of great evils. 
 
 5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. If we pass in review the por- 
 traits and busts of the poets of all ages, we shall find the con- 
 figuration of head produced by large Ideality common to 
 them all; as in Pindar, Euripides, Sophocles, Heraclides, 
 Plautus, Terence, Virgil, Tibullus, Ovid, Horace, Juvenal, 
 Boccacio, Ariosto, Aretin, Tasso, Milton, Boileau, J. B. 
 Rousseau, Pope, Young, Gorsset, Voltaire, Goethe, Klopstock, 
 Wieland, Richter, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Bryant, Long" 
 fellow, etc. Dr. Bailly, in a letter, dated Rome, 30th May, 
 1822, addressed to Dr. Brayer, says : " You may tell Dr. Gall 
 that I have a mask of Tasso, taken from nature, and that 
 although part of the organ of poetry be cut off, nevertheless the 
 lateral breadth of the cranium in this direction is enormous." 
 
 Shakspeare illustrates the poetical manifestation of Ideality, 
 in connection with Sublimity, in the following lines : 
 
 " I have bedimmed 
 
 The noon-tide sun, call'd forth the mutinous winds, 
 And 'tween the green sea and the azured vault 
 Set roaring war ; to the dread rattling thunder 
 Have I giv'n fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak 
 With his own bolt ; the strong based promontory 
 Have I made shake, and by the spurs pluck'd up 
 The pine and cedar." 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. One who desires to cultivate this faculty 
 should, in the first place, carefully avoid all low and vulgar 
 habits, associates, and surroundings, and make it a point to 
 keep good company, be scrupulously neat, and as tasteful as he 
 knows how in dress, surround himself, if possible, with works 
 of art, and practice the best style in conversation and manners. 
 He should as an additional means study poetry, art, and 
 general literature, and try to appreciate beauty in all its forms. 
 
 7. RESTRAINT. Perfection is not one of the qualities of 
 earthly things, and the fastidious and too imaginative must 
 try to realize that air castles and ideal men and women are 
 rather out of place in a rough practical world like this.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS- 91 
 
 XXV. SUBLIMITY. (B.) 
 
 His pavilion round about him were dark waters and thick clouds of the skies ; tha 
 Lord also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voice. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Sublimity is situated on the 
 side-head, directly above Acquisitiveness (B, fig. 23), and 
 behind Ideality. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The function of Sublimity is to give percep- 
 tion of the grand and sublime in nature, art, and literature 
 to enable us to appreciate mountain scenery, the vastness of 
 the ocean, the grandeur of a thunder-storm, the roar of artil- 
 lery, the clash of armies, etc., or descriptions and pictures of 
 such scenes. It is also an element in religious faith, and 
 assists our conceptions of 
 
 God and immortality. It 
 co-operates with Ideality in 
 the artist and the poet, and 
 with Veneration aud Spirit- 
 uality in the religious wor- 
 shiper. 
 
 Sublimity is not recog- 
 nized by the European phre- 
 nologists, generally, as a 
 distinct faculty, but we 
 believe it to be so, and con- Fl0 ' 113 - 
 
 sider its functions determined and its organ fully established. 
 
 3. CULTIVATION. The contemplation of mountain scenery, 
 the storm-tossed ocean, the roaring cataract, the fiery volcano, 
 the reverberating thunder, and whatever else is grand, stu- 
 pendous, or sublime, will call out this faculty and aid in the 
 development of its organ; as will thoughts of the infinite 
 and eternal, and of God the author of all. 
 
 4. RESTRAINT. To restrain Sublimity is not often necessary, 
 unless a perverted manifestation result in extravagance and 
 bombast, which must be held in check by Ideality, Order, 
 and the reflective faculties. 
 
 * The well-known American poet, author of " Thanatopsis" and other poems.
 
 92 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 XXVI. IMITATION. (22.) 
 
 Follow not that which is evil, but that which is good. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Imitation is situated on the 
 side of the top-head, between Ideality and Benevolence. 
 
 FIG. 114. KEV. DANIEL 
 
 FlO. 115. EOBEHT COLLTEK, D.D.t 
 
 When it is large, and Benevolence is only moderate, the 
 anterior part of the top-head is nearly level ; with Imitation 
 and Benevolence both large, we have the handsomely curved 
 outline shown in fig. 116; and when Benevolence is large and 
 Imitation small, the form is like that represented in fig. 117. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. This faculty gives one an aptitude to copy, 
 take pattern, mimic, imitate anything 
 
 seen or heard to be- 
 come, for the time 
 being, somebody else 
 rather than our own 
 proper self. It is es- 
 sential to actors, ora- 
 tors, painters, sculptors, designers. If it be not well developed 
 in them, their representations will be imperfect. 
 
 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. It is told of Garrick, the 
 
 * A Universalist clergyman of ability, benevolence, and high moral worth. An 
 effective preacher. 
 
 t A Unitarian minister, noted for his fervid oratory, great kindness, active benevo- 
 lence, and practical common sense. 
 
 FIG. 116. 
 
 FIG. 117.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 93 
 
 great actor, that he possessed such an extraordinary talent 
 for mimicry, that, at the court of Louis XV., having seen for 
 a moment the king, the Duke d'Aumont, the Duke d'Orleans, 
 Messrs. d'Aumont, Brissac, and Richelieu, Prince Soubise, 
 and others, he carried off the manner of each of them in his 
 recollection. He invited to supper some friends who had 
 accompanied him to court, and said, " I have seen the court 
 only for an instant, but I shall show you the correctness of 
 my powers of observation and the extent of my memory;" 
 and placing his friends in two files, he retired from the room, 
 and, on his immediately returning, his friends exclaimed, 
 " Ah ! here is the king, Louis XV., to the life !" He imitated 
 in succession all the other personages of the court, who were 
 instantly recognized. He imitated not only their walk, gait, 
 and figui'e, but also the expression of their countenances. 
 
 In children, Imitation is more active than in adults/ Young 
 persons are very apt to copy the behavior of those with whom 
 they associate ; and hence the necessity of setting a good 
 example before them, even from the earliest years. 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. Writing from copy, drawing, making 
 patterns and models, attending dramatic exhibitions, taking 
 part in private theatricals, and trying (on suitable occasions, 
 of course) to mimic our friends and others we meet, will give 
 exercise and development to this organ. 
 
 5. RESTRAINT. A too strong tendency to mimic, copy, or 
 plagiarize must be held in check by the exercise of Firmness, 
 and the avoidance, so far as possible, of servile imitation of 
 all sorts. 
 
 XXVH. MIRTHFULNESS. (23.) 
 A merry heart doeth good like a medicine 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Mirthfulness is situated on the 
 side of the upper part of the forehead (23, fig. 23), between 
 Causality and Ideality. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS. Mirthfulness shows itself on 
 the face in a graceful turning upward of the corners of the 
 mouth, as in fig. 120. The reader will need to make but a 
 few careful observations to be convinced (if, indeed, any one
 
 94 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 doubts it) that there is the relation of cause and effect between 
 a disposition to make and enjoy "fun" and the upward curv- 
 
 FIG. 118. ARTEMUS WARD.* PIG. 119. KANOSH, AN INDIAN CHIEF. 
 
 ing of the corners of the mouth. See portraits of Cervantes, 
 Rabelais, Sterne, Piron, Neal, and others noted for their large 
 development of Mirthfulness. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. The function of Mirthfulness is to enjoy 
 sport and gayety, and appreciate the 
 witty, the ludicrous, the droll, the comic- 
 al, the incongruous, and the eccentric; 
 and we take pleasure in saying that it 
 is one of the distinguishing character- 
 istics of man. It is not permitted to 
 the lower animals to laugh or compre- 
 hend the causes of laughter. 
 
 4. ILLUSTKATVE EXAMPLK. Some- 
 times Benevolence is exercised in con- 
 junction with Mirthfulness; sometimes 
 Benevolence and Ideality join with 
 Mirthfulness; sometimes Approbativeness; sometimes Secre- 
 tiveness and Amativeness; sometimes all together, as when the 
 
 * Mr. Charles F. Browne, better known as " Artemus Ward," was one of the most 
 noted of American humorists. Mirthfulness is seen to l>e very-well developed. The 
 contrast between his head and that of the ludiau Chief is very striking. 
 
 Fio. 120. NEW HOLLAND 
 WOMAN.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 95 
 
 Irish hod-carrier rescued the lady's parasol which was being 
 blown away, and handing it to her said, " Och, if you were 
 half as strong as you are handsome, it never would have got 
 away from you." She replied, " I do not know which most 
 to thank you for, your kindness or your compliment." He 
 responded, " Niver mind ; a single glance at your beautiful 
 bright eyes pays me for both," and he again bent himself to 
 his work. The wit of this consists in embracing an oppor- 
 tunity to say a brilliant, pleasant thing without being rude, 
 and we admire it more than we laugh at it. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. The facetious aspects of things and sub- 
 jects should be contemplated, and the idea that dignity and 
 self-respect require perpetual seriousness must be resolutely 
 combated. The company of mirthful people should be 
 sought, for nothing is more contagious than genuine jollity. 
 There is a time to laugh as well as a time to weep, and 
 laughter is promotive of health and longevity. The injunc- 
 tion to " laugh and grow fat ! " is not without a physiological 
 reason, nor is the Shaksperian adage, that " a light heart lives- 
 long," a mere poetical flourish. 
 
 " Jog on, jogtin the footpath way 
 And merrily hen^; the etyle-a ; 
 A merry heart goes all the day, 
 Your sad tires in a mile-a." 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. It is the abuse of this faculty that we 
 should strive to avoid, by cultivating sobriety and reverence. 
 Benevolence also should be called in to aid us, showing that 
 we often give great pain by our disposition to " make fun " 
 at the expense of others. 
 
 XXVIII. INDIVIDUALITY. (24.) 
 
 Come, behold the works of the Lord. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Individuality is situated in 
 the center of the lower part of the forehead (24, fig. 23) im- 
 mediately above the top of the nose. When large, it pro- 
 duces breadth, projection, and descent between the eyebrows 
 at that part (fig. 121). When small, the eyebrows approach 
 closely to each other and lie in a nearly horizontal line. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL, SIGN. The faculty is represented
 
 96 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 facially by the projection and breadth between the eyebrows 
 and the downward curving of the latter at their inner corners. 
 3. FUNCTION". This faculty imparts the desire and ability 
 to know objects as mere existences, without regard to their 
 modes of action or the purposes to which they may be sub- 
 servient. Individuals in whom it is large will observe and 
 
 FIG. 121. JOHN STU^BT MILL.* 
 
 FIG. 122. PRINCESS AiicE.t 
 
 examine an object with intense delight, without the least 
 consideration to what it may be applied a quality of mind 
 which is almost incomprehensible to persons in whom this 
 organ is small and Causality large. It prompts to observa- 
 tion, and is a great element in a genius for those sciences 
 which consist in a knowledge of specific existences, such as 
 natural history. It leads to giving a specific form to all the 
 ideas entertained by the mind. It also gives the tendency to 
 personify nations and phenomena, or to ascribe existence to 
 mere abstractions of the mind, such as ignorance, folly, or 
 wisdom. 
 
 4. DEFICIENCY. When the organ is deficient, the individual 
 fails to observe the things which are around him. He may 
 
 * A di?tin<ruisbed member of the English Parliament, a political economist, author 
 of "A System of Loolc," "Principles of Political Economy," "On Liberty," tc. 
 t Daughter of <iueen Victoria of England.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 97 
 
 visit a house and come away without knowing what is in it ; 
 or walk through the country and observe nothing. The 
 external senses may be perfect, but owing to the feebleness 
 of Individuality, they may not be called into action for the 
 purpose of obtaining knowledge. 
 
 5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. To the artist this organ is of 
 great importance. It enables him to give body and substance 
 to the conceptions of his other faculties, and confers on him a 
 capacity for attending to detail. In the pictures of an artist 
 in whose head Individuality is deficient, there is an abstract- 
 ness of conception and a vagueness of expression that greatly 
 detract from their effect. In the works of an individual in 
 whom these organs are large, every object appears full of 
 substance and reality ; and if he paint portraits, the spectator 
 will be so impressed with their individuality, that he will be 
 apt to fancy himself acquainted with the original. 
 
 The organ was large iu Shakspeare, Sheridan, and Sir 
 Walter Scott. It is not so large in the German as Causality; 
 it is larger in the English, and still larger in the French and 
 Americans. 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. Natural history especially botany 
 anatomy, mineralogy, and chemistry are departments of 
 knowledge particularly fitted to develop this faculty. It is 
 also exercised in the study of Phrenology and Physiognomy. 
 
 7. RESTRAINT. To restrain is seldom, if ever, necessary. 
 Reflection may, however, be set as a guard upon Individuality, 
 if observation become obtrusive. 
 
 xxix. FORM. (25.) 
 
 Show them the form of the house, the fashion thereof, and all the forms thereof. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of this faculty is situated in the 
 internal angle of the orbit (25, fig. 23), and if large, pushes 
 the eyeball toward the external angle, a little outward and 
 downward. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. The phrenological organ and 
 the physiognomical sign may be considered one in this case. 
 It gives breadth between the eyes, as in the accompanying 
 portrait of the celebrated Rubens, the artist (fig. 125). 
 
 5
 
 98 
 
 HOW TO BEAD CHARACTER. 
 
 "3. FUNCTION". It is this faculty which enables us to re- 
 member, and with the aid of Constructiveness to reproduce, 
 
 MODERATE. 
 
 FIG. 123. REV. W. H. PENDLETON.* FIG. 124. REV. SIDNEY A. CoRET.t 
 
 the forms of persons and things to make patterns, models, 
 pictures, statues, etc., and to describe persons, places, and 
 objects of all sorts. It disposes us also to give figure to every 
 being and conception of our minds, as to God, to death, to 
 hope. It is essential to painters, sculptors, and architects, 
 
 and very important to the phre- 
 nologist and physiognomist. 
 
 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 
 The celebrated Cuvier owed 
 much of his success as a com- 
 parative anatomist to this 
 organ. De Candolle mentions 
 that " his memory was par- 
 ticularly remarkable in what 
 related to forms, considered in 
 the widest sense of the word ; 
 
 FIG. i85.-RuBMw. the % ure f an animal, seen in 
 
 reality or in drawing, never 
 
 le'ft his mind, and served him as a point of comparison for 
 all similar objects." This organ, and also the organs lying 
 
 * A Baptist minister, distinguished as an orator, and an advocate of the American 
 Bible Union. See how broad between, and how full the eye ! 
 
 * * Baptist minister, noted as an eloquent and earnest preacher and lecturer.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 99 
 
 along the superciliary ridge, were largely developed in his 
 head. 
 
 Mr. Audubon says of the late Mr. Bewick, the most eminent 
 wood-engraver whom England has produced : " His eyes were 
 placed farther apart than those of any man I have ever seen." 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. <The best way to cultivate the organ of 
 Form is to study such sciences as Phrenology, Physiognomy, 
 botany, etc., and accustom one's self to constant observation 
 of the configuration of everything presented to the eye. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. To restrain is not necessary. 
 
 xxx. SIZE. (26.) 
 
 To measure Jerusalem, to see what is the breadth thereof and the length thereof. 
 
 LARGE. NOT LARGE. 
 
 FIG. 126. EDWARD R. AMES, D.D.* FIG. 127. RICHARD FULLER, D.D.t 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Size is placed at the internal 
 extremity of the arch of the eyebrows (26, fig. 23), on each 
 side of Individuality. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The faculty of Size, as its name implies, 
 gives the power of determining the magnitude of objects, 
 ability to measure by the eye and appreciate proportion, and 
 to detect any departure from it. It is important to every 
 one, but particularly so to geometricians, architects, carpen- 
 
 * Edward Raymond Ames, D.D., a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, ia 
 noted for his devotion and for business sagacity in the affairs of his denomination, 
 t An eminent Baptist clergyman of Baltimore, ranch respected and loved by his people.
 
 100 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 ters, machinists, and artists. In union with Locality it gives 
 conceptions of perspective. 
 
 3. CULTIVATION. This organ may be exercised by constant 
 attempts to estimate the length, breadth, and other dimensions 
 of objects, verifying observation by measurement. The same 
 studies recommended for the cujtivatieu of Form will be 
 useful in this case also, as they involve size and proportion as 
 well as configuration. 
 
 4. KESTKAINT. To restrain is not necessary. 
 
 XXXI. WEIGHT. (2*7.) 
 
 Who -weighed the mountains in scales and the hills in a balance. 
 
 LARGE. NOT LARGE. 
 
 FIG. 128. ISAAC FERRIS, D.D., LL.D.* FIG. 129. KICK. S. STORRS, JR., D.D.t 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Weight is located on the 
 superciliary ridge, about one third of its extent from the root 
 of the nose (27, fig. 23). When large, it sometimes depresses 
 the eyebrow at that point, as may be seen in our likeness of 
 Brunei, the distinguished English engineer (fig. 180). 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The faculty of Weight gives a perception 
 of the laws of gravity, motion, etc., and ability to apply them. 
 
 * An eminent minister of the Reformed Church and Chancellor of the University of 
 New York. 
 
 t Dr. Storrs, nn eloquent preacher of the Congregationalist denomination, is aUo 
 well known as a writer und lecturer.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 101 
 
 Persons in whom Individuality, Size, Weight, and Locality 
 are large, have generally a talent for engineering and those 
 branches of mechanics which consist in the. application of 
 forces ; they delight in steam-engines, water-wheels, and 
 turning-lathes. The same combination occurs in persons dis- 
 tinguished for successful execution of difficult feats in skating, 
 in which the regulation of equi- 
 librium is an important element. 
 
 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 
 Mr. Simpson published in the 
 Edinburgh Phrenological Jour- 
 nal (vol. ii. p. 412) an interesting 
 and ingenious essay on this organ, 
 in which he enumerates a great 
 number of examples in proof of 
 its functions. It is large, says he, 
 in Dr. Chalmers, Dr. Brewster, 
 Sir James Hall, Sir George Mac- 
 kenzie, Professor Leslie, and in 
 Mr. Jardine and Mr. Stephenson, 
 
 two very eminent engineers. 
 
 -., i,. , FIG. 130. BRUNEI* 
 
 Mr. Richard Edmonson, of 
 
 Manchester, England, mentions that a great number of ob- 
 servations have led him to the conviction that this organ 
 gives the perception of perpendicularity. Workmen who 
 easily detect deviations from the perpendicular possess it 
 large; while those who constantly find jt necessary to resort 
 to the plumb-line have it small, and vice versa. 
 
 Bfunel, the great engineer of the Thames Tunnel, and his 
 son, builder of the Great Eastern (fig. 130), possessed a 
 remarkable development of Weight, while the organ of Color 
 was totally wanting. 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. Skating, practicing gymnastic feats, 
 balancing a pole, riding on a horse, walking, climbing, sail- 
 ing, gunnery, etc., exercise and develop Weight. 
 
 5. RESTRAINT. If one be prone to attempt dangerous 
 feats of climbing,' walking on narrow places, etc., he should 
 cultivate Cautiousness and hold Weight in check.
 
 102 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 XXXII. COLOR. (28.) 
 
 Though them clothest thyself with crimson, and deckest thec with ornaments of 
 gold, and rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The place of the organ of Color (28, fig. 23) 
 is the middle of the eyebrow, at the most elevated part of the 
 superciliary ridge. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. The form of the eyebrow is 
 
 MODERATE. 
 
 FIG. 131. ISAAC WESTCOTT, D.D.* FIG. 139. CHARLES HoDGE.t 
 
 greatly modified by the development of this organ. The 
 ordinary indication of its full development is the regular 
 arching of the brow, as seen in fig. 131 ; but sometimes the 
 brow is pushed forward and made very prominent at that 
 point. When large, it also gives a peculiar appearance of 
 fullness to the upper eyelid. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. Its function is to distinguish all the shades 
 of color, and the relations of harmony or of discord between 
 them. When large, the faculty of Color gives great delight 
 in contemplating colors and good taste in their use and com- 
 bhiation in dress, painting, etc. Those in whom the organ is 
 deficient, on the contrary, experience little interest in coloring, 
 
 * Dr. Westcott is a Baptist minister of great piety and zeal, and a very effective 
 preacher. He is pastor of the Bloomingdale Baptist Church, New York. 
 
 t A prominent Presbyterian minister, editor of the Biblical Repertory, and an author 
 of note in his denomination.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 103 
 
 and are almost insensible to difference of shades, hues, and 
 tints. 
 
 4. DEFICIENCY. Certain persons are almost destitute of 
 the power of distinguishing colors. Dr. Spurzheim mentions 
 a family, all the individuals of which distinguish only black 
 and white. Dr. Unzer, of Altona, could not perceive green 
 and blue ; and inability to distinguish between these colors is 
 very common. To many, also, green and red look the same. 
 This defect is called color-blindness. 
 
 5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. The organ of Color is gener- 
 ally more developed in woman than in man ; hence it happens 
 that the eyebrows of women are more finely arched ; and this 
 explains why they are more frequently lovers of flowers and 
 fond of a variety of colors in dress. Among great painters, 
 this organ is seen to be very large in those most distinguished 
 as colorists ; for instance, Corregio, Titian, Claude Lorraine, 
 Rubens (fig. 125), Rembrandt, Poussin, and Raphael 
 
 6. CULTIVATION. Observing and classifying or arranging 
 colors, painting, cultivating flowers, etc., will exercise and aid 
 in the development of this organ. 
 
 7. RESTBAINT. To restrain is not necessary. 
 
 XXXIII. OEDEK. (29.) 
 Let all things be done decently and in order. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Order is situated over the 
 outer corner of the eye (29, fig. 23), between Color and 
 Calculation. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The function of this organ is well indicated 
 by its name. It gives method and order to physical objects, 
 and is, perhaps, a co-worker with the reflective faculties in 
 the conception of system, generalization, and classification. 
 
 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Dr. Spurzheim mentions that 
 the Sauvage de 1'Aveyron, at Paris, though an idiot, could 
 not bear to see a chair or any object out of its place ; and 
 that as soon as anything was deranged, he, without being 
 excited to it, directly replaced it. He likewise saw in Edin- 
 burgh a girl who in many respects was idiotic, but in whom
 
 104 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 the love of order was very active. She avoided her brother's 
 apartment in consequence of the confusion that prevailed in 
 it. It is usually large in Quaker ladies, of whom Lucretia 
 Mott is an example. 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. Any business that requires system and 
 
 PIG. 133. HENRY C. CABBY.* 
 
 FIG. 134. JAMES P. BECKWouRTH.t 
 
 orderly arrangement, as well as studies involving the contem- 
 plation, a regular arrangement of objects will help to develop 
 Order. 
 
 5. RESTRAINT. Where there is a morbid action of this 
 organ, making the subject painfully susceptible to the in- 
 fluence of disoi'der and lack of methodical arrangement, an 
 effort must be made to withdraw the mind from tlie contem- 
 plation of such matters. It should be considered how im- 
 possible it is to have everything exactly to one's mind in this 
 respect, and that we only waste our time and mar our temper 
 in the attempt to reduce everything to the regular arrange- 
 ment we love. Avoid becoming " more nice than wise." 
 
 XXXIV. CALCULATION. (30.) 
 The very hairs of your head are all numbered. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Calculation is situated at the 
 
 * A distinguished American author and political economist. 
 
 t A noted hunter, trapper, and guide of the Rocky Mountains. He died in 1867.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 105 
 
 outer angle of the eye (30, fig. 23). When large, it swells 
 the frontal bone at that particular spot. * 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. In individuals endowed with 
 great calculating powers, the external angle of the eyebrow 
 is either much pressed down or much elevated, the configura- 
 
 FIG. 135. DB. HIND.* FIG. 136. GEORGE CoaiBE.t 
 
 tion in both cases resulting from the great development of 
 the part of the brain situated behind the outer angle of the 
 orbit, which forms a ridge, above or below which the eye- 
 brow naturally slides. The portraits and busts of great cal- 
 culators, like Newton, Euler, Kaestner, Herschel, Buxton, 
 Colborn, Safford, etc., all present either one or the other of 
 these external signs. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. Whatever concerns unity and plurality 
 belongs to this faculty; hence its end is calculation in 
 general. The recollection of the numbers of houses, or of 
 pages where we have read passages, depends upon this 
 faculty. It gives ability to reckon in the head, or facility in 
 mental arithmetic. 
 
 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Dr. Spurzheim mentions that 
 " certain races of negroes make five the extent of their 
 enumeration, that is, they count only as far as five by simple 
 
 * An English astronomer distinguished for his ability as a calculator, 
 t Mr. Combe was so deficient in this faculty of Calculation that he was never able to 
 master the multiplication table. See hia lectures on Phrenology. 
 
 5*
 
 106 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 terms ; all their numbers after five are compound, whereas 
 ours are not so till they have passed the number ten ; while 
 our terms, six, seven, etc., are simple, they say five-one, five- 
 two, five-three, etc. Negroes in general," he continues, " do 
 not excel in arithmetic and numbers ; and, accordingly, their 
 heads are very narrow in the seat of the organ of Number." ' 
 Among the most remarkable examples of the extraordinary 
 development of Calculation, Jedediah Buxton and George 
 "Bidder, of England, and Zerah Colburn and Truman II. 
 Saftbrd, of the United States, may here be mentioned. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. The study of arithmetic and algebra, 
 and the practice of calculation in its various forms, and 
 especially mental computations, exercise and develop this 
 faculty ; as also the habit of charging the mind with the 
 memory of the numbers of houses in a street, the pages of a 
 book, etc. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. To restrain is not necessary. 
 
 XXXV. LOCALITY. (31.) 
 
 We are journeying to the place of which the Lord Baid, I will give it you ; come 
 With us. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Locality is situated in the 
 forehead, on each side of Eventuality and over the inner cor- 
 ner of the eyebrows (31, fig. 23). 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. A marked prominence above 
 the inner corner of the eyebrows, on each side of the mesial 
 line, as in Captain Cook (fig. 139), indicates large Locality. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. The faculty of Locality gives the ability to 
 form conceptions of place and to find places, delight in 
 scenery, memory of the location of objects, love of travel, etc. 
 
 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Locality is large in the busts 
 and portraits of all eminent navigators and travelers, such as 
 Columbus, Cook, Mungo Park, and Sir Samuel Baker; also 
 in great astronomers and geographers, as Kepler, Galileo. 
 Tycho Brahe, and Newton. In Tasso the poet, also, it 
 appears to be very large, and he manifested the faculty in a 
 high degree. 
 
 In the mask of Sir Walter Scott the organ is large. Readers
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 107 
 
 similarly endowed are almost as much delighted with his 
 -descriptions of scenery as by a tour made by themselves amid 
 
 NOT LARGE. 
 
 fio. 137. O. B. FEOTUINGIIAM, D.D.* Fio. 138. JAMES F. CLAKKE, D.D.+ 
 
 tlv mountain glens ; while those in whom the organ is small, 
 are quite uninterested by his most splendid poetical landscapes. 
 This author wrote so pictorially, that he almost saves an 
 artist, who means to illustrate his 
 pagey, the trouble of invention. 
 The organ is more developed in 
 men than in women, and the 
 manifestations correspond. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. Traveling, 
 the study of geography, and a 
 persevering exercise of the mem- 
 ory in reference to places, roads, 
 landmarks, the location of the 
 phrenological organs, etc., wil] 
 promote the activity and devel- 
 opment of this organ. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. A too strong disposition to rove, or a rest- 
 less desire for a continual change of place, must be met by 
 
 * Dr. Frothingham is a Unitarian minister of New York, and a writer of great 
 ability on theological subjects. He is one of the leaders of the rationalistic party in 
 the Unitarian denomination. 
 
 f A preacher and writer of great talent, and minister of the Church of tho Disciples 
 ftJnitarian) in Boston. He is known as a reformer and a philanthropist. 
 
 FIG. 139. CAPTAIN COOK.
 
 108 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 the cultivation of Continuity and Firmness, and a resolute 
 determination to settle down and establish a permanent 
 home. 
 
 XXXVI. EVENTUALITY. (32.) 
 Bemember the days of old, consider the years of many generations. 
 
 LARGE. MODERATE. 
 
 FIG. 140. S. H. TYNG, D.D.* 
 
 FIG. 141. SAMUEL OSGOOD, D.D.t 
 
 1 . LOCATION. The organ of this faculty is situated in the 
 center of the forehead (32, fig. 23), to which when large it 
 gives a rounded fullness, as in fig. 
 142. Fig. 143 shows it small. 
 Taking the root of the nose as the 
 starting-point, we first conie to In- 
 dividuality, which lies between the 
 eyebrows. The next organ is Event- 
 uality, just above the eyebrows. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The function of 
 Eventuality is to impart memory 
 of facts, recollection of circum- 
 stances, news, occurrences, and pass- 
 ing events whatever has been said, heard, seen, or in any 
 way once known. It seems to perceive the impressions which 
 
 * Stephen H. Tyng, D.D., is a prominent clergyman of the Protestant Kp'scopal 
 Church, and pastor of St. George's Church, New York. He is regarded by many as one 
 of the best extemporaneous pulpit orators in the city. 
 
 t Rev. Dr. Osgood is pastor of the Church of the Messiah (Second Unitarian), New 
 Vbrk, and is distinguished both as a writer and as a preacher. 
 
 FIG. 142. 
 
 FIG. 143.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 109 
 
 are the immediate functions of the external senses, to change 
 these into notions, conceptions, or ideas, and to be essential to 
 attention in general. Its sphere of activity is very great, and 
 expressed by the verbs in their infinitive mood. It desires to 
 know everything by experience, and consequently excites all 
 the other organs to activity ; it would hear, see, smell, taste, 
 and touch ; is fond of general instruction, and inclines to the 
 pursuit of practical knowledge. 
 
 3. CULTIVATION. Reading history, mythology, the news- 
 papers of the day, etc., always charging the memory with 
 the events and occurrences related ; Avriting down or verbally 
 relating the incidents of every-day life, and telling stories 
 and anecdotes, will give exercise to the organ and promote 
 development. 
 
 4. RESTRAINT. To restrain is not necessary. 
 
 XXXVII. TIME. (33.) 
 
 To everything there is a season ; and a time to every purpose under the heaven. 
 
 LARGE. NOT LARGE. 
 
 FIG. 144. OLE BORNEMANN BULL.* FIG. 145. T. B. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of this faculty is situated just 
 above the middle of the eyebrow (33, fig. 23), and between 
 Locality and Tune. 
 
 * Ole Bull is well known the world over as a violinist of great ability. He is a 
 Norwegian by birth. 
 
 t Rev. T. B. Hayward is a minister of the New Church (Swedenborgian^ and much 
 respected and esteemed by all who know him.
 
 110 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. This organ imparts recollection and intuitive 
 knowledge of the lapse of time ; memory of dates ; ability 
 to keep time in music ; also to perceive those minuter divi- 
 sions, and their harmonious relations, which constitute rhythm. 
 Persons who have it large are invariably accurate dancers, 
 and generally fond of the exercise. 
 
 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Individuals are occasionally 
 met with who estimate the lapse of time so accurately that 
 they are able to tell the hour without having recourse to a 
 timepiece. An illiterate Highlander, who was long in the 
 service of Sir G. S. Mackenzie as a plowman, could tell the 
 hour of the day with great exactness, and also the time of 
 high water, although he resided seven miles from the sea. 
 Sir George had not become acquainted with Phrenology at , 
 the period of this man's death. The lower animals seems to 
 be endowed with the power of perceiving and appreciating 
 intervals of time. Mr. Southey, in his Omniana, relates two 
 instances of dogs who had acquired such a knowledge of 
 time as would enable them to count the days of the week. 
 He says : " My grandfather had one which trudged two miles 
 every Saturday to cater for himself in the shambles. I know 
 another more extraordinary and well-authenticated example. 
 A dog which had belonged to an Irishman, and was sold by 
 him in England, would never touch a morsel of food upon 
 Friday. This may or may not be true. We ourselves do 
 not believe it. The same faculty of recollecting intervals of 
 time exists, though in a more limited extent, in the horse. 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. Regular habits in respect to time, as in 
 rising, retiring, taking meals, etc., and the practice of music, 
 dancing, and rhythmic gymnastic exercises tend to promote 
 the activity of this organ. 
 
 5. RESTKAINT. To restrain is unnecessary. 
 
 XXXVIII. TUNE. (34.) 
 
 Praise the Lord with harp ; sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of 
 tea strings. Sing unto him a new song. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Tune is situated on the side 
 of the forehead just above the outer corner of the eyebrow
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. Ill 
 
 and next to Time (34, fig. 23). A great development of the 
 organ enlarges the lateral parts of the forehead ; but its 
 appearance varies according to the direction and form of the 
 convolutions. Dr. Spurzheim observes, that, in Gliick and 
 others, this organ had a pyramidal form ; in Mozart, Viotti, 
 Zumsteg, Dussek, Crescentini, and others, the external and 
 
 NOT LARGE. 
 
 FIG. 146. MLLE. DE KATOW.* 
 
 FIG. 147. WILLIAM COLLIER, D.D.t 
 
 lateral portions of the forehead are enlarged, but rounded. 
 Great practice is necessary to be able to observe this organ 
 successfully ; and beginners should place together one person 
 possessing a genius for music, and another who can scarcely 
 distinguish between any two notes, and mark the difference 
 of their heads. The superior development of the former 
 will be perceptible at a glance. 
 
 The heads of Italians and Germans, in general, are broader 
 and fuller at the situation of this organ than those of Span- 
 iards, Frenchmen, and Englishmen in general; and musical 
 talent is more common in the former than in the latter. 
 
 2. FUNCTION'. The faculty of Tun/3 gives a perception of 
 melody, the harmony of sounds, and the ability to learn and 
 remember tunes ; other faculties are required to compose. 
 Tune is only one ingredient in a genius for music. Time is 
 
 * A celebrated Russian violinist. See how full in the temples ! 
 t A minister of the Methodist Protestant Church and a leader in tho denomination, 
 lie is noted for zeal and earnestness.
 
 112 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 requisite to give a just perception of intervals; Ideality, to 
 communicate elevation and refinement; and Secret! venesa 
 and Imitation, to produce expression ; while Constructiveness, 
 Form, Weight, and Individuality are necessary to supply 
 mechanical expertness qualities all indispensable to a suc- 
 cessful composer or performer. 
 
 3. CULTIVATION. Singing and the practice of vocal and 
 instrumental music, attending concerts, and the constant 
 effort to appreciate music will lead to an increased activity 
 and consequent development of the organ of Tune. 
 
 4. RESTRAINT. Restraint is seldom called for, but should 
 there be an excessive fondness for music, interfering with 
 other studies or pursuits, or with the common duties of life, 
 one must resolutely hold it in check by the exercise of the 
 restraining organs, such as Conscientiousness, Firmness, and 
 the reflective intellect. 
 
 XXXIX. LANGUAGE. (35.) 
 
 Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from speaking guile. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Language is situated on the 
 back part of the orbitary plates, the bones which form the 
 roof of the eyes and support the anterior lobes of the brain. 
 
 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. A large development of Lan- 
 guage is indicated by prominent eyes. Sometimes the eyes 
 not only project, but are also depressed, when the under 
 eyelid presents a sort of sack or roll or appears swollen. 
 Both of these signs are conspicuous in fig. 148. 
 
 3. FUNCTION. This faculty gives verbal memory and 
 capacity for learning arbitrary signs of all kinds ; and persons 
 who have it large readily remember words, and learn by 
 heart with great facility. When Language is very 'large and 
 the general intellect only moderate, it is surprising what a 
 volume of words can be poured forth to express a few ideas, 
 and sometimes no idea at all. This class of persons have 
 great pleasure in hearing themselves talk, and are rendered 
 uncomfortable if not allowed to indulge in their favorite 
 occupation. If they write, their style is like their speaking,
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 113 
 
 destitute of condensation they scribble whole pages about 
 nothing. 
 
 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. This, like all other organs, 
 seems composed of different parts. Some persons are apt to 
 forget proper names, while they recollect words denoting the 
 qualities of external objects. Disease or accident has entailed 
 
 OHLY FULL. 
 
 FIG. 148. WM. K. WILLIAMS.* 
 
 Fl&. 149. EOBEKT TUKNBULL, D.D.t 
 
 this peculiarity in several instances. " One Lereard, of Mar- 
 seilles," mentioned by Dr. Spurzheim, " having received a 
 blow from a foil on the eyebrow, lost the memory of proper 
 names entirely ; he sometimes forgot the names of his intimate 
 friends, and even of his father, as he stated in a letter written 
 to Dr. Gall for advice." It is large in Charles Dickens, and 
 small in General U. S. Grant. 
 
 "We frequently meet with men of great talent only moder- 
 ately endowed with Language, and others whose mental 
 powers are very common-place who have this organ large. 
 Many persons who are largely endowed with this faculty, 
 and who have an excellent verbal memory, and learn by heart 
 with great readiness, yet make little progress in learning the 
 science of a language. 
 
 * Dr. Williams is pastor of the Fifty-fourth Street Baptist Church, New York, and is 
 distinguished for his eloquence, learning, talent, authorship, and piety. 
 
 t A Scotchman by hirth, and now pastor of the largest Baptist church in Hartford, 
 Conn. He is also an author of merit.
 
 114: HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 5. CULTIVATION. The constant practice of talking and 
 writing, the study of languages, and the committing to 
 memory of any arbitrary signs, are all adapted to promote 
 the development of this faculty. 
 
 6. RESTRAINT. Where Language is very large and active, 
 it sometimes leads to verbosity, garrulity, and circumlocution, 
 in which case there must be a systematic effort to check this 
 tendency by a severe lopping off of redundancies in writing 
 and a constant watchfulness over one's self in speaking. 
 
 XL. CAUSALITT. (36.) 
 And Paul reasoned with them out of the Scriptures. [The why and wherefore Faculty.] 
 
 LARGE. NOT SO LAKGE. 
 
 FIG. 150. W. F. MORGAN, D.D.* FIG. 151. W. B. HAYDEN.t 
 
 1. LOCATION. Causality is situated in the upper part of 
 the forehead (36, fig. 23), on each side of Comparison, which 
 occupies the center. The two together, when both are large, 
 give great fullness to that portion of the forehead, as seen in 
 fig. 20. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The faculty of Causality gives the percep- 
 tion of the relation between cause and effect, " the why and 
 wherefore." Comparison seizes the general relations between 
 
 * William F. Morgan, D.D., is rector of St. Thomas' Church (Episcopalian) in New 
 York, and is greatly respected and esteemed by all who know him. 
 
 t Rev. W. B. Hayden is a preacher of note in the Swedenborgian denomination, and 
 the author of several works on subjects connected with New Church doctrines.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 115 
 
 objects, but Causality ascends beyond juxtaposition and rela- 
 tions ; it penetrates the manner in which effects and their 
 causes are connected together, seizes the action of one body 
 on another, and traces the result of that action. It impresses 
 us with an irresistible conviction, that every phenomenon or 
 change in nature is caused by something, and hence, by suc- 
 cessive steps, leads us to the great Cause of all. It is also 
 creative, producing originality and forethought, and ability 
 to adapt means to ends. . 
 
 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Dr. Gall speaks of a cast 
 molded on the head of Kant, the great metaphysical philos- 
 opher, after his death, in which he found an extraordinary 
 prominence in the region assigned to Causality. (See fig. 20.) 
 Afterward he became acquainted with Fichte, in whose head 
 he found the region still more largely developed than in Kant. 
 
 As examples of large Causality, we may mention Plato, 
 Socrates, Bacon, Montaigne, Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz, 
 Sir Isaac Newton, Franklin, Cuvier, Gall, ISTapoleon, Dupuy tren, 
 Fourier, Brunei, and Webster. 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. The study of philosophy in all its 
 branches, and especially Phrenology in its theoretical aspects ; 
 planning ; contriving ways and means ; meditating on the 
 laws of nature ; and trying to trace out the connection 
 between observed phenomena and their causes, all serve to 
 exercise Causality and increase its power. 
 
 5. RESTRAINT. To restrain this faculty is seldom necessary. 
 If too active, divert the mind by strict attention to practical 
 affairs, cultivating the Perceptives. 
 
 XLI. COMPARISON. (3*7.) 
 
 The invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being 
 understood by the things that are made. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Comparison is situated in the 
 upper part of the forehead on the middle line between the 
 two sides, and generally just below the roots of the hair, the 
 bottom being about the center of the forehead (37, fig. 23). 
 It is prominent in the portrait of Linna3us, whose pursuits 
 necessitated the constant exercise of the faculty.
 
 116 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 2. FUNCTION. Comparison gives ability to perceive differ- 
 ences and resemblances ; to reason inductively ; to analyze, 
 
 FIG. 152. M. J. SPALDING, D.D.* 
 
 FiG. 153. JOHN MC-CLOSKEY, D.D.t 
 
 classify, compare, and draw inferences ; and to judge correctly 
 of the congruousness of objects or ideas. It seems also to 
 
 exert a harmonizing influence 
 over the action of all the other 
 faculties. 
 
 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 
 Among nations, it is A'ery 
 large in the French and in the 
 Irish. Thomas Moore may be 
 instanced as one of the best 
 examples of its manifestation 
 in literary composition. "The 
 harp that once through Tara's 
 halls," illustrates his use of 
 Comparison as a figure of 
 
 speech. Another short poem " Though fate, my girl, may 
 Lid us part" is almost entirely made up of a description and 
 
 * Dr. Spalding is Archbishop of Baltimore and Primate of the Roman Catholic 
 Church in the United States. His " History of the Reformation" is one of the standard 
 works of his church. 
 
 + Dr. McCloskey, second Archbishop of New York, is considered one of the most 
 polished pulpit orators in the Catholic Church, and he is noted for his kindness of 
 heart and active benevolence. 
 
 FIG. 154. LIKN^EUS.
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 117 
 
 comparison of conditions. The following often-quoted lines 
 are likewise in point: 
 
 " When I remember all 
 
 The friends so linked together, 
 I've seen around me fall, 
 
 Like leaves in wintry weather ; 1 
 
 I feel like one who treads alone 
 
 Some banquet hall deserted, 
 Whose lights are fled, whose garlands dead, 
 
 And all but he departed." 
 
 Comparison was large in the heads of Curran, Burke, Pitt, 
 Chalmers, Franklin, Roscoe, Hume, Jeffrey, Patrick Henry, 
 Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Webster. 
 
 The teachings of the Bible are addressed to this i'aculty in 
 an eminent degree, being replete with analogies and com- 
 parisons ; as " Unto what is the kingdom of God like, and 
 whereunto shall I resemble it ? It is like a grain of mustard 
 seed," etc. " It is like leaven," etc. 
 
 4. CULTIVATION. Studying logic, mental philosophy (phre- 
 nologically, of course), chemistry, botany, etc., or the con- 
 stant exercise of one's analytical powers in any branch of 
 study or business, may be made subservient to the develop- 
 ment of this faculty. 
 
 5. RESTRAINT. To restrain is not necessary. 
 
 XLII. HUMAN NATURE. (c.) 
 
 Behold, I know your thoughts, and the devices which ye wrongfully imagine 
 against nio. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Human Nature is situated on 
 the median line of the forehead, between Comparison and 
 Benevolence (C, fig. 23). 
 
 2. FUNCTION. The function of this organ is to furnish us 
 with an intuitive knowledge of character, or to enable us to 
 perceive the state of mind or feeling possessed by others, so 
 that we may successfully adapt ourselves to them and operate 
 upon their feelings. It gives sagacity, and is possessed in a 
 very remarkable degree by our North American Indians. It 
 was large in Napoleon and in old Hayes, the great rogue- 
 catcher and detective of New York, as it is also in Gen. Grant.
 
 118 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 3. CULTIVATION. 'No better means can be made use of to 
 improve this faculty than to make human nature a study, 
 using Phrenology and Physiognomy as guides in its prosecu- 
 tion. Observe every one you meet, and note the expression, 
 
 MODERATE. 
 
 FIG. 155. THEO. L. CUTLER.* 
 
 FIG. 156. Jos. T. DuRYEA.t 
 
 tones, and actions of each, and try to read them as you might 
 an open book. 
 
 4. RESTRAINT. If too suspicious, by reason of over-large 
 Cautiousness and large or perverted Human Nature, one must 
 cultivate Benevolence, Hope, and Conscientiousness, and try 
 to take a kinder, more lenient, cheerful, and juster view of his 
 fellow-men. 
 
 XLIII. AGREEABLENESS. (D.) 
 
 A soft answer tumeth away wrath, but grievous words stir up anger. 
 
 1. LOCATION. The organ of Agreeableness is situated in 
 the upper edge of the forehead (D, fig. 23). It lies directly 
 over the inner angle of the eye and about two inches above 
 the ridge of the eyebrow. It is apt to be marked by a 
 depression in the American head ; but is prominent in the 
 French, who are said to be the most polite. 
 
 * Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler is pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church in 
 Brooklyn. He is one of the most popular preachers in the United States. 
 
 t Rev. Joseph T. Duryea, lately one of the pastors of the Collegiate Reformed Church 
 in New York, now of Brooklyn, is a yotmg man of brilliant powers and of groat proinw*
 
 THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 119 
 
 2. FUNCTION. It imparts the ability to make one's self 
 acceptable to others, and to adopt a persuasive and con- 
 ciliatory mode of address and pleasant manners. One who 
 has it large can utter even the most unwelcome truths with- 
 out giving offense ; and with large Imitation and Benevolence, 
 
 FIG. 157. SCHUYLER COLFAX.* ITiG. 158. FRANK P. BLAIR, Jn.t 
 
 to which it is closely allied in location, is sure to be a genera 1 
 favorite, especially if the social organs be large. 
 
 3. CULTIVATION. The study and constant practice of the 
 art of politeness, which has its foundation in this organ in 
 conjunction with Benevolence and Conscientiousness, will 
 tend to arouse the spirit of Agreeableness. By acting in 
 such a way as to make ourselves, so far as possible, agreeable 
 to those around us, we shall in time come to feel agreeable, 
 and shall develop the organ of that feeling. [See our hand- 
 book, "How to Behave,"J for lessons in politeness, and the 
 study of a courteous deportment.] 
 
 4. RESTRAINT. To restrain is not necessary. 
 
 * An American politician and statesman of fine ability and strong personal inf uence. 
 
 t A general in the Union Army during the American Civil War; not noted for 
 suavity of manners. 
 
 $ "How to Behave," A Pocket Manual of Republican Etiquette and Guide to Correct 
 Personal Habits, with Rules for Debating Societies and Deliberative Assemblies. 
 Price, 75 cents ; or, in connection with " How to Write, How to Talk, and How to Do 
 Business," complete in one volume, $2 25.
 
 x 120 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 V. 
 THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. 
 
 I. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 [N character reading, a in 
 everything else, it is im- 
 portant that we begin in 
 the right place at the begin- 
 ning and that, having begun 
 rightly, we proceed step by 
 step according to the natural 
 sequence of the points to be 
 considered. " Order is heaven's 
 first law," and by means of 
 method we make simple and 
 easy what at first sight seems 
 complicated and difficult. 
 
 1. SIZE. Size, you will re- 
 member, other things being 
 equal, is the measure of power. Having the living subject 
 before you, commence by considering his or her size the size 
 ef the person as a whole. How does it compare with the 
 average development of the race, nation, and sex to which 
 the subject belongs. Having settled this point in your mind, 
 you have the first element of the combination which is to 
 determine your estimate of character. 
 
 2. QUALITY. Having determined the size, your next in- 
 quiry should be, " What is the Quality ?" Quality is mainly 
 a matter of temperament. What, then, is the temperament 
 of the subject ? W r e have described the Temperaments, and 
 shall take it for granted that you know how to distinguish 
 them ; but, to make the matter still plainer, if possible, we 
 will restate and illustrate in a somewhat different form, look- 
 
 Pio. 159. ANDREW JACKSON.
 
 THE AKT OP CHARACTER READING. 121 
 
 FIG. 180. THE ENQJJSH GIKL. 
 
 ing at the subject in its physiognomical as well as its physio- 
 logical and phrenological aspects. 
 
 Each temperament has a configuration peculiar to itself; so 
 
 that the general outlines of the 
 person, or of any part of it, will 
 indicate to which the subject 
 belongs. Take the head (in- 
 cluding the face) as an example. 
 Observe its configuration as seen 
 in front and in profile. 
 
 3. THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 We will suppose, for instance, 
 that the subject before you has a 
 face and head which, in the front 
 view, present a nearly circular 
 outline, like fig. 160. The profile 
 will show the same tendency to 
 roundness as in fig. 161 ; and 
 this will be the character of the whole physical system the 
 body and limbs being piump and full, and the whole figure 
 broad and stout rather than long and slender. 
 
 Now, you may at once conclude that your subject has a 
 predominance of the Vital Temperament, and 
 this fact will furnish the key to his or her 
 character. 
 
 There will be great vigor, a good digestion, 
 love of fresh air and exercise, and a fondness 
 for good living and physical enjoyments gener- 
 ally, with a disinclination to hard and pro- 
 tracted labor. 
 
 Mentally, you may look for ardor, impulsive- 
 ness, enthusiasm, and versatility, if not fickle- 
 ness. There will be more diligence than per- 
 sistence, and more brilliancy than depth. There 
 
 . . . , FIG. 1G1. 
 
 may be a quick and violent temper, but it will 
 be easily calmed, and in general the disposition will be cheer- 
 ful, amiable, and genial. 
 
 4. THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. Perhaps your next sub- 
 
 6
 
 122 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 ject will have a face like figs. 159 and 162, in which length 
 is the predominant characteristic. The profile will present 
 strong angular lines, as in fig. 163, in place of the curves 
 which prevail in the previous illustration. The figure will b 
 
 FIG. 162. HON. MB. JULIAN, M.C. 
 
 FIG. 163. PROFILE. 
 
 found to be tall and striking, with a manifest tendency to 
 angularity, as in the features. 
 
 In this case you have the Motive Temperament before you, 
 and may infer density and firmness of texture in all the 
 organs, and great strength and endurance in the physical 
 system, with energy, capacity for work, and a strongly- 
 marked character, in which executiveness, love of power, 
 stability, persistence, and directness are noticeable traits. 
 There may be, though not necessarily, an objectionable 
 degree of hardness and coarseness ; but we shall generally 
 find a degree of firmness and constancy which may be relied 
 on in business, in friendship, or in love. This temperament 
 and form of face are less common among women than among 
 men, and the characteristics we have named are of course 
 subject to the modifications superinduced by sex and age. 
 
 5. THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. A third form of face ii 
 shown in fig. 164. It may be called the pyriform or pear- 
 shaped face, of which the profile is less rounded than in fig. 
 161, less angular than in fig-. 163, and more delicate than
 
 THE ART OF CHARACTER READING." 123 
 
 either, as in fig. 165. As it is the expansion of the superior 
 parts of the face, including the forehead, which gives the pyri- 
 form shape to the whole in the front view, you may without 
 looking farther set down your subject who presents this form 
 as having a predominance of the Mental Temperament. You 
 
 FIG. 164. RACHEL. Fia. 165. PROFILE. 
 
 find the figure in this case slender and delicate rather 
 than elegant or striking. The indications are great mental 
 activity, a lively imagination, fine sensibilities, refinement, 
 delicacy, taste, and literary or artistic talent. 
 
 Of course these forms and the temperaments they indicate 
 occur in all degrees of development and in combinations 
 innumerable, and are modified by the state of the health and 
 other conditions already noted. You will learn in time to 
 attribute to each its proper strength and influence. See what 
 is said on Balance of Tempei'aments (Chap. II., Sec. IL), also 
 High and Low Quality (Chap. II., Sec. III.). 
 
 In connection with Temperament, Breathing Power, Circu- 
 lation, Digestion, Activity, Excitability, and General Health, 
 must be noted by means of the indications we have given in 
 Chap. II. 
 
 Having proceeded thus far, you have a good general idea 
 of the capacity and tendencies of the person before you the 
 outlines, as it were, of the character.
 
 124: HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 II. THE GROUPS OP ORGANS. 
 
 You should next seek to estimate the power of the brain, 
 as a whole. You have already taken into account the element 
 of size in the person, as a whole, and have 
 considered the brain in its influence upon 
 temperament. Get now its absolute size 
 by measurement,* and then proceed to 
 ascertain the relative development of its 
 different parts or regions. Which pre- 
 dominates ? the Region of Propensity, the 
 Region of Intellect, or the Spiritual Region ? 
 If Intellect be the leading development, 
 FIG. 166. THBEB the forehead and whole anterior compart- 
 
 EBGIONS. <* , > i -\ > 
 
 ment 01 the cranium, as marked on the 
 diagram (fig. 166), will be deep and broad, as in fig. 167. 
 Here the posterior compartment or Region of Propensity is 
 short and narrow, and the Superior or Spiritual Region (seat 
 of the Moral Sentiments) only moderately developed. If 
 your subject have a forehead like this, you will infer that he 
 is both an observer and a thinker of more than ordinary 
 capacity. 
 
 If the lower part of the forehead predominate, as in fig. 169, 
 perception will be found in the ascendant; and if the upper 
 portion be largest, as in fig. 168, there will be more thought- 
 fulness or reflection and less observation more philosophy 
 and less science more of the theoretical than of the practical. 
 
 The predominance of the propensities gives breadth to the 
 base of the brain between and behind the ears, as in fig. 170, 
 and length to the posterior lobe, as in fig. 171. From the 
 lateral development you will infer appetite, energy, economy, 
 
 * In measuring the head as here suggested, pass the tape around it horizontally 
 about an inch above the eyebrows, or so that it will pass over the organs of Individu- 
 ality and Parental Love. This will give some idea of the size of the head ; but the fact 
 that some heads are round, others long, some low, and others high, so modifies thai-e 
 measurements that they do not convey any very correct notion of the actual quantity 
 of brain. These measurements range somewhat as follows in adults : 
 
 7 or Very Large, 23% inches and upward ; 6 or Large, from 22% to 23% ; 5 or Full, 
 from 22 to 22% ; 4 or Average, from 21 X to 22 ; 3 or Moderate, from 20% to 21 X ; 2 or 
 Small, from 20 to 20% ; 1 Below, 20. Female heads, a/e half an inch to an inch tlovr 
 these measurements, corresponding with their bodies.
 
 THE AKT OF CHARACTER READING. 125 
 
 INTELLECTUAL. 
 
 policy a disposition to preserve, provide for, and defend 
 one's self. The extent backward from the ear indicates the 
 power of the social element, 
 and gives the fraternal, af- 
 fectionate, loving, domestic, 
 and patriotic disposition 
 
 Development obliquely 
 upward from the ear, or 
 in the superior part of the 
 posterior region, giving 
 height and breadth to that 
 portion of the head (of 
 which also fig. 171 affords 
 an illustration), imparts 
 prudence, aspiration, dig- 
 nity, pride, self-reliance, 
 and love of distinction, FlG - 167. WILKIE COLLINS.* 
 
 power, and position. If the coronal region, or top-head, pre- 
 
 THOUGHTFUL. 
 
 OBSERVIXO. 
 
 FIG. 1C8. HEPWORTH Dixox.t FIG. 1C9. A LOWLANDEB. 
 
 dominate, as in fig. 172, in which it will be seen that the 
 
 * An English novelist and miscellaneous writer, noted for his skill in the manage- 
 ment of the plot in his fictions. " After Dark," "The Dead Secret," and " The Woman 
 in White" are among his most popular works. 
 
 t An English journalist and author, best known here through his "New America."
 
 126 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 height from the opening of the ear to the apex of the head is 
 very great, -you may assume that the subject lias a strong. 
 
 EXECUTIVE. 
 
 SPIRITUALLY MINDED. 
 
 FIG. 170. GENERAL JOSEPH HOOKEB.* FIG. 171. THEODOSIA BURR AixsroN.t 
 
 natural tendency toward a moral and religious life to mani- 
 fest faith, hope, and charity to reverence God and his laws, 
 and to aspire after purity and holiness. 
 
 Having ascertained which of the 
 groups of organs, as a whole, pre- 
 dominate, your next step should be to 
 determine the controlling onjan in 
 
 o o 
 
 that group. " If it be Conscientious- 
 ness in the moral group, and that is 
 the controlling group of the brain, then 
 ||. everything must be squared according 
 to the rule of rectitude. If Benevo- 
 lence is the controlling organ in that 
 group, then everything must be gov- 
 erned according to the spirit of kind- 
 ness and sympathy. If Veneration be 
 the strongest, then there is a tendency 
 to think of God and to reverence his authority; if Conscien- 
 tiousness lead the person to be honest, it is for God's sake; 
 
 * Known in the Union Army, in the American Civil War, as " fighting Joe Hooker." 
 t Daughter of Aaron Burr. 
 
 $ Rev. Benjamin Szold is a Jewish Rabbi of Baltimore, but by birth a Hungarian, 
 ad is distinguished for piety and le 
 
 FIG. 172. BENJ. Szou>4
 
 THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. 127 
 
 if through Benevolence he become a benefactor, it is for God's 
 sake ; his Spirituality begets a yearning for the life to come, 
 because God is the light thereof; Hope fixes its aspiration upon 
 the Father of all, and thus he inclines to walk with God and 
 have his conversation in heaven. This, at least, will be the 
 form of his piety and the tendency of his moral life. 
 
 "In the selfish group, with Acquisitiveness predominating, 
 energy, skill, and executive force will back up that element, 
 and money-making, though it may be honestly done, will 
 seem to be the great drift of the person's life." 
 
 As the predominant group determines the general tend- 
 encies of the mind, so the strongest organ in that group 
 influences the action of all the rest. In this way, if the faculty 
 which inspires ambition be strong, the talent, skill, energy, 
 enterprise, prudence, policy, friendship, affection, all incline 
 toward and sustain ambition. 
 
 A perfectly balanced brain will seldom, if ever, be found ; 
 but supposing one to be in equilibrium, then the course of 
 action which a person thus endowed would pursue, would 
 be determined by the paramount external influence. Being 
 equally fitted for business, law, medicine, mechanism, teach- 
 ing, literature, and art, he would become what circumstances 
 should render most desirable at the time. You will meet 
 with approximations to this perfect balance of the elements 
 of character, and the individuals in whom it occurs will be 
 capable of succeeding in almost any branch of human effort. 
 
 Having thus completed your general observations, you will 
 be prepared to examine the individual organs for the purpose 
 of ascertaining the size of each, observing at the same time 
 the corresponding physiognomical sign, where such a sign 
 has been ascertained to exist ; but in comparing the one with 
 the other, it should be understood that while the brain (sub- 
 ject always to the conditions we have noted) measures the 
 absolute power of the mind, the face is rather an index of its 
 habitual activity, and that the two sets of indications, taken 
 either collectively or individually, are not necessarily equal ; 
 in other words, there may be latent power mental capacity 
 not manifested in the character or shown in the face.
 
 128 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 If, therefore, the sign of a faculty be large in the face, and 
 its phrenological organ at the same time be moderate or 
 small, there will be more activity than endurance or continu- 
 ance in its characteristic manifestation; while, on the other 
 hand, if the phrenological sign show more development than 
 the physiognomical, there will be more endurance than activity. 
 In the first case there will be a higher degree of manifesta- 
 tion than the brain, considered by itself, would warrant us in 
 counting upon. In the second there would be less, a certain 
 amount of power continually remaining latent ; and this prin- 
 ciple accounts for a large share of the misconception which 
 exists in regard to both Phrenology and Physiognomy.* 
 
 In seeking to determine the size of the organs, you must 
 not be guided merely by the undulations on the surface oi 
 the head. Phrenology is not " bumpology." You must not 
 look for hills, hollows, and protuberances (though you will 
 sometimes find them), but judge the length of brain fibers 
 from the medulla oblongata the center of the brainf to the 
 surface, where the organs are located in a manner analogous 
 to the estimation of the size of a wagon wheel by the length 
 of its spokes. 
 
 We have pointed out the location of all the organs in 
 Chap. IV., and the student who has studied that chapter 
 carefully in connection with the symbolical head and the 
 phrenological bust, which every one should possess, will, after 
 the necessary practice, experience little difficulty in finding 
 them. Some further directions in regard to a few important 
 points, however, may be useful. 
 
 III. HOW TO FIND THE ORGANS. 
 
 The locations of the perceptive organs and most of the 
 others lying at the base of the brain are readily determined, 
 by means of our diagrams (figs. 22 and 23) and descriptions ; 
 the eyes, the eyebrows, the ears, or the occipital protuberance, 
 
 * See " New Physiognomy ; or, Signs of Character as manifested through Tempera- 
 ment and External Forms, and especially in the Human Face Divine." With more 
 than a thousand engravings. By 8. R. Wells, New York. 
 
 * See Description of the Skull and the Brain in our Introduction.
 
 THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. 129 
 
 as the case may be, furnishing a convenient point of departure 
 from which each may be reached with little chance for error. 
 The exact situations of those lying farther from these fixed 
 points are less easily determined by the beginner. 
 
 Drawing a line perpendicularly upward from the opening 
 of the ear, you first cross Deslructiveness, which lies above 
 and partly behind the ear. When large, there will be great 
 width of brain between the ears, and a swelling out of the 
 organ, just over the orifice of the ear, say the size of one half 
 of a common peach pit; when small, the head will be narrow 
 between the ears, with no protuberance at the point desig- 
 nated. Next above this, and three quarters of an inch from 
 the top of the ear, you come upon the fore part of Secretive- 
 ness. Extending this line upward, you pass over Sublimity 
 and Conscientiousness, and at the top of the head strike the 
 fore part of Firmness, which, when large, gives a fullness to 
 the crown. Taking this as another fixed point, you can 
 readily determine the location of the other organs, on the 
 median line, and each side of it. Between Self-Esteem and 
 Inhabitivoness, on this central line, is Concentrativeness, 
 which, being generally small in American heads, is usually 
 marked by a depression at that point, and is thus easy to 
 find. 
 
 To find Cautiousness, another important point to fix cor- 
 rectly in the mind, draw a line perpendicularly upward from 
 the buck part of the ear, and just where the head begins to 
 round off to form the top, you will come upon that organ. 
 It is generally well developed in the heads of our countrymen, 
 and often causes quite a prominence at that point. Forward 
 of Cautiousness, and in a line with it, are Sublimity, Ideality, 
 and Mirthfulness. 
 
 Between Firmness and Benevolence is Veneration, in the 
 center of the top-head. When this middle part rounds out 
 and rises above the parts next before and behind it, Venera- 
 tion is larger than Firmness and Benevolence. Below Vene- 
 ration are the two organs of Hope and Spirituality, the latter 
 of which is unfortunately marked by a depression in many 
 Protestant heads. 
 
 6*
 
 130 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 Above Alimcntiveness, and the fore part of Destructiveness, 
 is Acquisitiveness, and forward of that, Constructiveness. 
 
 A horizontal line drawn backward from the outer angle of 
 the eye strikes at the center of the back-head the upper part 
 of the organ of Parental Love. An inch or a little less below 
 this point is the occipital protuberance, which denotes by its 
 degree of development the power of endurance, and activity 
 of the muscular system. It is large in great walkers pedes- 
 trians, and in foxhounds, horses, etc. On each side of this, 
 and just below, is the organ of Amativeness, giving thickness 
 to the neck below and between the ears. 
 
 With these points fixed in the mind, the student will be 
 enabled to carry out for himself the plan we have indicated 
 for finding the organs; but he must bear in mind the fact, that 
 there are slight modifications in the position of the organs on 
 each head ; and he must therefore learn to distinguish the 
 form of each and its appearance when developed in different 
 proportions to the others. 
 
 We have referred to our diagrams, symbolical head, and 
 bust, but these can only show the situation of the organs on 
 some particular head, taken as a model, and it is impossible 
 by means of them to convey more information than we have 
 thus conveyed. The different appearances in all the varieties 
 of relative size must be discovered by inspecting numbers 
 of heads and comparing one with another.* 
 
 When one organ is very largely developed, it encroaches 
 on the space usually occupied by the neighboring organs, the 
 situations of which are thereby slightly altered. When this 
 occurs, it may be distinguished by the greatest prominence 
 being near the center of the large organ, and the swelling 
 
 * The student is often at first unable to perceive differences which, after a few- 
 months, become palpably manifest to him, and at the former obscurity of which he is 
 not a little surprised. The following anecdote, related by Dr. Gall, is in point : The 
 physician of the House of Correction at Grsctz. in Styria, sent him a box filled with 
 skulls. In unpacking them, he was so much struck with the. extreme breadth of one 
 of them at the anterior region of the temples, that he exclaimed, " Mon Dieu, quel 
 cr&ne de volenr!" My God, what a thievish skull I Yet the physician had bcwi 
 unable to discover the organ of Acquisitiveness in tliat skull. His letter to Dr. Gall, 
 
 sent with the box, was found to contain this information : " The skull marked is 
 
 that of N . an incorrigible thief.' 1
 
 THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. 131 
 
 extending over a portion only of the other. In these cases 
 the shape should be attended to ; for the form of the organ is 
 then easily recognized, and is a sure indication of the par- 
 ticular one which is largely developed. The observer should 
 learn, by inspecting a skull, to distinguish the mastoid process 
 behind the ear, as also bony excrescences sometimes formed by 
 the sutures, and several bony prominences which occur in every 
 head, from elevations produced by development of brain. 
 
 In regard to the employment of the scale (or any scale) for 
 the numbering of the organs, it may be remarked that each 
 examiner attaches to the terms Small, Moderate, Full, etc., 
 shades of meaning perfectly known only to himself, and it is 
 not reasonable to expect that the markings or statements of 
 development made by different phrenologists will always 
 perfectly agree. It must be borne in mind, too, that the 
 numbers indicate merely the relative proportions of the 
 organs to each other, on the same head, and not absolute 
 size in relation to some fixed standard.* Besides, the shape 
 of one's head like his features is constantly changing. If 
 one improves by study or the practice of an art, or if, from 
 inaction, one deteriorates, it will soon tell on both brain 
 and character, altering the shape of the head.f 
 
 * It is one object to prove Phrenology to be true, and another to teach a beginner 
 how to observe organs. For the first purpose, we do not in general compare an organ 
 in one head with the same organ in another ; because it is the predominance of par- 
 ticular organs in the same head that gives ascendency to particular faculties in the 
 individuals ; and, therefore, improving Phrenology, we usually compare the different 
 organs of the same head. But in learning to observe, it is useful to contrast the same 
 organ in different heads, in order to become familiar with its appearance in different 
 sizes and combinations. With this view, it is proper to begin with the larger organs ; 
 and two persons of opposite dispositions in the particular points to be compared, 
 ought to be placed in juxtaposition, and their heads observed. Thus, if we take the 
 organ of Cautiousness, we should examine its development in those whom we know 
 to be remarkable for timidity, doubt, and v hesitatiou ; and we should contrast its 
 appearance with that which it presents in individuals remarkable for precipitancy, 
 and into whose minds doubt or fear rarely enters : or a person who is passionately 
 fond of children may be compared, in regard to the organ of Philoprogenitivenesu, 
 with another who regards them as an intolerable annoyance. Combe. 
 
 t If the student desire to find the truth, he will consider first the general principles, 
 developed in the present work, and the presumptions for and acrainst them, arising 
 from admitted facts in mental philosophy and physiology. He will next proceed to 
 make observations in nature, in the forms, situations, appearances, aud functions of 
 the organs.
 
 132 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 VI. 
 
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION. 
 
 I. CUI BONO? 
 
 self-knowledge be, as wise men in all ages have con 
 sidered it, the most important and useful of all learning, 
 then Phrenology, which furnishes the key to this 
 knowledge, is the most important and useful of all sciences. 
 It enables us to measure our own capacity, to ascertain our 
 strong and our weak points, to learn what sins most easily 
 beset us, and what course to pursue to guard against them 
 and promote virtue, purity, and holiness how to cultivate 
 the faculties which are deficient or inactive, and how to 
 restrain or control excessive or perverted action. Knowing 
 ourselves aright, we can set about the work of self-improve- 
 ment understandingly and with the best prospects of full 
 success. 
 
 Next to a knowledge of ourselves is that of our fellow-men, 
 and especially of those with whom we live in close relations 
 of love, friendship, or business, and with whom we are brought 
 into daily and hourly contact. Much of our happiness and 
 of our success in life depends upon the character of our inter- 
 course with them. To make that intercourse pleasant and 
 profitable we must understand their characters. Phrenology 
 enables us to do this, and thus makes us masters of the situation. 
 
 II. PHRENOLOGY AND MATRIMONY. 
 
 The proper destiny of every well-organized man and woman 
 is to love and marry, and it is in marriage, where the con- 
 ditions are such as the laws of nature, written on our organ- 
 ization, demand, that the highest degree of xisefulness and 
 happiness is attainable. But men and women too often love 
 " not wisely but too well," and marriage, if love lead to that, 
 proves a terrible, irremediable mistake. Why is this ? Because
 
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION. 133 
 
 they neither know themselves or the persons of the other sex 
 to whom they blindly give their hearts. Cupid is blind. Love 
 between the sexes is a feeling, an impulse, a propensity. In its 
 proper sphere it is, like all other faculties, good and conducive 
 to human happiness and welfare; but it needs the guidance of 
 intellect and the elevating and sanctifying influences of the 
 moral sentiments. Phrenology, judiciously applied, enables the 
 young man to judge whether the charmer who has attracted his 
 attention and won his admiration by some grace of person or 
 of mind, is fitted by organization to make him happy ; and 
 the young woman has in it a friendly counselor in her " affairs 
 of the heart." Knowing her own physical and mental con- 
 stitution, she will be able to determine to whom she may 
 safely give her affections and her hand. He or she, then, who 
 would love both wisely and well, should allow reason, in- 
 structed by science, to be his o" ^er o-uide. 
 
 III. APPLICATION TO EDUCATION". 
 
 The parent and the teacher will find Phrenology an invalu- 
 able guide in the training of the young. What folly can be 
 greater than that of applying the same sort of discipline and 
 mode of culture to all children alike ; yet the teacher or the 
 pai'ent who knows nothing of Phrenology is almost sure to 
 fall into this error. On the other hand, those who have taken 
 Phrenology as a guide, adapt their teachings to the peculiar 
 mental organization of each pupil, and in governing him are 
 not at a loss to what faculties to appeal when he needs to be 
 restrained or brought back from any wrong course. They do 
 not strive to suppress any faculty, knowing that all are God- 
 given and bestowed for a good purpose ; but they aim to 
 educate and discipline them, bringing, if possible, the lower 
 into due subordination to the higher. No one is well fitted 
 
 O 
 
 to become a teacher or a parent who does not understand the 
 science of the mind and the art of character reading. 
 
 IV. CHOICE OF A PURSUIT. 
 
 In choosing a pursuit, our science is of the utmost value, 
 oome persons are fitted for one thing and some for another.
 
 134 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 A few are found who can do almost anything are nearly as 
 well fitted for one branch of business as another. Phrenology 
 enables us to decide what pursuit to choose for a child. We 
 consult his organization and find out what his natural 
 tendencies, tastes, and capacities are, and instead of making 
 a poor preacher an indifferent lawyer, or a blundering doctor 
 of a youth whom nature intended for a first-rate mechanic, 
 engineer, or business man, we allow the boy's own natural 
 predilections to be ojur guide in choosing a calling for him. 
 
 VI. THE PROFESSIONS. 
 
 The clergyman finds his usefulness greatly enhanced by a 
 knowledge of Phrenology, as it enables him to understand 
 the mental peculiarities of his parishioners, and to adapt his 
 teachings and admonitions to individual cases, so that his 
 appeals are understood and felt. To the physician it proves 
 not less useful as a guide in the treatment of his various 
 patients, no two of whom are organized exactly alike. In all 
 cases he finds that the mind affects the body in one way or 
 another, either promoting or retarding recovery, and that the 
 mode and degree of its action depend upon the relative 
 development of different parts of the brain. Fully compre- 
 hending these conditions, he is enabled to make the patient's 
 mental activity an ally instead of an enemy in the curative 
 process. The lawyer confessedly owes much of his success 
 to a thorough knowledge of human nature, and in no way 
 can he so well obtain this knowledge as through the medium 
 of Phrenology and Physiognomy. The merchant may make 
 use of it in choosing his clerks and other assistants, so as to 
 secure honesty and business talent ; the mechanic who under- 
 stands Phrenology will not take for an apprentice a boy who 
 is poorly developed in Constructiveness and Imitation or who 
 has a weak constitution ; and the farmer will look for a love 
 of animals, an interest in plants, and a delight in the free, un. 
 conventional life of the country to adapt a young man to the 
 profession of agi'iculture. The statesman, the military com- 
 mander, the actor, the artist, and the mechanic, all need a 
 knowledge of it, and may profit greatly by its teachings.
 
 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY. 135 
 
 VII. 
 
 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 >HE truth of Phrenology having long since been demon- 
 strated, all objections to it are futile, and hardly 
 deserve to be cited in a work like this. Every truth 
 must be consistent with all other truths. Truth is always 
 safe. It is error that is dangerous and subversive of morality 
 and religion. But as old objections to our science continue 
 to be reiterated in certain quarters, and as some of our readers 
 may not have 'seen the answers which have been made to 
 them, and in which their utter groundlessness has been shown, 
 we have decided to notice briefly a few of the more common 
 and plausible of them. 
 
 1. NUMBER OP THE FACULTIES. " Phrenologists do not agree in 
 regard to the number of the faculties, and are constantly adding to 
 them, showing that there is nothing fixed or certain about the system." 
 
 Answer. The differences among phrenologists in reference 
 to the number of faculties, are not greater but less than 
 among the teachers of other systems of mental philosophy. 
 In neither case does the circumstance invalidate the system 
 taught. Phrenologists do not create faculties and organs; 
 they simply discover and describe them. They are not 
 responsible for their number. Our list of organs is increased by 
 the discovery of new ones. The functions of certain portions 
 of the brain yet remain unknown. Is the science of astron- 
 omy considered unsettled and untrustworthy because some 
 astronomers " see stars" where others, with less development 
 of the observing powers or inferior instruments, have found 
 only blank space ? or because they are constantly adding to 
 the number of the known planets ? In fact, is not the objec- 
 tion under notice slightly absurd ? 
 
 2. THE ANATOMICAL OBJECTION. " No phrenologist has ever 
 observed the supposed lines of demarkation between the organs 
 assumed to exist in the brain, or has ventured in the course of his dis-
 
 136 . HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 sections to divide a hemisphere of the brain accurately into any such 
 number of organs as have been mapped out on the surface of the skull." 
 
 Answer. 1. Were this objection literally true, it would 
 not be relevant, because it is an admitted principle of physi- 
 ology that, in the present state of our knowledge, the form 
 and structure of an organ are not sufficient to convey an idea 
 of its function. The most expert anatomists had looked fre- 
 quently and long upon a bundle of nervous fibers, inclosed in 
 a common sheath, without discovering that one set of them 
 was the organ of voluntary motion, and another that of feel- 
 ing; on the contrary, from their similarity of appearance, 
 these nerves had, for ages, been regarded as possessing similar 
 functions. Nevertheless, Sir C. Bell and Magendie have 
 demonstrated, by experiment, that they possess the distinct 
 functions of feeling and motion. It may therefore be proved 
 by observation, that the different parts of the brain have dis- 
 tinct functions, although it were true that no difference of 
 structure could be perceived ; but 
 
 2. It is not a fact that no difference of appearance is dis- 
 coverable. It is easy to distinguish the anterior, the middle, 
 and posterior lobes of the human brain from each other; and 
 were they shown separately to a skillful phrenological anato- 
 mist, he would never take one for the other. The mental 
 manifestations are so different, according as one or other of 
 these lobes predominates in size, that there is, even in this 
 case, ample room for establishing the fundamental proposition, 
 that different faculties are connected with different parts of 
 the brain. Further : many of the organs differ so decidedly 
 in appearance, that they could be pointed out by it alone. 
 
 3. It is admitted that the organs of the brain are not per- 
 ceived to be separated by strong lines of demarkation ; but 
 the forms of the organs are distinguishable and the mapping 
 out is founded in nature, though originally the result of the 
 observation of the external surface of the cranium. 
 
 3. IGNORANCE OF PHRENOLOGISTS. " The teachers and disciples of 
 Phrenology are ignorant of anatomy and physiology, and they delude 
 only those equally uninstructed." 
 
 Answer. This statement is untrue, and therefore the obiec-
 
 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY. 137 
 
 tion it is intended to embody falls to the ground. Drs. Gall 
 and Spurzheim were admirable anatomists. The dissections 
 of the brain made by the latter are acknowledged to have 
 been the most satisfactory ever performed. The Messrs. 
 Combe of Edinburgh, Drs. Vimont and Broussais of Paris, and 
 Dr. Charles Caldwell of the United States, all advocates and 
 teachers of Phrenology, were also anatomists of great skill 
 and learning ; and among the " uninstructed " ones who have 
 been "deluded" by their teachings, we may name such men 
 as Dr. Samuel George Morton, Professor of Anatomy, etc., 
 and author of "Crania Americana;" Prof. John Elliotson, M.D., 
 F.R.S. ; Dr. Robert Hunter, Professor of Anatomy, etc. ; 
 Prof. John Bell, M.D. ; J. V. C. Smith, M.D., Professor of 
 Anatomy, and Editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical 
 Journal Nathan Allen, M.D., and John M. Carnochan, M.D., 
 the most distinguished surgeon in the United States. We 
 might increase this list indefinitely, but these names will 
 suffice. 
 
 4. MATERIALISM, FATALISM, ETC." Phrenology leads to materialism 
 and fatalism." 
 
 Answer. If Phrenology be false, it can lead to nothing in 
 the end but to the confusion of its supporters and to a merited 
 oblivion ; but if it be true, and if materialism follow as a 
 logical deduction from its facts, then, of course, materialism 
 is true, and Phrenology is no more responsible for its existence 
 than chemistry or astronomy is. It simply makes it known. 
 
 But the materialist says that it is the medullary matter 
 that thinks in other words, that the brain is the mind. Now 
 we teach no such doctrine, and Phrenology leads to no such 
 conclusion. It declares that mind, in this mortal life and 
 while linked to matter, is manifested through the brain. It 
 has not necessarily anything to do with the question, "What is 
 the substance of the mind itself? It deals with mind as it is 
 observed through its manifestations. If it be material, 
 
 O ' 
 
 Phrenology has not made it so. If it be immaterial, Phre- 
 nology can at best only make the fact apparent. We always, 
 as all who know anything about our teachings are well 
 aware, draw a broad line of demarkatiou between the organ
 
 138 HOW .TO READ CHARACTER.' 
 
 of the mind and the mind itself. The one must perish, the 
 other we believe will survive and 
 
 Flourish in immortal youth, 
 Unhurt amid the war of elements, 
 The wreck of matter, and the crash of worlds. 
 
 In regard to the asserted fatalistic tendencies of Phrenology, 
 our reply must be mainly the same as in regard to the first 
 part of the objector's statement. If man's constitution of 
 body and brain determine unalterably his character and 
 destiny, so that he can neither be better nor worse than he 
 is, nor in any way different, Phrenology, although it may 
 reveal this character and destiny, is no more responsible for 
 it than theology is for the existence of evil. But while Phre- 
 nology finds mind in this life connected with matter, and 
 subject, so far as its manifestations are concerned, to certain 
 organic laws, it also recognizes within the limits of its organ- 
 ization, and as an element in the unalterable law of life, the 
 freedom of the will, and a consequent personal responsibility. 
 
 We are not responsible for our being. We are born into 
 this world, made dependent while here upon material organs 
 for our ability to act, and rendered liable to the accidents 
 which happen to matter, and to the final death of the body. 
 In these arrangements we had no voice no freedom to choose 
 
 
 
 when or where we would be born, or how we would be 
 endowed in the matter of body and brain, and therefore can 
 have no responsibility, so far as they are concerned. But 
 there has been bestowed upon us, or rather made a part of 
 our mental constitution, a sense of right and wrong r , and with 
 it the power to choose between good and evil to rise or to 
 fall to impi-ove or to deteriorate, and here we are responsible, 
 not for our faculties, but for the use we make of them. 
 
 As an additional evidence that Phrenology is in no way 
 inimical to religion, we may here mention that it is now 
 embraced and taught by many of the most prominent and 
 truly pious clergymen of Europe and America, including 
 Archbishop Whateley, Thomas Chalmers, IXD., Rev. Orville 
 Dewey, Rev. John Pierrepont, E. H. Chapin, D.D., Rev. Henry 
 Ward Beecher, and many others.
 
 THE TRADES AND PROFESSIONS. 139 
 
 Yin. 
 
 THE TRADES AND PROFESSIONS. 
 
 I. A CLASSIFIED LIST. 
 
 >HE MECHANIC ARTS. Artificial Flower Maker 
 Baker Basket Maker Bookbinder Blacksmith 
 Bricklayer Butcher Cabinet Maker Carpen- 
 ter Carriage Maker Carriage Ironer Carriage Trimmer 
 Compositor Cooper Dentist Dressmaker Engineer 
 Finisher of Work Founder General Mechanic Gold 
 Beater Harness Maker Inventor Jeweler Locksmith 
 Machinist Manufacturer Miller Milliner Molder Paper 
 Box Maker Painter Penman Picture-frame Maker 
 Printer Shoemaker Silversmith Stone Cutter Surgeon 
 Tailcy Tanner Upholsterer Watchmaker. 
 
 II. THE FINE ARTS. Architect Actor Daguerrean 
 Designer Draughtsman Engraver Florist Historical 
 Painter Landscape Painter Landscape Gardener Modeler 
 Musician Musical Composer Poet Portrait Painter 
 Sculptor. 
 
 III. LITERATURE. Author -Dramatist Editor, Literary, 
 Commercial, Political, General Historian Journalist Lec- 
 turer Librarian Novelist Orator Poet Preacher 
 Reporter. 
 
 IV. SCIENCE. Botanist Chemist Editor Entomologist 
 Explorer (Scientific) Engineer Geographer Geologist 
 Lecturer Mineralogist Naturalist Navigator Phrenolo- 
 gist Physician Surgeon Surveyor Zoologist. 
 
 V. EDUCATION. Author (of Educational Books) College 
 Professor Editor Elocutionist Governess Lecturer 
 Phrenologist Teacher. 
 
 VI. THE " PROFESSIONS." Attorney Author Barrister 
 Clergyman Counselor Judge Lawyer Phrenologist 
 Physician Preacher Surgeon.
 
 140 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 VII. COMMERCE. Accountant Agent Auctioneer 
 Bookseller Cattle Dealer Commission Business Clerk 
 Dry Goods Fancy Goods Grocer Hardware Lumber 
 Dealer Importer Jobber Merchant Publisher Sales- 
 man Stock Jobber. 
 
 VIII. GENERAL BUSINESS. Agent, General Business, 
 Insurance, Express, Freight Banker Broker Canvasser 
 Cashier Collector Conductor Contractor Conveyancer 
 Financier Post Master President of Bank, Railroad, In- 
 surance Company Real Estate Dealer Superintendent. 
 
 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EMPLOYMENTS. Diplomatist Ex- 
 plorer Farmer Fisherman Fruit Grower Horseman 
 Horticulturist Hotel Keeper Livery Keeper Lumberman 
 Policeman or Detective Politician Seaman Soldier 
 Statesman Stock Raiser Undertaker Watchman. 
 
 II. DEVELOPMENTS FOR PARTICULAR PURSUITS. 
 
 I. THE LAW. Lawyers require the mental-vital tempera- 
 ment, to give them intensity of feeling and clearness of 
 intellect ; large Eventuality, to recall law cases and decisions ; 
 large Comparison, to compare different parts of the law and 
 evidence to criticise, cross-question, illustrate, and adduce 
 similar cases ; and large Language, to give freedom of speech. 
 Phrenology will tell you how to acquire and use these powers 
 and faculties to the best advantage. Try it. 
 
 II. STATESMANSHIP. Statesmen require large and well- 
 balanced intellects, to enable them to understand and see 
 through great public measures and choose the best course, 
 together with high moral heads, to make them DISINTERESTED, 
 
 O O ' * 
 
 and seek the PEOPLE'S good, not selfish ends. 
 
 III. MEDICINE. Physicians requii-e large Perceptive Facul- 
 ties, so that they may study and apply a knowledge of 
 Anatomy and Physiology with skill and success; full Destruc- 
 tiveness, lest they shrink from inflicting the pain requisite to 
 cure ; large Constructiveness, to give them skill in surgery ; 
 large Combativeness, to render them resolute and prompt; 
 large Cautiousness, to render them judicious and safe ; and a 
 large head, to give them general power of mind. Phrenology
 
 THE TRADES AND PROFESSIONS. 141 
 
 will predict, in advance, whether or not a boy will succeed in 
 this profession. The same is true of Dentistry. 
 
 IV. DIVINITY. Clergymen require the mental tempera- 
 ment, to give them a decided predominance of MIND over 
 their animal propensities ; a large frontal and coronal region, 
 the former to give them intellectual capacity, and the latter 
 to impart high moral worth, aims, and feelings, elevation of 
 character, and blamelessness of conduct; large Veneration, 
 Hope, and Spirituality, to imbue them with the spirit of faith 
 and devotion ; large Benevolence and Adhesiveness, so that 
 they may make all who know them LOVE them, and thus win 
 each over to the paths of truth and righteousness. Clergy- 
 men will do well to consult Phrenology; it would enable 
 them to account for many seeming mysteries, and give them 
 power and influence to do great good. It is in the most per- 
 fect harmony with the highest Christianity. 
 
 V. JOURNALISM. Editors also require a mental tempera- 
 ment, with, large Individuality and Eventuality, to collect 
 and disseminate incidents, facts, news, and give a PRACTICAL 
 cast of mind; large Comparison, to enable them to illustrate, 
 criticise, show up errors, and the like ; full or lai'ge Com- 
 bativeness, to render them spirited ; large Language, to 
 render them copious, free, spicy, and racy; and large Ideality, 
 'to give taste and elevated sentiments. An Editor who under- 
 stands and applies Phrenology possesses a power which he 
 may use with great effect. " He can take your measure." 
 
 VI. COMMERCE. Merchants require Acquisitiveness, to 
 impart a desire and tact for business ; large Hope, to promote 
 enterprise ; full Cautiousness, to render them safe ; large 
 Perceptives, to give quick and correct judgment of the quali- 
 ties of goods ; good Calculation, to impart rapidity and cor- 
 rectness in casting accounts ; large Approbativeness, to 
 render them courteous and affable ; and full Adhesiveness, to 
 enable them to make friends of customers, and thus retain 
 them. Why is one young man a better salesman than 
 another? and why is one better worth a salary twice or 
 thrice the amount than another ? Phrenology answers this 
 by pointing out the constitutional differences, and showing
 
 142 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 who is, and who is not, adapted to mercantile life. You had 
 better consult Phrenology, and choose accordingly. 
 
 VII. THE MECHANIC ARTS. Mechanics require strong 
 constitutions, to give them muscular power and love of labor ; 
 large Constructiveness and Imitation, to enable them to use 
 tools with dexterity ; work after a pattern, and easily learn to 
 do what they may see others do ; and large Perceptive Facul- 
 ties, to give the required judgment of matter and the fitness 
 of things. 
 
 VIII. THE FINE ARTS. Artists require the mental tem- 
 perament, high organic quality and large Ideality to impart 
 the necessary intellectual appreciation of the laws of beauty 
 and the rules of art, taste, refinement, delicacy, imagination, 
 and lofty aspirations ; Constructiveness, to give skill in the 
 use of the implements of art ; Imitation, to enable them to 
 copy well ; and large perceptives to impart judgment of the 
 forms and qualities of things.* 
 
 * Finally, while we do most confidently affirm that there is a marked difference in 
 the natural capacities and aptitudes of men for particular callings ; and that one will 
 chow great talent as an artist, mechanic, or merchant, another would excel in neither 
 of these, but in something else ; still it must be admitted that each of us, having the 
 same number and kind of organs and faculties differing only in quality, culture, and 
 degree of development it is possible for most of us to learn to do very nearly the 
 same thing. Nor is it best to push a student in those studies in which he already 
 excels, but rather in the studies most difficult, in order to develop deficient or inactive 
 faculties. If one already manifests mechanical skill, turn his attention to art, philos- 
 ophy, or invention. If one is naturally musical, and wanting in mathematics, let 
 music be made second to mathematics, and so on through all the studies. Tb<? end 
 desired is an even, harmonious, well-balanced character,
 
 HE. 
 
 A DELINEATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHARACTER, PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, 
 
 . 
 
 AND PKESENT CONDITION 
 
 J 
 
 AS GIVEN BY 
 
 - 
 
 [DATE.]
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE. 
 
 Opposite to the name of each organ or quality taken into 
 account in a delineation of character, and in the column indi- 
 cating its relative power, the examiner will place a figure, a 
 dash, or a dot, to indicate the subject's development in 
 respect to that organ or quality. The printed figures in the 
 square thus marked refer to the pages in this work on which, 
 under the name of the organ or quality standing in the 
 margin opposite, will be found a description of the traits of 
 character which the development is believed to denote. At 
 the end of this description are other figures, indicating pages 
 where directions for cultivating or restraining, as may be 
 directed, the faculty in question. 
 
 When an organ is half way between two sizes, it is repre- 
 sented by two figures, as 5 to 6, or 3 to 4, etc., which is 
 equivalent to 5- or 3. In these cases both paragraphs 
 referred to may be read, and a medium between the two 
 will be appropriate. 
 
 The sign +, plus, signifies about one third of a degree 
 mofe, and , minus, one third of a degree less, than the 
 marks indicate, thus giving virtually a scale of twenty-one 
 degrees.
 
 AN EXPLANATORY NOTE. 
 
 PLEASE BEAD THIS FIRST. 
 
 In a printed delineation, we can only approximate to the 
 real character. No two persons, even though they be twins, 
 are exactly alike. The almost numberless combinations of 
 which the temperaments and mental faculties (to say nothing 
 of the ever-varying physiological conditions involved) are 
 susceptible, result in phases and shades of character as numer- 
 ous as the individuals of the human race. To bring. these 
 out in a fully satisfactory manner requires a carefully written 
 analysis. We can give, as a general rule, in a chart like 
 this, merely the simple elements. The subject should com- 
 bine them for himself, considering well the temperaments, 
 and the modifications which must result from the action of 
 one faculty upon another, and especially the influence of the 
 predominating group and the leading organ. (See p. 124 
 et seq. for further hints.") 
 
 Our aim here is to give as accurate a delineation of 
 character as the circtimstances will admit. Absolute correct- 
 ness in every particular is not claimed, nor would it be 
 possible in following the markings of the several organs and 
 conditions as here set down ; and due allowance, in every 
 case, by examiner and examined, must therefore be made.
 
 For a Full Explanation of this Table, 
 
 CONDITIONS. 
 
 7 
 
 Very 
 Large. 
 
 6 
 
 Large. 
 
 5 
 
 Full. 
 
 4 
 
 Aver- 
 age. 
 
 3 
 
 Moder- 
 ate. 
 
 2 
 
 Small. 
 
 Organic Quality 
 
 PAGE 
 ~7 149 
 
 149 
 
 149 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health j 
 
 150 
 
 *150 
 
 < X 150 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 Vital Temperament 
 
 151 
 
 151 
 
 - 151 
 
 151 
 
 151 
 
 151 
 
 Breathing Power 
 
 152 
 
 152 
 ^'- 
 
 -' 152 
 
 152 
 
 152 
 
 152 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 Circulatory Power 
 
 153 
 
 15:! 
 
 153 
 
 153 
 
 153 
 
 153 
 
 Digestive Power 
 
 153 
 
 153 
 
 <"153 
 
 153 
 
 154 
 
 154 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 Motive Temperament 
 
 154 
 
 - 154 
 
 $-164 
 
 154 
 
 154 
 
 155 
 
 Mental Temperament . . . 
 
 155 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 155 
 
 155 
 
 155 
 
 156 
 
 Activity 
 
 -ilSG 
 
 4156 
 
 156 
 
 156 
 
 156 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 J.JU 
 
 
 
 
 
 Excitability.. .......... 
 
 9 1 yl / / 
 
 ir,<; 
 
 156 
 
 156 
 
 156 
 
 157 
 
 157 
 
 Size of BraiKinbliei... 
 
 A. 
 
 . 157 
 
 157 
 
 ' 13? 
 
 157 
 
 157 
 
 158 
 
 1. Amativeness 
 
 158 
 
 15S 
 1 '- 
 
 159 
 
 159 
 
 159 
 
 159 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. Conjugality 
 
 159 
 
 159 
 
 <^159 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. Parental Love 
 
 160 
 
 t 160 
 
 J.W 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. Friendship 
 
 161 
 
 161 
 
 161 
 
 161 
 
 161 
 
 1fi2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. Inhabitiveness 
 
 162 
 
 ' 162 
 
 162 
 
 162 
 
 162 
 
 162 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. Continuity 
 
 162 
 
 163 
 
 C163 
 
 163 
 
 163 
 
 16R 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E. Vitativeness 
 
 163 
 
 164 
 
 164 
 
 164 
 
 164 
 
 164 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. Combativeness 
 
 164 
 
 164 
 
 1G5 
 
 165 
 
 165 
 
 1fi5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. Destructiveness 
 
 165 
 
 ' 166 
 
 166 
 
 166 
 
 166 
 
 166 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8. Alimentiveness 
 
 166 
 
 106 
 
 166 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. Acquisitiveness 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 168 
 
 168 
 
 168 
 
 168 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10. Secretiveness 
 
 168 
 
 168 
 
 ir>< 
 
 169 
 
 169 
 
 KIM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11. Cautiousness 
 
 169 
 
 169 
 
 169 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. Approbativeness 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 171 
 
 171 
 
 
 
 V3 X ' U 
 
 
 
 
 
 13. Self-Esteem 
 
 171 
 
 171 
 
 i 71 
 1,1 
 
 
 171 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14. Firmness 
 
 172 
 
 172 
 
 172 
 
 172 
 
 172 
 
 172
 
 The Reader is Referred to Page 144. 
 
 CONDITIONS. 
 
 7 
 
 Very 
 Large. 
 
 6 
 
 Large. 
 
 5 
 
 Fun. 
 
 4 
 
 Aver- 
 age. 
 
 3 
 
 Moder- 
 ate. 
 
 2 
 
 Small. 
 
 15. Conscientiousness 
 16. Hope 
 
 RAGE 
 
 m 
 
 &173 
 
 173 
 
 173 
 
 173 
 
 173 
 
 174 
 
 174 
 
 ' 174 
 
 174 
 
 174 
 
 174 
 
 17. Spirituality 
 
 175 
 
 175 
 
 -' 175 
 
 175 
 
 175 
 
 175 
 
 18. Veneration 
 
 176 
 
 176 
 
 - 176 
 
 176 
 
 176 
 
 176 
 
 19. Benevolence 
 
 176 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 20. Constructiveness 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 5-178 
 
 178 
 
 178 
 
 178 
 
 21. Ideality 
 
 178 
 
 ' 178 
 
 > 
 
 178 
 
 178 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 B. Sublimity .'. 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 22. Imitation 
 
 180 
 
 180 
 
 5-180 
 
 180 
 
 180 
 
 180 
 
 23. Mirtkfulness 
 
 180 
 
 C, 180 
 
 181 
 
 181 
 
 181 
 
 181 
 
 24. Individuality 
 
 -S181 
 
 181 
 
 181 
 
 181 
 
 181 
 
 182 
 
 25. Form 
 
 / 182 
 
 182 
 
 182 
 
 182 
 
 182 
 
 182 
 
 26. Size 
 
 4-182 
 
 6 182 
 
 182 
 
 182 
 
 183 
 
 183 
 
 27. Weight 
 
 183 
 
 183 
 
 ' 18:} 
 
 183 
 
 183 
 
 183 
 
 28. Color 
 
 183 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 29. Order 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 185 
 
 30. Calculation 
 
 185 
 
 185 
 
 185 
 
 185 
 
 185 
 
 185 
 
 31. Locality 
 
 185 
 
 180 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 32. Eventuality 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 33. Time 
 
 ... 187 
 
 187 
 
 187 
 
 sJ 
 
 187 
 
 187 
 
 187 
 
 34. Tune 
 
 187 
 
 187 
 
 187 
 
 187 
 
 187 
 
 188 
 
 35. Language 
 
 188 
 
 188 
 
 188 
 
 188 
 
 188 
 
 188 
 
 36. Causality 
 
 189 
 
 f 189 
 
 180 
 
 189 
 
 189 
 
 189 
 
 37. Comparison 
 
 ' 189 
 
 189 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 C. Human Nature 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 191 
 
 191 
 
 D. Agreeablcness 
 
 / 191 
 
 191 
 
 1!M 
 
 191 
 
 191 
 
 191 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 ADAPTATION IN MAERIAGE. 
 
 WHEN a person has a perfect balance of temperament and a har 
 monious development of all the mental faculties and dispositions, a com 
 panion should be chosen whose development is similar; but as this is very rarely 
 found, each person should seek to form a union with one who is properly contrasted 
 so that the excess of one may be balanced and modified by a less development in 
 the other. 
 
 The person for whom the foregoing Chart is marked phould choose a companion 
 having a constitution and mental qualities as indicated by the marking of this table 
 
 Vital Temperament.. 
 
 Strong. * 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Motive Tempera- 
 
 Strong. 
 
 ) Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mental Tempera- 
 ment 
 
 Strong. 
 
 Medium. 
 
 , -Moderate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 General Build or 
 
 Tall and Bony. 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Short and Plump. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Large. 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 
 
 *^ 
 
 
 Weight 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Light. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Full and Plump 
 
 Decidedly. 
 
 Ir 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Moderately. 
 
 Complexion .......... 
 
 Dark Brunette. 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Light, or Blonde. 
 
 
 
 IT* 
 
 
 Hair 
 
 Dark and Strong. 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Light and Fine. 
 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 Eyes 
 
 Dark. 
 
 . /"Medium. 
 
 Light, or Blue. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Social and Domestic. 
 
 Strong. 
 
 fcs Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Energy of Character. 
 
 Strong. 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Self-Reliance 
 
 Strong. 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prudence and Policy. 
 
 Strong. 
 
 / Medium. 
 r 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Regard for Praise and 
 Public Opinion 
 
 Strong. 
 
 f,--Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Economy and Love of 
 Property 
 
 Strong. , 
 
 - Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Cheerfulness ana Self- 
 Control 
 
 Strong. 
 
 y Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Ingenuity, Skill, and 
 Taste 
 
 Strong. i^ 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Practical Talent 
 
 Strong. 
 
 * Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Reasoning and Plan- 
 ning Talent 
 
 Strong. , 
 
 Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Conversational 
 Power 
 
 Strong. 
 
 ( Medium. 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Moral and Religious. 
 
 Very Strongs . 
 
 Full. 
 
 Medium.
 
 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 i. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 I. ORGANIC QUALITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY GOOD. You have a remarkably refined, sensitive, and 
 delicate organization ; are susceptible of exquisite enjoyment and 
 intense suffering ; and are greatly affected by extremes of heat and 
 cold, especially the latter. You are adapted to fine and light work 
 rather than to that which is coarse and heavy, have poetic and artistic 
 tastes, lofty aspirations, tender sympathies, and a longing for congenial 
 companionship. Being inclined to live too far above the common 
 interests and pursuits of life, you fail to find full appreciation, and are 
 subjected to much suffering by the rude contacts involved among the 
 every-day realities of this life.^ Cultivate a more robust bodily condi- 
 tion eat, drink, sleep, and grow fat and try to live more in the real 
 and less in the ideal world. [23.]* 
 
 (6.) GOOD. You are fine-grained, high-toned, and delicately organ- 
 ized ; susceptible, sensitive, and sympathetic ; refined in your tastes, 
 pleasures, and aspirations ; and repelled by whatever is low, coarse, or 
 gross. You are liable to extremes in feeling and acting ; are likely to 
 be either very good or very bad ; suffer keenly, enjoy deeply, and are 
 generally either greatly exalted or greatly depressed ; have exquisite 
 tastes ; love the beautiful, and desire, if you do not always seek, the 
 good and the true. [23.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. Yours is neither a coarse nor an over-wrought organiza. 
 tion. Your tendencies, so far as your constitution affects them, are 
 upward rather than downward, and your tastes elevating rather than 
 degrading. You must avoid all those habits which minister to the 
 animal passions and clog mental manifestation, and strive to elevate 
 yourself far above the gross and groveling multitude. [23.] 
 
 * These figures, and others similarly introduced in [brackets] throughout this part 
 of the work, refer to pages in the first part" How to Read Character" where addi- 
 tional information or explanatory remarks may be found,
 
 150 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER;. 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are rather deficient in quality or delicacy in 
 your organization ; plain in your tastes ; practical in your views ; not 
 very poetical or sentimental ; and better fitted for the matter-of-fact 
 routine of every-day life than for the higher walks of literature and 
 art. You must cultivate the Mental Temperament, and be careful to 
 contract no debasing habits, as one error, in a person of your organi- 
 zation, is likely to lead to others and to final ruin. [23.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. Your organic quality is below the average and 
 your mental manifestations sluggish and weak. You are better 
 adapted to manual labor than to study, and should not attempt any of 
 the more delicate mechanical trades. You must try to make up, by 
 the assiduous cultivation of your intellectual and moral powers, for 
 your lack of natural organic endowments. Avoid, by all means, 
 drinking, smoking, and low company. [23.] 
 
 (2.) POOR. Yours is a coarse-grained structure, and all your appe- 
 tites, tastes, and desires are of the plainer, coarser kind. There is 
 the most urgent need in your case to restrain the passions; to put 
 yourself in the way of moral and religious influences ; and to cultivate 
 the intellectual faculties, so far as you are able. [23.] 
 
 II. STATE OF THE HEALTH. 
 
 (7.) VERY GOOD. You are full of life ; vigorous, strong, buoyant, 
 and hearty in the highest degree, and enjoy exquisite pleasure in the 
 mere sense of animal existence. [24] 
 
 (6.) GOOD. All your bones, muscles, and nerves are apparently in 
 good working order, and you enjoy the exercise of every organ of 
 body and brain. You should now manifest your greatest efficiency in 
 both physical and mental action ; find study and work alike easy and 
 pleasant; and be able to endure toil, exposure, and hardship with 
 impunity. [24.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have a full share of vigor and vital stamina ; can 
 work with efficiency and endure considerable hardship ; but have no 
 life-fbrce to waste in unnecessary and fruitless ertbrt. [24.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have a fair degree of health, but are liable to 
 ailments, and must live regularly, pay strict attention to the laws of 
 your being, and be careful not to overwork yourself, and thus break 
 down your constitution. [24.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are deficient in vitality ; are easily fatigued ; 
 often ailing, and seldom capable of any great degree of physical or 
 mental exertion. You must avoid overdoing, and make the restoration 
 of your health your first object. Stop all unnecessary drafts upon your 
 remaining stock of vitality, and seek, by means of rest, sleep, and 
 recreation, to increase it. Drinking, smoking, chewing, Late hours, and 
 all kinds of dissipation, must be entirely avoided. [24.] 
 . U POOR. You have but a small amount of health left, and must
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 151 
 
 make use of every means within your reach for its improvement. Try 
 to arouse yourself to combat your ailments. Pluck is as essential in 
 meeting the attacks of disease as in opposing a human foe. A strong 
 will has saved many a life. " Courage and Hope " let that be youi 
 motto. [24.] 
 
 III. THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGELY DEVELOPED. This temperament is character^ 
 ized by rotundity. You are plump, stout, full-chested, and fond of 
 fresh air and the luxuries of life ; but you like play better than hard 
 work. In mental character there is a tendency to impulsiveness, en- 
 thusiasm, versatility, practicality, and to take a matter-of-fact view of 
 things. Your fondness for good living, .jovial company, sports and 
 amusements, render you liable to fall into habits of intemperance, 
 against which you must be continually on your guard. If you find 
 yourself inclined to an uncomfortable obesity, your remedy must be 
 work, and a spare diet, Keep both body and mind actively engaged, 
 and avoid indolence and the indulgences of the table as your greatest 
 foes. By a rigid adherence to a low and moderate diet, and by vigor- 
 ous manual labor, you may greatly modify and improve your tempera- 
 ment, [20.] 
 
 (6.) LARGELY DEVELOPED. You are well-proportioned, full-chested, 
 and amply supplied with the oil of life. All your joints are thor- 
 oughly lubricated, and your mental machinery works without fric- 
 tion. You are likely to manifest a good degree of business talent, and 
 to be not averse to doing your share of necessary work, when there is 
 profit in it. You have great need to exercise all your moral sense, 
 caution, and will-power in avoiding and resisting the temptations to 
 excess in eating, drinking, and indulging the propensities, which so 
 easily beset you. Occasional fasting, rather than feasting, should be 
 practiced. [20.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You possess a fair share of the vital element, and partake 
 of the characteristics noted in (6) and (7) in a proportionate degree. 
 You need to increase rather than diminish this element. Every sort of 
 dissipation should be avoided, and regular hours, with plenty of sleep, 
 secured. [20.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your vitality is sufficient to give the functions of 
 body and brain a fair share of energy, and to sustain life and health 
 if carefully husbanded ; but you should seek to increase it by a diet 
 and habits promotive of alimentation and nutrition. Alternate exer- 
 cise and rest ; sleep as much as nature seems to demand ; seek recrea- 
 tion ; take life more easy ; eat plain but nutritious food ; enjoy all of 
 life ; " laugh and grow fat," [20.] 
 
 (3.) WEAKLY DEVELOPED. Your constitution is deficient in the 
 vital element, and you are languid and inefficient in consequence. You
 
 152 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 require much rest and sleep, and must be very careful not to overwork 
 either body or mind [see previous section (4)], and assiduously make 
 use of all available means to increase your vitality. [20.] 
 
 (2.) VERY FEEBLY DEVELOPED. You have barely enough vitality 
 to keep your bodily and mental functions in operation. You must 
 make use of the very small stock you now possess, as capital to be 
 used for the purpose of increasing it, as directed in previous sections. 
 You must " stop the leaks," and give the reservoir time to fill up ; 
 live on the interest, instead of consuming both interest and principal, 
 and thus becoming so far impoverished that there shall be no hope of 
 recovery. [20.] 
 
 IV. BREATHING POWER. 
 
 (7.) VERY GOOD. Your respiratory organs are admirably developed, 
 and their functions well-nigh perfectly performed. You breathe freely 
 and deeply, moving the abdominal muscles as well as the lungs, and 
 filling your chest at every inspiration. The effects of this functional 
 power and activity may be observed in your warm hands and feet, 
 elastic motions, and buoyant spirits. [25.] 
 
 (6.) GOOD. You have a well-developed chest and excellent breath- 
 ing power, indicated as in (7), only in a slightly lower degree. [25.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are above the average in breathing power generally, 
 but if your habits be sedentary, you will need to resort to artificial 
 means to expand the lungs and to keep up the circulation. [25.] 
 
 (4) AVERAGE. Your breathing power is only medium, but you 
 have a fair share of warmth, and can keep your feet and hands warm 
 by proper exercise. You should take the measures recommended on 
 p. 26 (foot note) for expanding the chest. [25.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You breathe too little to thoroughly vitalize the 
 blood, seldom filling the lungs, moving the chest but little, and the 
 abdominal muscles scarcely at all ; are liable to colds, which have a 
 tendency to settle on the lungs ; have cold feet and hands and blue 
 veins near the surface. You must cultivate breathing power, and ex- 
 pand the chest. This can be done with great certainty, but you must 
 begin carefully and avoid fatigue in your exercises. [25, 26 (note).] 
 
 (2.) WEAK. You are very deficient in the development of the 
 respiratory organs, liable to colds and coughs, and predisposed to 
 consumption ; but while your lungs remain sound, you may hope to 
 ward off disease and greatly improve your breathing power and 
 general health by right living and the necessary physical culture. 
 In addition to the chest-expanding exercise [26 (note)], you must live 
 much in the open air ; keep your rooms well ventilated ; sit, stand, and 
 walk erect, bathe the chest frequently with cold water, rubbing it 
 briskly with the naked hands, to bring the blood to the surface. Go 
 into the mountains, or take a sea voyage. [25.]
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 153 
 
 V. CIRCULATION. 
 
 (7.) VERT GOOD. You have aii excellent circulation ; a strong, 
 steady pulse ; perspire freely ; and are able to withstand great cold and 
 heat without discomfort. [26.] 
 
 (6.) GOOD. Your circulation is generally good, ^ind your lower 
 extremities seldom cold. You suffer little from clear cold weather and 
 do not readily contract disease. [26.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have a fair circulation, but need bodily exercise to 
 keep the extremities warm in cold weather, and should promote this 
 function by active employments or recreations. [26.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your circulation is not remarkably good, and you 
 sometimes feel chilly or have cold feet and hands. Promote the uni- 
 form movement of the vital fluid by brisk exercise, especially in cold 
 weather. [26.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. Your circulation is rather poor. You are very 
 liable to cold feet and hands, headache, palpitation of the heart, and a 
 dry skin ; can not withstand extremes of heat and cold, and need to 
 exercise briskly and practice breathing fully and deeply, as recom- 
 mended in previous section. [26 (note).] 
 
 (2.) WEAJJ . You have a weak and very unequal circulation ; suffer 
 greatly from changes of temperature ; are often chilly, even in warm 
 weather ; are troubled with headache, pressure on the brain, and very 
 cold extremities. The Turkish bath, if accessible, will benefit you ; 
 also tepid foot-baths, brisk and hard rubbing of the hands and feet, 
 walking, and the breathing exercise. Horse-back riding is one of the 
 very best exercises to promote and equalize the circulation. Skating, 
 rowing, climbing the hills, etc., are also useful, when taken with proper 
 care. [26 (note).] 
 
 VI. DIGESTION. 
 
 (7.) VERY GOOD. Your digestion is almost perfect, and you can eat 
 with impunity any sort of food suitable, under any circumstances, to 
 be received into the human stomach. [26.] 
 
 (6.) GOOD. Your digestive power is strong and your relish for food 
 excellent. Plain substantial aliment suits you best, and you are able to 
 make whatever you take into your stomach contribute to the nourish- 
 ment of the system. [26.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have good digestion, but not so strong that it may 
 not be easily injured by improper food and wrong habits of eating. 
 You must avoid heavy meals and indigestible articles of diet. Reg- 
 ulate the quantity of food taken by the judgment, rather than by the 
 appetite. [26.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have only a fair degree of digestive power, and 
 must be. careful not to impair it by overeating, by the US3 of condi- 
 ments, stimulants, etc. [26.] _ #
 
 154 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 (3) and (2.) MODERATE OR WEAK. You are predisposed to dys- 
 pepsia ; often have a poor appetite ; suffer from indigestion, and, 
 as a result, are apt to be irritable, peevish, dispirited, and gloomy. 
 The improvement of your digestive function should be your first 
 object and study. Eat plain and easily digested but nutritious food ; 
 let the quantity be moderate ; masticate thoroughly ; talk, laugh, and 
 enjoy at your meals, or at least try to be in a cheerful, thankful, happy 
 mood ; avoid a hurried feeling or an anxious state of mind ; take 
 plenty of exercise in the open air ; have your rooms well ventilated ; 
 practice full, deep breathing and other chest-expanding exercises, as 
 indirect but important helps to the stomach ; and observe strictly all 
 the laws of health. Correct this dyspeptic tendency by recreation 
 rather than by stimulation. [26.] 
 
 VII. THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 (7.) VERY STRONGLY DEVELOPED. The bony frame-work of your 
 structure is strongly marked, and encased with only muscle enough to 
 bind all firmly together; but what flesh you have is dense, tough, 
 compact, and wiry. There is a tendency to angularity in your con- 
 figuration. You love active, muscular work, and are endowed with 
 great physical power and capacity for severe and prolonged exertion 
 of both body and mind. In character you are energetic, efficient, de- 
 termined, and persistent. You are adapted to active life, and to such 
 enterprises as will give your energy, steadfastness, and perseverance 
 full and free scope. See also (6.) [18.] 
 
 (6.) STRONG. Your configuration and character are like those de- 
 scribed in (7), in a somewhat lower degree. You have strong feelings 
 and passions, but are also endowed with a powerful will and strong 
 common sense with Avhich to hold them in check. The restraining 
 and regulating powers of the mind Firmness, Self-Esteem, Conscien- 
 tiousness, and Cautiousness must be kept in constant activity to keep 
 your strong propensities within their proper sphere, for when they are 
 bad, persons of your constitution are often very bad. You are capable 
 of great things, but need strong self-government and restraint. [18.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have a good share of motive power, and are vigor- 
 ous, determined, and efficient. You are not afraid of work, or, for that 
 matter, of anything else. Your tastes and abilities fit you for active 
 life. See (6) and (7.) [18.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are not deficient in motive power, but can not 
 endure a long-continued strain upon eithef muscle or brain. You can 
 work hard, but are not particularly fond of severe labor, preferring 
 light or sedentary employments, and should cultivate muscular power 
 and love of activity by such recreations and exercises as tend to de- 
 velop bone and sinew." [18.] 
 
 ((3.) MODERATELY DEVELOPED. You ar deficient in the motive
 
 I>HYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 element of the constitution, lack strength for continuous exertion, and 
 prefer sitting or lounging about to activity of any kind. Cultivate 
 muscular power. [18.] 
 
 (2.) WEAK. You are poorly endowed with muscular force, and the 
 propelling and governing powers connected with the motive tempera- 
 ment. You must give much attention to the cultivation of the motive 
 apparatus. Walking, running, rowing, swimming, skating, and gym- 
 n.astics are all good exercises, but must be adapted to your weak con- 
 tlition, and increased as you gain strength. Make yourself comfortably 
 tired, but do not exhaust your small stock of energy and strength, by 
 too much exertion. [18.] 
 
 VIII. THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGELY DEVELOPED. You are delicate in structure, 
 with small bones, a moderate development of muscle, finely cut fea- 
 tures, and a high organic condition generally. Brain predominates 
 over body, and your mental states have a powerful influence over your 
 physical condition. You are refined in your tastes ; quick and delicate 
 in your perceptions ; rapid in your mental operations ; emotional, sym- 
 pathetic, aspiring, earnest, eager, and easily excited. You are admir- 
 ably adapted, so far as constitutional qualities are concerned, to literary 
 or artistic pursuits. If a mechanic, a manufacturer, or a merchant, one 
 of the lighter and more elegant branches in these departments would 
 suit you best. See next section (6). [21.] 
 
 (6.) A LARGE DEVELOPMENT. You are characterized as set forth in 
 (7), only in a lower degree ; are more inclined to mental than to 
 animal enjoyments ; fond of literature and art ; ambitious, clear-headed, 
 discriminating, quick-witted, intellectually efficient, rather brilliant, and 
 calculated to lead in the higher walks of literature, art, or science, 
 provided you have had the necessary mental culture. Stimulants of 
 all kinds should be avoided, as well as too strong or long continued 
 mental excitements. [21.] 
 
 (5.) FULLY DEVELOPED. You are well endowed mentally, and cal- 
 culated (with proper culture) to speak and write effectively, and to 
 wield considerable influence in the realms of thought ; being less sensi- 
 tive and delicately organized than those in whom there is a larger pro- 
 portional development of this temperament, you are better fitted to 
 come into contact with people of all classes, and to control them by 
 means of your superior mental development, backed by the vigor im- 
 parted by a larger measure of vital and motive power. [21.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have a fair degree of mental activity, and, with 
 the advantages of education, are capable of attaining a position in in- 
 tellectual society ; but you are better adapted to manual labor, mechan- 
 ism, or to business than to flie learned professions, so-called. [21.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATELY DEVELOPED. You have no real love for literature
 
 i 
 
 156 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 or art, are not fond of study, and would be apt to fall asleep over a 
 good book. You should cultivate a taste for reading. [21.] 
 
 (2.) POOKLY DEVELOPED. You are dull in perception, and slow to 
 comprehend even simple truths. Your judgment is poor, and you 
 need the direction of minds more highly endowed. You should get 
 sound advice, and follow it. [21.] 
 
 IX. ACTIVITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY GREAT. You are very agile, lithe-limbed, and quick- 
 motioned, and your mental operations are equally rapid and facile. 
 You are always wide-awake, eager, knowing, and brilliant. You are 
 liable to overwork yourself and become prematurely exhausted. [27.] 
 
 (6.) GREAT. Yours is a restless, active, livety organization. You 
 speak rapidly, comprehend quickly, and decide at once on the course 
 to be pursued, and are in danger of excessive action, and consequent 
 early exhaustion of the vital powers. [27.] 
 
 (5) and (4.) FULL, OR AVERAGE. You have a fair degree of activity, 
 but are likely to be sufficiently deliberate to weigh the pros and cons 
 before deciding how to act ; are not lazy, but prefer light work to 
 heavy, and play to cither. [27.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather slow and deliberate in your move- 
 ments, are seldom or never in a hurry, and always take plenty of time 
 to consider. Your mental operations are slow, and you are apt to see 
 the point of a joke, if at all, after the laugh is over. "Wake up ! [27.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are too slow to be of much service to yourself or 
 anybody else decidedly inert. Try to cultivate activity by pushing 
 about. You should have some one " after you with a sharp stick." [27.] 
 
 X. EXCITABILITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY GREAT. You are remarkably impressible, very easily ex- 
 cited, subject to extremes of feeling ; greatly exalted at one moment 
 and much depressed the next; driven now. this way and then that by 
 constantly changing impulses ; and very much disposed to exaggerate 
 everything, whether good or bad. Your need is to restrain this ex- 
 citability, first, by avoiding all stimulating food and drink, and all un- 
 natural or violent mental excitements ; and, second, by cultivating a 
 calm, quiet, enjoyable frame of mind. Repose is the proper antidote^, 
 of too great activity. [27.] 
 
 (G.) GREAT. You are constituted as described in (7), only in a some- 
 what lower degree too susceptible to external influences for your own 
 welfare or that of your friends. [27.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are sufficiently susceptible to exciting causes, but 
 not readily carried away by any sudden impulse ; are self-possessed, 
 and act coolly and with forethought. [27.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are very cool, deliberate, and placid, and allo\v
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 157 
 
 external influences to sway you but little ; act from judgment and not 
 from impulse, and are very equable in disposition. [27.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather dull, and can with difficulty be 
 aroused by external causes ; rather cold and passionless, and show 
 little spirit in anything. You may with advantage put yourself in the 
 way of social excitements, and profit by mixing much with wid^ 
 awake people. [27.] 
 
 (2.) Low. Yours is a torpid sort of existence. You seem to be haif 
 asleep, and might almost as well be quite so. Try to arouse yourself, 
 and seek society and the excitements of busy, active life. [27.] 
 
 XI. SIZE OF BRAIN. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. If your organic quality be good and your ac- 
 tivity sufficient, you should manifest extraordinary mental power ; and 
 if there be also a proper balance between the various groups of facul- 
 ties, you are capable of taking a place in the first ranks, among the in- 
 tellectual giants of the age. Such a mind, backed up by adequate 
 physical stamina, will overcome all obstacles, and achieve greatness in 
 spite of all difficulties. You may not have had your full powers called 
 out, but the capacity is here. [14.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. Yours is a mind of great reach and power, and you 
 can, if you will, make yourself widely felt in society. You are capable 
 of managing extensive enterprises, taking broad views of things, and 
 of drawing correct conclusions from ascertained facts. If you are a 
 scholar, you should be widely known and admired in the. sphere of 
 letters, and exert great influence wherever the supremacy of mind is 
 acknowledged. Much, however, depends upon the tendencies im- 
 pressed upon your character by the predominating group of organs, 
 and your power may be a blessing or it may be a curse to yourself and 
 to the world, according to the manner in which it is used. [14] 
 
 (5.) FULL. With the proper physiological conditions [14, et seq.], you 
 are capable of accomplishing much, and attaining a high position in 
 the direction of the leading faculties, acquiring an excellent education, 
 and manifesting talent of a high order, but have not that commanding 
 and all-conquering genius which can bend everything to its will. [14.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. With activity largely developed, and good bodily 
 conditions, you are capable of manifesting good talent, and of sue 
 ceeding well in a business for which you are specially fitted. Out of 
 this sphere your abilities would be commonplace and your success 
 small. You are quick of perception, but neither original nor pro- 
 found. [14.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You have sufficient brain, if conjoined with good 
 organic quality and a fair share of activity, to give you a moderate 
 degree of ability in practical matters, but little planning or directing 
 talent You will do best when working under the direction of persons
 
 158 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 better endowed than yourself with mental power. Strive to improve 
 your intellect by means of reading, study, and the conversation of 
 intelligent persons. [14.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are weak in mind and need the guidance of other 
 intellects in every undertaking ; are incapable of managing any 
 business. [14.] 
 
 II. 
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 
 
 XII. AMATIVENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You possess in a pre-eminent degree the desire to 
 Vove and to be loved ; are irresistibly attracted by the opposite sex ; 
 and are capable of exerting a similar power over them. You are 
 winning in your manners ; very gentle and sympathetic, conforming 
 to the tastes and wishes of the ome beloved ; are devoted in your atten- 
 2ions ; yearn continually for the caresses and endearments of affection, 
 and are made utterly miserable by coldness and indifference on the 
 part of the beloved one. See (6.) [38.] With deficient coronal 
 development, a low organic quality, or an inflamed state of the vital 
 fluids, you would be very liable to the perversion of the procreative 
 function, and to excesses ruinous to body and soul. If restraint be 
 necessary, see I., 7. Restrain. [40.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are as described in (7), but in a lower degree ; are 
 very fond of personal beauty, and seek in the other sex good bodily 
 development and a warm heart as well as intellectual capacity and 
 moral worth. The love-element is a very influential one in your 
 organization, and will affect powerfully, for good or for evil, your 
 destiny in life, for the fire that warms may also consume. Rightly 
 controlled, and made subservient to moral principle, it will be a sourco 
 of strength and happiness a blessing to yourself and to others ; per- 
 verted, it may lead to speedy and irretrievable ruin. Let your prayer 
 be, " Lead us not into temptation !" If you are happily married, you 
 are fortunate ; if not, you should seek in matrimony, where alone it 
 can be found, the satisfaction of your loving and yearning heart. 
 Restrain. [40.]
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 159 
 
 (5.) FULL. You love the opposite sex with much tenderness ; are 
 somewhat ardent, but can control your desires; are very attentive toward 
 those you love, honoring the other sex in a high degree and giving 
 your confidence and esteem with your love. You are well calculated 
 to enjoy the marriage relation. [37, et seq.~\ 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You may be warm and loving at times, but, in 
 general, manifest only a fair degree of attachment to the other sex ; can 
 enjoy the marriage relation, but need to have your love called out and 
 cherished by a loving companion ; are likely to be refined and faithful 
 in your atfectious and to honor as well as love your mate, if worthy 
 and devoted to your happiness and welfare. [37, et seq.~] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather cold and indifferent toward the 
 other sex, manifesting more friendship and respect than love ; 
 but esteem and friendship may lead to warmer feelings toward a 
 truly congenial companion ; so that while you might not find it dis- 
 agreeable to live unmarried, you are capable, under favorable circum- 
 stances, of being happier in the conjugal relation. With large Ideality, 
 you would manifest more admiration than affection for the opposite 
 sex. Cultivate. [39.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are very indifferent toward the other sex, and have 
 neither the desire nor the ability to win their love. Cultivate. [39.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are almost entirely destitute of the love- 
 element. Cultivate. [39.] 
 
 XIII. CONJUGALITY. 
 
 (7.) VEHY LARGE. All your love must, as a necessity of your 
 nature, be concentrated upon one person of the opposite sex, who will 
 be to you the embodiment of all that is good and lovely, and whose 
 faults you will be ever ready to conceal or overlook ; and you will 
 require the same exclusive attachment in the chosen one. If fully 
 satisfied in this respect, you will enjoy the marriage relation very 
 highly. If still heart-free, you should be very careful to bestow your 
 affections where they will be fully reciprocated, for any failure in this 
 respect would be likely to affect very seriously your destiny in life. 
 Restrain. [41.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You will require and seek but one intimate personal 
 companion or mate, and are liable to be made very miserable by dis- 
 appointment in love. Where you truly love you must possess, and you 
 should know no such word as " fail " in your " affairs of the heart." 
 Being well mated, you will find your highest happiness in the society 
 of the one you have chosen, all of whose virtues and attractions you 
 will fully appreciate. You will tolerate almost anything in him or her 
 except infidelity to the marriage relation. Restrain. [41.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You can love cordially and faithfully any person of the 
 other sex upon whom your affections may be placed ; but, if love be
 
 160 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 interrupted, can change and become equally absorbed in a new love. 
 You would not die of a broken heart were the beloved object removed 
 by death or otherwise placed beyond your reach. [40, et seq.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are inclined to a single love and to union for 
 life to a chosen one; but can readily change the object of your affec- 
 tions, and, with Adhesiveness small and Conscientiousness moderate, 
 may be coquettish. Cultivate. [41.] 
 
 (3.) AVERAGE. You are not particularly inclined to fickleness in 
 love, and are disposed, under favorable circumstances, to union for life, 
 but are liable to be led astray by new faces and to allow an old love to 
 be supplanted by new ones. Cultivate. [41.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are inclined to the promiscuous society of the other 
 sex and have little respect for the conjugal relation. Cultivate. [41.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You manifest none of this faculty and experi- 
 ence little of the feeling it imparts. Cultivate. [41.] 
 
 XIV. PARENTAL LOVE. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. Your love for children and pets is intense, and 
 as a parent you would idolize your offspring and probably spoil them 
 by pampering and hurtful indulgence, or by allowing them to rule 
 instead of yielding obedience. If you have children, you suffer con- 
 tinual anxiety on their account, especially when absent from them, 
 and the death of one of them would be a blow almost too great to 
 bear. Restrain. [44.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. As a parent, you would be tender and indulgent, per- 
 haps, to a fault, unless restrained by high moral considerations, and 
 are too apt to overlook the faults and imperfections of your young 
 favorites, whether your own children or those of your friends. You 
 are passionately fond of the society of the young, who are equally fond 
 of you, and you will have groups of children clustering around you 
 whenever you go among them. You must keep this faculty strictly 
 under the control of moral principle, or it will lead to harm rather 
 than good to the little ones you love so well. Restrain. [44.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are capable of loving your own children well, and 
 will do and sacrifice much for them, but will not be over-indulgent, 
 and will feel no very strong attraction toward children generally, or 
 toward animal pets. Cultivate. [43.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You will love your own children, but will care 
 little for those of others. If Benevolence be large, you will be tender 
 toward the helpless infant, but will like children better as they grow 
 older. Cultivate. [43.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather indifferent even toward your own 
 children, if you have any, and cold toward all others ; can bear little 
 from them, and are not calculated to win their affections. You caro 
 nothing for pets. Cultivate. [43.]
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 161 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are inclined to be cold and indifferent toward your 
 own children, and to manifest a positive dislike for all others. You 
 need to bring your Benevolence, Adhesiveness, and Conscientiousness 
 to bear in your dealings with them as well as to assiduously cultivate 
 Parental Love. [43.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You will manifest little or no love for children, 
 but will be guided in your treatment of them by other faculties. 
 Cultivate. [43.1 
 
 XV FRIEND SHIP. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are exceedingly warm-hearted, affectionate, 
 and devoted ; are ready to make any sacrifice for your friends ; aro 
 blind to their defects and faults, and too much wrapped up in them 
 for your own -welfare or peace of mind. You should remember that ' 
 even in friendship there may be an abnormal or perverted action a 
 mania, as it were and keep your heart free from idolatry. Even your 
 friends are human and have their weaknesses. Restrain. [46.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are very social, warm-hearted, and affectionate, 
 enjoy the society of your- friends in a high degree; cling to those you 
 love through all changes of time and circumstance. Once a friend, 
 you are one forever in adversity as in prosperity to aid, encourage, 
 sympathize with, and console while living and to mourn when der 
 parted. You must be very careful in the choice of your friends, for 
 you are liable to suffer much from the unworthiness and ingratitude 
 of those to whom you may become attached. You are hospitable, and 
 delight to entertain your friends at the social board ; are very popular 
 among those who know you; are generally beloved, and have few 
 enemies. Restrain. [46.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are friendly and companionable with those whom 
 you deem worthy, but are not disposed to sacrifice too much in their 
 behalf; are hospitable ; cordial in your intercourse with those around 
 you, and disposed to make friends; but your attachments are not 
 always lasting, and you do not bind others to you by very strong bonds 
 of affection ; neither are you likely to make many enemies. [44.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You can make friends, and are capable of consider- 
 able affection for them under favorable circumstances, but will not be 
 likely to mourn greatly over their absence. With large Acquisitive- 
 ness, you will be apt to place business before friends, and make use of 
 them to promote your interests, rather than to sacrifice your interests 
 in their behalf. Cultivate. [46.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You form but few attachments, and manifest but a 
 moderate degree of affection for any one. If you make friends, it is 
 more likely to be through some other good qualities you may possess 
 than through your social nature ; and while you may be greatly je^ 
 spected and esteemed, you are not likely to be so generally loved.- 
 Cultivate. [46.]
 
 162 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You do not like society, and are cold and indifferent 
 toward those around you ; have neither the desire nor the ability to 
 make friends, and possess little faith in friendship. Cultivate. [46.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You seem to be utterly incapable of feeling 
 friendship, or awakening it in others. Cultivate. [46.] 
 
 XVI. INHABITIVENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. Your love of home and country is very strong 
 indeed, and you are liable to the most terrible feeling of homesickness 
 when absent from them. You prefer poverty and the humblest posi- 
 tion in life at home to wealth and station abroad, and would willingly 
 die for " the old flag," which is to you the symbol of all that is dearest 
 on earth. Restrain. [47.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are very strongly attached to home; love your 
 native land with a pure devotion ; leave your place of abode with great 
 reluctance, and are homesick and miserable if compelled to remain 
 long away from it. You would not like the life of a Methodist itiner- 
 ant, who changes his house so often. You become strongly attached 
 to any place where you may reside ; desire above almost everything 
 else a home of your own, and when you have one, can scarcely be per- 
 suaded to leave it for a day. To you, 
 
 Be it ever so bumble, there's no place like borne ! 
 Restrain. [47.] 
 
 (5.) FULL You manifest considerable attachment to home and 
 country ; prefer to live in one place, and surround yourself with the 
 comforts of domestic life; feel some regret in leaving the place of 
 your birth, or of long residence, but can easily change if circumstances 
 require it ; and are not likely to get homesick even if compelled to re- 
 main absent for a long time. [46.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have some love for home, but can change your 
 place of abode without much regret, and are not inclined to expend 
 much time or money in improvements, or in surrounding yourself with 
 home comforts. You are never homesick, and if Locality be full or 
 large, are fond of traveling. Cultivate. [47.] 
 
 (3) or (2.) MODERATE OR SMALL. You care little for home or 
 country ; are cosmopolitan in your tastes, and indifferent about places. 
 You like to travel, and, with Continuity small, enjoy constant change 
 of scene. Cultivate. [47.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have no local attachments ; can " pull up 
 stakes" and pack off on short notice. You rather prefer to live the 
 life of a vagabond. Cultivate. [47.] 
 
 XVII. CONTINUITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have great application, and can attend to 
 but one thing at a time, and must stick to anythiag you have com-
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 163 
 
 menced till you finish it ; are apt to be tedious and prolix, and to ex- 
 haust the patience of your hearers or readers, as well as the subject of 
 discourse. All sudden changes are distasteful to you, and there is a 
 tendency to a monotonous sameness hi everything you do. Restrain. 
 [49.] 
 
 (6.) LAKGE. You have great capacity for following out a train of 
 thought and concentrating all your faculties upon one subject, and are 
 noted for thoroughness in your studies, or in working out the details of 
 any plan you have to execute. When you have commenced any piece 
 of work, you wish to finish it before commencing anything else, and 
 are annoyed by interruption or change of programme. In talking or 
 writing you are liable, unless you take pains to guard yourself against 
 it, to become prolix and tedious; tell long stories; are sometimes 
 absent-minded ; very persistent and steady in any course of action de- 
 termined upon, and have no patience with fickleness or sudden changes 
 of plan. Restrain. [49.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You like to carry out to completion anything you have 
 commenced, but are not greatly annoyed by interruption, and can lay 
 down one thing and take up another withoukmuch disadvantage. Are 
 tolerably thorough and patient ; can concentrate your thoughts when 
 occasion requires it, and follow out a subject in all its details, but are 
 not inclined to be tedious or " long-winded." [47.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You can concentrate your thoughts upon one thing, 
 and dwell upon it till fully elaborated, or you can readily divert your 
 attention to other matters ; prefer to do one thing at a time, but can 
 have several irons in the fire at once, and attend to them all ; are capa- 
 ble of consecutive thinking, but never tedious, and generally talk or 
 write to the point. [47.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You love variety ; change readily from one thing 
 to another; commence many things that you never finish; think 
 clearly, perhaps, but not always consecutively; lack connectedness 
 and application, and should aim at more fixedness of mind and steadi-^ 
 ness of character. Cultivate. [48.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are inclined to be very rambling and incoherent ; 
 very ready to begin, but having too little perseverance to finish ; fly 
 rapidly from one thing to another, and no one ever knows where to find 
 you, or in what mood to receive you. You talk about several things 
 at once, and the listener is seldom much wiser for the information you 
 seek to impart. You should have been a butterfly. Cultivate. [48.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are made up of change and restlessness, and 
 are never the same two minutes at a time. Cultivate. [48.] 
 
 XVIIL VITATIVENESS. 
 
 (7) VERY LARGE. You have an astonishingly tenacious hold upon 
 life ; resist disease with the utmost determination, and will die at last
 
 164 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 only after a protracted struggle. Your dread of the final change to 
 which all mortals are subject is too great, and you should learn to look 
 at it through the medium of religious faith rather than that of animal 
 instinct. Restrain. [50.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You cling to life with great tenacity, and shrink from 
 death as if it were annihilation. Your power to resist disease is such 
 that you will " never say die," and will recover under circumstances 
 which would preclude hope in the case of any one less largely en- 
 dowed with Vitativeness. You will not be likely to " die before your 
 time," unless by accident ; but should learn to fear death less, through 
 faith in the LIFE TO COME. Restrain. [50.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You love life, and are disposed to cling to it with te- 
 nacity ; can resist disease with considerable power ; but have no great 
 dread of death, especially if Hope and Spirituality be full or large, and 
 if your Christian philosophy be correct on this subject. [49.] 
 
 (4.) AVEKAGE. Your love of life is fair, and you are not disposed to 
 yield unresistingly to the encroachments of disease, but have less 
 power to resist sickness and death than one more largely developed in 
 the region of Vitativenoss. Cultivate. [50.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. Your hold of life is not very strong; you care 
 comparatively little for existence, for its own sake, but like to live on 
 account of family or friends, or With a view to do good in the world, 
 and will yield without any great or prolonged resistance to the attacks 
 of disease. Cultivate. [50.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have little dread of death ; no great power to re- 
 sist disease, and care to live rather for the sake of others than from any 
 love of life for its own sake. You would be likely to soon sink under 
 the attacks of any serious disease. Cultivate. [50.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have little if any desire to live merely for the 
 sake of life itself, but value existence only as an opportunity to gratify 
 the other faculties. You should tiy to appreciate more fully the value 
 of life and health, and your duty in regard to their preservation and 
 enjoyment. Cultivate. [50.] 
 
 XIX. COMBATIVENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are remarkably energetic, determined, and 
 courageous ; ready to grapple with anything, fight against any odds, 
 or to face danger or death in any form , let no difficulties discourage 
 or baffle you ; love hazardous enterprises ; prefer a rough, daring life ; 
 and, if Cautiousness be only moderate, have more valor than discre- 
 tion. With a lack of moral restraint, or intemperate habits and low as- 
 sociates, you would be quarrelsome, desperate, and dangerous. Re- 
 strain. [53.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are resolute, brave, determined ; fond of argu- 
 ment ; with large Approbativeness, quick to resent an insult ; always
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 165 
 
 ready to resist any encroachment upon your rights; high-tempered; 
 fond of opposition ; energetic in carrying out your plans ; delight in 
 opposing obstacles ; are spirited and cool in times of danger ; never 
 lose your presence of mind ; and if unfavorably organized in other re- 
 spects, or with bad habits and coarse and low-bred companions, may be 
 pugnacious and quarrelsome. Under the control of the intellect and 
 the moral sentiments, your energy and propelling power may be turned 
 to good account, and made a blessing to yourself and the world. Be- 
 strain. [53.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You manifest a disposition similar to that described in 
 (6), in a somewhat lower degree ; do not lack courage, energy, or relish 
 for argument, but are not naturally contentious or quarrelsome. You 
 may consider yourself happily endowed in respect to this element of 
 character. [50.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your manifestation of courage and energy will de- 
 pend in a measure upon circumstances. You can be aroused to the 
 manifestation of a good degree of combative spirit, and with large 
 Conscientiousness, Firmness, Self-Esteem, and Approbativeness to 
 back up Combativeness, may stand your ground resolutely and strike 
 boldly in a good cause ; but with these organs moderate or small, and 
 Cautiousness large, would be at times irresolute, or even cowardly. 
 Cultivate. [53.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather inefficient and too little disposed to 
 assert and maintain your rights ; give way too readily to opposition ; 
 avoid argument and contention and show little resentment; shrink too 
 much from rough and disagreeable contacts ; and will surrender much 
 for the sake of peace. Cultivate. [53.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You lack self-defense ; are too gentle ; can not say 
 " no ;" and are deficient in energy and spirit. Cultivate. [50.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are almost destitute of courage and energy. 
 Cultivate. [53.] 
 
 XX. DESTRUCTIVENESS.* 
 
 (7.) VERT LARGE. You are very executive, can do two days' work 
 in one, and are exceedingly resolute ; if perverted, you are prone to 
 anger, and when greatly provoked may give way to ungovernable 
 rage; and become stern, harsh, and violent; feel and manifest the 
 most terrible indignation ; take pleasure in destroying and exterminat- 
 ing whatever seems to be inimical to your wishes or stands in the way 
 of your plans ; have extraordinary executive ability ; will bear down 
 all opposition ; can endure pain heroically, or, if need be, inflict it upon 
 others without compunction if not with positive pleasure. Your 
 powerful executlveness must be kept strictly under the control of ' 
 
 * We prefer the term EXECUTIVENESS to that of Destructiveuess.
 
 166 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 reason and moral principle, or it may at times manifest itself in acts 
 of violence, cruelty, and revenge. Restrain. [57.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. When angry you are inclined to be very bitter, severe, 
 and cutting, and to use the most forcible language to express your 
 indignation; are apt to be unsparing and, with small Benevolence, 
 merciless ; manifest great energy and executive power ; take pleasure 
 in breaking, pulling down, uprooting, and destroying ; could assist in 
 cutting off an arm or a leg without faltering, or submit one of your own 
 limbs unflinchingly to the surgeon, if necessary; are not averse to 
 killing animals ; are fond of flesh meat ; and probably like your steaks 
 " rare." You need the restraining influences of large Benevolence, 
 Conscientiousness, and Cautiousness to keep your anger and your 
 disposition to punish and destroy within proper bounds. Restrain. 
 [57.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You can be forcible, determined, and indignant when 
 aroused, but are not disposed to be vindictive, cruel, or unforgiving. 
 Your anger is more likely to expend itself in sarcasm and bitter 
 invectives than in acts of violence, but you may resort to force if too 
 much provoked ; will manifest a good degree of fortitude and energy 
 in business; and can endure or inflict pain if necessary, but rather 
 shrink from it. [54.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your manifestations are similar to those described 
 in (5), only in a lower degree. Cultivate. [56.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are not very forcible, executive, or severe ; 
 your anger is not deep and you threaten more than you execute; you 
 shrink from pain and inflict it upon others very reluctantly ; are likely 
 to be more beloved than feared. Cultivate. [56.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are too tender-hearted ; very deficient in energy ; 
 can neither bear suffering with fortitude nor inflict even necessary 
 pain without great compunction. Cultivate. [56.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are almost destitute of this faculty. Cul- 
 tivate. [56.] 
 
 XXL ALIMENT1VENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You enjoy your food very greatly ; are inclined 
 to epicurean habits ; find it difficult to control your appetite ; live to 
 eat rather than eat to live ; are in clanger of eating more than nature 
 requires, and of ruining your digestive powers by gormandizing. 
 Restrain. [58.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. Your appetite is generally excellent; you fully appre- 
 ciate the good things of the table ; are in danger of over-eating rather 
 than eating too little ; give your meals a too important place in your 
 thoughts and in your arrangements ; and should guard yourself 
 against excesses. Restrain. [58.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have a good appetite when in health, and eat
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 167 
 
 heartily of whatever is set before you ; enjoy the pleasures of the table, 
 but do not set a too high value upon them ; and you can control your 
 love for food and drink, making them subservient to their higher pur- 
 poses. [58.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You enjoy your food well, but can easily control ap- 
 petite, and are seldom disposed to over-eat. [58.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are inclined to be dainty ; have no very great 
 love for the luxuries of the table, but are particular in regard to the 
 quality and preparation of your food. You eat to live, and not for the 
 pleasure of eating. [58.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have no great relish for food, and care little what 
 you eat, provided it will sustain life. Cultivate. [58.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have little or no appetite. Cultivate. [58.] 
 
 XXIL BIBATIVENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are exceedingly fond of water ; love bath- 
 ing, swimming, sailing, etc. ; and with a perverted appetite might 
 easily contract the habit of drinking intoxicating liquors to excess, 
 this being the form in which a perversion of this faculty is apt to mani- 
 fest itself. You should beware of the " social glass." Restrain. [59.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are often thirsty, and experience great pleasure in 
 drinking ; also enjoy washing, bathing, swimming, etc. [59.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You enjoy water both internally and externally in a 
 fair degree. [59.] 
 
 (4) and (3.) AVERAGE OR MODERATE. You are not fond of water ; 
 are rather averse to bathing ; dislike swimming, sailing, etc., and shrink 
 from a sea voyage as something fearful. Cultivate. [59.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL You care little for liquids in any form ; prefer solid 
 food ; do not like to bathe ; and avoid going into or upon the water if 
 possible. Cultivate. [59.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have an instinctive aversion to water. Cul- 
 tivate. [59.] 
 
 XXIII. ACQUISITIVENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. Your desire for accumulation is excessive ; you 
 love money with a devotion approaching to idolatry ; are close-fisted ; 
 make hard bargains ; are meanly economical ; place the possession of 
 property above everything else ; are penurious, avaricious, and miserly, 
 and can be restrained from taking dishonest advantages to secure the 
 coveted gain only by a good development of Conscientiousness ; with 
 this you will be honest, but close and exacting. Restrain. [62.] 
 
 (G.) LARGE. You have the disposition and ability to turn even-thing 
 to a good account ; are industrious, economical, and close ; buy cheaply 
 and sell at the highest price ; have great love for wealth, and a strong 
 tendency to accumulate, but, with large Benevolence, spend freely
 
 8 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 where your sympathies may be enlisted. You are liable, unless you 
 hold this strong propensity in check, to become penurious and miserly 
 as you grow older. Conscientiousness, Benevolence, and Adhesiveness 
 should be constantly called into action with Acquisitiveness, so that 
 eveiy thing shall be honestly got and liberally expended, for the benefit 
 of the world in general and of your friends and neighbors in par- 
 ticulai'. Restrain. [62.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are industrious in acquiring ; take good care of what 
 you get ; value property for its uses ; are saving, but not avaricious or 
 close ; ready to help your friends, but not willing to impoverish your- 
 self, and are not likely to spend quite so fast as you earn. [59.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have a fair appreciation of the value of prop- 
 erty, and considerable desire to accumulate, but will be governed in 
 your expenditures by other faculties, and may keep yourself poor by 
 living up to the limits of your income. Cautiousness should be called 
 to the aid of Acquisitiveness, so that provision be made for the future. 
 Cultivate. [61.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You may seek property with considerable zeal and 
 interest, but will value it merely as a means, not as an end ; will be 
 economical when your necessities require it, but are apt to disregard 
 small expenses, and are very likely to spend about as fast as you earn. 
 Your money-making talent is but moderate, and you have no love for 
 " buying, selling, and getting gain " for its own sake. Cultivate. [61.J 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You hold your money too loosely ; have more talent 
 for spending than for getting ; are liable to contract habits of extrava- 
 gance, and to live beyond your means. Cultivate. [61.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are wasteful, extravagant, and idle, and will 
 pfobably always be poor. Cultivate. [61.] 
 
 XXIV. SECRETIVENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. Your ability to restrain your feelings, to evade 
 scrutiny, and to conceal your plans and intentions is very great. You 
 are reserved, politic, guarded, shrewd, enigmatical, and mysterious ; so 
 much so, perhaps, that your most intimate friends are never sure that 
 they really understand or know you. "With small Conscientiousness 
 you would be tricky, deceptive, double-dealing, and untrustworthy, 
 and might, with large Acquisitiveness and small Cautiousness, both 
 cheat and falsify. Restrain. [64.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are reserved in the expression of your sentiments; 
 keep your plans and designs to yourself; are very discreet ; delight in 
 concealment ; are fond of surprising your friends ; incline to practice 
 strategy; prefer indirect approaches to a straightforward course ; and, 
 even when your purposes are entirely honest and commendable, may 
 often resort to cunning devices to accomplish them. Your character 
 and intentions are too carefully covered up, and you subject yourself
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 169 
 
 to suspicion where there is no better ground for it than the uncertainty 
 by which you delight to surround yourself and your affairs. With 
 Acquisitiveness large, you will get, and try to keep, all the property 
 you can. Restrain. [64.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You can keep a secret ; have a good degree of self-gov- 
 ernment ; can conceal your emotions if necessary ; keep your plans 
 well hidden ; and are discreet, but not disposed to be cunning, sly, or 
 hypocritical. [62.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have no great degree of reserve ; are inclined 
 to be outspoken and frank, but can keep your own counsel and re- 
 strain the manifestation of your feelings, except under violent excite- 
 ment, when you are liable to give your emotions or opinions full 
 expression. [62.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are inclined to pursue an open and direct 
 course ; to express your sentiments fully on proper occasions ; possess 
 little reserve, and are liable, in unguarded moments, to imprudence in 
 speech if not in conduct. You are sincere and frank, and generally 
 express your thoughts and emotions in a clear, unequivocal manner. 
 Your friends know just what you are, see both your virtues and your 
 faults, and will find you neither better nor worse than you seem. [62.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are open, spontaneous, and transparent; have 
 little power or disposition to conceal your feelings, and generally speak 
 out exactly what you think. Policy, cunning, evasion, equivocation, 
 strategem, and indirection have no place in your nature ; but you are 
 open and above-board in everything. You have hardly enough policy, 
 restraint, or self-government for your own good. Cultivate. [64.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You disclose everything; can not keep a 
 eecret ; and tell all you know, if not more. Cultivate. [64.] 
 
 XXV. CAUTIOUSNESS. 
 
 (7.) VERT LARGE. You are too cautious, watchful, anxious, and 
 easily worried ; are in perpetual fear of evils and accidents ; dare not 
 advance lest you should go wrong ; are timid, afraid to take responsi- 
 bilities or to run risks ; procrastinating, cowardly, and easily thrown 
 into a panic. You are made miserable by groundless fears, and should 
 try to make use of your reason in combating them. Restrain. [67.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are careful, prudent, watchful, anxious, and apt to 
 procrastinate ; are slow in coming to a decision ; try to be always on^ 
 the safe side ; are judicious in making plans, but apt to be more slow 
 and cautious in carrying them out than is consistent with the highest/ 
 success, and lose many a good opportunity through fear to take a little ) 
 risk. You are apt to be over-solicitous about the health or welfare of > 
 children or friends, and to give yourself unnecessary pain in view of / 
 evils which may never come. Restrain. [67.] 
 
 (5.) BULL. You are generally careful, prudent, and deliberate ; are
 
 170 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 not inclined to procrastinate, but take proper time to consider; are 
 watchful rather than suspicious; are judiciously cautious, but not 
 timid. Under excitement you might act rashly; but are generally safe, 
 and work with well-laid plans. [65.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are capable of being prudent and careful, but 
 Avith an excitable temperament may be rash and unreliable, acting 
 rather from impulse than from judgment; are inclined to act rather 
 hastily, and may sometimes get into trouble by a lack of clue delibera- 
 tion. Cultivate. [66.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather careless and imprudent ; liable to 
 suffer from want of forethought ; meet with many accidents ; take too 
 many risks ; undertake enterprises without counting the cost ; are 
 afraid of nothing ; and are apt to " get into hot water." Cultivate. [66.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You do not know what fear is; are rash, reckless, 
 and liable to rush headlong into difficulties. Cultivate. [66.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are as described in (2), only in a lower 
 degree. Have no prudence. Cultivate. [66.] 
 
 XXVI. APPROBATIVENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are exceedingly sensitive to praise or 
 blame ; care too much for public opinion ; are mortified by censure 
 and greatly elated by words of commendation ; are ambitious of 
 notoriety, distinction, or respectability ; and are liable, if this faculty 
 be not kept under good control, to be ostentatious and vain. You are 
 obsequious where courtesy only is required. Restrain. [69.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are fond of praise and easily wounded by a word 
 of censure or criticism ; are too anxious to please others, too ambitious 
 to shine, and too much alive to the smiles or frowns of the public for 
 your own peace of mind. You are polite and courteous in the extreme, 
 and unless Conscientiousness be large may sometimes be false to truth 
 and duty for the sake of 1 being agreeable, or be guided too much in 
 what you say and do by the consideration of what others may think or 
 say of you. Self-Esteem and Conscientiousness should be exercised 
 against your too great susceptibility to the influence of public opinion. 
 No matter what " Mrs. Grundy " may say. Restrain. [69.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have a good degree of respect for the opinions of 
 others ; value praise, but will not sacrifice self-respect or principle to 
 gain it; can endure censure when administered in a proper spirit; like 
 to appear well, but are not over-anxious about appearances; with large 
 Cautiousness value character highly ; are courteous but not obsequi- 
 ous ; and have a fine degree of ambition. [67.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are not insensible to praise or blame, but are 
 rather independent and careless of public opinion ; you appreciate the 
 commendation of your fellow-men, but are not much elated by praise 
 or deeply wounded by censure. You are not given to flattery or
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 171 
 
 insincere compliments ; and are hardly enough disposed to practice the 
 graces of courtesy or to assume a winning address. Cultivate. [69.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You have but little regard for popularity ; are not 
 very complaisant, and despise flattery and idle compliments. Censure 
 does not disturb you, and you care little for praise. Cultivate. [69.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You care little what others think or say of you ; have 
 no respect for etiquette, style, or fashion ; are brusque and unpleasing 
 in manners; and too independent to be popular or beloved; put too 
 low an estimate on public opinion. Cultivate. [69.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are indifferent alike to praise and censure, 
 and care nothing for reputation. Cultivate. [69.] 
 
 XXVII. SELF-ESTEEM. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are very dignified, haughty, imperious, 
 domineering, proud, high-headed, and stiff-necked ; place self above 
 everything else ; are ambitious and aspiring in the highest degree ; and 
 unless restrained by other strong faculties are liable to be self-conceited, 
 supercilious, and repulsively pompous and overbearing. Veneration 
 should be made, as far as possible, to off-set your self-sufficiency. 
 Humble yourself before God, if not in the presence of man. What 
 are you but a worm of the dust ? Restrain. [72.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You think quite highly enough of your own abilities ; 
 are very self-reliant ; are proud and dignified ; seldom ask advice, and 
 never follow it when given ; will not stoop even to conquer ; aim 
 high ; are not satisfied with moderate success or with a small business ; 
 desire to surpass all others to stand at the head of your class or pro- 
 fession ; and with Hope full or large, " know no such word as fail." 
 With large moral organs, you will command universal respect ; but if 
 governed by the propensities, will be egotistical, haughty, domineering, 
 and rather feared and hated than esteemed. Restrain. [72.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You evince a good degree of self-respect, dignity, and 
 aspiration, but are not proud, overbearing, or greedy of power ; are 
 disposed to listen t'o advice though you may seldom follow it ; and 
 prefer the place of a leader to that of a follower. Respecting yourself, 
 you will secure the respect of your fellow-men. [69.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your manifestation of this faculty will depend 
 mainly upon its combination with those that are larger, but you are in- 
 clined, in the main, to place about a fair estimate upon yourself and to 
 act with a becoming degree of ambition, dignity, and self-reliance. 
 Cultivate. [71.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather humble than proud; underrate 
 your own abilities and worth ; lack dignity and self-assertion ; allow 
 your inferiors to take leading positions which of right belong to your- 
 self; arc apt to put yourself upon an equality with the unworthy, and 
 to do trifling or mean things of which you arr "^erward ashamed;
 
 172 DELINEATION OF CHAEACTER. 
 
 lack dignity ; and are too familiar with inferiors to be respected even 
 by them. Cultivate. [71.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You lack self-appreciation, dignity, and independence ; 
 are too humble ; easily discouraged ; have too poor an opinion of 
 yourself to command the respect of the world. Cultivate. [71.] 
 
 (1.) VEKY SMALL. You seem to be nearly destitute of this faculty. 
 Cultivate. [71.] 
 
 XXVIII. FIRMNESS. 
 
 (7.) VERT LARGE. You can not be driven, and are not easily per- 
 suaded ; are sometimes disposed to be obstinate ; have an unshaken 
 stability of purpose ; are very persevering, tenacious, and averse to 
 change ; and sometimes defeat your own purposes by too great self- 
 will. One often gains a great deal by yielding a little. Try to be 
 more pliant. Restrain. [74.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. With moral principles, you would be steadfast and reli- 
 able ; can not be driven ; are not easily convinced that you are wrong ; 
 generally carry your point by persistent effort ; are very determined 
 and positive; set in your way; sometimes willful, if not obstinate. 
 With large Causality you may yield to reason, or with large Adhe- 
 siveness be persuaded by friends ; but with Combativeness and Firm- 
 ness well developed, adhere tenaciously to preconceived opinions, right 
 or wrong, and never change a plan once adopted. Restrain. [74.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You manifest a good degree of stability, determination, 
 and perseverance, but are not set in your way or obstinate, and can 
 change your opinions or purposes when they are shown to be erroneous 
 or impracticable. Under the influence of large Cautiousness, you may 
 evince irresolution and procrastination; but with Conscientiousness 
 well developed, can not be turned from what you think truth and right 
 require of you. You are more easily persuaded than driven. Cul- 
 tivate. [74.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have hardly enough stability and fixedness of 
 purpose, and unless this faculty be supported by full or large Com- 
 bativeness, Conscientiousness, or Causality, will be too easily influenced 
 by those around you, and too ready to abandon your positions if 
 attacked. Cultivate. [74.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are too much inclined to change ; too easily 
 persuaded ; lack steadfastness ; are prone to say " I can't ;" are often 
 irresolute, and inclined to go with the current. Cultivate. [74.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are unstable and wavering ; fitful, impulsive, and 
 fickle ; have no will of your own, and are liable to be constantly the 
 victim of circumstances. Cultivate. [74.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are a perfect weather vane, changing with 
 the slightest variation of surrounding circumstances. Try to hold 
 yourself at a point. Cultivct.ie. [74.]
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 173 
 
 XXIX. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are governed by moral principle ; are 
 scrupulously exact in matters of right ; perfectly honest ; very ready 
 to accuse yourself and to repent of any wrong ; are inclined to be 
 censorious ; make too little allowance for the weakness and imperfec- 
 tion of human nature; are exacting of friends; set up -a very high 
 standard of morality, and are tormented by remorse if you go astray 
 from the narrow path you have prescribed for yourself. You are 
 liable, unless the faculty be controlled, to become morbidly sensitive 
 in matters of conscience. Restrain. [76.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are disposed to be strictly honest and upright in 
 all your dealings ; hate whatever is unjust or contrary to your ideas of 
 right; feel very guilty when conscious of having done wrong; are 
 very severe in your reproofs of wrong-doing, but will forgive those 
 who show repentance. You always consult duty before expediency ; 
 seek to know what is right, and then pursue it with singleness of heart ; 
 but with a false education may do conscientiously, and in the belief that 
 it is right, what is really wrong ; or with strong propensities may be 
 led astray, but will quickly repent and seek to reform. You are per- 
 haps inclined to be over-penitent and self-accusing as well as too 
 exacting and censorious in regard to others. Restrain. [76.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have strong feelings of justice and are honest and 
 upright in all your intentions, but may yield to the influence of stronger 
 faculties against your conscientious scruples. You give expediency 
 some weight, but are never wholly satisfied with yourself unless walk- 
 ing in the path of rectitude. Duty is generally uppermost in your 
 mind, but is not always the governing motive in your conduct. You 
 do not always resist temptation, and often sin, but as often repent with 
 sorrow and regret. Cultivate. [76.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are inclined to do what is right and to be 
 guided by moral principle, but have not always the strength to resist 
 the temptations held out by stronger faculties, and when you do 
 wrong are inclined to justify yourself. You are too often governed ia 
 your conduct by expediency rather than by considerations of duty or 
 moral rigjit. With large propensities and moderate Self-Esteem, 
 Veneration, and Spirituality, you may manifest much selfishness and 
 but a weak sense of duty, honor, or honesty ; but with these conditions 
 reversed will be honorable and trustworthy under ordinary tempta- 
 tions. Cultivate. [76.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. Your ideas of right and wrong are rather feeble, 
 and you are inclined to allow interest rather than duty to rule ; but 
 may be restrained by Approbativeness or Cautiousness from dishonest 
 or dishonorable actions. Cultivate. [76.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have few scruples of conscience, and do right as a 
 matter of expediency or through fear of the consequences of an
 
 174 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 opposite course, rather than from moral principle ; are governed by 
 expediency. Cultivate. [76.] 
 
 (l.) VERY SMALL. You are almost entirely destitute of moral 
 principle. Cultivate. [76.] 
 
 XXX. HOPE. 
 
 (7.) VERT LARGE. Your expectations are almost unbounded. 
 Everything desirable seems attainable; you build castles in the air; 
 have many ships at sea, all of which you think sure to come in loaded 
 with treasures ; and, living in the future, which is always bright, you 
 are generally joyous, sanguine, and happy. You are constantly dis- 
 appointed ; never realize half that you expect ; and spend your life in 
 a world of brilliant illusions. Restrain. [78.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are inclined to overrate the future ; look on the 
 bright side of things; overlook obstacles and evils; attempt much 
 more than you can accomplish ; console yourself when disappointed 
 by the anticipation of better fortune next time ; are a firm believer in 
 "the good time coming;" are sanguine, buoyant, and joyous; never 
 despair ; " hope on, hope ever ;" live in the future more than in the 
 present ; are liable to be led into extravagant expenditures and exten- 
 sive speculations on the most delusive grounds and with disastrous 
 results. Restrain. [78.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. Your expectations are generally reasonable ; you are 
 sanguine and enterprising ; often realize more than you expect. You 
 are not much inclined to castle building, and " when your ships come 
 home from sea " anticipate only ordinary cargoes ; are neither despond- 
 ing nor too much elated. [77.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are inclined to expect and to attempt too little 
 rather than too much ; get too easily discouraged by the obstacles you 
 encounter, some of them imaginary ; look on the dark side at times, 
 and are disposed to be satisfied with the present instead of looking 
 forward to the future ; generally count the cost and make safe invest- 
 ments. Cultivate. [78.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are very moderate in your expectations of the 
 future ; inclined to despondency ; often look on the dark side ; lack 
 enterprise, and are afraid to attempt any great enterprise ; make sure 
 gains, but small ones ; live in the present, and have more fear than 
 hope for the future. -Cultivate. [78.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You expect little from the future but misfortune ; see 
 so many obstacles and discouragements ahead that you dare attempt 
 very little; are very liable to become despondent and melancholy. 
 Cultivate. [78.-] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You expect little or nothing that is desirable, 
 and undertake nothing for fear of loss. Cultivate. [78.]
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 175 
 
 XXXI. SPIRITUALITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have strong intuitive perceptions of what is 
 right and best ; have faith in spiritual monitions ; and are most likely 
 to take the true course when you allow yourself to be guided by what 
 you internally feel to be the right way. A morbid or undue action of 
 this faculty may lead you to become superstitious ; to blindly believe 
 in dreams, omens, fortune-telling, and false prophecies, or to induce 
 religious fanaticism. It must be properly regulated, and made to act 
 in harmony with reason, though it may transcend it. Restrain. [80.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have a large measure of faith ; an internal con- 
 sciousness of right, duty, truth, falsehood, and what is best ; love to 
 meditate on spiritual subjects the immortality of the soul, the future 
 life, the existence and perfections of God, and the destiny of man ; 
 enjoy spiritual communion, or the blending of soul with soul ; and, if 
 Veneration be large, find ecstatic happiness in fervent adoration of 
 the Deity. In certain states of the physical system, one may be natur- 
 ally clairvoyant ; be forewarned in visions or in dreams ; perceive the 
 highest truths by intuition, and even possess prophetic gifts. - One must 
 carefully guard against the perversion of this noble and exalted faculty 
 (see 7), and not allow our living faith to degenerate into superstition, 
 or our .piety to become mere fanaticism. Restrain. [80.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are not lacking in the ground-work of faith ; have a 
 good share of spiritual feeling, and considerable intuitive inspiration ; 
 but do not always allow yourself to be guided by the premonitions 
 which would lead you aright. You desire to believe in all truth, but 
 are sometimes beset by doubts. Cultivate. [80.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are not destitute of the light within ; have 
 some spiritual monitions, and are not inclined to disregard the guidance 
 of the internal sense ; but your intuitions are not always sufficiently 
 distinct to insure their full influence, or your belief in their authority 
 so implicit as to make them very potential in your life. Cultivate. [80.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. The spiritual part of your nature is not so influen- 
 tial as would be desirable ; you have rather indistinct perceptions of 
 spiritual things ; lack faith ; believe little that can not be logically 
 proved ; rely on evidence rather than on intuition ; and would "prove 
 all things " in order to " hold fast that which is good." Cultivate. [80.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have very weak perceptions of spiritual truths ; 
 must have proof before believing ; are not guidftl by faith a doubting 
 Thomas ; have no premonitions or warnings, and do not believe in 
 them. Cultivate. [80.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are nearly destitute of the spiritual senti- 
 mentbelieve little or nothing ; are skeptical in regard to a future life ; 
 ridicule the idea of revelations from Heaven, and treat premonitions 
 and warnings with contempt. Cultivate. [80.]
 
 1T6 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 XXXII. VENERATION. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are eminently respectful, deferential, and 
 inclined to be religious, prayerful, and devoted to the worship of God ; 
 circumstances favoring, you would manifest extreme fervor in your 
 petitions before the throne of Grace ; evince great reverence for tune- 
 honored usages, forms, ceremonies, and institutions ; and are pro- 
 foundly respectful toward the aged, the good, or the great. Restrain. 
 [83.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are, by organization, strongly inclined to worship ; 
 take great delight in religious exercises ; are fervent in prayer ; feel 
 awed in the presence of the great; are very deferential toward the 
 aged ; naturally conservative in your views ; reverence ancient forma 
 and ceremonies; are inclined to adhere to long-established customs 
 and to admire the (< good old ways." You have need to beware of the 
 perversion of this faculty, leading to religious bigotry, slavish fear, and 
 the domination of a blind impulse. Carefully direct, if not Restrain. 
 [83.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are not lacking in devotion, respect for superiors, 
 reverence for age, or a fair degree of conservative feeling in reference 
 to established institutions ; but these emotions are greatly influenced 
 by circumstances, and are strongly or weakly manifested accordingly 
 as they are incited or restrained by other faculties. There may often 
 be an internal conflict in you between the worldly and the spiritual. 
 [81.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are inclined to worship when the devotional 
 feeling is specially called out, but are apt to make religion subservient to 
 business or to whatever else may be your dominant tendency. Acting 
 with Conscientiousness and Benevolence, your Veneration will dispose 
 you to make justice, mercy, and good works the basis of your religion, 
 while the rites of worship will be esteemed less important. Cultivate. 
 [83.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. If you are religious, it is probably because your 
 education has been favorable to it, and were fortunate enough to have 
 been brought up under religious influences ; but your religion is one 
 of works rather than of humility, submission, and faith. You have 
 little respect for customs or institutions merely on account of their 
 antiquity, and no reverence for creeds, rites, and ceremonies. Culti- 
 vate. [83.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You experience little devotional feeling, and are de- 
 ficient in reverence for age and respect for superiors. Cultivate. [83.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You seem to be nearly destitute of reverence 
 and respect, and have no devotionar feeling. Cultivate. [83.] 
 
 XXXIIL BENEVOLENCE. 
 G VERY LARGE. You have a large, loving, kindly heart ; are
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES ITT 
 
 remarkably benevolent, charitable, and forgiving ; have ready sympa- 
 thies and an open purse ; and with moderate or small Acquisitiveness 
 may impoverish yourself to assist others, or with small Conscientious^ 
 ness spend in charity the money which of right belongs to youi 
 creditors. " Be just before you are generous," and do not allow 
 sympathy to overrule judgment. Restrain. [83.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are very tender, generous, and kind-hearted; 
 ready to sympathize with suffering and to relieve want, to the extent 
 of your means; prefer to suffer yourself rather than to see others 
 suffer ; are charitable, forgiving, and merciful ; a " good Samaritan," 
 and, in this respect, a true follower of Him who " went about doing 
 good." [83.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You arc kind and obliging; like to see others happy, 
 and desire to make them so; but will not overtax yourself to relieve 
 your neighbors of their burdens, and may allow selfish feeling to over- 
 rule your kindness. With Conscientiousness full or large, will " be 
 just before you are generous." Cultivate. [83.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are kind to those you love, especially if 
 Adhesiveness be large, and may practice general benevolence through 
 the influence of Approbativeness or for selfish ends, but are not inclined 
 to philanthropy. Cultivate. [83.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are not inclined to be obliging,' but manifest 
 a feeling of indifference in regard to the comfort or welfare of those 
 around you ; are rather selfish and unsympathizing. Cultivate. [83.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You care little for the sufferings of others, so long as 
 you are yourself at ease. " It is not my affair," you say. You have 
 no " sweet sympathy" in your soul. Cultivate. [83.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are almost utterly selfish have no generous 
 or sympathetic feelings. Cultivate. [83.] 
 
 XXXIV. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You should manifest remarkable mechanical 
 ingenuity, a passion for making things, and (with Causality large) 
 great inventive talent. You take to tools naturally, and almost seem 
 to be master of all trades without having learned them; you can make 
 almost anything ; and are constantly contriving " improvements ;" 
 you might devote yourself to mechanical invention with great benefit 
 to the world, if not to j'ourself; but must beware of "perpetual 
 motions," or of monomania on this subject. Restrain. [88.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have great taste and talent for mechanical pur- 
 suits; delight in building, repairing, and employing machinery; with 
 large Imitation, can make anything after a pattern anything, in fact, 
 that you have seen made; and with large Causality, are strongly 
 inclined to invent and to contrive new ways of doing things. As a 
 writer, you would show great skill in the construction of your 
 
 8*
 
 178 DELINEATION OP CHARACTER 
 
 sentences, as well as la the arrangement of the subject-matter of youi 
 essay or book. [88.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have a good degree of mechanical judgment and in- 
 genuity; are interested in machinery and mechanical operations, and 
 with practice would attain skill in the use of tools. [88.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. With the education of a mechanic a thorough 
 training in any particular trade you may make a good workman, 
 but manifest no special liking for the use of tools. Cultivate. [88.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather awkward in the use of tools, and 
 should not attempt anything requiring much mechanical skill. 
 Cultivate. [88.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are deficient in constructive talent, and should not 
 attempt to invent. Cultivate. [88.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are very awkward in your attempts (if 
 you ever make any) to use tools, and could scarcely build a rough hen- 
 coop. Cultivate. [88.] 
 
 XXXV. IDEALITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have the most exquisite taste, the highest 
 degree of refinement, and intense love of the beautiful ; live in an ideal 
 world ; set up a high standard in character and manners ; have a most 
 vivid imagination, and with the mental temperament and a good 
 development of the reflective faculties, Constructiveness, Imitation, 
 etc., are capable of achieving success in the highest walks of poetry or 
 art. [90.] Your danger lies in the direction of extra fastidiousness 
 and the tyrannical domination of the ideal, shutting you out from all 
 participation in the interests and enjoyments of the real world around 
 you. Restrain. [90.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are imaginative, refined, and tasteful ; love poetry, 
 art, and the beautiful in nature ; have high ideas of propriety in expres- 
 sion and conduct ; are graceful and polished in manners ; have lofty 
 aspirations ; incline to strive after perfection in character and perform- 
 ance, and if otherwise well-endowed (see 7), possess a talent for the 
 creation of the beautiful in poetry or art. [88.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are not wanting in taste, refinement, or love of the 
 beautiful ; enjoy poetry and art ; appreciate elegance and polished 
 manners ; and have elevated notions of the proprieties of life, but are 
 not sentimental, fanciful, or over-fastidious. You love adornment and 
 display, but are not disposed to sacrifice the useful to the ornamental. 
 [88.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You show more liking for the plain and substantial 
 than for the ornamental ; are a utilitarian ; live in a real, every-day, 
 matter-of-fact world ; and never " soar into the blue," or wander en- 
 chanted in the realms of the ideal. You are rather plain in your 
 manners, and in talking or writing make use of few figures of speech,
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 179 
 
 preferring to say \vhat need be said in the most direct and literal way. 
 Cultivate. [90.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are somewhat deficient in taste ; rather 
 " homespun " in manners ; very plain in speech ; and have little 
 imagination. You are no lover of art, poefry, or the beautiful in 
 nature, and your character is lacking in elevation and refinement. 
 Cultivate. [90.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You show a marked deficiency in taste, polish, and re- 
 finement, and are extremely utilitarian. Cultivate. [90.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You evince no taste and no appreciation of 
 beauty. Cultivate. [90.] 
 
 XXXVI. SUBLIMITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You appreciate and admire in the highest degree 
 the wild, the romantic, the grand, the sublime, the illimitable, the 
 eternal, the infinite; have a real passion for mountain scenery, vast 
 prospects, foaming breakers, and roaring waterfalls ; enjoy with the 
 greatest zest " the war of elements thunder, lightning, tempest, the 
 ocean in a storm, the surging rush of a swollen stream in a freshet 
 whatever is magnificent or awful ;" love to contemplate the seemingly 
 boundless expanse of ocean; the glory of the starry heavens; and 
 above all (with Veneration full or large), the omnipotence of the Deity 
 and the infinitude of His works. In writing or speaking, you are 
 inclined to use high-sounding words and metaphorical expressions, 
 and must guard yourself against verbal extravagance and bombast In 
 other respects there is no need to restrain. [91.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. Your manifestations are like those described in (7), 
 except in a somewhat lower degree. With a good development of the 
 intellectual organs, you will take comprehensive views of subjects, and 
 give a wide scope to your thoughts and investigations. [91.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You enjoy the grand, the sublime, and the magnificent, 
 and appreciate mountain scenery, the vastness of the ocean, and the 
 awfulness of the tempest, but in a lower degree than (7) and (6), which, 
 see. [91.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You manifest only a moderate degree of this element 
 of character, under ordinary circumstances, but when the organ ia 
 powerfully excited, may enjoy sublimity and grandeur very highly. 
 Cultivate. [91.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather deficient in the manifestation of 
 this faculty. Cultivate. [91.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You care very little for the grand and sublime in any 
 form. Cultivate. [91.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are nearly destitute of this faculty. OuU* 
 fate. [91.]
 
 180 DELINEATION OP CHARACTER. 
 
 XXXVIL IMITATION. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are capable of becoming a consummate 
 mimic ; could make almost anything from pattern ; have a taste aud 
 talent for acting and of representing life to the letter. It would be 
 natural for you to make use of many gestures when speaking ; impart 
 great expression to your countenance when animated ; and with large 
 Mirthful ness can relate anecdotes to the very life, and keep a company 
 in a roar of laughter by your droll personations. Restrain. [93.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have great ability to copy, make things after a 
 pattern, mimic, and act a part in an assumed character ; can readily 
 adapt yourself to different circumstances, take on any mood you 
 choose and act out its proper manifestations; can be anybody else just 
 about as easily as your own proper self; are able to imitate the voice, 
 gestures, mode of walking, expression, etc., of your friends and 
 acquaintances to the life. [93.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have good imitative powers, and can copy, mimic, 
 or personate others very well when you try, but are not particularly 
 inclined to assume a character or to follow an example unless stimula- 
 ted thereto by more influential faculties. [92.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You can copy tolerably well, when this faculty is 
 excited and backed up by other organs, but have no strong inclination 
 to mimic or imitate others. You prefer to be yourself rather than 
 anybody else. [92.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. Your imitative capacities are rather limited, and 
 you manifest little inclination to take pattern from others, or to be a 
 mere copyist ; are disposed to strike out new paths ; work on a plan 
 of your own ; and seek originality. [93.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have your own way of doing things, and seldom 
 willingly copy anything or take pattern from anybody. Cultivate. [93.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have little ability to copy anything, and 
 manifest no disposition to do so. Cultivate. [93.] 
 
 XXXVIII. MIRTHFULNESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You should be remarkably witty, jovial, comical: 
 and have a great love for jokes and the ludicrous. With Ideality 
 only average, you are in danger of becoming too comksal, if not clown- 
 ish, descending to low, coarse jests, and of making fun on solemn or 
 Unsuitable occasions. Restrain. [95.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You can fully appreciate a joke, and know how to make 
 one ; enjoy fun, and do your share in creating it ; laugh heartily, and 
 keep a company in good-humor by your mirthful sallies. With large 
 Comparison and Combativencss, you would be capable of severe 
 sarcasm. You should cultivate Ideality,, to give your w T it delicacy and 
 refinement, otherwise your jokes may not always be in good taste. 
 Restrain. [95.]
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 181 
 
 (5.) FULL. Tour capacity for appreciating wit and humor is good, 
 and you have considerable ability for making fun ; are witty, playful, 
 and humorous, especially under the stimulus of jovial company, but 
 are not remarkable for the manifestation of this faculty. [98.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You may enjoy wit and humor and appreciats a 
 joke under a powerful excitement of this faculty ; but in general you 
 are sober, serious, and sedate, and not inclined to encourage laughter 
 or fun-making. Cultivate. [95.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather too seriously inclined, as a general 
 rule, but may occasionally manifest considerable playfulness and humor. 
 If Combativeness and Approbativeness be full or large, you may not 
 always take a joke so good-humoredly as you ought. It will do you 
 good to cultivate good-humor and to laugh more. Cultivate. [95.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are rather slow to perceive the point of a joke, 
 and are seldom able to turn back a witticism aimed at yourself; are 
 not inclined to laugh, and perhaps think it foolish or wrong to be 
 jovial or merry. Cultivate. [95.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are quite too sober, and have few if any 
 humorous conceptions can not take a joke. Cultivate. [95.] 
 
 XXXIX. INDIVIDUALITY. 
 
 (7.) VERT LARGE. You have extraordinary powers of observation, 
 and an insatiable desire to see everything and to know all about what 
 ever comes under your observation. You are irresistibly impelled to 
 individualize things, and are very minute and particular in your obser- 
 vation, taking account of particulars which would escape most persons 
 altogether. You should carefully guard yourself against obtrusiveness 
 in exercising your curiosity or passion for observation. Do not so far 
 forget good manners as to "stare" impudently at any one. Try to 
 think as well as to look. In other respects, there is no need to restrain. 
 [95.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are a great practical observer of men and things ; 
 see everything ; and take account of all the particulars. You are char 
 acterizecl as (7), only in a lower degree. [95.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are a good observer ; keep your eyes open to some 
 purpose ; see clearly whatever is readily observable, but are not in- 
 clined to a very close scrutiny or to the scanning of minute details. 
 You have a desire to see and examine things generally, but do not 
 allow this faculty to assume a controlling influence in your character. 
 [95.J 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your observation is confined mainly to the more 
 conspicuous objects around you, or to such as interest other and larger 
 faculties, and is rather general than particular. Cultivate. [97.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You have only ordinary observing powers, and, 
 unless the faculty be specially stimulated, take but little notice of
 
 182 DELINEATION OF CHARACTEK. 
 
 things, and are consequently vague in your descriptions of what you 
 have seen. Cultivate. [97.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. Your observing powers are feeble. You use your eyes 
 to so little purpose that they might almost as well be closed. Your 
 potions of what you have seen are very vague. Cultivate. [9>.^ 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You seem to be literally one of those wl>->, uav- 
 ing eyes, sec not." Cultivate. [97.] 
 
 XL. FORM. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are remarkable for ability to o',erve and 
 remember shapes and forms, and an excellent judge of coifiguration. 
 You hardly ever forget a face or a picture that has attracted your 
 attention. [97.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. Your memory of faces, forms, features, ' /utlines, etc., is 
 excellent, and you are a good judge of symmetry, proportion, and 
 beauty of form. Can remember names by seeing them m writing. [97.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. Your memory of faces and forms is goou, but not remark- 
 ably tenacious. Your judgment of configuration and symmetry is 
 fair. Cultivate. [99.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have a tolerable development of this faculty, 
 and with practice may recollect countenances, shapes, and so forth, 
 with considerable distinctness. Cultivate. [99.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. Your memory of faces, forms, and shapes is neither 
 very distinct nor very retentive, and your ability to recognize persons 
 is poor. Cultivate. [99.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have a veiy feeble recollection of faces, and soon 
 forget the appearance of things you have seen. Cultivate. [99.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You manifest little or none of this faculty. Cul- 
 tivate. [99.] 
 
 XLL SIZE. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have great ability to judge of magnitude; 
 can determine very closely by the eye alone the length, breadth, or 
 height of an object ; have an accurate eye for proportion, and detect at 
 a glance any departure from perfect correctness in this respect. [99.J 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have an excellent eye for measuring angles, pro- 
 portions, and dimensions ; are a good judge of harmony between the 
 different parts of a thing, and are annoyed by a want of proportion or a 
 departure from accuracy in the lines of direction. [99.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You possess a good share of the ability to measure by 
 the eye, but require practice to give you entire correctness in this par- 
 ticular. Cultivate. [100.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have only a fair share of this eye-measuring 
 power, but with considerable practice may do tolerably well. Culti- 
 vate. [100.]
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 183 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are not a good judge of size or proportion, 
 and should not trust to the eye where correct measurements are 
 required. Cultivate. [100.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have very vague ideas of length, breadth, height, 
 etc., and a poor judgment of proportion. Cultivate. [100.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You manifest little or none of this faculty. Cul- 
 tivate. [100.] 
 
 ZLIL WEIGHT. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have remarkable skill in balancing; are 
 sure-footed ; seldom stumble or fall ; possess wonderful skill in skating, 
 swimming, sleight-of-hand, hurling, shooting, horseback-riding, etc. ; 
 and naturally assume easy and natural attitudes in standing, and a 
 graceful gait in walking. Your perception of the laws of gravity and 
 ability to maintain the equipoise of any body you can control are very 
 great, With a little practice, you could perform wonderful feats in 
 walking a tight-rope, balancing poles and other objects ; or in riding, 
 Vaulting, etc. [100.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have nice intuitive perceptions of the laws of 
 gravity, and great ability to apply them ; are fond of exercises involv- 
 ing skill in balancing, such as riding, skating, shooting ; have a steady 
 hand and a sure foot ; love to walk on narrow and dangerous places ; 
 assume natural attitudes; are annoyed by seeing anything out of 
 plumb or unevenly balanced ; and, with Constructiveness large, possess 
 great natural ability to operate machinery. [100 " 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have good command over your muscles, and with 
 practice can balance well, but have no extraordinary perception of the 
 laws of gravity. Cultivate. [101.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are described in (5), but in a somewhat lower 
 degree ; would require much practice to balance well. Cultivate. [101.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You have but little skill in balancing, and lack 
 the nice appreciation of the laws of gravity which give ability to ride, 
 skate, shoot, or hurl well ; you should not attempt to walk on high and 
 narrow places. Cultivate. [101.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You can hardly walk a broad plank over a ditch ; get 
 dizzy on high places; are easily made sea-sick, and are not a good 
 rider, skater, or marksman. Cultivate. [101.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have barely sufficient appreciation of the 
 laws of gravity and command over the muscles to stand erect CW- 
 tiwte. [101.] 
 
 XLIII. COLOR 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have a passion for colors, and an instinctive 
 perception of their harmonies ; can arrange and blend all the shades, 
 hues, and tints in painting or otherwise, with the greatest skill ; as a
 
 184 DELINEATION OP CHARACTER. 
 
 painter, would excel in coloring. Inappropriate or inhannoniom 
 arrangements of colors give you pain. [102.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are as described in (7), only in a lower degree. 
 [102.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are a fair judge of colors and of fitness in their 
 combination; but require practice to enable you to determine their 
 finer shades and blendings. Cultivate. [103.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are as described in (5), but in a lower degree. 
 Cultivate. [103.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are naturally deficient in the discrimination 
 of colors, and only glaring ones or strong contrasts attract your atten- 
 tion ; with a good deal of practice, however, you might acquire a fair 
 degree of skill in judging of the primitive colors and their more com- 
 mon combinations. Cultivate. [103.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are very deficient in perception of colors, and care 
 little for them. Cultivate. [103.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have no love for colors, and but a very 
 weak perception of the distinction implied by the word. One who 
 can not distinguish different colors may be pronounced idiotic in this 
 particular, i. e., he lacks the faculty. Cultivate. [103.] 
 
 XLIV. ORDER 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are exceedingly systematic ; very particular 
 about having everything in its proper place; are tidy, precise, and 
 formal to a fault, and unless this faculty be restrained, you will spend 
 too much time in trying (in vain) to keep everything " just so," or to 
 restore order where others are continually creating what to you seems 
 confusion. You are liable to be "more nice than wise." Restrain. 
 [104.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are inclined to be very regular, orderly, and sys- 
 tematic in all your arrangements ; are sometimes too precise and formal ; 
 have a place for everything, and are annoyed by seeing anything out 
 of place, or by any failure on the part of those around you to appreciate 
 your methodical habits or to adhere to your strict rules of order. 
 Restrain. [104.1 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are systematic and orderly ; like to see things in 
 their places ; are disposed to be tidy and careful in dress ; but are not 
 a slave to method, and when disorder can not be avoided, submit to it 
 with a good grace. You are more orderly in theory than in practice, 
 unless trained in some business in which method is particularly 
 requisite. Cultivate. [104.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You like order, and will make some effort to secure 
 it ; but often permit disorder to usurp its place. You are not disposed 
 to be precise, formal, or " old-maidish." Cultivate. [104.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather untidy and careless in dress and
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 185 
 
 habits; seldom have a place for anything or anything in its place; 
 leave your business at loose ends ; and have a slip-shod, disjointed 
 way of doing everything. Cultivate. [104.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have a very careless, unmethodical, and inaccurate 
 way of doing things, and are inclined to be shiftless and slovenly in 
 your habits. Cultivate. [104.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have little appreciation of order, neatness, 
 or system, and manifest no arranging power. Cultivate. [104.] 
 
 XL V. CALCULATION. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have remarkable natural talent for com- 
 putation ; multiply and divide intuitively ; seem to solve difficult 
 problems in mathematics by instinct ; and take intense delight in 
 figures and statistics, and in the various applications and relations of 
 numbers. [104.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You excel in mental arithmetic, add, subtract, multiply, 
 and divide with great facility; perceive very readily the value and 
 relations of numbers; are fond of statistical information; and with 
 full or large Locality and Causality may excel in the higher branches 
 of mathematics. [104.] 
 
 (5.) FULL". You succeed very well in the use of numbers, but 
 are not remarkable for ability to calculate " in the head." Cul- 
 tivate. [106.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You require considerable study and practice to give 
 you facility in arithmetical calculations, but with it can succeed veiy 
 fairly. Cultivate. [106.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You remember numbers with difficulty, and are 
 neither quick nor accurate in adding, subtracting, multiplying, or 
 dividing. You think arithmetic a bore, and should not attempt to 
 become a book-keeper or an accountant. Cultivate. [106.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are dull and slow in learning arithmetic, and, 
 perhaps, like Mr. George Combe, have never been able to master the 
 multiplication table. You have no taste for numbers, and a very poor 
 memory of them. Cultivate. [106.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have hardly the ability to count, much less 
 to calculate, and are unfortunate in respect to this faculty. If you 
 take a realizing sense of your deficiency, you will not venture on 
 mathematical calculations. Cultivate. [106.] 
 
 XLVL LOCALITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have an insatiable love of traveling, and 
 desire to see the world, and a remarkably retentive memory of the 
 localities you visit; have an intuitive idea of both the relative and 
 absolute position of places, and never lose your way either in the 
 forests or in the streets of a strange city. You are inclined to be too
 
 186 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 roving and unsettled in your habits, and to spend all your time and 
 money in traveling. Restrain. [107.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have a strong desire to travel and to see places ; 
 delight in books of travel ; are deeply interested in the study of geog- 
 raphy and astronomy ; seldom forget any place you have once seen, 
 and can find your Avay anywhere, as if by instinct. Would make a 
 good explorer. [100.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. Your memory of places is good, and you enjoy traveling 
 and reading of travels ; find your way quite well ordinarily, but are 
 not remarkably endowed in this particular. Cultivate. [107.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your recollection of places is fair, but you have no 
 great desire to travel or to see strange countries, and may sometimes 
 lose your way. Cultivate. [107.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. Your local memory is rather poor, and you prefer 
 staying at home to traveling, and often become confused, " turned 
 about," or lost in strange places. Cultivate. [107.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have a very poor memory of places, and find even 
 familiar ones with difficulty. Cultivate. [107.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. Your local instinct is so weak that you can 
 hardly find your way home from any neighboring place. Cultivate. 
 [107.] 
 
 XL VII. EVENTUALITY. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You should possess a wonderfully retentive 
 memory of facts, incidents, and general knowledge ; and have strong 
 craving for information. You would be a great devourer of books, 
 newspapers, and periodicals ; and with large Language and Imitation, 
 would excel in story-telling. [108.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You ought to have a retentive memory of historical 
 facts, incidents, stories, and general information ; love to acquire 
 knowledge ; are fond of books, learn readily anything relating to 
 history or biography. You are likely to be well informed on common 
 subjects and, with fair opportunities, to be a good scholar. [108.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. Your memory of facts and circumstances should be 
 good, if properly cultivated, but may have become indifferent through 
 neglect. You may, if the reflective faculties be large, remember prin- 
 ciples better than facts. Cultivate. [109.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You may recollect leading events, and facts in 
 which you are particularly interested, but are rather deficient in 
 memory of indifferent matters and the details of occurrences. Cul- 
 tivate. [109.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You have a rather poor memory of events, and are 
 particularly forgetful of details. You are a poor story-teller. Cul- 
 tivate. [109.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. Your memory is treacherous and confused, and can
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 1ST 
 
 not safely be relied upon for anything relating to facts, occurrences, or 
 the circumstances of active life. Cultivate. [109.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. Your memory is utterly untrustworthy. You 
 forget almost everything relating to what has happened, no matter 
 how recently. Cultivate. [109.] 
 
 XL VIII. TIME. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You seem to have an intuitive knowledge of 
 the lapse of time ; can keep time in music, tell the time of day almost 
 as correctly without a time-piece as with one ; and can wake at any 
 pre-appointed hour of the night. [109.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are an excellent judge of time ; can tell when any 
 event of which you have a knowledge occurred ; keep time in music 
 very correctly ; rarely forget appointments ; and should be an accurate 
 chronologist. [109.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You can keep time in music and, with practice, can 
 carry in your head the time of day, but are not remarkably endowed 
 in this particular. Cultivate. [110.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your memory of dates is fair, but you require prac- 
 tice to give you accuracy in keeping time in music. Cultivate. [110.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You have a rather defective notion of time, and 
 not a good memory of dates. Cultivate. [110.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have a confused and indistinct idea of time, and 
 are apt to forget appointments. Cultivate. [110.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are nearly destitute of this faculty. Cul- 
 tivate. [110.J 
 
 XLIX. TUKE. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are passionately fond of music; have extra' 
 ordinary musical taste and talent ; and with a good development of 
 Imitation, Constructiveness, Ideality, and Time, and a fine organiza- 
 tion, may become an expert performer, or, with large Ideality, Caus- 
 ality, and Comparison, a composer. [110.] 
 
 [6.] LARGE. You are constituted as described in (7), except in a 
 somewhat lower degree ; have a fine ear for music, and enjoy if you 
 do not readily learn anything you hear. [110.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have good musical taste ; are very fond of music ; 
 and with practice can become a performer. Cultivate. [112.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You have fair musical ability, but considerable 
 practice would be required to give you proficiency in music. You 
 have more love for the "concord of sweet sounds" than power to 
 produce it. Cultivate. [112.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are not particularly fond of music, but are 
 capable of acquiring some taste for the simpler kinds, and with practica 
 may learn to sing. Cultivate. [112.]
 
 188 DELINEATION OP CHARACTER. 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have very little taste or love for music, and less 
 ability to produce it. Cultivate. [112.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You manifest little or none of this faculty. 
 Cultivate. [112.]* 
 
 L. LANGUAGE. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You have great copiousness of expression, a 
 passion for talking or writing ; are capable of becoming very fluent 
 and correct in the use of language ; generally put the right word in 
 the right place; have a remarkable verbal memory; readily make 
 quotations ; learn languages with facility by hearing them spoken ; are 
 very liable, unless this faculty be restrained, or balanced by reason, to 
 be tediously verbose. Restrain. [114.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You are fluent and copious in the use o'f words, both 
 in writing and speaking ; can learn to talk well, and would love to 
 talk ; can learn foreign languages easily ; and have an excellent mem- 
 ory of words. You can tell all you know, and generally make use of 
 correct if not elegant language ; are rather inclined to verbosity than 
 to barrenness of expression, and to talk too much rather than too little. 
 Restrain. [114.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You have a good command of language ; express your- 
 self with considerable ease and fluency, but are not remarkable for 
 copiousness, and are seldom verbose or redundant. With practice you 
 might make a good speaker, but can do better with the pen than with 
 the tongue. Cultivate. [114.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are not very fluent in the use of language; say 
 what you desire to say in few words; are not veiy fond of talking; 
 with practice may write well, but not rapidly, Cultivate. [114.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You find some difficulty in expressing your ideas, 
 your vocabulary being small and your memory and command of words 
 poor. With constant practice, you may write effectively, but your 
 style will be rather dry and barren. As a speaker, you would not be 
 likely to succeed. You may learn foreign languages, but will speak 
 them with difficulty, if at all. Cultivate. [114.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You speak with difficulty; often hesitate for words; 
 and are apt to blunder in the construction of your sentences. Cultivate. 
 [114.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. Your memory of words is exceedingly poor, and 
 your power of expression almost entirely lacking. Cultivate. [114.] 
 
 * The Friends, or Quakers many of them are opposed to music, on the 
 ground that it is used as a sensuous gratification ; a disturbing element; opposed to 
 simple, silent devotion. We regard Tune as a faculty of the human mind, created tor 
 a useful purpose, and not to be ignored or suppressed because of its abuse, any more 
 than that of the appetite, or of Veneration itself, which is sometimes exercised on 
 idols, images, and gods of wood and stone. The right UBO of all the faculties will bo 
 acceptable to Him who created thorn.
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 189 
 
 LI. CAUSALITY. 
 
 (7.) VERT LARGE. You should be noted for originality, planning 
 capacity, intuitive perception of the relations of cause and effect, and 
 great reasoning power and comprehension. You are naturally a 
 thinker and a philosopher, and are in danger of becoming an impracti- 
 cable theorist. Restrain. [115.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have excellent reasoning power; uncommon 
 capacity for contriving ways and means ; can generally trace effects 
 back to their causes, or predicate results ; are good at making plans ; 
 have a strong desire to know the "why" and "wherefore" of every- 
 thing ; are not satisfied with a superficial knowledge, but desire to go 
 to the bottom of every subject; are liable to be abstruse and more 
 theoretical than practical. Restrain. [115.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. Your capacity to plan, invent, originate, and adapt 
 means to ends is good, and with activity well developed and Com- 
 parison and the perceptives large, may manifest a good degree of 
 reasoning power; but with these conditions reversed, you will plan 
 better than you will execute. You like to know why things are as 
 they are, but are not disposed to push your investigations too closely. 
 [114.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your planning and reasoning ability depends greatly 
 upon the influence of other and larger organs, but in general it is only 
 fair. Cultivate. [115.] 
 
 (8.) MODERATE. You are rather deficient in the ability to discern 
 and apply principles, and possess no great originality or planning 
 capacity. Cultivate. [115.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are decidedly deficient in reasoning power and 
 ability to contrive, plan, and adapt means to ends. Cultivate. [115 ] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You are almost utterly destitute of originality. 
 Cultivate. [115.] 
 
 LIT COMPARISON. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You possess remarkable powers of analysis; 
 ability to reason from analogy and to discover new truths by induction ; 
 can clearly trace out relations between the known and the unknown 
 which escape common investigators, and with Individuality, Eventu- 
 ality, and Causality well developed, will manifest great capacity for 
 making discoveries and a passion for analytical investigations most 
 useful to the phrenologist. [115.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. Your capacity for inductive reasoning is excellent; 
 you manifest great ability in tracing the connection between known 
 facts and phenomena and the laws or principles which govern them; 
 a disposition to analyze, resolve combinations into elements, dissect, 
 criticise, compare, and classify ; to observe similarities and dissimilar- 
 ities ; to trace analogies ; to explain by illustration ; and in speaking, to
 
 190 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER. 
 
 use many comparisons, metaphors, and similes. "With large Language, 
 Continuity, Constructiveness, and Ideality, should write and speak 
 with great fluency, correctness, and elegance, and in a style dis- 
 tinguished for clearness as well as for beauty ; but with these organs 
 moderate or small, there will be a liability to broken metaphors and 
 imperfect and confusing comparisons. You would make a good 
 chemist. [115.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You appreciate fine comparisons and sound inductive 
 reasoning, and are inclined to make use of the analogical and analytical 
 methods of arriving at the truth, but are not remarkably developed in 
 this faculty. Cultivate. [117.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your analogical ability is fair, when called into 
 activity by the larger organs, but otherwise is rather weak in its mani- 
 festations. 'Cultivate. [117.] 
 
 (3.) MODEKATE. You are not much inclined to institute comparisons 
 or to observe resemblances or differences, and neither make use of nor 
 appreciate metaphors and similes, but may enjoy a simple and direct 
 comparison. Your ability to illustrate one case or point by another 
 involving similar principle is poor. Cultivate. [117.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You seldom observe likenesses or dissimilarities, have 
 no skill in tracing analogies, and are content to take things as you find 
 them in their combinations, instead of pulling them in pieces or resolv- 
 ing them into elements to find out how they are made or the propor- 
 tions of their parts. Cultivate. [117.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You manifest little or none of this element of 
 character. Cultivate. [117.] 
 
 LIIL HUMAN NATURE. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are a natural physiognomist, or, .rather, an 
 intuitive discerner of character, forming correct estimates of the dis- 
 position and moral status of those you meet at a single glance, especial- 
 ly if they be of the opposite sex. You can trust your first impressions 
 of character. With large Comparison, would make an excellent practical 
 phrenologist and physiognomist. It is usually large in our North Ameri- 
 can Indians, and should be so in our police and in all detectives. [117.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have an excellent judgment in matters of charac- 
 ter ; read men and women intuitively ; love to study the " Signs of 
 Character" in the features, voice, walk, manners, etc., and could 
 become a good practical delineator of character. [117.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. Your first impressions of character arc generally correct ; 
 but you are liable to make occasional mistakes. You love to study 
 character, and with practice may become a good practical phrenologist 
 or physiognomist. Cidtivate. [118.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. Your talents for reading character are fair, but your 
 first impressions are not to be fully trusted. Cultwate. [118.]
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 191 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You have no great natural capacity for character- 
 reading, and often form incorrect estimates of people, but with study 
 and practice may do tolerably well. Cultivate. [118.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You are a poor judge of character and are easily 
 imposed upon do not know how to take people. Cultivate. [118.] 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You have little or no appreciation of human 
 nature. Cultivate. [118.] 
 
 LIV. AGEEEABLENESS. 
 
 (7.) VERY LARGE. You are remarkably bland, winning, and per- 
 suasive ; very conciliatory ; and generally please everybody. Are 
 more like a Frenchman than an Englishman. [118.] 
 
 (6.) LARGE. You have an agreeable and fascinating manner, and a 
 way of saying anjj doing even disagreeable things at which no one can 
 take offense, and which makes everything you say and do acceptable. 
 You are conciliatory and persuasive, and are almost universally liked. 
 " Are all things to all men." [118.] 
 
 (5.) FULL. You are pleasing and bland in your manners, and, with 
 large Ideality, polite and agreeable ; but when angry, may make use 
 of blunt and sharp expressions. Cultivate. [119.] 
 
 (4.) AVERAGE. You are generally pleasant in conversation and 
 manners, but may when excited become very brusque and repulsive. 
 Are more like an Englishman than a Frenchman. Cultivate. [119.] 
 
 (3.) MODERATE. You are rather deficient in Agreeableness, and 
 have little ability to smooth over your words or actions. Cultivate. 
 [119.] 
 
 (2.) SMALL. You have an unpleasant way of saying even pleasant 
 things, and often quite unnecessarily provoke the ill-will of those 
 around you. Cultivate. [119J 
 
 (1.) VERY SMALL. You manifest no desire or ability to please. 
 Cultivate. [119.] 
 
 NOTE. The literature of Phrenology is not very voluminous. Some 
 of the most important works are the following: Sur les Fonctions 
 du Cerveau par Dr. Gall, 6 vols., Paris, 1825 (price, $125); Gall's 
 Complete "Works (in English), 6 vols. ($15); Spurzheim's Phrenology, 
 2 vols. ; Cours de Phrenologie par Dr. Broussais ; Traite de Phreno- 
 logie Humain et Comparee, 2 vols, 4, avec Atlas in f de 120 Planches, 
 par Dr. Vimont; Combe's Lectures on Phrenology; Combe's Constitu- 
 tion of Man ; Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied ; and Board- 
 man's Defence of Phrenology. On Physiognomy : Lavater's great 
 work, Essays on Physiognomy (various editions), and New Physiogno- 
 my, by S. R; Wells, are the only books of much value now accessible.
 
 FOWLER 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 WELLS, 753 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, 
 
 PHRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 American Phrenological Journal and 
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 nology, Physiology, Phrenology, Physiog- 
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 Bell (Sir Charles). Expression : its 
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 tions by SAMUEL R. WELLS. $1.25. 
 
 Boardman(Andrew,M.D.) Defence 
 OF PHRENOLOGY ; Containing an Essay 
 on the Nature and Value of Phrenological 
 Evidence ; A Vindication of Phrenology 
 against the Attack of its opponents. $1.25. 
 
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 with Notes and Illustrations, by NELSON 
 SIZER. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 This work gives ill and definite 'directions 
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 Combe (GeorgeX A System of 
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 gravings. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 Constitution of Man ; Consider- 
 ed in Relation to external objects. The 
 only authorized American edition ; with 
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 The "Constitution of Man " is a work with 
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 There is an increasing interest in the facts relating to Magnetism, etc., and we present 
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 Practical Instructions in Animal 
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 History of Salem Witchcraft. A 
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 ualism, by Mrs. HARRIET BEECHER 
 STOWE, and Dr. Doddridge's Dream. $i. 
 
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 of Life in connection with Spirit and Mat- 
 ter. ByJ. B. NEWMAN, M.D. $1.00. 
 
 Six Lectures on the Philosophy of 
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