GIFT OF 
 SEELEY W. MUDD 
 
 and 
 
 GEORGE I. COCHRAN MEYER ELSASSER 
 DR. JOHN R. HAYNES WILLIAM L. HONNOLD 
 JAMES R. MARTIN MRS. JOSEPH F. SARTORI 
 
 to the 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 SOUTHERN BRANCH 
 
 JOHN FISKE
 
 This book is DUE on the last 
 date stamped below
 
 THE 
 
 GREAT MEANING 
 
 OF 
 
 METANOIA 
 
 AN UNDEVELOPED CHAPTER 
 IN THE LIFE AND TEACHING OF CHRIST 
 
 A NEW EDITION 
 
 WITH A SUPPLEMENTARY ESSAY 
 
 BY 
 
 TREADWELL WALDEN 
 
 NEW-YORK 
 
 THOMAS WHITTAKER 
 1896 
 
 9 9 7 8 3
 
 Copyright, 1896, 
 By TRKADWELL WALDEN.
 
 1ST 
 S.O 
 
 INSCRIBED 
 
 WITH DEVOTED LOVE 
 TO 
 
 MY WIFE, 
 GRACE GORDON WALDEN.
 
 "233 CLARENDON STREET, 
 "BOSTON, October 15, 1881. 
 
 " DEAR WALDEN : I have just read your ' Meta- 
 noia ' through from beginning to end, and I want 
 to tell you how much I enjoyed it, and how much I 
 thank you for sending it to me. 
 
 " It is full of inspiration. 
 
 "It makes one think of Christian faith as positive 
 and constructive, and not merely destructive and 
 remedial. 
 
 " It makes the work of Christ seem worthy of 
 Christ. 
 
 " I thank you truly, both for writing it and for 
 giving it to me. 
 
 ' ' Your sincere friend, 
 
 " PHILLIPS BROOKS."
 
 PKEFACE. 
 
 THE first of these Essays appeared in the 
 " American Church Review " for July, 1 88 1 
 following the memorable day in May when 
 the Revised Version of the New Testament 
 was issued. The paper was soon afterwards 
 reprinted separately, and in 1882 was put 
 into book form by the present publisher. 
 
 Although its point was made timely by the 
 revision, and by the astonishing fact that, in 
 a work expressly undertaken in this age to 
 correct the misapprehensions of a former 
 age, a mistranslation involving such conse- 
 quences had been overpassed and perpetu- 
 ated, yet the Essay did not set out to be a 
 criticism of the New Version in this particu- 
 lar. It could not help falling into something 
 like it, but its main purpose was to draw 
 attention to, and to be a popular exposition of, 
 a word in whose enormous potentiality of 
 meaning lay, as I believed, a more true and 
 more catholic, a more spiritual and more philo-
 
 Preface. 
 
 sophical, interpretation of Christianity. The 
 Essay could have done as well for this with 
 a little modification if the revisers had 
 adopted a new rendering which was, in any 
 degree, sympathetic with the real import of 
 the original. 
 
 As such, I am glad to say after the nov- 
 elty of the New Version had passed the 
 Essay seems to have been accepted : simply 
 as an exposition in itself, that might at any 
 time be in order; and as a contribution, 
 called for under the circumstances, to the 
 knowledge and the spirit which ought to in- 
 spire that comprehensive English expression 
 or that happy combination of words vary- 
 ing according to their connection in the text 
 which may venture sometime hence to 
 represent the idea of Merdvoia ; a word of 
 whose fullness, in its initial position, the New 
 Testament itself can be the only adequate 
 translation, for, in that initial position, it is 
 the key-note of its whole strain. 
 
 There was nothing new in the view itself. 
 If there had been, it could not have been 
 true. It was as old as the apostolic age. 
 And the revival of it was only an attempt to 
 uncover and clear out a partially choked well.
 
 Preface. 
 
 The Greek expression lay directly under the 
 eye of any reader of the original, manifestly 
 opening down to a great depth, provided his 
 eye was disengaged enough from preposses- 
 sions to be alive to the fact. The word bore 
 the hint of what it was on its very face : an 
 intimation that the whole inward nature of 
 man was appealed to, all its springs of 
 action, all its possibilities of affection. Every 
 scholar was aware of its literal meaning 
 and that meaning alone was in itself enough 
 to suggest the dropping of an exploring 
 plummet. Why this was not done, why 
 what was so obvious was overlooked, per- 
 haps the second Essay may explain. 
 
 Neither was there anything new in the 
 endeavor to recover the lost meaning of the 
 word. There had been, even so far back as 
 the remote age in which its present custom- 
 ary curb and covering had first been imposed 
 upon it, an instinctive misgiving that its full 
 depth had not been sounded. But the mis- 
 giving had been overborne because it was 
 not pronounced enough. The Reformation, 
 also, developed a restiveness under the same 
 ancient limitation for mud, as well as water, 
 was being drawn up now but the restiveness
 
 Preface. 
 
 wrought no real purification, because it was 
 not articulate enough. At a later day that 
 is, a hundred years ago an orthodox but 
 independent Scotchman, Dr. George Camp- 
 bell, exposed the whole imposition with 
 startling distinctness, and succeeded so well 
 in sweeping the fabric away that many since 
 his day several recent translators among 
 them owe all their new conception of the 
 truth to him. But in both his and their 
 contentment with the substitute "reforma- 
 tion " for " repentance " there lay an implica- 
 tion of externalism, which betrayed, appa- 
 rently, a lack of insight into the spiritual pro- 
 fundity of the original expression. The new 
 rendering did not, also, popularly prevail, 
 though pointing to the practical result in the 
 life, because the old one, though falling short 
 of the whole truth (" regeneration "), did at 
 }ast reach down far enough to stir the oft- 
 stagnant pool of the conscience and the heart. 
 It has turned out that the absolute insight 
 into the meaning of the word has in our own 
 day been given to two scholars like De 
 Quincey and Matthew Arnold, and has found 
 its first distinct expression through them, be- 
 cause, unlike all that have gone before them,
 
 Preface. 
 
 their vision was unhampered by any theo- 
 logical preconception, and by the necessity 
 of looking for an available form of English 
 translation. It was simply this which left 
 their powers of perception clear ; both open- 
 eyed to a palpable meaning, and free-handed 
 in their statement of it. But they did not 
 raise a signal-flag over the fact when they 
 found it, as if it were a discovery, nor con- 
 cern themselves especially in identifying the 
 word with its issues. They took its evident 
 idea as a matter of course, recognized it as 
 the original spring-head of the Gospel, re- 
 stored it to its natural condition, and passed on. 
 Hence their brief and casual allusions to it 
 have escaped the attention that was their 
 due. 
 
 I was far on in the preparation of the first 
 Essay before I ran accidentally upon the 
 passage in De Quincey, and well on in the 
 second before I came as accidentally upon 
 the coincidence with it and yet variation 
 from it of Matthew Arnold the one indicat- 
 ing the intellectual sweep, the other the 
 ethical depth of the word ; but I have been 
 glad indeed to owe to them both an encour- 
 aging and illumining inspiration in the en-
 
 Preface. 
 
 deavor to show that the principle enunciated 
 by " Metanoia " in the outset of the Gospel 
 was profound enough to be the underlying 
 and prevailing idea of the New Testament 
 from beginning to end, and to suggest the 
 application of its interpretative potency to 
 the teaching of Christ and His apostles. 
 And this the most obvious thing in the 
 world to do when once on the track of it 
 is all that appears to be new. 
 
 But even this could be only generally and 
 superficially intimated in a review article. 
 Still, such as it was, the idea was a surprise 
 and even a revelation to many people. And 
 there have been indications enough that it 
 has since taken a wide hold. I do not re- 
 ceive this impression only from the many 
 earnest letters and other like evidences which 
 have come to me, or from an occasional ref- 
 erence in a recent commentary or expository 
 paper, but from the fact that the view seems 
 to have entered largely into pulpit teaching 
 and current thought. It has been made the 
 theme of many sermons, and it has given 
 occasion to a number of printed essays and 
 magazine articles, several even of a philo- 
 sophical character. The word " Metanoia "
 
 Preface. 
 
 itself has also become quite a familiar Eng- 
 lish expression, not only for what it really 
 means, but, I fear, in some cases where an 
 ignorant enthusiasm has laid hold of it, for 
 what it cannot be understood to mean. 
 
 It has been made the ground, however, of 
 one interesting suggestion, by a writer in the 
 " Popular Science Monthly," who has copi- 
 ously quoted the Essay, that the term " Met- 
 agnostic " or, better, the words " Metanos- 
 tic " and " Metanoetic " should displace the 
 idea conveyed by " Agnostic," as expressing 
 positively, affirmatively, and hopefully, in 
 stead of negatively and despairingly, the at- 
 titude even of the purely scientific mind in 
 the presence of the Unknown. The sugges- 
 tion, it seems, failed with Mr. Huxley, when 
 presented to him, because a slight inaccuracy 
 in the statement of the primary force of the 
 proposed words gave him an opportunity to 
 evade it ; but the idea has, however, gone 
 far enough into usage to bring about the in- 
 troduction of " Metagnostic," with this sig- 
 nification, in the " Century Dictionary." 
 
 It is all this and the like of it that has 
 kept the memory of the Essay afloat these
 
 Preface. 
 
 fourteen years and more, that has caused a 
 continual inquiry for it, and that has now 
 led to its reissue, after being long out of 
 print. 
 
 In publishing it again I ought to say that 
 I have gone over the whole ground with 
 much thorough and painstaking study, and 
 have verified all its positions so satisfactorily 
 that I have seen no reason to change any of 
 them. Indeed, so largely and variously has 
 the subject opened and enriched itself, both 
 in its Scriptural illustration and its practical 
 application, that the present little volume 
 seems to stand yet only on the threshold of 
 the whole contemplation. But I have been 
 under an exigency of brevity in bringing it 
 out, and can only hope that it may serve its 
 purpose as an introduction, if no more. 
 
 The book has fallen into a threefold form : 
 first, the original Essay, slightly retouched 
 and with a few notes added ; second, a Sup- 
 plementary Essay, mainly to supply a strong 
 point of view in which the other was neces- 
 sarily lacking, but incidentally including such 
 further intimations of the bearing of " Meta- 
 noia" as could be thrown out by the way ; and 
 third, a group of selected comments upon
 
 Preface. 
 
 the subject by different distinguished hands 
 five of them revisers to show that I do 
 not stand alone in my estimate of its neces- 
 sity and importance. 
 
 The last in the list of these by no means 
 the least is Phillips Brooks. I have also 
 set the whole of the opening part of his note 
 to me in the forefront of this new edition, 
 partly under an impulse of personal affection, 
 partly because of the comprehensiveness and 
 force of what he wrote. He was my cher- 
 ished friend for thirty years, a pride and de- 
 light to me as I saw him advancing in the 
 strength of the breadth and depth of the 
 truth he proclaimed, and under the blessing 
 which attended a pure, a noble, and a de- 
 voted life. In these few words, out of his 
 very heart, he seized with characteristic in- 
 sight the vital point of the whole considera- 
 tion, and they are of that very quality in 
 thought, conviction, and expression which 
 was the secret of his power both as a preacher 
 and as a man. In the midst of the concen- 
 tric circles drawn round the mark, as it was 
 also recognized by the others that I have 
 quoted, he thus laid his ringer upon the cen- 
 tral white:
 
 Preface. 
 
 " It makes one think of Christian faith as 
 positive and constructive, and not merely 
 destructive and remedial. 
 
 " It makes the work of Christ seem worthy 
 of Christ." 
 
 In that he said all. 
 
 T. W. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, MASS., 
 December, 1895.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ESSAY I. 
 
 THE GREAT MEANING OF THE WORD METANOIA : 
 LOST IN THE OLD VERSION, UNRECOVERED IN THE 
 NEW. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. The New Testament Idea of Metanoia. . . i 
 II. "Metanoia" Mistranslated "Repentance" 13 
 
 III. The Intellectual as well as Moral Compass 
 
 of Metanoia 31 
 
 IV. The Inaugural Action of Metanoia in the 
 
 First Age 45 
 
 V. Metanoia the Method of Christ's Teach- 
 ing 60 
 
 VI. The Metanoia of St. Paul Faith and Re- 
 newal 71 
 
 VII. Metanoia the Word of Christ to the Pres- 
 ent Age 83 
 
 NOTE. The View of Matthew Arnold . . 91 
 xvii
 
 Contents. 
 
 ESSAY II. 
 
 THE ECLIPSE OF METANO1A BY PCENITENTIA. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. An Impossible Expedient to End it : "Re- 
 pentance " to be Made to Mean Meta- 
 
 noia 95 
 
 II. Merdiwa Transfigured Greek 100 
 
 III. "Repentance" Persistent Latin 108 
 
 IV. The Roman Utilization of "Repentance " 117 
 V. The Gospel in the Shadow of the Law .. 123 
 
 VI. "Disastrous Twilight" in the Revised 
 
 Version 130 
 
 VII. The Power of Latin Prescription 139 
 
 VIII. The True Interpretation 145 
 
 ASSENTING WITNESSES. 
 
 A Word Introductory 152 
 
 The Comments of : 
 I. The Right Rev. Brooke Foss Westcott, 
 
 D.D., D.C.L 153 
 
 II. The Rev. Professor Alexander Roberts, 
 
 D.D 154 
 
 III. The Rev. Howard Crosby, D.D., LL.D. 155 
 xviii
 
 Contents. 
 
 LETTER PAGE 
 
 IV. The Rev. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D.. 156 
 
 V. The Very Rev. E. H. Plumptre, D.D. . 156 
 
 VI. The Rev. Edward White 157 
 
 VII. The Rev. Professor Alexander V. G. 
 
 Allen, D.D 158 
 
 VIII. The Rev. Professor J. F. Garrison, D.D. 160 
 
 IX. The Rev. Elisha Mulford, LL.D 163 
 
 X. The Rev. Edward T. Bartlett, D.D 163 
 
 XI. The Rev. Benjamin Franklin, D.D.... 165 
 
 XII. The Right Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D. . 166
 
 I AM COME A LIGHT INTO THE WORLD, 
 
 THAT WHOSOEVER BELIEVETH ON ME 
 MAY NOT ABIDE IN THE DARKNESS. 
 
 John xii. 46.
 
 THE GREAT MEANING OF THE 
 WORD METANOIA: LOST IN THE 
 OLD VERSION, UNRECOVERED 
 IN THE NEW. 
 
 I. 
 
 THE NEW TESTAMENT IDEA OF METANOIA. 
 
 METANOIA is the Greek word and let- 
 ter for letter an English one, if we desire it 
 which bears the sublime burden of the 
 original proclamation of the gospel. 
 
 It represents the first utterance of John 
 the Baptist as the herald of the Christ, and 
 the first utterance of Jesus the Christ as the 
 herald of the kingdom of God. It was their 
 summons to mankind, preceding the an- 
 nouncement of the power that was approach- 
 ing, of the revelation that was at hand. 
 
 If we recur to the image involved in the 
 words "herald," " proclamation" the image 
 implied in the narrative it was the note of
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 a trumpet outside the walls, and the call of 
 a messenger to open the gates. 
 
 In order the better to get at its meaning, 
 let us now imagine some one who has never 
 read the English New Testament, and who 
 has had no especial bias given to his ideas 
 by any theological system. All we will sup- 
 pose for him is a knowledge of Greek and 
 a spiritual instinct which will enable him to 
 rise into the frequent transcendental mean- 
 ing of the Greek of the New Testament. 
 
 He knows enough to know that he is deal- 
 ing with the record of a divine revolution in 
 the affairs of men, and that the human lan- 
 guage to which the account was committed 
 is struggling to utter adequately the depth of 
 inspiration behind it. 
 
 He knows that the record was committed 
 to writing only after the bearings of the his- 
 tory were fully understood and the concep- 
 tion of its meaning was fully matured. 
 
 He knows that what is before him is a con- 
 densation as to events, and a translation as 
 to ideas ; in other words, if we confine the re- 
 mark to the four gospels, that the historical 
 part is as brief as it is profound, and that 
 2
 
 The New Testament Idea of Metdnoia. 
 
 the doctrinal part is not only briefly and pro- 
 foundly expressed, but was transferred to the 
 Greek from the Aramaic vernacular in which 
 it was at first expansively spoken. 
 
 He is prepared, therefore, to see not only 
 a representative depth in each event, but, 
 especially, a comprehensive force in every 
 cardinal word. 
 
 In the very outset of the life of Christ he 
 comes upon the word " Metanoia," and in a 
 connection which gives it the all-prominent 
 place. He takes in the significance of its 
 position at once. It conveys the summons 
 of the herald, and of the herald who was 
 freighted with the good news which the whole 
 New Testament afterwards unfolds. Here in 
 epitome, he naturally thinks, must be all the 
 " Upward Calling" of God. No word, there- 
 fore, in the New Testament can be greater 
 than this. 
 
 Hence he must interpret it as a condensed 
 expression of what was originally said in 
 large, and as an expression, also, which was 
 fixed upon long after the event, when every- 
 thing was understood, as the fit one to carry 
 the great burden. If this is its anticipatory 
 3
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 reach, if this is its heralding grasp, he natu- 
 rally sets about inquiring what is its history 
 and what its elementary weight. 
 
 When we imagine such a fresh reader of 
 the Greek Testament as this we place our- 
 selves in the situation to pursue his inquiry. 
 
 The literal meaning of " Metanoia," or, 
 rather, the nearest expression to it in English, 
 is " Change of Mind," a phrase too much worn 
 by familiar use to be available as a render- 
 ing, but an idea capable of many equivalent 
 variations in the English tongue. It will be 
 more convenient, however, for our present 
 purpose to employ the phrase as if its native 
 force had not been thus impaired. 
 
 What word is more expressive than 
 " Change "? what more comprehensive than 
 "Mind"? 
 
 " Change," in the radical sense we here 
 intend, when applied to the "mind," ought to 
 suggest something hardly short of a trans- 
 mutation ; not of essence, of course, but of 
 consciousness. We understand by a change 
 of place the occupation of another place ; 
 a change of condition, another condition ; a 
 4
 
 77/<? New Testament Idea of Metdnoia. 
 
 change of form, another form. We can ima- 
 gine the otherwise unchangeable man under- 
 going, in like manner, a " Change of Mind " ; 
 what Coleridge coined the word " transmenta- 
 tion " to express : a sort of mental transfigura- 
 tion, under which the Mind, when placed in a 
 new situation, thinks new thoughts, receives 
 new impressions, forms new tastes, inclina- 
 tions, purposes, develops new aptitudes ; such 
 a Change may be good or evil, but such a 
 change is possible. 
 
 For what is the "Mind"? It is that 
 spiritual part of us which receives and assim- 
 ilates whatever it has an affinity for in the 
 world outside, whether that world be spiritual 
 or material. It is the whole group of facul- 
 ties which compose the intelligence. It is 
 sight and perception, thought and reflection, 
 apprehension and comprehension all that 
 is popularly known as the intellect or under- 
 standing. But it also embraces more than 
 this, namely, a large portion of the moral and 
 affectional nature. It occupies the realm of 
 the heart. Thus it comes about that, in com- 
 mon speech, the terms " mind " and " heart " 
 are often interblended, one overlapping the 
 5
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 field of the other. We speak of the heart as 
 if it were the thinking principle. It has its 
 thoughts as well as its affections. We also 
 speak of the mind as if it had feelings as 
 well as perceptions. The will, too, seems to 
 be as much at home in one as in the other. 
 What the mind fancies it will do, it shortly 
 resolves to do, is minded to do. What the 
 mind also fastens its attention upon, it shortly 
 fastens its love upon. We love with the 
 whole mind as well as with the whole heart, 
 soul, an'd strength. 
 
 When, therefore, we speak of the Mind, 
 we often mean the heart as well as the brain, 
 but we never mean the heart without the 
 brain. The Mind proper is the masculine, 
 intellectual element, strong and foremost, of 
 which the heart is the feminine, affectional 
 counterpart, always in attendance upon it, al- 
 ways at one with it. As " Man " is the generic 
 name for Adam and Eve, so " Mind " is the 
 generic name for this twofold nature of man. 1 
 
 When, then, " Mind " means so much, and 
 " Change " may be made to mean so much, 
 
 1 It may be well to remember that "man" and 
 " mind " are etymologically the same. A change of 
 the Mind, therefore, is a change of the Man. 
 6
 
 The New Testament Idea of Metdnoia. 
 
 to speak of a " Change of Mind " is to stand 
 on the verge of a great conception. 
 
 Now we are introduced into the fullness of 
 the Greek word " Metanoia." Nous is the 
 precise equivalent of " Mind." It is intellect, 
 first and foremost, but it is intellect inter- 
 blended, in its action, with the nature behind 
 it. There is no mystic partition dividing the 
 one from the other. It is the whole soul. 
 It is Mind, first, in the sense of perception, 
 knowledge, thought. It is Mind, next, in the 
 sense of feeling, disposition, will. And Nous 
 is the body of the word " Metanoia." Metd is 
 a preposition which, when compounded with 
 Nous, means after. 1 Metanoia is the After- 
 Mind : perception, knowledge, thought, feel- 
 ing, disposition, will, afterwards. The Mind 
 has entered upon a new stage, upon some- 
 thing beyond. If the prefix were/r<?, " Pro- 
 noia " would mean perception before, thought 
 before, a state of mind before experience. 
 But Metanoia is a state of mind after experi- 
 
 1 "After" in such a connection, denotes the idea 
 of change or transformation, ffoeu, to see, to per- 
 ceive. Mrravo&j, to see or perceive afterwards. 
 Hence, to change one's view. 
 
 7
 
 The Great Meaning of Metanoia. 
 
 ence ; the mental condition which has devel- 
 oped itself after an entirely new set of cir- 
 cumstances has encompassed and invaded 
 the consciousness. 
 
 Metd, therefore, introduces the Mind in 
 the act of progress, a " change " taking place 
 either by evolution or by revolution ; devel- 
 opment through any cause or in any form, 
 when the Mind is operated upon by consid- 
 erations within or by conditions without. 1 
 
 In this statement of the capacity of the 
 
 l A lay friend, after this paper was written, sent 
 us the following : ' ' The force of Metd is clearly this, 
 viz., ' end for end,' or ' in the opposite direction,' or 
 ' anew.' . . . For the root of Metd is the English 
 'mid,' and Metd is at bottom the English 'amid.' 
 From this idea (one of situation) it progresses to 
 another idea of direction; and in this use it has the 
 sense of ' going right against,' in the sense of ' strik- 
 ing fair and square,' or ' right in the middle.' Thus 
 it gets the meaning of ' oppositeness of direction,' 1 and 
 its force in ' Metanoia ' is to show that the action of the 
 mind is now to be precisely in the opposite direction 
 to what was before the case. ... I strongly wish I 
 could provoke you to examine the word ' Metanoia ' 
 philologically. In its philology lie many truths. 
 Noia appears to be a worn-down form for gnoia 
 (compare agnoia, not anoia), and the root seems to 
 be gen, meaning to beget, produce, or, as we say, 
 8
 
 The Neiu Testament Idea of Metdnoia. 
 
 word we are drawing upon the literal ele- 
 ments of the compound exhaustively. We 
 are obliged to do this because, as in the case 
 of many other cardinal words in the New 
 Testament, we cannot fall back upon its 
 classical use for its scriptural definition. In 
 the former it was often as weak an expres- 
 sion as our own " change of mind," and was 
 employed in very much the same superficial 
 way. It meant a change of perception, of 
 opinion, of purpose, of feeling, in ordinary 
 affairs, with the natural consequence, some- 
 times, of a change of action. It was a cur- 
 rent expression for any alteration of mind or 
 view, and for whatever retrospective emotion 
 might attend the fact. 
 
 Its scriptural definition comes to us under 
 very grand circumstances ; the word is made 
 
 conceive. From the same root is gennao, to beget. 
 Noia (genoia) is the begetting, shaping, or production 
 of anything in the inner and mental world; thus all 
 the operations or creations of the mind. The Latin 
 gigno, genitor, gnosco, English ' knows,' are all from 
 this root. The use of getting back to this philological 
 meaning is to apply ' Metanoia ' to all the operations 
 of the mind, whether of wish, thought, or action, 
 will, understanding, life." 
 9
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 over and enlarged by its environment, as if 
 it had been reinspired and been born anew. 
 We are compelled to seek its meaning in the 
 abstract, native force of the compound as 
 thus vivified by the situation in which we 
 find it. Its history in this respect is that of 
 the language of the New Testament. 
 
 When the Greek language, released by 
 the conquests of Alexander the Great, three 
 centuries and more before the Christian era, 
 spread over the known world and became the 
 universal language, its forms, constructions, 
 and meanings met with curious modifica- 
 tions as it came in contact with the life and 
 thought of the countries it had invaded. 
 When in time it struck the Hebrew mind 
 and religion at Alexandria the Septuagint 
 translation of the Old Testament rose gradu- 
 ally into being ; but in the act of reexpress- 
 ing "ideas and principles so entirely out of 
 the range of the Greek imagination, even 
 that perfect and elaborate tongue mounted 
 to a level and breathed an atmosphere it 
 had never occupied before. It took, in 
 many instances, a new color, a new charac- 
 ter. There could have been no other result 
 when the wealth of divine revelation and of 
 
 10
 
 The A r ew Testament Idea of Metdnoia. 
 
 the story of the only true religion was com- 
 mitted for recoinage to the exquisite resources 
 of such a mint. It was now the "much-re- 
 fined gold " receiving the stamp of the current 
 common coin, but imparting to it a hitherto 
 unknown value. Familiar words began to 
 ring with a strange quality. 1 
 
 If this was so, nearly three centuries be- 
 fore the Christian era, how must it have 
 been when there came such a revelation to 
 put into words, and such a revolution to put 
 on record, as were ushered in with the Chris- 
 tian religion? Upon the Greek language, 
 again, fell the burden of the new Scriptures, 
 and this time, not by translation, but by 
 
 1 The Septuagint represents only a half-way step 
 in this assignment of the Greek language to the ex- 
 pression of Hebrew ideas. " The Seventy prepared 
 the way in Greek," says Cremar, in his Preface to his 
 " Biblico-theological Lexicon," " for the New Testa- 
 ment proclamation of saving truth. Fine as is their 
 tact, it must be allowed that their language differs 
 from that of the New Testament as the well-meant 
 and painstaking effort of the pupils differs from the 
 renewing and creative hand of the master." This 
 shows itself in a less definite use of " Metdnoia" 
 than in the New Testament, where it is absolute. 
 II
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 direct inspiration. The pagan tongue had to 
 wreathe itself into new phraseologies in order 
 to give what utterance it could to ideas well- 
 nigh unutterable. Words which had passed 
 colloquially from mouth to mouth in the 
 cities of Greece, words which were current in 
 every-day speech everywhere in the world, 
 some whose meanings had never before been 
 profound, others whose usage had worn them 
 thin, now rose into a significance so powerful 
 and so sacred that they could only be used 
 as temple-money by all ages to come. Ex- 
 pressions conveying a divine meaning, now 
 most familiar to us, were occasions of aston- 
 ishment to pagan and Jew alike when they 
 were lifted into connections which transfig- 
 ured them. Such, we know, were "faith," 
 "hope," "love," "light," "truth," "life," 
 " peace," " liberty " ; such were " redemp- 
 tion," "atonement," "righteousness," "resur- 
 rection " ; such were " Saviour " and " apos- 
 tle," and many more which might be named. 
 And such was " Metanoia." So great as 
 this was what Schleiermacher calls " the lan- 
 guage-moulding power of Christianity."
 
 II. 
 
 METANOIA " MISTRANSLATED REPEN- 
 TANCE." 
 
 WHEN " Metanoia " was taken up into the 
 uses of the New Testament it came to mean, 
 according to Archbishop Trench, "that 
 mighty change in mind, heart, and life, 
 wrought by the Spirit of God, which we call 
 repentance" * 
 
 "Which we call repentance" \ What a 
 diminuendo in the statement is here! The 
 swelling note suddenly gives up its breath 
 and subsides into this! It is we, the Eng- 
 lish-speaking world, he says, who call that 
 "mighty change" "repentance" 
 
 In other words, this is the rendering of it 
 in our English Bible, and the accredited ex- 
 pression for it in all theological literature. 
 
 1 See Trench's " Synonyms of the New Testa- 
 ment," p. 241, sec. Ixix. 
 
 13
 
 The Great Meaning of Metanoia. 
 
 Here, now, we come upon the practical 
 and all-important point of this inquiry. For, 
 putting these words, " Metanoia " and " re- 
 pentance" side by side, what a radical diver- 
 gency there is between them! 
 
 We are supposing the reader to be look- 
 ing at the two with a perfectly fresh and un- 
 sophisticated perception. He already knows 
 what the Greek " Metanoia " etymologically 
 means ; let us now remind him what the Latin 
 " repentance " etymologically means. In its 
 primary sense it fails to come anywhere near 
 the other. 
 
 Its central idea is the idea of pcenitentia, 
 from pcena, pain ; suffering in view of being 
 liable to punishment ; hence grief over an act 
 for which satisfaction might be demanded. 
 
 It would be fair to allow it also a secon- 
 dary signification ; suffering in view of the 
 badness of the act itself, without regard to 
 its consequences. 
 
 The prefix re, back or again, adds to this 
 the idea of looking back, or looking again, 
 with sorrow upon what has been done amiss. 
 
 The word thus intensively communes with 
 the past, and represents an emotion only. 
 This may be produced by a Change of 
 14
 
 "Metanoia " Mistranslated ''Repentance." 
 
 Mind, and it may have influence in produc- 
 ing a Change of Mind. It may be poten- 
 tially equal to amendment of life, but it is 
 forcing the word to put even that meaning 
 into it, and more than forcing is necessary 
 to make it " express that mighty Change in 
 mind, heart, and life, wrought by the Spirit 
 of God," which Archbishop Trench admits 
 is the meaning of " Metanoia." 
 
 At the best it can only hang on the skirts 
 of the great Greek expression, for that means 
 a movement of the whole mind forwards, to 
 which a looking backwards is only incidental. 
 Metanoia embraces any consideration which 
 may cause the Mind to "change." It implies 
 the whole circle of influences, repentance 
 among them, which may affect or mould the 
 Mind. It necessarily brings about repentance 
 as one of the results of its operation, but it 
 brings about renewal of life as the great re- 
 sult of all. 
 
 In saying this we do not intend to ignore 
 the office of repentance in its strict sense, 
 nor to put that all-necessary conviction of 
 sin which characterizes the Christian religion 
 in any indirect relation to the Christian life. 
 15
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 We are only questioning the word as a ren- 
 dering of " Metanoia " ; as representing sim- 
 ply an emotion, not intellection in any way. 
 J'ar back in the heart is the capacity for 
 that emotion shut up, awaiting its proper 
 occasions. We cannot conceive of its com- 
 ing into activity unless the Mind has been 
 already engaged, but we can conceive of the 
 Mind being full of many processes, involv- 
 ing Change of thought or purpose or feeling, 
 wherein it has not been concerned at all. 
 In this lies its first palpable incompetency to 
 represent so comprehensive a word. 
 
 But it may be said that it has been given a 
 signification, theologically, which bears it into 
 all that is equivalent to a Change of Mind, 
 and, even further than that, to amendment 
 of life. It has, we are told, this recognized 
 meaning among all evangelical authorities, 
 and is so understood by all practical Chris- 
 tians. If this were really so, and it had so 
 burst the chrysalis of its etymology as to float 
 in our consciousness arbitrarily and absolutely 
 for as much as this, even then it were imprac- 
 ticable to make it compass what is meant by 
 " Metanoia " in the New Testament. The 
 16
 
 "Metdnoia " Mistranslated "Repentance." 
 
 common uses of language drag it down. It 
 cannot sustain itself at such a height. Not 
 only are the meshes of its origin inseparable 
 from it, but it is too much in the web of 
 popular speech. No word is used more 
 loosely even by theologians, except among 
 very careful precisians. It slips out every- 
 where in untechnical connections. It will 
 back to its vernacular use. It will emerge 
 from the popular dictionary, in its native 
 and simple meaning, the richest and weighti- 
 est of all its familiar sisterhood of synonyms, 
 to give force to the diction when sorrow of 
 a godly kind is meant. Even in the Prayer- 
 book it is convertibly employed with "peni- 
 tence" and there is every indication that there 
 nothing more, or not a great deal more, is 
 intended by it. 1 
 
 l A few instances, in the Prayer-book, not only of 
 the synonymous use of "penitence" and "repen- 
 tance," but also of their distinction from " amendment 
 of life " : In the General Confession : " Restore Thou 
 those who axe penitent, according to Thy promises." 
 In the larger Absolution: " Declare and pronounce, 
 . . . being penitent. . . . Wherefore . . . grant us 
 true repentance." In the shorter Absolution : ' ' Prom- 
 ised forgiveness of sins to all those who, with hearty 
 repentance and true faith, turn unto Him." In the 
 17
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 It has proved too strong and full for this 
 in the penitential atmosphere of the Christian 
 life to be parted with for advanced dogmat- 
 ical purposes only. Hence an element of 
 confusion which robs it of dogmatical force. 
 
 But there is another. In the Authorized 
 Version we find it varying about in a way that 
 requires often considerable spiritual discern- 
 ment to tell where it stands for " Metanoia," 
 and where it does not; for there is another 
 word, " Metameleia," l which exactly means 
 repentance in its strict sense, and is also so 
 
 Litany : " Give us true repentance, and endue us with 
 grace to amend our lives.'''' Collect for Ash Wednes- 
 day: " Dost forgive the sins of all those who are 
 penitent, create and make in us new and contrite 
 hearts." Third Ash Wednesday prayer: "Who 
 meekly acknowledge our vileness, and truly repent 
 us of our faults." In the Communion Exhortations : 
 " If with a truejfo7'te heart . . . repent ye truly for 
 your sins past, have a lively and steadfast faith, . . . 
 amend your lives.' 1 ' 1 " Ye who do truly repent . . . and 
 intend to lead a new life." In the Confession : " We 
 acknowledge and bewail, etc. . . . We do earnestly 
 repent and are heartily sorry." In the Family 
 Prayer: "Give them repentance and better minds" 
 etc. 
 
 1 Only the verb is used in the New Testament. 
 18
 
 "Metanoia " Mistranslated "Repentance." 
 
 rendered. This variation occurs frequently 
 enough to make us wonder whether the trans- 
 lators attached any distinct doctrinal signifi- 
 cance to it at all ; and we might also be par- 
 doned for wondering whether they were fully 
 aware of the unique value of " Metanoia " 
 wherever they found it. 1 
 
 When the English Scriptures themselves 
 do not make a distinction it can hardly be 
 expected that theological formularies will suc- 
 
 1 What are we to think, for instance, when we read 
 that Judas " repented himself " (wra//e/l^e<f) ; or how 
 vivid must the peculiar sense of Metanoia even the 
 admitted one have been in minds which could dis- 
 miss the following passage to be " understanded of 
 the people"? 
 
 " For though I made you sorry with a letter, I do 
 not repent {jiera/j.e^ofj,at], though I did repent [fiera- 
 fieXdnrfv}. . . . Now I rejoice, not that ye were made 
 sorry, but that ye sorrowed to repentance \jieTavoiav}. 
 . . . For godly sorrow worketh repentance \jieravot.av~\ 
 to salvation not to be repented of [duera/^^rov]." 
 (2 Cor. vii. 8-10. ) Where is Metanoia in its lone 
 and comprehensive grandeur here? In the original 
 it stands nobly at the top, in the ascending scale, but 
 not in the version. Where, too, is " evangelical re- 
 pentance"! Certainly, in this place, not apparently 
 above the other kind. 
 
 Judas was unquestionably equal to repentance, as 
 19
 
 The Great Meaning of Mctdnoia. 
 
 ceed in doing so. And, moreover, as the 
 English Bible is written in the common lan- 
 guage of the people, and, as such, belongs to 
 our heritage of English literature, it blends 
 itself more with this than with the techni- 
 calities of theology ; its forms of speech are 
 popular, and what is meant by " repentance " 
 in general literature, in current talk, and in 
 dictionary definitions will necessarily be under- 
 stood as intended by it. " Repentance " is a 
 
 people generally understand it, but was, as unques- 
 tionably, far short of Metanoia as his Master under- 
 stood it. St. Paul could very naturally repent of 
 having written a letter which had caused pain, and as 
 naturally reverse the feeling when he found that sor- 
 row had produced so substantial a thing as a Change 
 of Mind, the condition of all others that he most 
 valued, in which he stood himself, which, when at- 
 tained, was so fixed as to be equivalent to " salvation " 
 and was " not to be repented of." And yet these two un- 
 equal words of the original are yoked under one and 
 the same English word ; and this very English word is 
 conveniently supposed by some to bear two senses, 
 one sense natural and the other technical! 
 
 The revisers, in this awkward passage, have trans- 
 lated jj.erafj.E7iOfj,ai " regret," leaving fierdvoia to " re- 
 pentance. " But Judas, it will be seen (Matt, xxvii. 3), 
 still " repents himself "\ His remorse, fruitful only 
 of hemp, continues to be as respectably characterized, 
 20
 
 "Metdnoia " Mistranslated "Repentance." 
 
 favorite word among all writers, especially 
 those engaged in depicting life and action ; 
 let any one pause at it as it comes up in his 
 general reading, and he will see what it in- 
 variably is in the consciousness of the people, 
 and how far short, therefore, it must always 
 fall of the biblical word " Metanoia." 
 
 But there is another and even more seri- 
 ous matter involved in this confusion of mean- 
 ing. The use of the word " repentance " for 
 
 in the New Version, as if he had been " made sorry 
 after a godly sort." So again, in Romans xi. 29, 
 dfirafii7.rjra is rendered " without repentance." (See 
 also elsewhere. ) The revisers who have kept so care- 
 fully to St. Mark's oft-repeated " straightway," for 
 the sake of uniformity, might also have kept these 
 words apart, throughout, for a better reason. 
 
 Dr. Roberts, in his " Companion to the Revised 
 New Testament," speaks of these two words as 
 " most desirable to distinguish, wherever that is pos- 
 sible. The one word," he says, " means simply to 
 ' rue ' or ' regret ' a course which has been followed ; 
 the other implies that thorough change of mind which 
 is implied in Christian repentance." But he con- 
 tinues (and he must be referring to the assigned or 
 the self-imposed limitations under which the revisers 
 labored): " Unfortunately it is not always possible 
 to express the distinction in our language" (p. 124). 
 21
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 " Metanoia" has thrown an almost exclusively 
 emotional character around both the original 
 proclamation of the gospel and its present 
 call. Despite himself the reader hears the 
 " Repent ye! " of John the Baptist and of the 
 Saviour, like a cry, a note of danger, full of 
 terror, amid which the hearts of the people 
 stood still, instead of what it really was, the 
 invocation of a mind, heart, and life which 
 should befit such a glad and glorious "change " 
 as the kingdom of heaven on earth. If the 
 call had really been " Repent ye!" it would 
 have been only an appeal to the feelings ; and 
 as, without question, a great deal of the call 
 of the gospel is to the conscience where it 
 " looks back " to what has been done amiss, 
 and for which punishment has been incurred, 
 it is not strange that in many quarters this 
 supposed appeal to the impenitent nature 
 only has been taken up as the burden of all 
 preaching, all spiritual counsel ; an appeal 
 in their hands often wrought up with terrific 
 penal imagery ; and then the fright which 
 has ensued and its consequences have been 
 accepted as the change of heart. 
 
 Or, if not always so grossly mistaken, yet 
 there is a tendency thus created to regard an
 
 "Mefd/wia " Mistranslated "Repentance" 
 
 emotional condition, a general passion of re- 
 ligious feeling, however induced, as the seat 
 of efficacy with God, and as the only safe 
 and promising state in which to begin and 
 continue the Christian life. 
 
 Even more : this is sometimes considered 
 as itself the Christian life. The result has 
 often been the extraordinary incongruity of a 
 life of zeal unaccompanied by a life of prin- 
 ciple, penitence and faith developed in con- 
 spicuous measure in view of an ideal sinful- 
 ness, and the living conscience, the practical 
 right, sunk in pharisaic forms which satisfy 
 certain low standards of outward righteous- 
 ness! 
 
 The Metanoia is not here. The profound 
 ethical sense has not been awakened at all. 
 Fear has no genuine ethical power. Sorrow 
 has no sure ethical consequence. Excitement 
 of any kind can bear, of itself, no ethical fruit. 
 None of these can have respect with God. 
 The only thing that can be regarded by Him 
 is that which He has arranged everything to 
 bring about in us : that spiritual perception of 
 the right and the true which grows within and 
 around a Mind that is being gradually edu- 
 23
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 cated up to the divine standard ; the nature 
 wide open in front, not only looking behind, 
 and receiving the whole counsel of God, not 
 a part of it ; every faculty enlightened, every 
 feeling inspired ; the entire man engaged ; 
 conviction, not excitement ; earnestness, not 
 impulse ; habitude, not paroxysm ; the heart 
 tempered by the understanding, the under- 
 standing warmed by the heart ; this, the con- 
 summate and yet attainable condition, this, 
 the Metanoia, lived alike by Master and dis- 
 ciple, this, the " Mind " of Christ, and made 
 possible to all by the Spirit of God this is 
 not conveyed in the " Repent ye!" of our 
 gospels, nor does it come within the range 
 of much of the teaching which falls on the 
 world's ear. The all-encompassing grandeur 
 of an announcement which takes in the 
 whole of life, and calls upon man to enlarge 
 his consciousness with the eternal and the 
 spiritual, to live on the scale of another life, 
 to let his character grow under this great 
 knowledge, to let his conduct fall into the lines 
 of the revealed divine will all this is lost. 
 
 How did such an extraordinary mistrans- 
 lation get into our New Testament? 
 24
 
 "Metdnoia " Mistranslated "Repentance" 
 
 It can be attributed to what we have al- 
 ready hinted at, and some evidence of which 
 we have already given, namely, a failure to 
 grasp the comprehensive and far-reaching 
 character of the word. It came too early 
 in the record for the translators to perceive 
 its transcendental level. This they easily 
 did with some of the other words we have 
 named, which came later, and when they had 
 mounted the swell of the ocean on which 
 they had embarked. 
 
 They did not catch this at once as the key- 
 note of the New Testament, for the strain of 
 the Old had not yet died away. And there 
 was, besides, another music ringing in their 
 ears: the sombre tones of a traditional the- 
 ology which even the thunders of the Refor- 
 mation had not drowned. 
 
 The age, too, was a Latin-speaking age. 
 The translators read their Greek through the 
 lenses of a language whose grain was too 
 coarse to admit its finer spirit. The Vulgate 
 also was an authority older than any man- 
 uscript they possessed. They could not 
 bring themselves to render its "Do pen- 
 ance " for " Metanoeite," but they could not 
 divest themselves of the impression of pen- 
 25
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 Hence with which that rendering tinged the 
 word. 
 
 Still they showed some signs of divergence, 
 and it led to controversy. Beza, for instance, 
 had revolted so far as to get his composition 
 of " Metanoia " wrong, and make it Metd 
 and dnoia, a change from a " want of mind," 
 a change from " folly," and so rendered it 
 resipiscentia in his Latin version an act, 
 however, which still showed his mental bias. 1 
 
 We have not the authorities at hand to 
 prove the fact, but it looks very much as if 
 
 1 The reader will be interested in getting a glimpse 
 into this controversy when it started at the opening of 
 the Reformation. " Luther, it will be remembered, 
 first saw the practical value of philological study when 
 he was puzzling over the expression pccnitentiam 
 agite (' Do penance''}, which the Vulgate uses for 
 the Greek word that in the English translation is ren- 
 dered ' repent.' Was it possible, he said to himself, 
 that Christ and the apostles could really bid men dt 
 penance ? Did the New Testament really stand on the 
 side of his opponents, and of all the gross corruptions 
 which the doctrine of penance had introduced? Me- 
 lanchthon solved this difficulty by showing to Luther 
 that the Greek word fiEravoelre, which Jerome had 
 translated ' Do penance, ' really and etymologically 
 meant 'Change your mind.' From that moment 
 the Reformation entered into a conscious alliance 
 26
 
 "Metdnoia " Mistranslated "Repentance'' 1 
 
 the English translators, who depended so 
 much upon Beza and his Greek text and his 
 Latin version, were misled by the same bias 
 and compounded " Metanoia " in the same 
 way. If they did, it explains everything. 
 Their " repentance " were a very good render- 
 ing in that case ; and hence, then, the uncer- 
 tain sound with which their New Testament 
 opens to this day. 
 
 But what shall we say for the Revised 
 Version if this be so? The revisers do not 
 so compound it. Is it possible that so pal- 
 pable a misinterpretation of the Greek has 
 now been perpetuated because it had grown 
 like a fossil into the substance of popular the- 
 ology and so escaped recognition in the Greek 
 as a fossil ? 
 
 with the New Learning." (Professor W. Robertson 
 Smith, " The Old Testament in the Jewish Church," 
 Lecture II.) 
 
 The Genevan Version, a Continental and more inde- 
 pendent one, with which the Authorized Version ran 
 in rivalry for nearly fifty years, rendered " Metano- 
 eite " "Amend your lives." The Authorized itself 
 has a marginal rendering in St. Matthew's Gospel 
 alternative to "fruits meet for repentance": "an- 
 swerable to amendment of life " omitted, however, 
 in the New Version. 
 
 27
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 It may now be imagined with what inter- 
 est and expectation we looked forward to the 
 New Version, realizing full well the difficulty 
 of reproducing the original in this place and 
 elsewhere more faithfully, and of making a 
 change so startling, but hoping that, at the 
 least, a marginal rendering would indicate the 
 literal alternative, or a glossarial note define 
 the Greek expression in a way that would go 
 far to correct the English one. But the re- 
 vision flows on, making a ripple of change 
 in almost every verse, yet with not a sign of 
 perturbation over this sunken rock. Neither 
 a light-ship nor a buoy warns of a spot where 
 there has been shipwreck before now. 
 
 We understand, however, that it was the 
 subject of discussion among the revisers, and 
 that the matter was finally passed by, not be- 
 cause the present rendering was satisfactory, 
 but because no one equivalent English word 
 could be found comprehensive enough for 
 the purpose. 
 
 What, then, has been so long lost in the 
 Old Version, remains unrecovered in the 
 New because of a reluctance to employ a 
 paraphrase! The poverty of our language, 
 in this respect, is to keep us poor. 
 28
 
 "Metdrwia " Mistranslated "Repentance." 
 
 Or, it may be, something else was at the 
 bottom of it, symptoms of which are appa- 
 rent in other instances. It may have been 
 the reluctance of that kind of conservatism 
 which prefers not to disturb traditional notions 
 or long-established formularies. 
 
 We comfort ourselves, however, with the 
 thought that the New Version is not a final- 
 ity, but only tentative to that which shall yet 
 meet the brave demand of the present age. 
 What we have is, in many respects, a bold 
 and noble move, but the whole of English 
 Christendom is in council over the matter 
 now, and suggestions and criticisms will flow 
 in for some years to come ; an advance in 
 sentiment, also, wilt take place, making the 
 way clearer and easier to a more fearless 
 and absolute transfer of the original into our 
 native tongue. 
 
 We feel prepared, at least, to say, with re- 
 gard to the present point, that the necessary 
 employment of a paraphrase should not be 
 an occasion for hesitation in making so im- 
 portant an alteration. We can leave it to the 
 candid reader to judge which is the more ob- 
 jectionable: a resort to a paraphrase which 
 really translates, or the preference for a tech- 
 29
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 nical word, to say nothing of an uncertain 
 one, which is always itself in need of transla- 
 tion. Better, even, were the bald phrase 
 " Change of Mind," with an explanation 
 which would give it fullness and dignity, than 
 the misleading rendering we have to put up 
 with now. There is no fear but that a nobler 
 expression can be framed, for St. Paul him- 
 self, as we shall shortly see, found no difficulty 
 in ringing many changes upon the idea of 
 the word, which melt very kindly into sim- 
 ple English.
 
 III. 
 
 THE INTELLECTUAL AS WELL AS MORAL 
 COMPASS OF METANOIA. 
 
 So far as we have now gone we have prob- 
 ably done more to awaken the reader's at- 
 tention to the question of the inadequacy of 
 " repentance " as a rendering of " Metanoia," 
 than to convince him that the position is 
 rightly taken. We must go for the evidence 
 of this to the Scriptures themselves ; but, in 
 doing so, let us recur first to our imaginary 
 scholar whom we have supposed to be re- 
 ceiving his impression freshly from the origi- 
 nal. 
 
 Happily, as it turns out, we are not obliged 
 to go even so far as to imagine such a scholar, 
 for the impressions of an actual one of that 
 kind came recently to our hand, which are in 
 such singular coincidence with the view we 
 are trying to present that we venture to quote 
 them entire. We are glad, also, to avail our- 
 31
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 selves of his brief dissertation as a guide in 
 directing a part of the inquiry. 
 
 That accomplished master of Greek, De 
 Quincey (who, if any one ever did, held his 
 mind clear and free in a scholarly conscious- 
 ness of the transcendent atmosphere into 
 which the Greek language rose when it was 
 summoned to meet the necessities of Chris- 
 tian truth and the exigencies of divine in- 
 spiration), was, it seems, actually confronted 
 by an intelligent friend with the very ques- 
 tion which is now engaging us. The record 
 of it will be found in his "Autobiographic 
 Sketches." 1 
 
 " Lady Carbury," he writes, " one day told 
 me that she could not see any reasonable 
 ground for what is said of Christ, and else- 
 
 1 " He [De Quincey] passed through a number of 
 schools and . . . was distinguished for his eminent 
 knowledge of Greek. At fifteen he was pointed out 
 by his master (himself a ripe scholar) to a stranger 
 in the remarkable words : ' That boy could harangue 
 an Athenian mob better than you or I could address 
 an English one.' ... In this, as in the subtlety of 
 the analytical power, De Quincey must have strongly 
 resembled Coleridge." (Harriet Martineau, " Bio- 
 graphical Sketches," p. 95.) 
 32
 
 Intellectual Compass of Metdnoict. 
 
 where of John the Baptist, that He opened 
 His mission by preaching ' repentance.' Why 
 'repentance'! Why then, more than at any 
 other time? Her reason for addressing this 
 remark to me was that she feared there might 
 be some error in the translation of the Greek 
 expression. I replied that, in my opinion, 
 there was, and that I had myself always been 
 irritated by the entire irrelevance of the Eng- 
 lish word, and by something very like cant, 
 on which the whole burden of the passage is 
 thrown. How was it any natural preparation 
 for a vast spiritual revelation that men should, 
 first of all, acknowledge any special duty of 
 repentance? The repentance, if any move- 
 ment of that nature could be intelligently sup- 
 posed called for, should more naturally follow 
 this great revolution which as yet, both in 
 its principle and in its purpose, was altogether 
 mysterious than herald it^or ground it. In 
 my opinion the Greek word ' Metdnoia ' con- 
 cealed a most profound meaning a meaning of 
 prodigious compass which lore no allusion to 
 any ideas whatever of repentance. The Metd 
 carried with it an emphatic expression of its 
 original idea the idea of transfer, of transla- 
 tion ; or, if we prefer a Grecian to a Roman 
 33
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 appareling, the idea of a metamorphosis. And 
 this idea, to what is it applied? Upon what 
 object is the idea of spiritual transfiguration 
 made to bear? Simply upon the noetic or in- 
 tellectual faculty the faculty of shaping and 
 conceiving things under their true relations. 
 The holy herald of Christ, and Christ Him- 
 self, the Finisher of prophecy, made procla- 
 mation alike of the same mysterious summons, 
 as a baptism or rite of initiation, namely, 
 MsravosiTe: Henceforth transfigure your 
 theory of moral truth ; the old theory is laid 
 aside as infinitely insufficient ; a new and 
 spiritual revelation is established. Metanoe- 
 ite! Contemplate moral truth as radiating 
 from a new center ; apprehend it under trans- 
 figured relations. 
 
 "John the Baptist, like other earlier 
 prophets, delivered a message which, prob- 
 ably enough, he did not himself more than 
 dimly understand, and never in its full com- 
 pass of meaning. Christ occupied another 
 station. Not only was He the original In- 
 terpreter, but He was Himself the Author 
 Founder at once, and Finisher of the great 
 transfiguration applied to ethics, which He 
 and the Baptist alike announced as forming 
 34
 
 Intellectual Compass of Mctdnoia. 
 
 the code of the new revolutionary era now 
 opening its endless career. The human race 
 was summoned to bring a transfiguring sense 
 and spirit of interpretation (Metanoia) to a 
 transfigured ethics ; an altered organ to an 
 altered object. This is by far the grandest 
 miracle recorded in Scripture. No exhibi- 
 tion of blank power not the arresting of the 
 earth's motion, not the calling back of the 
 dead to life can approach in grandeur to 
 this miracle which we daily behold, namely, 
 the inconceivable mystery of having written 
 and sculptured upon the tablets of man's 
 heart a new code of moral distinctions, all 
 modifying many reversing the old ones. 
 What would have been thought of any 
 prophet if he should have promised to trans- 
 figure the celestial mechanics ; if he had said, 
 ' I will create a new pole-star, a new zodiac, 
 and new laws of gravitation ; briefly, I will 
 make a new earth and new heavens '? And 
 yet a thousand times more awful it was to 
 undertake the writing of new laws upon the 
 spiritual conscience of man. ' Metanoeite ! ' 
 was the cry from the wilderness. Wheel into 
 a new center your moral system ; geocentric 
 has that system been up to this hour, that 
 35
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 is, having earth and the earthly for its start- 
 ing-point ; henceforth make it heliocentric, 
 that is, with the sun, or the heavenly, for the 
 principle of motion." * 
 
 This brilliant statement we believe to be 
 true as far as it goes ; but the heralding was 
 not all a bare summons. It was accompanied 
 by every credential which the Summoner 
 could show ; not only the credential of signs 
 and wonders, but of teachings, which evi- 
 dently inclosed far more than was apparent, 
 which held out an ulterior meaning to be 
 disclosed in due time ; teachings which 
 penetrated to the very soul, and moved the 
 heart of the age wherever they were heard. 
 
 l De Quincey's works, " Autobiographic 
 Sketches," vol. i., p. 434. 
 
 In a closing note to the " Supplementary Essay on 
 the Essenes," he recurs to the subject again : " Meta- 
 noia which word, I contend, cannot properly be 
 translated ' repentance '/ for it would have been pure 
 cant to suppose that age, or any age, as more under 
 a summons to repentance than any other assignable. 
 I understand by Metdnoia a revolution of thought 
 a great intellectual change in the accepting a new 
 centre for all moral truth from Christ ; which center 
 it was that subsequently caused all the offense of 
 Christianity to the Roman people." 
 36
 
 Intellectual Compass of Metdnoia. 
 
 " Metanoia " was the theme \heprogramma 
 projected, and everything that was after- 
 wards spoken wrought out its meaning upon 
 the mind of the time, sensibly or insensibly 
 preparing and making ready its way. It was 
 the great harbinger word of the Gospel, bear- 
 ing witness to the " Light." So, while, as 
 De Quincey says, it was a prodigious assump- 
 tion, the assumption of a power to work the 
 most stupendous of miracles, it, at the same 
 time, assumed the capacity in man to make 
 the miracle possible. Christ would wait for 
 the word to tell. This was His method 
 throughout, even in special instances. For 
 example : " Destroy this temple," said He, 
 at the very outset, to those who questioned 
 His authority to expel the traders, "and in 
 three days I will raise it up." It was only 
 after Pentecost that the evangelist was able 
 to add, " He spake of the temple of His 
 body." But just as that declaration sank 
 into their minds and worked unconsciously 
 there indeed, worked in the minds of some 
 of them till it reappeared three years after 
 as one of the taunts flung up at Him on the 
 cross : " Thou that destroyest the temple, and 
 buildest it in three days, save Thyself " so 
 37 
 
 9 9 7 8 3
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia, 
 
 the summons to a mysterious Metanoia must 
 have kept their whole consciousness thrilled 
 with the sense of a strange experience, and as 
 strange expectation, dumb and unintelligible, 
 perhaps, but preparing the ground for what 
 was to be sown in it. 
 
 What could have helped a great scheme 
 of progress better than to put a word of 
 prophecy at the beginning of it ? What 
 could have helped the teacher more than a 
 preliminary word which was equivalent to 
 an inspiration in its power to stir every fibre 
 and create a boundless desire to learn and 
 to know? Such an all-permeating word 
 was like the slow fusion of the metal for the 
 mould and the slow cooling of it while it was 
 assuming a new form. It was proclaiming a 
 Change of Mind, and creating it at the same 
 moment, by drawing the subject of it into 
 active and intelligent participation. 
 
 De Quincey has given the weight of his 
 authority, as a scholar, to the intellectual bear- 
 ing of the word " Metanoia," in the extraor- 
 dinary use to which it is applied in the New 
 Testament. But he might have included in 
 his statement its equal and coincident range 
 38
 
 Intellectual Compass of Metdnoia. 
 
 in the sphere of the moral and affectional 
 nature. Nous, as we have already said, cor- 
 responds perfectly to " Mind." It allows our 
 conception of an intellectual consciousness to 
 let itself down into the whole possible pro- 
 fundity of a spiritual consciousness. This 
 is, perhaps, implied in what he says, and it 
 is as well that the stress was laid by him on 
 the intellectual character of the expression, 
 inasmuch as this is the very point that is 
 most in danger of being lost sight of, and is 
 of vast importance in any complete consid- 
 eration of the subject. 
 
 The office of the intellect in the apprehen- 
 sion of divine truth is not given its due con- 
 sequence. " The noetic faculty, or the faculty 
 of shaping and conceiving things under their 
 true relations," to use De Quincey's expres- 
 sion, is foremost in all human action it is 
 first. The fact of the dependence of our 
 whole nature upon it is almost too palpable 
 to dwell upon, and yet the instantaneous 
 flash with which outward things sometimes 
 pass through it into the heart often leads us 
 to ignore the office of the medium by which 
 they entered. 
 
 39
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 Take a common instance of this uncon- 
 sciousness. The hymn which, as it is sung, 
 suffuses the soul with religious emotion has 
 gone, in less than the twinkling of an eye, 
 through a full and varied intellectual process 
 of which the soul has taken no notice. First, 
 the perception of its meaning ; next, the per- 
 ception of its beauty as an expression of the 
 meaning to the degree that sensibility is ex- 
 cited ; next, the susceptibility to its musical 
 rendering, which intensifies the sensibility; 
 next, the throng of associations which comes, 
 partly from the memory, partly from the 
 imagination, and, like the legendary angel 
 of Bethesda, stirs the waters of feeling well- 
 ing up beneath these are purely intellectual. 
 We are hardly aware, unless we watch the 
 mechanism of our nature, how much and 
 how continually the Nous, in its primary sense, 
 is occupied in conveying inspiration to the 
 heart. Memory is forever pouring its store 
 into this realm ; knowledge of every kind is 
 daily streaming in by the portals of the senses, 
 passing through the strangest transmutations 
 as it is touched by the reason or the fancy, 
 till it reaches the sanctuary and mounts into 
 something which takes hold of the entire 
 40
 
 Intellectual Compass of Metdnoia. 
 
 nature. But then the first has become the 
 last, and the last first. That only which 
 reaches, engrosses, and moves the heart is 
 that which works into the essence of the life ; 
 and that which remains intellectual alone is 
 only on the way to its practical end, an abor- 
 tive thing if it gets no farther. 
 
 The intellect may be the Beautiful Gate 
 even, literally, Solomon's Porch but the 
 heart is the vital centre, the Sanctuary of the 
 temple. All the outer courts point towards 
 this, the precinct of the spirit. It is only 
 when the thoughts which throng them like the 
 multitude, it is only when the purposes which 
 minister in them like the priests, have actu- 
 ally lit the altar-fire and gone behind the veil, 
 that the divine uses of the temple are mani- 
 fested and make their return. And yet it is 
 none the less true that without these courts 
 of approach the altar would never burn, the 
 hidden power within would never be evoked. 
 
 It is the intellect which awakens that in- 
 most interior. It receives the crowd in its 
 magnificent areas, it reports the situation out- 
 side, and then the secret heart, brooded 
 upon by the Spirit of God, takes in the situa- 
 tion ; the mystic circuit is complete ; upon 
 41
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 that heartfelt consciousness the character is 
 formed, and upon that character the life. 
 It is a divine dependence ordained in the 
 structure of our nature, and the process of it 
 ought to be vividly before our minds if we 
 would understand the operation of the Meta- 
 noia. 
 
 We have used this apostolic figure of the 
 " temple of God " not only to give as graphic 
 illustration as possible to a manifold fact of 
 our nature under any circumstances, but also 
 to consecrate the fact to the sacred relation 
 in which we are discussing it, and bring it> 
 besides, into the very connection in which 
 St. Paul used the metaphor. 
 
 It is only when the situation is a divine one 
 that man is found to be the temple of God. 
 So long as he confronts only the spirit of the 
 world, whether it be in the nature of things 
 or in the nature of men, he is like Herod's 
 temple, without the Shechinah. He is only 
 in partial use ; his true occupation is gone, 
 or has not come. But when " the Lord visits 
 His temple," then the wisdom of the world 
 finds no longer entrance, but "the wisdom 
 of God in a mystery." In that change of 
 42
 
 Intellectual Compass of Metdnoia. 
 
 situation comes the wondrous Change of 
 Mind. 
 
 " Eye hath not seen," exclaims the Apos- 
 tle, " nor ear heard, neither have entered into 
 the heart of man, the things which God hath 
 prepared for them that love Him " not in 
 the next world only, but in this. " Now," he 
 continues, " we have received, not the spirit 
 of the world, but the Spirit which is of God ; 
 that we might know the things that are freely 
 given to us of God." " Know ye not that 
 ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit 
 of God dwelleth in you? . . . Let no man de- 
 ceive himself. If any man among you seem- 
 eth to be wise in this world, let him become 
 a fool, that he may be wise." Such was to 
 be the utter dispossession of himself, such the 
 utter evacuation of the wisdom of the world, 
 such the Metanoia, when he came to know 
 " Christ the power of God, and the wisdom 
 of God." 
 
 St. Paul, when charged with a message like 
 this, may well have scorned to come with the 
 " excellency of speech or of wisdom " which 
 then captivated the imagination of men ; but 
 no man ever lived who, " in demonstration of 
 the Spirit and of power," made a greater ap- 
 43
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 peal to the intellect, more riveted the intelli- 
 gent attention of the world, and more elicited 
 the admiration of the finest intellects the 
 world has known. If ever a man was chosen 
 because of his intellectual power, and if ever 
 a man appealed to the understanding and 
 struck home through every faculty and intui- 
 tion which the understanding could summon, 
 it was he. 
 
 44
 
 IV. 
 
 THE INAUGURAL ACTION OF METANOIA IN 
 THE FIRST AGE. 
 
 IF we have made our meaning clear and 
 much that we have said has an ulterior refer- 
 ence which will make it clearer the reader is 
 now prepared to take up the historic moment 
 when the gospel was inaugurated, and to 
 contemplate the stupendous change of out- 
 ward situation which then ensued. 
 
 What an epoch it was! What a meaning 
 lay in the Metanoia that was then proclaimed ! 
 " The noetic faculty, or the faculty of shap- 
 ing and conceiving things under their true 
 relations," entered now upon its work, and 
 the issue was to be a revolution in the whole 
 human conception of life. Christ substituted 
 His own wisdom for the wisdom of the 
 world, and what we see recorded in the New 
 Testament is, first, the natural process of the 
 45
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 Metanoia this wisdom working through the 
 intelligence upon the heart, the conscience, 
 and the life ; and, next, the thoroughness of 
 the result in forming a new spiritual con- 
 sciousness in that age. 1 
 
 It was, indeed, the "beginning of mira- 
 cles " : the water was turned into wine. What 
 else could have taken place from His pres- 
 ence at the bridal where heaven and earth 
 were made one? The change was now in- 
 evitable from the lower into the higher, from 
 the temporal into the eternal, from the natural 
 into the spiritual, from the human into the 
 divine. Life took a new character and an- 
 other meaning when He drew near. It was 
 found to be His life. The letter of the Old 
 Testament dissolved into the spirit of the 
 New. The law disappeared, and the right- 
 eousness which is by faith, red as the blood 
 of a great Sacrifice, was found instead, filling 
 the vessels of human purification to the brim. 
 The good wine had been kept until now! 
 
 Did ever the world see so mighty and so 
 radical a revolution as came upon it then? 
 
 1 See Matthew Arnold's view of " Metdnoia " in a 
 note at the end of the Essay. 
 46
 
 Inaugural Action of Metdnoia in the First Age. 
 
 Judaism gave way to a universal religion. 
 The Mosaic night broke into the dawn of 
 the perfect day. The Fatherhood of God 
 was revealed to all men, and a brotherhood 
 with the Son of God! Now were they the 
 sons of God ! partakers of the divine nature ! 
 This world was discovered to be within the 
 boundaries of the other world, and death 
 was merged into a resurrection of the dead! 
 Righteousness and truth were to prevail, for 
 the power of sin had been destroyed ! And 
 the efficacy of all this lay in the person of the 
 Christ. It was He who gave all this light. 
 The order of human life reversed itself in 
 Him. All conduct was to flow from a spirit 
 within, not by a law without. Selfishness 
 was turned into self-surrender and self-sacri- 
 fice. The affections were to be set upon 
 things above, not on things on the earth. 
 The spirit was everything, the flesh profited 
 nothing. In all human action was to be the 
 consciousness of Eternity ; in all intercourse 
 of man with man no less than the magna- 
 nimity of God. 
 
 As we said in the beginning, what strikes 
 us first, as we open our New Testament, is 
 47
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 the commanding position in which we find 
 the word " Metanoia." It is the great initia- 
 tory word of the first three gospels. How- 
 ever they may vary in the way they begin the 
 story, they unite in the way they introduce 
 this. The summons to mankind, first by the 
 Baptist, next by the Christ, is to a Metanoia 
 a Change of Mind. And when we come 
 to the fourth gospel, with its interior view of 
 the life of Christ, it is to discover " Metanoia " 
 also at the very outset, but in another form : 
 in an expression which, characteristically of 
 that gospel, carries us into the very depths 
 of the selfsame idea. 
 
 Let us combine the four accounts. Now 
 we shall see it in its true perspective ; that 
 is, successively in its intellectual, ethical, and 
 spiritual development. 
 
 In the very beginning we have the Christ, 
 half philosophically, half spiritually depicted 
 as the " Logos," the " Word " ; then as the 
 " Light of men." What greater implication 
 could there be that Christianity was directed 
 through the understanding to the heart? 
 Next, John the Baptist is spoken of as the 
 48
 
 Inaugural Action of Metdnoia in the First Age. 
 
 "witness" to this Light. He was to "go before 
 the face of the Lord to prepare His way." 
 The method of his preparation was to pro- 
 duce, first, a powerful, controlling impression 
 upon the intelligence of the people. His per- 
 sonal appearance, his clothing like that of an 
 ancient prophet, his ascetic look, his secluded 
 life, the "voice," out of Isaiah, with which 
 he spoke, the burden of his first announce- 
 ment all were in keeping, and were calcu- 
 lated to rouse the whole nation. The past 
 came vividly back to their memory; the 
 future was as vividly, though mysteriously 
 and presagingly, brought to their imagina- 
 tion. He came "proclaiming a Baptism of 
 Metanoia unto sending away 1 of sins." His 
 vocal summons was that of a herald. " Meta- 
 noelte ! Take a New Mind upon you : for the 
 
 1 elf afaaiv, dphesis, a sending away, a letting go, 
 a setting free. The Latin "remission," a sending 
 back, as used in the English versions, savors too 
 much of a letting off, and is too evidently a render- 
 ing colored by its association with the punitive ele- 
 ment in repentance. Metanoia is " unto the sending 
 awayoi sins." That is, its natural effect is to set the 
 soul free from the bondage of the disposition to sin. 
 
 But Christ, in creating the Metanoia, takes away 
 sin. It is His personal work. 
 49
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 Kingdom of Heaven is at hand." And, as if 
 his " voice " were not enough, he spoke also by 
 this symbol whose meaning must have been 
 universally understood to be a change from 
 an old condition into a new, even such a 
 change, as they esteemed it, as that from 
 dark paganism to glorious Judaism. It now 
 meant a change from dark Judaism to some 
 far exceeding glory. It meant a change that 
 would really, not typically, bring with it a 
 sending away of sins. He thus expressively 
 coupled this sign of a Change of Condition 
 with his summons to a Change of Mind. It 
 was no other than " a Baptism of Metanoia." 
 
 His summons of the Pharisees and Saddu- 
 cees to a Change of Mind was as revolution- 
 ary and as radical as it well could be. In 
 this he struck right at their views. He broke 
 their illusions. "Think not to say within 
 yourselves, We have Abraham to our father : 
 for I say unto you, That God is able of these 
 stones to raise up children unto Abraham. 
 Even now the ax is lying at the root of the 
 trees." There must be fruit worthy of the 
 Metanoia (rr\<; jweravo/af). 
 
 The effect of these utterances upon the 
 people was as distinctly intellectual as it
 
 Inaugural Action of Metdnoia in the First Age. 
 
 was emotional. Their whole intelligence was 
 roused to such a degree that they not only 
 went down into the Baptism and sought prac- 
 tical counsel for their future lives, but they 
 were thrown into a state of "expectation." 
 They were excited to inquiry. "All men 
 reasoned in their hearts of John, whether 
 he were the Christ, or not." Finally priests 
 and Levites came down from Jerusalem to 
 ask him, " Who art thou ? that we may give 
 an answer to them that sent us. What say- 
 est thou of thyself ? " 
 
 Up to a certain point he had not an- 
 nounced the Christ, but he had awakened 
 every thought and association which could 
 suggest Him. He would seem to have gath- 
 ered this intense concentration of attention 
 upon himself in order to acquire additional 
 power in portraying the greater grandeur of 
 Him who was coming. 
 
 He made himself the dark background of 
 the picture he now drew. He himself was 
 but a voice. " One mightier than I cometh." 
 He himself was not worthy to stoop down 
 and unlace His sandals. " I indeed bap- 
 tize you in water ; but He shall baptize you
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 in the Holy Spirit and fire." He is the real 
 Baptizer; the Metanoia that is to come by 
 Him is to come through the Spirit of God, 
 and something more potent than water. 
 With Him that Baptism and the Metanoia 
 are one. "What I am, what I teach, what 
 I summon you to, what I baptize in, are but 
 foreshadows of Him." 
 
 Powerful as was this picture, John drew 
 still another. It was based upon a familiar 
 scene in their every-day life. This Coming 
 One was the great Harvester, whose win- 
 nowing-fork should stir humanity to its 
 depths, as so much grain on the threshing- 
 floor, and throw it against the currents of the 
 Spirit. The wheat would fall at His feet and 
 go into His garner, but the stubble would fly 
 beyond Him to become only fuel for fire. 
 
 He painted these two strong pictures upon 
 their imaginations pictures whose parabolic 
 force would sink profoundly into their minds. 
 Vague conceptions were they as yet as 
 vague as the idea of a Metanoia itself must 
 have been but there was a far-reaching sig- 
 nificance in them which, as now united with 
 the call to a Change of Mind, time would 
 reveal and the reality would confirm." 
 52
 
 Inaugural Action of Metdnoia in the First Age. 
 
 The seed of much thinking was sown, and 
 a kind of thinking that was sure to work its 
 way into the life. 
 
 It was not until after all this ; not until 
 Jesus had come and been baptized ; not, in- 
 deed, until He had returned to him after the 
 temptation in the wilderness that John made 
 known the fact that his own Baptism had 
 had a still deeper purpose than had yet been 
 suspected. Not only was it a sign of the 
 Metanoia in view of the impending Change, 
 not only did it convey a typical intimation 
 of Him who should bring about this Change, 
 but it had all along been the designed occa- 
 sion when the Christ Himself, in bodily pres- 
 ence, should be made known. 
 
 John had been utterly in the dark as to 
 who He was. He had been in even a greater 
 state of expectation than the people. All he 
 knew was that " He that sent him to baptize 
 in water, the same had said to him, Upon 
 whomsoever thou shall see the Spirit descend- 
 ing, and remaining upon Him, the same is 
 He who baptizeth in the Holy Spirit." "I 
 knew Him not," he said afterwards ; " but in 
 order that ['iva] He should be made manifest 
 53
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 unto Israel, for this cause came I [dia TOVTO 
 fjWov eyo)J baptizing in water." 
 
 This remarkable statement cannot be too 
 strongly reiterated in view of the significance 
 we may attach to it. The symbol, Baptism, 
 was put into John's hands not only, as we 
 say, to express the impending Metanoia, the 
 Change of Mind to which the people were 
 summoned, but also to be the means by 
 which the Christ, the consummate Agent of 
 it all, should be made known to John him- 
 self and to the people. Everything was in 
 suspense until this supreme moment of per- 
 ception, knowledge, realization, came. The 
 Metanoia was not at the full until He was 
 " made manifest." 
 
 The fact further defines the word. John's 
 own Mind was waiting to be informed. The 
 Mind of Israel was waiting to be informed. 
 Both were yet in the Pronoia. They were 
 in the line of that information, but the know- 
 ledge had not come. They stood on the 
 verge of the Metanoia. When it should dawn 
 it would affect every Mind according to its 
 previous condition. The Change would be 
 either an evolution or a revolution ; but in 
 54
 
 Inaugural Action of Metdnoia in the First A ge. 
 
 either case it would be a Change of Mind, 
 an advance into a new stage of conscious- 
 ness, a confirmation of what had already been 
 dimly discerned, or a contradiction of what 
 had hitherto been wrongly imagined. The 
 one was John's position, ready for any de- 
 velopment ; the other, in different degrees 
 and forms, was the position of the people. 
 
 Let it still be borne in mind that this was 
 known as "a Baptism of Metanoia." Now 
 Jesus Himself was to enter the rite. If it 
 were " the Baptism of repentance" as it is ren- 
 dered, why was He there ? What had it to 
 do with Him, or He with it? This has been 
 the puzzle of theologians, who labor under the 
 prepossession of the old rendering. But that 
 He should participate in and be the central 
 glory of "a Baptism of a Change of Mind," in 
 the large sense in which we understand that 
 expression, would be sublimely consistent with 
 His character as the Christ; and it would, 
 moreover, give us an inner glimpse of His life, 
 which would ally it still more with our own. 
 
 We have reason to think that Jesus Him- 
 self was in the background with the others, 
 
 55
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 personally known to John, yet spiritually un- 
 known to him ; personally known to many, 
 yet spiritually undiscerned by them ; person- 
 ally known to Himself in the deepest con- 
 sciousness of what He might be, perceiving 
 in Himself all the marks of the Christ, yet 
 with that consciousness awaiting the seal of 
 the divine confirmation. Israel, John, Jesus, 
 were all, in these different degrees, in the 
 Pronoia the Mind before it had crossed 
 into perfect intelligence. The " Baptism of 
 Metanoia" was therefore to be the manifesta- 
 tion of Christ to Himself o& well as to them. 1 
 The event declares this to be the very fact. 
 "When all the people had been baptized," 
 then He also entered by the selfsame heaven- 
 appointed gate it was "of heaven," not "of 
 men" into the new order of things: the 
 Kingdom of Heaven which was at hand. What 
 
 1 Was there no meaning in the event when, after 
 three years of this transfiguring experience, suddenly 
 "the fashion of His countenance was altered, and 
 His face did shine as the sun," to a group of His 
 disciples on the mount, and the divine words uttered 
 at His Baptism were uttered again? Was there no 
 meaning in it when the whole truth and reality of 
 that vision of a change burst upon all of them in His 
 resurrection from the dead? 
 56
 
 Inaugural Action of Metdnoia in the First Age. 
 
 happened ? As He came up out of the water 
 the heavens were rent asunder, " and lo, a 
 voice from heaven, saying, Thou art this 
 is My beloved Son, in whom I am well 
 pleased." " And I saw," said John, " and 
 bare record that this is the Son of God." 1 
 
 What a Metanoia was there, to both Jesus 
 and John ! The Pronoia was over with both ! 
 The boundary had been crossed ; the veil 
 had been lifted. The whole great advance 
 had been made in a moment of time. Jesus, 
 filled with the immensity of a now confirmed 
 consciousness, " filled with the Spirit," went 
 into the wilderness to breast the trial which 
 
 l " By this anointing of the Spirit," says Ols- 
 hausen, " the gradual development of the human 
 consciousness in Jesus attained its height. . . . The 
 Baptism, accordingly, was the sublime season when 
 the character of the xp iaT > which was dormant in 
 the gradually developing child and youth, now came 
 forth and expanded itself. Compare the remarkable 
 words in Justin, ' Dial. Tryph. cum Jud.,' p. 226: 
 ' Though the Messiah has been born and lives, He 
 is unknown, and does not even know Himself, nor 
 has any power, until Elias shall come and anoint Him 
 and make Him known to all.' " (Olshausen's "Com- 
 mentary on the New Testament," vol. i., p. 271.) 
 57
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 should come to Him as the announced Son 
 of God. John emerged from the wilderness 
 into the full light of the same Metanoia, 
 into the blaze of the very consummation 
 amid which he was to wane out of sight, to 
 await the return of Jesus, and to say, " Be- 
 hold the Lamb of God! This is He of 
 whom I spake." 
 
 And what a Metanoia had come, also, 
 upon the disciples of John and upon Israel! 
 With Jesus and with John the Change of 
 Mind, as we say, was in the form of devel- 
 opment, an evolution from one state of con- 
 sciousness into another. But upon Israel it 
 had come like a Change from darkness to 
 light, from ignorance to knowledge, a revo- 
 lution of consciousness, an inversion, as time 
 went on, of all that they had ever thought 
 or believed or felt. 
 
 But let us return to the great final scene 
 at the Baptism, which shed its splendor over 
 the rite. 
 
 The virtue never left it which entered it 
 
 then. Henceforth it was consecrated into 
 
 a sacrament, forever allied with a Change of 
 
 Mind and of Life. Baptism, as it once de- 
 
 58
 
 Inaugural Action of Metdnoia in the First Age. 
 
 fined the Metanoia, was always to define it. 
 For go now from the first three gospels into 
 the fourth. What do we find there also in 
 the outset of the record? We hear our Lord 
 discoursing of a New Birth a birth from 
 Above (dvuOev), a birth of the Spirit, and 
 this as accompanying a birth of water! 
 
 Even as it had been with the Master, so 
 was it to be with the disciple. The full reve- 
 lation of sonship in God was to break upon 
 him, also, after he had ascended through the 
 outward rite. Then the Spirit would meet 
 the Mind openly, and renew it day by day. 
 It also was to Change as it learned, as it was 
 tempted, and as it suffered. 
 
 Where is the harmony of the gospels, where 
 is the harmony of the Gospel itself, unless the 
 " Baptism of Metanoia " proclaimed by John 
 the Baptist to the people was the same as the 
 " born of water and of the Spirit " announced 
 by Jesus to Nicodemus? 
 
 So here, in the profoundest of the gospels, 
 we have the profoundest exposition of the 
 word. 
 
 59
 
 V. 
 
 METANOIA THE METHOD OF CHRIST'S 
 TEACHING. 
 
 WE are now fairly brought to the moment 
 when Jesus Himself began to proclaim and 
 to say, " The time is fulfilled, and the King- 
 dom of God is at hand: Metanoelte! Take 
 upon you a New Mind, and Believe the Glad 
 Tidings." 
 
 What a new and concentrated light falls 
 upon the life of Christ if we look upon it as 
 the process or action of creating the Meta- 
 noia! With this single idea in view His 
 whole method comes definitely before us. It 
 was all comprised in the terms of the above 
 announcement : " The divine epoch of the 
 world has come! God is now to reign on 
 earth! Heaven is all about you! Sin, sor- 
 row, death, are no more! Peace, joy, eter- 
 nal life, are yours ! The night is far spent ; 
 60
 
 Metanoia the Method of Christ's Teaching, 
 
 the day is at hand. Awake, awake! All 
 is changed! Change ye! Believe not the 
 world ; believe Me! I bring you good tid- 
 ings of great joy!" 
 
 Supernatural as this revelation was, it was, 
 like Him who brought it, subject to the order 
 of nature in human nature when delivered 
 to mankind. That order, as we have said, 
 is this : all inward " change " proceeds from 
 outward "change." A change of outward 
 situation induces a change of mental con- 
 sciousness ; a change of mental consciousness 
 induces a change of moral disposition; a 
 change of moral disposition induces a change 
 of outward life. Give a man a new con- 
 sciousness and he will develop a new nature. 
 
 Upon this natural order of the Metanoia 
 did Christ proceed. He first revealed a 
 change of circumstance. He filled the soul 
 with knowledge altogether new. He com- 
 municated to it ideas and inspired it with 
 principles which brought about it the horizon 
 of another world. Then, step by step, came 
 the dispossession of the old nature till it had 
 reached the vital center, the seat of the con- 
 science and the will, and then, step by step, 
 61
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 the moral transformation began. It was " the 
 expulsive power of a new affection." The 
 " world " was cast out like a deaf and blind 
 spirit, and the once divine heart was left 
 cleansed and free. And this was done, as 
 we say, by occupying, first, the intellectual 
 nature of man, by engaging the whole power 
 of his understanding with the Truth. But the 
 nature of that truth was such that it struck 
 through to the heart ; for " truth " and " right- 
 eousness," in His mouth, meant the same 
 thing. Like the hymn we hear, the intellec- 
 tual process, however full, was unnoticed in 
 the greater fullness of the spiritual impression 
 produced. It came from Him on fire with 
 the vividness of His own consciousness, and 
 its illumination, as well as its inspiration, was 
 thrown through these out-looking windows 
 into the inmost chambers of the spirit. But 
 these intellectual windows were the first to 
 blaze under the light that poured into them. 
 His opening summons to the Metanoia was 
 addressed to the intelligence, and without 
 an awakened intelligence it could not have 
 moved the people as it did. All His subse- 
 quent preaching then became an education, 
 an education by gradual revelation. He was 
 62
 
 Metanoia the Method of Christ's Teaching. 
 
 known as the " Teacher." He called His fol- 
 lowers His " disciples " learners. " Every 
 one," He said, "that hath learned of the 
 Father cometh unto Me." " Hearken unto Me 
 every one of you, and understand." " Per- 
 ceive ye not, neither understand ? " "All things 
 that I have heard of My Father I have made 
 known unto you." His constant formula 
 was, " He that hath ears to hear, let him 
 hear ! " which applied as much to the inter- 
 est felt by the intelligence as to the disposi- 
 tion that lay in the will. 
 
 His mode of teaching involved almost 
 every form of arresting attention and pro- 
 ducing an impression. 
 
 He portrayed the Kingdom of Heaven 
 in parables of the most diverse description ; 
 some so plain as to clear up a whole situa- 
 tion ; some so obscure as to hold in reserve 
 a lesson, of which time would develop the 
 meaning; some with intimations so vast, so 
 stupendous, that the heaven and the earth 
 seemed passing away. 
 
 He spoke, sometimes, in startling enigmas 
 which roused thought, conjecture, specula- 
 tion, inquiry; sometimes in language as 
 63
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 startling for its hyperbole, in order to vivify 
 to the utmost an essential truth ; sometimes, 
 again, in precepts so plain that the very chil- 
 dren could understand them. 
 
 Sometimes He spoke in statements which, 
 like those to the woman of Samaria, widened 
 as into infinitude the local horizon about 
 Mount Gerizim or Jerusalem; which, like 
 those in the Sermon on the Mount, revealed 
 the divine profundities under the law and 
 under all human life. 
 
 He employed reasoning and argument. 
 He appealed to the imagination ; He struck 
 indelible pictures upon the memory. 
 
 He was ever speaking of the "Truth." 
 Even at the last He declared to Pilate that 
 " to this end was He born, and for this cause 
 came He into the world, that He should 
 bear witness unto the Truth." 
 
 His whole endeavor seemed to be to de- 
 velop the capacity for Belief; and when it 
 was developed it took the mental-ethical- 
 spiritual name of " Faith " another Greek 
 word elevated into a transcendental mean- 
 ing, and expressing the idea of Metanoia in 
 its highest, most concentrated, most effectual 
 form. 
 
 6 4
 
 Metanoia the Method of Christ's Teaching. 
 
 He used every credential which He 
 brought with Him to fasten His personality 
 upon the age, and to make Himself a vivid 
 and memorable, as well as a lovable, pres- 
 ence forever. Every sign and wonder was 
 worked as much to prove His origin and 
 authority as to express His loving-kindness 
 and tender mercy. 
 
 He was the Sower who went out to sow. 
 He left in that soil principles working, ideas 
 germinating, thoughts springing, as well as 
 feelings moved and affections stirred, the is- 
 sues of which that soil very imperfectly com- 
 prehended until the ripening moment had 
 come. 
 
 He threw a mystical shadow over life which 
 was to deepen into an eclipse of all that was 
 earthly. He set forward the boundaries of 
 this world into the other world, and brought 
 into this life the spirit of the heavenly life, the 
 spirit of eternity amid things temporal. He 
 revealed the existence of the absolute Right, 
 the near presence of the love and of the will 
 of God. 
 
 With His disciples it was a constant, a 
 growing Metanoia. At first they were full 
 65
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 of joy, of anticipation, of triumph. They 
 were not to fast : the Bridegroom was with 
 them. The sombre word " repentance " were 
 sadly inadequate to express all that He had 
 created. Doubtless, here and there, some, 
 like Peter, astonished by this exhibition of 
 power, fell down at His knees, saying, " De- 
 part from me; for I am a sinful man, O 
 Lord;" or some, like Zaccheus, also power- 
 fully impressed, offered the fullest reparation 
 for an evil life ; or some, like the woman that 
 was a sinner, loved much because they had 
 been forgiven much. Such results were the 
 inevitable, a"s they were the designed, conse- 
 quence of His personal influence, and, sooner 
 or later, they were to come upon all. But 
 the influence began in the intellect awakened ; 
 the intellect overwhelmed with a new percep- 
 tion, which grew into a new conviction, into 
 a belief in His authority, and a belief in 
 what He revealed. 
 
 And, as if to indicate to His disciples that 
 the Metanoia was even then by no means 
 complete, He told them at the close that 
 " He had yet many things to say unto them, 
 but that they could not bear them now. 
 Howbeit when He, the Spirit of Truth, 
 66
 
 Metanoia the Method of Christ's Teaching. 
 
 should come, He would guide them into all 
 Truth." "He should bring all things to 
 their remembrance, whatsoever He Himself 
 had said unto them." 
 
 And, indeed, the Metanoia had not fully 
 come. So little had they comprehended, so 
 much in them still lay latent, that His death 
 was a catastrophe which ended all their 
 hope. Their Metanoia entered upon a new 
 stage when He rose from the dead. Their 
 "sorrow was turned into joy," as He had 
 predicted. But even then the consummate 
 hour had not come, .and even then they 
 could not have fully taken in His last in- 
 junction " that Metanoia unto sending away 
 of sins should be proclaimed in His name," 
 that they should "go and make learners of 
 all the nations, Baptizing them in the name 
 of the Father, and of the Son, and of the 
 Holy Spirit." 
 
 The Metanoia was not complete until the 
 hour when the prophecy of John the Baptist 
 was literally fulfilled ; until the Christ Himself 
 was, so to speak, complete; until He came 
 again, "Baptizing them in the Holy Spirit 
 67
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 and fire ; " until, as the great Harvester, 
 He thrust His winnowing-fork into the har- 
 vest He had planted, and cast it against the 
 wind of that Spirit, thoroughly to purge His 
 floor. 
 
 Then, in the outburst of that mighty wind, 
 came the Metanoia complete complete so 
 far as it was an instant realization upon the 
 disciples, upon the age. The whole original 
 impression of Him revived, and a deeper 
 than that impression was inspired. The 
 world went into shadow. The Kingdom of 
 Heaven was on earth. They had " the Mind 
 of Christ." 
 
 But what was its first manifestation? A 
 public phenomenon on the day of Pentecost. 
 There was a vocal outburst of divine ecstasy. 
 Whether they spoke in languages or in mys- 
 tical utterances, it was the release of their 
 pent-up souls when the full realization came 
 upon them. 
 
 The multitude cried in wonder, as they 
 saw and heard, " What meaneth this ? " or 
 in mockery, "These men are full of new 
 wine!" Their amazement and skepticism 
 were equally met by an illuminating speech 
 from Peter : a statement of facts, an argument 
 68
 
 Metanoia the Method of Christ's Teaching. 
 
 from prophecy, irresistibly concentrated upon 
 the event which had shaken Jerusalem fifty 
 days before ; a speech which leaped from the 
 supreme Metanoia of the moment and carried 
 all its impalpable power into the minds before 
 him. The same light then broke upon them. 
 
 " Men! brethren! " they exclaimed, "what 
 shall we do? " the very words of the multi- 
 tudes to John the Baptist when all this was 
 foreshadowed; and then they heard again 
 the burden of the Baptist and of the Christ : 
 " Mfiravor/aare ! Take a New Mind, and 
 be Baptized every one of you in the name 
 of Jesus Christ." 
 
 The same thing occurred when, shortly 
 afterwards, a miracle was performed. There 
 was another convincing statement, with the 
 same exhortation. Observe the antithesis : 
 
 "I wot that through ignorance [ayvoiav] 
 ye did it. ... MeravoriaaTe ! Take a New 
 Mind therefore, and be converted, that your 
 sins may be blotted out, so that [orrw^] times 
 of refreshing may come from the presence 
 of the Lord." 
 
 How little the repent of our version 
 takes in the compass of the counsel! They 
 had repented already, in the usual sense ; 
 69
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 they were deeply penitent, they were "pricked 
 to the heart." But Peter made them under- 
 stand that compunction or any other like 
 feeling was not all. Their Minds must seize 
 the new situation, so that God might send 
 Him who was before proclaimed to them ) 
 Jesus Christ. They were to turn from igno- 
 rance to knowledge. 
 
 70
 
 VI. 
 
 THE METANOIA OF ST. PAUL FAITH AND 
 
 RENEWAL. 
 
 AND now one other stage, which will carry 
 us even deeper into the Scriptural aspect of 
 this subject. 
 
 If ever there was an instance of Metanoia 
 under all the conditions which could exhibit 
 the fullest import of the word it was that of 
 what is inadequately called the" conversion " 
 of St. Paul. 
 
 It would almost seem as if the Change of 
 Mind in a man of such personal greatness, 
 moral strength, and conspicuous record had 
 been brought about in the sudden, public way 
 it was in order to put into a concentrated 
 form, and reveal on the grandest scale, a pro- 
 cess and a fact which in ordinary cases could 
 not be so visibly represented. We have here
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 in colossal proportions, and, potentially, in a 
 moment of time, the Metanoia of which all 
 Christian experience is made. That such a 
 thing could and did take place in the case of 
 a man of this intelligence has been cited as 
 one of the strongest evidences of the Christian 
 religion. What he was before the Change 
 we know : 
 
 First of all, one of the most richly endowed 
 intellects and one of the most powerful na- 
 tures ever known among men. Following 
 upon that, intensified by his proud Judaism, 
 by his narrow Pharisaism, by his profound 
 knowledge of Jewish law and traditions, by 
 his devotion to the religion of his fathers, he 
 turned out a zealot in the cause of Judaism, 
 so dark, bigoted, and bloody as to make him 
 a leader in the persecution of the new faith. 
 He had proved impenetrable to the story 
 and teaching of Jesus, to the accounts of 
 His miracles, even to the signs and wonders 
 wrought in His name by the apostles. 
 
 But in the very hour when his Mind was 
 most turbulent, vengeful, and determined, 
 Jesus meets him in the way. As soon as the 
 conviction of his error had broken upon his 
 Mind, as visibly as the great light which had 
 72
 
 The Metanoia of St. Paul. 
 
 blinded his eyes, his first inquiry was, like all 
 previous disciples, "What must I do? " 
 
 " I have appeared unto thee for this pur- 
 pose," answered Jesus, "to make thee a 
 minister and a witness both of these things 
 which thou hast seen, and of those things in 
 the which I will appear unto thee; delivering 
 thee from the people, and from the Gentiles, 
 unto whom now I send thee, to open their 
 eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light." 
 
 " Whereupon," St. Paul says, " I was not 
 disobedient unto the heavenly vision ; but 
 showed unto them that they should Take 
 upon them a New Mind [fie-arofiv] and turn 
 to God, and do works worthy of the Meta- 
 noia [a|m TTjif usTavoiag]." 
 
 When the scales had fallen from his eyes 
 his Mind beheld no other vision than of 
 Christ. He that had then met him was 
 thenceforth ever before him. The narrow, 
 prejudiced, sectarian Pharisee was "changed" 
 into an apostle of Christianity so magnifi- 
 cent, so enlightened, so large and liberal in 
 his conception of it, that none of his new 
 brethren could keep pace with him, as even 
 all present ecclesiasticism is in danger of 
 falling behind him. 
 
 73
 
 The Great Meaning of Mctdnoia. 
 
 All the marks of the Metanoia are here : 
 
 It was the Mind changed through circum- 
 stance ; for when he beheld the supernatural 
 presence of the Lord, as actually risen from 
 the dead, the whole vision of his error burst 
 upon him. 
 
 It was the Mind changed in understand- 
 ing ; for he spent three years of solitude in 
 Arabia, receiving the fullest indoctrination 
 from Christ. 
 
 It was the Mind changed by evolution ; 
 for, with the root of the matter in him, he 
 now grasped entirely the transcendent change 
 of situation, and came forth able, above all 
 others, to reconcile the old economy with the 
 new, to proclaim the advanced principles of 
 the Gospel with a profundity of spiritual dis- 
 cernment which no one should ever exceed, 
 and to be the most powerful advocate Chris- 
 tianity should ever know. 
 
 It was the Mind changed in disposition ; 
 for, from the fierce, proud, intolerant, self-suf- 
 ficient son of the law, he became the patient, 
 humble, compassionate, affectionate servant 
 of Christ, " all things to all men." 
 
 It was the Mind changed by development ; 
 for the same capacity for faith, for zeal, for 
 74
 
 Metanoia of St. Paul. 
 
 force and energy, for religious devotion, was 
 now carried over and enlarged in the interest 
 of a cause as new and as vast as the whole 
 just revealed purpose of God in man. 
 
 It was the Mind changed by revolution ; 
 for it was a revolt from Judaism in its nar- 
 row rabbinical form, a total break with the 
 artificial, superstitious, selfish system under 
 which he had been born and bred, and a 
 leap into the large spiritual consciousness of 
 Christ Himself. 
 
 It was the Mind changed before repen- 
 tance set in, which repentance accompanied, 
 which repentance intensified, which repentance 
 helped to fill with a due apprehension of the 
 cross, but of the extent of whose growth in 
 its change, of the extent of whose apprehen- 
 sion of his Lord, the word "repentance" in 
 its fullest theological acceptation could never 
 follow, compass, or describe. Nothing less 
 than the word " Metanoia " or some Eng- 
 lish expression that shall be the full equiva- 
 lent of the word can compass or describe 
 it. For what was its most conspicuous, 
 foremost feature ? A profoundly illumi- 
 nated intelligence followed by a nature as 
 profoundly penetrated. The " spiritual man " 
 75
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 was there ; the " natural man " was there no 
 longer. 
 
 In the light of this word even the most 
 unspiritual mind cannot fail in some degree 
 of sympathy with St. Paul's enthusiasm in 
 his work, or to understand the ecstasy with 
 which he regarded the person of his Lord, or 
 to know what he meant when he said that 
 his "conversation," his daily life, was lived 
 in heaven. The spiritual, so far as this, 
 takes the look of the natural. 
 
 When we open his epistles and read them 
 from this point of view, with this word as their 
 key, they all no matter what their occasion 
 or what themes they passingly treat take the 
 character of the summons to the Metanoia. 
 Back to this, in some form, they always come. 
 He rings, as we said, endless changes upon 
 the word. The thought of it appears in in- 
 numerable forms of expression. It would be 
 one prolonged and many-sided illustration of 
 the idea if we were to quote from him as pro- 
 fusely as we would like. But our space will 
 permit only a selection of a few passages 
 where the most direct reference is made, and 
 where the " noetic faculty " is also implied. 
 
 He said to the Romans : " Be not con- 
 76
 
 The Metanoia of St. Paul. 
 
 formed to this world : but be ye Transformed 
 by the Renewing of the Mind [juera//op0oi)<70e 
 7^7, avaKaivutoat rov voog, Rom. xii. 2]." 
 
 He said to the Corinthians : " We have the 
 Mind [i-ouv] of Christ (i Cor. ii. 16). . . . 
 We all ... are Transformed into the same 
 image from glory to glory, even as by the 
 Spirit of the Lord (2 Cor. iii. 18). . . . If 
 any man be in Christ, he is a New Creature : 
 old things are passed away ; behold, all things 
 are become New" (2 Cor. v. 17). 
 
 He said to the Ephesians: "That . . . 
 God. . . . may give unto you a spirit of Wis- 
 dom [oo(piag] and Revelation in the Know- 
 ledge [myv6osi] of Him [Christ] : the eyes of 
 your heart being Enlightened ; that ye may 
 know," etc. (Eph. i. 17, 18); "Henceforth 
 walk not as the Gentiles also walk, in the van- 
 ity of their Mind fvoo?], having the Under- 
 standing [~y diavoia] darkened, being alien- 
 ated from the life of God through the Igno- 
 rance [ayvomv] that is in them. . . . But 
 ye have not so Learned Christ ; if so be that 
 ye have heard Him, and have been Taught 
 in Him, even as Truth is in Jesus : that ye 
 put off concerning the former manner of life, 
 the old man ; . . . and be Renewed in the 
 77
 
 The Great Meaning of Mctdnoia. 
 
 spirit of your Mind [Voos] ; and that ye put 
 on the New Man" (Eph. iv. 18-24). 
 
 He said to the Colossians : " Seeing that 
 ye have put off the old man with his deeds ; 
 and have put on the New Man, which is Re- 
 newed in Knowledge after the image of Him 
 that created him" (Col. iii. 9, 10). 
 
 He said to Timothy : "The servant of the 
 Lord must ... be ... apt to Teach, pa- 
 tient ; in meekness instructing those that op- 
 pose themselves; if God peradventure will 
 give them Metanoia unto Knowledge [e/f 
 of the Truth " (2 Tim. ii. 24, 25). 
 
 But we must now pass on to an occasion 
 in which he used the word itself, and by force 
 of circumstances less in a spiritual than in an 
 intellectual and popular sense. 
 
 When he confronted the Stoics and Epi- 
 cureans in the Areopagus, roused to indig- 
 nation by the evidences of image-worship 
 around him, and to quick perception of the 
 opportunity offered him by an altar to an 
 Unknown God to him so near in associa- 
 tion with the Unnamed God of his own peo- 
 ple, but to them only, at the most, a philo- 
 sophical dream when, in coming before such 
 78
 
 The Metanoia of St. Paul. 
 
 an audience, he had to burn his Hebrew ships, 
 for he could beat no retreat upon the tradi- 
 tions of his own religion, quote no Scriptures 
 but those of their own poets, and reason with 
 them only upon their own premises; when, 
 if he spoke at all, he must speak to the in- 
 tellect, and to an intellect which would care 
 very little for an appeal to the heart, and 
 not even understand an allusion to " sin " as 
 a moral alienation; when all his tact and 
 ingenuity were exerted to get uninterrupted 
 to the " new thing " they desired to hear and 
 he wished to announce ; when he had stated 
 the nature of the one living and true God in 
 a way to command their respect, and in a 
 way to enlarge their conception of Him who 
 should remain no longer " Unknown," if he 
 could reveal Him to their understanding 
 what did he say? " The times of Ignorance 
 therefore God overlooked ; but now he com- 
 mandeth men that they should all everywhere 
 Change their Mind [Meravoetv] ; " namely, 
 unto the Knowledge of One who was to 
 "judge the world in righteousness." 
 
 Without question St. Paul spoke as near as 
 he could to the sense of classic Greek under 
 such Attic circumstances, and we are not jus- 
 79
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 tified in here interpreting the word in any 
 other way. He could not have expected 
 them to put the full construction upon it 
 which lay in his own mind, and with which 
 it must have vaguely rung in their ears as it 
 came forth with the tone of his own intense 
 consciousness. All that they could have 
 understood was an appeal to " change their 
 views"; to come to a conception of the 
 Divine Nature more worthy of those who were 
 " the offspring of God " ; to accept this great 
 " knowledge " which he now communicated 
 in place of the " ignorance " which their altar 
 confessed. The very most that their usage 
 could admit into the word he had employed 
 was an ethical import, sometimes, though 
 rarely, attached to it ; but it must have been 
 in this instance very dimly discerned, if at all. 
 If there was anything like "regret" to be 
 felt, it was, most probably, only displeasure 
 with themselves that they should have been 
 so mistaken. Certainly nothing so strong as 
 penitence could have been dreamed of by St. 
 Paul. He was intent upon something be- 
 yond, to which the intellectual impression or 
 emotion he had created would be a stepping- 
 stone, namely, "the Man whom God had 
 80
 
 The Metanoia of St. Paul. 
 
 ordained " the Christ. For this, and up to 
 this, he would " Change their Mind." * 
 
 How utterly inconceivable, at any rate, 
 is a call to repentance, as it is translated in 
 our version, both the Old and the New, in 
 the connection of such an attempt to com- 
 mend the revelation he proclaimed to the con- 
 fidence and respect of these speculative men! 
 
 We must leave to the reader the further 
 examination of passages in the New Testa- 
 ment where " Metanoia " in some form ap- 
 pears, and is still rendered "repentance" in 
 the New Version. Here they all are in a 
 foot-note, and he can judge for himself 
 whether, in every case (and in some cases 
 most expressly), a more distinct reference to 
 the Changed Mind, in the profound sense we 
 have given the phrase, would not be an im- 
 provement upon the more emotional and less 
 fruitful idea suggested by the word "repen- 
 tance" It will be found used, in many of 
 these instances, not in a general, but in a 
 
 1 There is an appositeness between the inscription 
 ArNQ2Ti2 6ES2 in the beginning of the speech, and 
 the expressions ayvoia<; and fieravoelv at the end, which 
 is very significant. 
 
 81
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 special application, when its great meaning 
 is curdled, as it were, into the expression of 
 a single feeling repellent of sin under the 
 revelation of righteousness; when thought, 
 perception, knowledge, conscience, penitence, 
 and the will are combined into such a strong 
 revolt of the entire man from an evil course 
 as to change the character of his life. A 
 rendering which keeps any of these powerful 
 and necessary elements out of sight is more 
 than an unfortunate one. 1 
 
 l According to the text of Westcott and Hort. 
 This text has been followed elsewhere in this edition 
 of the essay when there has been a departure from the 
 Authorized Version. 
 
 Meravoiw: Matt. iii. 2, iv. 17, xi. 20, 21, xii. 41; 
 Mark i. 15, vi. 12; Luke x. 13, xi. 32, xiii. 3, 5, xv. 
 
 7, 10, xvi. 30, xvii. 3, 4; Acts ii. 38, iii. 19, viii. 22, 
 xvii. 30, xxvi. 20; 2 Cor. xii. 21 ; Rev. ii. 5 (twice), 
 16, 21 (twice), 22, iii. 3, 19, ix. 20, 21, xvi. 9, II. 
 
 Meravoia : Matt. iii. 8, 1 1 ; Mark i. 4 ; Luke iii. 3, 
 
 8, v. 32, xv. 7> xxiv. 47; Acts v. 31, xi. 18, xiii. 24, 
 xix. 4, xx. 21, xxvi. 20; Rom. ii. 4; 2 Cor. vii. 9, 
 10 ; 2 Tim. ii. 25 ; Heb. vi. I, 6, xii. 17; 2 Pet. iii. 9. 
 
 82
 
 VII. 
 
 METANOIA THE WORD OF CHRIST TO THE 
 PRESENT AGE. 
 
 IN all that we have now said we have 
 shown ourselves anxious that, in the trans- 
 lated New Testament, the Summons in the 
 original proclamation of the Gospel should be 
 made to appear as profound and significant 
 as it really was, and thus be made to unite 
 itself with the intellectual and spiritual life of 
 the present century as keenly as it did with 
 the first. We would have it a fresh, liv- 
 ing, all-comprehensive, all-powerful Sum- 
 mons now. 
 
 We desire this, first, in order that the 
 unity of the New Testament may be seen to 
 lie in it from the beginning as in a germ, and 
 to branch and flower from it in every part, 
 as from a stem. 
 
 We desire this, next, for the more impor- 
 83
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 tant and vital reason that the ethical and 
 practical character of the religion of Christ 
 may be revealed in its real supremacy over 
 the emotional theory which has so long dis- 
 proportionately prevailed. 
 
 But, above all, we desire it above all, 
 from its including these and comprehending 
 more because it implies the use of the entire 
 nature of man, intellectual, moral, aff ectional, 
 spiritual, his human part and his divine part, 
 in the act of apprehending and appropriat- 
 ing the truth of God. The whole Nous is 
 appealed to, the whole Mind is engaged in 
 seeing Him who is invisible, and in doing 
 His will. 
 
 For it is now the unhappy fact that the 
 Christian religion is so specifically applied to 
 one portion of this Mind and to one state of 
 it that if the requisition were strictly insisted 
 upon as a standard and test, many persons 
 of the purest character and highest princi- 
 ple would be denied the name of Christian, 
 though palpably actuated by the faith and 
 spirit of Christ. The penitential condition 
 is not all, however much it may be. The rec- 
 ognition of Christ may spring from a wider 
 surface and even a deeper principle than
 
 The Word of Christ to the Present Age. 
 
 that one agonized nerve in the retina of the 
 soul. 
 
 " METANOEITE! " It is a generous word, 
 looking outwardly from the life that now is 
 to that which is to come. Let us have its 
 equivalent in gospel and epistle wherever 
 it appears. Let it speak to this age, at least, 
 in full, not muffled, articulation to this age 
 with its wide speculation upon the mystery 
 of being, with its agnostic revolt from the re- 
 ligion that is preached, with its critical study 
 of the historic Christ, and yet latent disposi- 
 tion to believe in Him. 
 
 " Metanoeite ! " It is time that the Herald 
 uttered it again as He uttered it once. It 
 bears to us the all-necessary message of con- 
 tradiction and the all-necessary announce- 
 ment of a revolution. It brings with it the 
 true and everlasting tidings always news 
 to blind and mortal men that the apparent 
 conditions of this life are the illusion of flesh 
 and sense, and that the real conditions of life 
 are the very reverse of what we are prone 
 to think and believe. The Eternal and the 
 Spiritual are all ; the temporal and the mate- 
 rial are but the shadows of that substance. 
 85
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnota. 
 
 It were a bold word from any but a divine 
 mouth, we should say, and yet the human 
 tongue has been uttering it, virtually, all along 
 in another sphere. What has been the procla- 
 mation of Science in her own material world 
 but " Metanoelte! Change your Mind from 
 the near testimony of Sense to the distant wit- 
 ness of Discovery " : 
 
 Sense says, " The sun rises in the east and 
 revolves about the earth ; the earth is the cen- 
 tre of the celestial sphere." But Science 
 Knowledge proclaims a contradiction, and, 
 with it, a revolution : " It is the earth that 
 goes round the sun ; the sun is but one of 
 that starry host ; the blue firmament melts 
 into illimitable space; it is an illuminated 
 universe that lies out there, in which this ap- 
 parently ponderous globe floats like an atom 
 in a sunbeam." 
 
 So Science, an echo of the divine voice, 
 has enlarged, reversed, the whole conscious- 
 ness of man. Her Metanoia has been pro- 
 claimed not only here, but everywhere in her 
 material field. Whithersoever she has gone, 
 nature has inverted its apparent order, its 
 phenomena have widened out into princi- 
 ples that were once unknown, and the first 
 86
 
 The Word of Christ to the Present Age. 
 
 human impression of them has had to be 
 revoked. 
 
 It is an image, a parallel, of the Christian 
 faith. The whole universe of the Spiritual is 
 likewise being revealed to the knowledge of 
 mankind. Time is declared to be of Eternal 
 moment, and death the fullness of Life. We 
 may discern the character of that other sphere 
 by its inverse relation, point for point, to this. 
 
 Given, then, we say, the intellectual realiza- 
 tion of this to men, their moral consciousness 
 will rise to it, their spiritual nature will en- 
 large with it, their hearts and their lives will 
 deepen to the measure of it. They will re- 
 volt more and more from sin and from the 
 world. 
 
 This is conversion indeed ; this is the Birth 
 from Above. 
 
 We can now imagine how, under such a 
 conception, the pulpit would awake to the 
 grandeur of its work, how the Church would 
 awake to the grandeur of her cause. The 
 themes of the one, the methods of the other, 
 would move with splendor and with power to 
 one definite and mighty end : the Summon- 
 87
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia, 
 
 ing of mankind to the Metanoia, this New 
 Mind, and the announcement of everything 
 on the divine side of life which would in- 
 spire and create it. 
 
 For we are just on the verge of a great 
 epoch. All this intellectual activity in the 
 material world is surely working towards a 
 moment of reaction when the same intensity 
 of movement will turn the other way, and the 
 universal demand will be for a knowledge 
 of the Spiritual. The voice of material Sci- 
 ence, crying in the wilderness, will be found 
 to have been preparing the way for this. It 
 will turn out to have been uttering a word 
 which has roused the " expectation " of this 
 age. Out of all this agnostic dust and ashes 
 shall mount again the cry, " Metanoelte! for 
 the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand." 
 
 Let us see to it that neither the Bible, the 
 Church, nor the pulpit gives, in that great re- 
 vealing day, an uncertain sound. 
 
 But our space is exhausted ; yet one word 
 more to carry our theme to its most practical 
 and highest point. 
 
 We have said all when we say that " Meta- 
 noia " and " Revelation " are correlative 
 88
 
 The Word of Christ to the Present Age. 
 
 terms, one always implying the other. As 
 large, therefore, as we understand the Reve- 
 lation to be, we must understand the Meta- 
 noia to be. They are reciprocal, as they 
 develop, in character and degree. 
 
 In their meeting and blending within us, 
 then, we become partakers of the Divine 
 Nature and are saved. What begins with 
 being a " Change of Mind toward God " 
 deepens and broadens, as our nature turns 
 all its disk that way, into that supreme reflec- 
 tion of God in the soul, "faith in our Lord 
 Jesus Christ." 
 
 Faith is the Metanoia touched to the quick. 
 Faith is the Metanoia when it has reached 
 the vital fibers of our being ; " the substance 
 of things hoped for, the evidence of things 
 not seen " ; " God, who commanded the 
 light to shine out of darkness, shining into our 
 hearts, to give the light of the Knowledge of 
 the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ." 
 
 So it is the Metanoia which is bearing us 
 heavenwards in Him. " We are Transformed 
 into the same image from glory to glory." 
 " We were sometime darkness, but now are 
 we light in the Lord." " We press toward the 
 mark for the prize of the Upward Calling of 
 89
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 God in Christ Jesus." More and more is 
 the earthly nature dissolving away and re- 
 leasing the heavenly one ; deeper and deeper 
 is the transfiguration working within ; and it 
 will not cease even when we have passed the 
 gates of death, and 
 
 " Heaven opens on our eyes ; our ears 
 With sounds seraphic ring!" 
 
 What will be the inburst of another world 
 upon the soul but the Change of Changes, 
 the supreme Metanoia of the Eternal Life! 
 
 90
 
 THE VIEW OF MATTHEW ARNOLD. 
 
 WE are glad to add the testimony of still another in- 
 dependent scholar to the primary potency of the great 
 Greek expression which opens the New Testament. 
 
 This time the claim for it is entirely ethical ; the 
 noetic element is not foremost, but follows an inward 
 awakening of the moral consciousness, although that 
 is first brought about by perception and thought. 
 This striking conception of the word comes from 
 Matthew Arnold, an equal master in Greek with De 
 Quincey, gifted with the same philosophic and theo- 
 logical insight, and a great Biblical student besides. 
 In the case of De Quincey the view was a passing 
 burst of inspiration over the word, and he makes no 
 more of it. In the case of Arnold it comes in 
 though also quite episodically as a part of a pro- 
 found study into the genius of Christianity as it arose 
 in Israel under the teaching of Christ. But he has 
 an especial point to make a protest against the sub- 
 sequent metaphysical and dogmatic perversion of the 
 original Semitic simplicity of Christian truth, the 
 product of what he calls the "Aryan genius" and 
 it therefore does not fall in with his plan to make as 
 much as he might have done either of the intellectual 
 or the spiritual evolution of the principle so fully 
 embodied, as we believe, in the expression. The
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 working of both is strongly suggested, but, it seems 
 to us, the vital and causative connection between what 
 he calls the "method" of Jesus i.e., Metanoia 
 and what he calls His "secret" the utter renun- 
 ciation of the lower self which culminated in " the 
 word of the cross " is not as vividly drawn out as 
 it might have been. 
 
 But the point of interest now is his passing allu- 
 sion to our word. In putting it here in connection 
 with that of De Quincey we show not only the mag- 
 nificent sweep of its meaning, from the ethical to the 
 intellectual and back, but how completely the idea of 
 repentance is thrown out of all association with it by 
 two great scholars and thinkers whose imaginations 
 had not been discolored by any theological preposses- 
 sion and tradition, and who, as born and bred Eng- 
 lish churchmen, knew exactly what "repentance" 
 was understood theologically to mean. The follow- 
 ing passages are from " Literature and Dogma" : 
 
 " To have the thoughts in order as to certain mat- 
 ters was conduct. This was the ' method ' of Jesus : 
 setting up a great unceasing inward movement of at- 
 tention and verification in matters which are three 
 fourths of human life (righteousness'), where to see 
 true and to verify is not difficult. , . . Watch care- 
 fully what passes within you, that you may obey the 
 voice of conscience. . . . This, we say, is the 'method' 
 of Jesus. To it belongs His use of that important 
 word which in the Greek is Metanoia. We translate 
 it ' repentance,' a mourning and lamenting over our 
 sins ; and we translate it wrong. Of ' Metanoia,' as 
 Jesus used the word, the lamenting one's sins was a 
 92
 
 TJie View of Matthew Arnold. 
 
 small part; the main part was something far more 
 active and fruitful, the setting Tip an immense new 
 inward movement for obtaining the rule of life. And 
 ' Metanoia, ' accordingly, is a change of the inner man. 
 
 " Mention and recommendation of this inwardness 
 there often was, we know, in prophet or psalmist ; 
 but to make mention of it was one thing, to erect it 
 into a positive method was another. Christianity has 
 made it so familiar that to give any freshness to one's 
 words about it is now not easy ; but to its first re- 
 cipients it was abundantly fresh and novel. It was 
 the introduction, in morals and religion, of the famous 
 Know thyself of the Greeks ; and this among a people 
 deeply serious, but also wedded to moral and religious 
 routine, and singularly devoid of flexibility and play 
 of mind. For them it was a revolution. . . . This 
 is the true line of religion ; it was the line of Jesus. 
 To work the renovation needed He concentrated His 
 efforts upon a method of inwardness, of taking coun- 
 sel of conscience." (Page 174.) 
 
 " Christ's new and different way of putting things 
 was the secret of His succeeding where the prophets 
 could not. . . . He put things in stick a way that 
 His hearers were led to take each rule or fact of con- 
 duct by its inward side, its effect upon the heart and 
 character; then the reason of the thing, the meaning 
 of what had been mere matter of blind rule, flashed 
 upon them. . . . The hardest rule of conduct came to 
 appear to them infinitely reasonable and natural, and 
 therefore infinitely prepossessing." (Page 94.) 
 
 ' ' While the Old Testament says, ' Attend to con- 
 duct,' the New Testament says, ' Attend to the feel- 
 93
 
 The Great Meaning of Metdnoia. 
 
 ings and dispositions whence conduct proceeds ! ' And 
 as attending to conduct had very much degenerated 
 into deadness and formality, attending to the springs 
 of conduct was a revelation, a revival of intuitive and 
 fresh perceptions, a touching of morals with emotion. 
 . . . Man came under a new dispensation, and made 
 with God a second covenant." (Page 96.) 
 
 " At the Christian era . . . the time had come /or 
 inwardness and self-construction a time to last till 
 the self-construction is fully achieved." (Page 101.) 
 
 It will be noticed that while De Quincey, taking 
 the summons " Metanoeite " as a word to the whole 
 world in all ages, gives rein to the whole intellectual 
 consciousness, Arnold keeps it within its original 
 bounds as addressed peculiarly to Israel, and ad- 
 dressed not so much at first to the intellect of Israel 
 as through a wondrous tact in teaching to the latent 
 spiritual consciousness, the intellect then awakening 
 to the rationale of the law. But this double witness 
 of opposite minds from opposite directions to the same 
 philological profundity in the word is very impressive.
 
 THE ECLIPSE OF MET^NOIA BY 
 PCENITENTIA. 
 
 I. 
 
 AN IMPOSSIBLE EXPEDIENT TO END IT: "RE- 
 PENTANCE " TO BE MADE TO MEAN 
 METANOIA. 
 
 THE suggestion of the theme of this Addi- 
 tional Essay came about in the following 
 way : 
 
 During a recent residence in London we 
 saw a notice in an American Church paper 
 of a kind reference to the essay on Metanoia, 
 by Dr. Brooke Foss Westcott, which seemed 
 to indicate an agreement with the view we 
 had taken. As Dr. Westcott (now the Bishop 
 of Durham, but at the time Canon of West- 
 minster, and Regius Professor of Divinity, 
 Cambridge) had been one of the most distin- 
 guished and influential of the scholars en- 
 95
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pxnitentia. 
 
 gaged upon the revision of the New Testa- 
 ment, and had been especially prominent in 
 furnishing the Greek text which formed the 
 groundwork of the New Version, we had rea- 
 son to suppose that the reference might be 
 accompanied with some allusion to the action 
 of the revisers on the rendering of Merdvoia. 
 But even aside from that, we felt that any 
 expression of assent, however qualified, in 
 coming from such an authority, would carry 
 with it a weight and a consequence that 
 would command the highest respect. 
 
 A note of inquiry elicited this courteous 
 reply : 
 
 " 6 SCROPE TERRACE, 
 " CAMBRIDGE, November 19, 1887. 
 
 " There was a reference to your essay in a 
 paper on the Revised Version, in the ' Expos- 
 itor.' I have not a copy of the magazine at 
 hand, but I think it was in the paper which 
 appeared in August. 
 
 " I intended to say that you had brought 
 out with singular power and truth the mean- 
 ing of Meravoia, while I could not see that 
 the translation could be modified. 
 
 " The preacher and the scholar must trans- 
 figure repentance, even z& fides and gratia have 
 96
 
 An Impossible Expedient to End It. 
 
 been transfigured. In this work your essay 
 will, I trust, be of eminent service." 
 
 The above extract gives all of the reply 
 that refers to the essay, and is introduced 
 here because it adds materially to the force 
 of one of the remarks in the passage from the 
 " Expositor," which will be found below. 
 
 This admirable statement, covering so 
 briefly and yet so comprehensively the whole 
 question, appears in one of a series of papers 
 entitled " ' Some Lessons of the Revised Ver- 
 sion of the New Testament,' by Rev. Pro- 
 fessor B. F. Westcott, D.D., D.C.L., Canon 
 of Westminster" (August, 1887, p. 86). 
 
 As the passage is in the form of a foot-note, 
 and bears no connection with anything in the 
 text, it was apparently written in the proof 
 after our essay had been read. The matter 
 could hardly have suggested itself otherwise, 
 as there had been no change in the transla- 
 tion of Merdvota, and therefore no occasion 
 for discussion of the subject. The statement 
 has an especial interest, therefore, not only 
 as having been drawn out by the essay, but 
 97
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by P&nitentia. 
 
 also as conveying the mind of the revisers on 
 the question of the rendering "repentance" 
 If it does not explain their silence in passing 
 over it, it suggests their difficulty in dealing 
 with it. The passage is as follows : 
 
 " One most important group of words, ren- 
 dered in the Authorized Version 'repent] 
 'repentance 1 (^eravoelv, fierdvoia, fJErape- 
 XeoOcu), offered great difficulties in transla- 
 tion. 
 
 "The first two Greek words (^eravoelv, 
 [isrdvoia) describe characteristically, in the 
 language of the New Testament, a general 
 change of mind, which becomes in its fullest 
 development an intellectual and moral regen- 
 eration ; the latter (fj,ETaneheo6ai) expresses a 
 special relation to the past, a feeling of regret 
 for a particular action, which may be deep- 
 ened into remorse. 
 
 " It was of paramount importance to keep 
 one rendering for the former words, which 
 are key-words of the gospel, and it was im- 
 possible to displace 'repent] 'repentance] 
 which, though originally inadequate, are 
 capable of receiving the full meaning of the 
 original. 
 
 98
 
 An Impossible Expedient to End It. 
 
 " No one satisfactory term could be found 
 for fjLETaniteaOai. In the passage where it oc- 
 curs in the same context with uerdvoia it has 
 been adequately rendered by 'regret ' (2 Cor. 
 vii. 8 ff.) ; and elsewhere the limited appli- 
 cation of the feeling has been indicated by 
 the reflexive rendering 'repent one's self 1 
 never ' repent " absolutely (Matt. xxi. 29, 32, 
 xxvii. 3 ; Heb. vii. 21); yet ' without repen- 
 tance' (djtiTC|ue/l7/TOf) (Rom. xi. 29) is un- 
 changed. 
 
 " Dr. T. Walden has expounded the apos- 
 tolic force of perdvoia with great power and 
 truth in an essay on ' The Great Meaning of 
 the Word " Metanoia," Lost in the Old Ver- 
 sion, Unrecovered in the New ' (New York, 
 1882); but he has overlooked the fact that 
 the idea of repentance, like that of fierdvoia 
 itself, can be transfigured by Christian use, 
 and that the force of words is not limited 
 by their etymology." 
 
 99
 
 II. 
 
 Merdvoia TRANSFIGURED GREEK. 
 
 WE are scarcely prepared to admit that 
 we overlooked either of these points. 
 
 As to the first " That the idea of repen- 
 tance, like that of Meravom itself, can be trans- 
 figured by Christian use." 
 
 The " idea of repentance" it seems to us, 
 is so deeply lined in the word " repentance " 
 that the physiognomy of the term is fixed be- 
 yond any power of essential alteration. Its 
 intense look of sorrow may be and has been 
 softened by Christian use into the expression 
 of a pensive sense of unworthiness and guilt, 
 and of a consequent mental determination 
 which changes the character, the conduct, 
 and the life ; but the " fashion of its counte- 
 nance " cannot be "altered "further than this, 
 nor can its " raiment become white and daz-
 
 Metdnoia Transfigured Greek. 
 
 zling," even as Merdvoia was " transfigured " 
 when it stood on the " high mountain apart " 
 of the New Testament, and its "face did 
 shine as the sun," and its " garments became 
 white as the light." 
 
 The analogy suggested by the event which 
 is so sacredly connected with the thought of 
 " transfiguration " is here so true to the fact 
 that we cannot but employ the force of the 
 allusion. 
 
 Now every Christian idea was " described 
 so characteristically in the language of the 
 New Testament" that any word taken from 
 common use to represent it was heightened 
 even to heaven in its meaning. 
 
 And it was especially in the nature of a 
 Greek word to bear such a transcendental- 
 ization. Indeed, we may be sure that the 
 Greek was made the vehicle of the Gospel 
 not only because it was historically so oppor- 
 tune, but because it was philologically so 
 available ; and no other of the three repre- 
 sentative tongues that were heard around the 
 cross could have uttered the message of the 
 cross so well. 
 
 The Jew arraigned the Christ and the
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Po&nitentia. 
 
 Roman erected the cross; both were char- 
 acteristically foremost on that ground; but 
 to neither of them was intrusted " the word 
 of the cross," which was to go into all lands 
 and down to all ages. 
 
 The Jew was as dumb as Zacharias was 
 when he tried to give the benediction. He 
 had lost his prophetic faith, as he had lost his 
 Old Testament tongue. 
 
 The Roman could only show " all the king- 
 doms of the world, and the glory of them." 
 His language was their law, the regulating 
 outcome of the same genius that had con- 
 quered them. It reflected the practical, 
 material precision of his mind, but it was not, 
 it never could be, except by infusion from 
 without, elastic to the highest expression of 
 spiritual ideas. It was not, it never could 
 be, even under inspiration from above, equal 
 to the adequate divine utterance of the truth 
 whose " Kingdom was not of this world." 
 
 Most remarkable, most significant was it, 
 then, that the commission to reveal that truth 
 was laid upon the idealizing tongue of the 
 Greek; while the commission to order the 
 Kingdom, to give direction to its mechanism, 
 and to give names to its appointments, was 
 
 102
 
 Metdnoia Transfigured Greek. 
 
 assumed by the methodizing tongue of the 
 Roman. 
 
 Take now the words before us, Meravom 
 and Repentance, which Bishop Westcott asso- 
 ciates under what we may understand as the 
 metaphor of transfiguration. They are thor- 
 oughly representative. The one is the in- 
 augurating word of the Greek New Testa- 
 ment, the other is the inaugurating word of 
 its Latin translation; and in its Latin form 
 (Pcenitentia] it is, according to the Latin 
 mind, a precise equivalent of the Greek. 
 
 Merdvoia is a word of classic origin and 
 usage, but of extraordinary scriptural devel- 
 opment. A process of transfiguration, after 
 the sacred analogy we are thinking of, did 
 actually take place in it. The change in our 
 Lord, as described by the evangelists, was an 
 outburst of inward radiance. Light did not 
 fall upon Him. // came from within Him. 
 It was His own the latent effulgence in His 
 human nature of His divine nature, prophetic 
 of the glory that was about to be revealed in 
 Him. 
 
 In like manner the first word used of Him, 
 the first word used by Him, according to 
 103
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia, 
 
 these evangelists, the word which opened 
 His Kingdom when it was at hand, Meravom, 
 rose, through a like inward capacity for ut- 
 terance, into a word of light-giving power. 
 It was " transfigured " indeed. It turned out 
 to be an anticipation, in a single compressed 
 expression, of the whole rationale of Chris- 
 tianity as that new faith was afterwards un- 
 folded in the New Testament. It held the 
 whole idea and method of the coming reve- 
 lation in germ. It contained the principle 
 which made the religion of Christ absolutely 
 original the principle of the radical renewal 
 of the nature of man under the working of a 
 Knowledge revealed to him from above, under 
 the operation of a Spirit which came to him 
 from above ; through which Knowledge and 
 through which Spirit his nature was set free 
 to do spontaneously, and not by legal regula- 
 tion, all that it ought to do : " his flesh being 
 subdued to the spirit," "sin could have no 
 dominion over him: for he was not under 
 law, but under grace." "There was there- 
 fore now no condemnation to them that were 
 in Christ Jesus. For the law of the Spirit of 
 Life in Christ Jesus made men free from the 
 law of sin and death." 
 104
 
 Metdnoia Transfigured Greek. 
 
 Hence Merdvoia was the "key-word of the 
 Gospel," as Bishop Westcott finely says. It 
 opened to and potentially entered into every- 
 thing. No door called by any other name, 
 such as " faith," no chamber known by any 
 other name, such as " renewal," was beyond 
 the application of this master key. 
 
 Turn now to the expression which has 
 undertaken to supply its place both in the 
 proclamation and in the operation of the 
 Kingdom of God. 
 
 "Repentance " is a word of classical Latin 
 origin and of Latin theological and ecclesi- 
 astical descent. The core of it is not mind, 
 but pain. The note of it is not of emancipa- 
 tion, but of condemnation. The scope of it 
 is not spiritual, but juridical. The working 
 of it is not joyful, but sorrowful. Its face 
 is turned in horror towards sin, not in rap- 
 ture towards righteousness. It is a way to 
 righteousness, but by the way of retreat. It 
 flees the evil in fear of "penalty" of the puni- 
 tive action of God or of its own conscience. 
 In its effective operation it can take hold of 
 the Mind, change the mental attitude, deter- 
 mine the mental purpose, but it can never 
 105
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia. 
 
 alone renew the whole spiritual constitution 
 of the Mind. It may be the beginning of 
 amendment of life, but is not potential to 
 the consummation of life. It is retrospec- 
 tive, and it leads to introspection, often to in- 
 tense spiritual self-consciousness, often to the 
 most humble gratitude to God for salvation 
 through Christ. In the awakening of Mera- 
 voia it is always at hand, a powerful phase 
 of it, an inevitable incident of it, a helpful, if 
 not encouraging, attendant upon it. 
 
 The Latin instinct amounted to insight 
 when it made so much of pcenitentia as an 
 element of Merdvoia, but the instinct over- 
 shot the insight when in aiming at the one it 
 lost sight of the other. All Christians have 
 adopted the excellent word, because, so far 
 as it goes, it is a true word ; and the above, 
 we believe, is an accurate account of its theo- 
 logical acceptation among us. 
 
 But can it be " transfigured," even till it is 
 as radiant as the word which illumined the 
 face of Christ in the beginning, and illumined 
 all His teaching and the teaching of His apos- 
 tles to the end? Has it any interior capacity 
 to develop such a new transformation? On 
 the contrary, will it not prove utterly intrac- 
 106
 
 Metdnoia Transfigured Greek. 
 
 table under such a strain against its grain? 
 We can imagine it disguised, but never trans- 
 figured. We can imagine it glowing as with 
 phosphorus, but never with genuine light. 
 We can imagine it raised to such a power 
 by a sort of conjuration, but what a mere 
 apparition it would be ! Who of us can con- 
 ceive of a word so intrinsically dark ever pass- 
 ing itself off as conveying a conception so 
 bright and so noble as this: "a general 
 Change of Mind, which becomes in its fullest 
 development an intellectual and moral Regen- 
 eration "? 
 
 107
 
 III. 
 
 "REPENTANCE" PERSISTENT LATIN. 
 
 LET us now turn to the other point which 
 we are also hardly ready to admit that we 
 overlooked " that the force of words is not 
 limited by their etymology." 
 
 This is said, of course, in the interest of 
 the idea that "repentance" can be made to 
 express the meaning of Meravom by ignoring 
 the origin and usage of the Latin-English 
 word. 
 
 If now, we follow out the line of this sug- 
 gestion, we shall be led into a more positive 
 exposure of its claims. 
 
 Our language is full of words which once 
 possessed a signification that is now extinct, 
 and which have since taken up an unlimited 
 range of application because of their inde- 
 pendence of all etymology. Our dictionaries 
 are overrun with such hermit-crabs, occupy- 
 108
 
 "Repentance " Persistent Latin. 
 
 ing and dragging about the shells of words 
 whose primary meanings have long ago out- 
 grown or abandoned them. But pcenitentia 
 has never been one of this sort. It has never 
 exhibited any such facility in, or even any 
 tendency to, shedding its shell. On the con- 
 trary, its whole history shows that it has been 
 endowed with an extraordinary determina- 
 tion to hold on to its original meaning, and 
 as extraordinary a capacity to accommodate 
 itself to all circumstances, without forgetting 
 tJie idea out of which it was made and the end 
 tinto which it was appointed. If there ever 
 was a word which has been as phenomenal 
 for persistency in preserving its type, in both 
 outer form and inner life, as other words 
 have been phenomenal for the curious re- 
 sults of a willing variation from what they 
 once were, it is this very word, which we 
 know so well in its English expression as 
 " repentance" 
 
 It resembles, as we recall its long career, 
 that famous species of the nautilus which, 
 from the outset, seems to be endowed with 
 an instinct of predestination. The creature 
 simply enlarges itself under the necessity of 
 development that is upon it, without abandon- 
 109
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia. 
 
 ing anything that ever essentially belonged to 
 it. As it outgrows its quarters it builds on one 
 chamber after another to accommodate the 
 expanding eras of its life. As it increases ex- 
 ternally it is always the same, coiling closely 
 about its original axis. As it develops in- 
 ternally it is again always the same, clinging 
 as closely to the seat of its original vitality, 
 even keeping open communication, through 
 the whole series of its dividing partitions, 
 by a living siphuncular cord, with the cell in 
 which it began. 
 
 Poenitentia, in like manner, has ever ex- 
 hibited a similar potency in enlarging the 
 scope of its own application in just such a 
 succession of chambers, and in developing 
 just such an unchangeable purpose to mean 
 exactly, and no more, what it was primarily in- 
 tended to mean. You may look into its black 
 mouth, and there is the self-same primitive 
 cephalopod, still sufficient unto itself because 
 occupying the sufficient mouthpiece of an 
 idea which comes home to all ages and to 
 all conditions of mankind. 
 
 It comes so universally home because its 
 origin was so primitively homely. Its whole 
 meaning arose in and was represented by 
 no
 
 " Repentance " Persistent Latin. 
 
 the Sanskrit monosyllable Pu, to cleanse 
 from dirt. Pcenitentia has always retained 
 and has always sustained this primary idea 
 of purgation. Its career has been marked by 
 progressive historic stages, in every one of 
 which this idea has in some way prevailed. 
 
 When it developed itself among the pri- 
 meval Greeks, it was noiv^, a word for blood- 
 money. A murderer, say, by a redeeming 
 paymentj/tfrg'Vfd' himself of all further respon- 
 sibility to the relatives of the man he had 
 slain. Their vengeance was satisfied; they 
 no longer pursued him. Hence the word 
 came to signify "vengeance." 
 
 When the idea developed itself among the 
 Latins it was poena; and it rose with Roman 
 civilization into an expression closely identi- 
 fied with the criminal law. It became a desig- 
 nation for all grades of punishment inflicted 
 under the law, whereby those who had of- 
 fended or injured the community made their 
 peace with it, satisfied justice in a word, 
 purged themselves by bearing the penalty 
 which had been fixed upon as measuring the 
 degree of their transgression. To use another 
 word from the same root, they expiated their 
 crime against the state. To use still another, 
 in
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pxnitentia. 
 
 they were purified in the eye of the law by 
 what they had suffered. 
 
 The term pxna thus belonged to the court 
 of law and to the language of the judgment- 
 seat. Whence our modern duplication of it 
 in the legal phrase " pain and penalty." 
 
 But the expression pcenitentia, which was 
 formed out of it, and which represented the 
 pain of one who thus bore the penalty of his 
 misdeeds, was never a legal term. The law 
 in that day did not concern itself with what 
 the condemned criminal felt. But the popu- 
 lar mind did, and put itself in sentimental 
 sympathy with him. Hence came the com- 
 ing of pcenitentia, as a current word in Latin 
 literature for the sorrow or regret which fol- 
 lowed when one had made a mistake or 
 committed an error of any kind. It meant 
 exactly the after-care which was conveyed by 
 Mera/zeAem (Metameleia) in the Greek. It 
 was too variously used to retain any strong 
 reminiscence of its origin. Indeed, its range 
 of application came to be very much that of 
 " repentance " in our common speech. It re- 
 lated to affairs or to morals, as the case might 
 be, and indicated a feeling which mightbe fleet- 
 
 112
 
 "Repentance " Persistent Latin. 
 
 ing and shallow or profound and effectual, ac- 
 cording to the levity or gravity of the occasion. 
 
 When, however, pcenitentia was taken up 
 by Latin Christianity it deepened into an ex- 
 pression of very serious import. It rapidly 
 revived all the ideas and associations that 
 lay in pcena itself. It put itself first on high 
 moral ground exclusively. It put itself next 
 on divine juridical ground exclusively. It 
 seems to have met Meravom near the close 
 of the second century, when Christian ideas 
 were beginning to find utterance in the Latin 
 tongue. Up to that moment the universal 
 church, even in Rome itself, spoke but one 
 language the language of the New Testa- 
 ment. But now the " Old Latin " version 
 arose in North Africa, and the Latin lawyer 
 Tertullian began to write. 
 
 The springs which hitherto had burst from 
 the hills were now made to send their living 
 waters through a Roman aqueduct. Practi- 
 cal and available precision of idea set in. 
 The Latin version began to mould the theol- 
 ogy of the age. 
 
 It is quite evident that Merdvoia was al- 
 ready in a condition to meet the new move- 
 "3
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pxnitentia. 
 
 ment half-way. It had degenerated from its 
 New Testament use. It had subsided from 
 its apostolic height. We have neither time 
 nor space for reasons and conjectures why, 
 as they suggest themselves in contemplating 
 a period of which we know very little, except 
 that there was a general declension after the 
 Apostolic Age. But it would seem as if M- 
 rdvoia had already lost its etymology, and 
 now drew its signification from the idea of 
 fj-erd and dvota, a return from madness or 
 folly. We know at least this much: that 
 Lactantius, a century later, so understood 
 and interpreted it, giving his impression of its 
 import in the rendering resipiscentia, a word 
 which Beza afterwards worked for what it was 
 worth, in his avoidance of the Romish poeni- 
 tentia of the Vulgate. But at the time we 
 are speaking of, Merdvoia, now possibly no 
 higher than Metame'leia, appears to have 
 assimilated itself very kindly with, pcenitentia, 
 which, accordingly, with Roman promptitude 
 and energy, at once undertook to dominate 
 and direct the thought of the Church. 
 
 After this a sad fate awaited Meravom 
 itself. Having thus sunk its apostolic iden- 
 114
 
 ''Repentance " Persistent Latin. 
 
 tity, its degeneration went on in the usage of 
 Greek ecclesiastical speech, till finally it sank 
 so low as to stand only for a minor penitential 
 genuflection ; so many " metanoias " say, 
 bowings of the head for such and such a 
 peccadillo ! 
 
 Strangely and curiously enough, too, the 
 original New Testament idea of it was only 
 finally saved by the symbol with which it 
 had been scripturally coupled, /Mimosa 
 Meravotac. 1 " Baptism," a word adopted let- 
 ter for letter by the Latin from the Greek, 
 but coupled in the Latin version with poeni- 
 
 1 It is very clear to us that the " Baptisma" of 
 John, as twinned with his " Metanoia," was a sym- 
 bol of revivification an intimation of it as it was 
 afterwards apostolically understood. The idea of 
 water as a symbol of cleansing was obvious, com- 
 monplace, and universal. But this rite was, in the 
 whole tremendous manner of it, an invocation of the 
 power of water in a way that was as profound, pecu- 
 liar, and original as Christianity itself. It pointed 
 expressly to the work of the Spirit, which was not 
 to purify but to re-create. And it pointed as expres- 
 sively to the work of water as the renewer and re- 
 storer of life. We can only hint at this its sugges- 
 tive coincidence with the meaning of Metanoia. The 
 view can be impressively substantiated, but not now, 
 and here. 
 
 "5
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia. 
 
 tentia, in the sense of "purification," had in 
 itself strength enough to keep alive in theo- 
 logical thought its primitive and only true 
 association with " regeneration." 
 
 116
 
 IV. 
 
 THE ROMAN UTILIZATION OF " REPENTANCE." 
 
 BUT to come back to our main point. 
 Let us follow very briefly, yet, we hope, 
 sufficiently, the adventures of our nautilus 
 pcenitentia. 
 
 Tertullian tells us in the opening of his 
 " De Pcenitentia " that all former general lit- 
 erary notions of it must be dismissed ; that as 
 a Christian word it meant "a passion of the 
 mind, or grief for the offense of our former 
 acts." This exclusive exaltation of it arose 
 from the consciousness of sin in the sight of 
 God, and from its consequent emotion, which 
 was more a terror of His judgments than a 
 delight in His glad tidings. Under the fear 
 of Him and the flight from evil the life was 
 changed. The sinner, awakening to the mad- 
 ness of his course, took shelter in the Chris- 
 tian community as in a city of refuge, and 
 there, in that centre of light, his soul became 
 117
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia. 
 
 irradiated with the joy of faith, the conscious- 
 ness also of having been redeemed, and hence 
 of absolute security in the household which 
 gathered around the table of the Lord. 
 
 But in the practical working of that com- 
 munity of grateful love in the saving presence 
 of Christ, the sinful propensities of human 
 nature proved too irrepressible ; the theoreti- 
 cal horror, also, of evil in that age of specu- 
 lation over it, in addition to this practical 
 experience with it, proved too intense ; and 
 the juridical tradition of the Old Testament, 
 besides, was felt to be too authoritative (the 
 New Testament had scarcely been put to- 
 gether yet), for the idea of pcsnitentia to re- 
 main in its single and simple form. The 
 Roman genius for law and practical organ- 
 ization, therefore, soon laid hold of it, and 
 began to develop all its resources from that 
 time on. 
 
 The word began by meeting admirably, be- 
 cause after a legal manner, a difficulty which 
 had developed itself in the Christian com- 
 munity from the very beginning. We find 
 it spoken of as so applied in the latter part 
 of Tertullian's treatise. He speaks of those 
 118
 
 The Roman Utilization of '" Repentance" 
 
 who had turned out derelict to the faith and 
 delinquent to its righteousness, and who had 
 therefore brought reproach upon the com- 
 munity. The Church had to vindicate its 
 own purity before the world, and yet, unlike 
 the State under similar circumstances, it had 
 to sympathize in mercy with the sinner. So 
 potnitentia now came before it not only, as at 
 first, with the signification of tears unto turn- 
 ing, but of tears unto returning ; not only "pri- 
 mary repentance" but "secondary repentance" 
 as Tertullian terms it. Under the strange 
 and pathetic phenomenon of the excommu- 
 nicated the penitents, as they came to be 
 called praying for restoration, a condition 
 of things daily increasing in intensity and be- 
 coming a fixed feature in the Church, the word 
 soon concentrated most of its force upon the 
 latter meaning. It developed a growing legal 
 aspect as it elaborated itself in dealing both 
 justly and mercifully with the crowd of peni- 
 tents which thronged about the church doors 
 and even groveled at the feet of the presbyters, 
 pleading for readmission. There they were, 
 making their appeal in every possible way, 
 trying to purge themselves by voluntary aus- 
 terities, to expiate their offense by self-punish- 
 119
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Potnitentia. 
 
 ments, and to make satisfaction to the authori- 
 ties by such outward demonstrations of sorrow 
 as would prove their sincerity. And all the 
 Church could do was to cry, as it now sup- 
 posed John the Baptist to have cried, " ' Pceni- 
 tentiam agite! " " Do penance! " and to set 
 about reducing the business of restoration to 
 a system, the contrivance of various tests and 
 conditions under which it could, with safety 
 to itself and a good conscience towards God, 
 " remit " the sin and readmit the sinner. 
 
 Then began a question and controversy, 
 which lasted for many generations, over the 
 extent of the Church's authority to legislate 
 against sin, and to occupy the judgment-seat, 
 and to administer the prerogative of God in 
 " pardoning " or " absolving." 
 
 It was a blind work that it had undertaken, 
 for it could not see into the heart ; it could 
 only judge by the outside ; and it could only 
 exact coarse external evidences of reforma- 
 tion. The whole realm of the inward mind 
 and of the inner motives was out of its prov- 
 ince ; and therefore just so much of the King- 
 dom of God as was " within " and that came 
 not " with observation " was beyond its juris- 
 diction.
 
 The Roman Utilization of " Repentance" 
 
 Nevertheless the Roman genius rose to the 
 occasion, and did not hesitate to construct 
 the scales of divine justice with greater and 
 greater ingenuity of elaboration, and with 
 fitter and fitter adaptation to its own ready 
 handling. 
 
 It were needless to follow our nautilus 
 pcenitentia as it went on from epoch to 
 epoch, camerating itself around one crisis 
 after another, and evolving a whole system 
 of expiatory penalties, until it culminated fi- 
 nally in the " Sacrament of Penance," a grand 
 purgative transaction under hierarchical ad- 
 ministration, with a jurisdiction extending, on 
 the one hand, into Purgatory for the dead, 
 and, on the other, into the equally question- 
 able realm of Casuistry for the living. 
 
 However, it looked at last as if the Latin 
 creature had expended all its vitality and 
 was about to turn into death and corruption, 
 when it reached the climax of its assumption 
 in the sale of indulgences, and the conse- 
 quent reaction of the Reformation burst 
 upon Christendom. One would suppose that 
 the word would have perished in Protestant-
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia. 
 
 ism after it had led the Church up to such a 
 scandalous catastrophe as the loss of its hier- 
 archical hold on the conscience and the future 
 destiny of mankind. But no. The Refor- 
 mation turned out to be only the reconstruc- 
 tion of another chamber. The inexhaustible 
 energy and persistency of a word which had 
 so powerful an etymology, and a usage in 
 idea which had all along been nourished 
 by the Vulgate, now came forth in a new 
 manifestation. Instead of drawing back into 
 its shell and dying there, pcenitentia magni- 
 fied itself the more. It began to secrete for 
 itself a more roomy and refined compartment. 
 Under the influence of the Vulgate it rose 
 anew in almost every European version of 
 the New Testament ; and in no version, 
 though direct from the Greek, did Merdvoia 
 in its high apostolic meaning find room 
 enough to breathe. The Latin substitute re- 
 mained in all its primeval force, still keeping 
 up its suction from its Aryan origin in the 
 idea of purgation, only dropping its coarse 
 medieval accretions ; and so around it gath- 
 ered again the fabric of the modern popular 
 theology, still Latin to the core. 
 
 122
 
 V. 
 
 THE GOSPEL IN THE SHADOW OF THE LAW. 
 
 IN the facile English tongue the Latin 
 cephalopod pcenitentia put forth three ten- 
 tacles under which English Christianity en- 
 tered upon its practical conception of the 
 Gospel. All three may now be found in the 
 English Prayer-book happily only two of 
 them in the American: "penance" in the 
 sense of discipline ; "penitence" in the sense 
 of contrition ; and " repentance " or " re-peni- 
 tence" in the sense of such an effectual work- 
 ing of either or of both as resulted in amend- 
 ment of life. 
 
 As " repentance" therefore, it took the fore- 
 most place, and as " repentance" though often 
 badly confounded with the other two, it was 
 now expounded as identical in meaning with 
 Mera'vom, dragging back the Greek idea into 
 its own limitations, and so attenuating the
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia. 
 
 substance of the Greek word as finally to put 
 its ideal quality out of sight altogether. Me- 
 rdvota was again Latinized out of its very 
 soul, and its essence shrank away into a cir- 
 cumstance. 
 
 A scholar and theologian like Jeremy Tay- 
 lor (who wrote his great treatise on "Repen- 
 tance " about forty years after 1 6 1 1 , in order 
 to correct the false impressions which were in- 
 evitable to the word), might do his best to fix 
 and distinguish the lost meaning, and to as- 
 semble under the term " repentance " the ideas 
 of "faith" and "renewal" and "reconcilia- 
 tion," but the word was not to be so easily 
 rarified out of its concrete force. With all 
 his ingenuity it baffled and contradicted him. 
 He could not make it " serve his turn," as he 
 said it would. 
 
 And so it will always stand for what it origi- 
 nally was, and so it will always reverse the 
 theory and the action of the Gospel. Its mis- 
 leading tendency can never be expounded out 
 of it. It will always give the Gospel a legal 
 aspect ; it will always, therefore, dim the near 
 Fatherhood of God in setting Him upon a 
 distant judgment-seat ; it will always put 
 124
 
 The Gospel in ttie Shadow of the Law. 
 
 Christ in a wrong relation to both God and 
 man ; it will always proclaim that man must 
 be purged from sin by his own self-condem- 
 nation and by his formal discharge from a 
 Divine Tribunal, and not set free (dfeotg), 
 first and essentially, through that renewal of 
 his nature (Merdvoia) under the knowledge 
 of God in Christ and the inspiration of the 
 Spirit, by which only the strength of sin is 
 undermined and the creative work of God 
 in the soul resumed. 
 
 It is useless, also, to deny or ignore the 
 fact of this perversion and reversal of the 
 ideally sublime and gracious message of the 
 good tidings of great joy, in the presence of 
 the forbidding systems of theology, partly in- 
 herited from Latin sources, partly constructed 
 by modern ingenuity, which have been nur- 
 tured and sustained, as well as, to a degree, 
 originally inspired, by this Latin conception of 
 poenitentia. With the undying legalism which 
 is imbedded in it ; with its undying reminis- 
 cence of vengeance, of punishment, of expi- 
 ation; with its undying suggestion that the 
 Change of Mind is only a change of will 
 wrought by fear; with its undying determi- 
 nation towards a theory of radical corruption 
 125
 
 TJie Eclipse of Metdnoia by Poenitentia. 
 
 in which tears are an all-powerful cleansing 
 agent ; with its too ready readaptation, there- 
 fore, of the method in which human nature 
 was dealt with in the Old Testament as 
 itself a creature of the law, whether Mosaic 
 or Roman it has erected a judgment-seat 
 in the heavens and earth, and put upon 
 the face of God the frown of outraged jus- 
 tice, and lowered the great and graphic met- 
 aphor which pervades the New Testament 
 simply for convenience and vividness of 
 expression in an age and to a people pene- 
 trated with legal ideas into an actual divine 
 reality ; pressing the pervading parable liter- 
 ally, as corresponding point for point to the 
 forensic and judicial arrangements which 
 have come up in communities of men when 
 dealing with evil. 
 
 Even thus, as we conceive, has this court- 
 room conception of Christianity been made 
 its working theory, ever since the penitential 
 idea was given this initial and commanding 
 position in the New Testament and in the 
 Church. 
 
 "Repentance" when all its etymological 
 potency is challenged and drawn out by its 
 126
 
 The Gospel in the Shadow of the Law, 
 
 use as a theological word, or rather as a dog- 
 matic key-word as it is when it is put in 
 the place of Merdvota dominates the whole 
 conception of the Gospel. It not only, as 
 we say, reverses the order of its thought, 
 and gives a wrong deflection to its ideas, 
 but it infects everything within its reach. 
 
 It throws a shadow here and a color there 
 even over the translation of the Greek Tes- 
 tament, and sustains the Latin tinge which 
 pervades the texture of its English every- 
 where. It has thus obscured the absolute 
 originality of the New Testament as com- 
 pared with the Old. And it has thus facili- 
 tated the perpetuation of Judaism in the 
 Church that is, the dominance of external- 
 ism in taste and sentiment ; of mechanism in 
 methods of faith and devotion ; of artificial- 
 ism in thought and feeling ; of literalism and 
 conventionalism all that is fatal to mental 
 breadth and spiritual depth, all that shuts the 
 universal humanity of Christ out of the uni- 
 versal heart. 
 
 And yet " repentance " is a word of indis- 
 pensable value to us if it can be kept where 
 it originally belonged in Latin literature, and 
 127
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Panitentia. 
 
 where it really belongs now in common Eng- 
 lish speech ; if it can be kept in the meaning 
 it had in popular usage before its etymology 
 was roused into activity by its adoption as a 
 dogmatic principle, and before the call "Re- 
 pent ye! " was understood to be the creative 
 fiat of the new heavens and the new earth. 
 We have to be grateful to the practical Latin 
 genius for an expression which seizes upon 
 all that poignancy of feeling with which the 
 enlightened conscience turns against sin, and 
 which describes with a dignity and depth given 
 to no other word that sense of unworthiness 
 and guiltiness which grows more and more 
 acute as the standard of righteousness rises 
 before every heart. In that, its true sphere, 
 it is indeed a divine sequel to Meravom, the 
 shadow which witnesses to the power of that 
 refulgent word. When we "turn from the 
 darkness to the light " which is the mean- 
 ing of Meravom it is a remnant of the dark- 
 ness, our individual, personal share of it, 
 dogging our footsteps and keeping us humble 
 amid all the glory that shines about us in the 
 knowledge of Jesus Christ. May it always 
 express the " Metame'leia " which it properly 
 translates, and which Bishop Westcott defines 
 128
 
 The Gospel in the Shadow of the Law. 
 
 so well to be " a special relation to the past ; 
 a feeling of regret for a particular action, 
 which may be deepened into remorse," and 
 we may take the liberty of reminding him, 
 with Scripture authority for it (see Matt. xxi. 
 29, where the son who refused to go to work 
 "afterward repented himself, and went") 
 deepened also into such a revulsion of feel- 
 ing as brings with it amendment of conduct. 
 
 Most true is it, then, that, as Bishop West- 
 cott says, " the force of words is not limited 
 by their etymology;" but the remark cannot 
 be applied, as he intends it to be applied, to 
 " repentance" as an expression so plastic as 
 to be easily moulded into the great meaning 
 of MeTdvoia. The energy of its etymology 
 is too monopolizing, too pervadingly positive, 
 as all its history shows, when given a tempt- 
 ing occasion. It has been even powerful, 
 aggressive, and intrusive enough to put the 
 light of Merdvoia under a bushel for ages, 
 and no hopeful theory over the manipulation 
 of words to suit our purpose ought to per- 
 suade us to trust it again. 
 
 129
 
 VI. 
 
 "DISASTROUS TWILIGHT" IN THE REVISED 
 VERSION. 
 
 WE are so careful in making a strong point 
 of this because the revisers themselves were 
 evidently influenced by a contrary impression 
 when they decided not only to let the trans- 
 lation of Meravom alone, but decided also to 
 pass so quietly over it as not even to awaken 
 a suspicion or a question as to its absolute 
 equivalence. Indeed, Bishop Westcott would 
 seem to be giving their view of the matter, 
 and speaking on their behalf, when he says, 
 " It was impossible to displace ' repent] ' re- 
 pentance] which, though originally inade- 
 quate, are capable of receiving the full mean- 
 ing of the original" 
 
 This, it will be noticed, is his idea of the 
 " transfiguration " of " repentance " put in a 
 different way. It is an expression of confi- 
 dence in the readiness of that Latin word to 
 130
 
 "Disastrous Twilight" in the Revised Version. 
 
 take the stamp of the Greek word so thor- 
 oughly that its own original image would be 
 obliterated, its own identity be lost. In de- 
 fault of the power to get rid of it, it could 
 be made to do. All that he had just defined 
 Meravom to be " an intellectual and moral 
 regeneration " all the " apostolic force " 
 that we have claimed for Merdvoia, which 
 he admits to be a true exposition, is to be 
 put into it. Its etymology is to be ignored. 
 Its history is to be ignored. Even its every- 
 day usage is to be ignored. It is to be arbi- 
 trarily understood to convey the " full mean- 
 ing of the original " for which it has so long 
 stood, and nevermore any meaning which it 
 has all along had. It is only a Latin word 
 with a Greek face. It spells "repentance" 
 but it is to be pronounced " Metanoia." 
 
 What a curious spectacle would be pre- 
 sented if this could be done, and what a con- 
 fession it would be of the impotence of our 
 own tongue under the paralysis of a tradi- 
 tion! A word which was once thought to 
 be a translation, but which has since turned 
 out to be a perversion, going back into the 
 original by a process of absorption, and hence- 
 forth depending upon the original for its defi-
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia. 
 
 nition! This would be putting the moon 
 into the eye of the sun and expecting the 
 sun to shine. Neither luminary would then 
 give its appointed light. It would be an 
 eclipse of the greater by the lesser : Merdvoia 
 turned into nought but a lurid ring, because 
 of the ball of blackness at the centre of it. 
 
 It was to avoid the possibility of just such 
 a " disastrous twilight " that, as Bishop West- 
 cott says, " it was of paramount importance " 
 to keep the word "repentance" clear and 
 absolute in the version, unmixed with any 
 association with its own former idea. In 
 the version it should represent Merdvoia, 
 and Meravom alone. Then the reader of 
 the Revised Version, having discovered that 
 " repentance " was a translation upwards into 
 the meaning of Meravota, would not be dis- 
 tracted from that conception of it, either by 
 anything which "repent" might mean in 
 popular speech, or by what it might mean 
 elsewhere in the New Testament itself. 
 
 But out of this "paramount" necessity 
 there arose a difficulty, as it turned out, 
 which the revisers did not and could not suc- 
 cessfully overcome. "Repent " had a double 
 132
 
 "Disastrous Twilight' 1 '' in the Revised Version. 
 
 in the New Testament that would not do\vn. 
 There before them was Merafie^eoOai (" Meta- 
 m61esthai "), formidable and unremovable be- 
 cause of its rightful claim to both the physi- 
 ognomy and the soul of the word " repent" 
 as men generally use it on serious occasions. 
 And Bishop Westcott is obliged to admit 
 that in only one instance was it made to 
 give way and go out of sight. Everywhere 
 else it stood its ground, or rather its ground 
 had to be yielded, because no other of its 
 English kindred had weight and dignity 
 enough to fill its place. 
 
 So the two luminaries of the Greek orig- 
 inal the one idea which rules the night of 
 regret over things of the past, and figures so 
 powerfully in the darkness of the Old Testa- 
 ment as the reflection of a sun as yet unrisen ; 
 and the other idea which rules the day of 
 faith and righteousness, the sun that has since 
 risen in the New are represented in the Re- 
 vised Version under conditions of most singu- 
 lar aberration and confusion. The lesser orb 
 not only shines alone in its proper sphere six 
 times out of seven, but also invades the day, 
 even to hiding the very disk of the daylight, 
 even to robbing it of its distinction as well 
 133
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pueniientia. 
 
 as its function, even to making, through the 
 mixture of the two, a ghastly monotone of all 
 its twoscore and thirteen variants of light. 
 
 Such, then, is the result of the endeavor 
 to cope with these two words in the original. 
 "Repentance " has been given a heightened or 
 intensified signification wherever it stands 
 for Uerdvota, and in its possession of this 
 is to be its sole distinction. But when and 
 where the distinction is to be made is left 
 to the unlearned reader to find out for him- 
 self. In one part of the New Testament 
 "repent" means one thing, and in another 
 part another thing; and so, between these 
 two stools of "repentance" he is still in as 
 much danger as before the revision, of fall- 
 ing into that low conception of the apos- 
 tolic idea which generally prevails. 
 
 Let us, now, however, draw from this mix- 
 ture of the two words in the English Version 
 a fair inference as to what " the repentance of 
 the Gospel " is supposed to mean. 
 
 First, it is a retrospective act of the mind. 
 
 Second, it is a feeling specifically directed 
 against sin.
 
 "Disastrous Twilight" in the Revised Version. 
 
 Third, it is this in such intense action that 
 it brings about a change in the conduct and 
 life. 
 
 Fourth, it is this, also, in such effective 
 action that it takes hold of the mind; so 
 working upon the will as to change the men- 
 tal habit and attitude, thus amounting to a 
 conversion of the whole nature. 
 
 Fifth, and this mental and spiritual atti- 
 tude towards sin is the full import of the word 
 Msrdvoia. 
 
 Now the obvious thought that occurs to one 
 is this : the whole of the above conception of 
 "repentance 1 '' could have been easily put, by 
 the New Testament writers, into the com- 
 pass of Meraf/eAeta (" Metameleia") which 
 means " after-care." Why did they not do it? 
 The expression would have lent itself most 
 kindly to such a purpose. It could have been 
 made to rise to any measure of that idea under 
 their heightening hands. Besides that, Mera- 
 jtieAem and Merdvota were often very near in 
 signification, as employed in popular speech 
 among the Greeks. They ran in close par- 
 allel on certain occasions so much so that 
 one would do as well as the other ; though 
 on other occasions they could diverge very
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Panitentia. 
 
 widely apart. Why was MeTa^eAem so care- 
 fully avoided, and Merdvoia so conspicuously 
 chosen? Because the idea of an after-care 
 concentrated upon sin was not comprehen- 
 sive enough. It did not take in the regener- 
 ative motive and principle. It did not sug- 
 gest the illuminated condition and action of 
 the whole Mind Mind in the sense of Noi>? 
 under which sin would lose its hold, would 
 become less and less a dominating and de- 
 flecting thing, and faith become more and 
 more a foremost and active instinct ; under 
 which the nerve would be more firm, the eye 
 more fixed, in the aim at the mark, in the 
 run for the goal. Hence, then came the 
 selection and uniform employment of Mera- 
 voia, for the Mind turning from darkness be- 
 cause of the coming of light. 1 
 
 1 There are two instances in the New Testament 
 where the idea of Metame'leia, repentance, appears in 
 express and designed contrast with the idea of Meta- 
 noia, renewal of mind. 
 
 The first is in Matthew xxi. 32, where the chief 
 priests and the elders are charged not only with their 
 failure to obey at first the proclamation of Renewal 
 of Mind unto Faith in the coming Kingdom and the 
 Christ, by the Baptist, who came to them "in the 
 way of righteousness," but with " not even repenting 
 136
 
 "Disastrous Twilight" in the Revised Version. 
 
 The real potency of the new life lay in 
 prospection, not retrospection. It lay in 
 faith, not in fear. It lay in knowledge, not 
 in sorrow. It was an awakening to right- 
 eousness, and therefore a sinning not. And 
 hence, then, this is the primary word the evan- 
 gelists and apostles used, whether as initially 
 proclamative or as potentially descriptive of 
 the Christian life ; a word profound enough 
 to comprehend, and far-reaching enough to 
 
 themselves afterward " (oide 
 
 when they saw the publicans and harlots " believing " 
 
 him and entering into the Kingdom of God before them. 
 
 The other is in 2 Corinthians vii. 10, where the 
 Corinthians, having been restored to their spiritual 
 senses after a recent demoralization, under the awak- 
 ening light thrown upon their gross stupefaction by 
 St. Paul, were told by him that now they had come 
 to a Metanoia a very enthusiasm of righteousness 
 " a Metanoia not to be repented of " (d/iera/ie^rov). 
 
 Here is the only place, by the way, where the re- 
 visers felt compelled to change " repent" into " re- 
 gret." The phrase now runs, " a repentance which 
 bringeth no regret" instead of " a repentance not to 
 be repented of." St. Paul is also made to " regret," 
 not " repent," his severe letter. 
 
 How badly mixed were the ideas of the old trans- 
 lators over these, in this striking instance, widely 
 diverging words ! And this is all the revisers have 
 done in clarifying their confusion. 
 137
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitcntia. 
 
 prophesy, the mightiest motive which could 
 energize such a nature as that of man, namely, 
 the personal power of the Son of God ; and 
 the mightiest influence which could enter his 
 inmost being to the upbuilding of his char- 
 acter and life, namely, the inspiration of the 
 Spirit of God. 
 
 But what the apostolic mind refused to 
 do, even with the legalism of the Old Testa- 
 ment before it, the translating mind, under 
 the influence of that very precedent and of 
 a prevailing fashion of following it, has in- 
 sisted upon doing. It has insisted upon im- 
 posing the translation of the idea of Mera- 
 jueAeta upon the idea of Merdvoia ; and it has 
 undertaken to do what the original writers 
 did not undertake to do to expand the idea 
 of " repentance " (Merajite/lem) into the mean- 
 ing of Merdvota. What is more remarkable 
 still, it has undertaken to adapt " repentance " 
 to that high expression of Faith unto the 
 Renewal of the spirit of the Mind, even after 
 it has been so thoroughly sophisticated and 
 artificialized under its Romish use, and, we 
 might add, after it has been since so habitu- 
 ally limited by its Protestant interpretation. 
 138
 
 VII. 
 
 THE POWER OF LATIN PRESCRIPTION. 
 
 Now how can we account for all this on 
 the part of a body of men so learned, so judi- 
 cious, so conscientious, and so courageous as 
 the revisers undoubtedly were ? How can we 
 account for their impression that " it was im- 
 possible to displace 'repent,' 'repentance 1 "'? 
 How can we account for their allowing 
 themselves to be in a position under which 
 the proper disposal of Meravom and Mera- 
 /^Aem, and of the idea of " repentance " as 
 supposed to be shared by both, should have 
 "offered great difficulties in translation"? 
 How can we account, also, for the general 
 sentiment of the Christian world which made 
 it so quiet under such a mistranslation that 
 the question was never raised before the 
 revision nor during it at least not raised 
 enough to make it advisable to take the
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Paenitentia. 
 
 slightest apparent notice of this gross and 
 dangerous rendering when they passed their 
 microscope over it ? 
 
 The only answer is a very human and 
 therefore a very humiliating one. It was 
 all owing to the paralyzing power of a long- 
 established precedent to the impalpable 
 pressure of authority and example. It was 
 all owing to the insidious influence of a Latin 
 tradition, not only as felt in the general 
 Latin texture of English speech, but as it 
 had in this case become embalmed in a 
 body of Latinized doctrine, most ancient and 
 venerable ; in a theological spicery strong 
 enough, when diffused in the Jerusalem 
 chamber, to deaden even the sensibility of 
 the alert intelligence which is now awakening 
 to the dawn of a Greek age and a Johan- 
 nine Christianity. Yes, strange as it may 
 be to think such a thing, it was all owing 
 to the long-armed Vulgate prescription, 
 which had held every previous version of the 
 New Testament in its grip, even from the 
 days of the independent Tyndale, and the 
 power of which was felt even by those who 
 retouched his work at the close of the nine- 
 teenth century, even as it was felt by those 
 140
 
 T/'ie Power of Latin Prescription. 
 
 who had retouched it in the opening of the 
 seventeenth. 
 
 What is more remarkable to observe is 
 by way of showing ho\v persistent and special 
 the descent of this tradition has been that 
 it appears nowhere else in the version than in 
 this one consecrated line. Whenever Noiig 
 by itself, or in any of its other combinations, 
 comes up in the translation, the revisers seem 
 to breathe free, and render it with a full 
 recognition of its noetic or intellectual ele- 
 ment. It is almost an entertaining task to 
 go over all these passages, and to see how 
 fresh this atmosphere is all about them. We 
 had written out the whole of them for inser- 
 tion here, but this Supplementary Essay is 
 already too long, and we can only give the 
 references. Compare, in all cases, the Re- 
 vised Version and the suggestive context. 
 
 Noi)c, mind, understanding. The revisers, 
 unlike the Authorized Version, have ren- 
 dered it exclusively so, with the unfortunate 
 exception of not drawing the line between it 
 and 0pov7/jua, the dispositional idea of mental 
 action. (Luke xxiv. 45 ; Rom. i. 28, vii. 23, 
 141
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia. 
 
 25, xi. 34, xii. 2, xiv. 5 ; i Cor. i. 10, ii. 16, 
 xiv. 14, 15, 19; Eph. iv. 17, 23; Phil. iv. 7; 
 Col. ii. 18; 2 Thess. ii. 2 ; i Tim. vi. 5 ; 2 
 Tim. iii. 8 ; Tit. i. 15 ; Rev. xiii. 18, xvii. g.) 
 
 Neoo), to see, to perceive, to understand. 
 (Matt. xv. 17, xvi. 9, n, xxiv. 15 ; Mark vii. 
 18, viii. 17, xiii. 14; John xii. 40; Rom. i. 
 20; Eph. iii. 4, 20; i Tim. i. 17 ; 2 Tim. ii. 
 7 ; Heb. xi. 3.) 
 
 No7//Lta, a perception, a thought, a purpose. 
 (2 Cor. ii. u, iii. 14, iv. 4, x. 5, xi. 3; Phil, 
 iv. 7.) 
 
 Amvota, a thinking through, the mind, the 
 understanding. (Matt. xxii. 37 ; Mark xii. 30 ; 
 Luke i. 51, x. 27 ; Eph. ii. 3, iv. 18; Col. i. 
 21 ; Heb. viii. 10, x. 16 ; i Pet. i. 13 ; 2 Pet. 
 iii. i ; i John v. 20.) 
 
 Aiavorftia, thought, purpose. (Luke xi. 1 7.) 
 
 "Avom, want of understanding. (Luke vi. 
 
 1 1 ; 2 Tim. iii. 9.) 
 
 "Evvoji, thought, intent, purpose. (Heb. iv. 
 
 12 ; i Pet. iv. i.) 
 
 'AvorjTog, unthinking, not understanding. 
 (Luke xxiv. 25; Rom. i. 14; Gal. iii. i, 3; 
 i Tim. vi. 9 ; Tit. iii. 3.) 
 
 "Ayvota, ignorance. (Acts iii. 17, xvii. 30 ; 
 Eph. iv, 18; i Pet. i. 14.) 
 142
 
 The Power of Latin Prescription. 
 
 'A.yv6r]fia, ignorance (involuntary). (Heb. 
 ix. 7, margin.) 
 
 'E-ivoia, a thinking upon, thought, (Acts 
 viii. 22.) 
 
 'Tnovoia, a surmise, (i Tim. vi. 4.) 
 
 Upovoeu, to foresee, to perceive before. 
 (Rom. xii. 17 ; 2 Cor. viii. 21 ; i Tim. v. 8.) 
 
 Ilpovoia, foresight, forethought. (Acts 
 xxiv. 3 ; Rom. xiii. 14.) 
 
 'Ayvoew, not to perceive, not to know. 
 (Mark ix. 32; Luke ix. 45; Acts xiii. 27, 
 xvii. 23; Rom. i. 13, ii. 4, vi. 3, vii. i, x. 3, 
 xi. 25 ; i Cor. xi., xiv. 38 ; 2 Cor. i. 8, ii. 1 1, 
 vi. 9 ; Gal. i. 22 ; i Tim. i. 13 ; Heb. v. 2 ; 
 2 Pet. ii. 12.) 
 
 "Tnovoed), to conjecture, to surmise. (Acts 
 xiii. 25, xxv. 1 8, xxvii. 27.) 
 
 Karavoeco, to see or perceive clearly, observe, 
 consider. (Matt. vii. 3; Luke vi. 41, xii. 24, 
 27, xx. 23 ; Acts vii. 31, 32, xi. 6, xxvii. 39 ; 
 Rom.iv.ig; Heb.iii. i,x.24 ; James 1.23,24.) 
 
 Here are surely instances enough if not 
 all limited to close variants of Noew and 
 NoOc, where their noetic or perceptive ele- 
 ment, the very core of their meaning, is both 
 recognized and rendered by the revisers, 
 often with great spiritual significance. 
 H3
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pxnitentia. 
 
 But Meravoeo) and M.erdvoia, words from 
 the same mental stem, variants of the same 
 intellectual idea, appear fifty-three times in 
 the Greek Testament, only to disappear in 
 the version! Not a sign, not a suggestion, 
 of their real quality is conveyed to the Eng- 
 lish reader! They have been kept and set 
 apart to preserve and perpetuate the Latin 
 tradition of " repent" " repentance" 
 
 The Greek pith has been pushed out of 
 Merdvoia that it may pipe the Miserere \ 
 
 144
 
 VIII. 
 
 THE TRUE INTERPRETATION. 
 
 IT would have gone far to soften this situa- 
 tion if the revisers had asked their eminent 
 colleague, who had already done so much in 
 furnishing them with the purest Greek text, 
 to furnish them also with a marginal note 
 which should throw a distinguishing side- 
 light into their metanoian "repent" and 
 "repentance." If they had, it would prob- 
 ably have been this : "A general Change of 
 Mind, which becomes in its fullest development 
 an intellectual and moral Regeneration." And 
 if they had, these old Latin words, so pal- 
 pably inadequate and incongruous, would 
 have been on the way to be "displaced," 
 both unceremoniously and soon. 
 
 But as the margin has been left without this 
 illustration, the only alternative now would 
 seem to be the very unsatisfactory one which
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pcenitentia, 
 
 is intimated in Bishop Westcott's personal 
 note to us : 
 
 " The preacher and the scholar must trans- 
 figure ' repentance] even as fides and gratia 
 have been transfigured. In this work your 
 essay will, I trust, be of eminent service." 
 
 Which can only mean that, the revisers 
 having failed to do it, or to do anything 
 about it, the task of making the best of an 
 inadequate and misleading translation is 
 now thrown upon the pulpit and the com- 
 mentators. 
 
 This is not a pleasant fact to face: that 
 the original Scriptures should, in any essen- 
 tial part or in any vital word, be so incom- 
 municable to the people, that the people must 
 be dependent upon their teachers not only for 
 exposition, but for revelation itself. Such, 
 we take it, is not the true idea of a version, 
 and one may well be impatient if the cause 
 for it should not reside in the original, but 
 in some conventionalism of habit or taste or 
 theory or principle on the part of the trans- 
 lators, which has abridged the capacity of 
 our own language. And one may be sure 
 that if darkness does still rest on any por- 
 146
 
 The True Interpretation. 
 
 tion of our version the fault lies in a hesita- 
 tion to employ the full freedom of the Eng- 
 lish tongue. But we do not say, in saying 
 this, that any darkness, or shadow of dark- 
 ness, still lingers over the work of the revis- 
 ers because of their unwillingness to remove 
 it through any such cause, or that they were 
 conscious of any such cause, even in regard 
 to this rendering of Me-dvota. 
 
 Most especially do we personally feel this 
 when we have the great scholar and preacher 
 in mind who sat so high in the counsels of 
 the revisers, and upon whose endorsement of 
 our exposition of the Greek word we set so 
 high a value. We have ventured to differ 
 with him only on a question of judgment, 
 wherein he may be wise and we unwise. 
 He would not disturb a rendering around 
 which for ages many venerable associations 
 have gathered, and the removal of which 
 would disarrange many doctrinal concep- 
 tions. As he looks upon it, to "displace" 
 it would be to displace a corner-stone ; and 
 though he is ready to admit that it was " orig- 
 inally inadequate," yet he evidently thinks 
 less harm would result if it were quietly and
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by Pxnitentia. 
 
 gradually changed for another, which, though 
 retaining the name, would be the genuine 
 stone. Such a substitution, he thinks, would 
 become practicable in the progress of public 
 sentiment, or, as he calls it, " Christian use." 
 Doubtless there are many who would agree 
 with him in this method of meeting the enor- 
 mous difficulty of repairing a very serious 
 error which has so many ages for its sanction 
 and a remote antiquity for its origin. 
 
 Our own belief in the utter impractica- 
 bility of this way of dealing with it we have 
 now tried to express in the best way we could. 
 We would make the change at once in the 
 text of the translation. We would remove 
 the idea and the words "repent" "repentance " 
 from every part of the New Testament except 
 where they represent the idea of Msra^eAem ; 
 and we would have it so, that no sermon or 
 treatise should employ the expressions except 
 in the sense of "sorrow" or "regret." And 
 we would do this now in the interest of truth, 
 in the interest of genuine Christianity, in the 
 interest of an age which does not fear to face 
 a fact, whatever be the consequences. 
 
 As we have said before, so we say again : 
 148
 
 The True Interpretation. 
 
 we do not believe in the process of " trans- 
 figuration," when it is to be attempted upon 
 a word of such a character, and containing in 
 itself such a latent dogmatic force, as " re- 
 pentance" The only safety is in letting it, 
 dogmatically, alone, in dropping it, dogmatic- 
 ally, out, and in retaining it only in its pop- 
 ular and strictly Scriptural sense a regret for 
 something that is past, and a regret that, in 
 a matter of wrong-doing, may deepen into a 
 " godly sorrow " ; and this " regret " we would 
 always call "repent.'" All this we say be- 
 cause we believe that, so long as the word is 
 used for Merdroia, the characteristic key-note 
 of Christianity will give not only an uncertain, 
 but a radically reversing, as well as a mis- 
 leading, sound : the world will lose the orig- 
 inal and innermost, the initial and guiding 
 principle of the religion of Jesus Christ. 
 
 In regard to the instances mentioned by 
 Bishop Westcott of the successful transfigure- 
 ment of " faith " and " grace," despite their 
 Latin perversion, it seems to us that they 
 are hardly a parallel. Only theologians are 
 familiar with any ancient association of those 
 words which would despoil them now of their 
 149
 
 The Eclipse of Metdnoia by P&nitentia. 
 
 depth and beauty. They have become thor- 
 oughly English. They have no harsh historic 
 physiognomy to soften away. In neither of 
 them are we obliged to lift off a Latin cowl in 
 order to bare a Greek brow. The deep heart 
 of their Greek originals is easily to be seen in 
 the countenance of both. 
 
 And now we must add, in view of the kind 
 suggestion that in the work of "transfiguring " 
 repentance, our essay may be "of eminent 
 service," that we could look upon it with but 
 little satisfaction if we thought that, after all, 
 we had only succeeded in expounding the 
 force of "repentance " in a way that reconciled 
 the preacher and scholar the more to the old 
 rendering, and had only helped, therefore, 
 to confirm the esoteric position in which the 
 word at present stands, namely, a position 
 under which those who are learned may have 
 one consciousness in reading it in the New 
 Testament, and those who are not learned, 
 another. 
 
 In conclusion let us express again the im- 
 mense satisfaction that we have taken in the 
 remarkable definition of Merdvoia by this dis- 
 150
 
 The True Interpretation. 
 
 tinguished scholar and theologian, an eminent 
 authority in Greek and a master in English, 
 of world-wide fame. We place it with pride 
 beside those of De Quincey and Matthew 
 Arnold, as the expression of a spiritual per- 
 ception and experience which combines the 
 force of both: 
 
 Meravom describes Characteristically in the 
 Language of the Neiu Testament, a General 
 Change of Mind, which Becomes in its Full- 
 est Development an Intellectual and Moral 
 Regeneration."
 
 ASSENTING WITNESSES. 
 
 THE following letters extracts for the 
 most part were written without a thought 
 of publication. They are simple, unstudied, 
 and spontaneous expressions of interest in 
 the subject. They all refer, of course, to 
 the first essay, and have been selected out of 
 a large number (received from time to time 
 since its publication) because of their sug- 
 gestiveness, the weightiness of their indorse- 
 ment, and their contributary character, in one 
 way or another, to the substance of the essay 
 itself. 
 
 It was at first designed, when the reissue 
 of the essay was thought of, to make each 
 of them the base of a sort of excursus, of 
 greater or less length the whole group of 
 which, taken together, leading out into vari- 
 ous aspects of the subject, and developing its 
 Scriptural and theological, as well as its philo- 
 sophical and practical relations and bearings. 
 152
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 The material for all this has, however, been 
 laid aside, under an exigency which has made 
 it undesirable for the present reprint, and the 
 plan has only been carried out in the in- 
 stance of the first of the letters. (See the 
 second essay.) There were several others of 
 striking character which have consequently 
 been omitted, as the field of thought they 
 opened required especial consideration in 
 order to elicit their true value. 
 
 From the Rt. Rev. Brooke Foss Westcott, 
 D.D., U.C.L., Bishop of Durham, late Canon 
 of Westminster, and Regius Professor of Di- 
 vinity, Cambridge ; a member of the English 
 New Testament Company of the Revisers : 
 
 " There was a reference to your essay in a paper 
 on the Revised Version, in the ' Expositor.' I have 
 not a copy of the magazine at hand, but I think it 
 was in the paper which appeared in August. 
 
 " I intended to say that you had brought out with 
 singular power and truth the meaning of Merdvoia, 
 while I could not see that the translation could be 
 modified. 
 
 "The preacher and the scholar must transfigure 
 '$3
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 ' repentance,* even as ' fides ^ and 'gratia' 1 have been 
 transfigured. In this work your essay will, I trust, 
 be of eminent service. 
 
 " B. F. WESTCOTT." 
 
 II. 
 
 From the Rev. Alexander Roberts, D.D., 
 Professor of Humanity in the University of 
 St. Andrews, a member of the English New 
 Testament Company of the Revisers, and 
 author of the " Companion to the Revised 
 Version of the New Testament, Explaining 
 the Reasons for the Changes Made in the 
 Authorized Version." This handbook ac- 
 companied the issue of the Revised Version 
 in May, 1881. 
 
 " I have read with much interest your thoughtful 
 and valuable paper on ' Metanoia. ' 
 
 " The expression ' repentance,' 1 though plainly in- 
 adequate as a translation of it, has so rooted itself in 
 our language that it seems almost impossible to get 
 rid of it. 
 
 " However, we have manifestly entered on an 
 epoch of revision, and I trust you will bring your 
 suggestions under the notice of anybody that may be 
 appointed, in order, if possible, to provide an Eng- 
 lish version of the New Testament which may meet 
 with general acceptance. . . . 
 
 "ALEXANDER ROBERTS." 
 154
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 From the same at a later date. 
 
 " I hope some effectual means will be found for 
 bringing your original and striking exposition of 
 Merdiwa under the notice of scholars in this country. 
 
 " I shall see that it is submitted to those of my 
 colleagues who are likely to take an interest in the 
 subject. 
 
 "ALEXANDER ROBERTS." 
 
 in. 
 
 From the Rev. Howard Crosby, D.D., 
 LL.D., ex-Chancellor of the University of 
 New York, a member of the American New 
 Testament Company of the Revisers. 
 
 " I think you are quite right. 
 
 " I have always taught that the Metanoia of the 
 Gospel was not a sorrow for sin, but an abandon- 
 ment of sin. 
 
 " Its classical meaning is ' a change of view and 
 plan,' as in that intensely interesting part of Thucyd- 
 ides where the Athenians order the destruction of 
 the Mityleneans, and then on the next day repent. 
 There is not a particle of mourning over sin in that. 
 
 " Of course when one repents (fieravoeV) from sin 
 there will be a godly sorrow, but this is not in the 
 word. 
 
 "The Metanoia of the Jews was, as you say, a 
 change of view (and plan) from the pronoian condi- 
 '55
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 tion. Those at Pentecost thus repented, although, 
 doubtless, the majority of them were truly godly 
 men before. 
 
 "HOWARD CROSBY." 
 
 IV. 
 
 From the Rev. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., 
 Professor of Sacred Literature in the Union 
 Theological Seminary, New York, President 
 of the American Revision Committee, author 
 of " A Companion to the Greek Testament 
 and the English Version," etc. 
 
 " Many thanks to you for your able, excellent, and 
 truthful article on the meaning of Merdvota, which 
 has my cordial approval. 
 
 " Conservatism prevented a change, and the diffi- 
 culty of substituting a precise equivalent in one word. 
 " PHILIP SCHAFF." 
 
 v. 
 
 From the Very Rev. E. H. Plumptre, D.D., 
 Dean of Wells, a member of the English Old 
 Testament Company. 
 
 " Pray accept my best thanks for your very sug- 
 gestive paper. 
 
 " I quite agree with you as to the inadequacy of 
 the accepted rendering of Merdvoia, but I do not see 
 any way to a better one as yet. 
 156
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 ' ' Resipiscence ' was an attempt, but it proved 
 abortive. 
 
 " ' Change of mind ' or ' principles ' or ' heart ' is 
 cumbrous, and leaves the nature of the change unde- 
 fined. 
 
 " E. H. PLUMPTRE." 
 
 VI. 
 
 From the Rev. Edward White, author of 
 " Life in Christ," " Mystery of Growth," etc. 
 
 " LONDON, 1892. 
 
 " Some one has sent me a copy of your tract on 
 Mmzvom, but the sender has remained anonymous. 
 
 " I thank the sender anyway and the author. 
 
 " The argument has been familiar to me for fifty 
 years, and I have always regarded it as unanswer- 
 able and most important. 
 
 " I learned its nature and irresistible force in early 
 life by reading Dr. George Campbell's ' Preliminary 
 Dissertations on the Gospels ' (Principal of Marischal 
 College, Aberdeen, Scotland) (Preliminary Disserta- 
 tion No. VI.), where a very precise, full, and decisive 
 argument, both critical and spiritual, fixes the prac- 
 tical sense of Merdvowz as you have done. 
 
 " There are some valuable points brought out by 
 Principal Campbell, which I think will interest you, 
 in addition to your own. 
 
 " No doubt Dr. Campbell's ' Dissertations ' are to 
 be seen in some of your theological libraries. It is 
 157
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 a golden book, almost forgotten in the crowd of mod- 
 ern works. 
 
 " I trust that your endeavors will result in some 
 wholesome teaching on the subject of the true Merd- 
 voia in the United States. 
 
 " EDWARD WHITE, 
 
 "Author of 'Life in ChristS " 
 
 VII. 
 
 From the Rev. Alexander V. G. Allen, 
 D.D., Professor in the Episcopal Theological 
 School, Cambridge, Mass., author of "The 
 Continuity of Christian Thought: A Study 
 of Modern Theology in the Light of its 
 History," etc. 
 
 " I have read your paper on the ' Metanoia,' and 
 am greatly delighted with it. 
 
 " The thought of it goes deep down into the very 
 heart of the Christian revelation, and when the full 
 meaning of your position is taken, one can see that 
 it is the hinge upon which a truer and larger concep- 
 tion of Christianity must turn. 
 
 " It seems to me that we have been thinking in the 
 same direction. 
 
 " You have brought out the importance of the fact 
 that the new revelation found its first expression in 
 the Greek language ; and to that language we must 
 turn, if we are to get the fresh original idea in the 
 mind of its first disciples. 
 
 158
 
 Assenting Witnesses, 
 
 " When the New Testament was translated in 
 Latin there came a profound misapprehension of its 
 central positions. ' Metanoia ' is one word. So an- 
 other is ' grace,' and another is ' justification ' words 
 which fall far short as Latin equivalents for the orig- 
 inal Greek. 
 
 " I have begun later than you in taking up the 
 same issue; i.e., with the Greek fathers as the best 
 interpreters of Christianity, because they were under 
 the influence of that culture which was divinely ap- 
 pointed to create a language for the new order. 
 
 " The Latins disowned philosophy and human 
 culture. They were inclined, like true Romans, to 
 put all the mischief in the will ; heresy was a vicious 
 wilfulness ; and the trouble with the will was a weak- 
 ness or impotence toward right, which had been in- 
 herited from Adam. This vicious direction of the 
 will could only be overcome by omnipotent power 
 bearing down all finite opposition, and this power 
 which acts upon the will (grace) is conveyed through 
 outward channels. 
 
 " That was the substance of Augustinianism and 
 of Latin Christianity. It disowned the intellect as 
 having any vital connection with the regenerated 
 life. 
 
 " With the Greeks it was knowledge, which must 
 overcome the ignorance of man ; but this knowledge 
 carried with it the whole nature, as you have shown. 
 
 ' ' The essay is a beautiful, clear, and original state- 
 ment of a great issue. 
 
 "A. V. G. ALLEN."
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 From the Rev. J. F. Garrison, D.D., Pro- 
 fessor in the Protestant Episcopal Divinity 
 School, Philadelphia. 
 
 " I hope the old saw, ' Better late than never,' will 
 hold good in my acknowledgment, at this late day, of 
 the interest and value of your article on ' Metanoia.' 
 
 " I have had my pen in hand many times to do it, 
 but there was so much I wished to say about it that 
 each time I waited for a ' more convenient season,' 
 until now, in utter despair of finding leisure for this, 
 I cannot refrain longer to tell you how profoundly 
 important I feel the points you make to be. 
 
 " I have been so deeply impressed with them for 
 twenty years that I scarcely or never use the word 
 ' repent' 1 in any of its Bible references without paus- 
 ing to reiterate the true meaning of the mental and 
 spiritual process implied in the Metanoia. 
 
 " And I am sure that many of our most disastrous 
 failures in commending Christianity to unbelieving 
 minds especially minds of a manly character have 
 their cause just here. 
 
 " You have thought so much on the bearings of 
 the idea that I need not tell you how or why. 
 
 " What I wanted, however, especially to enlarge 
 upon were certain of the collateral relations of the 
 word, and its psychological connections, which I have 
 felt to be at the same time confirmations of your views 
 and expressions of its great meaning. 
 160
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 " I can only hint at them, as it has been my in- 
 ability to write more fully which has let me hitherto, 
 and I doubt not but they have occurred to you. 
 
 " I. One of these is the analogy of the use of the 
 word in the Greek of the LXX., wherein very often 
 the passages rendered ' repent,' 1 etc., in the Author- 
 ized Version are given in the Septuagint by MrravoeZv, 
 etc., with a most decided advantage to the clearness, 
 consistency, and satisfactoriness of the passage. 
 
 " 2. The remarkable significance of the word Noi)f 
 and all its derivatives in the philosophic language of 
 that age, as we learn this from the Greek, especially 
 the Alexandrian, writers. And I more and more be- 
 lieve that the language of the writers of the New 
 Testament had much in common with this. 
 
 " I cannot pause even to outline my grounds for 
 this, but they are so strong to my mind that if I were 
 in the middle instead of near the end of my mental life- 
 work I would make it the theme of an elaborate volume. 
 
 ' ' Now, in all the prevalent thought of that time, 
 ' thought ' (vovf as its reality) and ' being ' were only 
 two sides of one and the same essence. With them 
 the Real was not, as with us, the Material, but the 
 Noetic. What on the side of consciousness and ac- 
 tual verity was votiv (thought), on its side of real ex- 
 istence was elvai. To think was ' to be,' and ' to be ' 
 was essentially thought. The Spiritual was the Real, 
 and the only Real was the Spiritual. 
 
 " (And herein lies the essence of the endless dis- 
 cussion on the Real Presence. The hard-headed 
 Latin could never see that anything was Real that he 
 could not represent as quasi Material. ) 
 161
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 " Now, with this conception of voeZv, go back to 
 Metanoia, and we have the complete expression and 
 magnificent sweep of the full thought. In changing 
 the votiv of the man he has become changed in the 
 very essence of his Etvai ; ' all things have become 
 new.' 
 
 " I need not evolve the thought further. It lies 
 at the foundation of the whole Alexandrian, or rather 
 of the whole philosophic, thought of that age, and in 
 Plotinus is developed to the dialectic system with 
 which he hoped to rival Christianity, but which, by 
 its one-sided character, made it only a sublime dream 
 for the few instead of a divine life for the many. 
 
 "3. As a relique of my old medical life. Insanity 
 is not, as I think, an error of reasoning. Who rea- 
 sons so inexorably as an insane man? ' I am my 
 mind (vovf) tells me a king. Therefore I can and 
 will do as a king.' And all he does follows on strict- 
 est reasoning from his VOEIV. Change his essential 
 accepted thought self and at once he ' is ' a differ- 
 ent man. As he ' thought ' in his essential self, so 
 he ' was.' His Mer&voia at once changes his entire 
 ' being.' 
 
 " I have often presented this as a terrible analogy 
 to the condition of man as a sinner. By nature he ac- 
 cepts as the essential fact of his being, in his thought, 
 ' this world, self, sin, as all-real, all-sufficient.' Christ 
 comes and says, ' Your whole being and thought 
 are wrong. MeravoeZre : let your whole being and 
 thought turn from this. It is a lie, and you and your 
 life, based on it, a delusion ; for there is a kingdom 
 of the heavens which is THE truth,' etc. 
 162
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 " Here, again, I only put a finger-mark; but the 
 meaning of the whole is, I thank you very heartily 
 for your admirable and needed paper. 
 
 "J. F. GARRISON." 
 
 IX. 
 
 From the Rev. Elisha Mulford, LL.D., 
 author of "The Republic of God," "The 
 Nation," etc. 
 
 " The essay has very great value. It gives the 
 view of the term which I have long held. 
 
 " This is the one term which connects most clearly 
 the errand of St. John the Baptist with the message 
 of the Gospel. 
 
 " It has more direct and full significance than those 
 to which I note a reference in Hausrath's ' Times of 
 Jesus,' tr., ii., p. 120. 
 
 "The grammarians have always underrated De 
 Quincey. 
 
 "ELISHA MULFORD." 
 
 x. 
 
 From the Rev. Edward T. Bartlett, D.D., 
 Dean of the Protestant Episcopal Divinity 
 School, Philadelphia. 
 
 " I am greatly indebted to you for your essay on 
 the great New Testament word. 
 163
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 " At a glance I saw much of its value, but now 
 that I have carefully studied it I think it wonderful 
 and of permanent worth for its scholarship and its 
 true fervor, the like of which in combination I do 
 not remember to have ever seen. 
 
 " The ability with which you present your great 
 subject and marshal your grand argument seems to 
 me absolutely perfect, and should make this essay 
 one that will be the standard monograph on the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 " If I could wish for any addition to your treat- 
 ment of the subject it would be as to the fuller de- 
 velopment of the truth that the change of the mind 
 itself may precede and lead to a change of circum- 
 stance the truth which Dr. Bushnell, e.g., brings 
 out in those two tremendous sermons, ' The Bad 
 Consciousness 1 Taken Away,' and 'The Bad Mind 
 Makes a Bad Element,' in his ' Christ and His Sal- 
 vation. ' 
 
 " I did not mean to say this, but will venture to let 
 it go, almost sure, though, that upon further study 
 of your essay, which I intend to make, I shall find 
 that you have given that truth all the emphasis it 
 needed, and that I have been mistaken. 
 
 "Again I thank you for the keen pleasure you 
 have afforded me in your beautiful paper. 
 
 "EDWARD T. BARTLETT." 
 
 From the same at a recent date. 
 
 " I am glad to know that a new edition of ' Me- 
 tanoia ' is to be given us. Strong evidence that the 
 164
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 view you take has permanently impressed thoughtful 
 men as one of deep value and importance has been 
 meeting me ever and anon for years. 
 
 " My suggestion when I saw you in Boston was 
 to this effect: that you should go straight through 
 the New Testament and carefully work out each pas- 
 sage where the word occurs, or its cognates, and show 
 how the real meaning can be put into good smooth 
 English expression. Some work I am doing has led 
 me to study the matter closely and to try to do this 
 very thing. ... It would not take much space. An 
 appendix of a few pages would surely be enough. 
 Such a thing would be most timely. I beg you to 
 do it. 
 
 "EDWARD T. BARTLETT." 
 
 XI. 
 
 From the Rev. Benjamin Franklin, D.D., 
 author of "The Creed and Modern Thought." 
 
 " May I venture to express the great pleasure and 
 sense of mental benefit with which I have read your 
 article in the July number of the ' American Church 
 Review '? 
 
 " You have undoubtedly made an intrinsic contri- 
 bution to the theology of the age, and given an illus- 
 tration of what many have thought and some have 
 said, viz. , that ' Catholic theology ' is as much alive 
 in this age, and as well adapted to current thought, 
 as it ever has been. 
 
 " The article, while learned and able, of course, 
 165
 
 Assenting Witnesses. 
 
 is abreast of the age, and takes that humanly sympa- 
 thetic yet distinctively Christian stand which primi- 
 tive Christianity occupied. 
 
 " As a work emanating from the theological school 
 to which you are popularly assigned, it of course 
 looks at the truth from its own point of view. 
 
 " It does so admirably, however, and will, I hope, 
 so permeate the mind of preachers that the Gospel, 
 on its human side, may be better preached, and men 
 induced to recognize and develop, in mind and heart, 
 their original godlikeness. 
 
 " B. FRANKLIN." 
 
 XII. 
 
 From the Rt. Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D., 
 Bishop of Massachusetts. 
 
 " It is full of inspiration. 
 
 " It makes one think of Christian faith as positive 
 and constructive, and not merely destructive and 
 remedial. 
 
 " It makes the work of Christ seem worthy of 
 
 Christ. 
 
 " PHILLIPS BROOKS." 
 
 1 66
 
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