IC-NRLF u SB IS ES' A N U / By CAPTAIN JAMES A. Mess sdih U. S, Infant- y BE U. S. INFANTRY ASSOCIATION, WASH- ON, D. C, and THE POST EXCHANGE, H^HHKHI PHILIPPINE ISLANI-S. LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class INDEX Arms, care of 47 Privates of the guard Respect for sentinels Supernumeraries 2 IB 19 Bayonet, care of, 48A Individual cookine 79 Care of Clothing, arms and other equip- ment 44 Health 52 Shoes 45 Clothing, care of 44 "Colors" and "Standards," meaning of 30 Complaints to captain 42B Cooking, individual 79 Equipment, care of, 44 Feet, care of, 56 Field service, ! First aid to sick and injured . . ,r. . . 57 Forms of speech 41 M Message, delivery of Military Courtesy Civilian salute "Colors" and "Standards." mean in# of Military salute, National air Nature and oriein of salutes .... Saluting colors and standards . . Saluting the flag When and how to salute Whom to salute Military deportment and appearance 43A 26 30 27 29 26 30 29 32 29 38B N Nomenclature of the rifle . , ,87 Obedience Office, how to enter, 38A 42A Guard Duty Calling the hours 11 Challenge table 12 Color sentinels 18 Compliments from sentinels 15 Countersign 10 Detached posts 25 Duties of sentinels, nature of 1C Explanation of a sentinel's general orders 4A General orders for sentinels on post 3 Its importance 1A Musicians of the guard 23 Night Orders 8 Orders for sentinels At guard house 11 Except those at post of guard . . In charge of prisoners On post 3 Orderly for commanding officer ... 21 Orderlies in general 22 Outpost duty 24 Parole . 10 Payment, how conducted, Personal cleanliness Rifle- Care of , Nomenclature of , Russet leather eauioment Saluting. See "Military Courtesy. Shoes, care of "Standard," meaning of Tan leather 42C 40 SOB w Witness, how to appear as 43B 204128 COPYRIGHT 1910 By J. A. MOSS Of THE UNIVERSITY OF -CALlFOg] CHAPTER I. GUARD DUTY A Guard duty is one of the soldier's most important duties, and in all armies of the world the manner in which it is performed is an index to the discipline of the command and the manner in which other duties are performed. Upon the guard's vigilance and readiness for action depend not only the enforcement of military law and orders, but also the safety and pro- tection of the post and the quelling of sudden disorder, perhaps even mutiny. The importance of guard duty is increased during times of war, when the very safety of the army depends upon the vigilance of the sentinels, who are required to watch that others may sleep and thus refresh them- selves from the labors of the day. The sentinels are the guardians of the repose, quiet and safety of the camp. Respect for Sentinels. B Respect for the person and office of a sentinel is as strictly enjoined by military law as that required to be paid to an officer. As it is expressed in the Manual of Guard Duty, "All persons of whatever rank in the service are required to observe respect toward sentinels". Invested as the private soldier frequently is, while on his post, with a grave responsibility, it is proper that he should be fully protected in the discharge of his duty. To permit anyone, of whatever rank, to molest or interfere with him while thus employed, without becoming liable to severe penalty, would clearly establish a precedent highly prejudicial to the interests of the service. (Davis' Military Law). Duty of sentinels. C A sentinel, in respect to the duties with which he is charged, repre- sents the superior military authority of the command to which he belongs, and whose orders he is required to enforce on or in the vicinity of his post. As such he is entitled to the respect and obedience of all persons who come within the scope of operation of the orders which he is required to carry into effect. Over military persons the authority of the sentinel is 2 CHAPTER I. absolute, and disobedience of his orders on the part of such persons consti tutes a most serious military offence and is prejudicial in the highest degree to the interests of discipline. (Dams' Military Law). Privates of the Guard. Is a 'member of the guard allowed to remove his accoutrements or clothing, or to leave the immediate vicinity of the gaurd house without permission? He is not. From whom should he get the necessary permission? From the commander of the guard. During his tour of guard duty to whose orders is a soldier subject? . To the orders of the commanding officer, the officer of the day, the officers and noncommissioned officers of the guard only. // a sentinel should receive an order from an officer who is not authorized to give him orders, what should he do? He should at once call for the corporal of the guard and report the fact to him. If directed by the corporal to obey the order, the sentinel will do so; otherwise he will not. Does a member of the guard salute when not engaged in the perform- ance of a specific duty? Yes, if the proper execution of a duty does not prevent it, he will salute all officers that pass. Whenever the guard or relief is dismissed, what does each man do with his rifle? He will place his rifle in the armracks and not remove it therefrom unless he requires it in the performance of some duty. After a private has been assigned to a relief and a post what must he take care to do? To remember the number of his relief and the number of his post and under no circumstances to change from one relief or post to another relief or post. When the guard is formed, what does a member of the guard do? He will fall in promptly, in his proper place, with his rifle. When the roll is called, what does he do? As his name or his number and relief are called, he answers "Here", and comes to order arms. What does a member of the guard do when his relief is formed? At the command "1. (Such) relief, 2. Fall in", he falls in at once, GUARD DUTY. 3 in his proper place according to his number, 2, 4, 6, and so on in the front rank, and 1, 3, 5, and so on in the rear rank, or in the order of their respective posts from right to left, according as the relief is in double or single rank. At the command, "Call off", commencing on the right the men call off alternately rear and front rank, "one", "two", "three", etc; if in single rank they call off from right to left. May a soldier hire another to do his duty for him? No, sir; under no circumstances. Should a soldier be found drunk while on guard duty, what punisli- ment will he suffer? This is considered a very serious offence and the offender will suffer such punishment as a courtmartial may direct. ORDERS FOR SENTINELS ON POST A Orders for sentinels on post are divided into two classes,general orders and special orders. Special orders define the duties to be performed by a sentinel on a particular post, and are prescribed by the commanding officer. The number and limits of his post invariable constitute part of the special orders of every sentinel on post. General orders are those that apply to all posts in the Army and they are prescribed by the War Department. Sentinels are required to memorize the following: My general duties are: To take charge of this post and all Government property in view; To walk my post in a military manner, keeping constantly on the alert, observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing; To report every breach of orders or regulations that I am in- structed to enforce; To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse than my own; To quit my post only when properly relieved; To receive, transmit, and obey all orders from and allow myself to be relieved by the commanding officer, officer of the day, an officer or noncommissioned officer of the guard only; To hold conversation with no one except in the proper discharge of my duty; In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm; To allow no one to commit nuisance in the vicinity of my post; 4 CHAPTER I. In any case not covered by instructions, to call the corporal of the guard; To salute all officers and colors or standards not cased; At night to exercise the greatest vigilance. Between retreat (or o'clock, naming the hour designated by the commanding officer) and broad daylight, (or o'clock, naming the hour desig- nated by the commanding officer), challenge all persons seen on or near my post, and allow no person to pass without proper authority. In addition to the foregoing, sentinels posted at the guardhouse or guard tent will be required to memorize the following : For the orders of a sentinel on outpost duty, see 254 A. Between reveille and retreat, to turn out the guard for all persons entitled to the compliment, for all colors or standards not cased, and for all armed parties approaching my post, except troops at drill and reliefs or detachments of the guard. At night, after challenging any person or party, to advance no one but call the corporal of the guard, repeating the answer to the challenge. A What is meant by taking charge of a post and all Government property in view? A sentinel on post represents the Government, and he is placed there to look after its interest. A sentinel's post is not merely the line on which he walks, but extends to the next posts on either end. Not only is the sentinel required to look after all property on his post, but he is also required to see that all Government property in the immediate neighbor- hood suffers no injury of any kind. Explain the meaning of, and the reasons for, the second general order. "To walk my post in a military manner", means to maintain the bearing and appearance of a soldier, keeping the uniform orderly and clean and avoiding careless or slouchy movements. The reason for this is that a sentinel on post usually occupies a position where he is generally seen by the officers and soldiers of his own organization as well as by those of others and by civilians, and under such conditions, a sentine 1 walking his post in a careless and slouchy manner would be an unmilitary performance that would naturally create a most unfavorable impression, even, in some cases, to the extent of bringing scorn and discredit upon the entire command. "On the alert" means on the lookout or watch against attack or danger; ready to act, and "Keeping constantly on the alert, observing GUARD DUTY. 5 everything that takes place within sight or hearing" means that the sentinel shall keep his mind all the time upon his duty and not fall into any day-dreams. In this manner he may often observe things that would otherwise pass unnoticed, and though they may seem to him to have no bearing upon his duty, yet from the answers of an alert sentinel an officer may sometimes obtain valuable information. What is meant by "Breach of orders or regulations"? A "Breach of orders or regulations" means the breaking or violating of orders or regulations. What is meant by "Quitting post" and by "Properly relieved"? "Quitting post" means to leave, to go away from a post. "Properly relieved" means to be relieved by someone who has the authority to relieve a sentinel, that is to say, the commanding officer, the officer of the day, an officer or noncommissioned officer of the guard, only. What is the punishment for a sentinel leaving his post before being properly relieved? This is considered a very serious offence and may be punished by death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. What does "Transmit orders" mean? It means to turn over orders to the next sentinel. Explain what is meant by "Disorder"? A disorder is a disturbance, or breach of public order of any kind, such as loud and boisterous conduct on the part of a drunken man, or two or more men fighting or otherwise misbehaving themselves, etc. What is meant by "Nuisance" and by "Vicinity"? "Nuisance" means anything that is disagreeable or offensive or that annoys or worries, such as urinating, etc. "Vicinity" means near or close to. What are "Colors" and "Standards" and when are they "Cased"? Colors are the national flag and the regimental flag carried by the Infantry and other foot troops. Standards are the national flag and the regimental flag carried by the Cavalry and Field Artillery; they are smaller than those carried by the Infantry. Colors and Standards are "Cased" when they are rolled and covered with a water-proof case. Explain the meaning of "To exercise the greatest vigilance". It means to use "the greatest watchfulness, to be on the keenest lookout. Upon reaching the end of -his past is a sentinel required to halt and 6 CHAPTER I. change the position of his rifle, or to execute to the rear march, pre- cisely as prescribed in the drill regulations? No, sir; he faces about while marching in the way most con- venient to him, and either to the right-about or left-about. Must he always go to the end of his post before turning? No, sir; he may turn at any part of his post, as may be best suited to the proper performance of his duties. How may a sentinel carry his rifle? On either shoulder, and in wet or severe weather, when not in a sentry box, he may carry it at a secure. How do sentinels stand in sentry boxes? At ease. When are sentry boxes used? Only in wet weather, or at other times when specially authorized by the commanding officer. May sentinels ever stand at ease on their posts? Yes, sir; in very hot weather, provided they can in this position effectively discharge their duties. However, they will never take advantage of this privelege without the express authority of the commander of the guard or the officer of the day. When calling for any purpose, challenging, or holding communication with any person, how does a sentinel hold his weapon? A dismounted sentinel, armed with the rifle or saber, takes the posi- tion of port arms or saber. At night a dismounted sentinel armed with pistol, takes the position of raise pistol in challenging or holding communi- cation. A mounted sentinel in the daytime does not ordinarily draw his weapon in calling or in holding communication, but, if drawn, he hold> it at advance rifle, raise pistol, or port saber, according as he is armed with the rifle, pistol or saber. At night, in challenging and in holding communication, he has his weapon at advance rifle, raise pistol, or port saber, according as he is armed. May a mounted sentinel dismount while on duty as a sentinel? No, sir; not without authority. Should a sentinel ever quit his piece? Only on an explicit order from the commanding officer, officer of the day, an officer or noncommissioned officer of the guard. Under no circumstances should he ever yeald it to anyone else. GUARD DUTY. 7 (Note: Unless necessity therefor exists, no person should require a sentinel to quit his piece, even to inspect it). What should a sentinel do with suspicious persons seen prowling about his post, with parties to a disorder occurring on or near his post and with unauthorized persons who attempt to enter camp at night? He will arrest them and turn them over to the corporal of the guard. What should a sentinel do in case he should notice anything unusual or suspicious? He should at once call for the corporal of the guard and report the facts to him. If, by reason of sickness or other cause, it becomes necessary for a sentinel to call for relief, how would he do so? "Corporal of the guard, No. ; Relief," giving the number of his post. How does a sentinel call for the corporal of the guard for any other purpose than relief? "Corporal of the guard, No. ", adding the number of his post In no case will the sentinel call, "Never mind the corporal"; nor will the corporal heed such a call, if given. // a sentinel is to be relieved, what does he do on the approach of the relief? When the relief is thirty paces from him, he halts and faces toward the relief with arms at right shoulder. He comes to port arms with the new sentinel. He then gives in a low voice, in detail, his instructions to the new sentinel. At the command "Post", both sentinels resume the right shoulder, face toward the new corporal and step back so as to allow the relief to pass in front of them. The new corporal then commands, 1. Forward, 2, March; the old sentinel takes his place in rear of the relief as it passes him, his piece in the same position as those of the relief. The new sentinel stands fast at right shoulder until the relief has passed six paces beyond him, when he begins to walk his post. ORDERS FOR SENTINELS EXCEPT THOSE AT THE POST OF THE GUARD What should a sentinel, except the one at the post of the guard, do in case of fire? He should call, "Fire, No. ", adding the number of his post; if possible, he should extinguish the fire by his own efforts. If the danger be great, he will discharge his piece before calling. 8 CHAPTER I. What should be done in the case of a fire in a stable? First the proper alarm given; then the door toward the wind closed, immediately after which the sentinel should begin to take the horses out, commencing with those nearest the fire. If the fire is not burning fast, the horses are turned into one of the corrals, not near the fire, or they are tied to the picket line ; for, if merely turned loose they are liable to run back into the fire. If a horse refuses to lead out or away from the fire, his head should be covered with a sack, coat or something else and he should then be led out. If the fire is making such headway that there is not time to take the horses out, the sentinel should then merely loosen them all and trust to their getting out. What should a sentinel, except the one at the post of the guard, do in case of disorder? Call, "The guard, No. ", adding the number of his post. If the disorder be great, he will fire his piece before calling. NIGHT ORDERS Between retreat (or the hour designated by the commanding officer) and broad daylight (or the hour designated by the commanding officer), what should a sentinel do, if he should see any person or party on or near his post? He should advance rapidly along his post toward such person or party and when within about thirty paces, challenge sharply, "Halt, who is there?" The sentinel will take care to place himself in the best position to receive or, if necessary, arrest the person or party. How is a mounted party challenged? "Halt, Dismount. Who is there"? To whom may a sentinel make known the countersign? Only the sentinel who relieves him, or to a person from whom he properly receives orders that is to say the commanding officer, the officer of the day, or an officer or noncommissioned officer of the guard. What is the penalty for making known the countersign to a person who is not entitled to receive it? Death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. Are privates of the guard allowed to use the countersign when not posted as sentinels? No, sir; this is strictly forbidden. They are authorized to use the GUARD DUTY. 9 countersign only in the performance of their duties while posted as sentinels. How near should a sentinel permit a person to approach before recognising such person or receiving the countersign? He should not permit any one to approach so close as to prevent the proper use of his own weapon before recognizing the person or receiving the countersign. The usual distance is about ten feet. It should never be less, and in the case of mounted parties it should be more. When two or more persons approach in one party, how are they challenged and advanced? Illustrate with "Friends". Sentinel: "Halt, Who is there"? Answer by one of party: "Friends". Sentinel: "Advance one to be recognized". Sentinel (after recognizing party) : "Advance friends". If one or more of the party are entitled to the salute, the sentinel will then salute. U'hat must a sentinel always do before passing a person? He must satisfy himself beyond a reasonable doubt that the person is what he represents himself to be and that he has a right to pass. // the sentinel be not satisfied, what should he do? He should cause the person to stand, and the sentinel should call the corporal of the guard. // the commanding officer, the officer of the day, or some other person who is supposed to have the countersign, can not give it or gives an incorrect one, what should the sentinel do? He should hold the person and call the corporal of the guard. // two or more parties approach a sentinel's post from different directions at the same time, what does the sentinel do? They are challenged in turn and then advanced according to rank, the senior first. For example, if the answer to the first challenge were "Friend", to the second "Officer of the Day" -and the third "Commanding Officer", the sentinel would advance them in this order: Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day and friend. A "Friend with the countersign" would be advanced before "Friend". // after having advanced one party, any of the others should attempt to move away, ivhat should the sentinel do? Halt them, and call the corporal of the guard. 10 CHAPTER I. Would the sentinel advance the Officer of the Day while the Com- manding Officer was in communication with him, the sentinel? No, sir; not unless told to do so by the Commanding Officer. If not told to do so, he would wait Until the Commanding Officer left. // a sentinel be in communication with a party already advanced and another party should approach, what should the sentinel do? He will at once challenge the approaching party and if the party chal- lenged be senior to the party already on his post, the sentinel will advance such party at once. Otherwise, the sentinel will not advance the party unless told to do so by the senior, or until the senior leaves. Should a sentinel who has advanced a junior and a senior, speak to the junior while the senior is still on his post? He should first get the permission of the senior before addressing the junior. What order of rank should be observed in advancing different persons? 1. Commanding Officer; 2. Officer of the Day; 3. Officer of the Guard; 4. Officers; 5. Patrols; 6. Reliefs; 7. Noncommissioned officers of the guard in order of rank; 8. Friends. What persons are advanced with the countersign? All persons who announce themselves as having the countersign, such as "Officer with the countersign", "Friend with the countersign", etc., and all persons whose answer to the challenge indicate that they are entitled to the use of the countersign. For example, the Commanding Officer, the Offifficer of the Day, the Officer of the Guard, Patrols, Reliefs, and Noncommissioned Officers of the Guard. What is a countersign? It is a word given daily from the principal headquarters of a com mand to aid guards and sentinels in identifying persons who may be authorized to pass at night. The countersign is usually the name of a battle. What is a parole? It is a word used as a check on the countersign in order to obtain more accurate identification. It is imparted only to those who are GUARD DUTY. 11 entitled to inspect guards and to commanders of guards. The parole is usually the name of a general or some other distinguished person. // no countersign be used, how does a sentinel advance the Com- manding Officer, the Officer of the Day and others who are entitled to the use of the countersign? They are advanced in accordance with the rules just given, except that instead of saying, "Advance (so and so) with the counter- sign," the sentinel will say, "Advance (so and so) to be recognized". Upon recognition the sentinel will say, "Advance (so and so)". About what two tilings should a sentinel always be most careful? Never to allow himself to be surprised, nor to permit two or more parties to advance upon him at the same time. What is meant by "Calling the hours" ? A Between the time when challenging begins and reveille, when not in the presence of the enemy, sentinels may be required to call the hours. They call successively in the numerical order of their posts, beginning at the guardhouse, each one giving the number of his post, repeating the hour and then adding "All's well". Thus. "No. 2, Half past ten o'clock. All's well". The call should be made iu a clear and distinct manner, without unduly prolonging the words. In case any sentinel fails to call off, what should the one next preceding him do? He should repeat the call, and if it is not taken up within a reasonable time, he should call the corporal of the guard and report the facts. What punishment will be given a sentinel who is found sleeping upon his post? This is a most serious offence and is punishable with death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. What punishment will be given a member of the guard who quits his guard? Such punishment as a court-martial may direct. ORDERS FOR SENTINELS AT THE POST OF THE GUARD. Between what hours does the sentinel at the post of the guard turn out the guard at the approach of persons entitled to the compliment ? Between reveille and retreat. The guard is never turned out as a compliment after retreat. What is meant by "Between reveille and retreat"? 12 CHAPTER I. B- o S a; tm O T3 ^ hn *ic.g W W -2 -0-5 o i W -I H 2 .s a* Iflls 03 *-> m C co II 1 ! ' 2 o w SS ^ i ^^ ^^ o c GUARD DUTY. 13 It is the interval between the firing of the morning and evening gun; or if no gun is fired, it is the interval between the sounding of the first note of the reveille, or the first march if marches be played, and the last note of retreat. A What persons are entitled to have the guard turned out for them? The President; sovereign or chief magistrate of a foreign country, and members of a royal family; Vice President; President of the Senate: American and foreign ambassadors; members of the Cabinet; Chief Justice ; Speaker of the House of Representatives ; Committees of Con- gress officially visiting a military post; governors within their respective States or Territories; governors general; Assistant Secretary of War officially visiting a military post; all general officers of the Army; general officers of a foreign service visiting a post; naval, marine, volunteer, and militia officers in the service of the United States and holding the relative rank of general officer; American and foreign envoys charges d'affaires; consuls-general accredited to the United States; comamnding officer of the post or camp; officer of the day; ministers resident accredited to the United States. Illustrate by a few examples the manner of turning out the guard. i officer of the day; I commanding officer; Turn out the guard, general officer; ) Secretary of War; \ Governor of State. Should the person named by the sentinel not desire the guard formed, what happens? The person salutes, whereupon the sentinel calls, "Never mind the Guard". Suppose the guard is already turned out and formed, what should No. i do upon the approach of a person entitled to have the guard turned out? If the party approaching were senior to the one for whom the guard had been turned out, No. 1 would call, "Turn out the guard." If the person approaching were his junior, No. 1 would not turn out the guard. Suppose the person approaching were the senior, but should not desire the guard turned out for him, what would No. i do? 14 CHAPTER I. He would call "Never mind the guard," just the same as if the guard had not already been turned out. // two or more persons entitled to have the guard turned out should approach at the same time, what would No. I do? He would call for the senior only. If the senior did not desire the guard formed, No. 1 would then call, Never mind the guard". Would No. I then turn out the guard for the next in rank? No, sir; he would not; for the guard is never turned out for an officer while a senior entitled to the compliment is at or near the post of the guard. Will the guard be turned out more than once for the same officer? Yes, sir; as often as he passes, but should the officer remain in the vicinity of the guardhouse, after the guard has been turned out, recognition of his presence will be taken by merely bringing the guard to attention. Is the guard turned out on the approach of an armed party? Yes, sir; and whether the party is commanded by an officer, noncommissioned officer or private, No. 1 calls, "Turn out the guard, armed party". If the party is commanded by an officer, the guard presents arms. Is the guard turned out for armed troops at drill and reliefs or detachments of the guard? No, sir ; it is not . When does No. 1 never repeat, "Never mind the guard". Upon the approach of an armed party. Will the guard be turned out on the approach of the new guard? Yes, sir; No. 1 calls, "Turn out the guard, armed party". Will the guard be turned out when the national or regimental colors or standards are carried past by a color guard or an armed party? Yes, sir; if they are not cased. No. 1 will call, "Turn out the guard, national (or regimental) color", and the guard will turn oui. and present arms. In case the national and regimental colors are carried past together, what will No. I call? He will call, "Turn out the guard, national colors". Would the guard be turned out if the colors zvere cased? No, sir; it would not. Is the guard turned out if the party carrying the colors is at drill? Yes, sir; but if the drill is conducted in the vicinity of the post of GUARD DUTY. 15 the guard, the guard will be turned out when the colors first pass and not thereafter. Is the guard turned out when the remains of an officer or a soldier are carried past? Yes, sir; No. 1 calls, "Turn out the guard, deceased officer (or soldier"). The guard turns out and presents arms. NIGHT ORDERS (For sentinels at post of guard) After receiving an answer to his challenge, what should No. I calif He calls, "Corporal of the guard, (so and so)", repeating the answer to his challenge. Does he in such cases repeat the number of his post? No, sir; he does not. How long does he remain in the position assumed in challenging? He remains at port arms until the corporal has recognized the person or party challenged. What does No. i then do? He resumes walking his post. // the person or party advanced be entitled to a salute, what doe* No. i do? He salutes, and as soon as the salute is acknowledged, resumes walking his post. Explain what No. i does in regard to calling the hours of the night. At the direction of a noncommissioned officer of the guard he calls, "No. 1 (such) o'clock". After the call has passed around the chain of sentinels he will call, "All's well". In the event of such a disposition of posts that the call of the sentinels whose post is last in numerical order cannot be heard by No. i, what is done? The call "All's well" may be returned along the line to the sentinel whose voice can be heard at the post of the guard. COMPLIMENTS FROM SENTINELS. How do dismounted sentinels salute? A dismounted sentinel armed with the rifle or saber, salutes by presenting arms; if otherwise armed, he salutes with the right hand. How do mounted sentinels salute? 16 CHAPTER I. If armed with the saber, and the saber be drawn, they salute by presenting saber; otherwise they salute with the right hand. Explain in detail how a dismounted sentinel salutes. As the person or party entitled to salute arrives within about thirty paces, the sentinel halts and faces outward, his piece at right shoulder or his saber at a carry. If the officer approaches along the post, the salute will be given when the officer arrives at the distance of about six paces. If the officer passes in front of the sentinel, but not along the post, he is saluted just before he passes the sentinel's front. If he crosses the post, he is saluted just before he crosses. How long does the sentinel remain at the present? Until his salute is returned, or until the person saluted has passed. When does the sentinel resume walking his post? When the person saluted has passed about six paces beyond him. Does a sentinel salute an officer who crosses his post, but who does not pass within thirty paces of the sentinel? Yes, sir; he does. (Decision A. G. O., July 21, 1906). // an officer passes in rear of a sentinel's post, is he saluted? No, sir; he is not, but the sentinel stands facing outward, at the right shoulder, until the officer has passed about six paces. What does a sentinel in a sentry box, armed with the rifle, do on the approach of a person or party entitled to salute? He stands at attention at an order and salutes by presenting arms in accordance with the foregoing rules. What does a sentinel do if armed with the saber? He .stands at the carry and salutes as before stated. How does a mounted sentinel on a regular post salute? He faces outward and salutes in accordance with the foregoing rules. How does a mounted sentinel doing patrol duty salute? He salutes as before stated, but does not halt unless spoken to. Who are entitled to salutes from sentinels? The President; sovereign or chief magistrate of a foreign country and members of a royal family ; Vice President ; President of the Senate ; American and foreign ambassadors; members of the Cabinet; Chiei Justice; Speaker of the House of Representatives; committees of Con- gress officially visiting a military post; governors within their respective States or Territories; governors general; Assistant Secretary of War officially visiting a military post; American and foreign envoys or GUARD DUTY. 17 ministers; ministers resident accredited to the United States; Charges d'affaires; consuls general accredited to the United States; commanding officer of the post or camp; officer of the day, and officers of the Regular Army. Do sentinels salute the national or regimental colors or standards? Yes, sir; if they are not cased. Does this apply when the party carrying the colors is at drill? Yes, sir ; but if the drill is conducted in the vicinity of the guard house, the sentinel will salute the colors when they first pass, and not thereafter. Do sentinels salute armed parties? Yes, sir; provided they are commanded by officers. Do sentinels salute the remains of deceased officers or soldiers that are carried past their posts? Yes, sir; they do. Do sentinels salute officers of the Navy and Marine Corps? Yes, sir. Do sentinels salute the military and naval officers of foreign powers? Yes, sir; they do just the same as if they were their own officers. Do sentinels salute officers of the Militia? Yes, sir; when the Militia officers are in uniform. (Cir. 92, '09). What should a sentinel always do when an officer who has been holding communication with him leaves? He should always salute the officer. During the hours when challenging is prescribed, when is an officer saluted? As soon as he has been duly recognized and advanced. Does a mounted sentinel armed with the rifle or pistol, or a dis- mounted sentinel armed with the pistol, salute after challenging? No, sir; he does not. He stands at the advance or raised pistol until the officer passes. What does a sentinel do in case of the approach of an armed party of the guard? He halts when it is about thirty paces from him, facing towards the party, with his piece at the right shoulder. If not himself relieved, he will, as the party passes, place himself so that it will pass in front of him. When does he resume walking his post? When the party has passed six paces beyond him. 18 CHAPTER I. What is the saluting distance? It is the limit in which individuals and insigma of rank can be readily recognized; it is assumed to be about thirty paces. Is an officer entitled to the salute if not in uniform ? Yes, sir; an officer is entitled to salute, day or night, whether in uniform or not. // an officer, or group of officers remain on or near a sentinel's post, what should the sentinel do? He salutes but once ; after that he walks his post. Should a sentinel, in communication with an officer, ever interrupt the communication in order to salute a junior? No, sir; he should not, unless directed by the senior to do so. When the "Star Spangled Banner" is played on a FORMAL occasion OTHER THAN ret" tat, what should sentinels on posts close to where the ceremony takes place, do? They should face outward, at right shoulder, and stand at attention throughout the playing of the national air, provided their duties do nor prevent their so doing. (Cir. 87, '09). When the flag is lowered at retreat, and aboard transport when the flag is hoisted at guard mounting, what should sentinels on post in the vicinity of the place where the ceremony takes place do when the band plays "The Star Spangled Banner" or the field music sounds "To the Color"? If their duties are not such as to prevent their doing so, they stand at attention facing the flag until the last note of the music and then render the salute prescribed for the weapon with which they are armed. ( Cir. 87, '09). ORDERS FOR COLOR SENTINELS (Sentinels posted on the color line) How does a color sentinel call for the corporal of the guard? "Corporal of the Guard, Color Line." Is a color sentinel on post subject to, and will he observe all the general orders prescribed for sentinels on other posts? Yes, sir; he is. subject to them and will observe them. What are the special orders for a color sentinel? He will not permit the colors to be moved, except in the presence of an armed escort. Unless otherwise ordered by the commanding GUARD DUTY. 19 officer he will allow no one to touch the colors but the color bearer, 01 an officer or noncommissioned officer of the guard. He will not permit any soldier to take arms from the stacks; or to touch them, except by order of an officer, or a noncommissioned officer of the guard. If any person passing the color or crossing the color line fails to salute the color, the sentinel will come 'to port arms and call to him, "SALUTE THE COLOR"; if the caution be not heeded, the sentinel will call the corporal of the guard and report the facts. SUPERNUMERARIES What are the instructions regarding supernumeraries? They are not allowed to leave camp or garrison; they will hold themselves constantly in readiness for detail as members of the guard. They will not, however, be excused from ordinary camp or garrison duties, but will not be detailed for anything that may interfere with their dutL* as supernumeraries. SPECIAL ORDERS FOR SENTINELS IN CHARGE OF PRISONERS. What sentinel has general charge of prisoners? No. i, and he will allow none to escape or to cross his post leaving the guard house, except under proper guard and passed by a noncommis- sioned officer of the guard. What are No. fs orders regarding persons communicating with prisoners in the guard house? He will allow no one to communicate with them in any way without permission from proper authority. What should he do in case of any suspicious noise made by prisoners? He should at once report the fact to the corporal of the guard. Must he be prepared to tell, whenever asked, how many prisoners are in the guard house, and how many are at work, or elsewhere? Yes, sir. What does No. I do when prisoners pass his post returning from work? He will halt them and call the corporal of the guard, notifying him of the number of prisoners so returning. Thus: "Corporal of the guard, (so many) prisoners". Should he ever allow any prisoners to pass into the guard house 20 CHAPTER I. until the corporal of the guard has answered his call and ordered him to do so? No, sir; he should not Should a sentinel in charge of prisoners at work, allow them to con- verse with each other, or with any one else? No, sir; he should not, unless they have permission from proper authority. Should the sentinel himself speak to the prisoners in his charge ? No, sir; he should not, except in the execution of his duty. What is a sentinel charged with regarding the deportment of pris- oners? He will see that they do not struggle, but that they walk in a mili- tary manner, and are orderly in their deportment. He will also see that they keep constantly at work. How should a sentinel always stand with respect to his prisoners? He must always keep them in front of him, and never allow them to walk at his side or in his rear. Should he at any time lose sight of them? No, sir; never. What does a sentinel in charge of prisoners do, when an officer ap- proaches, or when the sentinel approaches an officer? When within six paces of the officer, he will salute with the rifle, taking care to keep his prisoners constantly in front of him. (Note: At some posts sentinels in charge of prisoners are exempted from saluting officers, unless addressing or addressed by an officer). Is a sentinel in charge of prisoners at work, responsible that they do not escape? Yes, sir; he is, and if he allows them to escape he will be punished as a court martial may direct. // a prisoner attempts to escape, what should the seentinel do? He should call, "Halt". What should be done if the prisoner should fail to halt? The sentinel will repeat, "Halt". Suppose the prisoner should still fail to halt, what should the sen- tinel do? If there is no other possible means of preventing his escape, tht sentry will fire upon him. Should the sentinel fire to hit? Yes, sir; if the prisoner does not pay any attention to the command GUARD DUTY. 21 to halt, the sentinel must fire to maim, or even kill, and a failure to fire with this intent is a serious military offence, to be punished as a court martial may direct. (Xote: No more force than is necessary should ever be used. If, for instance, the use of the rifle as a club would prevent a prisoner from escaping, then he should not be fired upon). What should a sentinel in charge of prisoners do on approaching the post of the guard? He will halt them and call, "No. 1 (so many) prisoners". Should he allow prisoners to cross No. I post until so directed by the corporal of the guard? No, sir ; he should not. Are sentinels that are placed over prisoners at work responsible that the prisoners in their charge shall perform the work properly and satisfactorily? Yes, sir; they are held strictly responsible. A ORDERLY FOR THE COMMANDING OFFICER. How does an orderly report to the Commanding Officer? When directed by the commander of the guard to fall out and re- port, he gives his name, company and regiment to the sergeant of the guard, and, leaving his rifle in the arm rack in his company quarters, he proceeds at once to the commanding officer, and reports, for instance, "Sir, Private Smith, Company 'A', Reports As Orderly". If more than one regiment (or if parts of more than one regi- ment) are serving at the post, the orderly would report, for instance, "Sir, Private Smith, Troop 'A', 1st Cavalry, Reports As Orderly". If the orderly selected be a cavalryman, he will report equipped with sabre belt and sabre, unless otherwise directed by the commanding officer, first leaving his rifle in the arm rack of his troop quarters. In the field, or on the march, the equipment of the orderly will be as di- rected by the commanding officer. (Note. When the new orderly reports, the commanding officer usually tells him, "Relieve the old orderly," whereupon the new orderly replies, "Yes, sir," and then salutes, faces about and leaves the office. He receives the instructions from the old orderly. (Some commanding officers require the old orderly to report after turning over his orders to the new orderly. Thus, "Sir, Private Smith reports having been relieved by the new orderly," and the command- 22 CHAPTER I. ing officer generally says, "You're relieved," whereupon the old or- derly salutes, executes about face and leaves the office). To whose orders is the orderly subject? Only to the orders of the commanding officer; no one else has any authority to give him orders. What should he always be careful about when ordered to carry a message? He must be careful to deliver it exactly as it was given him. Where does he sleep? In his company quarters, or in such other place as the commanding officer may direct. When does his tour of duty end? When he is relieved by the new orderly. Is he a member of the guard? Yes, sir; and his name, company and regiment are entered on the guard report and lists of the guard. NOTES. In practice the following common sense instructions are generally given the commanding officers' orderly: If he does not understand a message given him for delivery, or instructions that he may receive, he will ask the officer to repeat them, saying, for instance, "Sir, Private Smith does not understand; will the commanding officer (or the captain) please repeat?" (See page 50 D). He acknowledges the receipt of orders, messages and instructions by saluting, and saying, "Yes, sir." After having delivered a message or returned from an errand, he will always report accordingly to the commanding officer. For example, "Sir, the commanding officer's message has been delivered to Captain Smith." At every mess call, if in attendance on the commanding officer, he will report to him, "Sir, mess call has sounded." He will be allowed one Pour for each meal. To be relieved, at 9 o'clock P. M., for instance, he will report to the command- ing officer, "Sir, it is 9 o'clock." When called he will enter the commanding officer's office without knocking. He calls the attention of his successor to all special instructions. ORDERLIES IN GENERAL. How does a soldier report as orderly to a general officer, an in- spector or anyone else? Wearing side arms and white gloves, he proceeds at the time ap- pointed to the place named and saluting with the right hand, reports to the person designated, "Sir, Private Company - , - - Infantry, reports as orderly'' To whose orders is he subject while on duty as orderly? GUARD DUTY. 23 To the orders of only the commanding officer and the officer for whom detailed. (Note: The special instructions generally given the commanding officer's orderly also apply to all other orderlies.) MUSICIANS OF THE GUARD. To whose orders are the musicians of the guard subject? They are subject to the orders of only the commanding officer, the officer of the day, officers and noncommissioned officers of the guard. Where do they remain during their tour of duty? Unless otherwise directed by the commanding officer, they remain at the guard house and fall in with the guard when it is formed. They form on a line with the front rank of the guard, their left three paces from the right guide. Where do the musicians of the guard sleep? They sleep at the guard house, unless otherwise directed by com- manding officer. What are their duties about sounding calls? They sound all calls prescribed by the commanding officer, and such other calls as may be ordered by proper authority, at such times and places as may be directed. Should the guard be turned out for national or regimental colors or standards, what do the musicians do? When the guard presents arms, the field music sounds, "To the Color," or, "To the Standard." When the guard is turned out as a compliment to a person entitled to the march, flourishes or ruffles, what does the field music do? When the guard presents arms, the field music sounds off as follows : For the President the President's March; For a General the General's March ; For a Lieutenant General three flourishes ; For a Major General two flourishes; For a Brigadier General one flourish. To the sovereign or chief magistrate of a foreign state or member of a royal family the same honors as are paid to the President. To the Vice President, the members of the Cabinet, the Chief Jus- tice, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, American or foreign ambassadors, and governors within their respective States or Territories the same honors as to the General. 24 CHAPTER I. To the Assistant Secretary of War and to American or foreign envoys or ministers the same honors as to the Lieutenant General. To officers of the Navy the honors due to their assimilated or re- lative rank; to officers of marines and volunteers and militia, when in the service of the United States, the honors due to like grades in the regular service; to officers of a foreign service, the honors due to their rank. (Note. The musicians of the guard are sometimes used as orderlies for the Adjutant's Office, from which place they sound all calls. When this practice obtains the musician of the new guard is sometimes required to proceed to the Adjutant's Office after the new guard has reached the guard house, and to report to the Adjutant.) USUAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR SENTINELS ON OUTPOST DUTY a. Where the enemy is or is supposed to be and the direction from which he may be expected to come; the names of villages, streams and prominent features in sight and where the roads lead. b. The number (if any} of his post, and the number of his and the adjoining outguards; the position of the support; the line of retreat to be followed if the outguard is compelled to fall back; the position of advance detachments and whether friendly patrols are operating in front. c. He watches to the front and flanks zvithout intermission, and devotes special attention to unusual or suspicious occurrences; if he sees indications of the enemy, he at once notifies the commmander of the out- guard; in case of imminent danger, or when an attack is made, he gives the alarm by firing rapidly. d. By day, officers, noncommissioned officers and detachments recog- nized as parts of the outposts, and officers known to have authority to do so, are allowed to pass in and out; all others are detained and the com mander of the outguard, notified. e. At night, when persons approach his post, the sentinel comes to a ready, halts them and notifies the outguard commander; the latter challenges, learns who they are, and acts according to circumstances. f. Individuals who fail to halt, or otherwise disobey a sentinel, are fired upon after a second warning, or sooner if they attempt to attack or escape. g. Deserters are required to lay down their arms, and a patrol is sent out to bring them in. Deserters pursued by the enemy are ordered to drop their arms and an alarm is given; if they fail to obey they ar.; fired upon. h. Bearers of flags of truce and their escorts are halted and re- UNIVERSITY OF GUARD DUTY. 25 quired to face outwards; they are then blindfolded and disposed of in accordance with instructions from the support commander. i. At night a sentinel stands practically in the same spot, moving about for purposes of observation only; he does not sit or lie down unless authorized to do so. In the day time lie makes use of natural or artificial cover and assumes such positions as give him the best field of view. H*. informs passing patrols of what he has seen. His weapon is habitually loaded and locked and carried at will. (Note: Troops on outpost duty pay no compliments, and soldiers salute only when they address, or are addressed by a superior). A Detached Posts Detached posts are practically the same as the supports of an outpost, but occupy positions at some distance from the general line of resistance. They may be sent out to hold points which are of importance to the outpost cavalry, such as a ford or a junction of roads ; or to occupy positions especially favorable for observation, but too far to the front to be included in the line of observation ; or to protect flanks of the outpost position. Such posts are generally established by the outpost commander, but a support commander might find it neces- sary to establish a post practically detached from the rest of his command. Special orders are given the commander of a detached post by the officer sending him out. 26 CHAPTER II. CHAPTER II. MILITARY COURTESY Its Importance. Some soldiers do not see the necessity for saluting, standing at attention, and other forms of courtesy, because they do not under stand their significance, their object. It is 'a well- known fact that military courtesy is a very import- ant part of the education of the soldier, and there are good reasons for it. General Orders No. 183, Division of the Philip- pines, 1901, says: "In all armies the manner in which military cour- tesies are observed and rendered by officers and soldiers, is the in- dex to the manner in which other duties are performed." The Army Regulations tells us, "Courtesy among military men is indispensable to discipline; re- spect to superiors will not be con- fined to obedience on duty, but will be extended on all occasions." THE NATURE OF SALUTES AND THEIR ORIGIN, (a) The Civilian Salute. When a gentleman raises his hat to a lady he is but continuing a custom that had its beginning in the days of knighthood, when every knight wore his helmet as a protection against foes. However, when coming among friends, especially ladies, the knight would remove his helmet as a mark of confidence and trust in his friends. In those days failure to remove the helmet in the presence of ladies signi-- MILITARY COURTESY. 27 fied distrust and want of confidence today it signifies impoliteness and a want of good breeding. (b) The Military Salute. From time immemorial subordinates have always uncovered be- fore superiors, and equals have always acknowledged each other's presence by some courtesy this seems to be one of the natural, nobler instincts of man. It was not so many years ago when a sen- tinel saluted not only with his gun but by taking off his hat also. However, when complicated headgear like the bearskin and the hel- met came into use, they could not be readily removed and the act of re- moving the hat was finally conventionalized into the present salute into the movement of the hand to the visor as if the hat were going to be removed. Every once in a while a man is found who has the mistaken idea that he smothers the American spirit of freedom, that he sacrifices his independence, by saluting his officers. Of course, no one but an anarchist or a man with a small, shrivelled-up mind can have such ideas. Manly deference to superiors, which in the Army is merely recognition of constituted authority, does not imply admission of inferiority any more than respect for law implies cowardice. The recruit should at once rid himself of the idea that saluting and other forms of military cour tesy are un-American. The salute is the soldier's claim from the very highest in the land to instant recognition as a soldier. The raw recruit by his simple act of saluting, commands like honor from the ranking general of the Army aye, from even the President of the United States. While the personal element naturally enter,, into the salute to a certain extent, when a soldier salutes an officer he is really saluting the office rather than the officer personally the salute is rendered as a mark of respect to the rank, the position that the officer holds, to the authority with which he is vested. A man with the true soldierly instinct never misses an oppor- tunity to salute his officers. 28 CHAPTER II. As a matter of fact, military courtesy is just simply an application of common, every-day courtesy and common sense. In common, every-da}' courtesy no man with the instincts of a gentleman ever thinks about taking advantage of this thing and that thing in order to avoid paying to his fellow-man the ordinary, conventional cour- tesies of life, and if there is ever any doubt about the matter, he takes no chances but extends the courtesy. .And this is just exactly what the man who has the instincts of a real soldier does in the case of military courtesy. The thought of "Should I salute or should I not salute" never enters the mind of a soldier just because he happens to be in a wagon, in a post office, etc. In all armies of the world, all officers and sol- diers are required to salute each other whenever they meet or pass, the subordinate saluting first. The salute on the part of the subordinate is not intended in any way as an act of degradation or a mark of inferiority, but is simply a military courtesy that is as binding on the officer as it is on the pri- vate, and just as the enlisted man is required to salute the officer first, so is the officer required to salute his superiors first. It is a bond uniting all in a common profession, marking the fact that above them there is an authority that both recognize and obey the Country! Indeed, by custom and regu- lations, it is as obligatory for the ranking general of the Army to return the salute of the recruit, as it is for the latter to give it. Needed: A Week Let it be remembered that the military salute of extra fatigue. }g & form of greeting that belongs exclusively to the military arm of the Government to the soldier, the sailor, the marine it is the mark and prerogative of the military man and he should be proud of having the privilege of using that form of salutation a form of salutation that marks him as a member of the Profession of Arms the profession of Napoleon, Wellington, Grant, Lee, Sherman, Jackson and scores of others of the greatest and most famous men the world has ever known. The military salute is ours, it is ours only. Moreover, it belongs only to the soldier who is in good stand- ing, the prisoner under guard, for instance, not being allowed to salute. Ours is a grand fraternity of men-at-arms, banded together MILITARY COURTESY. 29 for national defense, for the maintenance of law and order we are bound together by the love and respect we bear the flag we are pledged to loyalty, to one God, one country our lives are dedicated to the defense of our country's flag the officer and the private be- long to a brotherhood whose regalia is the uniform of the American soldier, and they are known to one another and to all men, by an honored sign and symbol of knighthood that has come down to us from the ages THE MILITARY SALUTE! WHOM TO SALUTE Do Regulars salute officers of the Navy and Ma- rine Corps? Yes, at all times and in all situations they salute them the same as they salute all officers in their own regiment and all other regiments of the Regular Army. (A. R. 396). Are officers of the Organized Militia saluted? If in uniform they are saluted the same as Reg- ular officers. (A. R. 396). Are retired Army officers saluted? Yes, they are saluted like all other officers. Are military and naval foreign officers saluted? The Manual of Guard Duty requires sentinels to salute them but there are no instructions about other enlisted men saluting them. However, as an act of courtesy they should be saluted the same as our own officers. RESPECT TO BE PAID TO THE NATIONAL AIR AND SALUTING THE FLAG What should be done when the Star Spangled Banner is played by the band on a formal occasion (except retreat)? Every man should stand at attention, such position being retained until the last note of the music. No salute is rendered. Should the same respect be observed toward the national air of any other country, when it is played as a compliment to official repre- sentatives of such country? 30 CHAPTER II. Yes, but only when it is played as a compliment to the official rep- representatives of the country. When the flag is lowered at retreat and the band plays "The Star Spangled Banner," or the field music sounds "To the Color," what should be done? All soldiers out of ranks face toward the flag, stand at attention and render the prescribed salute at the last note of the music. NOTES 1 In practice "all soldiers out of ranks" means all soldiers in the vicinity of where the ceremony is taking place it does not mean, for instance, soldiers in another part of the post, who can hear the music but can not see the flag. 2 By "the prescribed salute" is meant, if unarmed, the "right hand salute;" if armed with the rifle, the "rifle salute;" if armed with a drawn saber, the "present salute;" if wearing a sheathed saber or other side arms, the "right hand salute." 3 Some officers when in civilian clothes follow the sensible and patriotic custom of standing and uncovering whenever the band plays "The Star Spangled Banner." SALUTES TO COLORS AND STANDARDS What should be dune when passing the national or regimental color or standard uncased/' The prescribed salute should be rendered. With no arms in hand, the salute is made by uncovering and holding the headdress, top outward, in the right hand, opposite the left shoulder, right forearm against the breast. If armed with the rifle or drawn saber, the hat is not removed, but the prescribed rifle or saber salute is rendered. Cased colors and standards, that is to say, those that are in their waterproof cases, are not saluted. Nor are the flags on flag staffs and other permanent poles saluted. (Note: By "Colors" and "Standards" is meant the national flags and the regimental flags that are carried by regiments and also by engineer battalions. They may be of either silk or bunting. In the Army Regulations the word "color" is used in referring to regiments of Infantry, batta- lions of Engineers and Philippine Scouts, and the Coast Artil- lery, while "Standard" is used in reference to regiments of Cavalry and Field Artillery. By "Flag" is meant the national emblem that waves from flag-staffs and other stationary poles. They are always of bunting. They are not saluted). MILITARY COURTESY. 31 o cr "~" CD L ,* i-i-. rt O D5 r-K O ~ O O- SLo_ I o- o S Cfl C Cfl 3 CD 1 ff ^ o _ o o 3 w o i-i 2-D. 32 CHAPTER II. WHEN AND HOW TO SALUTE What is "saluting distance"!' It is the limit within which individuals and insignia of rank can be readily recognized; it is assumed to be about thirty paces. No salutes, except as otherwise prescribed, are made at a greater distance than thirty paces. Are salutes ever rendered when marching in double time or at the trot or gallop? No, sir; a soldier must first come to quick time or walk before saluting. Should a soldier salute an officer who is passing in double time or at a trot or gallop? Yes, sir ; he should. How does an enlisted man salute an officer? If the enlisted man is without arms, he salutes with the hand farthest from the officer. If mounted, he salutes with the right hand. However, when imme- diately facing an officer it is customary to salute with the right hand. If the officer and soldier are approaching each other on the same walk, for instance, the hand is brought up to the headdress when six paces from the officer. If they are on- opposite sides of the street, the hand is brought up when about ten paces in advance of the officer. If the officer and soldier are not going in opposite directions and the officer does not approach within six paces, the salute is rendered when the officer reaches the nearest point to the soldier. If a soldier passes an officer from the rear, the hand is raised as he reaches the officer; if an officer passes a soldier from the rear, the soldier salutes just as the officer is about to pass him. The salute with the hand is rendered as follows : Raise the hand smartly until the tip of the fore-finger touches the lower part of the headdress (if uncovered, the forehead) above the eye, thumb and fingers extended and joined, palm to the right (or left), forearm inclined at about 45 degrees, hand and wrist straight; looking toward the person MILITARY COURTESY. 33 saluted. This position is maintained until the salute has been acknowl- edged or the officer has passed, when the hand is brought down with snap. What are the mistakes usually made by soldiers in saluting? i They do not begin the salute soon enough ; often they do not raise the hand to the headdress until they are only a pace or two from Notice how the head is turned toward the officer saluted. the officer the salute should always begin when at least six paces from the officer. 2 They do not turn the head and eyes toward the officer who is saluted the head and eyes should always be turned toward the officer saluted and kept turned as long as the hand is raised. 3 The hand is not kept to the headdress until the salute is acknowl- edged by the officer the hand should always be kept raised until the salute has been acknowledged, or it is evident the officer has not seen the saluter. 34 CHAPTER II. 4 When standing the heels are not brought to- gether before saluting the heels should always be brought together. 5 The salute is often rendered in an indifferent, lax manner the salute should always be rendered with life, snap and vim; the soldier should always render a salute as if he MEANT IT. Is it unmilitary to salute with the other hand in the pocket, or a cigar, cigarette or pipe in the mouth? Yes; it is most unmilitary and a soldier who so salutes is sure to be reprimanded or punished. Should officers be saluted when in civilian clothing? Yes ; they are saluted whether in uniform or not. Do enlisted men in civilian clothing salute? Yes; and they salute whether the officer is in uni- form or not. // an officer is accompanied by a lady that the sol- dier knows, should the soldier remove his cap or render the military salute? He should render the military salute. A soldier never tips his hat to an officer, it matters not by whom the soldier or officer may be accompanied. How does the enlisted man, armed with the saber or rifle, out of ranks, salute? He salutes with the saber, if drawn; otherwise with the hand. If on foot, and armed with the rifle, he renders the prescribed rifle salute. What has been said about distances, raising the hand, looking toward the person saluted, etc., in the case of the hand salute, also applies when the salute is rendered with saber or rifle. When does a soldier salute with the "present arms?" Only when on post as a sentinel. At all other times when armed with the rifle, he gives the pre- scribed rifle salute. Do prisoners under charge of sentinels salute officers? No, sir ; they do not. They merely stand at attention. It is custom- ary for paroled prisoners and others who are not under the immediate This soldier is hear- ing something that's "making a noise" like a Summary Court. MILITARY COURTESY. 35 charge of sentinels, to fold their arms when passing or addressing officers. What should a mounted soldier do before addressing an officer who is not mounted? He should always dismount. // accompanying an officer, where should a soldier walk? About two paces to the officer's left and rear. If riding this dis- tance is about doubled. How do noncommissioned officers or privates in command of de- tachments, salute officers? In the case of the commanding officer or an officer superior to him, the detachment, if marching and if not at attention, is called to atten- tion as the officer approaches, and the command "i. EYES" is given in time to add "2. RIGHT (or LEFT)" when about six paces from the officer, at which time the noncommissioned officer or private in com- mand of the detachment salutes if unarmed, with the hand; if armed with the rifle or saber, the prescribed rifle or saber salute is rendered. The command "FRONT" is given when the officer has passed. If the detachment is in column at a halt, the salute is rendered as de- scribed, except that "EYES RIGHT (or LEFT)" is omitted. Only the commander salutes. If the detachment is halted in line, and armed, arms are presented. Unarmed troops salute as prescribed for armed bodies, except that when halted the present is omitted. In case of an officer who is not the commanding officer or. who is not superior to him, the commander of the detachment salutes as above described, except that the present or the eyes right (left) is omitted. (Note. A noncommissioned officer marching a guard or a detachment of a guard will salute all officers, but will not com- mand eyes right or left when saluting officers not entitled to compliment from the guard. Par. 78, M. G. D. See A, page 13). What should be done when an officer passes in rear of troops? They are brought to attention and so kept until the officer has passed, but no salute is rendered. Do troops under arms salute other armed bodies? Yes; the same as they salute in the case of the commanding officer or an officer superior to him. The junior commander, if known, salutes first. // an enlisted man is seated, what should he do upon the approach of an officer? 36 CHAPTER II. He should rise, face toward the officer, and salute. If standing, he faces the officer for the same purpose. If the officer remains in the same place or upon the same ground, such compliment need not be repeated. // indoors, what should an enlisted man do upon the approach of an officer? If unarmed, he uncovers and stands at attention; he does not salute unless he addresses or is addressed by the officer. A soldier with side arms, (pistol, saber or bayonet) is considered armed. If armed with the rifle, and either covered or uncovered, he sa- lutes from the position of the order or the trail. If un- covered, he should, if practicable, cover before saluting. 1 It is customary to salute from the order, unless there is mud or filth on the floor. Do soldiers actually at work cease work to salute an officer? No; not unless addressed by him. What should a soldier always do before address- ing an officer? He should always salute with the weapon he is armed with ; or, if unarmed, whether covered or un- covered, with the hand. He also makes the same salute after receiving a reply, or when leaving the officer. What should he do when addressed by an officer? He should salute. He also salutes at the end of the conversation. When an officer enters a room where there are soldiers, what should be done? The word "ATTENTION" is given by someone who perceives him, when all rise and remain standing 1 The Army Regulations says: "Indoors, an unarmed enlisted man uncovers and stands at attention upon the approach of an officer ; he does not salute unless he addresses or is addressed by the officer." According to custom, the term -"indoors" is interpreted as meaning military offices, barracks, quarters and similar places it does not mean such places as stores, storehouses, riding halls, stables, post exchange build- ings, hotels, places of amusement, depots and exhibition halls, etc. In such places an unarmed soldier remains either covered or uncovered, according to the custom of the place, and whether or not he salutes depends upon circumstances, the occasion for saluting being determined by common sense and military spirit. For instance, an enlisted man riding in a street car, or in the act of purchasing goods in a store, or eating in a hotel, would not salute unless addressed by the officer. However, in the case of a soldier occupying a seat in a crowded street car, if he recognized a person standing to be an officer, it would be but an act of military courtesy for him to rise, salute and offer the officer his seat. MILITARY COURTESY. 37 in the position of a soldier until the officer leaves the room. If unarmed, they uncover and no man salutes unless spoken to ; if armed, they salute. However, soldiers at meals do not rise they merely cease eating and remain at attention. But if any .man were addressed by the officer, he would rise and salute. When an officer approaches a number of enlisted men out of doors and not in ranks, what should be done? The 'word "ATTENTION" should be given by someone who per- ceives him, when all stand at attention and all salute. 1 It is customary for all to salute at or about the same instant, taking the time from the soldier nearest the officer, and who salutes when the officer is six paces from him. // several soldiers are walking together, what should be done upon the approach of an officer? The word "ATTENTION" should be given by someone who perceives him, and all should salute as described in the preceding answer, without halting. Should a soldier riding in a wagon salute? Yes; but if seated he would salute without rising. There is no more reason why a soldier riding in a wagon or carriage should not salute than there is why a soldier on horse back should not salute. Should a soldier who is driving a wagon or car- riage salute? Yes, if both hands are not necessarily occupied. There is no more reason why a soldier driving a wagon or a carriage should not salute than there is why he should not speak to passing friends or raise his cap to "Extra lady acquaintances. In either case it is merely a ques- tion of courtesy. Who said, squad drill, eh?" 1 In some regiments it is customary for only one (a noncommissioned officer, if there be one present) to salute for the group, but this is contrary to Regulations and should not be done. 38 CHAPTER III. CHAPTER III. MISCELLANEOUS. Obedience. A What is Obedience? It is compliance with everything that is re quired by authority it is the mainspring, the very soul and essence of all military duty. It is said a famous general once remarked every soldier should know three things "First, obedience; second, obedience-, third, obedience". Cheerful, earnest and loyal obedience must be paid by all sub- ordinates to the orders of their superiors. A soldier should obey first and if aggrieved complain afterward. All duty should be performed cheerfully and willingly. Soldiers are sometimes required to perform duties that are not pleasant for instance, doing guard duty on a cold, rainy night, when tired and sleepy; digging ditches or cleaning up dirt and filth that have ac- cumulated around the barracks, kitchens, quarters, etc., scrubbing floors, polishing stoves, cleaning knives, forks, pots, etc. However, by doing everything required of him in a cheerful manner, a soldier will soon earn the respect of his comrades and the commendation of his officers. B Is it important that privates should always obey noncommissioned officers? Yes, it is most important that they should respect and obey their noncommissioned officers and recognize their authority under all circumstances. Even if the noncommissioned officer be at fault, this gives the private no aggressive rights. If, for instance, a noncom missioned officer should strike a private, justly or unjustly, this would not give the private the right to strike back. The private should at once make complaint to the captain, who will see that justice is done him. If the principle of soldiers taking such grievances into their own hands were recognized, the Army would soon become a mob. Military Deportment and Appearance The enlisted man is no longer a civilian but a soldier. He is, however, still a citizen of the United States and by becoming a soldier also he is in no way relieved of the responsibilities of a citizen; he has merely assumed in addition thereto the responsibilities of a soldier. For instance, if he should visit an adjoining town and become drunk and MISCELLANEOUS. 39 disorderly while in uniform, not only could he be arrested and tried by the civil authorities, but he could also be tried by the summary court at his post for conduct to the prejudice of good order and mili- tary discipline. Indeed, his uniform is in no way whatsoever a license for him to do anything contrary to law and be protected by the gov ernment. Being a soldier, he must conduct himself as such at all times, that he may be looked upon not only by his superior officers as a soldier, but also by the public as a man in every way worthy of the uniform of the American soldier. Whether on or off duty, he should always look neat and clean, ever remembering that in bearing and in conversation he should be every inch a soldier shoes must be clean and polished at all times; no chewing, spitting, gazing about, or raising of hands in ranks he should know his drill, his orders and his duties he should always be ready and willing to learn all he can about his profession he should never debase himself with drink. It should be remembered that the soldiers of a command can make the uniform carry distinction and respect, or they can make it a thing to be derided. The soldier should take pride in his uniform. A soldier should be soldierly in dress, soldierly in carriage, soldierly in courtesies. A civilian owes it to himself to be neat in dress. A soldier owes it to more than himself he owes it to his comrades, to his company he owes it to his country, for just so far as a soldier is slack so far does his company suffer; his shabbiness reflects first upon himself, then upon his company and finally upon the entire Army. It is a fact known to students of human nature that just in proportion as a man is neatly and trimly dressed is he apt to conduct himself with like decency. The worst vagabonds in our communities are the tramps, with their dirty bodies and dirty clothes; the most brutal deeds in all history were those of the ragged, motley mobs of Paris in the days of the French Revolution; the first act of the mutineer has ever been to debase and deride his uniform. It is also a well known fact that laxity in dress and negligence in military courtesy run hand in hand with laxity and negligence in almost everything else, and that is why we can always . look for certain infallible symptoms in the individual dress, carriage and courtesies of soldiers. 40 CHAPTER III. Should a soldier give care and attention to his dress? Yes, sir; not only should a soldier be always neatly dressed, but he should also be properly dressed that is, he should be dressed as required by Regulations. A soldier should always be neat and trim, precise in dress and carriage and punctilious in salute. Under no circumstances should the blouse or overcoat be worn unbuttoned, or the cap back or on the side of the head. .His hair should be kept properly trimmed, his face clean shaved or beard trimmed and his shoes polished, his trousers pressed, the belt accurately fitted to the waist so that it does not sag, his leggins cleaned, his brass letters, numbers and crossed rifles polished, and his white gloves immaculate. Should a man ever he allowed to leave the post on pass if not properly dressed ? No, sir; never. The Army Regulations require that chiefs of squads shall see that such members of their squads as have passes leave the post in proper dress. Should a soldier ever stand or walk with his hands in his pockets? No, sir; never. There is nothing more unmilitary than to see a soldier standing or walking with his hands in his pockets. The real soldier always stands erect. He never slouches. Is it permissible, while in uniform, to wear picture buttons, chains, watch charms, etc., exposed to view? No, sir; it is not. May the campaign hat or any other parts of the uniform be worn with civilian dress? No, sir; this is prohibited by the uniform order, which especially states that when the civilian dress is worn it will not be accompanied by any mark or part of the uniform. May a mixed uniform be worn for example, a khaki coat and olive drab trousers? No, sir ; under no circumstances. Personal Cleanliness. Is personal cleanliness a matter of importance ? Yes, and the Army Regulations require soldiers to bathe frequently. in this company soldiers are required to bathe at least a week. They are also required to brush their teeth and comb their hair daily. The Army Regulations require that the hair be kept short and the beard neatly trimmed, and that all soiled clothing be kept in the barrack bag. It is also required that in garrison, and whenever practicable in the field, MISCELLANEOUS. 41 soldiers wash their hands thoroughly after going to the latrines and before each meal, in order to prevent the transmission of typhoid fever and other diseases by germs taken into the mouth with food from unclean hands. What may be done to a soldier who persists in being filthy? He may be scrubbed by order of the Captain. Who is immediately responsible for the cleanliness of the soldiers? According to the Army Regulations, each chief of squad is held responsible for the cleanliness of his men. Forms of Speech. In speaking to an officer, is it proper to say, "You, etc.," and "I, etc.?" No, sir; in speaking to an officer the third person should be used, as, "Does the Captain want his horse this morning?"; "Private Smith would like to speak to the Captain about his furlough," etc. (Note. After the conversation has commenced, it is not customary for the speaker to use the third person instead of the pronouns "I" and "me." However, an officer is always addressed in the third person and never as "you.") How should an enlisted man refer to another enlisted man when speaking to an officer? He should use the proper title, as "Sergeant-Major Smith", "Ser- geant Jones", "Corporal Richards", "Private Wilson". How should noncommissioned officers always be addressed? They should always be addressed as "Sergeant Smith", "Corporal Jones", etc., and not as "Smith", "Jones", etc. When asked his name, what should a soldier answer? He should answer, for instance, "Private Jones, Sir". What should a soldier do when given an order or instructions by an officer? He should salute, and say, "Yes, sir". How should short, direct answers be made? "No, sir", "Yes, sir", "I don't know, sir", "I will try, sir", etc., are forms that should be used in answer to direct questions. After one has finished a thing that he has been ordered to do, what should he do ? He should always report to the officer who gave him the order. For instance "The Captain's message to Lieutenant Smith has been delivered". When ordered to report to an officer for any purpose, should a sol'dier ever go away without first ascertaining if the officer is through with him? No, sir; he should not, as it often happens that the officer is not 42 CHAPTER III. through with the soldier when the latter thinks he is. He may, for instance, report: "Sir, is the Captain through with me?" When an officer calls to a soldier who is some distance away, what should the soldier do? He should immediately salute, and say, "Yes, sir," and if necessary, approach the officer with a quickened step. Various. A How should a soldier enter an office in which there is an officer? He should give two or three knocks at the door (whether it be open or closed) ; when told to come in, enter, taking off the hat (if unarmed), close the door and remain just inside the door until asked what is wanted ; then go within a short distance of the officer, stand at attention, salute and make known your request in as few words as possible. On completion, salute, face toward the door, and go out, being careful to close the door if it was closed when you entered. If it was not closed, leave it open. B Should complaints be made directly to the Captain? Complaints must never be made directly to the Captain unless the soldier has the Captain's permission to do so, or the First Sergeant refuses to have the matter reported. If dissatisfied with his food, clothing, duties, or treatment, the facts should be reported to the First Sergeant, with the request, if necessary, to see the Captain. It is also customary for soldiers who wish to speak to the Captain about anything to see the First Sergeant first, and when speaking to the Captain to inform him that he has the First Sergeant's permission to do so. Thus: "Private Smith has the First Sergeant's permission to speak to the Captain, etc". C How is a soldier paid? As soon as the company is formed in column of files, take off your right-hand glove, and fold it around your belt in front of the right hip. When your name is called, answer "Here", step forward and halt directly in front of the paymaster, who will be directly behind the table; salute him. When he spreads out your pay on the table in front of you, count it quickly, take it up with your ungloved hand, execute a left or right face and leave the room and building, unless you wish to deposit, in which case, you will remain in the hall outside the pay-room, until the company has been paid, when you enter the pay-room. Men wishing to deposit money with the paymaster, will always notify the first sergeant before the company is marched to the pay table. MISCELLANEOUS. 43 A How is a message delivered?' When an enlisted man receives a message, verbal or written, from an officer for delivery, he will in case he does not understand his instruc- tions, ask the officer to repeat them, saying, for instance, "Sir, Private Smith, does not understand; will the Captain please repeat?" When he has received his instructions, and understands them, he will salute, and say: "Yes, sir", execute an about face, and proceed immediately to the officer for whom the message is intended. He will halt three or four paces directly in front of the officer and if the officer be junior to the officer sending the message, he will say, "Sir, Captain Smith presents his compliments," etc., and then deliver the message, or, "The commanding officer presents his compliments to Lieutenant Smith and would like to see him at headquarters". He will salute immediately before he begins to address the officer and will hold his hand at the position of salute while he says, "Sir, Captain Smith presents his compliments", or "The commanding officer presents his compliments to Lieutenant Smith". If the officer sending the message be much junior to the one receiving it, the soldier will not present his compliments, but will say, for instance, "Sir, Lieut. Smith directed me to hand this letter to the Captain"' or "Sir, Lieut. Smith directed me to say to the Captain", etc. As soon as the message has been delivered, the soldier will salute, execute an about face, and proceed at once to the officer who sent the message, and will similarly report to him, "Sir, the Lieutenant's message to Capt. Smith has been delivered", and leave. Before leaving always ascertain whether there is an answer. B Hew does a soldier appear as a witness before a general court- martial? The uniform is that prescribed, with side arms and gloves. Proceed to the court-room and remain outside. When you are notified that you are wanted enter the room. Then take off your cap and right hand glove, and raise your right hand above your head, palm to the front, to be sworn. After the judge-advocate reads the oath, say, "I do" or "So help me God". Then sit down in the chair indicated by the judge-advo- cate. Do not cross your legs, but sit upright. When asked, "Do you know the accused? If so, state who he is," answer, "I do; Corporal John Jones, Co. 'B' ist Infantry." Be sure you thoroughly understand every question before you start to reply, answering them all promptly, in a loud, distinct, deliberate voice, and confining your answers strictly to the questions asked and telling all you know. 44 CHAPTER III. When the judge-advocate says "That is all," arise, salute him, execute an about face, and leave the room. At some posts it is customary for soldiers to appear in the same manner when summoned as a witness before a summary court, while at other posts side arms and gloves are not worn. A Care of Clothing, Arms and Other Equipment. These articles are given the soldier by the government for certain purposes, and he has, therefore, no right to be in any way careless or neglectful of them. Clothing, Ornaments and Buttons. Every article of clothing in the hands of an enlisted man should receive as much care as he gives to his person. Spots should always be removed as soon as possible. Preparations for this purpose can always be obtained from any drug store at small cost. 1 Turpentine will take out paint. Grease spots can be removed by placing a piece of brown paper, newspaper, or other absorbent paper over the stain, and the pressing with a hot iron. B Chevrons and stripes can be cleaned by moistening a clean woolen rag with gasoline and rubbing the parts and then pressing with a hot iron. Blue clothing should be thoroughly brushed and pressed once a week two pressing irons and boards in a company, troop or battery will provide for this. C All gilt ornaments and buttons should be polished once a week one button stick and brush per squad should be provided for this purpose. "Polishine" is recommended as a suitable polish although there are many others just as good, but none better. Olive drab clothing should also be pressed weekly. This will stimulate a desire in the men to take better care of their clothing, as a wrinkled or soiled article is thrown around care- lessly while a pressed article is laid away to prevent its wrinkling, thus lasting longer. D Soiled khaki clothing and leggings should be washed by the men they can generally do it better than the laundry. Khaki and leggings require little or no pressing, if not wrung out before being placed out to dry. Khaki so washed wears about twice as long as when washed by a steam laundry. The service hat and blue and olive drab caps require nothing but brushing. The cover for the khaki cap should be washed as often as 1 All cleaning material should be purchased by the soldier from the company, for cash or credit, at cost price. This would give many who have no credit at the exchange a chance to procure such articles as are essential to the proper care and preservation of their clothing and equipment. MISCELLANEOUS. 45 necessary not oftener, perhaps, than every two weeks and always in cold water and dried on the cap itself. No article should be worn without first being brushed. Shirts, underwear, socks etc., should be laid away neatly. Articles of clothing soiled from wear or from long standing in the locker should soiled from wear or from long standing in the locker should be sent to the laundry immediately. A special suit of clothing should be set aside for inspections, parades, and other ceremonies and the uniform worn at these formations should not be worn in barracks each man invariably has sufficient old garments for barrack use. A change of clothing after formation will be found to be a great help in preserving clothing. The special suit mentioned should be kept well brushed, pressed and neatly folded. The following list of clothing, the cost of which aggregates $87.97, is considered a liberal allowance and provides a very complete equipment for the first year of enlisted service ; to this allowance $25 should be added for the second year and $20 for the third. A soldier should, therefore, at the end of his first enlistment find himself with approximately $40 to his credit from his clothing allowance. (These figures are based on the present, July, 1909, clothing allowances). List: 1 Blanket, heavy weight; 2 Letters, U. S. gilt, collar; 3 Breeches, khaki; 2 Ornaments, cap, bronze; 2 Breeches, olive drab; 1 Ornament, cap, gilt; 1 Cap, dress; 2 Ornaments, collar, gilt; 1 Cap, khaki; 4 Ornaments, collar, bronze; 1 Cap, olive drab; 1 Overcoat; 1 Coat, dress; 2 Shirts, olive drab. 3 Coats, khaki; 2 Shirts, muslin; 2 Coats, olive drab. 2 pr. Shoes, russet; 6 Collars, linen; 1 pr. Shoes, calf skin; 1 Cord, breast: 1 Slicker; 2 Cords, hat; 12 pr. Stockings, cotton, dark brown; 3 Drawers, canton flannel; 2 pr. Stockings, wool, heavy; 12 pr. Gloves, white, cotton; 1 pr. Suspenders; 2 pr. Gloves, white, wool; 1 Trousers, dress; 1 Hat, service; 3 Undershirts, cotton; 2 pr. Leggins, puttee; 3 Undershirts, wool, light. THE CARE AND PRESERVATION OF SHOES Shoes should at all times be kept polished, by being so kept they are made more pliable and w r ear longer. 46 CHAPTER III. Shoes must withstand harder service than any other article worn, and more shoes are ruined through neglect than by wear in actual service. Proper care should be taken in selecting shoes to secure a proper fit, and by giving shoes occasional attention much discomfort and complaint will be avoided. Selection. A shoe should always have ample length, as the foot will always work forward fully a half size in the shoe when walking, and sufficient allowance for this should be made. More feet are crippled and distorted by shoes that are too short than for any other reason. A shoe should fit snug yet be comfortable over ball and instep, and when first worn should not lace close together over instep. Leather always stretches and loosens at instep and can be taken up by lacing. The foot should always be held firmly but not too tightly in proper position. If shoes are too loose, they allow the foot to slip around, causing the foot to chafe; corns, bunions, and enlarged joints are the result. Repairs. At the first sign of a break shoes should be repaired, if possible. Always keep the heels in good condition. If the heel is allowed to run down at side, it is bad for the shoe and worse for the foot; it also weakens the ankle and subjects the shoe to an uneven strain, which makes it more liable to give out. Shoes if kept in repair will give double the service and comfort. Shoe Dressing. The leather must not be permitted to become hard and stiff. If it is impossible to procure a good shoe dressing, neat's-foot oil or tallow are the best substitutes; either will soften the leather and preserve its pliability. Leather requires oil to preserve its pliability, and if not supplied will become brittle, crack, and break easily under strain. Inferior dressings are always harmful, and no dressing should be used which contains acid or varnish. Acid burns leather as it would the skin, and polish containing varnish forms a false skin which soon peels off, spoiling the appearance of the shoe and causing the leather to crack. Paste polish containing turpentine should also be avoided. Perspiration. Shoes becoming damp from perspiration should be dried naturally by evaporation. It is dangerous to dry leather by artificial heat. Perspiration contains acid which is harmful to leather, and shoes shoufd be dried out as frequently as possible. MISCELLANEOUS. 47 Wet Shoes. Wet or damp shoes should be dried with great care. When leather is subjected to heat, a chemical change takes place, although no change in appearance may be noted at the time. Leather when burnt becomes dry and parched and will soon crack through like pasteboard when strained. This applies to leather both in soles and uppers. When dried, the leather should always be treated with dressing to restore its pliability. Many shoes are burned while on the feet without knowledge of the wearer by being placed while wet on the rail of a stove or near a steam pipe. Care should be taken while shoes are being worn never to place the foot where there is danger of their being burned. Keep Shoes Clean. An occasional application of soap and water will remove the accumulations of old dressing and allow fresh dressing to accomplish its purpose. Directions For Polishing. Russet calf leather should be treated with great care. Neither acid, lemon juice, nor banana peel should be used for cleaning purposes. Only the best liquid dressing should be used and shoes should not be rubbed while wet. Black calf shoes should be cleaned frequently and no accumula- tion of old blacking allowed to remain. An occasional application of neat's-foot oil is beneficial to this leather, and the best calf blacking only should be used to obtain polish. Liquid Dressing. Care should be taken in using liquid dressing. Apply only a light even coat and allow this to dry into the leather before rubbing with a cloth. When sufficiently dry to rub, a fine powdery substance remains on the surface. This, when rubbed with a soft cloth, produces a high polish that lasts a long time and which is quickly renewed by an occasional rubbing. Too much dressing is useless and injurious. (Quartermaster General's Office. June 16, 1889}. The rifle. As the bore of the rifle is manufactured with great care in order that a high degree of accuracy may be obtained, it should be carefully cared for. What remains from smokeless powder tends to eat and wear away the bore and should, therefore, be removed as soon after firing as practicable. The proper way of cleaning a rifle is from the breech. For this purpose the barrack cleaning-rod should be used. To clean a rifle use rags, preferably canton flannel, cut them into 48 CHAPTER III. squares of such size that they may be easily run through the barrel. Remove the bolt from the rifle, place the muzzle on the floor and do not remove it therefnom while the cleaning-rod is in the bore. Wrap a rag that has been thoroughly soaked in a saturated solution of soda and water around the point of the cleaning-rod, insert it into the bore and work back and forth in the bore. Follow with dry rags until the bore is thoroughly dry, then remove the muzzle from the floor and with a small stick and a new rag, soaked in the same solution proceed to clean the muzzle end of the bore. This should find the bore free from dirt, rust etc. Clean again with rags dipped in oil, preferably "3 in i", dry thoroughly and apply a thin coating of the same oil. Repeat the process of cleaning with oil daily and the bore will at all times be thoroughly clean. Five minutes work a day will accomplish this. To clean the bolt, dismount it, clean all parts thoroughly with an oily rag, dry, and before assembling lightly oil the firing pin, the barrel of the sleeve, the striker, the well of the bolt and all cams. The stock and hand guard should receive a light coat of raw lin- seed oil once a month, or after any wetting from rain, dew etc. this should be thoroughly rubbed in with the hand. The chamber, magazine and other parts require very little care wiping, drying, brushing and coating with a thin coat of oil, as in the bore, is sufficient to keep these parts clean. Unless the rifle is to be stored away, or not used for any length of time, the use of cosmic oil should be discouraged it is thick and sticky which makes it hard to remove without the use of gasoline or chloro- form. Pomade is valueless in the care of the rifle; pomade is of use only in the burnishing and polishing of brasses and coppers, and even then Never, under any circumstances, should a recruit be permitted to it is not as good as "Polishine". use emory paper on any part of his rifle the use of the burnisher likewise should be prohibited. In the place of emory paper or the burnisher an ordinary rubber eraser will be found very serviceable. The Bayonet. A The bayonet need not be taken apart in order to clean it. With a small stick small enough to be used inside the cut for the scabbard catch, hook and clearance cut an oily rag and a rubber eraser, the bayonet can be thoroughly cleaned. MISCELLANEOUS. 49 A The rawhide cover of the bayonet scabbard should be washed once a month with castile soap and water, then rub a small quantity of leather dressing all over and into the leather with a brush, sponge or rag; then wipe with a damp rag or sponge. This will remove all dirt and stains. Allow to dry and next apply a light coat of some cream paste. Wait a moment for this to dry, then polish with a clean brush or rag. The metallic parts require nothing but an occasional wiping off with an oily rag these parts should then be dried. Are enlisted men allowed to take their arms apart? B No, not unless they have the permission of a commissioned officer, and even then only under proper supervision and in the manner prescribed in the descriptive pamphlet issued by the Ordnance Department. (Except when repairs are needed, the following named parts should never be dismounted by the soldier, and whenever they are taken apart they should be re- moved only by the artificer, or some one else familiar with the handling of tools and delicate mechanisms: Bolt stop, cut off, safety lock, sleeve lock, front sight, front sight movable stud, lower band, upper band and stacking swivel screws. Unless the screw driver is handled carefully and with some skill the screws are sure to be injured either at the head or thread.) Is the polishing of blued and browned parts permitted? C No, and rebluing, rebrowning, putting any portion of an arm in fire, removing a receiver from a barrel, mutilating any part by firing or otherwise, and attempting to beautify or change the finish, are prohibited. However, the prohibition of attempts to beautify or change the finish of arms, is not construed as forbidding the application of raw linseed oil to the wood parts of arms. This oil is considered necessary for the preservation of the wood, and it may be used for such polishing as can be given when rubbing in one or more coats when necessary. The use of raw linseed oil only is allowed for redressing and the appli- cation for such purpose of any kind of wax or varnish, including heelball, is strictly prohibited. Ay the use of tampions 1 in small arms permitted? No, it is prohibited by regulations. Should pieces be unloaded before being taken -to quarters or tents? Yes, unless it is otherwise ordered. They should also be unloaded as soon as the men using them are relieved from duty. 1 Wooden stoppers or plugs that are put into the muzzles of rifles and other arms to keep out dirt and water. 50 CHAPTER III. Should a loaded or unloaded rifle or revolver ever be pointed at anyone in playf No, sir; under no circumstances whatsoever. A soldier should never point a rifle or a revolver at a person unless he intends to shoot him. NOTES. A It is easier to prevent than to remove rust. Oil to be used only to remove rust or after firing or when going out in damp weather. When occasion for its use has passed, it should be carefully wiped off, so as not to collect dust and sand. To remove rust, apply oil with rag and let it stand for awhile so as to soften rust weapon then wiped clean with dry rag. Emery paper should never be used to remove rust. To prevent dust and rust in bore, a good strong gun string should be fre- quently used. All articles of brass to be kept brightly polished. Never put away arms and equipment before cleaning. Emery paper, burnisher and sand are used only on sabers, bayonets, mess kits and other bright metal. Under no circumstances should they ever be used on blued or browned metal. Cosmic oil and emery paper may generally be gotten from the company quar- termaster-sergeant. Polishine, burnisher, chamois skin, machine oil ("3-in-l") and button stick must be bought by the soldier. (Usually obtainable from the Post Exchange.) B Russet Leather Equipment. To preserve the life of russet leather equipments they should be cleaned whenever dirt, grit or dust has collected on them or when they have become saturated with the sweat of a horse. In cleaning them the parts should first be separated and each part sponged, using a lather of castile soap and warm water. When nearly dry a lather of Crown soap and warm water should be used. If the equipment is cared for frequently this method is sufficient; but if the leather has become hard and dry a little neatsfoot oil should be applied after washing with castile soap. When the oil is dry the equipments should be sponged lightly with Crown soap and water, which will remove the surplus remaining on the surface. If a polish is desired a thin coat of russet leather polish issued by the Ordnance Department should be applied and rubbed briskly with a dry cloth. Particular care should be taken not to use too much Crown soap or water, as the result will be detrimental to the life of the leather. In no case should leather be dipped in water or be placed in the sun to dry. (Cir. 59, '07). MISCELLANEOUS. 51 Special care should be taken to use as little water as possible and in applying the lather of soap and warm water to have the sponge moistened only. A Camp Equipment. The shelter tent half should never be scrubbed with soap and brush the lye in the soap eats the fibre, thus causing the tent to leak. Rinsing in cold water will accomplish all that is necessary and never render the tent unserviceable. All articles of equipment, viz: the shelter tent half, haversack, canteen, field belt and suspenders should be neatly marked, with the letter of the Company, number of the regiment and company number of man in whose possession the articles are placed and when turned in and re-issued this number should become the number of the man to whom they are issued. The soldier is thus inspired to neatness by the fact that his eye falls upon a neatly marked set of equipments and he will give accordingly more care to his equipment. The pins and pole should be washed in hot water never scraped immediately upon return from a march where they have been used. The mess pan, tin cup, knife, fork and spoon should be sterilized in hot water after each meal in camp and weekly in garrison. Ashes, sapolio etc., should never be usisd, as this cuts the tin coating; as a con- sequence of which rust will in a short time appear. 52 CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER IV. CARE OF THE HEALTH AND FIRST AID TO THE SICK AND INJURED CARE OF THE HEALTH 1 1 A soldier should endeavor to be always at his best. He should avoid all exposures, not in line of duty, which he knows would be likely to injure his health, for if he is from any cause below par he is liable to break down under influences which otherwise might have had but little effect on him. 2 Even in garrison, in time of peace, soldiers often expose themselves unnecessarily by going out without overcoats when the weather is such as to require their use, or by failing to remove damp socks or other clothing on their return to barracks. 3 At rests on the march he should sit down or lie down if the ground is suitable, for every minute so spent refreshes more than five minutes standing or loitering about. 4 At the midday rest lunch should be eaten, but it should always be a light meal. 5 On the march or during exercise in hot weather the body loses water continuously by the skin and lungs and this loss must be re- placed as it occurs to keep the blood in proper condition. Only a few swallows should be taken at a time, no matter how plentiful the water supply may be. When exceedingly thirsty after a long dry stretch, water should not be taken freely at once, but in smaller drinks at intervals, until the desire for more is removed. 6 Smoking in the heat of the day or on the march is depressing and increases thirst. 7 On hot marches water should be taken quite frequently, but as already stated, in small quantities at a time, to replace the loss by perspiration. This will often prevent attacks of heat exhaus- tion and sunstroke. 8 On a hurried or forced march, particularly in sultry weather, (l)From THE SOLDIER'S HANDBOOK, by N. Hershler, Chief Clerk, General Staff Corps, U. S. Army. CARE OF THE HEALTH AND FIRST AID 53 TO THE SICK AND INJURED. a soldier may become faint and giddy from the heat and fatigue. His face becomes pale, his lips lead-colored, his skin covered with clammy perspiration, and he trembles all over. His arms and equipments should be removed and his clothing loosened at the neck, while he is helped to the nearest shade to lie down, with his head low, until the ambulance train or wagons come up. Meanwhile, fan him, moisten his forehead and face with water and, if conscious, make him swallow a few sips from time to time. p If the soldier comes into camp much exhausted, a cup of hot coffee is the best restorative. When greatly fatigued it is dan- gerous to eat heartily. 10 When the tents have been arranged for the night and the duties of the day are practically over, the soldier should clean himself and his clothes as thoroughly as the means at hand will permit. No opportunity of taking a bath nor of washing socks and underclothing should be lost. In any event the feet should be bathed or mopped with a wet towel every evening to invigorate the skin. 11 In the continued absence of opportunity for bathing it is well to take an air bath and a moist or dry rub before getting into fresh underclothes and, in this case, the soiled clothes should be freely exposed to the sun and air when the blanket roll is unpacked. 12 By attention to cleanliness of the person and of the clothing, the discomforts of prickly heat, chafing, cracking, blistering, and other irritations of the skin will be avoided. If chafings do occur, apply to the surgeon for a healing remedy, for, if neglected, they may fester and cause much trouble. 13 A hearty meal should be eaten when the day's work is over, but the soldier should eat slowly, chewing every mouthful into a smooth pulp before swallowing; and it is good when one can rest a while after this meal. Hard bread and beans when not thoroughly chewed give rise to diarrhoea, one of the most dangerous of camp diseases. Fresh meat should be eaten sparingly when used for the first time after some days on salt rations. 14 The soldier would do well to restrict himself to the company dietary. Particularly should he avoid the articles of food or drink for sale by hawkers and peddlers. Green fruit and overripe fruit are dangerous, as is also fruit to which the individual is unaccustomed. 54 CHAPTER IV. Unpeeled fruit should never be eaten, for it may have been handled by persons suffering from dangerous infectious diseases. 15 It should be unnecessary to speak of the danger from the use of intoxicating liquors for every soldier knows something of this. The mind of a man under the influence of these liquors is so befogged that he is unable to protect himself from accidents and exposures. How many men have passed from this world because of exposures during intoxication! How many have lost their health and strength and become wretched sufferers during the remainder of a shortened existence! Besides, for days after indulgence in liquor the system is broken down and the individual less able to stand the fatigues, ex- posures or wounds of the campaign. 16 If filtered or condensed water is not furnished to the troops, and spring water is not to be had, each soldier should fill his canteen over night with weak coffee or tea for the next day's march. This involves boiling, and the boiling destroys all dangerous substances in water. Typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery are caused by impure water. 17 All the belongings of the soldier should be taken under shelter at night to protect them from rain or heavy dews. 18 When not prevented by the military conditions, soldiers should sleep in their shirts and drawers, removing their shoes, socks, and other clothing. /p In the morning wash the head, face and neck with cold water. With the hair kept closely cut, this can be done even when the water supply is limited. 20 In hot climates, where marches are made or other military work performed in the early morning or late in the evening, a sleep should be taken after the midday meal to make up for the shortened rest at night. Everyone, to keep in good condition should have a total of eight hour's sleep in the twenty-four. 21 If the march is not to be resumed, the soldier should take the first opportunity of improving his sleeping accommodations by build- ing a bunk, raised a foot and a half, or more, from the ground. This is of the first importance when the ground is damp. The poncho, or slicker, must be relied, upon as a protection in marching camps, but when the camp is to be occupied for some days, bunks should be built. CARE OF THE HEALTH AND FIRST AID 55 TO THE SICK AND INJURED. 22 In hot climates this raising of the bunks from the ground lessens the danger from malarial fevers. 23 When malarial fevers are prevalent, hot coffee should be taken in the morning immediately after roll call, and men going on duty at night should have a lunch and coffee before starting. 24 The soldier should never attempt to dose himself with medicine. He should take no drugs except such as are prescribed by the surgeon. 25 No matter how short a time the camp is to be occupied its surface should not be defiled. The sinks should be used by every man, and the regulations concerning their use should be strictly com- plied with. Waste water and refuse of food should be deposited in pits or other receptacles designed to receive them. Attention to these points will prevent foul odors and flies. 26 When there are foul odors and flies in a camp the spread of typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and yellow fever is likely to occur. 27 When any of these diseases are present in a command every care should be taken to have the hands freshly washed at meal times. 28 In the camps of field service the interior of tents should be sunned and aired daily, and efforts should be made by every soldier to have his bunk, arms, equipments, and clothing in as neat and clean condition as if he were in barracks at a permanent station. 29 Harmful exposures are more frequent in hot than in cold weather. Soldiers seek protection against cold, but in seeking shade, coolness, and fresh breezes in hot weather they often expose them- selves to danger from diarrhoea, dysentery, pneumonia, rheumatism, and other diseases. A chill is an exciting cause of these affections; it should be avoided as much as possible. 30 When the feet become wet the first opportunity should be taken of putting on dry socks. 31 When the clothing becomes wet in crossing streams or in rain storms there is little danger so long as active exercise is kept up, but there is great danger if one rests in the wet clothing. 32 When the underclothes are wet with perspiration the danger is from chill after the exercise which caused the perspiration is ended. If the soldier can not give himself a towel rub and a change 56 CHAPTER IV. of underclothing, he should put on his blouse and move about until his skin and clothes become dry. 33 To rest or cool off, and particularly to fall asleep, in a cool, shady place in damp clothes is to invite suffering, perhaps permanent disability or death. 34 When an infectious disease is known to be present among the civil population in the neighborhood of a military camp or station, care should be taken by every member of the command to avoid exposure to the infection. Scarlet fever, measles, and diphtheria, are met with in the United States, but in some localities our troops may have to guard against smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, and bubonic plague. The careless or reckless individual will be the first to suffer, but he may not suffer alone; many of his comrades may become affected and die through his fault. 35 Such infections prevail mostly among the lower classes of a community who have no knowledge of the difference between health- ful and unhealthful cpnditions of life. Communication with them should therefore be avoided. 36 The soldier should remember that association with lewd women may disable him for life. 37 Every soldier should become familiar with the instructions in the "Outlines of First Aid," so as to be able to help himself or others in the event of wounds or accidents. THE CARE OF THE FEET The feet should be kept clean and the nails cut close and square. An excellent preventative against sore feet is to wash them every night in hot (preferably salt) water and then dry thoroughly. Rubbing the feet with hard soap, grease or oil of any kind be fore starting on a march is also good. Sore or blistered feet should be rubbed with tallow from a lighted candle and a little common spirits (whiskey or alcohol in some other form) and the socks put on at once. Blisters should be perforated and the water let out, but the skin must not be removed. A little alum in warm water is excellent for tender feet. Two small squares of zinc oxide plaster, one on top of the other, will prevent the skin of an opened blister from being pulled off. CARE OF THE HEALTH AND FIRST AID 57 TO THE SICK AND INJURED. Under no circumstances, should a soldier ever start off on a march with a pair of new shoes. FIRST AID TO THE SICK AND INJURED U) In operating upon a comrade, the main things are to keep cool, act promptly, and make him feel that you have no doubt that, you can pull him through all right. Place him in a comfortable position, and expose the wound. If you cannot otherwise remove the clothing quickly and without hurting him, rip it up the seam. First stop the bleeding, if there is any; then cleanse the wound; then close it, if a cut or torn wound; then apply a sterilized dressing; then bandage it in place. As for the patient himself, let him never say die. Pluck has car- ried many a man triumphantly through what seemed the forlornest hope. Kit Carson once helped to amputate a comrade's limb when the only instruments available'were a razor, a handsaw, and a kingbolt of a wagon. Not a man in the party knew how to take up an artery. Fine teeth were filed in the back of the saw, the iron was made white hot, the arm removed, the stump seared so as to close the blood vessels, and the patient recovered. Charles F. Lummis, having fractured his right arm so badly that the bone protruded, and being alone in the desert, gave his canteen strap two flat turns about the wrist, buckled.it around a cedar tree, mounted a near by rock, set his heels upon the edge, and threw him- self backward. He fainted; but the bone was set. Then having rigged splints to the injured member with his left hand and teeth, he walked fifty two miles without resting, before he could get food, and finished the 700-mile tramp to Los Angeles with the broken arm slung in a bandanna. Richardson tells of a Montana trapper who, having his leg shat- tered in an Indian fight, and finding that gangrene was setting in, whetted one edge of his big hunting knife, filed the other into a (1) Compiled from "The Book of Camping and Woodcraft," by Horace Kep- hart (The Outing Publishing Company, New York), from "The Complete Camper's Manual," (Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co., Racine, Wis.) ; "Outlines of First Aid For the Hospital Corps, U. S. A., and "First Aid in Illness and Injury," by James E. Pilcher, Medical Corps, U. S. A., (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.) 58 CHAPTER IV. saw, and with his own hands cut the flesh, sawed the bone, and seared the arteries with a hot iron. He survived. Bite of Rabid Animal. The bite of a mad dog, wolf, skunk, or other animal subject to rabies, requires instant and heroic treat- ment. Immediately twist a tourniquet very tight above the wound, and then cut out the whole wound with a knife, or cauterize it to the bottom with a hot iron; then drink enough whiskey to counteract the shock. Bite of Snake. See"Snake Bite." Bleeding, how checked. To stop the flow of blood temporarily raise the injured part as high as you can above the heart, and press very firmly with thumb or finger either on or into the wound. The patient can do this for himself, and can control the bleeding until his hand gives out. There is record of an Austrian soldier who stopped bleeding from the great artery of the thigh for four hours by plugging the wound with his thumb; if he had let go for a minute he would have bled to death. Observe whether the bleeding is arterial or venous. If it comes from a vein, the blood will be dark red or purplish, and will flow in a steady stream. Press upon the vein belozv the wound; then prepare a clean pad (compress) and bind it upon the wound firmly enough to stop the bleeding permanently. If an artery is cut, the blood will be bright red, and it will probably spurt in jets. Try to locate the artery above the wound (between it and the heart) by pressing very hard where you think the artery may pass close to a bone, and watch if this checks the flow. When you find the artery, then, if the wound be in leg, arm, head, or any other place where a tourniquet can be applied, proceed as follows: Tie a strong bandage (handkerchief, belt, suspender, rope, strip of clothing) around the wounded member, and between the wound and the heart. Under it, and directly over the artery, place a smooth pebble, a cartridge, piece of stick, or other hard lump. Then thrust a stout stick under the bandage, and twist until the wound stops bleeding. The lump serves two purposes: it brings the most pres- sure where it will do the most good, and it allows passage of enough blood on either side to keep the limb from being strangled to death. If the position of the artery above the wound cannot be deter-' mined, then, in case of a gaping wound that would be hard to plug, CARE OF THE HEALTH AND FIRST AID 59 TO THE SICK AND INJURED. apply the tourniquet without any lump, and twist it very tight indeed. This can only be done for a short time, while you are preparing to ligate the artery; if prolonged, it will kill the limb, and gangrene will ensue. In case of a punctured wound, such as bullet hole, it is better to push a plug hard down in the wound itself, leaving the outer end projecting so that a bandage will hold the plug firmly on the artery. This must be done, anyway, wherever a tourniquet cannot be used. The above expedients are only temporary; for a cut artery, if of any considerable size, must be ligated that is to say, permanently closed by tying one or both of the severed ends. To do this you must have at least a pair of sharp-pointed forceps or strong tweezers. Perhaps you may have to extemporize them if you have no iron, make a little pair of tongs by heating the middle of a green hardwood stick, bending over, and then shaping and fire-hardening the ends. Get hold of the end of the artery with this, draw it out, and have some one hold it. Then take a piece of strong thread that has been steri- lized in boiling salt water, make a loop in it as for a common knot, but pass the right hand end of the thread twice around the other, in- stead of once (surgeon's knot it will never slip). Slip this loop down over the forceps and around the end of the artery, and draw tight. If the vessel bleeds from both ends, ligate both. Powdered alum, tamped hard into a wound will stop bleeding from all but a large artery. So will substances rich in tannin, such as powdered sumac leaves (dried over the fire, if green) and pul- verized oak or hemlock bark. Do not use cobwebs, nor the woolly inside of puff balls these old-fashioned styptics are likely to infect a wound with micro-organisms, and thus do more harm than good. If a finger or toe is cut off, as with an axe, clap it quickly into place and bind it there; it may grow on again. Bruises. Ordinary bruises are best treated with cold, wet cloths. Raw, lean meat applied to the part will prevent discoloration. Severe bruises, which are likely to form absesses, should be covered with cloths wrung out in water as hot as can be borne, to be re- heated as it cools; afterwards with hot poultices. Burns. If clothing sticks to the burn, do not try to remove it, but cut around it and flood it with oil. Prick blisters at both ends with a perfectly clean needle, and remove the water by gentle pres- 60 CHAPTER IV. sure, being careful not to break the skin. A good application for a burn, including sun burn, is carron oil (equal parts linseed oil and limewater). Druggists supply an ointment known as "solidified carron oil" that is easier to carry. A "three per cent, solution of carbolic acid, applied with absorbent cotton or a ba.ndage, is an excellent ap- plication. Better still is the salve known as ungentine. Lacking these the next best thing is common baking soda. (Baking soda is the bicarbonate; washing soda, or plain soda, is the carbonate; do not confuse them). Dissolve in as little water as is required to take it up; saturate a cloth with this and apply. Another good application for burns is the scrapings of a raw potato, renewed when it feels hot. If you have none of these, use any kind of clean oil or unsalted grease, or dust flour over the burn, or use moist earth, preferably clay; then cover with cotton cloth. Do not remove the dead skin until new skin has formed underneath. Burning Clothing, particularly that of females, has been the un- necessary cause of many horrible deaths, either from ignorance of the proper means of extinguishing the flames, or from lack of pres- ence of mind to apply them. A person whose clothing is blazing should (1) immediately be made to lie down be thrown if neces- sary. The tendency of flames is upward, and when the patient is lying down, they not only have less to feed upon, but the danger of their reaching the face, with the possibility of choking and of ultimate deformity, is greatly diminished. (2) The person should then be quickly wrapped up in a coat, shawl, rug, blanket or any similar article, preferably woolen, and never cotton, and the fire completely smothered by pressing and patting upon the burning points from the outside of the envelope. The flames having been controlled in this way, when the wrap is removed, great care should be taken to have the slightest sign of a blaze immediately and completely stifled. This is best done by pinching it, but water may be used. Any burns and any prostration or shock should be treated in the manner prescribed for them. It is always dangerous for a woman to attempt to smother the burning clothing of another, on account of the danger to her own clothing. If she attempts it, she should always carefully hold be- tween them the rug in which she is about to wrap the sufferer. Chigers. Apply sodium hyposulphate ("Hypo"). Bacon is also excellent. Choking. Foreign Body in the Throat. The common practice of CARE OF THE HEALTH AND FIRST AID 61 TO THE SICK AND INJURED. slapping the back often helps the act of coughing to dislodge chok- ing bodies in the pharynx or windpipe. When this does not succeed, the patient's mouth may be opened and two fingers passed back into the throat to grasp the object. If the effort to grasp the foreign body is not successful, the act will pro- duce vomiting, which may expel it. A wire, such as a hairpin, may be bent into a loop and passed into the pharynx to catch the foreign body and draw it out. The utmost precautions must be taken neither to harm the throat nor to lose the loop. In children, and even in adults, the expulsion of the body may be facilitated by lifting a patient up by the heels and slapping his back in this position. Summon a physician, taking care to send him information as to the character of the accident, so that he may bring with him the in- struments needed for removing the obstruction. Clothing, burning of. See "Burning Clothing." Colds. Put on warm, dry clothing. Drink freely of hot ginger tea; cover well at night; give dose of quinine every six hours; loosen the bowels. Constipation. Give doses compound cathartic pills, eat freely of preserves; drink often. Convulsions. Give hot baths at once; rub well the lower parts of the body to stimulate; keep water as hot as possible without scald- ing, then dry and wrap up very warm. Cramps and Chills. Mix pepper and ginger in very hot water and drink. Give dose of cramp tablets. A hot stone makes a good foot warmer. Diarrhoea. Apply warm bandages to stomach; fire brown a little flour to which two teaspoonfuls of vinegar and one teaspoonful of salt are added; mix and drink. This is a cure, nine cases out of ten. A tablespoonful of warm vinegar and teaspoonful of salt will cure most severe cases. Don't eat fruit. A hot drink of ginger tea is good. Repeat every few hours the above. Dislocations. A dislocation of a finger can generally be re- duced by pulling strongly and at the same time pushing the tip of the finger backward. 62 CHAPTER IV. If a shoulder is thrown out of joint, have the man lie down, place a pad in his -arm pit, remove your shoe, and seat yourself by his side, facing him; then put your foot in his armpit, grasp the dis- located arm in both hands, and simultaneously push with your foot, pull on his arm, and swing the arm toward his body till a snap is heard or felt. For any other dislocation, if you can possibly get a surgeon, do not meddle with the joint, but surround it with flannel cloths, wrung out in hot water, and support with soft pads. Fainting. Lay the patient on his back, with feet higher than his head. Loosen tight clothing, and let him have" plenty of fresh air. Sprinkle his face with cold water and rub his arms with it. When consciousness returns, give him a stimulant. For an attack of dizziness bend the head down firmly between the knees. Drowning. The instructions issued by the U. S. Volunteer Life Saving Corps, "are as follows: RESCUING. Approach the drowning man from behind, seizing him by the coat collar, or a woman by the back hair, and tow him at arms length to boat or shore. Do not let him cling around your neck or arms to endanger you. Duck him until unconscious if necessary to break dangerous hold upon you; but do not strike to stun him. RESUSCITATION. First: Immediately loosen the clothing about the neck and chest, exposing them to the wind, except in very severe weather, and get the water out of the body. First try tickling in the throat by a straw or feather, or ammonia to the nose; try a severe slap with the open hand upon the chest and soles of feet; if no immediate result proceed as follows: Second: Lay the body with its weight on the stomach, across any convenient object, a keg, box, boat, timber or your knee, in the open air, with the head hanging down. Open the mouth quickly drawing the tongue forward with handkerchief or cloth so as to let the water escape. Keep the mouth clear of liquid. Then roll the body gently from side to side so as to relieve the pressure on the stomach, then back to the stomach. Do this several times to force the water from the stomach and throat. Third: Laying the body on the back, make a roll of coat or any garment, place it under the shoulders of patient, allowing the head to fall back. Then kneel at the head of the patient. Grasp the arms at the middle of forearms, folded across the stomach, raise the arms CARE OF THE HEALTH AND FIRST AID 63 TO THE SICK AND INJURED. over the head to a perpendicular position, drawing them backwards straight, then forward overhead to the sides again, pressing the arms on the lower part of the ribs and sides, so as to produce a bellows movement upon the lungs. Do this sixteen or eighteen times a min- ute. Smelling salts, camphor or ammonia may be applied to the nostrils to excite breathing. But give no spirits internally until after breathing and circulation are restored. The clothing should be re- moved, the body dried, and the legs rubbed briskly upwards, from foot to knee, occasionally slapping the soles of the feet with the open hand. Fourth: On signs of life, or when breathing is restored, wrap in warm blanket or hot cloths. To encourage circulation, hot tea, brandy or any spirits may be given in small doses, with care to avoid strangulation, and brisk rubbing and warmth applied to the entire body. Keep at work until recovery, or death is pronounced certain, by a physician. Persons have revived after two hours' steady work, but most cases revive within thirty minutes. Drunkenness. Cold water dashed in the face often proves a most satisfactory awakener. Cause vomiting by tickling the pharynx with a feather or some- thing of the kind; by administering a tablespoonful of salt or mustard in a cup of warm water. Aromatic spirits of ammonia is very effi- cient in sobering a drunken man a teaspoonful in half a cup of water. A cup of hot coffee after vomiting will aid to settle the stomach and clear the mind. Lay the subject in a comfortable position, applying hot, dry formentations, if there is marked coldness. Ear, Foreign Body in. In case of living insect, (a) hold a bright light to the ear. The fascination which a light has for insects will often cause them to leave the ear to go to the light. If this fails, (&) syringe the ear with warm salt and water, or (c) pour in warm oil from a teaspoon, and the intruder will generally be driven out. If the body be vegetable, or any substance liable to swell, do not syringe the ear, for the fluid will cause it to swell, and soften and render it much more difficult to extract. In a case of this kind, where a bean, a grain of corn, etc., has gotten into the ear, the body 64 CHAPTER IV. may be jerked out by bending the head to the affected side and jump- ing repeatedly. If the body is not liable to swell, syringing with tepid water will often wash it out. If these methods fail, consult a medical man. The presence of a foreign body in the ear will do no immediate harm, and it is quite possible to wait several days, if a surgeon cannot be gotte'n before. Earache. A piece of cotton sprinkled with pepper and moistened with oil or fat will give almost instant relief. Wash with hot water. Eyes, inflamed. Bind on hot tea leaves or raw fresh meat. Leave on over night. Wash well in morning with warm water. Eye, Foreign Body in. Close the eye for a few moments and al- low the tears to accumulate; upon opening it, the body may be washed out by them. Never rub the eye. If the body lies under the lower lid, make the patient look up, and at the same time press down upon the lid; the inner surface of the lid will be exposed, and the foreign body may be brushed off with the corner of a handkerchief. If the body lies under the upper lid, (/) grasp the lashes of the upper lid and pull it down over the lower, which should at the same time, with the other hand, be pushed up under the upper. Upon repeating this two or three times, the foreign body will often be brushed out on the lower lid. ( w I Pa. 3 g. ^ td fc*-4 f^ 03 o i o^ a W P WHEN M FT 7 1 CO td td P P o n O O 3 3 Bacon W 2. c^ CO 1. p 3 o. i nT CO i H td Baked Potatoes Fried Potatoes Etc. Baked Potatoes 1 p _ O P co ?r ft Fried Potatoes M S M o P o Rice Boiled Potatoes Oatmeal Baked Potatoes and Onions Stewed Tomatoe Fried Potatoes td 2. p. 5 o* P CO > c fB en H g (rl JT] |T] ffi a O P n 3. P S. pi 3- H w o M fj M P H I! S ? -t ex II td td "i ""i P td ?r ^ td ? w P td O >-t p W ? p p o o n ft> fb CD fD ?T* CD 0) r& rt r* 0. D. P a. P 1 P o. R. Cu ^ P fj p o H o n o o p 9 ? H 3* f& O P I 1 n n g " ff CD CD fD ft ?D f!> O^ fD . CD a P* nT 82 CHAPTER V. 2. Meanwhile, fry three slices of bacon until slightly browned in the mess pan over a brisk fire or hot coals, and lay them on top of the rice, leaving sufficient grease in the pan in which to fry the flap jack. 3. Take six spoonfuls of flour and one-third spoonful of baking powder and* mix thoroughly. Add sufficient cold water to make a batter that will drip freely from the spoon. Add a pinch of salt and two pinches of sugar and pour the batter into the mess pan, which should contain the grease from the fried bacon. Place over medium hot coals and bake from five to seven minutes; see that it will slip easily in the pan and then, by a quick toss, turn it over and continue the baking from five to seven minutes longer or until, by examination, it is found to be done. 4. While the batter is frying, wash out the tin cup; fill two-thirds with water and let come to a boil. Add one medium heaping spoonful of coffee and stir well and, if desired, one spoonful of sugar and let boil for about five minutes. Let simmer for about ten minutes longer. Settle by a dash of cold water or let stand a few minutes. . A hot meal is now ready to serve. Time about 40 minutes. MEATS Bacon. Cut side of bacon in half lengthwise. Then cut slices about five to the inch, three of which should generally be sufficient for one man for one meal. Place in a mess pan with about one-half inch of cold water. Let come to a boil and then pour the water off. Fry over a brisk fire, turning the bacon once and quickly browning it. Remove the bacon to lid of mess pan, leaving the grease for frying potatoes, onions, rice,- flap jacks, etc., according to recipe. Fresh Meat To fry. To fry, a small amount oi grease (1 to 2 spoonfuls) is necessary. Put grease in mess pan and let come to a smoking temperature, then drop in the steak and, if about one-half inch thick, let fry for about one minute before turning depending upon whether it is desired it shall be rare, medium or well done. Then turn and fry briskly as before. * Salt and pepper to taste. Applies to beef, veal, pork, mutton, venison, etc. Fresh Meat To broil. Cut in slices about one inch thich, from half as large as the hand to four times that size. Sharpen a stick or branch of convenient length^ say from two to four feet long and weave the point of the stick through the steak several times so that it may be readily turned over a few brisk coals or on the windward side of a small fire. Allow to brown nicely, turning frequently. 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