mam 
 
 aesM 
 
 mm 
 vm 
 
 
GIFT OF 
 
A consideration of various factors affecting 
 the net duty of irrigation water 
 
 Philip Rowland Roosegaarde Bisschop 
 
 B . S . ( Uni v ersity of South' , jAtfr'i c a,) 9 18 
 In *e*da^ *l^^:v^^ 
 
 THESIS 
 
 Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the 
 
 degree of 
 
 MASTER OP SCIENCE 
 in 
 
 Civil Engineering 
 
 in the 
 GRADUATE DIVISION 
 
 of the 
 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 Approved _ . ______ 
 
 ^/Tinstructor in Charge 
 
 Deposited in the University Library 
 
 Librarian 
 
81 ej? ?frjK>JWl. 
 
 ,,, ,-!. 
 
 * to. 
 
 a .a" 
 
 ' 
 
 a ic 
 
 ed* lo 
 lo 
 
 
 iti 
 
 
Letter of Transmittal 
 
 Prof. Charles Derleth, Jr., 
 
 Dean of the College of Civil Engineering, 
 
 University of California. 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 In accordance with the regulations 
 of the College of Civil Engineering, I herewith 
 beg to submit to you for your approval my Thesis 
 for the degree of Master of Science. 
 
 I remain, Sir, 
 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 Berkeley, 
 
 April 30th, 1921. 
 
llvlO '10 sgsIloO oriJ- lo .nso 
 isO lo ^*lfldvlc 
 
 siii ri'^iw sortsfcicoos I 
 
 nlgna HviO lo aselloO srl* lo 
 Ivoiqqa r iwot 'icl flb^ o. 
 a lo is^BBM lo 
 
 f * 1 a 1 a*t wo 
 
TABLE OP CONTENTS p 
 
 Letter of Transmittal. 
 
 Chapter I 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Definition of net duty and max- 
 imum economical duty 
 
 Chapter II 
 
 The Texture and Structure of the Soil . , 
 
 Grades of soil 
 
 Structure of the soil 
 
 The moisture contained in the soil 
 
 Chapter III 28 
 
 The Climate ......... ......................... 
 
 The annual precipitation and its 
 
 distribution ........ . ................. 
 
 The start of the Irrigation System ....... 
 
 Chapter IV 34 
 
 Moisture Distribution in the Soil ............ 
 
 Downward, upward and lateral 
 
 movement of soil moisture ............ 
 
 The extent of distribution ............... 
 
 Results of field experiments ............. 
 
 Conclusions reached ...................... 
 
 Chapter V 5^ 
 
 Character of Soil and Subsoil ................ 
 
 Hardpans ................................. 
 
 Gravel and sandy subsoils ................ 
 
 Chapter VI 67 
 
 Ejrapj)ration, Percolation and Surf ace. J/asJbe 
 Losses ...................................... 
 
 The process of evaporation ............... 
 
 Cultivated and uncultivated soils ..... 
 
 Mulching .............................. 
 
 Furrow irrigation ..................... 
 
 The effect of the type of soil on per- 
 colation losses ......................... 
 
 Size of irrigation head .................. 
 
 Frequency of application .............. 
 
 Length of run ......................... 
 
 Lateral percolation in furrows ........ 
 
 Surface waste ..... 
 

 DOS -;t0b rfsn. lo 
 
 . -le a 
 I IOB srtt lo 
 lios srf- it-- fbsniacffioo si. 
 
 03 
 
 .... a : 
 
 act I ,f>n-? 
 
 .no 
 
 .u jaio/n IIoa ic tnsr.i.svo 
 oW.tjdl'T-taxb lo ^nsctxe 
 sir.i'ioqxs Mail 'to a^ 
 
 . . b 9ri o B e^c 3 no 1 s .0 1 one U 
 
 bed' av Mi 
 
Page 
 
 Chapter VII 93 
 
 The Fertility of the Soil 
 
 Need of fertilizers 
 
 The function of organic matter in 
 
 the soil 
 
 Cover crops 
 
 Chapter VIII 99 
 
 The Crops 
 
 Plant growth 
 
 The effect of irrigation at different 
 periods of plant growth 
 
 American irrigation practice on dif- 
 ferent crops 
 
 Diversification of crops 
 
 Chapter IX ]_ 9 
 
 Yields of Various Crops under :...VaryJLn 
 
 Amounts of Irrigation Applications 
 
 Results of experiments on 
 
 ( 1 ) Alfalfa 
 
 (2) Potatoes 
 
 (5) Cereals 
 
 (4 ) Citrus fruits 
 
 (5) Deciduous fruits 
 
 Chapter X 
 Tabled" 
 
 (1) The net and gross duty of various 
 
 irrigation projects for the year 
 1917 
 
 (2) Distribution of irrigation water for 
 
 net duty on various projects for 
 the years 1912-1919 
 
 (3) Average seasonal duty of water on 
 
 various Irrigation Projects for 
 the years 1912-1917.... 
 

 - r ii?) no soicfo^i.q n 
 . . . , aqoto 
 
 e ox 
 
 SI 
 
 r ro ^ tsf ** v ^ o T / ct^//fe -^ o rr ^ i r- " 
 
 taw noli^'-I/nJ: 1o nol 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 (References are indicated by number.) 
 
 1. Soils Lyon, Pippin and Bucionan. 
 
 2. Principles of Irrigation PracticeWidtsoe. 
 
 3. Irrigation and Drainage- -King . 
 
 4. Irrigation Management- -Newell. 
 
 5. Irrigation in the United States--Teele. 
 
 6. Irrigation Practice and Engineering, Vol.I?-Etchevery. 
 
 7. Soils--Hilgard. 
 
 8. Physics of Agriculture --King. 
 
 9. Evaporation from Irrigated Soils--Portier and Beckett 
 
 --United States Department of Agriculture ,, Bulletin 248. 
 
 10. Distribution of water in the soil in Furrow Irrigation 
 
 --Loughridge and Portier, United States Department 
 of Agriculture, Bulletin 203. 
 
 11. Irrigation and Soil Moisture Investigations in 
 
 Western Oregon--W. L. Powers, Oregon Agricultural 
 Experiment Station, Bulletin 122. 
 
 12. Duty of Water investigationsDon H. Bark, Ninth Bi- 
 
 ennial Report of the State Engineer of Idaho. 
 
 13. The Duty of Water in Cache Valley, UtahHarris, Utah 
 
 Agricultural College and Experiment Station, 
 Bulletin 173. 
 
 14. The Movement of Water in Irrigated Soils Widtsoe and 
 
 McLaughlin. Utah Agricultural College, Experiment 
 Station, Bulletin 115. 
 
 15. Yields of Crops with Different Quantities of Irriga- 
 
 tion Water--Widtsoe and Kerrill, Utah Agricultural 
 College Experiment ^tateion, Bulletin 117. 
 
Em- nlqq Jt'3. , no -&I - -a I ioS I 
 oJt:*Ai8l--xiI lo aalqloalil -2 
 ifiB no i 4s si- IT: I -S 
 
 -3 
 
 -8 
 
 rrt * 
 
 I -.01 
 
 9LjS5"i. JJtTJ-' J.//0 L'l V 
 
 axe I loci bne 30 1: 
 
 .321 
 
 i J-'iTa L. - -,:'.3;t "u , \; 
 
 '</*'? 4 o + '* "^^fc^'^" 
 
16. Methods for Increasing the Crop Producing 
 
 Power of Irrigation Water--Widtsoe and Merrill. 
 Utah Agricultural College, Experiment Station, 
 Bulletin 118. 
 
 17. Studies on Capacities of Soils for Irrigation 
 
 Water--0. W. Israelsen--Journal of Agricultural 
 Research, Vol. XIII, No. 1. 
 
 18. Investigations of the Economical Duty of Water 
 
 for Alfalfa in the Sacramento Valley- -E. R. Adams. 
 
 19. Report on Irrigation Investigations nn the North 
 Side Minnidoka Project. Harding. 
 
 20. Water Requirements of Soils in the Sunnyside Valley 
 
 Irrigation DistrictHarding. 
 
 21 Report on Irrigation Investigations at Billings, 
 Montana- -Harding . 
 
 22. Flow of Irrigation Water over Soils in Different 
 Methods of Application- -Harding. 
 
 25. The Use of Water from the Tuolumne by the Modesto 
 and Turlock Irrigation Districts Etcheverry and 
 Means . 
 
 24. Depths to which different Soils may be wetted by 
 
 Irrigation Water 0. W. Isrelsen. 
 
 25. The_ Capillary Movement of Soil Moisture--W. W. 
 
 McLaughlin, United States Department of Agriculture, 
 Bulletin 855. 
 
 26. Annual Reports of the Reclamation Service, 1912--1919. 
 
 27. Experiments of the Economical Use of Irrigation Water 
 
 in IdahoDon H. Bark, United States Department of 
 Agriculture, Bulletin 539. 
 
 28. Soil Moisture Studies Under IrrigationHarris and 
 
 Bracken- -Utah Agricultural College Experiment Sta- 
 tion, Bulletin 159. 
 
 39. Irrigation Projects Data E. A. Moritz, Vol. 9, No. 
 11, Reclamation Record. 
 
jrf I ^ cmoT ^oiO sr 1 "^ -a-niaaoiorfl iol arsciiJefci .61 
 
 W . ' 
 
 .81 
 
 lA tol 
 rc0, anol-^slJaeviil a 
 
 t'? ailob. t 
 oS Io e*nraMli;peH -le^sW .02 
 
 no let as XT'* I no tftoqaH 12 
 
 '" 
 
 J:U nJ: > Tic- isvo 'ie^sW ccold-esilil /io wol r 'i .32 
 . ^rl^-TiT --aclctctoilqqA 'Io sbotl^s./t 
 
 rjoil -jectsW Io es.U siTT 
 .^: "eiG no i .t*^ii f sl xcoliJjT bne 
 
 , . ;9 ., 9 ., f 9c . 
 
 .W ,0--19^^^ J ilTlI 
 
 21 1 
 
 
CHAPTER I 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 It is well recognized that, regardless of the 
 crop irrigated, a proper knowledge of the duty of water is 
 essential to both the Farmer and the Engineer. Such, es- 
 pecially, is the case in newly developing irrigated and ir- 
 rigable districts. With the growth and development of the 
 
 
 
 irrigated sections the question of advantageously and eco- 
 nomically using the limited amount of irrigation water is 
 becoming more and more apparent. As the irrigable lands 
 become more settled, more frequently is it asked just how 
 much water is necessary to produce a good crop, and under 
 what conditions of irrigation can the largest returns per 
 acre foot of water as well as pe r acre be expected. 
 
 In South Africa especially, in its present period 
 of development, is it essential that more definite informa- 
 tion on which to base an answer to these questions, be ob- 
 tained. It is a matter of extreme regret that up to the 
 present no experiments, to determine the water Duty of our 
 South African crops under the many varying climatic condi- 
 tions, have as yet been undertaken. 
 
 It is essential to the farmer and irrigator to 
 
lo asslbifl^sT . -tar-d- fossirsfooe-i llsw al tfl 
 ai locfsvir Ic "^cfx/b ec'-t to Qgbei^cni. i^qc--iq s ^fcsct-s^liii qoio 
 
 -39 ,fiow2 ,i3srii,iiii aiict bi:& r f9rri r iB'>j. srl xl^ocf od 1 
 -ii brtB bsctjagiiTii gciqolsvab ^Xwsrt nl 0aeo axid 1 ai 
 sxi* lo 
 
 -oos bitfj Yia^cQ^fid-nsvbs lo rcoictaaup srl^ enoJWaes JJ 
 ai -iod;.8w ncl.jB3ii r ii lo cj-m/ofon bs^lmll srW gniaw ^ 
 a>nx?I aldB^iiiJ: s/'uf sA . ctaeiaqqa SIOJB bne eiorvi 
 
 tebror .bxiB ',qo r io Loorv^ aouboiq o.t Y~ ssa 3osn ai 
 
 ioc sni.^31 d 693^^1 siicf HBO nolJs^iiil lo anold'ibfioo- 
 
 .bsdoec^xa sJ S-TOB -i sq as Xiew SB IS^BW lo c^ool 9105 
 be it d-rfeaoiq a-j i n^.r^-L 210 ^^ BoxilA ii^efi nl 
 -aitnolnx scf inilsb s-xont d-Brf* Icid-nsass tfi ai tdroiuqclovab lo 
 -do 3o r , aaolj39JJp seerld- o^ iswsns HB as ,-ioldvr no rscid- 
 
 sx^ o-j qu Jsxid- ;t9 r i33'! o^sictxe .lo f i: rj si tfl ..bsrxiBJ 
 
 tcro. lo '^jyG loijew srf^ snim- ' xs on Jaag- 
 
 -tbnoo pid-Birrilo ^nlvr 1 ^^ &&& ^ -' I3 naoiilA xiv 
 
 baa - OB 30 ax 
 
have this information that he may make the arrangement 
 for an adequate water supply, that he may avoid injury 
 of his soil through the application of too much water, 
 and that he may adjust to his land the amount available 
 to him, so as to obtain the largest possible returns per 
 
 acre foot of water applied. Further, he should have an 
 
 of 
 under standing /the underground movement of the water after 
 
 its application, that he may be sure, on the one hand, 
 that excessive losses are not occurring through deep per- 
 colation, and, on the other hand, that the irrigation wa- 
 ter is penetrating into the soil sufficiently deep to give 
 proper nourishment to the feeding roots of his crop. 
 
 It is essential to the Engineer to have such in- 
 formation at his disposal in order that he may determine 
 how large a canal to build to supply a definite area, or, 
 having determined the quantity of water available and the 
 cost of bringing it to the tract to be irrigated, he could 
 not decide upon the practicability of his scheme because 
 of his inability to determine how large an area the water 
 supply is able to serve. 
 
 The Engineer, too, should have an accurate know- 
 ledge of the factors that influence the amount of water 
 
d7i9i::9 gneiss erid Q'Aan *Bm eii tfsitt nold'amio'irii aldd" 
 
 biovfi -sjjsm 9rf tferfd 1 . ijlqqtfe letfaw stffiifpsbjs IIB tol 
 jsw rloxiTH ood' lo nc/.o3CJcIqqs grid 1 jigxroidd' lioa sir! io 
 
 aidi^aoq cJ-sssiBi axfcf rriacfcfo oct as oa ,miii 
 
 rus svsrl blucila a;i (-is-dchritfi .bsllaqs r fs.tw Io oool 
 
 lo 
 
 ij lo in9:,.avo;ri bajjO'i^-iaL.'.;. 9 ^ .'.";:. .:J'L ; 3 '': 
 
 xl ario s;y no ,31; /a -3d %&& && ^Bitcf , noli JB oil qqs aJi 
 o'ir'j yiliij/ooo ooc sis asaacl eviaaco.'.o l-aifcf 
 -aw ncid-a^iiil o^d" j/saj ,>isri laxid-o arid- nc -bas -a 
 vig ocf qsoa ^XofiDioillua Ixos end 1 o^ii gxiio^'icJ-onsq si 
 
 .qo r io a In io aci-co'i gnibosl sricj 1 o^ drxamfiaiixfor: r ioqoiq 
 rcl :, ; ojya avjezl od" issrii^n^-sii'd- od l^l^neeas si ctl 
 
 n gxi $s:L - r iobio ni laaoqaib aiif ;ts noictfir.^ol 
 .B3 r xs sciini'lab a ^Xqqire od" bii0d od" iBnflo B 93'i.el won' 
 >HB 9lcfGllj8v 'isd-sw I'o Tj^l^nBjjp &d$ bsnliTrssd-ab aniVBri 
 
 9. r [ .bod-js -.t'l-rl 9cJ od". d'oaid' sild 1 od* ctl ':icf lo d-soo 
 
 % 
 
 9axjBostf sKtsifoa aiii lo Y*-^--^ 30 ^^ 03 '^? d ^ noqjj sbioab ^ort 
 isdsw eti* asTB ne 9316! wod = '..ia'ani aid lo 
 
 - . t Ids ai T iq 
 worpi ad'B'-iDOOB HB o . . , ' ._ orJT 
 
 lo r: - odoaz ssij lo 9? 
 
used to mature a crop after its application to the soil. 
 Such matters as the spacing of the furrows in orchard ir- 
 rigation, the length of run and the corresponding most 
 economical head of water to be used, frequency of applica- 
 tion are of vital interest to the success of an irrigation 
 scheme. 
 
 Again, we shall not be able to place on our 
 statute books more logical laws concerning the proper use 
 of water, or to enable our judges to render more satisfac- 
 tory decisions in water disputes, until we have gathered a 
 large amount of data, under properly controlled conditions, 
 relative to the behaviour of water when brought upon soils 
 for the production of crops. 
 
 The "duty of water" is a phrase which expresses 
 the relationship existing between a given quantity of water 
 and the area of land that it is made to serve. This amount 
 may vary between the wasteful application of water on pre- 
 pared lands in an unscientific way to the highly refined 
 experimental methods as used for instance in Southern Cali- 
 fornia, Where according to P. R. Adams "the water carried 
 has the exceptional agricultural value of one thousand dol- 
 lars per miner's inch." 
 
.Hoe add bd- noJtd-jeolIgqa a*! isdlB qo-xo -3 oii^jsm orf 
 
 jci awoiiul arid- lo gnloflqs slid- a.s 
 gnlbnoqasiioo erfd' bna run lo xidgnal 
 iiqqB Ic vons/fpsil ^>9au ecf o-t isd-ow lo S 
 
 i na lo aasooua artt oi d-asiodnJ: Isd"iv lo 
 
 no 903lq el slc f s 9C r d"oit Ilsxie aw niBgA 
 
 B.C- laci^ol 9-io,it asioocf 
 
 Oi oct a93&i(t ' I00 Icfsn9 o* 10 ,/ied-j3w lo 
 ii aiv Ifdnxr ,39-d-yqaiJb rred-flw r;i anoi^Ioal) ' 
 
 q isfenir ,, ed-sb lo 
 alloa fioqu drl^.uoid neilw is^sw lo i0oJ:VBii3G f arid- 
 
 .aco^o lo ncldojyfcotq siicf 
 aesaatqxe ifola'w safi'iriq B el " f is>;tsw lo 
 xod-Aw lo ^d-ld-iuawp 9vl3 s usswa-sc 
 
 -niiOBta aliffi .evioa oj 9.0 BHI ai dl d-erid- fcrtfil lo BSIS edd 
 -6'iq nc 'lodsw lo rioictBDlIqq'B l.olsJesw 3.ij n ocf V 1 - 07 
 bsiil9i TjIiisM 9fd o* -^sw bilid03ian0 JSB nl Bbasl fi 
 -iiaD aiedd-jyoS ni sooed'snl 10! t: . ; a .oond-sin Isduamiis. 
 
 W Slid''' 8BU3&A -S -"5 O* OOOS ai9U>Y ,BirftOl 
 
 lo e, :oldqsox9 9fct ari 
 
 la' 1 - aisi 
 
4 
 
 It is therefore, in order to be more definite, 
 perhaps advisable to use the phrase "the reasonable water 
 
 requirements," which may be defined as "the use of that 
 
 .",'iat by e 
 quantity of water which represents good practice when the 
 
 character of the soil, topography of the land, value of 
 the water, crop and other economic conditions are taken 
 into consideration." It is in general that quantity of 
 water with which the average farmer should obtain the best 
 
 results without undue waste. 
 
 iJ.Cii an ir- 
 It is, of course, obvious that this quantity 
 
 cannot possibly be permanently fixed and must necessarily 
 vary not only with the physical and topographical condi- 
 tions under which the water is applied, but also upon the 
 economic conditions affecting the value of the water and 
 the resultant crop. 
 
 It may be expressed as the number of acres that 
 may be irrigated by a definite quantity of water, usually 
 a second foot or eusec, flowing continuously throughout 
 the irrigation season. The most "commonly used unit is. 
 however, the acre foot, which represents a volume of water 
 equivalent to a depth of one foot on an area of one acre. 
 
 The Gross Duty for an entire System is made up 
 
, sdlrrilab siom sd od rtsbio ol t e-so'i9'rorid- ai dl 
 
 . : 
 
 arid" 1 ' as bsiillsb ac' . xioi.rfw ",aJn3rii3-_ 
 
 lct nouw eoi^os-iq boog e^iiaasiqai 4o>nw tad-jaw lo ^i^nawp 
 
 3itf lo ijflqflisoqod 1 Iioe orfd 1 lo nsJoaisnp 
 t 3-iB anoint iDrroo olirtonooe isrlcto >HJS qoio ,'13-lsw orld" 
 lo ^d-id-iiewp ^snd- I.eisri93 at. 8,1 W " .nold-aisblerioc ochii 
 cf sxlit nisd-do blnca'a isnTifll ggaisva arid- xloitlw u'dlvf isdsw 
 
 sJr.'id: uB^io ewoivoo ,. saitfoo lo ,ai 
 n ctawrsi bns baxil Y-t ;i ' nsrism ' :9C i 9( ^ ^ 
 
 -Ibnoc Ir;o.r:Iqj3 r isoqod- brus iBCie-jdq &tii dd"iw ^Ino don *^^ v 
 grid ncqu oalB dnd ,&9llqqjs ei 'isd^jsw edd 1 ifoliiw leJbru; aflold 
 bits 'iodBw arid lo saLav orld gnid-osllfl anoidibnoo olntoaooe 
 
 a 91 os lo iscL-jm ild a^ L . ^a oci -^JSK 
 
 dworf^wcirfd fclarrour ' ' -1 bncog-j a 
 
 , el ' . ' ' ' 'figxiii e 
 
 e.: - ; " ..... ;OS 3/ld t i:: 
 
 
 a: --'-. ' . - :oiO 9.. 
 
of the net Duty and the Loss in transmission. 
 
 The net Duty represents the actual amount of 
 water delivered to the land and includes such losses as 
 that by evaporation, percolation and waste, in addition 
 to the actual amount that is absorbed by the plant. 
 
 The Gross Duty is the relation between the to- 
 tal irrigated area under the System and the amount of wa- 
 ter diverted from the source of supply. The factors that 
 influence the gross or entire duty of a Scheme are as 
 many and as varied as the conditions under which an ir- 
 rigation scheme operates. An attempt to summarize all 
 shown in the following table: 
 
ni 3sod ailct bna 'tfsjQ $&n srld 1 lc 
 lo cfnifOffiB Lsirtos aJd- ed-rtsesiqsi Y*& cJ-grt sal 
 as a323oi rfox/a asiu/IonJL bns bnsl sifct od ba r i9vlle 
 
 nl t 3oasw bn& nolctBlooisq tnc.f.jjs'ioqsvo Tjcf d- 
 q 9.ci^ ^jcf bscfioads a I JailS driuoms isxjd'Ofl 9ilj 
 -ocf 9ilct ns8wd-sd noi^jsl.s r i 9.ci^ ax 
 lo drii/onfl 9ilct bnjs ^scfaYS erld- 
 
 91 IT .vlqqjLra lo 301003 8iW rrtorrl bect'isvib 
 3.3 o f i3 s.rteno^ B lo ^tub s-ildrie r io 03013 
 -ii HJS iJoirlw -isbrtL- anoicf Lbrioo sri^ as bei'-xsv aa b 
 
 nA . 
 
 'i 9rid- n nworfs 
 

 ( ( OJ (Distribution 
 
 
 ( ( 
 
 
 
 (Factors ( . f , , (Quantity 
 ( (Rainfall (Distrlt)ution 
 
 * 
 
 (which ( 
 
 
 (Clear 
 
 
 (can be (Water (Fertilizing silt 
 
 
 ( ( carried in suspension 
 
 
 (consid- ( 
 
 
 ( (Humidity 
 vered as ( (Wind movement 
 
 
 (fixed (Climate fgggg?& Irri _ ven quantity of 
 
 
 ( ( ( gation Season 
 (Altitude 
 
 
 (Losses in (Seepage 
 
 
 (Storage (Evaporation 
 
 
 ( ( (1. Distance from the 
 i i j. j-i i 
 ( ( stream to the land 
 
 
 (Losses in ( (2. Soil through which 
 (Transmis- ( &l ( the ditch is built 
 
 
 ( sion (S. Kinds of (Lined & Unlined 
 
 FACTORS 
 
 (Factors ( ( ( ditch (Cross Section 
 
 
 ( ( 
 
 INFLUEN- 
 
 (which ( (Canal 
 
 
 (Evaporation( Lateral 
 
 CING THE 
 
 (may be ( ( (Field ditch 
 
 DUTY OF 
 
 (modified" (Rotation or contin- 
 
 
 ( ( ( uous use 
 
 WATER 
 
 (Irriga- (Method of applica- 
 
 
 ( tion ( tion 
 
 
 ( Practice (Head used 
 
 
 ( ( (Waste water 
 
 
 (Length of run 
 
 
 ( 
 
 
 (Cultiva- (Dry mulch 
 
 
 ( tion (Ordinary cultivation 
 
 
 (Cover crop 
 
 
 ( (Configuration of Surface 
 (Irrigable (Soil and subsoil 
 
 
 ( lands (Reparation of the land 
 
 
 ( (Ground water level 
 
 
 fcroos (Length of growing season 
 ( (Diversified or not 
 
 V 
 
 (Factors (Faulty adjudication (Appropriation and granting 
 
 flnrl P.nm->+'. Hvi^avo I ~f _. _i_j j 
 
 ( ( and Court Orders 
 
 (which ( 
 
 (may be ( 
 
 (cor- (methods of 
 
 ( rected( payment 
 
 -_ rights to more water 
 ( than is needed 
 
 (Based on quantity rate 
 (Based on flat rate 
 
. - 
 'jtfaJ ) 
 
 nc.~ 
 
 tflH 
 
 
 Jlla gni. ' 
 noianaqawa nl bslTrso ) 
 
 ' 
 
 *3tS 
 
 nac; 
 
 . 
 
 
 ' ) 9 - flral - a ) baxil; 
 
 nc... 
 
 jiic r fl 
 >n.sl sHd- od" mBaid-e 
 
 rlpldw ilsi/ortrid- IloS.2) 
 j'll.acf al ilocfJ.fc srfcf ) 
 ^ bsniajlo afcnlA.5) 
 fi 3GC r iO) rfo-j-iJb ) 
 
 
 Jnl . 
 c, } . a 
 
 riocMb Msf*) 
 -rrl^rtoo 
 
 9Bi/ S.U00 ) 
 -BOilqqB 10 bofef8M) 
 no 1*. ) 
 
 riolrlw) -ffaiLrattl 
 
 ) ) 
 
 ) gcf vant) 3HT OHIO 
 
 10 
 
 H3TAW 
 
 no 
 
 10 
 
 rlolara 
 noJt*BvicMx;o Tjna 
 
 CO^O 13VOO) 
 
 ) 
 
 90Bl'^;Jci 
 
 lloadua bna 1J 
 bnsi eil^ 1o noi a&niJl ) 
 
 I9V91 19JJ8V. ) 
 
 
 ^c 
 
 .. 
 
 * bna noxjfliiqo'f od- 
 
 ) ) / 
 
 6s6 er 
 
 J-HB.C/P nc 
 
 i no . 
 
All these factors do much to increase or de- 
 crease the area that may be served by a given quantity of 
 water. There remains, as a disturbing factor, the law 
 that the more water that is added to a crop, the smaller 
 will become the yield per unit of water served. This law 
 of increasing water cost raises the question of whether 
 
 the water should be used to obtain the largest possible 
 
 50 acre 'Inches 'Yield 'Total 'Price 'Grose ' t M.et 
 
 yield per acre or whether moderate quantities shall be 
 
 used to obtain the largest yield per acre foot of water 
 served. 
 
 There is a depth of water for each type of land, 
 crop and water conditions, which will provide a maximum 
 profit. When water is added to a greater or less extent 
 the amount of profit will vary accordingly. It is only 
 with an increase of our knowledge of the duty of water 
 that this point of "optimum" water, or of maximum benefici- 
 al use, can be determined for different crops and climatic 
 conditions. 
 
 The following example will illustrate this point 
 more clearly. (&) 
 
 A beet field is supplying beets to the factory 
 at a contract price of five dollars per ton. The total 
 cost of producing the crops, including interest on the in- 
 
-01) 'jo sajsaionl: od rloim cfc 2 f otfOB'i 939110 1IA 
 lo ySlSttBUp nevig B ^d sviea ad ~am Jfliid 
 
 arid" .lodoBl gnidiLtfaib & a 3 . arciamei 
 r.e add" qoio B ci beabs ai d-BdJ isdav; siorci arid- d-jsifd" 
 elriT .&9visa isdsv; lo dir/xr isq blsl^ sifd 1 smooedllxv; 
 isrid-QjiIw lo noidae-up srld aoa'ifl'i daoo 'isd-BW giiiaaoionl "io 
 sidlsaoq dasgial sild- nlsdcfo od bsan sd bijjoxie isd-aw arid 
 sd IlBrfa seidid-nsup 3d\srisbom isrfd-aifv; 10 
 
 o dool 3-1 OB i aq blc-l^ d-asgiBl arid niadco od 
 
 Ic sq-od- doss iol lad-sr lo ddqsb B ai 
 irjjm'J:x.3fTi B abivciq IIi s ,v riolu'w t ano id Imc o tedaw br.a qoio 
 dnadxe aasl i-j isd-ssis a od bsibbs el isdav." neiiW .d-llo'iq 
 ^Ino ai dl .YlsniE^eooa -^isv Uiw diloiq lo dm/orris add- 
 ^^dsw lo ^d;/5 sr!d lo egbslworal IJLTO lo sasetonl ns rfdiw 
 -ioilsnsd murrixn-rr lo ^o ,iedsw "loxjircid-qo 11 lo dnioq siiid- dsad 
 oidamilo bnB aqoio dasisllxb c iol benxmisd-sb ed HBO , aexr IB 
 
 d;nioq aiad sdBid-sx/ili Iliw .:g gniwoliol 
 
 . 
 'i'cd-ofll arid od adssd s^- ;3 2 - t -A 
 
 ladod c .nod i9q o " --" 3 ; 
 
 -rti grid" nc ' ' ^^ C0 
 
' 8 
 
 vestment, may be assumed to be thirty dollars per acre. 
 Tabler I may be then constructed on the basis of the crop 
 yield in the Utah experiments (see Bulletin 115, 116 and 
 117 Experiment Station) on the effect of varying quanti- 
 ties of water on the growth of crops. 
 
 50 acre 
 inches 
 applied 
 over 
 
 1 
 
 'inches 'Yield 
 'of wa- 'of 
 'ter on 'beets 
 'each 'per 
 acre 'acre 
 
 '(tons) 
 i 
 
 T" 
 
 Total 'Price 
 yield 'paid 
 of 'for 
 beets 'ton 
 (tons)'of 
 
 'beets 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Gross 
 in- 
 come 
 from 
 
 beets 
 
 , 
 
 i 
 
 Cost 
 per 
 acre 
 
 : J 
 
 i 
 
 To- 'Net 
 tal 'in- 
 cost 'come 
 'from 
 'beets 
 
 i 
 
 llet 
 in- 
 come 
 from 
 acre 
 
 1 acre 
 
 r 
 
 30" '21.0 
 t 
 
 21 ' $5 
 i 
 
 |105 
 
 r 
 
 $60 
 
 i 
 
 $ 60' $45 
 i 
 
 $45 
 
 2 acres 
 3 acres 
 4 acres 
 
 i 
 
 15" '19.5 
 i 
 
 10" '18.6 
 i 
 
 7.5" '16.3 
 
 59 ' 5 
 i 
 
 56 ' 5 
 , i 
 
 65 ' 5 
 
 195 
 
 280 
 325 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 'i 1 
 
 120 ' 75 
 t 
 
 180 ' 100 
 c ' 
 
 240' 85 ' 
 
 37.50 
 33.33 
 21.25 
 
 Prom the above, it will be seen, that the largest net aggre- 
 gate income, was obtained when the 30 acre Inches were spread 
 over three acres. When spread over more or less land this 
 amount decreased. The largest profit per acre was obtained 
 with a thirty inch application, being seven and one-half dol- 
 lars above that with the fifteen inch application. In the 
 table the cost of the water has not been taken into account, 
 

 19 q 3i.3l lob 1*1 irf* 9tf o*. benttraea ad \;3;r; t 
 qoio 34* ID a laser end- so bsda/rliaxioo tterfcfr ecf .^sm I 
 baa 811 .311 aitellwH $aa) stfitemtiiaqxe dad-Li 9di at 
 
 Ic do ell 9 arid no AaoWa*3 ^nerfiittcqxa VII 
 Ic ddviroig arid 1 ac IS^BW lo 3-3 id- 
 
 -ftl' -Hi' 
 
 ante o 
 raoTtl' 
 
 9'tOB 1 
 
 smo o 
 
 moil' 
 ad29d' 
 
 T t~" ' ' 
 
 lO'lfl 
 
 -at 
 
 9i ftOO 
 MOfl 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 T _. 
 
 ! oa 
 
 03. 75 ' 
 
 S'-'T 
 . j -j 
 
 3V ' 021 ' 03 ' 3GI 
 
 ! ! I 
 
 ' 082 
 
 001 ' 081 
 i i 
 
 3&.-.I2JL 
 
 08 ' .dSSS 
 
 .bxsq 1 
 
 2d99d 
 
 -A. -A 
 
 QS 
 
 83. 
 
 SO- 
 
 blalZ' ae/foj-il 1 si os OS 
 -JW-lo' asrlofii 
 T9d' 5DlIqqB 
 ric 
 
 9'J ' 
 
 Q-IOJ3 I 
 
 "T 
 
 O.IS' 
 
 -;;_;!: 
 . - r 
 
 S| OS 
 
 8.8I j r 
 
 A^MLie.. 
 
 3310JS 2 
 33-10B 5 
 
 a.9'i9a ^ 
 
 Jan ctasaisl 3dd osncJ .ri^sa ad Xllw d~i <9vocfa arid 1 
 si 9 '.T aaxlonl 9'ioa OS eifd rt9riw banlsjcfo asw ,3i?too: 
 ild- brial aaal 10 siorn isvo bJ39iqa fiadtf .as^oa 99ic!cf -IQVO 
 asw 8'ioa-/i9q d-lloiq dassial 9rfT .ftdaaonosf) iiroras 
 -Io& llaxl-aao bits navsa 3ni9d ^nold-aoilqqB rloni' ^d-ix 
 
 .noWaolIqqa danl nse tiw d-arf* svodfi a-xsl 
 
 oini najiad need .ton a- i i r arid lo iaoo grid- 
 
9 
 
 and the question of what is the maximum economical yield 
 will therefore be dependent on whether the surplus profit 
 of seven and one-half dollars will compensate for the cost 
 of the extra fifteen Inches of water applied. Similarly 
 in the fifteen and ten inches application, the maximum 
 economical duty will be decided on whether the surplus prof- 
 it of four dollars and thirteen cents will compensate for 
 the cost of the extra five inches of water applied. 
 
 The differences between the net duty, the water 
 requirement for maximum per acre yield and the water re- 
 quirement for maximum economical per acre yield, should 
 therefore be clearly kept in mind. 
 
 "The conect water requirement for maximum 
 per acre yield is that quantity of water 
 which is necessary to produce a maximum 
 yield per acre, when the losses of water 
 by percolation, evaporation and waste, 
 which can be controlled by skilful meth- 
 ods of irrigation and cultivation, have 
 been eliminated. 
 
 The water requirement for maximum econom- 
 ical yield from a limited water supply is 
 that quantity of water which correctly 
 used will give the maximum total net re- 
 turns from a limited water supply and is 
 dependent on the value of the water, the 
 value of the land, the cost of irrigating, 
 the cost of producing the crop and the 
 value of the crop. The net duty merely 
 represents the volume of water which is 
 used according to the available water sup- 
 ply, the judgment and the skill of the 
 
blsJhj laointofloos ntoralxsm O al cMw 1o no id" as yp an r * frets 
 dlloiq siflq'iwa 9<id idddsiCw no dnefcnsqsfr eef diciatsd* llltr 
 daco arid 10! acUansqj-noo Illw a-islfofc llcii-eflo brt^ nsvsa lo 
 .>8ilqqs is* aw Is aaiioni nss^'iil eicfxa artt lo 
 m arid- t noWJ3olIqqs asrfoai ns* fons 0e*tll eiij nl 
 <yffl 
 
 'iol sd-sansqfttco II ivy scfneo aesd-'x brus sisllob ^wol lo Jl 
 .bsiXqqjB iscfsw lo assort! svil BI^XS sdd-.lo d-aos arid 
 arid .YJW& d3a sad- 
 i9d-xjw arid 5ns biai^ 
 
 9-1 os i^q leoinrorroos mxBfiJtxam 10! 
 .nJt:.i nJt dqail \;Iis9lo acf 
 
 nujTilxfim lo'i d-n9m3 r ili/p9T: -ledsA' dooaoo 
 i?jsw lo \;didfiEwp datfd- ai blai^ S'loa 
 tixefii s 30i/I>oiq od ^saaeoon el 
 
 lo aesaol add nauw ,aioa taq fjlai\" 
 
 -cfcrem Iw'ilixa ^d bsllo-idnoo ad 0ao rfoirlw 
 avsil t 
 
 rt'f 
 
 ~ '3 ':?"' : U Jt) . 
 
 flmll a notl &. 
 
 io Y ;i 
 . 
 
 ei bn ^laqws 
 ory . 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 . 319H1 . 
 
 II doJ 
 
 ' ^ i 
 
 ' 
 
10 
 
 Irrigator. Where water Is cheap and 
 abundant throughout the irrigation 
 season, the net duty will often exceed 
 the water requirement for maximum per 
 acre yield, because the consequent low 
 price does not enforce careful irriga- 
 tion and cultivation methods. Where 
 water is scarce and therefore valuable, 
 which is the usual case for a great 
 part of the arid region, the net duty 
 will approach the correct water require- 
 ment for maximum total economic yield. "(>) 
 
 The amount of water that will produce the largest 
 per acre yield of a certain crop is by no means at any time 
 the most economic Duty. It becomes therefore imperative to 
 undertake sufficient experiments to obtain this information 
 for all the standard crops. 
 
 Theoretically, the aim in irrigation should be to 
 obtain the highest possible efficiency out of every inch of 
 rainfall and every supplementary acre inch of irrigation, 
 and to use the least amount of the latter necessary to main- 
 tain a favourable moisture content throughout the main part 
 of the growing season, while still permitting the soil to 
 dry out sufficiently to mature the crop. Irrigation should 
 be applied when the soil moisture content drops to near the 
 wilting point, and in just a sufficient amount to raise the 
 moisture content to the maximum usable water capacity of the 
 soil throughout the root zone. 
 

 bos qssifo al i 
 
 noWaai'rxi 9rfd d-jjoifcjjjciild- dnabaxjda 
 gsoxs hed-lo IlJw T#JJ6 don siid <noe392 
 isq nuralXBrtt ic'i driameiiwpsT: isdsw sdd 
 wo I dngupgonco arid 1 ascreoadF 5l9l^ eios 
 
 las ion secb 
 Jtd-evld-I.t/o fta 
 
 9rcl9 j i3f-d' brrfl 
 ^; s -iol saeo lauaw sxit al 
 
 I9>iw d-osi'ioo eri* rfosoiqqa 
 olmonoos lactod" nLurnixsrn to'l 
 
 o'iq II lw -**dcr ted-aw lo d-ax/oms erJT 
 
 d-a arrasm on ^d a.t qoic nlad-ieo JB lo blsx^ 910.3 13 q 
 oj 9Vld-Bi6qiJt 9101919^ 39aoo9cf *I . ^ojjQ olmoaoos cfaont 
 airid nl^tcio o^ ^JHami^sqxs dt9ioJtllua gaiadi 
 
 .aqo r io bi3ijnBd'3 sxi-J 
 9d bli/oda noid-asliil nx ^is srid rtfllaoxc^oeriT 
 
 1p ;tuo YO9ii' 3t ' 1 slcfJtasoq daadaix; axid rtlflddo 
 lo rioni 9-ros ijiB^nsmel qq.ua ^isvs OHB ila'iriis'i 
 -nJtsm od" 11BE390S0 isdd-dl 1 9iid lo cto/ohta dsasl erld- oau 
 iiaq niaw. ri* Jijor^o^r^ Jnsdaco 9*ruJai'oio aldati)Vfll 
 
 od- lioa 9dS jjnijdiimtsq lllda ellrfw v i, gnlwois 9l: 
 
 blwoxia notd-esliil , .<JP'io add- etufBin od \ ' olllwe dwo - 
 9 {d ia9a. od sqoib dast^mo etwdaiaia II neriw 
 
 arid lo ^dlaaqao ts^aw o* *B^ftps aiwteion 
 
 r erJ :*!. lioe 
 
11 
 
 Proper irrigation supplies a favourable moisture 
 condition and encourages the growth of feeding roots, bac- 
 terial activity, and the liberation of plant food. Im- 
 proper irrigation checks these processes and often causes 
 unfavourable soil temperature and drainage problems, or 
 the leaching of plant food. Proper irrigation tends to 
 produce optimum moisture content conditions. Again, there 
 is always a tendency under irrigation to compact the soil 
 and to exclude the air. It is exceedingly important , there- 
 fore, to practice rotation, including soil building crops 
 which will offset this tendency of the soil to compact and 
 make it practicable to maintain a high state of tilth with 
 a high percentage of organic matter. It is the intention 
 to discuss in this thesis these influences which may modify 
 the net JXity of water, rather than the many, varied and com- 
 plex factors, enumerated above, which go together to form 
 the Gross Duty of an Irrigation System. 
 
 That it is well worth our time to give careful 
 study and investigation to this particular phase of the 
 question is b orne out by the following general figures of 
 the disposal of irrigation water after its application to 
 the soil. 
 
II 
 
 slcfaii/cvsl s asllqqi/e uoi3&% r ii 
 -oacf . a.j-001 anlbeol lo ifcj-woig 9i# aa.gBtucone 5ns 
 -ml .bool drialq lo aoirffliecfil 3rio l Jbae 
 nsi'io >n.3 aaaaeociq sasdd- a^ioado 
 
 9g^nJ:2i5 frna -3'fi/-j-ei3qnt3cf Iloa 
 nol-te5i r rti Taqo'rl .boo'i cfnalq lo 
 
 .snoid-Jtbnoo ^nsvincc siwctaiom miflRid'qo SOJJDO-ICV 
 Iloa siil dottqinoo oi xiol-tsali'il i^bnx/ ^onsDnad' . a a^jswla ai 
 ^Ignlfiaeox-i al ctl .'xia arW ebuloxe ol >nB 
 Ilca ^riibji'Ioni tKoid'ScJ'oi soidosiq o;f .910! 
 .-? toaq.Ttoo od- Jioo 9;.{ j Ic ^onsSne^ aMd" d'ael'io IIlv? rlolxfw 
 lo 3d -Su d'oia. s n.a.jnicra oJ slcfao.ttooiq ctl s^lBfli 
 is-tril odj- ai ,tl .is^^sra olaagio lo ss*^ 60 ' 10 ^ ^gl^i J3 
 ifoiiiw ssonsullni assrll alasriit airi^ ni adooaio oct 
 moo .bna JjsJ-rjBVi^msm e^Ict naa^ isactei t r i3t9\7 ic ^jwd-'^sn d^ 
 tiriol ol i^ii 330.1 og iicl'flw .. 9voo^ Jb3o oisnujns ta^ipd'os'i xalq 
 
 .:9^aY2 nolcrasi^nl ne 'lo ^ud aaoiD srlci 
 liria'iao svi^ oo' & (:!* 11/0 [^*iow Ilsw al .^1 **lT 
 srf* lo easrlq islsjQlitaq airfj- od 1 rcol-tngi739vni >as 
 
 *.- ' ' -7 
 
 lo ssiw^il laisnas si^lw'ollol 9^ orrio cf ei ricW 
 
 od 1 noid'sollviqs adi ^ectla isdaw . -ri lo laaoqalJD 
 
 .a 
 
12 
 
 Surface waste 5- -15 percent 
 
 Deep percolation losses 20--50 
 Soil evaporation 10--20 
 
 Total " S5--85 " 
 
 Amount available for 
 plant transpiration 65--15 
 
 It will be seen that even under the best of conditions, 
 the losses will usually amount to thirty-five percent of 
 the water applied. 
 
 "While these losses appear high and while 
 they can be reduced under proper methods 
 of irrigation, the expense of their re- 
 duction may, in many localities, exceed 
 the present value of the water saved. 
 Where the losses are excessive, the best 
 crops are usually not secured and it will 
 pay to improve the method used and reduce 
 the losses to reasonable amounts, " 
 
 Whilst it is unquestionable that the major part 
 of this loss is due rather to the mechanical factors of 
 the application of the water to the landfactors which 
 even under the very best of conditions are often not prac- 
 ticable to modify a greatly increased efficiency of the 
 water should be obtained from a proper knowledge of the 
 more theoretical considerations of the question. It is 
 rather with this part of the problem to which this discus- 
 sion will be limited. Any improvement on the practical 
 
21 
 
 jrreoisq SI 2 sctss?/ 
 
 03- -OS aaeacl col;*J8lqojsq qegtl 
 
 QS OI noid-3'oqsv9 Iio3 
 38- -32 
 
 51 --co 
 
 ,aao loir-no c "io craed Silct -isjsm/ nevs 
 "to ^nooiLi vll-\d'-ix;:fd' o~ ^xu/oma 
 
 ici D^cfsllayje tauiom 
 fioi^/Jtlqana r ict j-fislq 
 
 ness sd II lw d~x 
 IIlw -aoaaoi sdcfr 
 
 ell.iw 
 
 afcon/sw 
 
 -o-i 'li 
 
 aaaaol 
 
 io 
 
 Iliw 
 
 < 
 
 9 c iii saeaol aiij e'i. 
 Liw f>o c iwos.fcj ton ^Il3.ua;; '913 aqoio 
 I>nB bsau ho;iy&m Siitf avoiquti p^ x 
 
 o^ asasol 
 
 lo 
 
 a r tcoOB'l--f)ruI srW o-l 
 xq uO0 ns-Jlo SIB aitold-lBiic 
 * lo ^oneioills fosaasioci 
 lo s;^I)9iwonji igqciq a 
 
 ewb a.t aaol airict 'Io 
 lo noWfioilqqs srid- 
 
 nsve 
 
 ai \t no Ji j 2 9 l. f p 9ilo o QfiC 
 
 u* rfo!4 od- msldoiq a 
 
 SIOQflj 
 
 sq aMcf rCcfiw 
 9JliKil sd Iliw coia 
 
13 
 
 side is an entire local question, to be solved by each 
 individual project according to the prevailing conditions, 
 A discussion of this side of the question could at the 
 very best only be most indefinite. On the other hand 
 theoretical considerations lead to definite principles 
 which if followed expeditiously should help to secure not 
 only a higher increased Duty on existing schemes, but al- 
 so give much more definite information as to the probable 
 irrigable area under a projected scheme. 
 
rioss TO' bavioa od od" t nol;ra9up laoql atlctna B si 
 
 9-cW o* p i63(,oiq 
 
 MX/CO noid'asi/p 9ji* lo s&la aiitt lo Hc 
 tsrSto sif^ nO .stinllsbni *aom ad Tjlno cfaecf -^ 
 
 beal anoictB^sfiisnoo Isold'9 > ' 
 
 ten sijjosa o^ ql.ri bIifOB'3 ^awoWlfisq^s bewollol li 
 -Is cl-t/d t astaeiloa 3ni--tax>:e no Y*^ baafleioni isrigM a 
 
 9iCct o* as xiold-sfmolxil acHnll-^b siosi ilown svig os 
 
 s r i >s 
 
14 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 . - i <*'..% vvr i rc, v>- . J , > * 7< "-' .-.. r- T ' -. * f- 
 
 THE TEXTURE AND STRUCTURE OF THE SOIL 
 
 It is now perhaps universally recognized that 
 the character of the soil has more influence upon the Duty 
 of water, in the sense of the reasonable water requirement, 
 than any other factor. It is the texture and structure of 
 the soil which to a large extent determines the amount of 
 water that is lost by deep percolation, carrying with it 
 below the root zone a considerable amount of valuable plant 
 food. It is also the texture and structure of the soil 
 which determines the lateral movement of the water for equal 
 distribution under furrow irrigation, as well as the upward 
 movement with its consequent evaporation. A brief survey of 
 some of the importance characteristics of soils will help in 
 obtaining a clearer perspective of the various influences to 
 which irrigation water is subjected. Arbitrarily speaking, 
 soils may be divided into seven grades or "separates", com- 
 
 '-'"--; i ' - "X . . 
 
 prising fine gravel, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, 
 very fine sand, silt and clay. This grouping, established 
 by the United States Bureau of Soils, is dependent on the 
 size or tecture of the soil particles, varying from 2 1 mms. 
 in diameter for fine gravel to diameters below .005 mms. for 
 clay. 
 
II 
 
 lo 
 "10 
 
 cf-1 
 
 JIGS 3H1 
 
 ld- beslnnoosi -\jIlBai3 vim/ aqsitaaq won al d 1 ! 
 ^d-wCI arid- noq> soaewllnjt a'xora BBC! lioa srfd- lo 
 
 3idBnoajS9Tc &d3 lo eartsa exio nl i9ctaw lo 
 iudxscf srij- ai *I .lod-oal isacto Y^B aadcf 
 sill a9nlw9*efc J-JisJze s^isi s otf rlolrivr lioa sad- 
 
 qeeb ^cf tfsol. al rfsrld- r i^-3v/ 
 a snos d-ooi add 1 wolod 
 
 lioa 5:id lo 3'i.udoxnd-e Jbn-c 9i.ad;x8d- sifd- oals ai .i>coi 
 
 tol T9d-.3w slid- io d-nsmsvom Isisd-sl eif* asnim-isd-sb foiil\v 
 i; 3/ict as Ilav 
 lc Y9\nua Isiid A 
 
 ni qisri Iliw alio^ lc 
 oct aaonswllni awclisv erid- lo 9Vjd-o3 
 
 ..^niaiaaqa ^Il'ia-itlcTiA .bs^oaccfi/a ai -tdd-s-J iroW33Ttl xfolri* 
 -moo ^'as'ts-ieqaa" 10 asbBta nsvse od-ni bscivlp sd Tfsrr silos 
 .&JXSB anil bnB3 miribsftt .,bnjaa saiBOO ,l9VBis snil tin 
 
 ' JXla *&rt*e snn 
 
 v;o f i r ii;'i 
 
 90C08d--ioqmi add 'ic srrtoa 
 
 rto 
 
 a,Tjr t 1 2 moil 
 10! 
 
 ei , 
 
 lo 
 
 
 f air 
 
 ull 
 
15 
 
 As these groups vary in size they exhibit 
 properties, especially in regard to the moisture content, 
 which vary widely, which again are imparted to the soil 
 
 V 1 ,.\ ;-'--- f", '' , <~ 
 
 of which they are members. 
 
 These clay particles are very minute, jagged and 
 angular in outline. They are highly plastic, and when 
 rubbed together become sticky and impervious. They shrink 
 on drying and re-expand on being melted. The finer part 
 of the clay consists of colloids, which, because of their 
 fineness of division, exhibit certain well defined proper- 
 ties, of which absorption of moisture and high plasicity 
 and cohesion are the most important. Silt exhibits the 
 
 V' ' ; i <; '. 'i .: ':' 
 
 same qualities, but to a much less marked extent. The 
 presence of clay imparts to it a heavy texture, with a ten- 
 dency to very slow water and air movement. Its water hold- 
 ing capacity is high. The soil is highly plastic, becomes 
 sticky when too wet and hard and cloddy when too dry. 
 
 The sands and the gravels function more as separ- 
 ate particles. They are irregular and rounded, exhibit 
 very low plasticity and cohesion and as a consequence are 
 little Influenced by changes in water content. Their water 
 holding capacity is low, and because of the large individual 
 size of the pore space the passage of water is rapid. In 
 
esia at Y 
 
 <*ri9;tiioo siirtaiom ertf o* 
 Iloa* eil* o* b3*-ieqmi 9ifi 
 
 -blorl 
 
 fens oi^afilq 
 
 aquoig saarf* sA 
 nl ^Ilaxoeqas <ss W 
 riolrfw ,^Isbiw Ytav 
 i arts 
 
 cl 
 
 4 
 
 T-'il 3iH' .&9-tls>^ 
 
 55flll9l> ilow ftJ 
 
 rigirl barf sv' 
 
 :S 
 
 1*3 9:TfCO 
 
 no im.3qx-9*x bita sptTtb 
 
 *idMx <ftoalvxb lo a a or, on il 
 'io nox*qio8cfs doJWj? lo .331* 
 
 11-',?^ 3281 ilojjra s o* *trcf ,aax*ll30p rstea 
 1-^ , 9itr*X9* Y^ 3 1 '' B '-'"^ ;:! ' s*%eq;ftl ^slo lo eonsao'iq 
 3'/r 3*1 .*ri3ittevcni ils bit-? ie*BW wola TJTTSV o* 
 .oWasIq ^I;.i3^I ax ixcs sdT .dslii'a.i . 5 
 
 t risriw T ^bbolo Jbfls 5*iBi{ bite *9tf oo* 
 o'iofn noiioayl alaivsig sxi* 5xis abrtsa 9d 
 
 wo I vi-sv 
 eX**ii 
 
 9on9.vpsanoo B 32 bne aolas 
 ilsiIT .*nad-n:oo is^sw at 
 
 
16 
 
 regard to structure-- or the arrangement of the soil par- 
 ticles in the soil--a wide variance is met as well. 
 
 It is a well known fact that the soil particles 
 are not homogeneous in size; neither do all the particles 
 function as simple grains , being gathered together in 
 groups called granules or crumb structure. A small particle 
 of soil may be made up of a number of very small grains 
 placed in between somewhat larger particles, resulting in a 
 reduction of the pore space. A soil having such restricted 
 pore space is said to be in a puddled condition. The condi- 
 tion is detrimental to plant growth, impeding the root de- 
 velopment, but also preventing the circulation of air and 
 water; a most necessary function for plant growth. 
 
 On the other hand, when a soil is made up of com- 
 plexes of soil granules an increased pore space will occur. 
 There will therefore be a very wide ranpe of pore space rang- 
 ing for the different types of soils as shown by Table II. 
 

 Ixoa ertt lo ^nanissnsiis arl* io--s r ii/o o.uid-3 o;t 13391 
 tf as d-3iK al sonslisv sblw js--lioa s-ctt ni ee 
 Xloa srict cterfcf d-osi riworui llov/ e al d"i 
 exld IX s oi> iferWisn ^e^ia 1 a.uosnsBpmori cton 
 nl i9d*9aod- Bs'isrictag ^iiierJ aixisi^ slqinls aa nol^ 
 q Il^i'ta A " .0'iwd-o.tn ia cfnujio r io asiynsig Jjsli.30 jqijoig 
 salaia Ilyiaa Y'^sv lo 'iscfnwa a lo qw bam scf ^sm XI oj 'io 
 B ni yj!iit/33 r i t 33loid't:Jq is^iBi cJ-eiiwsmca noswct-ad ni b^o^iq 
 fis^oii^ae^ doi/a -uilv-ui lie 2 ..t .SOBOB 9ioq srtt io noJ 
 l>noo oiTI' .ncinifjnoo boXM)jJc s nl sd o* biea a I 9-0 aq a 8-ioq 
 -8b d-co'i 3iicf ^il&sqrai ,Tl*woi-^ itrwlq oi Xa^ng^l'id-ob a I 
 bna iii io nol,-t.ai00TJ.o. e:i^ 3fil*rj9V9iq oaXa ^twcf ^^nam 
 
 .rld-vroi^ :trt>3lq -iol noi*oitJ/i Y 1 ^ aasosxi ^- M s l^ 9 
 -;uoo lo qjj 9&o.E al iica B nsrlw ,nsi isrid-o arid n-u 
 .T:.UOOO XXI. v aosqe 9ioq tsa^a-ionl HB aaXi/nais lioa i 
 
 soaqa yioq io 9-;,ftfli afcl'w ^sv a 9tf ' sip'lsisri* XXlw 
 .IX aXdai' ^d nwoiia aa aXioa lo asq"^* dnsialllt) 9.1; 
 
17 
 
 TABLE II nt. 
 
 Percentage of Pore Space for Different Soils 
 (King) 
 
 Sandy soil 52.49 
 
 Loam 54.49 
 
 Heavy loam 44.15 
 
 Loamy clay soil 45.52 
 
 Clay loam 47.10 
 
 Clay 48.00 
 
 Very fine clay 52.94 
 
 The pore space in any of these soils is natural- 
 ly subject to considerable fluctuation, especially in the 
 surface soil, due to tillage and the amount of organic 
 
 matter present. When, however, soils are in the physical 
 .iota lr..ar<st*fcd grant: *-,- :icu. " &ac -'-.:oe tin 
 condition for the best plant growth, it will be found 
 
 that the finer the soil, the greater will be the pore 
 space. 
 
 In a soil the pore space is occupied by water 
 and air. If the water content is low, the pore space is 
 large and vice versa. Thus the relationship of the aggre- 
 gate pore space and the size of the individual spaces to 
 the amount of contained air and water, to their movement 
 through the soil, to root extension, to soil aeration, to 
 
II iLldAT 
 ic -1. eo 
 
 Gi-.SS 11 o a 
 e&.i'S 
 
 51 - KU501 
 
 33;G 1X02 'J8lQ 
 
 01 . V msol 
 00.3^ 
 
 . 9S9i-:d- lo V*' 1 ^ 
 - nl ^ll.-.lo^i-.cis ..ni: I.t3u.-foi;_l slcfe'is^i^noo c* d-03{,cf0a ^1 
 
 
 
 oJfisri'to lo .-i-nucra;?. silvt OHB 9 -3.8 111.* o" .swb txJ:o5 eoBl'i/js 
 
 i^v;Tc D-" ni 01^ slxoa fi3V9 r crr , ne^iW .^naagtq Ta^J-^jtr 
 
 onu-l scf ill.*- -ti .^.vo'i^ d-Hslq ctaed at TOI noi^lcnoo 
 
 is TB/f -;cf balquooo w.c 3C3qs stoq arid- llc^ s ni 
 ai 90-cj 9'ioq adj t wol ai J-ns^noo i9*a-w siicf II .-lie D^ 
 133^ e.^ f lo qiriarscWalsi arf^ eucfT .sai^v DO!V bc^f s^'i- 
 o* aaoaqa Lat&tvttnl srtt lo daJa 9iJ bns eoaqi: 9-100 
 
 svom ilgiicf oct ^is-lsjif ixct? iJts b.sol s-i no r: 
 .rtoId-siaB lioa o^ ,nolsrt9jjt; ^001 oJ ,llo,; 
 
18 
 
 bacterial activity become apparent. 
 
 The factors which control the soil structure 
 are plasticity and cohesion. As these increase, there 
 is. with an excess of water, a tendency towards puddling. 
 Oh the other hand, when too dry clodding will result. 'A 
 diminution of these factors in heavy soils will give a 
 better granulation of the soil particles. 
 
 Granulation is "nothing more or less than a 
 condition brought about by the force exerted by a variable 
 water film and the pulling and binding capacities of col- 
 loidal matter, operating at numberless localized foci. It 
 is evident that any influence or change in the soil which 
 will cause a greater localization of these forces v/ill pro- 
 mote increased granulation." And since the optimum moisture 
 condition of a soil for tillage is also fortunately the op- 
 timum condition for plant growth, careful attention should 
 be paid to the effect of alternate wetting and drying of the 
 soil, ploughing, freezing and thawing, and the addition of 
 organic matter and lime, upon the granulation of the soil 
 particles. 
 
 The moisture contained in the soil may be hygro- 
 scopic, capillary and gravitational. Hygroscopic moisture 
 is the moisture which a soil dried by artificial heat will 
 
81 
 
 snoosd ^cMvj-^ofi laliectocd 
 'S lice erlj Ici^aop rlelrlw a-iotfojel snT 
 saje'ionl s^aii* sA .nclaerlco bits Y^-^-^BBlq 9is 
 abiewoci Y 3 ^ 9 - - " 9 ^ 8 is*aw lo aascxo ns riiiw .3! 
 A' .^Iwas-r jil-w grijb>clo Y*I^ cod" asdw , firxsrf isn'^c 9r& nO 
 a BV 1% liJtw aiioa ^vesa ni aic^osl sascid' lo rtolJwnJtfaib 
 . :;9lol.iisq lios exit lo no Id- si was 135 isJiscf 
 s rxB/iT aa?i -T:C 9 r rcin j^nliid'c 
 lcfalisv -3 ^cf te^iexe aoicl srfd- 
 -Ico lc a-:'i^iojsc30 jjnibxil-:- br.a 
 l .loci I)9slleocl 8asi c i3CJnwn 
 ;Ioxa.v Uou srit al s^nsrio 10 
 
 al 
 
 ed* bas mill 'io^aw 
 
 ..'is 
 Jaxtf JneoiV3 ai 
 
 IIlv; ^Vc 
 
 91-ucJ-sicfr. ffu/.Tiioqo ori^ on>u brtA tv .nolj lortBig baaBe'-ioni gj-om 
 
 -qo Oil* ^i9.t3niKHol odla cil as-- 1 - 1 ^^ lol Iloa fl lo noictlbfjoo 
 
 biwoas fiol^froJ^s iL-lsT-'O <ii^v/ci3. Jnslq iol nolJlbnoo mi/mlct 
 
 9ii* lo 3niY*xo i> B snlJiav/ 9d-oms^i lo tfoel'le srfv cd" blsc ac? 
 
 lc ncl^lbba 9iIJ boe t get 1 wad* boa gnisseil . ^clils^olq 
 
 I lea oiIJ lo floijolirnana arid noqjj 1 9 ml I bna 
 
 ni 
 
 f i bas 
 
 ,olqo-oa 
 
 IIlw 
 
 rfelilv? a^ ' ;n srfj a 
 
19 
 
 absorb from a saturated atmosphere. Due to the absorptive 
 capacity of the soil particles, this moisture will exist 
 round the particles in the form of a thin film, being held 
 partly by the surface tension of the film and partly by 
 the molecular attraction of the moisture molecules. The 
 amount of hygroscopic moisture increases with the total 
 surface exposed or the fineness of the particles. Any 
 practice that will increase the colloidal materialthe 
 humous, colloids being very susceptible to an increase-- 
 the higher will be the percentage of hygroscopic moisutre. 
 This is well illustrated in Table III. 
 
 TABLE III 
 Hygroscopic Capacity of Various Soils 
 
 Soil Percent clay Hygroscopic 
 
 remaining in Water ex- 
 
 suspension pressed in 
 
 after stand- percent 
 ing 24 hours 
 
 15 clays 
 
 7 clay loams 
 
 9 loams 
 
 5 sandy loams 
 
 4 sands 
 
 Hygroscopic water is held so rigidly to the soil particle 
 that it is in no way available to the plant. As this zone 
 
 51.97 
 
 10.45 
 
 17.15 
 
 6.06 
 
 12.06 
 
 5.18 
 
 7.39 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.95 
 
 2.21 
 
61 
 
 IX iw 
 Mar! gniscf ,itiin ni 
 
 aidft a9l 
 
 a Tto raicl ed^" a 
 
 ,cfa 
 'qj 
 
 eoaliua sxlct 
 
 
 sdtf lc eaensctil sxl* 10 foasoqxs 
 iBoioIIoo add" easeionl IlJt* <tfijrf^ 
 aa o3 eldid-qsoai/E Y^ev iolloo ^aoorritrxl 
 
 iri oJ:qooco'ig^fi lo eafi^nsoieq c- XII.', 1 taxlglrl orf.^ 
 
 .lli-oldisT nl i>e^B^jj!Il Hew si alriT 
 III 3JHAT 
 
 al 
 
 ni 
 
 S&.OI 
 
 VS. IS 
 
 80. 3 
 
 31.71 
 
 81. 5 
 
 50.21 
 
 06 . 2 
 
 es.v 
 
 
 aruaol c i 
 vjhn&& S 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 encs a 
 
20 
 
 increases, due to an increase in the moisture content, a 
 thickness of moisture film is reached in which the molecu- 
 lar movement is perfectly free and unimpeded. These two 
 zones, one in which capillary movement is more or less 
 free, and the other a comparatively thin film in which molec- 
 ular movement keeps the moisture attached to the soil parti- 
 cle, gradually merge into one another. 
 
 As more water is added and the film thickness 
 round the soil grains, the outer layers are held with de- 
 creasing force, and a point is reached at which plants are 
 able to procure all the moisture needed. At this point, ac- 
 cording to Dr. Widtsoe, the film water is held so loosely 
 that it moves freely from soil particle to soil particle, 
 being termed the Lento capillary point. Above this point the 
 water is readily available to plants and constitutes the 
 main supply of water for plants under irrigated conditions. 
 
 Hence the following coefficients are well estab- 
 lished (1) The hygroscopic coefficient is the percent of 
 moisture, based on the dry weight of a soil, that a dry soil 
 will absorb when placed in a saturated atmosphere. (2) The 
 wilting coefficient is the percent of moisture, based on the 
 dry weight of the soil, which remains in the soil when the 
 plant has reached a condition of permanent wilting. 
 
OS 
 
 JB tCJTxeJaoo e r u>ueom s 
 -iroslom 90* doidw xsl 
 
 ai 
 
 
 ctfct 9E9iiT .babsqmifttf bne 
 
 33 si 10 eiom al .tasraevora ~. 
 oolo.il ifoiriw ni rrdl'l nidi ^Isvld'flijsqsaoo * 
 a sri.t od- 591103*^3 s^i^taioat edi 
 
 snc oc?:'. f . 
 
 r. no 
 
 raiol^* mill w bfi bebfcB ai . 
 -o> rliis filsxf 9iB aiSTje-t 10*00 9^ 
 9 r u8 ao'itslq rlola'v,' d-a fiaflo^ 
 oa <ctnioq aii .bsfcsan 
 
 oa fcisu c.1 --lod-fiw ralll silct t eot- 
 e Hoc; oct slol^i.yq Iloa mc'il 
 
 ,*nloq xxIIiqa- 
 art* asuijj-ld-sfioo bfiJB sJoBlq o* sld- 
 
 Haw 91 s 
 1o *nsDT-9q srW si 
 Iloa Y* 3 ^ s cted* ,.Iloe 
 aiffi ^2) .etsdqaoatfs 
 an'* no bassd , 
 s.d- nsdw Ilo 
 
 
 
 
 suall 
 
 iw dioao'a 
 
 
s/wway Me &rmj of wa' 
 
J J t t 1. J I * 
 
 a4 f *" 
 
 f ? ' 
 
21 
 
 For successful plant growth, the moisture con- 
 tent should never be allowed to approach the wilting coef- 
 ficient. According to the researches of Briggs and Shantz 
 the hygroscopic coefficient is about .68 as great as the 
 wilting coefficient or the wilting coefficient is about 
 1.50 times the hygroscopic coefficient. 
 
 The finer the texture of a soil, the greater is 
 the number of angles between the particles in which a film 
 of capillary water may be held; also, the actual amount of 
 surface exposed by the particles is immensely larger than 
 in a coarse soil. Due to these two conditions a soil of 
 fine texture will contain considerably more capillary water 
 than one of which the texture is coarse. See Fig. I. 
 
 The structure of the soil, or the arrangement of 
 the particles, will become a factor in the capillary capaci- 
 ty in so far as it affects the amount of surface exposed to 
 capillary action. Hence the granulation of a clay soil, by 
 producing a crumb structure and by increasing the exposed 
 surface, tends to increase its water holding capacity. On 
 the other hand the compacting of a sand, by increasing both 
 the effective surface as well as increasing the possible 
 number of angles for capillary concentration, will have the 
 same effect. See Fig. II. Organic matter has a great capil- 
 

 - 
 
 19V3H f. 
 
 .ta< 
 j JB 3. 
 
 . 3u 3LCT 
 
 i Sii 3< 
 
 o jt.i"jacf 
 aJ: 
 
 ,i/rifl f i^ 
 
 fc l 
 
22 
 
 lary capacity. Not only its porosity but also its col- 
 loidal content exerts a very high affinity for capillary 
 water. 
 
 Capillary water moves from a wetter or thicker 
 moisture film to a drier or thinner water film. The water 
 will rise to a greater height on a fine textured soil tham 
 on a coarse textured soil, although its rate of progress 
 is much greater in the latter. Lyon and Pippin give the 
 following Table. 
 
 TABLE IV 
 Capillary Rise in Inches for Different Lengths of Time/^/ 
 
 1 
 
 Soil |$ hr 
 
 1 hr 
 
 1 
 
 2 hrs 
 
 r 
 1 day 
 
 3 days 
 
 3 days 
 
 13 
 days 
 
 19 
 days 
 
 Silt and 
 very fine ' 
 
 sand '2.7 
 i 
 
 4.7 
 
 7.0 
 
 20.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 45.0 
 
 52.0 
 
 56.0 
 
 Very fine ' 
 
 sand '7.6 
 i 
 
 10.0 
 
 12.4 
 
 21.0 
 
 23.0 
 
 26.0 
 
 27.5 
 
 28.5 
 
 Pine sand '9.0 
 
 i 
 
 9.5 
 
 10.0 
 
 11.6 
 
 13.0 
 
 14.3 
 
 15.2 
 
 16.0 
 
 Coarse " 
 and medi- ' 
 
 urn sand '5.8 
 i 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.3 
 
 7.5 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 t 
 
 12.5 
 
 Fine 
 
 gravel '4.0 
 i 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.3 
 i 
 
 6.4 
 I 
 
 8.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 10.8 
 
22 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Id" j'o 
 
 fl moi aevora 
 
 siiT .mill iecfw isaniffi 
 tf Iloa bsi-t-'^xscf- . anil a rtc d-rigJ 
 
 o s 
 
 ori* 9V I? n 
 
 &HG 
 
 ' 
 
 ! _. ~A rfr *^ riff v , -f '- 
 
 LljD I! Ou nXJ.il 3 j.jJJ i.j.vm 
 
 tecfrfiaia s oct sell. II iw 
 
 3 JDSIJJ^X' S fiO 
 
 axi^ ni i: si 
 
 vi 
 
 
 r~ ~r~ ~r~ 
 
 T r c* PI r *T ^ * i 
 ' 1 " 
 
 eiy siy ; 
 
 -T ' ' - ! 
 1 1 
 
 , 
 
 T i 1 
 
 o.aa'o.s o.oe 0.02' a. 1 
 
 i i 
 
 ,.V2 : 0. 0. 0. 
 
 
 1 s.^i ' o.5i e.ii' o.oi 
 
 r r ' r o r 
 
 O Ui 
 : t 
 
 8.0 O.OI' 
 
 I ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 : e- 3V 
 
 -.3 a 
 . srtl^I 
 
 11 9313OO 
 
 1 -J.b9.T- 
 
25 
 
 With a further increase in the water content, a point 
 will be reached when new additions of water will simply 
 slide off the existing film and be drawn off by gravity. 
 Dr. Widtsoe has called this point the point of maximum 
 capillary capacity. Any existing water above this is 
 termed Gravitational water. See Pig. III. It moves 
 slowly downward through the pores and tubes of the soil 
 until it is all absorbed by the lower drier soil or until 
 it communicates with the standing water table. When gravi- 
 tational water begins to appear, an adverse condition to 
 plant growth is obtained. The proper aeration oi the soil 
 is much hampered, the roots are deprived of their oxygen 
 and toxic materials tend to accumulate. It is therefore 
 evident that there must be some moisture condition in a 
 soil which is best for the development of the plants, of- 
 ten termed the optimum content. 
 i 
 
 The total range of available moisture does not 
 of course represent this condition. In practice the mois- 
 ture content will fluctuate considerably, forty to sixty 
 percent of the pore space being considered essential for 
 best growing conditions. It should be the object of every 
 irrigator to apply just such an amount of water to his 
 land as to bring the water moisture content as high as 
 

 ijcf lie nweib sd bit 
 
 lo tfaioq 9tt ctnloq al.:. - . 
 
 2! alc'd" svcda. lod-sw ariirfeJbcs -fiA .^' 
 aavom d 1 ! ..Ill .3!^ S>oQ .lajsw IB;. 
 lloa arid" lc aecfjjd- bits ESIOG aifct r^i 
 
 10 lisa isi'iib lewcl szi-i T c^ & - 
 ns-iW .olc r -d- iQ.ja-w ^nibnBd-a sr'j i 
 o^ noi-libnco siiovfoB rte ,iiiaqqs od" Bf..' 
 Ixoa 9t(- lo' nold-a'-isfi nsqc'io adT . L 
 
 x^ild" lc bexrl-iCjOi) .9*1.3 e^ooi 8u 
 iaiW ax il .ed--yrtuJ03^ o* &nsi 
 B nl nci^ib'floo sii/^aio^ emoa acf cfairm 
 - r lo t 8-*oslq sad' lo 
 
 alorit .9il^ eoitosiq al .nol-jibnco 
 ^txls oi ^*io't t ^IdJ3T9blaffoa *^- 
 
 
 
 sol I ' . ,aa 5'. 
 
 as tfsJuI aa ctna 
 
24 
 
 possible without experiencing deep percolation losses, 
 and at such periods that the minimum water content just 
 before irrigation does not approach the wilting coeffici- 
 ent. The extent to which this is achieved in practice is 
 illustrated by the experiments of P. R. Adams on Sacramento 
 Valley Soils. Fig. IV shows the percentages of soil mois- 
 ture in a fine sandy loam soil before and after irrigation 
 for various depths. The diagram showsthat the moisture 
 percentage reached or closely approached the wilting 
 point in the upper three feet of soil before each irriga- 
 tion, but that it was well above the wilting point through- 
 out the season in the third, fourth and fifth feet below 
 the surface. 
 
 The results of a considerable number of experi- 
 ments conducted on the moisture properties of soils under 
 field conditions of irrigation are summarized in Table V. 
 
 
3 i 
 
 lo aa 
 
 /y fj'9il 
 - 
 
 wol9c r cfsol rfctll'i 
 
 3 1C 
 
 ;u aiic-i 
 
25 
 
 TABLE V 
 
 Character of soil 
 
 Usual ave 
 
 rage percent 
 
 of total moisture 
 
 
 i 
 
 At wilt- 
 ing point 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 When irriga- 
 tion is de- 
 sirable 
 \ 
 
 After irriga- 
 tion when free 
 to drain 
 
 "" 
 
 Sandy soil 
 
 , | 
 3 ^ 
 
 , 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 Sandy loam 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 Pine sandy loam 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 Loam 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 Silt loam 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 Light clay loam 
 
 ? 13 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 Clay loam 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 Heavy clay loam 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 Clay 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 It is evident that, even after a heavy irrigation, the aver- 
 
 . ; j * . rr.ted cenc^ ttcn, the fl^'-d 
 age percentage of water held in a soil to a depth of ten 
 
 feet is far below the maximum capillary water content. In- 
 variably only the top foot or often the top layer contains 
 that quantity. With increasing depth, there is invariably 
 a decrease in moisture content until about eight to fifteen 
 feet, it is very little above the point of slow capillary 
 
52 
 
 v au 
 
 9lird-aiQ.n Isd-oS lo drigo-raq as^iavs lawsU 
 
 HOB lO 13^O r I 
 
 . i i 
 
 -s^iitl TscfXA 1 -sgliil nsrfW 1 -ollw dA 1 
 9911 nadir rtoW 1 -afi si iiolJ-' taioq gal 1 
 
 jBtB'jS oc? 1 9lcfsila' 
 
 > ' 
 
 8 ' - S ' 
 
 ! 1 ' 
 
 -Iloa ^f)ns3 
 
 SI ' 9 ' 
 
 i 
 
 ttisol ^foasS 
 
 81 ' d ] 
 
 niaol ^brtas snl'i 
 
 12 '*!'&' 
 
 i i 
 
 ntsoJ 
 
 22 ' 01 ' 
 
 , 
 
 01001 " i3 
 
 1 ' Gl ' 
 
 i . ' 
 
 ms o I '^ o 1 o drfg IvI 
 
 22 GI *! 
 
 aisol Tjal'J 
 
 ' 91 SI 
 
 1 . ! 
 
 OTBOl ^SlO YVJ 39 ^ 
 
 2 02 ' 81 
 
 ; 
 
 ^jgXO 
 
 -lave arfct . ncl^s?;! ill /V-sSil B isdls navs ,: 
 
 Kaxid' dTi5)lV9 si SI 
 
 119 j 'lo iiJcisb s od lioi. is rsl 5l9l ifd-aw 
 
 le aqacfneo-ieq 930 
 
 -nl. .dnsstnoo -ladsw -^filliqjso mi/^lxsc: 9d3 
 
 wo led i.sl al d^ss'i 
 
 10 crcol qod" 
 
 si 
 esdIJ:! od- drig-ts d-ycdfl IWtti/ ^elota ni aaasto^b a 
 
26 
 
 TABLE VI 
 
 Table showing; the distribution of moisture after irrigation 
 
 (Widtsoe) 
 
 Depth 
 
 Depth 
 
 of Water 
 
 Applied 
 
 In the Spring 
 
 
 7.5 inches 
 
 5 inches 
 
 
 
 2.5 inches 
 
 
 1 
 
 25.80 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 - 
 23.56 
 
 18.57 
 
 18.42 
 
 2 
 
 21.88 
 
 20.73 
 
 13.81 
 
 17.49 
 
 3 
 
 20.17 
 
 i 
 
 19.09 
 
 13.53 
 
 15.65 
 
 4 
 
 17.72 
 
 17.84 
 
 13.46 
 
 14.07 
 
 5 
 
 15.91 
 
 16.29 
 
 12.32 
 
 13.98 
 
 6 
 
 14.55 
 
 15.83 
 
 11.81 
 
 13.14 
 
 7 
 
 14.21 
 
 15.60 
 
 12.31 
 
 13.26 
 
 8 
 
 14.15 
 
 14.81 
 
 12.70 
 
 12.93 
 
 Dr. Widtsoe has termed the percentage of moisture held in 
 field soils to a depth of eight to ten feet, with the top 
 foot in a saturated condition, the field water capacity of 
 a soil. In general it has been found that it does not 
 vary very much from the optimum water content for plant 
 growth. For various soils Dr. Widtsoe gives the following 
 values. 
 

 iv 
 
 
 
 
 ,** ^ HI ; tolLV* ,.*.. 10 XH 
 
 { 
 
 SoFf"37v ! 
 
 06. 52 | 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 .2 1 aa.'ioni 5' s^ 
 
 ! ' ' 
 
 V3.U1 ' 55.52 ' 
 -. i ' 
 
 13. Si ' 5V. C- 
 i i ' 
 
 83.12 ' 
 
 2 
 
 ,T3 y r i 
 GO.G-i. OG.^jj. WU.i 
 
 VI. 02 
 
 t 
 
 5 
 
 VO.M ; 9^.51 ; 8. VI | 
 
 2?. vi ; 
 
 * 
 
 86. ol So. 31 ' b2.c_ ! 
 
 .1 i 
 
 xe.51 ' 
 
 5 
 
 1.81 -11 58.61 ' 
 
 i 
 
 53. M ; 
 
 6 
 
 &2.51 Ii.21 ! . OS. 51 
 
 1S.M | 
 
 ^ 
 
 .21 IS.M 
 
 : 
 
 51. M 
 
 8 
 
 lo e^^^aeo-ioq 9iW beifirrai a.ari 
 
 gild- Ml:. *9dl nsd- ccT juals lo dtfqab oct dlloe blsii 
 lo iccJ-ioaqso i-?*aw blaJt'l sxfct t na&ifcnQO bs^Bi^sa B nl docl 
 don aacb cM tfartj fcnwcl nasd aBii dl Isisasg nl .Lion a 
 
 gniwollol arW asvlg eoarffilf .-tO. slioa p^oliov io r d .rid 1 wots 
 
 .ae.yl.av 
 
27 
 
 
 Soil to a depth 
 of 8 feet 
 
 Field water capacity 
 expressed as a per- 
 cent by weight 
 
 i 
 
 'Registered moisture 
 'percent by w eight on 
 'the basis of forty 
 'to sixty percent 
 'moisture content and 
 
 
 
 'thirty percent pore 
 
 
 
 'space 
 i 
 
 Clay 
 
 19 
 
 i 
 
 1 1625 
 i 
 
 Clay loam 
 
 18 
 
 1 9.414 
 
 Loam 
 
 t 
 
 1617 
 
 1 913 
 i 
 
 Sandy loam 
 
 14.5 
 
 ' 1015 
 
 i 
 
 Very sandy loam 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1 710 
 
 i 
 
" ' -. J- - 1 
 
 no d-ilgis # vcf JKso-ioq' -i&q, 
 ^cf'ic'i 1o elascf s^tf 1 
 ctnsoisci YJ"- 51 -* 3 Q^ 
 brt.'^ cfnscirioo oiw^siorn 
 3 i>Ci d'iisot^ 1 ^ ^lirW 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 iqjgo istfsw'&.XeJre ' dd-qsl 
 
 i . . /CO 
 
 ^3- : - ' 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 > a otf Iio2 
 d-901 8 lo 
 
 62--31 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 e-x t- 
 
 5101 
 
 1 
 
 01 --? 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 ex ' 
 i 
 
 81 
 i . 
 
 -i r -i r 1 
 
 vl 91 
 
 ! 
 
 3.M 
 
 -1 ' ITtBOl 
 1 
 
 meol Y 3 -^ 1 ^ 
 rrtsci '-^bnaS 
 
28 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 THE CLIMATE 
 
 The first factor, influencing the net Duty of 
 water, that will be considered is the Climate under which 
 irrigation takes place. 
 
 The annual precipitation and its seasonal dis- 
 tribution, together with the temperature, humidity and 
 wind movements, have a very marked and evident effect up- 
 on the amount of water required for crop product! on, length 
 of irrigation season and the number of irrigations that 
 are applied. 
 
 The climate .affects not only the total seasonal 
 duty but is also mainly instrumental in determining the 
 actual monthly distribution of the water requirement- -a 
 most vital factor to be considered in the design of the 
 distribution system. The monthly requirements are con- 
 trolled by the crops grown and the locality under consider- 
 ation. Alfalfa or pasture in any arid region usually re- 
 
 '.$:r *.tfc c: . gg - -:-'* 
 quires water throughout the growing season, or from early 
 
 spring until late autumn, while a grain crop requires water 
 during not more than the first half or two- thirds of the 
 season. Potatoes require water throughout the season, but 
 

 Ill H221AHO 
 
 io ^cfoa 3s>tt 6i& BnionsJJlnx tiocroe cE-i 9dT 
 oJsfltlXO add 1 ' aJ. bsisbienoo 0d ^ 
 
 lb lanoaaDe ad-x ba,- nolt.d-iqiog-ic Lsaaaa 
 
 bns ^d-iJbitrujii sijjctaioqnis^ sdd- .Ictivr nsddsaoJ- ,nold-ucfJtid 
 
 )C--iq qcio 'icl bs-iiupsi 'isd-.aw lo dm;o::u3 sd, "no 
 J-3iId- aaol-J33ii r ix Io -iscifta/n sricr bna aoasaa nolJagjrcii lo 
 
 ..bellqqa 
 
 edi ^Xo tort ilool'l'-i 
 nx Ijed-rriiiiui 
 3d-3Tr sxl.t Io 
 
 srio lo iigiasb sr{j nx bs-isblenoo ad o?- 10 Jo/si 
 -noo 91 ' acfneKisrriifpa'i Ylrd-noa\ aixiT .fn&d-e^e noict'JJcf 
 TC3i)ianoo i?baw -^liapcl sxld bus nvfo'i^ aqoio sii^ ^'cf ball 
 -91 vLL&u&u noxriai blifi ^os ai a r rwaaq 10 s'lIfillA .aoiJa 
 10 .noasaa 30 .twig 84* ^wodsiioi'rid- tsd-atf aaiinp 
 
 qoio nxs^a eliriw tajKOd-i/a si^X XiJ-ru; gnx 
 id Io Bbnixld-owd- 10 'iXsi ;teixl ifi itda'u siost droc ytlii/b 
 
 .~t-:- 
 
29 
 
 do not need it so early as grains. Orchards on the other 
 hand when well cultivated need little water in the early 
 summer, the greater part of their requirement occuring dur- 
 ing the latter part of summer and early autumn. 
 
 The following two Tables, taken from the report 
 of Don. H. Bark are typical of the irrigated sections of 
 
 Idaho. The crops and soils were divided into two classes 
 1911 ' 18 ' . ' . 325 ' . 52 * ' . ZO? . 945 ' . 750 ". 199 ' .' ' r. . 73 
 
 (1) Grain on medium clay and sandy loam, 
 
 (la) Alfalfa grain on medium clay and sandy 
 loam. 
 
 (2) Grain on porous sand and gravelly soil, 
 
 (2a) Alfalfa and clover on porous sand and 
 gravelly soil. 
 
 TABLE VII 
 
 Summary of Depths of Water Applied by Months to 122 Fields 
 of Grain on medium clay and sandy soils f/zj 
 
 Season 
 
 ~T~ 
 
 No. of 'April 
 plots '15-30 
 
 r~ ~ i 
 
 May 'June 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ~r~ 
 JulyjAug. 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 Sep. 'Sep. 
 
 1-15 '15-30 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 'Total 
 'for 
 'season 
 
 
 'feet 
 
 feet 'feet 
 
 feet 'feet 
 
 feet 'feet 
 
 'feet 
 
 1910 
 
 39 ' .00 
 
 i 
 .320 '.645 
 
 T 
 
 .495 '.095 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 .00 '.00 
 1 
 
 i ~ 
 
 '1.556 
 i 
 
 1911 
 
 49 ' .00 
 i 
 
 .021 '.717 
 i 
 
 .428 '.006 
 i 
 
 .00 '.00 
 1 
 
 '1.172 
 i 
 
 1912 
 
 34 ' .00 
 i 
 
 .000 '.914 
 i 
 
 .650 '.059 
 
 .00 '.00 
 1 
 
 '1.623 
 i 
 
 Average 
 
 : ' .00 
 i " t 
 
 .114 ' . 759 
 i 
 
 . 524 ' . 053 
 t 
 
 .00 '.00 
 1 
 
 '1.450 
 i 
 
 Percen- 
 tage of 
 Total 
 
 i lit 
 I i it 
 
 1 ' .00' "7.86 '.52.34 ' 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 36.14 '3.06 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .00 '.00 
 
 i 
 
 '100.00 
 

 adi no abiarionO .anlaig a ^Iies oa 11 b,99n Ion ob 
 9& nl -tecfaw sl^ll baa ba^viciluo llsw naiiw 
 
 lo cf'isq tenets I 
 
 lo anol^osa fisiaaiiii sri* lc Ijsolqipt sic ah*a .H .noQ lo 
 pw* -oinl bstivlb srcsw alloa ana aqoio ^11' .oriebl 
 ,mQoJ -^fcrtaa bn ^B!O ns/ibam no alBiO (1) 
 bnc ^alo nu/lbom MO 'nisi^ ells'UA (si) 
 
 ,1103 ^ilsv.313 bn.3 bGJBa eiro-ioq xio nis-iS 
 
 bna auo-'tcc no isvclo baa BlXallA 
 
 . i ioa 
 
 , J.3AT, 
 
 .T 1 .qaa' .q92' .guA 1 ^Itfl/ sitt/L'-S*^ 1 Xi f ; [ 
 
 " ' r^F "^ r' - r r ' 
 
 i i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 - _^-^_ -- - T, - 
 
 jrf. V i_!^_ -'S ^-fej-iE "^ ; T^ 
 
 oo. 'oo. 'eeo.'aeK'a^e.'oesJ oo. es 
 
 00. '00. ' 300.' 8S.' V..7 .' 
 
 ' 
 
 ' '.' . 6 
 
 n 
 
 J . 
 
 ' 
 
 '00. ' - 
 
 ! I ' ' 
 
 i 
 
 it 
 
 I I 
 
 I I ' -.: ! 
 
30 
 
 TABLE VIII 
 
 Summary of Depths of Water Applied by Months to 46 Fields 
 &f Alfalfa on Medium Clay and Sandy Loam/fr?; 
 
 Sea- 
 son 
 
 No. 
 of 
 plxts 
 
 April 
 1-15 
 
 April 
 16-50 
 
 May 
 l . 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sep. 
 1-15 
 
 Sep. 
 16-30 
 
 Total 
 
 1910 
 
 17 
 
 .055 
 
 ,018 
 
 .531 
 
 .720 
 
 .002 
 
 .551 
 
 .004 
 
 r 
 .000 
 
 2.54 
 
 1911 
 
 18 
 
 .00 
 
 .025 
 
 . 525 
 
 .308 
 
 .945 
 
 .750 
 
 .199 
 
 .051 
 
 2.78 
 
 1912 
 
 11 
 
 .00 
 
 .000 
 
 .508 
 
 .445 
 
 .697 
 
 .474 
 
 .038 
 
 _ 
 .000 
 
 2.10 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 r 
 
 3 .t 
 .018 
 
 ! 
 .014 
 
 .521 
 
 .490 
 
 .748 
 
 .592 
 
 .100 
 
 .010 
 
 
 
 2.50 
 
 Per- 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cen- 
 tage 
 of 
 To- 
 tal 
 
 f~ ' '* 
 f 
 
 .72 
 
 : 
 .56 
 
 , 
 20.90 
 
 29.05 
 
 , 
 30.00 
 
 25.75 
 
 4.02 
 
 .40 
 
 100. 
 
 Irrigation water is usually applied during that 
 part of the year which corresponds in general with the 
 period of plant growth. The time to start irrigation is 
 largely dependent on the initial amount of moisture present 
 in the soil due either to winter rainfall or fall irriga- 
 tion, the available water supply and the crops to be grown. 
 Soils which have a good water retentive power and which have 
 been subjected to either fall irrigation or winter precipi- 
 
OS 
 
 HIV 
 
 ^gA 
 
 
 
 . -. 
 
 S8V.S 
 001.2 
 
 Oo.2 
 
 00.001 
 
 1 
 
 -i ""i 
 
 I "I 
 
 ~r~ 
 
 -,. ' 
 
 
 _ ' 1, 
 
 A 1 -rr f ~ ' 
 
 . T 1 , : , 1 
 
 1 r 
 
 , 
 
 
 L S.u 
 
 1 
 
 "l 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ,_. II..-,.* 
 
 
 l/^\ 
 
 I3c . ' 200 . 
 
 CSV.' ise. 
 
 l~ i 
 
 BIO. 1 S30. 
 
 I 
 
 VI 
 
 oivr 
 
 
 
 i .. 
 
 
 
 
 11. 
 
 ria I 3AO 
 UG i o 4r - 
 
 80S. 1 S23. 
 
 320.' 00. 
 
 81 
 
 IIQI 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ;o . 
 
 &Y ! V8d. 
 
 S^ . ' 803 . 
 
 000.' 00. 
 
 II 
 
 2191 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 *I3VA 
 
 >i . 
 
 263 ' 8V ( 
 
 r Q6. ! xsg. 
 
 MO. 1 SIO. 
 
 
 63J3 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 lo 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 -. -o'r 
 
 ). 
 
 5V.S2 1 OC.X 
 
 30.6E' 09.02 
 
 z- r - QV 
 
 C?O . -i * 
 
 
 I3-T 
 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 el 
 
 nellqqB -^llB0afJ el -is^sw noi*?^fxl 
 jijr is-isnss nl sbno^si-xoo doldw "iss^ ed^ lo 
 d-xad-a o^ atnld- siff .d^wbig .tnelq lo 
 le *luttB l*lilai 9d^ no tfnebnsqeb vli 
 to Ilalrc-Ui tsctni* od- ^xedtls ewfc II 
 aqoio arl^ bn/; ^iqqtie I9v^w sldsllave 3i'ct_ r 
 svsrl ilolriw fcna lowoq 9vJ:d'n9d' r r r i : -s ovsti i.- 
 
 -Iqioeiq 
 
 
 o I bs: 
 
51 
 
 tation, will generally be found to have sufficient initial 
 water in the soil to start plant growth. This is due to 
 the fact, as already shown, tiiat the water may be stored in 
 soils to a considerable depth as a film surrounding the 
 soil particles. At Utah, where most of the precipitation 
 comes in winter, it was found that in the spring most of the 
 water that fell during the preceding winter was held in the 
 upper eight feet (See Table VI). The quantity held in the 
 soil varied with the percentage of water in the soil in the 
 autumn. If the soil went into the winter in a dry condition, 
 practically all of the winter precipitation was found in the 
 spring in the upper eight feet. If, on the other hand, the 
 soil was well filled with water in the fall, a relatively 
 small quantity of the winter precipitation w as found in the 
 upper eight feet of soil. The upper couple of feet were, in 
 both instances, fully saturated, and the percentage dimin- 
 ished steadily with increasing depth. Hence it is clear 
 
 that when the soil was fairly completely saturated in the 
 
 iur r '-i-- ; :;c< c-iuy evepoi^.-te tc^.r-r. Iiave fcii<j 
 
 fall, the winter precipitation passed down beyond the eight 
 feet limit or the root depth. Prom 1902 to 1907 the per- 
 centage of winter precipitation found stored in the soils in 
 the spring--the soil going into the winter in a dry condition 
 --varied from sixty- three to ninety-eight percent. It is 
 
 

 wi fl *iB*a o* lioa 9 :tt n is 
 
 nif>^o^' 3 ntin a SB d*qeb elda-isbianoo B o^ alloa 
 
 lioa 
 
 o iaom ^oliqa srtt n ^aiflt on.'o'i asw *1 .leiniw ni ao:noo 
 * ni bled BBW i^nlw rjflJtbaow artf 'anlnuB liai *U 
 
 B fll folea ^i^xrp aid! .tJV eld-T 9 " 
 
 Iloa 
 
 a s^ cl 
 
 tb a nl ts^iw sdi o^al *naw iioa 3 rl: . 
 
 ni tool aawnoldc^lQioa-sq *nl ail* lo Ila 
 it ,6flad -xarfio aitt no . 
 
 evitEis-r s ,ifi i ai ' '' Jioa 
 
 - w 
 
 Ilsma 
 
 ni .aw isello alqoo la^qw oifl 1 .lioa lu Joal *rfsl 
 
 ( - ao t b9*is-rtE Tfllwl .asonactanl 
 
 HOB 
 
 SCSI ^o^ ..ri*qab *ooi a*W 10 *l^ 
 
 lo 
 
 .iiv-- 
 
32 
 
 evident therefore that in districts where the precipitation 
 
 comes in winter, early spring irrigation may have but lit- 
 
 ijRer - ! 11 blo" th'it vh-leh 
 
 tie value. On the other hand, where the winters are dry and 
 
 the summers wet, early spring irrigation should prove very 
 profitable. 
 
 Porous, coarse, sandy or gravelly soils, which 
 have but little retentive power, will require early irriga- 
 tion and for new crops may even require irrigation before 
 planting. 
 
 The effect that the rainfall, which falls during 
 plant growth, will have depends largely on the amount of 
 precipitation and the relative humidity of the district. It 
 has for instance been shown in Idaho, "that a light summer 
 rainfall has but very little influence on the IXity of water, 
 most of it being evaporated. Heavy rains of .5 of an inch 
 or more at a time seem to have beneficial effects, but the 
 Idaho atmosphere during summer is so dry and the soil is so 
 warm that lighter rains than this seem to do more harm than 
 good, for they not only evaporate before they have had time 
 to penetrate into the root zone, but effectually destroy 
 any soil mulch that may have been formed by cultivation." 
 
 The beginning of the irrigation season, may in 
 some cases, also be considerably affected by the temperature 
 

 iq axicfr s^eiiw atfoistfaJLb al tfsrict a-xclaiarld- ctaa>iv9 
 _4 vsm ridds^-Liii s^-toq 2 Y-t** 39 tistfniw ni asntoo 
 
 ) sis Bi9d:ni?F slid- aigrlw t briB{ -isd^o arid- rtO .at/lev eld 
 fclcorle aoltfaglfi.t gnliqa Y-^^ 39 t* 91 * ai^rnmwa srfct 
 
 . Dieted- llptq- 
 
 iiw allo8 Y-t-t 9 ^' 3 * 1 ? ^o Y^ 11 - 32 *93iJ3oo tS^oioi 
 
 9''lil/pS1 iliW (TQ'flDQ OVl +113^91 SlC^li *Od SVBii 
 
 0i'V9 ijsm aqo r io wan io'i bne noid 1 
 
 ellsl riolrfw t llalrilai d-oaTls exH 
 
 lo jiOJOffiB 9ilJ no ^is^tol 35n.9q9r) sVBrl II iw ,f*v70'i3 
 sii) ail* lo v^ifjlmwri 9vioBlsi 9/Id 1 bnw n 
 -xlgil - 3 tsrW" .c/JcpI ni rr,'/o;la naod gonB^a^x 10! 
 
 1'lni slJail i r i6V. ;t0d SBX! 
 
 lo 3. lo snlai TjvsaH .bata'toqeva ^niad J lo cfaom 
 ,8^05119 leioi'isnscf ev/3i{ od- ntsaa amlo :s *s s'torrt to 
 oa ai Xlou sj^ct one *^i6 oa si narwyja gnliub sisi 
 jiailct rtwaxl aiom ob od- msps sirfd- nsiid" aalBi isd-d^II tarid- .i 
 
 , anos -tool arfd" otnl sd'BTd'snoq cd 1 
 
 nJE Y fi!n -. 
 
 add; ila vi . i .00 dd CS!B . 2981-0 cioa 
 
of the water. Cold water, if applied in large quantities, 
 will lower the temperature of the soil below that which is 
 best for plant growth. Hence if the soil has sufficient 
 
 water for plants to thrive on, it will be detrimental for 
 
 the <U?fcMbut,! JT 
 
 plant growth to apply irrigation water cf a temperature be- 
 low that of the optimum soil temperature. 
 
id fit fcallqqfl 11 t i9^s?/ bloO . 
 wolstf Ilos sxid- lo txtffii9.q- r ra^ a 
 
 .j . -to' 
 
 d Cliw *1 no evhxrtt o* 
 
 ;ae-i Ioe ntwmi^qo eel* lo ct^tid wol 
 
34 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION IH THE SOIL 
 mea;;j) 
 
 It will be well, before discussing the question 
 
 of the distribution of the moisture throughout the soil, 
 to take up the question of moisture movement. 
 
 The moisture in the soil is subjected to various 
 forces of which the following are the most active. 
 
 (1) Gravity G. 
 
 (2) Capillarity C. 
 
 (5) Film Forces, such as 
 molecular attraction, 
 surface tension, etc...F. 
 
 In an air dried soil there is a condition of 
 equilibrium. The moisture contai ned has distributed itself 
 according to the forces acting on it, in this case being 
 primarily film forces. If the hygroscopicity of the soil 
 is satisfied, the moisture acting under capillarity and 
 film forces will distribute itself uniformly throughout 
 the mass. If now this state of equilibrium is disturbed, 
 as by the addition of water or by evaporation from the top 
 soil, the soil moisture will tend to redistribute itself to 
 the new conditions bringing about thereby a movement in 
 the soil moisture. iv.oisture will always move from the 
 wetter to the drier soil or from the thicker to the thinner 
 
VI /IS 
 
 aar *r 
 
 arid 1 gnlaauoalb atolscf ^II?w 9d 
 \Iioa 9itf d-wodawo-tt** ai^eioni arid- lo nojt*i/dln;tell> 9& 
 
 .ctnQfr.evont sti/cteioiTE lo noiJaawp 3:Irf qw ajiad- ocr 
 awoii.sv oc^ bsctostcfwa ai Itoa 9/a nJ sii/ctaloa siff 
 
 J-aonx erict si-a :^i-.7ollci oai 39010! 
 
 ........... .-tfsv^. , 
 
 iqai) . 
 
 ''i ;$) 
 loRt 
 
 lo rtci.Uiiuoo 3'ai- aiedJ- I toa bsJtib lis K/S nl 
 i bactwdlid-alfi ajarf -ban -tetnoo siwj-aloir, . 
 
 gnclea' 32^0 si--- ..-ti no yild-os aeofio'l ild 1 oct ^a 
 
 I to a W lo -cJioqooaot^. -I .aso^icl mill ^ 
 
 bus ^1'iBlIlcflo -isbnjj yiictos s^urfal-cm .3lcitae al 
 
 j ^imtoliru/ 'ilaacM scfLrcJi^alD II iv as one 
 al fauJncflilupe lo ets.ia sixi* won II .aaflia srict 
 qocr 3:1* rno'il nold-s'xoqs-vo .' ^cf ic is-isw lo noid-lfs&B srict ^d aa 
 o* llee*! stfxfdiTKtelbet o* bngi Iiv/ snu^alqia Iloa sxl: J 
 ni ^nsmsvom B ^daiaiit *uods golsai^jd-^anoi^lbrtoo wan arid 
 arid- moil 9vom a^awls lilw e-u-- . 3i.udelo. lioe orii 
 
 iioa isi^b srii cct 
 
35, 
 
 film the affinity between soil particle and moisture be- 
 ing so much greater in the latter case. And once contact 
 by this means has been established, it is surface tension 
 
 that drags or pulls the other particles along. 
 
 the lento 
 
 If the moisture content is somewhere near /capil- 
 lary point, the movement and the distribution will be 
 primarily due to P,G and C. When the maximum retaining 
 capacity of the soil has been reached any further addition 
 of moisture simply slides off the already present moisture 
 film, --neither capillarity nor film action having any hold 
 on the water, gravity alone acting. 
 
 The lateral movement of moisture is dependent 
 not so much on the result of capillarity, film action and 
 gravity, but to a greater extent on the first two only. The 
 result, as will naturally follow, is less than in the case 
 of downward movement. Gravity will rather tend to spread 
 the laterally moving water downward in a fan- like formation, 
 giving thus a uniform distribution only below the topmost 
 surface. 
 
 The upward movement of the moisture is entirely 
 identical to the downward movement, except that in this 
 case the action is a pains t gravity, whilst in the former 
 case it is aided by gravity. As the particles in the top 
 
-ed a . '.onx bns sloWiaq HOB neswdsd -tflnttla ad* Mil 
 *3s*nco 90no bnA .sacs <i9**i5l erf* ai 1,8*39*13 do0m oe 
 nolaflg* doalioa ai *i <d3ild**39 n&dd Siiit au^sm aid* 
 anolfi aslold'i.'sq I8d*o 04* ailwq 10 agenl) * 
 
 ;:G2 ..." ctuecfiicc st?/*aiont ad* II 
 
 ad lliw ^oi.t'^Jcfl^dei5 srl^ bne ^ns-Ttavom 9Jf t ctnioq 
 .-i jnuKJtXJMi srl* nedW .0 &ns 0,/9 ocT girb ^Ili 
 
 -iul ^rifl fo9Jlo--9i naacf sBxi I JOB eifct lo 
 
 aiOM ctnsastq ^se'xijs sd^ Tio aafilie ijlqat JE e^ujaioa: lo 
 ii noi-ioa nilJl ion &tialLtq*o lariJlen--. .mill 
 .^nicfOB enol3 ^ctivaig ts*aw 9d* no 
 cfnsbns'-jsfi ax 9 r in*slom lo Jxisir.svom Isisctal 9ifT 
 >ns nol*3fl mill t TC*liBlIlqoo lc lluaai sri* no rfowni oa . 
 
 ovtf *aill 9dJ no tfcelxs leJseia B ocf ^ 0cj 
 9330 an* ni nsrl* aasi al .woilol ^IlJB*w;*sn illw ae 
 
 ct 5ns* 1911*31 lllv? iptlvfiiO .*n9fn9vom b^awrrwof) lo 
 a. nl 6iJ8.wn-*o& -i3*Bw ^nivom ^Hai9*fll sri* 
 
 * r ** 
 
 s ami* 
 
 9d* lo 
 *q93xs , "-^ o*. 1^: 
 
 j ' ' r\f\ 
 
 qo* 
 
36 
 
 surface dry out as by evaporation, there will be a gradual 
 readjustment of the moisture particles from the thicker to 
 the thinner films. But as evaporation is a continuous action, 
 so too will be the movement of the soil moisture from the 
 bottom towards the top, until the loss of moisture will be 
 felt throughout the entire soil mass. 
 
 The problem that the irrigation engineer faces, 
 is to be able to tell to what extent this moisture movement 
 will take place in various types of soil or what the dis- 
 tribution through the mass will be. It is essential for him 
 to know these matters, since whilst for one type of soil the 
 water applied will wet the mass throughout the root zone, on 
 another soil the larger portion may be lost by deep percola- 
 tion, the film action and capillarity being too small to 
 store the water. It is evident that the degree of success 
 which the individual irrigator attains is directly propor- 
 tional to his ability to grow satisfactory crops by using 
 reasonable quantities of water. 
 
 Irrigation water which passes below the root zone 
 of ordinary crops carries with it in solution valuable plant 
 foods, thus tending to ultimately render the soil infertile, 
 or, as often happens, if the downward leaching is checked by 
 an impervious strata, a water-logged condition results, fa- 
 

 ^ as 
 
 slo.ti artf lo 
 airojjnltfnoo ^ si nold-B*ioqBve> se JxrtJ . sell. 
 
 ia Ixo3 wi* lo ^nsmavonv srl^ acf 11 iw oo^ oa 
 m lo saol eii? Ii*ra; ,qc; M sbie 
 Ki Jloa 
 
 aewtdvom yxi-.^sJtoKt eliJ ^rrsJxo ^aw o* ilai ot glda 
 .-afi an'* -td.'iw rcc iio^ 10 asqtf awoliBV nl ao^lq ails* Iliw 
 loi lal^neaaa el *I -ad illw aaam Siio il. 
 llos Ic aa^i SKO -io'i *BllrIw sorrla ,.ai9J*cir. 9aa/id-. woroi 
 
 srtt ctaw 111* 
 
 no 
 
 -alooisq qesfo 
 
 od- IIr;r.2 oo-t ^nlod ^ta'-J^-ta^ 80 ^i-a uoWoa ;rJ11 exit 
 aasooua lo aeigeb ari" *.^# tftwfilva el *I .is*w *d* 
 
 rfolrlw 
 
 -loqoiq \; 
 
 %d aqoi 
 
 .'ie-Js-,v lo asid"! 
 
 tfooi srid wof&d aaassq riolri* 'xad'aw aoljss^^ 1 
 eirfaxilBv noljftloa nJL *I. tfTJtir a^insaf eqoto Y^^-^O ^ 
 Iloa aiit isbori ^Is?=my * Sftlfcna? eurij .abool 
 
 
 i a ifi?/ob sxl^ IT ,an3:,q-a a 
 
37 
 
 v curing the rapid accumulation of alkali and hastening, 
 to a marked degree, the non- productiveness of the soil, 
 and thereby the failure of the irrigator. Consequently 
 the importance of gathering information concerning the 
 depth to which soils may be wetted by irrigation cannot be 
 overestimated. 
 
 The extent to which moisture will distribute it- 
 self after irrigation is dependent on the frictional resis- 
 tance which the water has to overcome. As soon as the 
 frictional resistance of the soil particles to the moisture 
 becomes greater than the forces bringing about the moisture 
 movement, the distribution will decrease rapidly and further 
 penetration into the soil stopped. The cause of the fric- 
 tional resistance becoming greater than the movement forces, 
 must be sought in the theory that the water is gradually 
 used up in the form of films in its downward mavement. The 
 finer the texture of the soil, the greater will be the ag- 
 gregate surface exposed by the soil particles and the great- 
 er therefore will b e the moisture distribution. If, there- 
 fore, a definite quantity of water is applied, it will be 
 used up to a much larger extent in the topmost layers by the 
 finer grained soils. A point will hence be reached where 
 there is no longer a sufficient supply of moisture to satis- 
 

 lo 
 
 aaanovld-oubc'iq-non arid- . seigab beiiiBia B o* 
 ettf lo anuila'l erf* YCfe r i* boa 
 nl ^ol'iarWas 1 eonarfioqml eri* 
 
 sd Jo/no noWslitl YO r 0j**o-ff &d ^aia ailoa do Id* 
 
 atire sis vo 
 
 Jilw 
 laaoiJoJ-tl eiW no 
 
 as nooa aA .anwo-isvo oJ z#d is*e - 
 
 saonol arid" na.x i^9'ts estnooad 
 .CIlw ncWxnJi^eib srict t *nainavom 
 a3iiv.o srfT qqcte Iloa arf^ otfr.l RClcTa 
 
 ,aamel Jnsrr.&voir. .^itt r< 'tS isctsaia yilir.ooed ' aon^aiaai 
 
 XlI*J^>fii-= ai 10*8* sdcf c^iit vio*^ 9xid fl-t'^uca sd 
 eriT .In&rwv-on; IwuwnwoS all rtl amlil lo mTO 
 
 -38 9rfJ ad 'iJtw laJaaia sri^ Iioe srl^ 'io a;*xe* 
 -jB9'ig srfci- bna eeio^'iaq iica ed? ^d basoqxs 90fl.l*swe 
 -0OJ* .11 .nol^dxiieib a-x^alom eri* edlllw ^cl^- 
 
 . ec r iliw *i .beiiqqva ai iscfsw lo ^ ; i*jctswp s^l 
 eridr ^<J a^iavBl ^oomqo* .ari* :st *ne-lx& i3S*tai dou.r. a 
 
 -a 1*33 o-t 9iwJaJt0ffl--lo ^Iqqws ioelpniwe B issnoX oa si 
 
38 
 
 fy the wants of film action, frictional resistance will 
 increase rapidly and the distribution of the moisture 
 diminish abruptly 
 
 Table IX shows the result of a laboratory exper- 
 iment on sandy loam. In a -glass jar some one and one-half 
 inches in diameter a celluloid lining was tightly placed. 
 The whole was filled with sandy loam, and sufficient water 
 was added to give an irrigation equivalent to one and one- 
 half inches of water in depth. The jar was then covered 
 with a paper to prevent evaporation. At the end of a week 
 the soil column was taken out of the cylinder and unrolled. 
 Samples were taken at the various depths indicated, oven 
 dried, and the amount of water present at each given depth, 
 calculated. Table IX shows the results obtained. 
 
ili* Qonatfslas-'i ii;noiJoi'il <noWo;j mill lo edtffiw ectt 
 sift io noJt*i><JJfettfaJti> apd- bna 
 
 y to ^- tjj ' aeri 3il ^ swede XI 
 
 forK >no Oiito^ i^t asaiiyfl nl .;naol \fcxiaa xio 
 .baoelq ^1*118^ asw gninli ololwlloo a istfa;nBib nl 
 ie*fl.w ^nsioi'Il^a bfl o ,mecl u&rias rf^Jtv 1)91111 a.sa sloii 1 ? 
 -sno an^ aao oi ^naiavlups nci^e^/'nl ns svlg o* bsbc-s a**w 
 bsidvoo nerid- a BY; '. oill 1 ..laqai, ai oetfsw lo aarioci Had 
 >I56%' 3 'io baa srLt cfA .nclcffi'ioqava *ndvnq o^ aaqsq a rid 
 .&.[ I cam/ bn-2 -'fsbiil ) 'rf 'io iwo nsjis^ asv; nrrj/Ioo lioa arid 
 xisvo .bs-J-O-L-JuI aitfcjsij awoltuv ad* ^3 n 
 
 cavig not jaeiv, i&*^\v lo jciaoaxa arid bne t 
 
 jli/aa--: 3-?oia .XI sicfB 1 :? 
 
39 
 
 TABLE IX 
 
 Depth from 
 surface in 
 inches 
 
 Percent water 
 present 
 
 Hyg. coef- 
 ficient 
 
 Net capillary 
 water 
 
 _ h 
 
 1 
 
 14.35 
 
 2.04 
 
 12.31 
 
 2 
 
 12.97 
 
 2.04 
 
 10.93 
 
 3 
 
 14.13 
 
 2.04 
 
 12.09 
 
 4 
 
 13.63 
 
 2.04 
 
 11.59 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 15.03 
 
 2.04 
 
 14.99 
 
 6 
 
 13.22 
 
 2.04 
 
 11.18 
 
 7 
 
 11.88 
 
 2.04 
 
 9.84 
 
 8 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 9.04 
 
 i 
 
 2.04 
 
 7.60 
 
 The results show a very uniform moisture dis- 
 tribution in the part of the curve AB, and the abrupt de- 
 cline of penetration after the point b has been passed. 
 Similar experiments conducted through a longer period show 
 that with an increase in time the moisture distribution 
 followed roughly in the way indicated, always converging 
 towards the point c. 
 
 These conditions are not necessarily met with in 
 field practice, the part be of the curve having been forced 
 down to a much greater depth by either the rainfall or ex- 
 

 : -Isoo . 
 
 -alib 9iwi 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 ; tfoeeotq 
 
 15. 
 
 21 ! 
 
 t 
 
 \.o O / 
 3T'J . 
 
 3-3. M 
 
 se. 
 
 01- 
 i 
 
 0.3 
 
 ve.2i 
 
 eo. 
 
 21 
 
 !>0 . 2 
 
 51. M 
 
 63. 
 
 11 
 
 J^C. 
 
 53. SI 
 
 ok. 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 SO. 31 
 
 81. 
 
 11 ; 
 
 *c . 
 
 t 
 
 22.51 
 
 MS. 
 
 e 
 
 : 
 
 be i 
 
 88.11 
 t 
 
 Oc>. 
 
 v ' 
 
 1 
 
 K>.S ; 
 
 K>. ' 
 
 ^ i 
 
 rale 
 
 ^ .-^clix 
 
 ijj ~<ri 3V - 13 .woiJa 
 
 3ilW89l'^ 
 
 M 
 
 f>n.-i ,9A 
 
 3V100 a:Ii lo 
 
 diiq 9ii J 
 
 sio'il 
 
 . :aa 
 
 .p9aa-'c n^ocf a 
 bol-tsq ic^i-jo 
 
 cf drJoq 
 
 8 
 
 cij'sri^s.rraq' lo snllo 
 
 ' -Ji. 
 
 cl noacf 
 
 
 JSrfT 
 
 tt - oo.". blsll 
 
 ia iloum a oct. nwofc 
 
40 
 
 cessive irrigation. But it is abundantly clear that 
 the distribution when the soil is in an air dry condition 
 stops at a very marked depth, where the frictlonal resis- 
 tance becomes greater than the forces tending to distribute 
 the moisture. Greater attention should be paid to lighter 
 irrigations so that the total distribution abod may be kept 
 within the root zone, rather than forcing it beyond that 
 depth by excessive applications of irrigation water- 
 
 The frictional resistance will be a large ex- 
 tent be dependent upon the initial amount of water present. 
 The greater this amount, the smaller will be the frictional 
 resistance and the greater will be the downward penetration, 
 and the abrupt change in moisture distribution. It is a 
 matter of common experience, the farmer finding that the 
 water does not penetrate the soil deeply during the first 
 year of irrigation; but, as time goes on, the soil becomes 
 wetter to greater depths, and at the same time less water 
 is required by his crops. 
 
 The moisture content of the native undisturbed 
 soil in arid regions is usually below the point of lento 
 capillarity. The first water added is used to bring the 
 moisture content up to this point, and as this is accom- 
 plished, water moves downward freely; the plants being en- 
 abled to secure their water supply with a corresponding 
 

 d-axfcf isslo ^Xcfiusbiurda al d-x *S .noldflgxTix sviaaso 
 n. ' ; iis ns ni al Ixoa said 1 naifw ncld-wo'lndexi) 
 
 oJ gnibnsd' asoiol s.ril ncrW iscta^ asmoosd 
 
 feisq scf bluoiia noii'nad-^a. na^asiO .aiwd-alom srfj 
 
 > " 
 qasi ed ^sr.T f50;Jr nol^udiiJtalJb Iccto* ari* ctsrlcf oa 
 
 ' -dl ^nicyicl nsrid" isr.utei t enos d~oo 
 
 .19*3W noits^irti 'io anoijjeoliqqa sviaasoxs ^d- rfcfqeo 
 -x-3 e^tsl &=..(.-t3v: Lily son 3^.3 ia.3'i Isnoi^olil sriT 
 
 lo 3-rtuoffw Xeirfinl arid- noqu dxittJbflsqsfo-iacf 
 eo r Xiiw nsllwiia edt ^nwo.TCS elrf^ 
 biejm/oi; sri^ scf iiiw is^fiotg erf.! bna 
 
 licfaib .9^ r.'^ a lorn nl o^riBrfo iqmdB 9fi;t 
 
 13)7^31 s-rlct .eoriaiiaoxs nommoo lo 
 . Iqasb lloa srf^ sie'id'snaq ^on asob 
 
 aemooscf Ijoa s^tt ,no eeos smx* aa . d-wd joolctflgxTiJ: lo 
 aasl emid- ssise sa'd da |jEj t aildqe5 TS^BSIS ^ i 
 
 .eqoio aid 
 wd-eifonw svlcfsn arid 1 lo drisdnoo r sriT 
 
 % NVsx 
 
 ic .tnioq slid woled \LLstU3 iJ &iiB ni lloa 
 
 nlrtd d bsau ai fcsbbs riT .\^lrrslllqflo 
 
 oo com 
 
 -ns anls adrtsq s .:i isaw 
 
 :aa 
 
41 
 
 smaller expenditure of energy. At the Experimental Farm 
 at Davis the results obtained are given in Table X. 
 
 TABLE X 
 
 Depth 
 
 T~ T 
 
 1 .5' 1.5 
 i i 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.5 1 5.5 
 
 i j 
 
 Dry at 
 
 
 i t 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 vie: i 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 Moisture on 
 
 1 ! 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ovendried 
 
 t 1 
 
 
 
 O | tl 
 
 
 basis 
 
 | i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 . ^| i 
 
 
 
 ( i 
 
 
 Boring I 
 
 '21.05 '18.16 
 
 15.33 
 
 17.04 
 
 20.48*14.29 
 
 6 ft. 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Boring II 
 
 '20. 49 ! 20.39 
 
 19.06 
 
 19.04 
 
 23.19 '14.74 
 
 5.9 ft. 
 
 
 t i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Boring III 
 
 '20. 55 '17. 92 '16.04 
 i i i 
 
 18.19 '13.26 '12.55 
 i i 
 
 6.4 ft. 
 

 fl*n9Jtidxa sitt *A .Tranone 16 
 .X alcteT ai rtavlg e-xa fcanlacKfo 
 
 X 
 
 is I lama 
 
 riJ 1 a 
 
 P- , ; .- 
 
 * "T t 
 
 i . . . - . -y " ' ' ' . "- 
 
 Id '5.3 '3.*> ' 
 
 3.5 'B..S ' 
 
 1 1 
 
 3.1 '3. ' r^qsa 
 i i ..... 
 
 t 
 
 1 1 
 
 i t 
 
 ! t 
 
 1 
 
 1 ' cms 01 si 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' * no yxud'aloM 
 
 
 
 1 * C~ t- ' "~ * ^ 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 i ; 
 
 
 i * alaaa' 
 
 i i 
 
 ! 
 
 ! . 1 
 
 ' 6S.M 1 8.Q 
 
 1 
 
 : 4-O.VI' S5.3I 
 
 i . 
 
 31. 31 ! 50'. 12" I giioa 
 
 
 1 frO.QI 1 80.61 
 
 es.os 1 Gi>.o2 ! ii saiioa 
 
 ^ 1 1 ~~ 
 
 t ! 
 
 I ; 
 
 Oi -> -i o > ' ao s* r 
 OO . i>-U Oi. .<JJL 
 i i 
 
 1 ! 
 
 ; 29. VI 1 3-3. OS 1 III sniioS 
 i i ' 
 
41a 
 
 These results were obtained under typical field practice 
 
 conditions, the samples being taken in an orchard. 
 
 sn imiretti.ec! dx;ty of th* svsiiat.v y. 
 
 The results closely follow those obtained in the 
 
 laboratory. Is there then for every soil a definite quan- 
 tity of water which will distributees moisture uniformly 
 throughout the soil mass to just a sufficient degree and 
 depth to prevent any deep percolation loss and be of maxi- 
 mum use to the plant? It is still too early in these in- 
 
 v various soils-* JbErrvs'. < :n- cl tns r^si* : te 
 vestigations, which are being carried on at present, to ar- 
 rive at any definite conclusions. One fact is however ap- 
 parent, that whilst we may increase the duty of water very 
 considerably from purely scientific considerations, it is 
 more the mechanical application of the water in field prac- 
 tice which retards the obtaining of any such increased ef- 
 ficiency of the water. The tremendous waste, due to the 
 improper levelling of the land, the loss at the head of the 
 border or check, the waste at the end of that border or 
 check, the skill of the irrigator and so many other mechan- 
 ical factors are the more responsible elements for the low 
 duty realized. Even if it were possible to apply water 
 in such quantities as would be befct from the preceding con- 
 siderations, it will always be the mechanical factors to 
 
90 ' - - cfc 
 
 na .J&2J8 
 98orfd- woiiol ^isaolo aiiirasi 
 
 -rump gjtattob a Iloa -fi 
 
 e-wtfaxoai alt e^-dlid-aifi IIlw iloiiiw i9*.ew ic 
 
 JnaloJtni;a 5 *awt orf'aaaai 
 o 9d bru aaol nci^i-loo^^q qssb 
 oo J llita si 
 
 -qj 13V97/O.H ai ctoBl anO .acoieul-onco **lnil9& Tflcifl 
 
 2" dt . anolljsisblanoo oJtlid-nsxoa ~^i9iwq moil 
 -p3iq Mail nx isdrsw arid lo noldspiiqqa laolrMffoe. w 9'io 
 
 r r * -4- 
 
 -lo baaas-'iorii iioi ^nc lc ^iiniad-do and aDiadoi noxr. QOXJ 
 
 t __ 1*V 
 
 arid lo bagj sxfd- dB o,cl sdJ- .finai 9rld lo aftlilaval igqoiqwl 
 ic i9biod dsdd lo bns arid 1 d;*' adaaw eifcf ioedp 10 i9b-i' 
 
 :3Bt o^ bn;a lolu^i'til sdd Ic XiJbls ado t ii03iiO 
 
 )JO;3l i^JOl 
 
 r,4 aa e.onp 
 r ioi ajnameig 9iai- 
 
 I9*w \lqqa od- slcJiaaoq 9i9w 41*- 41 
 
 -nco 3ilc909ic sdd 2101! *9d 8 SB aoictldrisup dp^a ni 
 
 ^j- n-to<*^ r'anir . ..iis.il i'.T dl ^ 
 
42 
 
 which prime attention will have to be given for obtain- 
 ing an increased duty of the available water supply. 
 
 The California Branch of Irrigation Investiga- 
 tions of the United States Department of Agriculture has, 
 in co-operation with the State Engineering Department and 
 the Agricultural Experimental Station at Davis, studied 
 during the past three years the distribution of irrigation 
 v/ater in various soils. Observations of the results, 
 which may be regarded as those of typical irrigated soils, 
 will be presented. The observations were made under two 
 somewhat distinct conditions. First, .studies were made 
 upon various farms in the Sacramento River Valley, on 
 fields producing alfalfa (lucerne). Soil types represen- 
 tative (according to the Bureau of Soils U. S. D. A.) of 
 extensive areas in the valley, were chosen. The other 
 conditions are those at the University Farm at Davis, where 
 alfalfa was grown upon one-fourth acre square lots. The 
 surface two feet of soil is a loam of remarkable uniformity, 
 and the third to eighth foot sections consist of a sandy 
 loam of recent origin, pocketed at irregular intervals with 
 coarse sand or clay loam. This fine sandy loam lies upon 
 an undulating clay which extends from nine feet to a depth 
 of twenty or more feet below the surface. 
 
avail Hi* noiJ-nsioB a^iJtoq tfoidw 
 
 n" o 
 
 lo 
 
 *.-.._ -<!-'" f 
 
 as^sicl bftctlnJ sil^ lo a 
 
 c srfd- rlJiw noWiJiaqo-co ax 
 
 t alvsa *s 
 
 9T; srl* lo anoWsv^aacTC .aiioa awol-i v rtl i3*. 
 sIJtoa bsrfc^liil Isolq-?* lo asocfd- as fesiji^adi .sd ^m rfoldw 
 
 acf Iliw 
 
 no <Y 3 - t - BV 'ts'vi/i c*n?r.ia-ioj3C srU nl annal awol-iav noqw 
 
 asq-^f lio; .Om^o.c/I; sliollB griiot/boiq 
 lo (.A .G. .o' .u alloS lo ;j33 r j;jtl axi^ od 1 j^nibioooti) 
 enT .nsaorio 3-isw ,^3! Lav siicf ni 33313 svi 
 
 tol 9-^fiypa 9ioa ii^-iMol-.eno noqu nvfois aa\7 all.aiis 
 alcfs^ismai lo KISO! G al lloa lo tea*! owl aoBl-ius 
 
 >tcol ddjiis od 1 b'l.t-.J srid" bna 
 
 JHOCU as II fOBo! Tjbuae suil airfp . ^slc -ie nBa eetBoo 
 
 ( 
 
 a -':rfw ^ ! lo aaWsiwbnw.afl 
 
 39l S^Ofll 10 VdTIdWd' 10 
 
43 
 
 Sacramento Valley Experiments 
 
 Silt Loam Soils. In Table Xi and Figure V are 
 presented results of moisture determinations upon three 
 tracts, classed as silt loam soils, which are based upon 
 one hundred thirty-eight six feet and thirty- six nine 
 feet borings. The curves of the silt loam soils converge 
 gradually from the surface of the soil downward. This 
 may be due to a large extent to the fact that these soils 
 do not dry out as rapidly at great depths as to the more 
 porous sandy loam 'soils. The average amount of water held 
 after irrigation was 5.20 inches per foot, or enough to 
 fill fifty- one percent of the pore space. 
 
_g_l 
 30- ' * QCt ^ ' 
 
 .7 . ai ' le 5 io t -- 
 
 en xJe-Yd'Tci^* bns ctasl xla *ri8l9--*Tld* fcsibn; 
 
 3: . elios HtBol ctlla sdrf- 10 SSVIJLTO sdT .asni^ocf : 
 IT .Mswnwob lioa eri^ Io 9Blwa xf;t fflo-': 
 
 - ^rW- -tool s-ffcf oJ- ^nsct-xa osl B od-.e- 
 
 as s 
 
 j^rri;oma saflisva erfS .alloe* MBO! 
 
 io <ct-ool 'isq ssifonl OS.S BBW i ' 
 
 s r ioq sriJ lo ctnc- 
 

 
 
 
 . , 
 . ;. . . 
 
44 
 
 H 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 > 
 H> 
 ct 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 H) 
 
 o 
 
 > M 
 
 < a 
 
 CD O 
 1 4 
 
 N> 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 H) 
 O 
 
 tc 
 
 ^S 
 
 t? 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ct 
 
 CB 
 
 CD 
 
 H) a 
 
 O Ji 
 
 M CD 
 CD to 
 
 to ct 
 
 H* H 
 S P 
 CD O 
 
 CD 
 
 *"^ 
 
 t~$ 
 
 P CD 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 M CD 
 
 CD 
 
 w 
 
 **j c^ 
 
 a* 
 
 ct* 
 
 P 
 CO 
 
 M 
 
 CD 
 
 09 P 
 CD CO 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 ff& 
 
 P 
 
 ro 
 
 M 
 
 CD - 
 
 < 
 
 CD P 
 
 o 
 
 *w C^ 
 
 CD 
 
 *"i 
 
 M 
 
 ra 
 
 *J 
 
 M 
 
 O CD 
 
 CD 
 
 i-J 
 
 M 
 
 4 C^ 
 
 
 
 *~i 
 
 *~$ 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 CD * 
 
 
 KJ 
 
 J CQ 
 
 CD 
 
 C/3 CD 
 
 
 H* 
 
 *~^ 
 
 
 H* 
 
 i^j 
 
 H 
 
 
 h* 
 
 M 
 
 ;-; 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 H- 
 
 
 09 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 H* S 
 
 I I-, 
 
 S <H 
 
 
 P 
 
 09 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 P 
 
 09 O 
 
 P H* 
 
 * a 
 
 
 ct 
 
 P 
 
 
 ct 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 Ct 
 
 P M 
 
 JS^ Q 
 
 I- 1 CD 
 
 
 H 
 
 ct 
 
 
 H- 
 
 ct 
 
 
 
 H* 
 
 ct H* 
 
 CD C5* 
 
 CD a 
 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 
 O 
 
 H" 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 H- a 
 
 
 CQ ct 
 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 O O 
 
 CQ 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 iOTTinr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a CQ 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 P- 
 
 
 0) 
 
 to 
 
 Oi 
 
 to 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 O CO O !2! 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 1 
 
 P 
 
 O! 
 
 to 
 
 H 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 01 
 
 Ol 
 
 M 
 
 to 
 
 iL 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ol 
 
 "3 
 
 ro 
 
 
 O) 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 ro 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 H- 
 
 oo 
 
 Ol 
 
 o> 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 to 
 
 01 
 
 
 O> 
 
 0> 
 
 ro 
 
 00 
 
 o> 
 
 
 CD 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 o> 
 o 
 
 o> 
 
 -^ 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 't 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 P 
 ct 
 
 en 
 
 to 
 
 Ol 
 
 o> 
 o 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 * 
 
 03 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 oo 
 
 
 CD 
 ct 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 to 
 
 
 ct H- 
 
 Ol 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 O) 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 to 
 
 
 O 
 
 H^ Jt* 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 Ot 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 01 
 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O CD 
 
 i^ 
 
 Ol 
 
 CD 
 
 O> 
 
 o 
 
 if^ 
 
 
 if" 
 
 Ol 
 
 1-1 
 
 
 H" 
 
 to 
 
 M 
 
 to 
 
 O 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 I- 1 
 
 w 
 
 to 
 
 
 l i * i 
 H 
 
 , 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 01 
 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 4h 
 
 ( 
 
 to 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 -a 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 01 
 
 _, 
 
 
 *? 
 
 03 
 
 ro 
 
 tf* 
 
 rf* 
 
 o> 
 
 to 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 w 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 O) 
 
 o> 
 
 M 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 to 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 03 
 
 ro 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 CD 
 
 w 
 
 Ol 
 
 o> 
 ro 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 g 
 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 o 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 01 
 
 o 
 
 ro 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 00 
 
 to 
 ro 
 
 
 + 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 i 
 
 
 P- Ct h3 
 CD CD O 
 
 rf*. 
 
 03 
 
 Ol 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 -3 
 
 G> 
 
 j 
 
 to 
 
 
 00 
 01 
 
 to- 
 
 tn 
 
 85. .. .: 
 
 
 to 4 ct 
 
 ct P 
 tr P_HL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ct j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tl- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <n 
 
 
 Q? 
 
 4f O' 
 
 M f/^ H 
 C/J 6- R3 
 
 ^ S S. 
 
 ~o 
 
 * '%. ' * 
 
 CO '''- t~ 
 
 ct> en ' K> 
 
 
 0? O - 
 
 
 
 CA so 
 - 
 
 to o *Q 
 
 P- ^4f 3> 
 
 CO -4* OD 
 4 fO 'H 
 
 . *.** * *: 
 
 C/*^ JO "*" 
 
 (O 5O t* 
 O OJ C4 
 
 M W 
 
 ' 
 
 CO f3 ^ 
 
 4 w eo 
 
 t^ C> t .fly 
 
 
 O) W 
 
 rO 
 
 fO M 
 
 1b"" To" 
 
 ^ % - 
 
 M n? 50 
 
 Q? !> CO 
 
 01 
 
 
 . * 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 ro W 
 
 
 
 
45 
 
 In the case of the Bundy tract, four irrigations 
 were given of 17.22, 12.20, 11.55 and 7.77 acre inches per 
 acre respectively. The moisture determinations indicating 
 that the following amounts were retained in the upper six 
 
 Irrigation in Acre 
 inches per acre 
 
 Percent acre inches 
 per acre retained 
 on top 6 feet 
 
 Percent re- 
 tained 
 
 Percent 
 lost 
 
 17.22 
 
 :; 4.01 i 
 
 ; 23 
 
 77 
 
 12.20 
 
 3.27 
 
 27 * ;j 
 
 73 
 
 11.55 
 
 4.05 
 
 35 
 
 65 
 
 7.77 
 
 4.73 
 
 61 
 
 39 
 
 The Table shows that in this case for a total depth of nine 
 feet only 5.13 acre inches per acre was retained or 44.4 
 percent of the total, 55.6 percent being lost beyond the 
 root zone. In the Hofhenke tract, the following additional 
 results were obtained./^ 
 
ch - 
 
 ol 1 
 
 VV.V >n3 oo. Cl .02.21 .22. VI 'io nsvig stevr 
 
 9iJ.rcta.tom erfT 
 
 S2 
 
 16 
 
 ' asrJoni 
 
 ctoel 
 
 10. 
 V2 . ?, 
 S0.fr 
 3V . - 
 
 lo rWqsi) la-cfod- IG! 
 .> to bonie^oi UBW 3ios 'ieq 
 
 Isno 
 
 lwollol 
 
 <o octet 
 
 srtf 
 
 -i 1 9 r ioA ni no Id 1 ag it'll 
 
 no 
 
 1 as. vi 
 
 ' 0'2 . SI 
 
 ! 
 
 32.11 
 
 i 
 
 I rcr* v 
 
 os 51. 5 ^Lao 
 
 sdJ lo ^aoiaq 
 oH aticf nl .srtos ;toc 
 i T 
 
46 
 
 Acre 
 per 
 tion 
 
 inches applied 
 acre per irriga- 
 
 r~ 
 
 Acre inches per 
 acre retained in 
 the upper 6 feet 
 
 " 
 
 Percent re- 
 tained 
 
 r~ 
 
 Percent 
 
 lost 
 
 
 18.76 
 
 5.42 
 
 29 
 
 71 
 
 
 15.74 
 
 5.78 
 
 24 
 I 
 
 76 
 
 
 18.86 
 
 5.36 
 
 28 
 
 72 
 
 
 13.22 
 
 3.50 
 
 26 
 
 74 
 
 The results show the obvious fact that the quanta 
 ties applied were much too great, the losses by deep perco- 
 lation being in all cases excessive. 
 
-5 ' <VT * 
 
 .gs^l ^g 
 
 q aoiioni 6 r ioA fcoxi ; 
 
 
 ill 
 
 9rj S10~-' -B'3. t l''lJt '"19q 9" 
 
 
 '*ss 
 
 1 S ID ecu; 9ii^' 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 
 - I" " 
 
 ' 
 
 92 
 
 i 
 
 l 
 
 S*.2 
 
 ev f 2 
 
 
 l 
 
 ! 
 
 8V. 5 ' *V.3I 
 i 
 
 SV * 82 
 
 1 
 
 as. 3 ' es.ei 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Y ' SS 
 
 1 
 
 03.5 | 22. SI 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 -** -" 
 
 
 sil* *dd* ^ojsl a'jjolvclo srW woila 3^10331 
 -ooiaq qs.aD ^d 2 9 aaol snct ^ss'ig ood io;.m: aisw bellqqs asW 
 
 .9V.cieeo;:9 asaso 11^ ni salad nol;fe-X 
 
47 
 
 J> 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 a t 
 
 ct H! 
 
 <j 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 M CD 
 
 J * ^ 
 
 GO CD 
 
 M > CO H 
 
 H > tO CD 
 
 M > W K 
 
 D *O 
 
 3 P^ 
 
 CD >-$ 
 
 H)CD M 
 
 H) CD i-J 
 
 P Hi CD P 
 
 Q ct" 
 
 CD 
 
 H) P 
 
 O ct Hi CD 
 
 O c+ Hi* 
 
 c+ H) H- 
 
 P* 
 
 Ct 
 
 o to 
 
 4 CD O > 
 
 4 CD O 
 
 4 CD O 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 4 CD 
 
 CD 4 4 
 
 CD 4 4 tT* 
 
 CD 4 4 * 
 
 P 
 
 H) 
 
 CD W 
 
 P CD S 
 
 P CD O 
 
 P CD 
 
 4 ct 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 W M 
 
 CQ H tQ 
 
 CQ H O 
 
 CD 
 
 CQ O 
 
 M 
 
 CD 4 M O 
 
 CD ^ M 
 
 CD 4 H 4 
 
 g 
 
 9 O 
 
 
 4 4 P> 
 
 I-J HJ tg 
 
 
 
 3 P 
 
 h 
 
 H- 4 H 
 
 H- ^ O 
 
 H* 4 p 
 
 b H 
 
 J Ci 
 
 H- 
 09 
 
 Qtj H- P 
 PCS 3 
 
 OT H-M 
 P TO H* 
 
 OT H- P 
 P CKJ PI 
 
 ^ o 
 
 CD P 
 
 ,_, p. 
 
 J. O 
 
 P 
 
 ct P P. 
 
 c+ P P 
 
 c+ P 
 
 "3 
 
 3 P 
 
 ct 
 
 H* ct 
 
 H- c+ 
 
 H* c+ 
 
 CQ 
 
 CJ 
 
 H- 
 
 H- 
 
 O H- CQ 
 
 H- 
 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 a- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JQ t2j 
 X) O 
 
 COCO 
 
 H I- 1 
 
 t> rt* 
 
 to to 
 
 Hi 
 
 3 
 
 <J-3 
 
 to to 
 
 COCO 
 
 ~J -3 
 
 e+ 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD Hi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 M Ol to 
 
 M rf*- IO 
 
 H Ol IO 
 
 I- 1 Ol H 
 
 
 
 CJI Oi M 
 
 -oo to 
 
 O Oi Oi 
 
 Oi I ' ^ 
 
 Oi 
 
 K 
 
 O OO 
 
 -3O W 
 
 -3 ->3 
 
 CO rf^ Oi 
 
 
 o 
 
 H- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CQ 
 
 . pr 3 
 
 Ol 10 
 
 Ol O! 
 
 to M 
 
 | i 
 
 d 
 
 -3 ro >> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 4 
 
 CD Ol Ol 
 
 CO W rf^ 
 
 CD COO 
 
 Oi CJl CD 
 
 Ol 
 
 4 CD 
 
 
 CO Oi 
 
 O Oi Oi 
 
 COM W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 {> o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to to 
 
 Ol tO 
 
 o to 
 
 to to 
 
 to 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD ct 
 
 Ol CO Ol 
 to CO Oi 
 
 Ol H Oi 
 
 co coo 
 
 Oi O rt^ 
 -J -3 O 
 
 Ol if' O 
 WO -3 
 
 CJI 
 
 CD 
 O ct 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ol IO 
 
 Ol tO 
 
 Ol to 
 
 to to 
 
 Ol 
 
 ct h" 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Jj 
 
 > O Ol 
 
 Ol tO Oi 
 
 -J \-> rf^ 
 
 O -3 Oi 
 
 CJI 
 
 O 
 
 o o o 
 
 Ol to -3 
 
 01 -3^ 
 
 Ol I- 1 CD 
 
 
 H) J> 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O CD 
 
 Ol to 
 
 Ol to 
 
 01 to 
 
 Ol OI 
 
 (* 
 
 H* 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 I- 1 M 
 
 01 to co 
 
 tO -3 
 
 Oi tO O 
 
 o to to 
 
 CJI 
 
 P 
 
 WO-3 
 
 Oi O ^ 
 
 H- -3 Oi 
 
 OHM 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 01 to 
 
 01 to 
 
 Ol to 
 
 Ol Ol 
 
 CJI 
 
 w 
 
 ff tO CD 
 
 * M -3 
 
 Ol tO Oi 
 
 O rf^ Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 M CD -3 
 
 Oi CD tO 
 
 if*h [ J -^3 
 
 -3 tM- 1 
 
 
 
 1 i 1 i 
 
 M M 
 
 IO M 
 
 H H 
 
 
 1-3 
 
 Ol CO Ol 
 
 Ol CD Ol 
 
 rf^O 01 
 
 tO -3 ! 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C^" 
 
 CD I- 4 Ol 
 
 Ol H tt^ 
 
 ^ fO CD 
 
 Oi tf* -3 
 
 
 P 
 
 ^ CD Ol 
 
 o to to 
 
 to 01 01 
 
 ( M -3 
 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 O H 
 H 
 

 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ '~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Q ' M 
 
 1 
 
 
 U o> -b 
 
 ^p CJ -t-> 1 
 
 
 +> *H O +7 *H 
 
 1"} *H "t^ 
 
 
 HO W H O 
 
 H O -H 
 
 
 9 *^ 
 
 CJ 
 
 1 1 
 
 U 
 
 
 , ' 
 
 03 C/J 4*4\ 
 
 MM co co 
 
 CJl "tD 
 
 K^ O- 03 CD 
 
 W Ol C- p- I 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1 fci| 
 
 
 
 
 HW-I 05 W 
 
 c/i 4 -H ei so H 
 
 
 
 A 4 * 
 
 
 
 'i RST 
 
 -4 
 
 ^ u- { rt3 <?5 ft) O 
 fO 4i CO O C^ C- 
 
 O5 O ^* *""( ^O H5 i 
 &3 O C- O O O 
 
 fr* X -H ' 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 % t* 
 
 ^ , 5 D M 
 
 <-( on K> (O 
 
 cfl to . . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 '4f v 
 
 ^ <?> t ro 
 
 00 fO fl> O 00 CO 
 W M CD ff> (O O 
 
 iO ^ ro "^ W 
 
 M f o o <$L 
 
 
 
 MO O 
 
 
 
 H 3 p 01 
 
 O5 Ol O5 O 
 
 C/I fO C/j C3 
 
 =-j + O 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 r-3 1 <r> ! PJ 
 
 O 4 W ^ O rt) 
 
 <t> ' { fO W 
 
 -^" I i^*i 
 
 c- o w o t- 1- 
 
 O CO CO 
 
 ">* -t^ oU . 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 y^- > ' t3 
 
 O3 D5 r O 
 
 W W C1 
 
 
 
 i . t 
 
 * * * 
 
 '^ 
 
 CO - O *4< M O- 
 
 ^O .-^-fO 
 
 
 QJ '-1 TO ^< > 5O 
 
 g~ ci ro o o o ; 
 
 
 
 
 _ _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N Pv5 O1 FO 
 
 
 M - 
 
 * * * 
 
 * . * " * * 
 
 Q tO 
 
 CA O O O f 
 
 
 O 
 
 w^ - . ^ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 ro to O5 w 
 
 
 R3 
 
 fO 4 O <t) c 
 
 
 
 <H -4 C- & H * 
 
 Oil 
 
 
 HH MOJ 
 
 
 j o 
 
 4) t- OI 
 
 
 
 . * . 
 
 4 
 
 * . 
 
 
 ! ro 
 
 I 
 
 . 
 
 . ' -'a 
 
jp JCr <v as- fa TST ? 
 
 
 -fr-tf- 
 

 
48 
 
 Clay Loam Soils 
 
 In Table XII and Figure VI are given the quantities 
 of water held before and after irrigation on a number of 
 farms having typical clay loam soils as determined by two 
 hundred ninety-six six feet borings. The Figure represents 
 the average results. The increase in moisture varies from 
 1.35 in the surface to .28 in the sixth foot, as compared to 
 a variation of 1.15 to .44 in the silt loam soils. The in- 
 crease in convergence of curves with depth as the texture of 
 the soil increases in fineness is apparent. The water con- 
 tent decreases appreciably after irrigation with the depth 
 of the soil. It is therefore doubtful if the maximum capil- 
 lary capacities of these soils were satisfied. The average 
 amount of water held by the clay loams after irrigation was 
 3.49 inches per foot or enough to fill fifty-eight percent 
 of the pore space as compared to fifty- one percent in the 
 case of the silt loam. 
 
 The following additional results are given to 
 this type of soils. f/8) 
 

 v' iix -.!>> cct E . c xiojS* 
 
 a.-DViuo 'io soriD3 < -i5vnci2 lii a; 
 
 ^ssrt^nil ni asas&ioxti lio'i 
 
 a-flp f-f Hi? *) >T CJG 15 cJ'^ci ' -^ 
 
 v w i,^-J . W v? X ^1*3 *^ 
 
 0*10 Is'i sa d" a.i >tl _.Iica 9J 
 silos osaf.*^ lo .g-@l^l5>aq*jo 
 
 Io sndS vcf jbl?ri T 
 
 j-ne 91 &q sno --r j'l i" 
 
 
49 
 
 Farm 'I 
 's 
 
 ;s 
 
 rrigation in 
 .ere inches 
 er acre 
 
 Acre inches per 
 acre retained 
 in top 6 feet 
 
 Percent 
 retained 
 
 Percent Lost 
 
 O'Hair 
 
 6.24 
 
 pr ^"i 
 
 5.58 ,, 
 
 j 
 
 r , 57. * 
 
 45 
 
 
 I T 5.18 
 
 2.11 
 
 66. 
 
 54 
 
 .: mount 
 
 5.24 
 
 2.14 
 
 66. 
 
 54 
 
 Guile 
 
 7.28 
 
 4.05 
 
 <c 55. 
 
 45 
 
 
 5.94 
 
 
 
 5.41 
 
 91. 
 
 \ 
 
 9 
 
 Geer 
 
 24.00 
 
 t 5.59 
 
 25. 
 
 77 
 
 
 ,. 18.19 
 
 c 5.28 
 
 18. 
 
 82 
 
 
 12.15 
 
 5.57 
 
 -+ 44. 
 
 56 
 
 p a |- 
 
 24.54 
 
 h 
 
 5.76 
 
 15. 
 
 85 
 
 A striking condition was obtained in the case 
 of the O'Hair field in that, while the percentage of the 
 irrigation water applied retained in the soil decreased 
 with the depth, the amount of moisture in the soil before 
 irrigations actually increased with the depth, apparently 
 due to the capillary use of ground water, which stood seven 
 to nine feet below the surface. 
 
 In the case of the Guile field, very little water 
 penetrated below the sixth foot. At the time of the first 
 cutting the moisture content of the soii was so low, that 
 
1 
 
 28 .81 
 
 as - M 
 
 28 .51 
 
 Xe'a 13q 
 
 cfc^f r i j*" 
 ^_/ X V. 7 * I * Li 
 
 1 rrc.tt 
 
 
 r Q t' jDSfii&d'S 
 
 0- at ' 
 ^ W*? 
 
 a&r : onl ' 31 
 
 
 ; *ert c- 
 
 qod ni 1 
 
 31 OB I 
 
 
 * -1 
 35., 
 
 5 ' 
 
 ^2.8 
 
 : 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 . 
 
 11. 
 
 S 
 
 81.6 
 
 ' 
 
 1. 
 
 2 ; 
 
 & - 
 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 so. 
 
 & 
 
 82. V 
 
 t 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 r^ 
 
 _, 
 
 te.a 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ee. 
 
 c 
 
 00 . ->S 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 8S. 
 
 T, 
 
 91.81 
 
 , 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1 ^ ^ 
 
 2 ' 
 
 P r c 1 r 
 
 Go. . AJL 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 ev. 
 
 o 
 
 i-5 . i?2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 -, pfpi *> *D rr 
 
 F- ^T.^R & 
 
 - fTie'-I 
 
 . 59 
 
 g .16 
 
 VV ' - 
 
 ' ' 
 
 ner lo e-.^sctrisoisq Qtid- 31 It;,; ^sr-d- nl Mall .iiaH'0 silt lo 
 
 lies 9;i:i ' . -:ct9i bsllqqs. 
 
 floe sri-1 n- 9'-j:;?3. f oni lo juwoftus srl 
 
 qqs ^rf^qsfc erfd rld-i^r fceae$*onl ^llAStos anoictB^l'iii 
 nevsa 600*3 dalrlw ^s^sw bm/ois lo saw ^Bll|q0& erl-l c; 
 
 iwe 9i* wolftd cfssl snin oit 
 
 srl- 'io sml* 9x5^ *A .*ocl rf&xie 94* olsd 
 ,wol oa asw Iloa orid- lo : . o siuctaiom add" 
 
50 
 
 nowhere In the upper six feet was it much, if any, above 
 
 c ; :^ :" > 
 
 the wilting point. The same conditions were approximated 
 at subsequent irrigations. This no doubt accounts for 
 the large percentage retained, showing again the influence 
 of the initial amount of water present. The smaller the 
 amount of initial moisture present the greater will be the 
 amount retained and kept uniformly distributed. On the 
 other hand the greater the amount of initial moisture pres- 
 ent the greater will be the downward penetration of any 
 subsequent additions of water. 
 
 Another very striking result from the above 
 
 Table is the large amount lost beyond the root zone (assumed 
 to be six feet deep) in the case of the Geer tract. This is 
 unquestionably due to the large amount of water used, which 
 should not be mistaken for a large head of water. It is but 
 logical, that once sufficient water has been applied to 
 satisfy the capillary capacity of the soils, any further ad- 
 dition of water will increase that amount which penetrates 
 past the sixth foot in depth, decreasing thereby the percen- 
 tage retained. 
 
9-iaw afloWJ-anoo er.B3 aril- .Jnloq snl*IJw artt 
 
 on siriT .enold-ajjl-nl 
 
 l wfcf nifiSfl 3fJt ^rla 
 
 ' . a I^WiriJ 9 d. 
 
 eitt tellflAB 3^ .*nea9'iq to^aw ic invar. a I^ 
 
 i 
 
 r, Isl 
 
 ild- riO nncm; tns >9ni^9'i 
 
 aaiq 9iu*aioni Jajtdiai lo cfm/anw sucf - 
 
 lo noWeiJsfiaq Biewnwob orW ed II-U ifslc 
 
 .-r,^j3w lo anoi-Ubbs 
 
 bsnuass) onou Jcoi eiict bno^u .Isol Jnwomo 9^-1 sr al si 
 ei a i^ .*o*rt islo wl* -o S3^o oiict nl <q&ab *oal xa 
 
 rieldSr" ,fc9a ie*aw lo imro.iur 9?,-*? I 9itt o* ewb ^I^n 
 *ud ul *1 .i9*'fi* lo bssii 931^ B -icl nsAi^alK sd *oa 
 
 07 bsllcofl need 3-ri 'i^ctsw iasioilltja 90no d-siid ,I*olaoI 
 -ha isxaiJJl -^ ,21103 3^ lo ^loaqBO ^.^IlxqBO aricr vlal^a 
 
 ll* ie*w lo noJ 
 nl *ocl HJxla 9i ^ : aaq 
 
 c 
 
51 
 
 s 
 
 I? 
 
 H>tt? 
 
 O tJ 
 H 1 CO 
 
 H* 4 
 
 M > W CD 
 
 M > tO ct 
 
 
 CD *Ci 
 
 3 P 
 
 P H) CD 4 
 
 P H> CD ct 
 
 P H) CO P, 
 
 CO ct 
 
 CD 
 
 O ct l*b P 
 
 O ct H) M 
 
 ct Hb<<J 
 
 P 
 
 Ct 
 
 *i CD o OP 
 
 *"i CD O CD 
 
 *-j CD O < 
 
 ^ 
 
 O * 
 
 CD ^ ^ CD 
 
 CD 4 ^ 
 
 CD *"i *^ 
 
 CD P 
 
 H) 
 
 P CD W 
 
 P CD S 
 
 P CD SS 
 
 *"i ct 
 
 
 B H 
 
 KM H- 
 
 ID M H- 
 
 CO 
 
 to o 
 
 CD ^ M 
 
 CD 4 H M 
 
 CD 4 H t-' 
 
 
 P O 
 
 H-4 
 
 4 =* t- 
 
 4 ^ t- 
 H-4 
 
 P"H^ 
 
 O ct 
 
 (W H- 
 
 0^1 H* ^ 
 
 
 te^ Q 
 
 
 fo OQ 
 
 P OQ CO 
 
 p OQ CO 
 
 CD p* 
 
 H- 
 
 ct P 
 
 ct P 
 
 ct p 
 
 P 
 
 
 H- ct 
 
 Hrt 
 
 H- ct 
 
 CO 
 
 (jt) 
 
 O H- 
 
 H- 
 
 O h* 
 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 ^ P 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 P. 
 
 ~- * - ' . 
 
 
 
 
 CO SZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 p O 
 
 iN >> 
 
 M M 
 
 to to 
 
 Hi 
 
 *5 
 
 W W 
 
 CO CO 
 
 
 ct 
 
 I- 1 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD H> 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 (-> W M 
 
 \-> W M 
 
 MWM 
 
 
 K 
 
 -3O W 
 
 Ol O ^ 
 
 <JO W 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 H- 
 
 M Ol Ol 
 
 co co o 
 
 W W O 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD ^ 
 
 ro to 
 
 to to 
 
 to M 
 
 M 
 
 4 CD 
 
 w tf* o 
 
 01 <JO 
 
 M H CO 
 
 Ol 
 
 > 
 
 -3 M > 
 
 M O CD 
 
 w ro co 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD ct 
 
 to to 
 
 to to 
 
 ro to 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (O 
 
 ^J B 
 
 to 01 w 
 o oo oo 
 
 to 01 w 
 
 CO Ol O"> 
 
 H Ol W 
 tO M CO 
 
 Ol 
 
 ct 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ro to 
 
 to to 
 
 to ro 
 
 w 
 
 1. 1 r 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Hi tt> 
 
 OCO -3 
 <l O W 
 
 M CO Ol 
 
 O -3 00 
 
 w CD ro 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 O/T\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 IP 
 
 H* 
 
 w w 
 
 w w 
 
 W w 
 
 jfi 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 u) 
 
 O H^- > 
 
 M to if- 
 
 I- 1 Ol -3 
 
 Jl 
 
 O 
 
 to to rfi. 
 
 W CO Ol 
 
 -3 rfi. H 
 
 
 
 w w 
 
 H -3 CO 
 
 w w 
 
 
 
 O Ol rf 5 * 
 
 
 WOW 
 
 Ol 
 Ol 
 
 
 W CD tO 
 
 (> ro oo 
 
 O Ol Ol 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ J 
 
 o 
 
 (-3 
 
 H M 
 
 1 j i ^f 
 
 M H 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 tO CD Ol 
 
 ro CD 01 
 
 i- 1 oo 01 
 
 01 
 
 ct 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 too co 
 
 CO O H 
 
 rf^ O Ol 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 O Ol Ol 
 
 W Ol W 
 
 CDOi-CJ 
 
 rh 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 en 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 

 1 
 
 1 
 
 ,H 
 H 
 
 *? 
 
 5 
 
 W4 f j r,* f , "'". V - 
 ' t 
 
 I <n / < > r" f < i 
 
 . VR S) * M , 
 
 M ! 4 - :H < *< MOJ 
 
 5^ 3 f. M*P 't ^ 
 
 S'-gjE -gi;^ 1 ^ 
 
 5 , co PO '-' f ^ 
 
 j " f:? +-J 
 
 t}| ^ ;_i -f> --i -t-. H 
 
 23 Q ."HO . 'H 
 . .. - - - 
 
 
 : 33 
 
 M 
 tfH > 
 CO 
 
 r 
 
 | ^. oi 01 '-'-' ^ ^ 
 
 * 
 
 _ ! ' 
 
 o 
 
 H "1 
 -< -*! 
 
 O 
 
 rr - r - - 
 
 ,_i L H M TO M M '-^3 H 
 
 . ... 
 
 ro! W r - - r ''' c> 
 o -o ^> o QJ QJ n, 1 ; ro M 
 .__ -- ------ 1 
 
 03 
 p 
 
 M 
 
 M tg 
 
 B tf 
 o < 
 
 
 
 r ~ ~ r t 
 
 c., ^^ . & . >c/ ! . 
 
 ro' 0> - o !>> 9^*t 
 GJ <yj ro S3 O M ^i - 
 
 L _ - - - 
 
 ^ 
 
 '~> ff) 
 
 -rt L o 
 O 
 
 O3 03 Cfl CX5 M c>1 
 
 4. g^ ;^SS ^SS i 
 
 
 t '"* 
 
 ioi c'. c/ c/i ci w 
 ro! l> <o CO M p^ ^0 p 
 
 Crt O> fO -4l M C-- . ^ O C- i 
 
 
 i""~l *~f 
 i 
 
 (OW 
 ^ . . ... . 
 
 , u-} ''( 
 
 ro o> 5'.') 4i ' 
 
 1 
 
 . . . . . 
 
 rol fO O fO 4i rO O 
 O ' 4i 
 
 
 ( 
 
 | C' 
 
 r 
 
 ^ M ~ MM ' M 
 fO rO CD CA 
 
 . "* * 
 
 M . -; C'i 
 fO rt) O 
 
52 
 
 Clay Soils 
 
 In clay soils the maximum water holding capacity 
 is sometimes limited by the pore space. This condition 
 seems to apply to the soils described below, the volume 
 weights of which were found to be very high. The total ex- 
 ternal surface area of these soils is in all probability 
 very high, to judge from their mechanical analysis, which 
 showed 24.54 percent of total sand, 40 percent silt and 
 34.84 percent clay. Yet the quantities of water found in 
 them both before and after irrigation were extremely low . 
 
 The observations made upon Clay soils are present- 
 ed in Table XIII and Figure VII. Figure VII is based upon 
 86 six feet borings and Figure VII contains the averages of 
 568 borings. The Table reveals at a glance the striking 
 fact that the surface foot of soil was appreciably moistened 
 by the irrigation water. It is doubtful if the capillary 
 capacity of the wetter section was entirely satisfied; yet 
 it held after irrigation 5.06 inches of water or enough to 
 fill 64.3 percent .of its pore space. The sixth foot, which 
 was kept moist by the ground water table, contained no gravi- 
 ty water, but eight-six percent of its pore space was occupied 
 by capillary water, leaving only sixteen percent of pore space. 
 
 The Purdy field was irrigated four times in the 
 
;od 19 Jew ffurniixafs arfct alloe ^elo r*I 
 
 no' ) aldl 1 .aoeqs 9toq ail* ijd be^lmx! aairtidsisoa al 
 
 - t wcl9d bsclioaeb a^ioe sdct- od" ^Iqq^ o: amsse 
 
 -X9 Isd-o* erff .rfBirf ^sv scf oi bnu-ol siaw rloldw Ic adrl law 
 v^llJtdedcnq Ila ni ax ^lioa asorl* 'io. BD-IS soBl'iwa iBina* 
 rlolxlw .aia^IaniJ Itoinjeriag.'a -lisrit moil 33^^C o* *^3^ T? 9V 
 bns .d-'JCia *asoieq 'O* 1 ^- r i a s i^cto.i lo dnso-ioq ^6.^2 bsworla 
 
 ixi bsutdft. is^-3-.v 'iu aat'rid-aaAr iel .^lo drteoisq ^S.I'S 
 
 i 
 
 . wl ^Is.'nsi^xs eiew aoiJ.gr-l-iii nsrfla brts eaclad iWocf ntsrl^ 
 J-iisss-iq s s i3 alloa ^fliO noqw 9bm axiolcfsvisBd'o odT 
 noqi; boesd ai 1IV 9iJj;9i r i .ilV strjgi^ fon^ IIIX sIcfsT nl >e 
 
 3iW BKlsd-nso .iw^W 6na s^nliocf *S3l xie S8 
 
 arid- gonsl3 s ^.s. ais-svai elcfB'i 1 sxfD .33x11^10.^.8! 
 HOB Ic ctcol oojaltae 
 of> ai ' ^*aw no 
 aaw rroWoaa ie**9W- siid" lo 
 ol rfguons f io isie^ lo ssxfonl DO. 5 ooWssiTil T9*l-s 
 rlolrfw ,^co1 ri^xla arffi . aoccs yioq a^ lo, fcrtsoisq <S.^<3 lili 
 -Ivaig on b-enisctaoo t io'J3^ tsd'aw _i?nwc- . . Y<^ J'siom ^qdi asw 
 belqwooc a.sw eosqa sioq act! lo ^nsoiaq xia-^rf^ie ^xrrf .tecfaw ij* 
 
 rfrk-^nt*! 1 tTT''* f VG 
 
 .908O3 9ioq zo jn . -->- i?osw ^li-ixx^-j \,i> 
 
 nl adnrW " ^^ Yfcii^ 3iiT 
 
55 
 
 season. Of the 7.08 inches In depth applied in the first 
 irrigation about twelve percent entered and was retained 
 in the upper three feet of soil, of which about eleven per- 
 cent was in the upper foot. In other words, practically no 
 moisture penetrated below twelve inches. "In the second ir- 
 rigation a depth oi 4.55.inches was applied, nearly all of 
 which penetrated the soil and of which about forty-five 
 percent remained in the upper foot. In the third irrigation 
 a depth of 4.80 inches was applied, of which approximately 
 one-third remained in the upper foot, with no increase below 
 the second foot. The moisture determinations before and af- 
 ter the fourth and last irrigation, when a depth of 5. 84 inches 
 
 was applied, indicated that the soil became more impervious 
 to water as the season advanced, for about sixty-six percent 
 of the amount applied was retained in the first foot, with 
 no significant increase below that. 
 
 The soil of the Tattle field is similar to that 
 of the Purdy field, but slightly coarser in texture and a 
 little more open and permeable. Moisture determinations were 
 made from ten borings before and after irrigation 
 the second irrigation and nine before and after the third 
 irrigation, a depth of 4.08 inches being applied in the first 
 case and 4.16 inches in the second and third irrigation. At 
 
bs Jtlqqfi.rttqob.nl agrfoni 80.7 artf $Q 
 
 bn^ beiaottS d-neoieq ovlewct twocfs , iiil 
 
 cte rloiiiw lo *Iloa lo cfesl se^itt isqqu srf* nl 
 . ab-xow isii^o I .^ocl loqqjJ sxl* ni saw 
 
 we lac? 
 
 1 bnco33 9 -e .as 
 
 lo ila ^Iiasn. .bailqcB BBIT asiionJ-.Se'.^ 
 
 l ^0co r fi riolrlw Ic bar. Iloa sri* ps^Bi^snsq ifolrlw 
 * -rf* ni .?oo_1 leqqw edo nl fcsniBnisi ctnso'iaq 
 rlelrfw lo ,nail^qa SBW aailonx 08.^ lo diqab B 
 
 on 
 -la Bas.-sioletf anoi^onlnweiab etu^aloni aif! .rfool bnoosa 
 
 ssrtonl^S.S lo d*qeb 
 
 smaoa-. srW cfcrid- bs*aolbI ,69ilqqa BBW" 
 
 xi8-\>txis j;;ccfs 'rol .beortavbu aoaiaa srtt 33 IB^BW ocf 
 dctlw ,-iocl *eill srf^ ni b9nia*oi aaw bs^lqqB drtuorfts add 
 
 .jisnJ- vYoied aase-ioni d-naolllnsia on 
 od- i-Ilwia ai bie'll si^ctisff srl* lo Iloa srff 
 
 bno 
 
 eitrtalpIL .eldaeiffisq bna sqo 
 
 isd'lB buB siolsd STUiliocf us? moil e 
 
 . 1m 1 ; ' 9-f- 
 
 srf- ' rf^qab a t n ' liil 
 
 ol^je^lii: J i asrionl 31.* bnc seao 
 
54 
 
 the second Irrigation ninety-three percent of the water 
 applied was found to enter the first three feet of soil, 
 about one-half being retained in the first foot. In the 
 third irrigation forty-four percent was retained in the 
 first six feet, three-fourths of which remained in the 
 first foot. 
 
lo d r n'dori: 
 
 .cfoo 
 
 SBW 
 
 rioj: 
 
 .<t< 
 

 
 
 -f o 
 
 
 
 ": asrfonl o--S 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
TABLE XIV 
 
 Irrigation 
 Treatment 
 
 T 1 
 
 'Time of 'No. of 
 'Sampling 'samples 
 
 Moisture content in acre 
 
 Depth at which sam- 
 ples were taken 
 
 feet 
 
 .5 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 1.5 ' 2.5 
 
 i i 
 i i 
 
 3.5 ' 4.5 ' 5.5 
 
 2 6 inches 
 
 'Before Ir*- 
 
 i 
 
 
 t 
 
 t i 
 i i 
 
 
 'Mgation ' 
 
 14 i 
 
 1.78 
 
 2.03' 2.14 
 
 2.46 ' 2.37 '2.13 
 
 Plot B 
 
 'After Ir- 1 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 i i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 14 
 
 3.26 
 
 2.99 ' 2.86 
 
 2.69 ' 2.75 '2.19 
 
 
 'Increase ' 
 
 
 1.48 
 
 .96' .72 
 
 . 25 i . 56 ' .06 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 3 6 inches 
 
 'Before^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 21 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.93' 1.91 
 
 1.80' 1.43 '1.29 
 
 II 
 
 Plot C 
 
 'After Ir- 1 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 * 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 21 
 
 3.54 
 
 2.99 ' 2.82 
 
 2.45 ' 2.10 '1.86 
 
 
 'Increase ' 
 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.06' .91 
 
 .65' .67 ' .57 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i t 
 
 4 6 inches 
 
 'Beforeli* 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 28 
 
 1.76 
 
 2 . 06 ' 2 . 06 
 
 1.87 ' 1.59 '1.49 
 
 Plot D 
 
 'After Ir- 1 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 i i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 28 
 
 3.30 
 
 3.06 ' 2.75 
 
 2.26 ' 2.02 '1.87 
 
 
 'increase ' 
 
 
 1.54 
 
 1.00' .69 
 
 .39 ' .43 ' .38 
 
 
 i t 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 4-7-5inches 
 
 'Before IP-' 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 28 
 
 1.95 
 
 2 . 16 ' 2 . 08 
 
 1.85 1 1.73 '1.63 
 
 Plot E 
 
 'After Ir-i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 28 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.16 ' 2.95 
 
 2.60 ' 2.40 '2.19 
 
 
 'Increase ' 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 1 . 00 ' .87 
 
 .75" .67' .56 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 t t 
 
 4- -9 inches 
 
 'Before :&>' 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .' V 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 28 
 
 1.85 
 
 2.04' 1.92 
 
 1.76 ' 1.87 '1.59 
 
 Plot P 
 
 'After Ir- 1 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 i t 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 28 
 
 3.17 
 
 3.10 ' 2.82 
 
 2.52 ' 2.57 '2.34 
 
 
 'Increase ' 
 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.06' .90 
 
 .76 ' .70' .75 
 
 
 t t 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 4-12 inches 
 
 'Before Ir-' 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 28 
 
 1.91 
 
 2.18' 2.05 
 
 1.96 ' 2.11 '2.32 
 
 Plot G 
 
 'After Ir- 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 28 
 
 3.24 
 
 3.30' 3.04 
 
 2.99' 3.25 '3.41 
 
 
 'Increase ' 
 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.12' .99 
 
 1.03 ' 1.12 '1.09 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 Averages 
 
 'Before Ir 1 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 t t 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 147 
 
 1.82 
 
 2 . 07 ' 2 . 02 
 
 1.95' 1.85 '1.74 
 
 
 'After Ir-' 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 'rigation ' 
 
 147 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.10' 2.87 
 
 2.58' 2.51 '2.31 
 
 
 'Increase ' 
 
 1.43 
 
 1 . 03 ' .85 
 
 .63 ' .66 ' .57 
 
 
 i t 
 
 t i it 
 
 r 
 
56 
 
 55 
 
 Lnches per acre Foot of Soil 
 
 Total Wa- 
 ter at 
 
 Depth of 
 
 Total percent- 
 age of water 
 retained 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 6.5 ' 7.5 ' 8.5 
 
 9.5 
 
 10.5 
 
 11.5 
 
 0-6ft '0-12it 
 
 
 i t 
 
 t i 
 
 I ! 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 i 
 
 12.91' 
 i 
 
 
 1 1 
 1 ! 
 t 1 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 16.72 ' 
 3.81' 
 
 31.7 ! 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 i 
 
 < i 
 
 t t 
 
 r f 
 
 
 
 
 10.04' 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i i 
 '. t 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 15.56 t 
 5.52| 
 
 30.7 ? 
 
 I 5 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 ! 1 
 t 1 
 
 ' : 
 
 
 
 10.83' 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 t 
 1 ! 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 15.26 ' 
 
 4.43' 
 i 
 
 18.4 
 
 1 t 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1.47' 2.81' 3.24 
 i 
 
 3.63 
 
 4.25 
 
 . 
 
 5.10 
 
 11.40 '31.93 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 2.21' 3.64' 4.18 
 
 .74' .83' .94 
 i i 
 
 4.22 
 
 .59 
 t 
 
 4.52 
 
 .27 
 
 4.66 
 .44 
 
 16.50 '39.93 
 
 5. 10* 8.00 
 i 
 
 26.7 
 
 i t 
 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 2.56 ' 3.38' 2.84 
 
 4.04 
 
 4.53 
 
 4.69 
 
 11.03*33.07 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 3.33' 4.08* 3.98 
 
 .77* .70* 1.14 
 t t 
 
 4.49 
 .45 
 
 5.08 
 
 .55 
 
 5.15 
 .46 
 
 16.52 '42.63 
 
 5.49' 9.56 
 i 
 
 26.6 '- 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 t 
 
 
 3.37 ' 3.16 ' 2.94 
 i i 
 
 3.88 
 
 3.86 
 
 4.46 
 
 12.53*34.20 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 4.22 ' 3.77 ' 3.76 
 
 .85' .61' .82 
 i t 
 
 4.32 
 .44 
 
 4.32 
 .46 
 
 4.92 
 
 .46 
 
 19. 21 '44. 52 
 
 6.68 '10.32 
 i 
 
 21.5 * 
 
 i 1 
 
 2.47' 3.12' 3.01 
 
 t i : 
 
 3.85 
 
 4.21 
 
 4.75 
 
 i 
 
 11.46 '32.86 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 3.26 ' 3.83' 3.97 
 
 .79' .71* .97 
 t i 
 
 4.34 
 .49 
 
 4.64 
 .43 
 
 4.91 
 .16 
 
 16.63*41.58 
 
 5.17* 8.72 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 .1 
 
 : Davis 
 
 foot of 
 IB increase 
 xre set 
 )f plot B 
 Decially 
 ? content 
 i the soil 
 
 discrep- 
 3 for. A 
 b C became 
 
 accounts 
 
 by plot C 
 Lty after 
 st were mois 
 
 likely that 
 lot G by re- 
 itational wa 
 tione till 
 
 irrigations 
 stween the 
 i, in the 
 
V.IS 
 
 '20 
 
 o 1 : 
 
 ; ?c. 
 
 w ; 
 
 v.ss 'oo. a ' 
 
 II 4 
 
 i i 
 
 ox.a'es.is 1 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 _ | 
 I "I 
 
 .' SS. . ' 
 
 
 . '35, .',5*. 
 
 5. IS ' 
 
 t ' dS.. 
 
 i 
 
 !..' 3S. 
 
 . 
 t 
 
 c . 
 
 . 
 
 
56 
 
 Experiments at the Agricultural College at Davis 
 
 The amounts of water held at each foot of 
 soil before and after irrigation and the average increase 
 which were found for the various applications are set 
 forth in Table XIV and Figure VIII. The soil of plot B 
 being finer in texture than that of plot D, especially 
 below three feet, accounts for the higher water content 
 both before and after irrigation. Variation in the soil 
 of plot B is probably the cause of an apparent discrep- 
 ancy in the relative amounts of water accounted for. A 
 comparison of plots C and D indicates that plot G became 
 drier before irrigation than did plot D, which accounts 
 for the greater amount of water being retained by plot C 
 since each plot contained about the same quantity after 
 irrigation. In plots E and G the upper six feet were mois- 
 tened to their full capillary capacity. It is likely that 
 the clay loam stratum of the seventh foot in plot G by re- 
 tarding the downward movement caused some gravitational wa- 
 ter to be held in the fifth and sixth foot sections till 
 the time of sampling. The effect of the large irrigations 
 of plot G is evident in the great difference between the 
 moisture contained, before and after irrigation, in the 
 

 siicf bete no id 63 Jit 1 'igctl-s 6ns S'lolscf iioa 
 -solloqjs ai/cliav Sitf iol Jbm;o1 s'isw lie ' 
 ^ orf? .IIIV 9i/j^i'5 ens VIX sIcfflT ni 
 39 ,0. iolq 'io cterfcr njSiii siL^xad' qi.'rcanM -Tt: 
 
 *^ . - 
 
 . 'isiBw igrisJtfl adcf xol actrtwoooa ,^93! ss'irii wo 
 . . ' '; s.1. nolcfeii^V .noi-Tsgiiil TacMa Dxts siolad i 
 - ) tfnsiflcpqs HJS "io aai/so sdi vlciucfoTq aJt Q' .d'olq 
 
 - fo'l bactnuoooB i9d".sw lo sctnwoiTtG sv.td'olai sfll ni v 
 
 - f ctolq d'BzW .aad'soibnl C ana D aoolq Ic noai-. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 J 5 Y^ bsnls.ts'-i gniscf necfov/ lo dra/o."afl n 
 .fl Y^i^^ 8W P Oi~n.jsa sri-j" J.uqcf^ bsnlBcfnop dx. 
 :ow J33'i xle tsqqy odd" O btis 2 s-lolq al 
 xi 2i cfl .vctlosaso ^'iBlIicso II.f/1 il 
 
 .... . 
 
57 
 
 third to sixth foot sections. The twelve inch irrigation 
 of plot G caused slightly greater increases than the nine 
 inch application of plot P in the second to seventh foot. 
 The upper six feet of the water content curve 
 in Figure VIII plotted from the averages in Table XIV are 
 based on 294 borings; the section seven to nine feet is 
 based upon 120 borings and the depth from nine to twelve 
 feet represents averages of 48 borings. Adams summarizes 
 the results obtained as follows:/^/ 
 
 "Not counting the experimental plots at 
 Davis and Willows, moisture determinations were 
 made chiefly on 15 fields, of which 13 were of 
 silt loams or clay loams. In the case of all 
 but one of these loam soils, for which one the 
 full capacity of the soil to retain water was 
 not satisfied, the average quantity of irriga- 
 tion water retained per irrigation in the upper 
 six feet of soil was equivalent to a depth of 
 only 4.51 inches, or only 52.6 percent of the 
 average individual applications, and only .72 
 acre inch per acre per foot in depth of the 
 soil. Although the roots of the alfalfa pene- 
 trate in these soils to a greater depth than 
 six feet, it is plain that a considerable por- 
 tion of the irrigation water went below the zone 
 of greater root activity and was largely or whol- 
 ly wasted. 
 
 Considering the quantities of irrigation 
 water retained in the upper six feet of soil for 
 all of the field for which soil moisture deter- 
 minations were made, it is found that the aver- 
 age quantity retained in the lighter and more 
 permeable soils was .92 acre inch per acre for 
 each in depth of soil, whereas the clay soils 
 absorbed an average of only .37 acre inch per 
 each acre foot of soil, or at the rate of only 
 

 .axfold-oss tfool rttxia oA biicfcf 
 
 lo 
 
 .'.B o* briooaa d 
 
 
 
 9Visw 
 
 aw ad*, to ctsel xle i^qqir 
 
 nl asgsisvs sii* moll bectd-olq IIIV eiwsW nl 
 ot nev?a noWosa ecfet jagnitocf ^es .no baaed 
 * aoln inotl itfqefc 9ii* 5ns a^nliocf 021 aoqu 
 antsbA .a^nJttod 8^ lo easftisvB scTn&aaiqsi 
 
 ' a^olq Isctnsmiioqxs sii^t 
 
 .ilflpi&*ei*) aiw^sicm ^swoIiiW ferns 
 si377 SI rioiiiw lo ,abl9Jtl 21 .no ^Ilsirfo 
 Ii;' lo saco srl^ nl -atttfiol YSlo -10 amool ctl 
 
 -cmo ;Ic>Mvr -fol ,Blioa maoi 9aorf-')- lo aric 
 j8w *xe^aw niB*ei oct lioa srCct ic ^lo^qJbo 11.01 
 -jnJmi lo Y*i* nBU P QB^av 5 rl * -.ba 
 iscqju sii.-t nl oolisaiTSi r ieq b9fiij3*3 f i 
 
 j? oct tn3lfivl-yp9 saw lioe lo : 
 
 - 
 
 
 10 B.Ct 
 
 s 
 
 .IiO3 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
58 
 
 2t acre inches for six acre feet; due to their 
 great imperviousness in their present condi- 
 tions. In the surface foot, however, the 
 light soils retained an average of I.o4 acre 
 inches per acre foot of soil as compared to 
 1.71 acre inches per acre foot held by the 
 clay soils, this being in accordance with the 
 well known fact that clay soils, when once 
 thoroughly wetted, will hold much more soil 
 water than soils of coarser or lighter tex- 
 ture. 
 
 Averaging the quantities of irrigation 
 water retained by each field for which moisture 
 determinations were made, it is found that the 
 maximum quantities retained per acre foot of 
 soil per irrigation were 1.02 acre inches for 
 the silt loams with fine sandy subsoils, .75 
 acre inch for the silt loams without fine san- 
 dy subsoils, .78 acre inch for the clay loams 
 and .49 acre inch for the clays. 
 
 Considering only the moisture determina- 
 tions from the surface foot of soil of the 15 
 farms, it is plain that, in the case of the 
 typical silt loam soils of the Sacramento Val- 
 ley, single applications of irrigation water, 
 exceeding depths of one to one and one-half 
 inches per foot in depth of soil it is necess- 
 ary to moisten, accomplish no useful purpose. 
 While the typical clay loams and clays of the 
 valley will retain against gravity in their 
 normal growing condition as much as It 1 3/4 
 acre inches of irrigation water per acre foot 
 of soil, over and above the amount normally 
 found in such soils under Sacramento Valley 
 field conditions, that amount of irrigation 
 water will not be absorbed by these soils un- 
 less it is applied very slowly. 
 
 The wilting percentages for the Sacra- 
 mento Valley soils under investigation ranges 
 from 10.35 in the case of the silt loams of 
 the experimental irrigation tract on the Uni- 
 versity Farm at Davis, to 16.59 in the case of 
 clay loam on the same tract. The average wil- 
 
. 
 
 
 
 hi -s. 
 
 
 
 ,^ . _A.X -< W **-j*.^^ 
 
 lo ctool 9*108 iQq.asdoni 
 ; Jool 9ios isq i l?.l 
 
 .^.j." . . JOOB rtJ gni^d alxlcf ' *allo_p .. 
 
 e>r fr ve is i : f r-o^i 
 
 , :t rloc/m blori II1 
 
 "1 ic 1S8TU500 lo'alioa 
 
 - brtfjol ai d"! ,9i)ffi a r iaw 
 
 j o : -10J3 ieq LaniBd'9 r i aslcJ'icJTtsi/p fawnilXBm 
 
 10! 36iloni 9103 20.1 ais aoiiaal'iii iaq Iloa 
 
 oV. 3lloacfwa ^fcrusa ariil rttlw airmol His edd 
 
 -/lo ail* ici rioiil S^OJB 8V. .sllosdwa 
 
 -. 
 51 sn'd- lo'Iloa Ic ^ool 90 situs erli mo-il 
 
 d^ lo 33flO d^ 01 ^ail* rtielq el ^1 8Rrxa' 
 amaios^ 9i lo aIoB...na'ol ills taolq^ 
 HoJt-tBgJtui lo anoi^soilqqa eAgala , 
 anc 5r^ anc oJ suo lo siUqeb slfiisec 
 al Jl 1102 lo tfJcreb nl dcol "isq .. 
 q iJJlssw on cEsilq^oooc ^jtaiom o^ 
 rf^ lo s-iBlo bna airusol \-B!O Isoiq^ s;* 
 "ilsrict nl ^Ivs'is tfenisga nifivtei lliw 
 ^\3 I il a a iloum sc |otibooo salwoig I 
 1 9ios i 9 q i*flw rrcJt: Mil Ic aaiforci e 
 
 3 'ISVO ,1 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 i o ci 
 
 le ad ' 
 
 i saol 
 
 
59 
 
 ting percentages for the several types of 
 soil under observation were 10.65 for the 
 silt loams with fine sandy subsoils, 
 15.12 for the other silt loams, 14.21 for 
 the clay loams and 13.06 for the clays. 
 The approximate quantities of water neces- 
 sary to apply to thoroughly dry soils of 
 the types listed to bring tne moisture 
 content up to the wilting points given are 
 in inches in depth per foot of soil, 1.5 
 for the silt loams with fine sandy sub- 
 soils, 2 for other silt loams, 2.3 for the 
 clay loams and 2.6 for the clay. The op- 
 timum percentage of available soil mois- 
 ture for Sacramento Valley alfalfa soils 
 over and above the percentage at which 
 wilting occurs, seems to average between 
 4 and Q%. This is equivalent to depths of 
 from .6 to .9 inch of irrigation water per 
 foot of soil for loam soils and of from .7 
 to 1.2 inches per foot of soil for the 
 heavier clay loams and clays. 
 
 Alfalfa planted on very open and very 
 impervious soils should be irrigated more 
 than once between cuttings. This is nec- 
 essary in the case of the open soils because 
 of the inability of such soils to retain all 
 of the moisture needed to mature a crop, and 
 in the case of the impervious clay soils in 
 order to accomplish deeper penetration of 
 the irrigation water into them. In case of 
 the latter soils it is very desirable that 
 the moisture supplied by winter rains shall 
 be supplemented by irrigation water suffici- 
 ently early in the spring to prevent drying 
 out. The frequent use by irrigators on such 
 soils of a soil auger is to be urgently 
 recommended, the investigations having demon- 
 strated that penetration of irrigation water 
 into the clay soils is very much less than 
 irrigation usually realize. 
 
 It will be noticed that the curves plotted 
 from the foregoing result do not bear the same character- 
 

 10! e 
 w'rtcjtd' 'o lebnu 
 
 dtflw atr_ecl 31 la 
 lertfo srtt iel SI . 51 
 1 ' '--ol ^sJo 3-:^ 
 
 aB0p sctKirdxo'iqqjs orfT 
 ; oct ^Zqqc Oo visa 
 
 .u novi.. afrnloq -^liJlivr srW ocf qL- 
 
 a. I , r'ios 'io *ool i3q xWqsb nJt a^^ro.nJ 
 
 -cf.f/a ^fcnjsa anil fitl^ arose I *J !e *rfd 
 aclj tol S.2 t arrtol d-Ii^ 10' 
 
 -GO srfT .vBlo sd* 10! 8.S bns aniaol ^ei 
 -eiom lie a sid^Ixsva lo s 
 allca slisllB ^slicV o-JriS 
 
 ioinv: ^B o^B^naoisq ail* dvods brrs 'i 
 naow^sd sgii^ava cj smase t aiwooo grtiJ 
 'io arld-qsb o* toslsvii/pe al .3irfT .^3 6n--i 
 sq --led-sw nold-egJt-iii -lo doni 6. o* 6. UKrrl 
 . "moil Io SOB sliQe nTBol ioi lioa 'Io 
 
 --ic'i lioa Io -creel isq asifonl 3.1 oct 
 
 
 fteqo "'f^ v ao bsf^-q 
 3-rofti b 9-^375 .ttii scf ftlja:bi-a aiioa 
 
 JLioa naqo srH Io 9830 ?^Ict rJ 
 i ocr alioa rfe.aa Io ^' lie 
 fene t qorfo o etifctBt od" bebssn si^J-aicin 
 nl alioa T ^.elo aL'oivisqrrsi Silct Io SSBO 9dJ 
 
 "io noJttsi*9nq laqssfi dsilqmoooa bet isbio 
 io 9-iG o al" .fnsifd odnl a^ctsw noj 
 
 do i/a no a 
 
 . 
 
 ;tcic 2 ' 
 fYft- . ' 
 
60 
 
 istics of an abrupt diminution of soil moisture at a 
 fairly definite depth as the experiments quoted previous- 
 ly did. The explanation of this is to be found in two 
 factors'. In the first .instance the initial water content, 
 especially at the lower depths, is much higher than in 
 the first case, where practically air dried soil was used. 
 This will have the effect of decreasing appreciably the 
 frictional resistance that the irrigation water has to 
 overcome in its downward penetration, since the initial 
 water distributes itself as films round the soil particles. 
 The water that is added therefore is under a much smaller 
 influence of soil affinity and the other film forces. 
 There is therefore a greater tendency towards the sliding 
 off from the already existing water films. The higher the 
 initial percentage of water present the greater is the 
 amount that will penetrate downward. 
 
 In the theoretical diagram, if the initial water 
 percentage is kf.. the amount of water that will be dis- 
 tributed uniformly is cde, whilst if the initial percentage 
 is kg, the excess amount of chj--and the resulting curves 
 before and after irrigation will be as shown- -the two 
 curves converging with an increase in depth. In view of 
 the results obtained from these experiments and the assumed 
 
lOKi ilos lo nol^ualfalo (J-qwids OB lo ED Ida! 
 -3juolV9tq berfotfp acffls-ul-i 3.^x0 sxio se fl-Joso a^iotlsfc ^1^1 
 owd- nJt.uouol.ed ctf ai eiitf lo flottMWlqxa aJT .Jblfc ^1 
 
 d-xts^noo is^xvff tiitini stiJ aons^aai. ^siil 9lc> nl 
 
 nx rtsii^ 'isri^lxl riowtft al ta^Ilosb tsvrol 9dJ ^ta -^iiclosqas 
 ii- asw lloe belrci)" iJt ^IIaol*oai 9iadw -eeao ia-i 
 
 Ylcfj3io3iqqs 4rilasa r i ; 39& lo uos'ils .scl^ evsil lliw alxfT 
 asxf t3?BW nol.is^jtiti sxid- tc-IcJ- 9oxr.i3i39i isnoJtcfrolil 
 JIrti edi son.ta , noi.-t^ij-sneq 6ijewnwo> adi nl s.:.iooTfsvo 
 HOB ai-d ont'o^ a.^tlil as llsail 39*.oclli,iaib ^actsw 
 /3.Ti3 rIo0f : T Q isbnw ti g^c'Iana^ bso;:.-- si lo-rld" aactfiw erIT 
 .39010! fitl.fl i&r.'-'to c?/t bn-5' ,;?! I'll 3 Iioa lo aonDwJlni 
 'lia 3iW d :.>!; 7/0 ct -.on^brtS-} rrcteo c,a A siolsigiid" al o-isaT 
 j-I^irf edT' .arrrll'i tel^w v'^^slxe '^Bg'ilfl 9;fd- moil .Tlo 
 .i.i al Tscf '-3^3 -srfd' d-nsaeaq isd'^w lo s^ed-aao^eq Islcflnl 
 
 nag IlJTw d'arlcJ' jnwc;,t8 
 
 q Lsid'lnl artt 11. islirivr ,e&o al ^lnrrollnw fis-tj/dlT:^ 
 30V1UO ^nltl/jaei sifct bn--{,rfs lo in.croffi'; c-.asoxa siict . ^3i el 
 
 lo w.9lv nl .rf^qab ni aeaaapnl. n T ^tl"ji9vricc a-avitro 
 
60a 
 
 theory it follows that it is not the soil moisture which 
 distributes itself according to the root system of the 
 crops, but it is rather the root system of the crops that 
 distributes itself according to the distribution of the 
 soil moisture. 
 
 There is a very mistaken fallacy abroad (especi- 
 ally is this the case in alfalfa) that the soil should be 
 wetted to the depth of the roots, and alfalfa being deep 
 rooted, sufficient water should be applied to penetrate to 
 that depth. But since it is a well known fact that the 
 roots rather distribute themselves according to the prevalent 
 moisture, it follows that any excess water specially applied 
 . for deeprooted plants, say below the sixth foot, is practic- 
 ally an entire waste. It has been noted by various authori- 
 ties that on an average the following percentages of the en- 
 tire root system for alfalfa penetrate to the depths indi- 
 cated. 
 
 1 foot deep 27 percent 
 
 2 feet " 43 " 
 
 3 " 12 " 
 
 4 " " 10 " 
 
 5 " " 7 " 
 beyond 5 " " 1 
 

 -T-o-Dcrsg) baotdB vosliel aa^B^fc-ira --1^ * si 
 
 i '\ vj d"O.S'X CIWOpl Ii3tf S 3X 
 
 9x1* o^ ^alb-iooos asvisancs 
 Ilciceqa t9ctsTr aaeoxa 
 al . ^oo'i dcr:<J:e sii.-t 
 
 yd bs^on rtaed aed ^1 .9 
 
 91 
 
B1 
 
 II^HRSI 
 
 mm\ 
 
51 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 CHARACTER OF SOIL AND SUBSOILS 
 
 Apart from the actual texture and structure 
 of the soil, there are various conditions that are met 
 with which influence the application of water to a very 
 large extent. Foremost of these is the layer of hard 
 consolidated soil particles, known as hardpan. See Fig. 
 IX. 
 
 Hardpan is the result, to a large extent, of 
 soil weathering. The finer the particles are broken up, 
 the nearer do they approach that class of soil termed 
 clay. The particles are subjected to percolating water, 
 and the soluble constituents may be taken into solution. 
 Thus we have solutions of sodium carbonate and various 
 silica salts, associated more or less with other products 
 of rock decomposition. It is in the surface soil that 
 these solutions are chiefly formed. And according as 
 their descent into the substrata is unchecked, or is li- 
 able to be arrested at any particular level, whether by 
 pre-existing close grained layers or by the cessation of 
 the rainfall, the subsequent penetration of air and evapora- 
 tion of the water alone by shallow rooted plants, may cause 
 the accumulation of the dissolved matter at a particular 
 
9-I.J . ' 
 
 IC f| : . Cfn< 
 
 :xc3 o<n 
 a^'oiisv bns 
 
 s i3^o rfdlff aeal'ic 
 lioa sosliwa erl^ nl 
 
 -slo ^srfd foeoiQ.qs ^srtd 
 
 i bs^oscfwa 91^ asIpijJriaiii $rIT ."^ali 
 
62 
 
 level, year by year. The action is largely accentuated 
 by the filtering action of the minute clay particles 
 which have originally been washed down. The water, charg- 
 ed with these minute particles, precipitates them whilst 
 passing through the accumulated layer already laid down by 
 the percolating water. It therefore is of an accumulative 
 order, the greater the amount of colloidal matter washed 
 down the more extensive will be the filtering action and 
 the thicker will be the resulting hard impervious layer. 
 Once the layer has become impervious the descending water 
 is either used up in transpiration by the plants or by 
 evaporation into the air. The dissolved salts are hence 
 crystallized out and will act as a cementing agent, be it 
 siliceous, calcareous or ferruginous in the consolidation 
 of the accumulated layer. The ultimate result is a hard, 
 consolidated layer known as hardpan. 
 
 According to the cementing agent, hardpans 
 will either be an iron, lime or siliceous hardpan. The 
 iron hardpans are exceedingly heavy and much more compact 
 than the lime hardpan. It has the fortunate characterictic 
 that when once broken up by dynamite or some other method, 
 
 there is but small danger of it reconsolidating. On the 
 
 lime 
 other hand/nardpan, which is readily recognized by its 
 
 lighter colour and by its rapid disintegration by dilute 
 
ew fissc T^wn^o averi rfoifiw 
 
 ild 1 ilctir bs 
 
 >rfo <=< e .a ' >'' 
 
 > O 1 VJ M * J - *i 
 
 .isd'ew 
 
 flooA jjnis ori.t 3d IlJtw svisne^xs sioia srftf xwob 
 
 oivisqjni Mi-n 30 Wins 91 srf^t sJ Illw 
 nsoaai) Qrf* aucivasqmi emoosd a 
 
 ^Cf -io s^nfllq 9^ ^J noi-tJB-xIqarwi* nl qw b.au i-arttls ai 
 sonl 9iJ3 a*Ifls fiovloaslb 9-T 
 il ecf ^osa si*nsnteo B SB C^OB 
 
 A*. \\>V- vi"V. 
 
 feilosnoo wtf rxi Bflo^*wl- r ro auoe 
 
 ..Msri a el JlJre'&i 9*raJt^lM grfT .I^B! Be^sXiR^ooB ei!* lo 
 
 .nsqbtan ae nwcml -i^^X b*BDlIoaiieo 
 
 .*asBe inl^neweo sd* o^ gru. 
 
 auceolXJ^a no will ,toil as d writfls Jilw 
 
 -oo^Y* af'R rOll 
 
 ...-TB ^vBsn vi 
 
 ~jj;j"xoi S^ afiil ^1 stftiX 93-3 *- 
 
 .^TA. x '-o-s- t-ttismrfs :o f sono iio:!^ ^ 
 
 
63 
 
 acid, may be reformed by the descending water in time to 
 a second hardpan layer. The iron and silica salts, once 
 precipitated out, do not readily redissolve. 
 
 It is fairly well established that the lessen 
 
 -//,' -.,>- 
 the rainfall, the smaller the depth at which hardpan is 
 
 found and the softer in texture it probably will be. In 
 
 general, hardpan may be encountered from twelve to twenty- 
 
 _ 
 four inches below the surface. If at a greater depth, it 
 
 will usually be due to the formation of a more recent soil 
 layer on top of the original surface. 
 
 It is evident that when such an impermeable 
 layer is allowed to remain near the surface it produces 
 
 serious results. 
 
 ,^,f . 
 (1) By the failure to absorb the greater 
 
 part of the water, thus permitting it to flow to the lower 
 part of the orchard and out into the adjoining lands, (2) 
 by facilitating sideway surface percolation from the fur- 
 rows and exposing a greater area to evaporation by the heat 
 of the sun,(3> by holding the water near the surface and 
 thus causing its loss by evaporation before the soil is 
 cultivated, (4) by preventing access of the water to the 
 roots of the trees, if any, lying below the hardpan, (5) 
 by preventing proper ventilation and aeration of the sub- 
 soil. 
 
ef> extJ ^cf ber.nolsi sd ijs 
 
 u'.; o 
 
 j?l ciid dnrf-t fostfal-I a'edss liaw ^L^iffl 2! 
 el ruaq.b'xs.u riolifv; do iidqaJb srid naJIiiwa ed*- lllali 
 01 . eel lllw vlcfodoiq dl aif^XBd ril isdlca a^i 
 -ijdne^d od 9v4*v/-d .tto'i'i bs 
 
 dl ,i{jqsb Tsd'&s'is 3 d,-j 11 . eoe'n^a std wolacf aarlonl iirol 
 lic<3 drisos't 9*iont s lo rtcid^fmol arid' od swb scf vilctfew Illw 
 
 'iiigiio 9fd lo qod .' 
 iid dns&ivs al. dl 
 :nan nisnts-i od 1 ftswoIXs al 
 
 cfioadc od" ^iilici and ^d (I) 
 
 iswol arid oj well ol di gnlcJ^lnnaq awxid t i9^sw arid- "io 
 
 (Si \abrxBi 3nlnlc'.;/ ^xid odnl dro bne bisrioio erid lo 
 
 -iwl slid nwil aci: ..'looieq' 90*lii/a -^waiile snidB^tllO 
 
 -florl arfd" -^cf nolcraioqev* ocf saia isd'aeia a gfllaoqxe &no 
 
 d* isen lodsw eta- gaib oil ^d ^5K 
 
 ft: 
 al IJtoa eitt eiol-ed rxoidsioqavs YCf saol a*l gnlax/ao e. 
 
 od lad's-* srid lo a 
 
 .loe 
 
64 
 
 Soils underlaid with hardpan should therefore be 
 irrigated very continuously a more moderate quantity more 
 frequently applied than for deeper soils being the best 
 practice. It may often be profitable to blast occasional 
 holes through the hardpan to serve as outlets for the excess 
 water that stands on the hardpan. Such blasting, to be ef- 
 fective, should occur frequently, in which case the process 
 becomes highly expensive. Before undertaking this measure, 
 it certainly is advisable to make a thorough examination of 
 the extent of the hardpan, its nature and depth and the type 
 of soil underlying the layer. If underlaid by a heavy sub- 
 stratum like clay, blasting is inadvisable. The extent will 
 not so much be that of opening the soil by cracks and crevices, 
 but rather that of forming a watertight compartment, the clay 
 being compacted all round by the force of the explosion. 
 
 The effect of the texture of the subsoil on the use 
 of water is quite material. A heavy soil strata occurring at 
 depths of three to six feet is of much aid both in retaining 
 moisture and in the cross percolation of furrows. The heavy 
 subsoils are in general not entirely impervious to water, the 
 irrigation water penetrating them but the .rate at which such 
 water escapes by deep percolation is materially reduced so 
 that the moisture is held for longer periods within reach of 
 
gcf 
 
 >ii/cfe nsqfctBa rfd'lw 
 
 9 f iont e 
 
 *39d arid- ^nled eIJtos leqssc 'iol nsiid- >allqqj3 
 iBnoiaeooo ctasia' od- slctectlloiq 9d uecTlc -^sm *1 
 aasoxs sd$ 'io1 sd'al.iwo ae avtaa act nsg.En.sd snct 
 -Is 9d ol ^grtid'ajsicf rfbx/C .K&vjjnati adct no ar-nsda 
 
 eeioil 
 
 eaao ; 
 
 nl 
 
 iwooo 
 
 lo 
 
 airict 
 
 >HB 
 
 t evict 09! 
 asmooscf 
 
 xfeiJo^or;d e 
 
 ocj- alo^s 
 
 a 
 s/ct 'ic drisctxe 
 
 lioa lo 
 
 lo d-tulj so' 
 LTic'i 'io J-BiI 
 
 ilfi }9ctoeqmoo 
 
 os 
 
 -dua ^vj39il ^ Y O/ ii-jsiisibnj/ 11 . 
 IlJtw chisctxe ^:fr . slc^iaivb-anl al 
 ,aeoi:v9 r ic> feris a:-;oe'io ^d 1." :t 
 
 valo 9ii3- , d-nsmJ-ijaqnioo d-iisid-isctfiw s 
 
 .nclaofqr.e 9ili 'ic 9010! s&j 
 
 9ao' erfcf no I^oarJ^a OiU "io err^xect srict Ic Jo9lle 
 j"fi ^niiiijooo act_vjya lies *^ve.9d A .Ici'jcsd'a.Ti sctiwp al 
 ^ninJBtsi ni dtfod &!B rioJOTT lo E! igel xla od 9Sirld; lo 
 il arT . swoiitfl Ic nclcH'Ioo'iaq aao'io fct fli bne 
 ts*jaw oct awciv^aitrl .^Xa-ildrsa ^on Isiaxies ni ois alicedtra 
 
 lo 
 
 -30 
 
 ic 
 
 -isritf 
 
65 
 
 the plant roots. Such a condition is more favourable than 
 an impervious layer like hardpan as in the latter case great 
 care is required to prevent water-logging of the soil. 
 
 Where there is no heavy subsoil to assist in cau- 
 sing lateral percolation, the ease with which moisture can 
 pass downward lessens the extent of lateral percolation and 
 a closer spacing of furrows is required to secure an even 
 distribution. A large part of the water applied may also un- 
 der these circumstances be lost by deep percolation in the 
 upper part of the furrow before the water has reached and ir- 
 rigated the lower portion. 
 
 When the soil is underlaid with gravel, or if gravel 
 seams pass through it within ten feet of the surface, the nor- 
 mal distribution of the soil moisture is disturbed. If gravel 
 is mixed uniformly with the soil from the surface downward, or 
 at varying depths, the soil may be looked upon as being contin- 
 uous so far as the distribution of water is concerned. 
 
 When water, moving downward, reaches a layer of loose 
 gravel, the descent of the moisture film is first arrested, 
 then the film is -thickened until the lower soil pores are filled 
 and, if irrigation is continued, gravitational water drips from 
 the soil into the gravel below. The water which thus passes in- 
 to the gravel cannot move back by capillary means and usually 
 
narf* Idsii/cv.sl eiora al noicriDnco rio8 .etfooi Jtnslq arid 
 
 nl as neqlii&ii 6iiH te^al awclvisqml lie 
 .Iloa sr# lo ryiissof-ioJaw tfn^vefq o bgiltfpdt si eiao 
 -wao-nl d-elaas o$ Ileadwa xvB^xi on sJ: siarW e-xerflT 
 HBO siijtfaloai doliiw xiJxv eaa afltf .naiifiloowq Iflne*2l gnla 
 >ns noWalooisq XBisctoI "lo Jaetfxo arfd ansaasl fctawdwoJ aesq 
 H0vs nfi etjjose oct X>eniup9x el ewo-i-utt ^o anlo^qa teeolo fl 
 
 < 
 
 -nj; oals ^flm bellqqe isctsw edct lo *iaq egisJ. A . 
 
 sri^ nl noWe-Ioo**^ qesb ^ ^20! eJ eoon^a^o'ii 
 -il bnJ3 bsrioaei aaci locta.w and. o'lolocf Yron-ro't 9iU "10 
 
 is we! 
 
 11 ^o t l9Vi?ig rlcHw blel'iabrtc/ al l.'-.cs aud" 
 -ion oi-y ,90BliwB 9r lo C5-S31 ne* nlildiw -11 ^g^ 
 I3V31.S II .bscfiurfalb 2! e-utfaloia lioa eiW lo riold-i/dii^s-lj 
 10 .bi.ewrrwofo so^/lii. r a 9;ii nto'M iioa yiii ri^lw .Ylirnolim; baxlm el 
 ai npqv befool ocf -?Btn Jlloa srtt t sri*qofj 
 
 a:: is^isw lo nclludlid-alb afit* ae nsl oa 
 saocl lo i9"i-3l a ssrioan .biawmrob anivom ,id-sw necIW 
 
 .bs^aoii^ d-aill al fftlil 9urtaic0 otl* lc tfrteoseb exit . 
 bellii a*j2 ayioq Iloa i9*ci 94^ IWnu beaa^ol4J- al mill 
 noil aqlib IS^BW I^aodd^lvsi^ ,b9WHl<tnoo -el nclis^liil 11 * 
 -rtl aaaesQ awrfi told le^aw 9ilT .wolsd iavGig DriJ orfnl 
 
 boa BflBaic 3 &<* VP^ Jomiso levBi 3 ertt o-t 
 
66 
 
 drains away into the subsoil and is lost to the plant. 
 
 Soils, in which such gravel seams occur, should 
 therefore be irrigated lightly. Not enough water should 
 be added to allow any part to move into the subsoil. Un- 
 der such conditions more frequent applications of water be- 
 come necessary. 
 
oct ctsol ai fens HoacUra erf* o*nl ^aws 
 dowa a'olriw 01 ,ello2 
 
 svom o.J ^-xaq ^/IB woXI* o^ f>sS6fl 9d 
 lo anoliftsllqqfl d-^swpeil enom anoim>xioo rio;ju -^9b 
 
 .iKaasosn srnco 
 
67 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 EVAPORATION, PERCOLATION AND SURFACE WASTE LOSSES 
 
 The water applied either by precipitation or by 
 irrigation to the land is disposed of in two ways: part 
 of it runs off and is wasted, and part of it soaks into the 
 ground. This latter part is disposed of in three ways (1) 
 by plant transpiration (2) by evaporation and (3) by per- 
 colation. 
 
 In irrigation it is the object to reduce the sur- 
 face run-off, evaporation and percolation losses as far as 
 practicable, thereby keeping a maximum amount of the water 
 applied stored in the soil within reach of the roots until 
 such time as it is needed by the plant. 
 
 Evaporation. Immediately after the water has been 
 applied to the soil, evaporation begins at the surface and, 
 in time, if not checked, the loss in moisture will be felt 
 throughout the root zone . 
 
 The movement of water, as' already explained, is 
 from the thicker to the thinner water film or from the wet- 
 ter to the drier parts of the soil. When therefore the im- 
 mediate top layers of the soil lose their moisture by evapora- 
 tion, there is a tendency to partly replace this loss by an 
 upward movement of water from soil particle to soil particle 
 from the wetter subsoil. 
 
IV .JO 
 
 dia. :e\'w owd nl Ic baaoqs a n* 
 
 eiq v- i9*- r di9 & isdaw 
 
 d. od- 
 
 add otni a^oa it lo *isq bns .bsitaew ai 5ns llo aaxn *i 
 U) a^w 991, i* ni lo Dsaoqaib a I ctiaq ledrfal sixfT 
 -isq ^ tS) bns nciiaioqBvs ^d (S) ' Hol^ailqerwi* *nslq 
 
 -IJJ3 srict 90-ubsi od- cro3f,cfo arid 1 ai di aoide3itii ni 
 BS IB! SB ssaaol no'ld-jBloO'isc bnc ncl-^aioqavs / 
 IQ^BW su'cr lo. *nbota nujfiiixam a gnlqeeil ^cJe'ierid 
 
 3^0 ^ 
 
 aitt '^d bebssn ai 3i SB siplct rlo^s 
 
 t bns soc'liui 9dd dj sniped noidsioqsvs ,Iioa 9xJd od bsilqqs 
 
 d-131 sd II iv; siirfslom ni saol oiid ,bsj(oerio ^on 'ii ,emil ni 
 
 ai ,benir:Iqx9 TfbB9il3 ae iodaw lo dnsmevoin sdT 
 
 r * f A i*^f- r!'*^ r* fS^* fff^iff *T 
 
 f sild mo'i'i 10 ffdi'i lodew isnniiid sad od is^oiiio saff 
 -mi er& eiolsisrid- nrIW .lioa arid lo sd"isq i^lib arid od id 
 
 ? d 9'iwdaiom lisrld gaol lioa &d$ lo ais^s! qod 
 Y5J >aad ^ ai 
 
 >drriY lo J ORt 
 
 .:v r :.i 
 
68 
 
 As evaporation proceeds from the top soil, the 
 water in every soil layer diminishes to the full depth 
 of the root zone. Dr. Widtsoe likens the action to that 
 of cotton packed loosely in a box. By removing a small 
 quantity, the remainder expands occupying the same volume 
 as before, but in a looser condition. 
 
 In soils a similar condition is met, when part 
 of the moisture is extracted, there is a thinner moisture 
 film condition throughout the entire mass. But the de- 
 gree of drying out is not uniform throughout the soil. It 
 is only in the topmost layers that the process may extend 
 to such a degree that the moisture film is reduced to a 
 minimum for capillary movement. As the {tS/ff/ffo- capillary 
 point is approached, the upward movement becomes more and 
 more sluggish, and it is very difficult to reduce the low- 
 er soil layers below this point even though the upper lay- 
 ers may have a considerably decreased moisture content. To 
 stop this upward movement and thereby the surface evapora- 
 tion is a chief consideration in irrigation farming where 
 water economy is a vital factor. 
 
 The nature of the soil is of considerable impor- 
 tance. The finer the texture of the soil the more rapidly 
 will be the upward movement of the moisture to be changed 
 
-fto 
 
 J3 rxi 
 
 a 
 
 istinirict H ai sisrit .b 
 
 -sf> eii^ *ua .aaflfli sil^ns adct ^worf^wcrrdj nol 
 
 d-I .lloa fjjtf* *or3J/oid-d- iRiolJUoj d-on ai ctwo ' 
 
 l mill 
 
 i>n- 91 OKI siftmo 
 - vo I S'itJ ?0!/f5S'i oci" j'lt/ol'iilD ""(T^rsv ax -I 
 --;el 'i9c A ci/ srl^ rfejjoifd 1 nsv? Snloq el 
 of .inoctnoo - Bob i^^^s^i 21 " 00 G ' 
 
 l nl 
 
 .lo^asl IJB 
 
 
ISIiEiESES 
 
 
 mat 
 
 
 m 
 mm 
 mm, 
 
 m i 
 n 
 !n 
 
 /<s /a to ste e* as as 30 
 
 w. 
 
 mmr^mu 
 
 ililiil ' wm 
 
 
 
 II 
 
. 
 
 ,..''-' 
 
69 
 
 Into vapour. The darker the colour, the more heat it ab- 
 sorbs and hence the greater the evaporation. The richer 
 the soil is in soluble salts, the slower is the evapora- 
 tion of water into the air. 
 
 Of the meteorological factors, the evaporation 
 is most largely influenced by the temperature, sunshine, 
 relative humidity, wind and rainfall. The higher the tem- 
 perature, the more rapid is the conversion of water into 
 v/ater vapor. Much more water is lost from a wet soil on a 
 sunny day than on a cloudy day. The drier the air, the 
 more rapidly will the air take up water vapour. Winds, 
 likewise, exert a strong drying efi'ect on soils, especial- 
 ly in the case of relatively dry wind. It has also been 
 shown that the wetter the soil is st the surface the more 
 rapidly will be the water evaporated therefrom. The evap- 
 oration of water from a soil varies as the initial percen- 
 tage of the soil moisture. 
 
 The results of the observations at six stations at 
 which evaporation experiments were conducted under Dr. For- 
 tler are shown in Tables XVI and XVII. The saving by cul- 
 tivation is also clearly shown in Figure IX. 
 
loo srfct isiteBb 3iff .li/oqev odrtJ 
 &n"cf isJ-flais ft eorxeri fens adioe 
 $ tafias 3lcl;;ioa nl si .Ilos srtf 
 .lifl arl;? otfni isctew lo no let 
 
 BO igoXOIC SJ-9M 8ftt 10 
 
 vet be 0x191/1 In Jt *il3il etaom al 
 ^ ana bxilw ^cJ-lfclntucf 
 fioiaisvnoo arid- al biqa-i siora 3ilo , a^/ 
 moil a<iol ai IOJST/ siora do.o-M .'toqjev 
 18 lt> srfT .^so i^wol o s no nail* \'b 
 
 qu ejle* 'ila arid- Uxw ^iblqai 9-ront 
 'inoi^a s d-isxa . 
 
 ' o'alfl aBil $L . Dniw v;iL> ^Idvi^alei lo seso 
 
 arid- d-^ ai lioa eri./ 'isdMsw 3ii^ d-srld- ftwoxle 
 
 jy OS^B^OqBVS 'Xdd"BW SXitf 0d II 1W 
 
 as saiisv lies B nio-tl IS^BVT lo 
 a-'i.oitaiOiTi lioa sric 
 i*B\xia d-B arxoilavisacfo 9ifd lo aJIx/8d'i sxfT 
 
 - . Cisr ft 'JT \ * p< -" '-^ ^r-f "sn Y " " " .-r^ r{ f> ? 
 
 :&& eJH .IIVX bxia IVX 3 nl nwoxia eiB ieid 
 
 al xiworia vi oala ai.nol*. 
 
70 
 
 w 
 
 Q 
 H- 
 P 
 
 CD 
 
 13 
 ct 
 
 O 
 H> 
 
 ct 
 O 
 ct 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 10 1-3 P > 
 
 00 O TO <j 
 
 Ct (D <D 
 
 -P- 
 
 - - 
 
 CO H) tO 
 
 O 03 
 
 <o 
 
 cn 
 
 Oi 
 
 W 
 
 03 
 
 00 
 
 <JCDCOOO-<I<DODOO 
 
 M I- 1 M I- 1 H 1 M 
 
 
 GJ to W O O H IO 
 
 
 O I 
 
 CO 
 
 O *O P O ct S 
 CD CD H H) CD CD 
 
 O *O 
 CD CD 
 t* 4 *<J C 
 ct I I 
 
 !- 
 
 CD 
 
 3 Fto ^ o < 
 
 H- O CD H 1-+) CD 
 
 4 P M 
 
 CD 4 Pi 
 CO 
 
 t-t> to c+ P H) 
 P CD 4 
 OO44^O 
 P'CD I P 3 
 
 CD I 
 
 CO 
 
 01 
 00 
 
 IO 
 
 cn 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 to" 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 Oi 
 
 I- 1 
 to 
 
 IO 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 o h: 
 
 CD CD 
 4 
 ct I 
 
 IO 
 
 tO tO IO 
 
 tO M tO tO 
 
 * 
 
 o >r 
 CD CD 
 
 "X l-t 
 
 p. 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 w 
 
 p. 
 
 H 
 
 to 
 
 J? 
 
 A 
 
 O 
 
 cn 
 w 
 
 P 
 
 p. 
 
 cr 
 
 D CD 
 
 P ^ 
 I 
 
 tO 
 
 W 
 
 lO 
 
 WOl 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 CD CD 
 
 P 
 
 CO 
 
 # 
 

 tr* r 
 
 -t Ol W * to <O l> 
 
 1 '.' 
 _ _ - JL" 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 CA ^* C3 
 
 .'If CO ^* fO ""^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ... - p 
 
 8) 0) <O t> . <0 <9 <0 <0 
 <D M 4 fO ro CO O 
 
 
 
 i - 
 
 - - 
 
 M a? t- W W &- rj ' . K> 
 
 O 
 
 =H-V 
 
 b 4< W "^i to 4 * 
 o> o 00 M M &5 01 
 
 fi) 
 
 11 
 
 r i * 
 
 4 oo > i r- co <* oj co 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 _ .. 
 
 co co oj p- co o> co c-. CD 
 
 o{ 
 
 
 (O O fO O> SO Ol . 
 
 MJ 
 
 
 . 
 
 M M M M M -M Mi Q> 
 
 
 
 tj 
 
 ' 'H 
 
 M <V M O O C-> Cfl O; 
 ^ QJ 00 00 > W Crt M 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 VI 
 
 h- 8 
 
 
 ^ r ' $ 
 
 W -! '1 
 
 
 
 
 Kb fO PO ro W c/J QJ CO [O 
 C- I-H C^ O> ^ E^ fO 
 
 1 
 
 >~ M 
 
 h tn \ 
 
 r^- " H~ 5 
 
 ^ O fc> fO W ^ ^" 
 
 
 "*~ 
 > 
 
 i -S O rO fU x ^ ^ '-* O^l" c/5 
 
 ; 
 
 +T 
 
 l Ql .-', / 
 
 - T-i " w 
 
 6 M c/5 o^ M ci ^ 
 
 CQ. 
 
 
 fO ^ JO O ? W ' H COj C 
 
 
 % 
 
 ^"b!" "^; T 
 O ff)j tO C/i M M OJ 'H .M 
 
 
 
 "l fjj '4 Q3 C'J 0". O CO C-! GC 
 
 
 i- - - t 
 'fr r ( 
 
 ^" M- " ~ r U JO 
 o; c5 ro K> O5 W 1 W M 
 
 j 
 
 ^P ! 
 
 BJJ OJ t- fO OJ M P- 
 
 .'* .- 
 
 t 
 
 i -i -D 
 
 H ' J 
 
 i 
 
 ^V~ M 
 
 i 
 
 
 >-( M eo ** /* o w co c 
 
 * 
 
 a in 6 " 
 
 > 
 
 * ***v 
 
 cS <O CO fO CO M ro <^> 
 
 Ij S 
 4! 
 
 . 
 
 m 
 C- 
 
 tr f>i -: 
 
 -; ; :o ft^ >H M OT f. 
 
 4) OJ fO O <O . CO 4il K 
 
 1 
 
ja to o hg 
 
 3>0 p* 
 
 O CD M CD 
 
 O ct 
 
 P ct H- P 
 
 Ct H- < < 
 
 CO <J p CD 
 
 CD ct '"j 
 
 Ct M CD JO 
 
 CD CD 
 
 4 O P 
 CD H>P ct 
 I-+I pi O 
 O ct ct 
 4 p" H- 1 P 
 CD CD I- 1 
 
 Cn 
 ct ct CO H 
 
 O O 
 Ct H) tO 
 
 tO P ^ tO 
 
 cn M o CD 
 3 to 
 
 CD tQ 
 
 H- ct CO 
 
 *O M P* P* 
 
 CD CI> O 
 
 1 =3 
 
 O ca o P 
 
 CD CD 
 P p. I-J Cf 
 
 , | rf, tfA 
 
 CT CT ^^ 
 
 h* H- 
 
 P < ct 
 P P 
 
 H- ct CD 
 
 4 CD 
 
 -i Pi P 
 
 r QJ 
 
 oq ta o 
 P o < 
 
 ct H- CD 
 H. M 
 
 M P, 
 
 2 * >D 
 
 ct 
 
 cr p 
 
 CD 
 
 1 -i j-j. M 
 
 M P 4 
 CD 09 CD 
 
 hS W IO 
 
 CD cn 
 
 O 
 
 ct 
 
 Cn 
 
 to p 1 
 & cn CD 
 
 *<{ CO 
 
 o Hi 
 
 I- 1 fD O 
 ct4 3 
 
 H- O 
 < CD ct 
 P P P- 
 ct ct CD 
 H- 
 
 
 03 
 
 O !> 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 f CO 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 O 09 
 
 P 
 
 CD 
 
 JO C 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 1 j t-j 
 
 H 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 JE> 
 
 CD 
 
 1 i p. 
 
 Pi 
 
 O 
 
 H* P 
 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 S? 
 
 < 
 
 tn ^ 
 
 cn 
 
 CD 
 
 
 09 
 
 CD 
 
 
 > to 
 
 ct 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 
 CD I-J 
 
 h- 1 
 
 -3 
 
 H* 
 
 p 
 
 P 
 
 * 
 
 * ct 
 
 H 
 
 CD 
 
 O Pi 
 
 ct 
 
 W 
 
 
 fe! 
 
 
 
 <$ 
 
 P CD 
 
 H- 
 
 CD 
 
 r^ 
 
 *-^ 
 
 
 
 
 | 1 s. 
 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 !S P 
 
 M 
 
 
 H. 
 
 P 
 
 
 P 
 
 CD h- 1 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 I-+) p 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ct 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 ta 
 
 
 
 Bo 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CT *z-i 
 
 4 
 
 
 |_! 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 10 M 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \-> o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to H) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 'G P (-3 
 
 Ol 
 
 Oi 
 
 -3 
 
 <j 
 
 cn 
 
 a* a> 
 
 CD CD ct CD 
 
 O 
 
 l> 
 
 rf*t 
 
 to 
 
 o> 
 
 rf* en 
 
 !__, . . _' t-V 
 
 P 4 P 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ct 1 ^ D 
 
 to 
 
 if 5 ' 
 
 en 
 
 to 
 
 O* 
 
 Cn to 
 
 CD CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 lilt-- 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 P P P O J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 O M H ct 
 
 w 
 
 CO 
 
 Cn 
 
 1 I 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 p 1 | i P p 
 
 en 
 
 CD 
 
 -*3 
 
 ri^ 
 
 CD 
 
 o o 
 
 CD 1 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 H 
 
 l_j 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 o ( O tn H ^ >r< 
 
 o 
 
 <J 
 
 l 
 
 O5 
 
 CO 
 
 IO O) 
 
 CD 0) O P P 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 4 H- ct C 
 
 w 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 co o 
 
 Ct 1 I-J CD CD 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 I- 1 
 
 00 
 
 cn O 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~"^ ^^3 CT" *y *^ CT* C^! 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 P P CD 4 4 H- < 
 
 oo 
 
 if 5 * 
 
 I- 1 
 
 CD 
 
 00 
 
 CO -3 
 
 O O 4 CD O O P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3* CD CD 3 P *b 
 
 rf^ 
 
 tn 
 
 | i 
 
 CD 
 
 ^ 
 
 *> to 
 
 CD to O 
 
 ( 
 
 CO 
 
 W 
 
 H 
 
 CD 
 
 H Cn 
 
 CO ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ p p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H w <^ o H) tr* 
 
 j 
 
 to 
 
 f > 
 
 t i 
 
 H 1 
 
 l i f i 
 
 P O P 4 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O H- ct M O re 
 
 en 
 
 w 
 
 Cd 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 Ol t. 
 
 p 1 M CD ct 3 ta 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 <J 
 
 ( i 
 
 CD 
 
 (J) -^3 
 
 CD tn Pi H- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 H- tn ct d H) f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P H-P 4 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 1 1 
 
 to 
 
 1 i 
 
 H tO 
 
 o H <! o o tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 1 " P 3 to 
 
 * 
 
 co 
 
 Cn 
 
 M^ 
 
 en 
 
 CD ^ 
 
 CD to ct t- 1 
 
 tf* 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 
 H <J 
 
 ta CD i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a ct o C- 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 i i 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to tf* 
 
 CD H- P 
 
 O> 
 
 ( 1 
 
 O3 
 
 H 
 
 ^3 
 
 oo o 
 
 ^ O I- 1 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O P ct CD 
 
 if* 
 
 to 
 
 oo 
 
 O 
 
 00 
 
 to OJ 
 
 CD H pi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ct P 0" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 Ct 
 CD 
 P. 
 
 ta 
 
 P 
 ct 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 to 
 
 ta 
 
 ct 
 P 
 ct 
 
 O 
 P 
 to 
 
 H3 
 
 s- 
 
 M 
 CD 
 
 O 
 h* 
 
 ct 
 
 p- 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 to 
 ta 
 CD 
 ta 
 
 i 
 
 CD 
 CD 
 
 P 
 ct 
 
 CD 
 
 ta 
 
 P 
 O 
 CD 
 
 i 
 
 P 
 ct 
 CD 
 
 Pi 
 
 < 
 H 
 
 
 
k > 
 
 
 
 O 
 OJ 
 
 03 
 
 51 
 
 tH 
 
 I 
 
 <n 
 
 f 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 -t-> 
 
 M 
 
 cr 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 (vj rt tf O J 
 
 o> a? r 
 tt M 
 
 3 *H O" <fl *M M ff) 
 
 gH O Rl g' 
 
 C <H <D 
 .-T) 5 
 
 cvj 
 
 *> OJ . $S O -3) 
 
 at M io t! 
 
 > > -H -t? 
 
 1 tJ! 
 
 _^ , I JIV 
 
 C 4 > 
 
 0! 
 
 i ^ ^^r f i v 
 
 -. 
 
 ts 
 
 1 "*"" 
 
 y a? s t? r=s 
 
 -! _>;7 
 
 
 
 (0 
 
 M ir* 
 
 35 -H M 3 23 
 !H ft tQ M <R ^ | 
 M . 
 
 ^Q o ir* 
 ti G #< fc 
 
 i 
 
 
 O oQ tf"^ 
 
 
 * 
 
 rg i_j 'q f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 00 'to -^ 
 
 M 
 
 i I-H ov 01 <v 
 
 00 
 
 13 ^ "t^ 
 
 ] 
 (H n 
 
 i 
 j 
 
 eg v-' en 
 5) O "H rO 
 
 P i" "" *" 
 
 
 03 f- . 
 
 o SH 8} 
 
 S ? ^ g &i 4 S 
 
 1 !-) 
 
 ca ID -H 
 
 H *-* ?% J 
 
 o <r> 
 
 H, <D <fi 
 
 01 10 , <y; ^' 
 
 t; o as o 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 
 T5 H iQ G 
 
 $ r > 
 
 ,Q o ea 
 
 - _ - - - - 
 
 '"I ... 
 
 .- ! *H 
 
 i "^ '^! 
 
 o o ;o 'H fO o> w 
 
 'rj 0} 
 
 s * 
 
 . <R O -O CD -4 r> QJ | 
 
 M 
 
 (T! t^ 
 
 -a 
 
 
 ? J3 r 
 
 p- ~ 
 
 03 :-' 3! 
 !rs i 
 
 H M O* O '"I 
 
 t; o <"' o <^> c^ co '0 ^ . 
 
 t5 -H 
 M FT 
 
 > ? 
 
 Q? Wl T3 
 
 +1 ff> <D 
 
 t 
 
 H *?!. O CO flD 'CO W 
 
 ; O ^ CP 
 
 ff\ t-J 4> 
 
 -i-H 
 ,_ 
 
 .-, ! 
 
 
 iQ OJ O 
 
 I" "V^,^_ 
 
 a? 
 F >M 
 M q o 
 
 .-* | ffH ^ , rf ( *^~|( I 
 
 f t 1 3> a? G- ^ 
 o a> t 4 o o' t- a? CO OJ M 44 
 
 H "S t) 
 
 i (0 
 
 O <'3* tj 
 
 
 to ir 1 
 
 M CD 0/1 -4i -4t CO !-J 6 J 
 
 B: t2 03 rO H Cy '-H 
 
 d oj .-H CH 
 
 ij f d ; 
 
 a? 
 
 J F 
 
 ff) f " 3> 
 
 5 ; ' 
 
 1 
 
 01 PI 5 Jr 1 
 
 ttt ~S -H 
 
 -?-> 6 V 
 
 H CO C 
 
 O co 
 
 > OJ -H 
 
 ^ q o tl M M H M OJ 
 j., o ;_j ^q WOO? to to 1 
 
 ro <r> 
 
 'H '' -9 
 f-3 rO P 
 
 5 ^" 
 
 tj 
 
 HiQrlO) p-CO> i -i !>O 
 
 
 rj 
 
 ! 20 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 "'-i'lH 
 
 Jn"l_5 
 
 o t! 
 
 ' 
 a? 
 
 O > W . M M C/J H CJ 
 tj CJ l ) ""Cj * 
 j-^ /jij ij3j ' 1*15 ^!i ' rt3 O? 
 
 ', ft rt.t t3 
 j a & 
 4 PO 
 
 
 i<nca C^MMCI Q?CA ^ 
 
 K ^ 4 } 
 
 
 tQ 
 
 S M 
 
 OJ O 
 
 B S 
 
 *> " , . 
 
 <^l O5 C1 C/5 "H <y5 
 
 a 
 
 
 O 00 t> '--I 5O M 
 
 S -^ <n > 
 
 
 . 
 
 *i '"cl G ^ 
 
 
 IOWCOO GQC/i < 
 
 ?*, <I5 +j -f^ 
 
 
 t! 
 
 H 
 
 - 
 
 
 ' O 
 
 
 
72 
 
 The process is not difficult to understand. 
 Water moving toward the soil surface must pass from parti- 
 cle to particle through 1iie various films at the points of 
 contact of the soil particles. The smaller or the fewer 
 these points of contact, the more difficult will be the up- 
 ward movement of the water. When the top soil is loosened, 
 the points of contact between the loose soil above and the 
 compacted soil below become reduced, and hence the ascend- 
 ing water finds it difficult to pass through the fewer 
 points of contact. The more thorough the cultivation, or 
 the fewer the points of contact, the more difficult will be 
 the upward movement and the greater will be the reduction 
 in evaporation losses. It therefore follows that the deeper 
 the mulch, a greater saving can be expected. That this is 
 the case is shown by Table XVIII which shows the average 
 losses by evaporation from a free water surface and from 
 tanks with mulches of different depths at five different 
 stations. 
 
ai aaa 
 
 e lioe artt biowocJ- gaivom 
 1; q 9rtf rffi- amlll awoiiav srr .rfsuoiiitf aloi*naq 
 
 73! acfi 10 isllsma erff .aslold-^q 'lioe erf* Ic 
 -qu 9d* ed Iliw d-Iwolllil) siora srf^ ^oadrioo lo . s^nxoq aa 
 ^dsnsaool al liob qorf neclff' .'-isd-aw sxlct lo *aravom 
 srfct bna SVodfi Iloa aaool srld" nsswd-scf ctofitriGQ 1o aJnioq 
 
 smoosd 'wolac! HOB bsJ-os 
 
 19W31 9iid- dgjjoirict aaev oi d-Iwoi'il.cb rfx sfcnil isctaw 
 ic t noi^svJWIwo aild- rigwoioxtf eiont srfT .ctoatfrtoo 
 *I wo 111 15 9tc;n siij .d-oscJ-noo lo a-'tnioq arii 
 rW scf iiiv; i3*J9 r is 9^ & a ^ itnaflievoM 
 d av/QlIol ato'isisili ctl .asaaol nol^B'ioqava nl 
 ai aijtt dexfT .09^0-30x9 ad aso gnivoa '13*3313 3 ,iiol.vrit 9iicf 
 s^iova sifi aworie lioifivr IIIVX alefBT ^Q r rcworia si sao eii* 
 Bioil fjn^ soj3A-iira ia*i!w edil s motl noioflioq^vs -^ef 39330! 
 llb svi'l Je aa'*q?I> Jno'isllii) 'io a ado I urn d^Zw aatrtad 1 
 
73 
 
 TABLE XVI 1 1 / 
 
 Period 
 
 . 
 
 Days 
 
 i 
 Loss from ' 
 
 LOSS froir 
 
 [ Soil 
 
 
 
 
 1 No 
 
 'Mulch 
 i 
 
 3" 
 
 Mulch 
 
 5 " 
 
 Mulch 
 
 I g II 
 
 Mulch 
 
 
 
 Inches 'Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 First 
 
 3 
 
 r~ i 
 
 .86 ' 9.6 
 
 i 
 
 1.9 
 
 .48 
 
 .48 
 
 Second 
 
 4 
 
 .95 ' 5.1 
 i 
 
 2.1 
 
 .56 
 
 .56 
 
 Third 
 
 3 ' 
 
 .87 ' 3.7 
 r i 
 
 1.6 
 
 .63 
 
 .25 
 
 Fourth 
 
 4 
 
 .95 ' 3.6 
 r i 
 
 2.3 
 
 * .89 
 
 .43 
 
 Fifth 
 
 3 
 
 .97 ' 2.3 
 
 i 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.08 
 
 . 53 
 
 Sixth 
 
 4 
 
 .99 ' 3.1 
 i 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.73 
 
 1.07 
 
 Total 
 
 21 
 
 r i 
 5.59 ' 27.4 
 
 11.8 
 
 5.37 
 
 3.32 
 
 Equiva- 
 lent 
 loss in 
 inches 
 
 
 t 
 i 
 
 ' 1.75 
 
 t 
 
 .75 
 
 .34 
 
 .22 
 
 ffable XVIII and Figure X show that from an open 
 unmulched soil surface for a period of three weeks the aver- 
 age loss was 27.4 pounds, which is equivalent to 1.75 inches 
 of water. The percentage saved from each depth is shown in 
 Table XIX. 
 

 naqc ns iuc'il tfBiicr v/oue X s^wgJ^ fo^ts IIlV>i 
 -IJVB sxi^ 3X95W 3a E t r ;cf lo boii-w-q TO! eoal'iijje iioe- 1 
 
 xe<i 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 61 ' ? .8 ' 
 
 >j J_ 
 
 i i . 
 
 *"-o ' 3t 
 <j J3*liT. 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 95 . 1.2 
 
 I 
 
 as. 
 
 6. ' 3.1 ' ?- ' 
 
 i i i 
 
 V8- ' 5 ' fi'ilifT 
 
 .*.- | 
 
 .2 ' 0.5 
 
 ! 1 
 
 ! 1 
 
 
 on r I ;s r ' ^ Q ' 
 
 . _i. G i. vj * 
 
 ve. 5 ' Jt^ii^ 
 
 i 
 
 vo.'i 
 
 22. | 
 
 SV.,t 1>.2 l.S 
 
 I K. i 
 
 95. c IS 1 L&3oT 
 
 V5.3 ' S.ii ' ^.V2 | 
 
 , 
 
 i , 
 
 i t 1. 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ' -.. c 
 
 r>O 
 
 vy -f ' ?V f ' 
 
 ' I rtj- QRCJL 
 
 5V. i oj ^aeiavlwps ai rfojtriw t abowoq fr;VS BQW aaoi 33* 
 nwoiia ai ilJ-qefi .dose iucil bsvaa sssJaa^tsq exfi? .-istav lo 
 
 .XIX s. 
 
74 
 
 TABLE XIX (9j 
 
 Condition of Sod 
 
 Evaporation loss 
 
 Percent of saving 
 on evaporation from 
 unmulched soil 
 
 ~^ 
 
 Inches 
 
 Percent of wa- 
 ter applied 
 
 No mulch 
 
 1.75 
 
 29.2 
 
 00 
 
 3" mulch 
 
 .75 
 
 12.5 
 
 57.0 
 
 6" mulch 
 
 .34 
 
 5.7 
 
 81.0 
 
 9" mulch 
 
 .22 
 
 3.65 
 
 87.5 
 
 The saving therefore of a six inch mulch and a nine inch 
 mulch varies but little and it is questionable whether it 
 is .economical to go beyond the six inch depth. 
 
 In localities where the available water supply is 
 limited and where the duty of water is high, conditions have 
 forced the irrigator to resort to methods of irrigation 
 which will result in a lesser waste of water than that of 
 flooding the entire surface. In orchard irrigation expeci- 
 ally, but also very extensively in all crops that are grown 
 in rows, furrow irrigation has been largely adapted. The 
 present tendency is to use deeper furrows than formerly 
 used. The reason of this practice is not far to seek, in 
 that it is quite evident that under such conditions a smal- 
 ler percentage of moisture will rise by capillarity to the 
 
 surface to be evaporated. 
 
I 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 S.Q2 
 
 3.21 
 V.S 
 33.5 
 
 1 5 - 
 
 
 ;i B 6nB riolxmt rfoaJt xie a lo 
 d- '9i9lw sltfanolcraswp aJt d 1 !' fin* eXWll 
 ..dd-qsb rfonx xla add- bno^ed 03 
 al ^Iqqi/a laiaw sldsllsva orl^ yxaa 
 
 'io ctsfjj nfcit-l ista- i 
 
 JLogoxe nold-os 
 
 s n 
 
 3-i. : 
 
 
 ruarii 
 
 c . 
 
 
 acai 
 
 ". ' ' ' D . J . 
 
 
fl/rrenrf af ' rar/ws eff/o/Stf. 
 

 ;:<?:"' 
 
75 
 
 Tables XX and XXI give the result of the exper- 
 iments conducted by Dr. Fortier to determine the saving 
 of water by various depths of furrows. The tanks receiv- 
 ed a six inch depth of irrigation water, followed by a 
 six inch mulch as soon as the soil could receive it. The 
 results are illustrated in Figure XI. 
 
 - 
 
rloni xie 
 
76 
 
 Equivale 
 
 t-< f-3 
 
 O 
 
 CO c^ 
 CO P 
 
 M 
 
 CD<jO>Olrf^WlOI-' 
 
 
 Period 
 
 g 
 
 ct 
 
 M 
 O 
 
 to 
 to 
 
 10 
 
 CD 
 
 ^Wrfi-Wrf^W^W 
 
 
 I 
 
 CO 
 
 H- 
 P 
 
 I_U 
 
 K- 1 
 O 
 
 HI-'l-'MHJ-'HI-' 
 
 H- H) 4 
 
 y p JB 
 o o <+ 
 
 P (D (D 
 
 tr* 
 o 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 .nches 
 
 rf^ 
 
 o> 
 
 rf^O^MCftrooiM 
 o<i<jrooooo 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 * 
 
 Hi 
 *1 
 
 i 
 
 
 H 
 
 to 
 
 H M H- 1 H M W <O 
 
 H 
 
 *=j 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 O> 
 Oi 
 
 CDMt-'l-'J-'CDI-'I- 1 
 
 ioioioocnW-4rf> 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 i * 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 DJ 
 
 10 
 
 Ui 
 
 to 
 
 M 
 
 H M H 1 I- 1 tO W D 
 
 o >rj 
 
 (D (D 
 
 w u 
 
 B 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 <0*>-tOtOlOOtf^-3 
 
 P T 
 et I 
 
 Js 
 
 
 
 H 
 CJi 
 
 Ol 
 10 
 
 M t- 1 M M tO Ol 
 
 
 
 rf^totoa>i-'woi<D 
 
 OlOlOOCJlCDXIOl 
 
 t^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 to 
 
 M 
 P 
 
 <D 
 CD 
 
 !- 
 
 O> 
 
 M M H M I- 1 tO O> 
 
 o *d 
 
 ^ 
 4 
 
 
 Cft 
 
 UlOWCDtO<J<lW 
 
 P ^ 
 
 d- 1 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 CO 
 
 
 M 
 
 rf=> 
 i^ 
 
 H H M I- 1 M to 
 
 , * 
 
 OOHOiOi^CJiO 
 CDOCJiCDOOJOO 
 
 & 1 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 a> 
 
 Hj 
 
 c: 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 rf^ 
 
 M H M H H 1 tO rf^ 
 
 *** 
 
 -3 . H IO CD M. Ol. -3 W 
 
 O hJ 
 
 0) CD 
 P 4 
 Ct 1 
 
 i 
 irrows 
 
 
 t 
 
 w 
 o 
 
 H I- 1 M H H 1 tO 
 
 * 
 
 <|tOOI- J (X)O>CDCD 
 OlOCDtOOiMOiOl 
 
 t- 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 9 
 
 <i 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 H 1 M H M IO O 
 
 * 
 
 -JWtOlOCO-OOO 
 
 O *fl 
 
 (D Cl> 
 
 y *T! 
 
 ct i 
 
 .rrows 
 
. 
 
 . 
 
 CO 
 
 
 tf. 
 
 'H 
 <D 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 O 
 
 01 
 
 -1 S* 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 L_l ^ ) 
 
 ^ i < L t 
 
 M --H 
 
 M 
 o 
 
 
 
 H 
 M 
 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 fO 
 
 
 C/J <O 
 
 
 *1 ~M 
 
 01 r-- 
 
 O -^ 
 
 c- o 
 
 CO 
 
 tl 
 
 C* fa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 J) 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~~ ~~ f" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 ' 
 
 "i 
 
 
 M 
 
 M M 
 
 H H 
 
 H 
 
 0> 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 M 
 
 
 jrj. 
 
 CO M 
 
 * t < * ri | 
 
 O 01 
 
 W CO 
 
 01 <tf 
 
 
 -4 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 tr 1 Oi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '(A 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 o> 
 
 <o 
 
 C/J M 
 
 M 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ro 
 
 of 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i +>\ 
 
 c- 
 
 <* 
 
 O C/5 
 
 O1 O1 
 
 -4i . QJ 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 *>! 
 
 -j 
 
 ro 
 
 M 
 
 M M 
 
 ' ) *H 
 
 
 
 
 S j 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . * 
 
 . 
 
 * i 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ai 
 
 03 j 
 
 Q> 
 ro 
 
 fO 
 
 IX 
 
 8 
 
 CO i"/5 
 O OJ 
 
 0? 4< 
 O fO 
 
 CD 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rr o 
 
 <O C/J 
 
 i-H 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W !> 
 
 
 <A 
 
 V 
 
 to 
 
 O 
 
 ro 
 
 i 
 CO, -j 
 
 ^ C/J 
 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 
 S 1 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 J i 
 
 O ro 
 
 
 =0 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 i 
 CO 
 
 ro 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T* O 
 
 
 H 
 
 ._, 
 
 ,. 
 
 M 
 
 - '-c_j 
 
 
 
 
 *, 
 
 ^ 
 
 , 
 
 * 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 P3t 1 to 
 
 
 ro 
 
 >+ : 
 
 CO 
 
 C/i 
 
 M 
 
 f"_ 
 
 S! 
 < 
 
 QJ 
 
 -%: 
 
 -*i 
 
 0, 
 
 
 * 
 oj co co co co L - o 
 
 ro o fO to fO CrJ CO 
 
 
 >i tO 01 --^ M M.. 
 
 ^ I 
 
 'Hi 
 W j 
 
 Oi 
 
 W t 
 
77 
 
 TABLE XXI fr) 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 T 
 
 i 
 
 Loss 
 
 'Amount 
 
 sav- 
 
 'Amount sav- 
 
 'Amount sav- 
 
 'Amount 
 
 by 
 
 'ed over 
 
 
 'ed over 
 
 'ed over 
 
 'saved 
 
 evapo- 
 
 'free water 
 
 'flooded 
 
 'surface ir- 
 
 'over 
 
 ration 
 
 'surface 
 
 
 'surface 
 
 'rigated 
 
 'surface 
 
 ' 
 
 t 
 
 
 i 
 
 'with 
 
 'irrigat- 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ' 
 
 '3" furrows 
 
 'ed 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 '6 "furrows 
 
 
 Inohe s 
 
 'Inches ' 
 
 Per- 
 
 'Inches 
 
 Per- 
 
 r lnche s 
 
 Per- 
 
 'ifiches "Per- 
 
 
 i i 
 
 cent 
 
 t 
 
 cent 
 
 t 
 
 cent 
 
 1 'cent 
 
 
 
 
 ( i 
 
 
 "T 
 
 
 T~ 
 
 
 i i 
 
 Water 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i i 
 
 surface 
 
 10.46 
 
 t i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 _ _ 
 
 i _ _ 
 
 _ _ 
 
 MV 
 
 
 
 
 i t 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i i 
 
 Flooding 
 
 1.25 
 
 ' 9.21 ' 
 
 88.0 
 
 t 
 
 __ 
 
 _ _ 
 
 _ _ 
 
 i i 
 
 3 
 
 Inch 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 furrows 
 
 .98 
 
 ' 9.48 
 
 90.6 
 
 ' .27 
 
 21.6 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 i t 
 
 G 
 
 Inch 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 furrows 
 
 .86 
 
 1 9.60 ' 
 
 91,8 
 
 ' .39 
 
 31.2 
 
 .12 
 
 12.2 
 
 i t 
 
 y 
 
 Inch 
 
 
 1 t 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i t 
 
 
 furrows 
 
 .72 
 
 9.74 ' 
 
 ! t 
 
 93.0 
 
 . 53 
 i 
 
 42.4 
 
 ' .26 
 
 26.5 
 
 ' .14 '16.3 
 i i 
 
-VBS 
 
 -V.83 
 
 -VB 
 
 asoJ* 
 
 
 
 jo 1 .: 
 
 :0 >3 
 99<il' -oqi 
 . itx/s 1 nci; 
 
 5.61 
 
 t i 
 
 1 __ ' -- ' 3.12' V2 
 
 i 
 
 .21' SI. ! S.lS'y 
 
 1 ' - ! . I 
 
 3S r SS. ! .2 ! 
 
 , 
 
 0.88 
 o . OG 
 
 s.ie 
 
 
 t 
 
 soxfonl 
 
 6*. 01 
 
 06. e r as. 
 
 is. e cs.i ' 
 
 1 nonl S 
 dcnl 3 
 
 rfonl 
 
 f awc.Tii/l 
 
75 
 
 78 
 
 Percolation. Of all the losses in the applica- 
 tion of water to the land, deep percolation generally ac- 
 counts for the greatest portion. As stated 'before the 
 probable loss by deep percolation is generally from twen- 
 ty to fifty percent of the water applied. 
 
 As shown by Table XIV diagrams of the moisture de- 
 terminations on the alfalfa experiments at Davis farm, given 
 previously, for the various irrigations fifty-seven, seventy- 
 four, and fifty-four percent of the water applied percolated 
 
 1;G 5.52 6.60 '. 06 -.1 
 
 below the first six feet with an average of 68.8 percent. 
 
 Table XXII has been compiled for the various soils 
 
 on which the alfalfa experiments were conducted, showing 
 
 2.20 5.23 
 the loss by deep percolation. 
 
.1 398G01 9do 113 10 
 
 -.-T-i ;"-"l' ~"~~i~~ ~J " _ r 
 ' 
 
 '+ v* ^rra-rsns^ 3l aoWalooiaq qeeb Tjd 230! sldsdotq 
 me - J. j,j.j. *w 
 
 ^m ocf ^ 
 
 lom srf* lo au-u3Bl& VIX 3-CdflT ^ n^crfe aA 
 a i* a*na ra liaqxa BlIallB a^t no a 
 
 * ax lo cfn 
 8.63 lo asaw ^ ridiw' *aal xia * B all adJ 
 
 silos 
 
 no 
 
79 
 
 TABLE XXII 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Class of 
 
 Average 
 
 Quantity 
 
 'Quantity 
 
 'Percent- 
 
 Loss due to 
 
 Soil 
 
 depth ap- 
 
 retained 
 
 'of water 
 
 'age re- 
 
 deep perco- 
 
 
 plied per 
 
 by upper 
 
 'retained 
 
 'tained 
 
 lation be- 
 
 
 irrigation 
 
 six feet 
 
 'including 
 
 'including 
 
 low six 
 
 
 
 of sod 
 
 'probable 
 
 'probable 
 
 foot limit 
 
 
 
 
 'evapora- 
 
 'evapora- 
 
 Percent 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 tion 
 
 'tion 
 
 
 
 
 
 'losses 
 
 "losses 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Silt loam 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 
 with sandy 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 
 loam sub- 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 soil 
 
 15.02 
 
 5.52 
 
 6.60 
 
 ' 45.9 
 
 56.1 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 Silt loam 
 
 12.81 
 
 4.24 
 
 1 5.52 
 
 1 41.5 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 Clay loam 
 
 8.78 
 
 5.50 
 
 1 4.56 
 i 
 
 ' 52.0 
 
 I 
 
 48.0 
 
 Clay 
 
 4.72 
 
 " 
 
 2.20 
 
 1 5.28 
 
 ' 69.4 
 
 30.6 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 Very heavy 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Clay 
 
 3.67 
 
 1.06 
 
 1 2.14 
 
 58.5 
 
 41.7 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 As was to be expected the results show that the 
 percolation losses were rather heavier on the lighter silt 
 loam soils than on the clay soils. Percolation may be look- 
 ed upon as capillary movement of water aided by 'gravity, and 
 since any capillary movement is dependent on the texture of 
 the soil, so too is the rate of percolation to a large ex- 
 tent proportionate to the texture of the soil. Measurements 
 have been made which show an absorption on blow sand soils 
 
ev 
 
 
 
 lo aa.elO 
 
 -9- S 
 
 -9 ' ' '*, b~ ... ~ L fl 
 
 xis KO ! 31 i.t X ;; G 1 r: i 
 
 ^; 9lrfBcJ ^! boe *! 
 
 'ncl?; noi.*; ; 
 
 agaaol] a38aoi i 
 
 RlBOl 
 
 i i -cfjja aisol 
 
 .8 . 23.3 ' 20.31 lioa 
 
 i t 
 
 SSS.3 ^2.^ 13. SI 
 
 i 
 
 a. 85 e.i^ 
 
 0.8* 0.23 
 
 8S . 02.2 -2V. 
 
 . M.2 
 
 t ! * 
 
 9/:d Jot.* -woila 3.? 
 
 JXJta 19*113!! .3iW ao isivasd lerictai 919 ff 29520! ttoi*fllo.oi9q 
 
 .alioe 
 lo d-nsacyom -fxalllqao a,/3 aoqi; 
 
 lo -rsmtfxatf oilt no J-nasnaqab ai *effleyoi^;^i-i'lqo T i"^ ao 
 -X3 931.3! B o^ ooWalooiaq lc ' 9^.1 3ii*%el oo.t oe ,ltoe 
 
 lo ai^xscf ^xtt ^oc 
 
 e wolrf nc fltoWi. 
 
80 
 
 of as much as twelve feet of depth of water in twenty- 
 four hours. On the other hand it has been found that in 
 the case of a well dug in heavy clay in the Sacramento 
 Valley, the water had not yet percolated twelve inches 
 laterally in a week's time. The general rates of perco- 
 lation to be expected in depth- of water in foot per 
 twenty-f our hours {Mm/fay} 
 
 Ledium heavy soils 1 foot 
 
 Clay loams 2 feet 
 
 Loam 3 " 
 
 Sandy soils 5 " 
 
 With light soils it is difficult to cover the surface suf- 
 ficiently quickly so that no part will absorb more than 
 can be retained; with heavy soils the difficulty is to se- 
 cure full absorption of the water to the required depth. 
 
 It follows therefore that where for instance for 
 alfalfa on a sandy loam the best practice would require 
 four to seven and one-half inches irrigations (assuming a 
 maximum beneficial seasonal use of thirty inches), it 
 would be best to apply eight to three and three- fourths ir- 
 rigations in the case of sandy soil and clay soils, --in the 
 first case to prevent deep percolation loss, in the second 
 
Jool 1 silos ^vs9x; 
 
 lye soeliua odd" TOVCO ot tfljcroJtllI& 2! 
 fi.t eioin fHcecfs 11/w d'lf on if s rid" 
 
 BS O - ! t; X Y"^ 
 
 .riitqssb ks-Yhjpot etitf o.t ti'd-sw 9& lo / 
 iol ^onJSJartJt lo'i 
 

81 
 
 to secure full absorption. The most common method of ap- 
 
 : j. .:r 1;- etui be 
 
 plying the water to the land is by spreading it over a 
 slightly sloping surface. Under such conditions the dis- 
 tribution of the water should theoretically, be somewhat 
 
 '--s'l '- - -'-'-. /-. r 
 
 as shown in Figure XII. 
 
 lie area Hfi C D, Hi D. 
 The depth of initial absorption efba represents 
 
 the minimum depth of irrigation with which the land can be 
 covered under any conditions. As the water travels over 
 the check, the depth of absorption from the flowing stream 
 will be proportional to the time during which each part of 
 the check is covered, being greatest at the upper end, as 
 shown by fgb gb being somewhat concave upward as the water 
 will travel more rapidly at the upper end. When the water 
 
 '- ' * -" T .- > ft 01X^3 '. v ch 
 
 has reached the lower end or often somewhat before it has 
 reached the end, the supply is shut off. For a short period 
 all of the area would be covered and absorption takes place 
 uniformly over the whole check- as shown by chcb. Gradually 
 however the upper end will become unwatered and the water on 
 the check will recede toward the lower end, the absorption 
 being greatest at the lower end where the water remains the 
 longest as represented by hdc. The total depth at the top of 
 the check will hence be eh and will necessarily be a function 
 of the length of the check or ea. If therefore it should oc- 
 

 . 2 od 
 :lq 
 
 it 
 
 
 .1 noiJq r ioacfs lc rfd'aab a$d t^. 
 
 :h smlJ- 3ilJ ocl- Xjsnoid- scJ I- 
 
 cf cf3-- 
 
 as . 3 1 o. '~v.' D-. ." '- 
 
 , wruj c 19V9W64 
 
 ; jiosifo 
 sir e j^3'd-B r r- 
 
 ; 0."---' 
 
82 
 
 cur that at the head of the check water is lost by deep 
 percolation, this can be considerably diminished by divid- 
 ing the check into a number of subsections, obtaining a dis- 
 tribution as on Figure XIII. The dotted lines shows the 
 distribution with an undivided check. The saving in water 
 is therefore represented by the area HHu Dn D t Hi D. 
 
 Don. H. Bark has conducted extended experiments 
 illustrating these relations. 
 
 An experiment was conducted on a strip of clover 
 45.9 feet wide and 2559 feet long. The strip was divided 
 into seven equal divisions 337 feet long and a head of ap- 
 proximately three cusecs was turned into the upper end of 
 the strip. The head was held constant and the length of 
 time that was required for the water to advance across each 
 successive division as the stream advanced down the border 
 check was noted. The results in Table XXIII were obtained. 
 
lad- aw iosifo siIJ Ic >,- Ed 1 
 
 -bivib ^cf bs 
 
 s sn.Zni^cfo .anoid-osadwa lo isdinun JB o^nl iloerfo arid 
 
 iti'grxlv^a axiT .:ioe.iip bebivlfjru; m iictiw noicfjjcJind'slb 
 .a iH i G lid it HH .usi'fi sxld- Y'^ becf-xi9a9--;q3 c i s-iolgiarid- a I 
 ^iisxg bsbne^xe bgd-owbnco a^rf ^icfl .H .noQ 
 
 levoio To q.Md-3 s nc bgloiibnoo ew toafitiiaqxe nA 
 
 saw Gi'i.ta iol J-sal Q3S2 bna gblw sal 6.5 
 
 -qjs lo basxl B biu ^nol j-oel VSS. anol^lvll) Isx/pa nsvsa 
 'lo bne igqqy 9j&t ojr.i bgfr^wd" saw aosejjo agifld- 
 
 9fid- >ise. drted-anoo blaxl ajsvy b^sn arfT .qiida 9iid- 
 
 aaoioa oo 
 
 -icd 0rid nwob bsonsvbe msa'id-a arfd" au noialvib sviaaaoous 
 iad-tf 9 r i9^ I1IXX 9ldJ3T ni ad 
 
85 
 
 TABI XXII I 
 
 Division 
 number 
 
 Length 
 of run 
 feet 
 
 
 
 Irrigated 
 area 
 acres 
 
 - 
 Time required 
 
 ~r~ 
 
 Acre 'Average 
 feet 'depth 
 Applied 'in feet 
 
 Hours 
 
 Minutes 
 
 1 
 
 537 
 
 .38 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 .28 ' .73 
 i 
 
 1--2 
 
 674 
 
 .77 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 .63 ' .82 
 
 1--3 
 
 1011 
 
 1.15 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 1.01 ' .88 
 
 1 
 
 1--4 
 
 1348 
 
 1.55 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 1.43 ' .93 
 i 
 
 1--5 
 
 1685 
 
 . 
 
 1.92 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 2.12 ' 1.11 
 t 
 
 1--6 
 
 2022 
 
 2.30 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 2.90 ' 1.26 
 i 
 
 1--7 
 
 2559 
 
 2.68 ' 15 
 i 
 
 40 
 
 3.95 ' 1.47 
 
 i 
 
 The Table shows clearly that the amount of water that is 
 required for the irrigation of gravelly soils increases 
 greatly with the distance over which the water is flood- 
 ed. Had this strip been divided into seven sections by 
 the construction of six cross ditches, the time required 
 would have been only seven times as long as that required 
 by the first strip, or only seven hours and forty-nine 
 minutes, as compared to the fifteen hours and forty min- 
 utes that were required. Also an average depth of applica- 
 tion of only .733 feet would have been required as against 
 the 1.47 feet which were required when it was flooded the 
 
. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 5V. ' ' 
 
 1 
 
 I r 8 . 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 23. 
 
 t 
 
 OS * 
 
 .v . 
 
 78 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 . J 
 
 t 
 
 oo ; 
 
 A 
 
 f. 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 .1 ' 
 
 f 
 
 ' 
 
 & 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 II. 
 
 2 ' 
 
 22 ' 
 i 
 
 1 SJG.l 
 i ' ' 
 
 X 
 
 . '. ' 
 
 ' 
 
 OS ' 
 
 11 ' OS.S 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 . .5 
 
 0* ' 
 
 31 ' 86.2 
 
 
 . t 
 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 3 ^ lo ^nircrts sxf; 
 
 assssiortl alio^ -^IlavBis lo ncl- 
 -booll el ne^ew srf* lioli^w isvo s-- 
 
 qaolooei: nsvo3 o^nl fesbivID rrescT c. 
 bs^iiupsi srai.i sriJ t aQrfocH) aaoio xla lo 
 b';li/p9'i d-axid- afi anol as a: ;?v9a ", 
 
 snlct-YJiol bnfl 8'iiKjii nsvse Tjlno ic 
 -nJ - brt aiwcrl n-a&d 1 '!!'! :- 
 
 -BO.' i sni;ivV;i ru3 oalA . ' 
 
 
 
!! 
 
 ft; fHHM r.BH 
 
 HBBBBBBBBBBBBB* *BBBBr 'iBBB 
 
 :. r 
 
 IRWI 
 
 I7JI 
 
 IE: 
 
 M IB BBVBI 
 
 | BKBBBBtBBBBBBH| 
 
 IflBBBBBBBBBBB 
 
 IBVBBBBBBMBI 
 
 BBBBBBBBBBflrjBBBBBBJ 
 
 IBBBBBBB* 
 IBBBBBB^B 
 
 BBBBB'JMBBBBBBBBBl 
 
 BBBBBBBIBV. BBBBBrBBBBBBBBBBfll 
 
 IBBBBBP. BBBBB 
 IBBBBr'^kBBBBB 
 
. 
 
 ::' 
 
entire length of the 2359 foot border. A total saving 
 
 of fifty percent in the time water used would have re- 
 
 ''AC'ce i'^et of 'Correspond in- 
 sulted. The results emphasize the fact that the econom- 
 ical irrigation of especially porous soils can only be 
 effected by flooding comparatively short distances at a 
 time. 
 
 The effect of varying the size of head was in- 
 vestigated by the United States Reclamation Service in 
 1910 and 1911. The curves in Figure XIV show the rela- 
 tion between the number of acre feet on the tract and ' 
 the duration of the irrigation, which depends on the head 
 of water used. 
 
 Table XXIV has been compiled for Kingsbury Tract 
 
 No. 8, assuming various times in which the irrigation was 
 .;.? a tei o-jt.k of 1 rr '.: I c-n "savr:- UM- acr nd 
 to take place. 
 
lo 
 
 .Iiei arrs 0X61 
 
 ii sricf lo ncld;xiijyi> 
 
 ^iL-o r a?iiJi 10^ b-jllqnoo nostf a^xf YIXX. sl.dxsT 
 ficitv^.I'nj: Si-J xioiil.f xii ascili si/oi-iuv 3xlKC/ee 
 
85 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Time 
 
 Acre feet of 
 water registered 
 
 i 
 
 Corresponding 
 
 head in cusecs 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 2.60 
 
 6.25 
 
 8 
 
 5.70 
 
 5.60 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 k 
 
 4.0 
 
 < '; V- 0' * 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.8 
 
 
 3.02 
 
 20 
 
 4.7 
 
 2.85 
 
 60 
 
 5.9 
 
 1.17 
 
 The results show that decreasing the size of irrigation 
 head, causes a proportionately larger increase in the time 
 necessary to obtain a complete irrigation, and therefore 
 requires a greater depth of irrigation water per acre and 
 a greater loss by deep percolation. 
 
 The degree to which these principles have been 
 adopted in practice is shown to some extent by the follow- 
 ing. Usually checks vary from three hundred thirty to 
 thirteen hundred twenty feet in length, six hundred sixty 
 being typical for medium soils. The width of the check is 
 adjusted to the soil, slope and size of irrigating head. 
 
 The r.idths vary from thirty to one hundred feet for differ 
 
 ?? 
 ent slopes and sizes of head, the ~ .arrow er checks being 
 
... -AT 
 
 
 3S.9 
 
 ce.2 
 
 
 OS. 3 
 
 ov.s 
 
 
 a.* 
 
 0.^ 
 
 1 
 
 SO o 
 
 s.> 
 
 1 
 
 38. S 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 VI. 1 
 
 1 e.s 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 3 ' 
 
 
 oi ; 
 
 OS ] 
 
 : r ^ ! 
 
 lo 9iis adj :^ftiaR9ip9o d-sdtf v/oda ad'J 
 oionl iQ^ial ^IsdBfio.t^icqo'iq s aa 
 Dd-slqraoo s rtlsd-cfo oJ 
 ii io dd-qeb r iacTB9iS 
 ^loo c i?5C! Q'psb "^cf seol 
 sv ^d sslqi3ni':c: =>?.->: '.3 rioia- oct 991^ 
 idd- ^cf d-nsd-xs s^oa o*. m/oiis el eoid-osi 
 oct vd-tid* beifjiijjd astr.'* cio'tl ^TSV a^osdo ^IXsoaiJ 
 
 ni ctos'i ^*naw 
 
 * lo l*ftiw :1 
 
 l.soiq^ 
 
 
 
86 
 
 used on steeper slopes with smaller head. Checks 66 x 
 660 contain one acre and are typical of the practice under 
 conditions suited to border irrigation. The size of the 
 stream varies from about .02 to .15 cusec per foot width 
 of check or from two to ten cusecs,--the most usual condi- 
 tions being .08 to .10 cusec per foot width of check. The 
 slopes to which this method is best adapted varies from two 
 inches to one foot per hundred feet, slopes of four to six 
 inches being the most usual. 
 
 In furrow irrigation it is difficult to obtain 
 a uniform application throughout the length of the furrow. 
 The best method to obtain a fairly uniform distribution is 
 to either reduce the total length of the furrow, or to in- 
 crease the length of the furrov/s in the lower portions of 
 the fields by zigzagging them in orchards or building small 
 basins for ponding purposes. The size of the furrows can be 
 adjusted to the slope and head in each furrow, in light 
 soils using as large furrov/s and heads as will not cause 
 erosion; on heavy soils, smaller and longer furrov/s with 
 corresponding longer "sets" should be used. 
 
 The lateral percolation in furrov/s has been ex- 
 tensively studied by Dr. Loughridge. The water applied moves 
 not only vertically downward, but in every direction from the 
 
q M '.1 aoq 08C 
 
 * >o asia s& . s^s asoWi 
 
 '-xeq OWW5I. o*. SO.**** ntc-il 
 
 ^1 -10 :.o 3 ;;o lo 
 
 io rlw.cl -isq oa^o 01. od 80. yilsd 
 v baqb ^^ Bl boxtt^ alrict dblxiw o^ aaqoia 
 
 xle 07 iflol lc aeqcl , ^ lio^ual ^isq oo sno o^ S8:ioni 
 
 ra srl* gnletl 
 nl 
 
 ^ 10 
 
 -io ^ S nal ^ ^ 
 
 ^ib ; ' , nl^do o^ borf^^aed siIT 
 
 so^Doi isil^o o* 
 
 
 Ilena anlfcIJtd tc a 
 
 cf *o awo-ri^ lc 3sla adl .asaoq^q Sfiibncq ,ol 
 
 IIlw 'SB afc9.i bns awoii^l 93 
 
 ;-:3 no-scf asil avwii.ul ni 
 
 Arfn 3 
 ballqg* ISJBW sai .3 
 
 
 
 ^ibnoqe 01100 
 o^ o*. 
 
87 
 
 wetted furrow. The downward movement, aided by gravity, 
 will be the most rapid, diminishing as it becomes more and 
 more horizontal. This is very clearly brought out by the 
 experiments of Dr. Loughridge and McLaughlin, quoted pre- 
 viously. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Water removed from tanks 'by days expressed in 
 percentages of amount in thirty days. 
 
 Days 
 
 1 
 
 Decomposed 
 light san- 
 dy soil 
 20 
 
 Loam 
 31 
 
 , ., f ,. 
 
 ' Heavy 
 ' clay 
 
 loam 
 
 i 
 
 Sand and 
 gravel 
 wash 
 70 
 
 Heavy 
 lava 
 ash 
 90 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 i 
 
 ' 26 
 t 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 1 42 
 i 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 ' 51 
 
 i 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 1 67 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 67 
 
 70 
 
 ' 78 
 i 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 20 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 1 86 
 
 79 
 
 81 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 1 100 
 i 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 Table XXV shows the great uae of water during the 
 first days of the experiment. In all cases more than one- 
 half the total quantity of water used in thirty days was 
 used in the first ten days or one- third of the time. The 
 

 ( 
 
 i be 
 
 ssstqx 3Y*& ^c: a^iti^d- mo'il & 
 
 
 . e^B*? ^'tirfct ni 
 
 ;s 
 
 
 1 levaia' ^slo ' 
 1 lias* 1 col 
 
 
 I r-i ri 
 
 VI 
 
 Si ' 82 ' 22 
 i 
 
 es 
 
 . os ; SA ; os 
 
 vs 
 
 i ' * j& 
 
 Ox* ^ ' 
 
 t i 
 
 S3 
 
 1 se ve so 
 
 i t 
 
 Vo 
 
 1 j>a sv ov 
 
 13 
 
 QV as ' is 
 1 ( 
 
 001 
 
 1 001 001 \ '.- 001 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 . 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
,.'/.' 
 
 j .-: .' 
 
88 
 
 lighter the soil the smaller the relative percentage of 
 water used during the first days, and the heavier the soil 
 the greater the relative use of water during the first few 
 days. 
 
 Figure XV from the experiments of LicLaughlin 
 shows thattiae heavier the soil the less extended will be the 
 wetted area with the lapse of time. Therefore, a light soil 
 will "sub" much farther in a horizontal direction than a 
 heavy soil. 
 
 The law of lateral distribution of the moisture is 
 in general of the same nature as for downward movement i. e. 
 the water will tend to distribute itself inversely with the 
 distance of the soil particle from the source of supply. 
 

 ;ST: 9Q.3 
 
 eitf iftoil VX 
 
 n grit tf arid- 
 
 i a nl isea-ial iiO"ra "cfwa !J II iw 
 
 .1103 1JVB3. 
 
 "ic wsl sdT 
 
 SB SI^SJH si,-^ a arf* 'lc laiauss ni 
 bnsd- lllw is 
 Iloa sxio r io eo 
 
89 
 
 TABLE 
 Distribution of moisture in horizontal flumes 
 
 Light sandy 
 soil 
 
 Loam 'Heavy clay 
 'loam 
 
 Heavy lava ash 
 
 Dis- 
 tance 
 Inches 
 
 Average 
 percent 
 of 
 moisture 
 
 Dis- 
 trict 
 
 Average 'Dis- 
 'trict 
 
 i 
 
 Average 
 
 Dis- 
 trict 
 
 Average 
 
 3 
 
 f ~ 
 24.38 
 
 f* 
 
 9 
 
 22.85 3 
 
 44.58 
 
 5 
 
 31.07 
 
 9 
 
 20.85 
 
 22 
 
 23.10 ' 12 
 
 43.61 
 
 9 
 
 28.85 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 20.81 
 
 34 
 
 21.25 ' 34 
 
 40.49 18 
 
 27.21 
 
 45 
 
 18.22 
 
 52 
 
 19.50 
 
 30 
 
 39.43 30 
 
 26.40 
 
 69 
 
 16.70 
 
 64 
 
 15.85 
 
 33 
 
 [ 
 
 36 . 33 42 
 
 25.57 
 
 81 
 
 14.24 
 
 
 
 
 ' 54 
 
 25.47 
 
 
 
 
 i; 
 
 ti 
 
 i 
 
 
 93 " 
 
 14.18 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 72 
 
 20.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 105 
 
 12.36 
 
 
 
 
 '. ' 84 
 
 22.57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 111 
 
 10.54 
 
 
 
 
 1 96 
 
 19.20 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 117 ' 7.56 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 i:- ' i 
 
 
 Observations on medium heavy soils in the Sunny- 
 side project indicate that by six days after irrigation the 
 moisture will be relatively uniform across furrow spacings 
 as wide as six feet where water had run in the furrows for 
 twenty-four hours. It was also found that fairly uniform 
 moisture distribution was secured within forty- eight hours 
 after irrigation with twelve hour sets on four feet furrow 
 spacings. With sandy soils without heavy subsoils where the 
 

 
 .1 a 9*3 
 
 itfaloH! lo noi^wdxitfa.a 
 
 - 
 
 naoJ T ^brisa drlgiJ. 
 
 i 
 
 , ^ !r - T . 
 
 . 
 
 >3*- av^ i -J^, J^Jyq' 9 iJ. 
 
 i ' ^ ' 
 
 1 lo 1 asrionl 
 
 , ! 
 
 i i giinJ-elog 
 
 " f ' ' "\ - 
 
 .,.___. -T 
 
 VO.XS 3 [ 85. * 5 | 
 
 23. 22 6 SS.^S 
 
 i 
 
 38. 85 ' S.S^ 
 
 OX.oS; ' 22 38.02 | G 
 
 . vs -,' ! Q o^ ' ^s ' 
 
 o2.!2 ' *S : IS. 02 ' 12 
 
 - i " * A . 1 , ! 
 
 i 
 
 r.-> i -.g ' Si..GG ' OS ' 
 
 03.91 ' 23 ' 2S.8X ' 
 
 T ! 
 
 Vo. ! ' 2 ' oS.So ' GS ' 
 
 1 ! 
 
 ee.SX ! 4-S ' 07. OX ' 63 
 
 i 
 
 . _ 1 1 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 iv>c ' a II 1 
 
 i 
 
 fa*'. OS ' 2V ! 
 
 ' ' GI.-M ' S8 
 
 i 
 
 
 . 
 
 OS.2X ' 30X 
 
 V3 . 22 ; 8 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 , 
 
 Ni.OX ' XXX 
 
 uS.tX ov; 
 
 I ' * _ 
 
 i 
 
 05. V 
 
 ; 1 
 
 J i 
 
 HX BXioi 
 
 rcic'ilni/ -^Iiiul Jsii* bra/ol o&Is ii 
 <jjc>ri .Wgie-Y*^^ 'itriiJtw I>ewo8 ac 
 
 "'- ' oi no a^as t-' '* fldl 
 
90 
 
 furrow spacing exceeded three feet heavy downward move- 
 ments occurred before the moisture met laterally between 
 furrows with heavy subsoils at depths of from four feet. 
 Pour feet spacing of furrows gave good results. The trend 
 of practice is in favour of a smaller number of furrows of 
 greater depth, in which small streams of water are permitted 
 to run fifty to seventy hours. This increase in the "sets" 
 has not increased the total quantity applied in any one 
 season for there has been a corresponding decrease in the 
 number of irrigations. This method not only reduces the 
 amount of moisture lost through evaporation by upward capil- 
 lary movement, but also distributes the water in the subsoil 
 more evenly and produces a greater sideway absorption. It 
 also tends to produce a deeper root system in the crops. 
 
 The size of head or the flow turned into each fur- 
 row should be adjusted to the soil, slope and length of run 
 --as pointed out previously. The best results are secured 
 by using larger heads until the stream has worked through to 
 near the end of the furrow and then reducing the amount in 
 order to prevent excessive waste. 
 
 The size of the stream used In each furrow is most 
 conveniently expressed by giving the number of furrows which 
 would be set with a flow of one cusec. On heavy soils one 
 

 rn-YoiJ t viMi osal e jnirf i,ai> 3 9O*a 3h.t 
 'XXa*i9osX d-sra OTirtBioK slid" 910 lad ba'ii^ooo 
 yl rnoil lo axid-qeo d-B aXioad.. 
 
 
 lo awciiirt: lo iedi-,tuit -islloma a lo wcv^i n ai eo^ 
 
 miq sis 'is^^v/ lo ai^e^le Ilmua do I AT nl .d*qeo 
 
 ! ' 3 *9s" 9drf rti safis'ionx aiJT .a-iucr: ^inovau o,t ^11 
 
 3iio ' ' 
 
 odct nx 
 oil* 2 
 
 nl :)3i 
 
 J arui' 
 
 -Xlqso bisvrqjr ^d n 
 loocf^ siW al ^*av .o 
 
 cfi .noWqioads ^ 
 
 .aqb'io 9i -i mscfa^a Jooi 
 -ir'l iio29 oJni bsm^d woll sri 
 mi- lo rU3^sI bn^ 
 
 e iio3 
 
 d~aoX a'iwd'aJ'.om lo o. 
 .1,3 j.ac tonsmevon. 
 B aaojJbo'ic i*ns X-^^^v 3 
 isb B sojjboiq od 1 sbn9J caXo 
 
 bBQil lo 9Sl3 9dT 
 
 o:r bsd-uxribfi 9C i bXwcria v/o r i 
 srlT .TgXatfoIve^i/ d^jjo bs^nioq ao-- 
 
 r T rjrf-f rfrj' f" 1 9 ^ r t O ">' 3*',Ci ntSSld^B 9liJ Xi'Tilj-' 3'E>XJCi- '- ""-^ X> u 
 
 ni ctnwoKto 9fi^. ^niowbst na/f*. bxis -woiiiA ' ed*'' lo bn; 
 
 evxasscxs *-KDV9 r iq od- 
 :Ja SJEtd" lo ss.ta 9ffT 
 LmY a'aroiTirl lc i 2rlo" T^nxvis b9JG9-:ciX9 Y P 9 
 
 i woitt/i rioes ni 
 
 
 Q blwow. 
 
91 
 
 hundred to one hundred fifty furrows per cusec are often 
 used. On the heaviest types which absorb water slowly, 
 two hundred furrows per cusec are not unusual and on 
 steep slopes this may reach five hundred in extreme cases. 
 On sandy soil the head used per furrow is generally l/ioo 
 Where the slope is flat larger heads are preferable, 
 1/60 cusec being an average. 
 
 Surface Waste. This loss is largely dependent on 
 the skill and care taken in the preparation of the land for 
 irrigation and in the application of the water. The run 
 off collects in hollows or cuts channels to connect it with 
 the larger bodies of surface water. When water is applied 
 by the flooding method, it is relatively easy to control 
 the run- off by building levees around the field-- as in the 
 Border and Check methods. In such cases the waste should 
 be negligible in amount. Flooding methods will on an aver- 
 age give a ten percent waste and furrow irrigation, due to 
 the greater difficulty in obtaining a uniform distribution, 
 will generally have a somewhat larger waste. In any case, 
 the run-off water should be carefully and skilfully used on 
 lower fields. The problem is one which must be solved on 
 its merits on each individual farm. No general rules can 
 be laid down for using the run-off, as necessarily this use 
 

 etfo uq awoiiirl ^dlil baribnuri ano od" bsibru/rf 
 svr d-'ioads rielxlw aoq^d craolvssil sild x$0 .bsai; 
 no bus XawaucuJ don 913 osawo iiq awoiml b9 r tbm;ri owd 
 
 n 
 
 
 avll roflex 
 
 ol 190 bsaw 6as:i_ ^i Iloa 
 ;h:ll ai oqols 
 
 no *eii9q8l> ^1981-^1 ai a 
 
 iol bn^X sii^ lc noWaieqs ic a.: nl n?^j O'IBO brw lliila arid" 
 
 .i9d-3 
 
 d-os:-noo od .ji onnoiio atuo 10 awoXXoii nl E^osIIoo llo 
 al isd-flvr riari.? .i9*fiw ooBl-i.ua lo aslbcd 1331 oX sitt 
 od '^aso ^XsvWaXsi al 31 t boxi*s:s gnibooXl 3a" ^d' 
 9itf rxi BB~5X9n 9^^ bfOfoi/i assvsl gitibXlud X^ He -run 
 bXi/oi-ia sctajBw.Siid- asaao aowc nl .sboil 
 
 -isvB iiiJ no jiiv,' eborid-sm ^ixbooXfi ,.;tiuoaia n eXdlglXaen 9-J 
 od- ajoi) .aoWasli'J'J: woiii* 1 ! bns 9cJ-SJ3w dnsoisq nsJ- s 9vl3 333 
 ,Hoi*.wdIiJalI) raio^lfliJ a gnlnlsddo r;x ^Xuol"il.t5 .19-0913 
 t es0 Y ^ -siaaw lagi^X iariwge^os a averf ^llBiinss - 
 no bsajj ^iii/iiiaia 5a ^XXi/A9ieo 3d bXuorla isd'sw llo-nui sad- 
 no bsvXoa 9d *auffi_doliff ano al BXdoiq 9ifi .abXsil iswol 
 TJ_>~ ^aryri ij3i3n9H oil 
 
92 
 
 will depend largely on the layout of the individual farms. 
 Table XXVII shows the average waste from fields at Billings, 
 Montana, for different crops and soils in percent of total 
 water received. 
 
 TABLE XXVII 
 
 Average waste from fields under different crops at 
 Billings, Montana. ( Harding )/2/J 
 
 Crop 
 
 Heavy Soil 
 
 I i 
 Medium Soil 'Ligh Soil ' All Soils 
 
 
 No. of 'Mean 
 obser- 'per- 
 va ti ore' cent - 
 'age 
 'of 
 
 'waste 
 i 
 
 No. of 'Mean 'No. of 
 obser- 'per- 'obser- 
 vations'cent- 'vations 
 'age 
 
 'of 
 
 'waste ' 
 t 
 
 Mean 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age 
 of 
 waste 
 
 II o. of r Mean 
 obser- 'per- 
 vatione'cent- 
 'age 
 'of 
 
 'waste 
 i 
 
 Alfalfa 
 Grain 
 
 Cultivated 
 Crop 
 
 56 ' 19 
 
 * \ 
 
 15 ' 15 
 i 
 
 
 13 i 20 
 t 
 
 78 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 i 
 
 4.5 ' 20 
 
 ! 
 
 5.5 ' 11 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 .6 ' 6 
 t 
 
 5.7 
 14.3 
 
 9.2 
 
 i 
 
 154 ' 10 
 i 
 
 62 '9.4 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 39 '8. 5 
 
 Mean for 
 
 all 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 84 18.5 
 
 134 
 
 ! 
 J 
 
 4.5 ' 37 
 t 
 
 9.0 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 255 '9.7 
 i 
 
. llIJ 
 Iscto; 
 
 no yLaaizI. bnoqsu III* 
 
 B sMsi'l noil 9^ saw 93313 vs orfcJ aworla IIVXX 
 staaoisq. nl alioa brtB aqoio tasisllib 10 1 
 
 IIVXX 
 
 cfs accio driSisTlilb 
 
 ablsil moil aisaw 
 
 .. ,--* .- - '-: -*,. 1 
 
 -r^-j ' fff, f^ 1 lice. r.u/i>8fcl 
 
 --!-- "^ 
 
 lioc croiO 
 
 -.oil 1 nflM|lo .0'^ rt,39- t lo ,,oi : ; 
 -^neo'snoid-Bv 1 -cfaso'ancid-.sv' -^nso'aioloBv 
 
 lo i .ip 'i 
 
 3daBW ocrasv,' SJas 
 : ' ' 
 
 nsasl' ic.oll v 
 
 13 fl "i' 
 
 ctrioo ctici'JijV 
 
 ' , ! 1 
 
 IO 
 
 1 
 
 SCfSBW 
 
 , 
 
 - i AO i r \ ! QV ! .D i i gg airl-slXA 
 01 31 ! ^.^ o* , 
 
 i . ' ! j ^ 
 
 k S 1 So ' S.-M' 11 ' S.S ' 55 ' 
 i i i ; j 
 
 e .s; es ' &, : > ; a. ; oa ; 02 j si ; " - *o 
 
 , , ! ! i i ' ' io1 asaM 
 
 'j 1 r * IT' ' V ! \S" r ' f> ft f ' -!^i ' LS.& 
 
 V.6 y-* . v ^ , * , ^ ^'0* , , 
 
93 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 THE FERTILITY OP THE SOIL * 
 
 It is often taken for granted that irrigated 
 lands do not require any artificial fertilizer because of 
 the fact that the water itself furnishes the required 
 fertility. While a good irrigation system does have great 
 advantages and while the silty waters used in irrigation 
 frequently carry valuable fertilizing material (See Table 
 XXVIII), dependence for maintaining and increasing the fer- 
 tility of arid lands cannot be placed wholly upon the ap- 
 plied irrigation water. 
 
 TABLE XXVIII 
 
 Showing the amount of fertilizing silts in various rivers 
 
 of the U.S.A. (Etcheverry) 
 
 River 
 
 'Pounds of Pot- 
 ash per acre 
 foot of water 
 
 Pounds of Phos- 
 phoric acid per 
 acre foot of 
 water 
 
 Pounds of Nitro- 
 gen per acre 
 foot of water 
 
 Rio Grande 
 Salt River 
 
 Colorado 
 River 
 
 325.5 
 265, 
 
 16.34--444.60 
 
 31.4 
 10.5 
 
 2.26 43.56 
 
 24.4 
 9 
 
 1.03--69.7 
 
I1V /ii 
 
 Jios 
 
 YTLHTHSS: SET 
 
 r xci 
 
 lo se-aeoscf r iesill;t'i3l 
 -s grief aaj-i^ 
 avsri asc.b nsd-3'is n 
 ai fjo 
 
 nectio si tfl 
 eii^pe-i ctcm o> 
 
 -qs 
 
 noqw ^liorf?/ >90iilq sc 
 
 'ri oc a sii^lV .^J 
 ^ctlle siid" sli^w arus 
 
 r io'l 
 
 abnsi 
 
 t (IIIVXX 
 
 lo 
 
 IIIVXX 
 
 >i auoi r fav rxi a^Iis gnisilx 
 
 .A. 2.0 9iut 10 
 
 lo 
 
 oittfi srl* 
 
 -o'; 
 
 _ T _ 
 
 1 ajjfijjo'i ' -aorf'i Ic sbiiijoi 
 isq n' T3a fjioa ol'ioilq 
 
 10 d-OOl' "lo J-QOl 3--I0.8 
 
 -loi lo abrtwoi 
 3-10.3 isq riss 
 iscfflv/ lo ctool 
 
 TM 
 
 8 5 . OX 
 i 
 
 -SO.f ' Ar>.^.A__AQ Q 
 
 s.ass 
 
 s^iasiO oiH 
 lavifi ctlaS 
 
94 
 
 Even in Egypt, where the Kile sediment has a high fertil- 
 izing capacity, it lias been found that manure and artifi- 
 cial fertilizers should be used. Sir William Willcocks 
 in his "Egyptian Irrigation" says 4-) 
 
 "It would be a healthy innovation, indeed, 
 if the provision of suitable manures were 
 to be considered as an essential part of 
 the project for providing perennial irri- 
 gation. The day is not distant, I believe, 
 when governments which provide irrigation 
 works will also provide manures, and sell 
 the water and manures together, one being 
 as essential as the other. I know well, 
 from observation, that a well manured field 
 needs only half the water that a poorly 
 manured field does; and in years of drought 
 and scarcity manures almost take the plsce 
 of irrigation. Why should there not be a 
 manure rate as well as a water rate?" 
 
 Organic matter, especially when it lias been redu- 
 ced to the form of humus, has a great capillary capacity, 
 far excelling in this regard the mineral constituents of 
 
 the soil. Its porosity affords an enormous internal surface, 
 
 \ 
 
 while its colloids exert an affinity for moisture which 
 raises its water capacity to a very high degree. Its tenden- 
 cy to swell on wetting is but a change in condition when ap- 
 proaching its maximum moisture content. The following data, 
 taken from Lyon Pippin and Buckman, give an idea of the capil- 
 lary capacity of the soil organic matter. 
 
ni n*v3 
 
 liJ^iB ftn.3 s'lirnam d-B-ckt brtwol nasd as:! d 1 . ^dloaqflo gnlsl 
 aaioeoIIlW raallliW il3 .beau scf bluorfo artsailW'isl leio 
 
 3-33 "noi.l-BSiiil ixaWq^-^a" alii nl 
 
 ,t-99l>nJt .noi-favor^ii ^dcfljssif JB scf 5Iuo-r ctl" 
 s^aw as^jt/rtem oicfsctiifu lo nolaivoiq arid 
 lo d'l/sq Ie-i.Jno2a9 rt.s as fisneblsncd scf od" 
 laliine'xoq ^rxlclvoiq to' 
 .tl) .Ion ul 
 xiolrfw 
 
 II 3 j DIIJ: a giJjroiK 9ibl:vc r iq oale IIlw 2ii 
 eno . r i9...'d i 9od 1 ae^i/iis 
 
 \YODi .-lOif-ic 8111 2G 
 
 blsll !>0rtJjjctBtr: IIsw a daiid 
 
 ^1 iooq s dsrict. 'i9j. f . % ,v; arid- ilsd vino 
 
 ^jfl^i-oif) lo 'six: 9',: rri bun jascri blsll b5 f iUxaK. 
 
 90-:Ia sild- aiiBd" ^ccrrtls ca^jmom v^loisoa bna 
 
 B sd -ion sister oluorid -jT*J .noWs^liil lo 
 
 CJ3 liO'.Y 2-3 
 
 -9 2&& tSimttJii- lo KPio'l siiJ od 1 
 lo slnDi-'^l^anoo Is'isijlci.. odd biegs'i alrlct n jinlllsoxs ^ul 
 
 ijja I.-iiriidr.'.! siicftrrons m; cjbicTl^ Y^-soicq ad"! .Ioa arlj- 
 
 > 
 
 doi^ivf 9t/- f d"aloisi ic'i ^diai'lls JIB tfiaxo .abiol.loo .a^J: aliiiw 
 ail .ggisab ilgM ^xev J3 oj Y*^ 05 "^ isd-aw aii ^o^i^ 
 v noi ibnoo ni a'snf^io a ctwo" al snid-iow no Ilawa od- ^o 
 
 -Ilqao 9d*' lo a&bl W avlg ,nii.r4fojjQ I i' ; i 
 
 .i^d-sm oi. 3ii, f 
 
95 
 
 Percentage of water 
 Humous extract from peat 1200 
 
 Non-acid extract from peat 645 
 
 Vegetable mold 509 
 
 ' _' '__ Peat 190 
 
 Garden loam 7$ humus 96 
 
 Illinois prairie soil 57 
 
 Field loam 3.4$ humus 52 
 
 1 61.0 . 
 
 Mountain Valley loam 1.2% humus 47 
 
 Even after allowance has been made for an in- 
 creased hygroscopic coefficient due to an increase in or- 
 
 50 63. ! S0._4 9.7 -JL* JLj&ljk*3+ 
 
 ganic matter, the effect of the latter is very strongly 
 
 marked on the capillary capacity of a soil. It is equally 
 
 evident that with a well manured soil there will as a con- 
 
 : rr.c reculr.fa shavr : ' F^-" 1 
 
 sequence be a marked economy in the amount of water used 
 
 to procure a reasonable crop. 
 
 The experiments at Utah on grain and stover gave 
 the following result s--an average of six years. 
 

 j&vq. raoil tfojBiJX9 awomi/ii 
 
 eos Mora 
 
 (V irasol 
 IJtos sitlBiq alonllll 
 
 -ul na r io'i 9bsai 
 
 c - 9aa9-r.!>ol na ct swb .JnsloiTlsoo 
 
 ai i9Jda! sxi^ lo ^oori9 9^ t8;ttBm 
 
 no 
 
 lo ^loaq*o - 
 
 -rxoo a a* ill* 9io,ut lioa b^-mam Ii*w a rWlw Jaile 
 lo cTnworffi srli ni ^raoncss Jos^a.Tt a scf 
 
 .qo-io aXcfanouaet '3 siwooiq od" 
 ' no dscTJ --j 8-ja9fltil9<lX9 9rrr 
 
 3'i sotwo.IIol 9-W 
 
96 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Irri- 
 gation 
 ap- 
 plied 
 
 Grain 
 
 ~. 
 
 . Bushel 
 
 s per A 
 
 ~T ' 
 
 ere Stov 
 i 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 er Tons 
 
 per Acre 
 
 Inches 
 
 No 
 manure 
 
 5 tons 
 
 manure 
 
 15 Tons 
 manure 
 
 Aver- 'No 
 
 age 'manure 
 
 i 
 
 5 tons 
 
 manure 
 
 . 
 
 15 tons 'Aver- 
 
 manure 'age 
 i 
 
 Hone 
 5 
 10 
 20 
 30 
 
 57.9 
 61.0 
 59.7 
 67.6 
 65.1 
 
 73.3 
 
 86.1 
 83.0 
 87.7 
 90.4 
 
 75.9 
 91.4 
 92.5 
 99.1 
 95.7 
 
 i 
 
 67.0' 2.11 
 
 79.5' 2.32 
 i 
 
 78.4' 2.55 
 t 
 
 84 . 8 ' 2 . 81 
 i i 
 
 83.1' 2.86 
 
 3.25 
 3.77 
 
 3.73 
 
 ~ 
 
 4.04 
 4.19 
 
 t 
 
 3.92 '3.09 
 i 
 
 4.48 '3.53 
 
 4.25 '3.51 
 i 
 
 4.85 '3.90 
 i 
 
 4.77 '3.94 
 
 
 1 63.9 
 I. 
 
 1" 
 83.8 
 
 90.0 
 
 79 . 2 ' 2 . 88 
 
 i 
 
 4.07 
 
 t 
 
 4.50 '3.81 
 t 
 
 The results show the highest yield of grain with a twenty 
 inch irrigation duty; more than this quantity of ?<ater de- 
 creased the yield, and with as much as forty inches of water 
 there was slightly less grain than with five inches. A some- 
 what higher yield of stover was obtained with thirty inches 
 than with twenty inches of water, but the yield was decreased 
 with forty inches. The average of six years shows that water 
 applied in excess of twenty inches to corn was not only wasted 
 but was postively injurious to the yield of grain. The yield 
 of both grain and stover was decidedly increased by manure, 
 the stover showing the effect considerably more than the grain-. 
 

 
 
 "T~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 snoA -taq 
 
 snoT 'xsvcd'o 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 -Ill I 
 
 
 
 
 i . . 
 
 
 \ 
 
 -q* 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 b9llq 
 
 -19VA 1 3fiOJ 31 BitOd" 5 
 
 oVi f -- r iev. r ancT 31 7 anod' 
 
 a 9.aonl 
 
 
 
 SIJJTIBJtV 
 
 
 
 
 t i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 r~ ~~l " 
 
 i i ' 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 
 60 
 
 . O vkC O 
 
 1 32. 
 
 ' O.Vc- ' 6.3V 
 
 i> STI 
 
 VJ . **> 
 
 ! 
 
 6.V3 ' 
 
 eno a 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; | 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ! 
 
 
 3 
 
 . ' OZ* . 
 
 \ i . O 
 
 sc. 
 
 '3.9V ' *.I6 
 
 1.38 
 
 . 
 
 0-13 ' 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 
 T3 
 
 .5' 32. & 
 
 1 sv.s 
 
 33. 
 
 2 '.6V ' 3.2G 
 
 .<SS 
 
 1 
 
 Vt 03 1 
 
 \ . yc 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 .S' 38. 
 
 1 >0. 
 
 16. 
 
 s.^8 i.e 
 
 7.V3 
 
 
 D.V6 ' 
 
 02 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 { 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 & 
 
 .5' YV . 
 
 1 91. 
 
 38. 
 
 S '1.38 ' V.S8 
 
 ^.oe 
 
 
 1.58 ' 
 
 OS 
 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 i t 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 r c 
 
 JL* 
 
 S! r\~3 A 
 
 1 70. * 
 
 88. 
 
 0.06 3.38 
 
 1 
 
 C.S6 ' 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i i 
 
 -r 
 
 ! 
 
 
 .:* a rtf^v ni-3-i!i 'ic bisi^ 
 
 -30 
 
 lo 
 
 Siiio'a -'- 
 aeiloni 
 
 arW woila aj'lw&oi adT 
 v,.!nJt ifortl 
 
 aasi ; 
 . 
 
 sild" d"wd t'isd'av/ lo asiioni 
 awoua a'laav xia lo sgJisve sifT .8" 
 d'on ac irico cd 1 ssiionl vd/ii^./d' lo uasoxa nl 
 
 * u _* --- 
 
 bi8l^ siLJ od' aiJoliJL'^nl svitaoq as\7 
 
 oso a^Jw i3vcd"d tn niJ3^3 rid'od lo 
 .3 .zUid-'anlwotia ivo 
 
97 
 
 The increase was much greater for each ton of manure with 
 the five ton than with the fifteen ton application. 
 
 Most of the soils of the irrigated regions are 
 deficient on humus and organic matter,, and it should always 
 be the first object to supply this necessary amount of fer- 
 tilizer. This is usually done by the growth of alfalfa, 
 clover, peas or some other legume, turning in the green crop 
 and thus putting the nitrogenous matter directly into the 
 ground. It is often desirable and necessary to supplement 
 this by some form of fertilizer, usually the ordinary stable 
 or barnyard manure. 
 
 If leguminous, it is generally grown as a cover 
 crop during the non-irrigated months of the year. Much of 
 the success of this method is dependent on the skilfull 
 handling of the water supply. During winter months the cover 
 crop will receive all the necessary water from the rainfall, 
 but great care must be exercised during the summer months 
 that the water intended for the main crops is not absorbed by 
 the cover crop to the detriment of the first. In some lo- 
 calities an extra amount of water is put on the .land especi- 
 ally for the cover crop, --being in addition to the required 
 amount of the main crops. In other districts again, it is 
 the practice, to apply only sufficient water for the main 
 crops and to let the cover crops care for themselves. It is 
 
rf*iv; wnflm lo noa dose iol *e*fl9iB down BOT oaaeionl 
 .nol*sollqqj8 no* neatflil srfd" ii*lw afi* no* avll 
 anoJb?*-! had-asiTil 3*i* 1 alloe 9ii* to *ioM 
 a Muoria ^1 bns ,-19.** SKI oinagio bi aj/nunl no 
 10 Jmroiaa rx^aeodn 3l:W ^Iqqwa ocf ^osLcfo *a-ill 
 allallfl lo Jiiwoi3 silcr Yd snob ^IlBysw a sirTI . 
 qo-^o 99t3 dto nl snlq;cu* , 9,-,-iuaeI -leitto s.uoa ^xc aaeq 
 
 odnl ^l B-.t a-o-oneo^in sitt snld*i/q euri* 
 
 sl-drfa Tt^nlfi'io eu& 
 
 sldeiiasb nsJlo al II .6110013 
 lo nno'i omoa ^d aid* 
 
 1 3V oo 3 as 
 
 oio 
 
 lo rfo-j., -1B3- a:* lc a^nom 
 
 Ilulliiie ail* no Ju,.baaqsb al boifjsn alii" la aasoowa 
 
 <i9vco sd a;-ncr.i 
 
 r; oto Us avlsoe'i Ulw qoio 
 
 3iI i 
 
 l-^o &9aloi3xs sti ^^r:: 9i*?o *fl9'3 ; 
 
 arnca nl .*3<ill 3d* lo *ns;nl-i*3D sri* o* qo'io ad* 
 
 *q al ia*svs lo jiUJOfftB Bijxo nxj 801*11*0 
 ao.l T lfc&c nl 3filsd-- t qoio .levco ad* 'icl 
 
 rn 3d* io 
 
 c* 
 
98 
 
 only by experience that one can obtain the best practice 
 --each district having its own individual merits. 
 
 The amount of organic matter can be greatly in- 
 creased by always ploughing in the stubble of the previous 
 crop. On no account should it be burnt. By burning all 
 the nitrogen is taken away by oxidation and only ash left. 
 
 A thorough rotation of crops also greatly helps 
 in retaining the amount of organic matter. Experimenting 
 in Oregon Professor W. L. Powers states that "It is probable 
 that the water requirement may be decreased one- third where 
 a good crop rotation is practiced. " 
 

 ic. cJasd ari* n.U;tcfo oao enc tad* sousl'isqxs -fcf 
 .astern Xejj&iviinJt nfo .eJJt 3 aiv.ail cfolidsik ,1 
 -ai Tgld-fiS'-is 9cJ HBO isJctani olaag'io lo 
 Jjoyq sd^ lo slo'cfucts 9ilc ; - nJt s 
 
 Ha gaimwd ^Q .dT^;d 3d ii blworia Jnyooo.s on nG .c 
 .dial XI'BJS ^Ino 6'rua noJWsbixo vd ^ws no2,8* ai ns 
 aq.Csii -;Id-J3ei5 oel.'s aqoia. lo noWjMtorc ifeuoio:- 1 -'. 
 
 o Ic *nuoi-.w sxi^ sninlcdsi nl 
 
 si il" *a*^ asJ.srJs a^s^o-l .1 . ictiesloTi nogs-iO nl 
 
 ni ctnaffioiii/pai i9*BW sri; cfaiid 
 ca^q al nol^scfcg: qcio 60. ps 
 
99 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 THE CROP 
 
 In one of the previous chapters it was stated 
 that under ideal conditions, irrigation should take place 
 when the soil moisture has reached a point somewhat above 
 the wilting- coefficient, and that the frequency of appli- 
 cation would be dependent on the time taken by the soil to 
 "dry up" after the application of water to the next stage 
 just above the wilting point. This applies, of course, on- 
 ly theoretically. In practice it is necessary to take into 
 consideration, in addition to the above, the effect of such 
 waterings on the crop itself, at the particular period at 
 which the water is applied. It is not so much the case of 
 obtaining, by irrigation, a maximum sjnount of dry matter per 
 cusec of water applied, but rather a maximum yield of the 
 useful part of the crop. It is hence of importance to know 
 in what way the general growth of the plant is affected by 
 a variable application of v/ater. 
 
 Assimilation and other processes favouring plant 
 growth are especially rapid after an irrigation, gradually 
 diminishing in intensity and almost ceasing before the next 
 irrigation. 
 
 In the Utah experiments it was found that during 
 
n: . --J- 
 
 10HO 3HT 
 BJBW tfl Bietfqsiio ai/olvsiq sild- lo scto rtl 
 
 lo 'iOflbtfpsi^ 9ild-.*ai D . 
 
 ao 
 
 S^Y; 'lo 
 
 :LBd e.;txl,sr;> cfnsbnsqsft sc! fjlwcir noicfso 
 
 
 w-woo lo t 3 
 
 * ." 
 
 odnl. SJiarf cd- ^3aa&03n al dU solJo^q nl' .^IIsoWs^ 
 rioua'io oell ari. -svods ad.t ' od npJtdloDa nl 
 
 ' ' " no 
 
 lo 38-GO siid- dowci oa c^n 
 laJda.-n '^b 10 Jnwont: 
 
 arlcr Ic M&l-j i^'lx^i B i9fsi ducf" Vbsllqqe I^^BW' lo oeawo 
 won:! ^ 9ori*ioqn.I lo sousii si cfl .qo^o siW lo 
 
 al dnclq 9i-J. lo ^v;qi 3 B9ja Uw nl 
 
 .i^w lo noi?J3olIqqB slcfaiiav s 
 
 i3ild:c 
 
 p. ._ a f* 
 
 JIG - 
 
100 
 
 the first week after the irrigation of peas, more than 
 five hundred pounds of dry matter were added to the weight, 
 and of oats, more than seven hundred pounds of dry matter 
 were added to the acre. 
 
 The vigour and general condition of the plant de- 
 pends largely upon the development of a good, deep root 
 system. In the early stages of growth, the plant uses most 
 of the materials gathered from the air and soil for the de- 
 velopment of its root system. When these are well develop- 
 ed, carbon assimilation by the leaves is hastened and the 
 growth is increased rapidly. Later in the life of the 
 plant, the root growth becomes less, and the energies of the 
 plant are more largely directed to the development of the 
 parts above ground. When at last the sterns are well develop- 
 ed and a sufficient quantity of material has been .stored in 
 the various plant organs the growth diminishes, first flowers 
 and then seeds being developed. It is important, therefore, 
 that as early as possible the root system be made large and 
 well developed. To obtain this condition it is essential to 
 
 keep the soil moderately wet in early spring. In districts 
 
 retentive 
 where the winter rainfall is large, deep/soils will usually 
 
 have sufficient water for the initial root development and 
 no irrigation need be applied. If however the climate con- 
 ditions are such that at seeding time the soil is not well 
 
tf eiora ,aseq lo 
 slid 1 o* bsbbe 
 -if) Ib afomroq 
 
 ini 9tt idd-ls aioaw d-aill grid- 
 m ^if> 10 aoruroq bsibn^ii 
 itevga rtaifd- s-iom t cd-so lo 
 
 .9102 Sn':" 
 
 lo noWJtLnoo 
 cssb ,Loo?, fi lo 
 aa^0 d-fljaXq 9l* ircis l 
 sricf lo'i Hod i)hfl IXB 9.ad- uio'il bensxafls alBli9*Bm arid- lo 
 tsw sic 939:.* -ns^W .rn9d-a^3 Jobi 3*1 lo d-nsmqolsv 
 
 dd- ncq.u 
 
 fil abnsq 
 
 ai 
 
 grid- lc sill arid- r:J I?*- 
 lc s&ls'iang etl* Sn , .aaeJ aaaocscf 
 sitf lo d-nomqol9vsb 9ild- od- osd-oe-rlfi 
 
 . i 
 
 cclovsfc II 9w 91 B sms-j-a eild 1 d-asl * ns , 
 
 d-uoi siid- ,*nslq 
 sic;:: sir. d"nelq 
 -I 3.,oda 
 
 
 'i t s.3ritiJ:nlmx.o rid-woin sxj armgio driBlq a:/clii:v arid- 
 .d-nj3d"ic; k .-.i ai JI .isqoisvai; snlsd a.Bssa nerld- bns 
 *rf ~,i=d-?vs jcoi sxi* aldlaaoq aa vll* 2^ --^d- 
 
 ill^ Jeje.' -' - " 
 
 .in9.ias ai *1 nold-lbnod Blffd- nlad-dc cT .Beqolovsf) Ilavr 
 
 I 
 
 d-aib al ' .^niiqa \Iiae nl d-'sw ^Id-i9bom iioa srld- q 
 '-f r r fW aansl a^ II'lnls-r iOvi.;.cv.' 51^ 9i9- r lw 
 
 
 OJtt 
 
 ^'a sis 
 
101 
 
 is not well filled with water, thorough irrigation immedi- 
 ately before or after planting is essential to a proper 
 root development. The part of the plant above ground is al- 
 so definitely affected by the quantity of water applied. 
 As the water applied to the soil increases, the plant be- 
 comes longer. With a lack of water the plant remains short. 
 Not only the stalks but also the proportion of leaves is 
 distinctly affected by the amount of irrigation water applied. 
 
 In a grain crop the value of the straw is small in 
 comparison with that of the seed. Hence as much of the plant 
 as possible should be converted at harvest time into seed. 
 On the other hand when a crop is grown for forage it is de- 
 sirable to secure the largest proportions of leaves. The 
 following extracts from various reports and papers fairly es- 
 tablishes the practices governing these basic principles of 
 plant growth. 
 
 Alfalfa. "Where the winter and spring pre- 
 cipitation is sufficient, or where winter 
 irrigation has been practiced, soils which 
 have good soil moisture retentive power need 
 no irrigation before seeding the first crop, 
 which in most localities generally occurs in 
 the spring months after the d&nger of kill- 
 ing frosts is passed. Porous soils which 
 have little retentive power for soil moisture 
 usually require irrigation before seeding. 
 After seeding the young alfalfa plants should 
 receive no further irrigation until the plants 
 show the need for water or even not until they 
 show signs of suffering for lack of moisture; 
 this is desirable to develop the root system 
 
ilcflw bellil Haw don si 
 
 isqoiq s od- JJal^nSiUS al ?;ni^n'slq iscM:? -10 s^cclaci - 
 -is ai bflJUOT-p, avodB dri-ilq oJd 1 'lo d^i^q sifj? ,rfr:e;,tqoi9V9f) 
 
 .ballqqa iscfsw lo tt'ltxaup srW ^d L'sJoaTia ^lacMnllsb oe 
 -scf cfnalq oild- (S^aBs-ionl lioa . erW c-i bsilqqs lactsw snct aA 
 druaiq ed^ r isc}-BW lo ;-lO3l 2 if.j-iW .lesnol aantoo 
 
 IJ S ^ 
 
 i 'lo Jrtuoms 3iJ -jc! b9cios'i r i.j3 ^I 
 
 
 ai wa'icfa srl* lo 9.c/I?.v arid" qo-io niai^ & nl 
 
 nc 
 
 fiBlq 9fj "io ilojjn: aa eonoH .bssa srlct lo 
 
 .59.33 oo'ni sfi-l-d- uasv: 1 : d..j siisvneo .scf Blwoila siu'laacq as 
 -si) ai it 3g*iol 'io'i nv/oi3 al qo'. r o a nsrfv; 
 adT . ssvn^I lo 3ncJ:T r ioqo r ;q J-s^gisI 3uj 
 as -;i r :i.3l a-';?qsq Lrca c, Jioca-i ajjci r i^v nto .'1 aJ- 
 lo aslc Ior.i f iq oxasc.' oaeiid gnin'iovoa aeoiaO-Jiq 
 
 :-. ,.aiw exit pnorii" . 
 
 913- .'.v -iv. .di-sioiilwa ai nol-isjiqio 
 
 fcisan 'lowoq gsviin^is'i eij^aloct iioa .1x^05 evsii 
 oc r io d-erril o/ii sai^Dss d-iclscf asid.c3iiii on 
 
 T 1 r^\ r* v*r- e*r~r v r> - 'i of - r*/- * 1-1 - " " 
 
 liolrlw alioa sjuoio*i .baaaaq si 1 ;inl 
 
 91 llO3 'lol T9WOq ?V ' "j 11 SV6.CI 
 
 32 -.sd-'iA 
 :.n t->v 
 ;n srlj 
 2 .artgia 
 
102 
 
 downward instead of confining it to the 
 surface, as may occur with too early ir- 
 rigation. The root system can be fur- 
 ther strengthened by cutting the young 
 alfalfa when eight inches high. When the 
 alfalfa has established a well -developed 
 root system thecommon practice on reten- 
 tive soil is to ap ply one irrigation be- 
 fore or after cutting. On gravelly por- 
 ous soils and on shallow soils, two or 
 even tiiree irrigations for each cutting 
 may be necessary.^/ 
 
 Cereals. "The soil should contain suf- 
 ficient moisture at the time of seeding 
 to germinate the seed and to start the 
 plants growing. No irrigation before 
 seeding is required for a retentive soil 
 when winter precipitation is not too 
 small, or when the soil moisture has been 
 supplied by winter irrigation. Irriga- 
 tion before seeding is necessary for a 
 soil which is too dry because of defici- 
 ent winter precipitation or irrigation. 
 Where irrigation before seeding will keep 
 the ground wet too long and delay the 
 seeding, it may be necessary to irrigate 
 immediately after planting. This prac- 
 tice is objectionable for soils that have 
 a tendency to bake; it increases the evapo- 
 ration loss and requires an earlier second 
 irrigation. 
 
 After the plants have germinated, the first 
 irrigation should not be applied until the 
 plants require it, but before the plants be- 
 gin to suffer for moisture, which for a 
 moderately retentive soil will be tv/o or 
 three months after seeding when the plants 
 shade the ground and have grown to a height 
 of six to nine inches. A second irrigation 
 is usually necessary when the heads just 
 begin to form, and a third irrigation is 
 often desirable when the heads are filling 
 out. The practice will vary especially 
 with the character of the soil and the time 
 and extent of precipitation; a good reten- 
 
ei:d- o* J-l gnlnllnoo lc bsetfanx crr ; 
 -itft sd'nso'niad-aie *oorc 9rTi ; '.J :*'& 
 
 iisil< . riT ill B9rlonx Jili9 r; 
 bsqoi'9Vb- 1I9-.7 s 6l3iXda*88- aaii 
 nc soid-os-iq noffimoogiid 
 
 -9d''hc.iJ-*5"". illi WIQ Tu-tq OJ 5 * si i-i ca sv 
 
 - r --oc llav/i^' n'C .^rijocf.uo r i3d"i.e r io 
 : - , aiioa v/cll 
 o ifoBS "rol anc 
 
 -Iwa ni^^rtvO biwoJifi Ilos 0-1T 
 
 Ic srf.icJ 9il--- *.s 3i^sior. 
 
 a oct bna bssa adi'^i .: r i3S o* 
 Biolsd aclJB3.Txi o'/i .gniwcia al 
 
 lioe 5V.tci-ne75 r i : r id Lj-iJr^pai tl 
 
 oo* tfcn 3i nolo l B"lqlo9'iq lo^ni ? nsaw 
 aari s'irJaio::i Hoi srl* nn'vr ^c ,1.1 
 
 iflsimi r i^ 
 
 ' 
 
 lo 9s,u.3osd V-t^ oo:J a * iloMw lioa 
 Jtiii 'io rtcii Iqioaiq 
 Illr ^nibe-32 9*1 clod noliflgx-rrl 9'i9--',V 
 -flleb I>ac aaol oo* Jgw broraig sii* 
 
 o+ ^-laassosn. 9(5 ^an cfl 
 iiT J .'snIdTi--.iq 10*!^ ^leJslbanmti 
 aiioa r iol slcf^ncid-oe'Qo'.o si 90! 
 s's 3nl *1 { 93ffld ocf ^onsbnsd 
 ru 2?tiJJp3-i bar sad nci'i 
 
 -sd aixiBlq srLi sclscf *urf .*! eii 
 
 a ic! ifoirlw t 9i*axom tol is!'.. 
 
 a^rcla slid" nsd'.? ?vxi&99<3 13^13 a.linofti 
 
 B^'od- 
 
 'ivtl fcno39a A .as^oci r xia lo 
 
 *. 3ild 9ii.? ; - TjII^WSiJ 31 
 
 i OT 
 
 --r ' -- : - 
 
103 
 
 tive deep soil with a moderate winter 
 and spring precipitation may require 
 only one late irrigation when the heads 
 just begin to form; a porous soil may 
 require four light irrigations."/^ 
 
 "In a number of irrigation experiments 
 with grain the best results were obtain- 
 ed both in quantity and quality of yield 
 with three irrigations at the jointing, 
 booting and soft dough periods. At the 
 jointing the embryo head is forming, at 
 the booting it is about to emerge and at 
 the soft dough the kernel is f illing. 
 
 "At the Utah Station the growth of wheat 
 was divided into four stages (1) when 
 five leaves had developed and the plants 
 were 6" 8" high (2) the early boot 
 stages when the plants were just swelling 
 preparatory to heading (3) the bloom 
 stage, when most of the plants v/ere in 
 bloom and (4) when the plants were in the 
 dough stage. The experiments were con- 
 ducted on a loam soil. The experiments 
 were conducted on a loam soil. The pre- 
 cipitation averaged 17.8 inches and 37.3 
 bushels per acre wer-e raised without ir- 
 rigation. The highest yield of wheat was 
 produced with three irrigations of five 
 inches each applied at the five leaf, the 
 early boot and the bloom stages. Irriga- 
 tion applied after seeding before the 
 grain was up and that applied after the 
 dough stage, decreased the yield. Where 
 only one irrigation was given the best 
 time to give it was at the five leaf 
 stage; where two irrigations were used 
 the five leaf stage and boot stage were 
 best; where three irrigations, the five 
 
 leaf, boot and bloom stages were best." 
 
 ' 
 
 Potatoes. "Retentive soil except for 
 late planting is usually sufficiently 
 moist from the winter and spring precipi- 
 tation to require no irrigation before 
 

 - 
 
 
 . ,artWrtlot 9^* * a anolcfr a^Tii aid* a 
 
 d-A .a&ol'ie- dw 
 
 '*s ,snl.7.icl a I ossrl o^tftro sd ' 3/1 j 
 d-s bna 9^1 sine od" ctrods 2! *i snl^oocf 
 al isnioii srict rfai/ob 
 
 ilw lo rfctwoi* erW nol^s^a rte^U sri* 
 rtsriw U) W>i -wol oinl bsbivlfc. saw 
 
 q artt bn b?co.^vei ! 
 
 Soocf ^lijao srfo IS) ^S-^i 3-- 
 
 lairt 9^3" ; aJnslfl ad; 
 nicolcr srij- (S) gt iiasi-'O.* i^ o / a ' ia 
 nx d-iaw a-^nslq sri* lo taotn neaw ,s^e^a 
 at *^w.e*n*Jq )* nffW{-*) ftoa nwold 
 
 Rtt^E^ft>^ ^^ '.IlOB ' SIBOl B HO 
 
 -o-ic "adr" ..Iloa m&ol B no 9^cw& 
 6.t*5*f>ni asrlDnJt-.- 8. VI be^isv^ noilBd 
 
 lit *trorf^Jtw beBijri 9--ewWss i-3q al 
 aaif tfaariv? lo blsl^ Iso^lrJ sriT .noj 
 
 evil Ic anblt?giiil sarfiid' rldiw bowbciq 
 arlj ,lsei wrll ^1 ^ b^ilqqs iffl9 8?noi 
 
 -aglTil .333^3 -^ 1 t? " 4 
 
 siict en^ls'J -^JLoaa i9*la b&iiqq* 1 
 
 lad-la beiiqqa iartt bno qi; a 
 
 lalv ' 
 
 o.r- jaw nclj;'3i': 
 
 6V f'l 9:13 is 33W itl C ' ; ^^ 
 
 ~ 
 
 J ,lJ39 
 
 . 2_ 
 
 js ' 
 
104 
 
 seeding. Dry soil must be irrigated be- 
 fore planting. Planting in dry hot soil, 
 followed immediately by irrigation is not 
 desirable. Daring the first stages of 
 growth throughout cultivation is more im- 
 portant than irrigation, and no irrigation 
 may be necessary until July. Too early ir- 
 rigation after planting may compact and 
 bake the soil around the roots. Potato 
 vines are shallow rooted and frequent irri- 
 gations, especially early in the season 
 when the water is cold, will retard the 
 growth; for this reason some irrigators 
 prefer to apply the water at night, when 
 the soil and water have had all day to warm 
 up in the sun. The moisture in the soil 
 should be kept fairly uniform until the tu- 
 bers begin to form, when a heavier irriga- 
 tion is generally required. The soil should 
 not be allowed to harden around the roots. 
 The last irrigation should be applied before 
 the growth of the tuber ceases, in order to 
 give about 1&--2 months for ripening in dry 
 earth. The number of irrigations will vary 
 from two to four for sandy loam and from 
 four to six light irrigations for a porous 
 sandy soil or a shallow soil. The need of 
 irrigation may be indicated by the appear- 
 ance of the plants; dark leaves indicate a 
 lack of moisture, light yellowish green 
 leaves indicate an excess. An examination 
 of the soil where the tubers form is an- 
 other good indication. A sandy soil is in 
 good condition when a ball of earth squeezed 
 in the hand will retain its shape. 
 
 Cotton. "Soils for cotton should be given 
 sufficient moisture for germination before 
 planting. With cultivation no further ir- 
 rigation should be required for six weeks 
 to two months. From two to four light irri- 
 gations are given during the period of plant 
 growth. Too heavy irrigations at this time 
 results in excessive vegetative growth at 
 the expense of crop production. After about 
 July 1st, the crop on most soils will re- 
 

 , r j. OC J j e 
 
 * r 
 
 3T.J. 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 -11 ' . 
 
 : -1 ane 
 3 si LJ- nl ^I-xjse t^i* 
 
 hDt Iliw t biOO;..M **.* 
 
 y: i. - 
 
 IlOB 
 
 -r- r, jr[ 9V^ri 13^B 
 
 Ci &isj*sioK srH .nua .add 1 nl 
 -rid 1 sri* iiiriu .-incline; ^Itisl i^^-i s-cf bl; 
 
 ^ - M 'art 1 i noicJ' 
 
 biWGirS Ij-Oti Sill ,^9'"iWp3'T \. 4-- 
 
 .a*oo^ s* bni/ciB n8 
 
 9-iolecf boiicce ad bloods r.eiJ -L - 
 
 " 
 a 
 
 -,c-i -ri 
 viAv Il^'.v aoi*aslJt lo i3d:f 
 
 on- Ttfiof i,bnaa io'i iifol o*. owd" ffioit 
 awo^oq a io r i ancl*33xiix ^rfgxl xxa od- 
 lo D93JK adT .xioa wcILeria lioe 
 
 ^JSS^JJ^SSTt-hSyTeSiJ 
 
 . . < _ 
 
 nssia dfilwoIII : v ai Jalom ic 
 
 iiafliijujr.s riA .USQOXS B soifini av~ 
 -ns si mol j'-iscf.od- 9dff siSiJ / 
 
 ai Hoe ^hfisa A .ccoi-J coxSruL uc 19J 
 
 1 
 
 n owd od 1 
 
 d-fi 
 
 0: 
 
 e 
 
10'5 
 
 quire irrigations at ten to fifteen days 
 intervals. While some wilting in the 
 early season may not be harmful, at the 
 flowering period moisture should be 
 maintained so that no wilting will occur. 
 One or two irrigations after the first 
 picking are usual . n 
 
 Orchards. Deciduous trees are deep rooted when 
 the soil conditions are favourable; they require less water 
 than other irrigated crops and for that reason the need for 
 irrigation is not so apparent. Citrus trees are not as deep 
 rooted as deciduous trees; they are evergreen and therefore 
 the evaporation from their leaves is continuous and the max- 
 imum moisture need for fruit growth is in the fall; for these 
 reasons citrus trees require more irrigation than deciduous 
 trees. 
 
 Pall and winter irrigation is very advantageous 
 in the maintenance of orchards, where the greater part of 
 the rainfall does not occur in these periods. As a general 
 rule trees must not be irrigated, or very cautiously, when 
 they are in bloom, for such early irrigation is said to in- 
 terfere with the setting of the fruit. 
 
 "Orchard soils should not be allowed to 
 dry out too much for an excessive dry- 
 ness in early or middle summer will in- 
 jure the tree for the whole season. On 
 the other hand, over- irrigation tends to 
 decrease fruit production and delay the 
 ripening . Y& 
 

 i owe? 'io 
 " .ler/a.u SIB gniilolq 
 
 w aaa 3' 
 xol boen-artf 
 
 i ct :; 
 
 o-: 
 
 aq to bs^aai-iii tsrii; 
 oa $ 
 
 ai no 
 
 b-13 awowxiWi:-0 ai aevesl 
 
 noljaioqavs 
 
 -ni oct 
 
 i -'V ax no I" ifi'iti- *r sdrii .<; c*n^3 IIsU 
 
 -.r.r n.'' -1JJ.OG ^OXI 1 2'0b ilBlillBI .3ilj 
 
 v . J W i^.V^ 
 
 ;3.id 9G d'Ofl 'JflSSJTii aSSMC 
 
 9ri* io s ' rf^i'.-r 
 
 >jjjorfs ai. 'otO" 
 
 
106 
 
 The last irrigation is given in the first week of September, 
 so that the new wood may have a chance to mature before any 
 freezing occurs. This late irrigation also has the advan- 
 tage of keeping the leaves somewhat longer on the trees, 
 aiding thereby the formation of the new wood. 
 
 Young trees should not be irrigated .more than 
 once or twice a season. This is essential to the formation 
 of a deep drought resisting root system. Professor Wickson 
 draws the following conclusions: 
 
 "For deciduous fruit trees on deep soils, 
 fairly retentive, ten inches of irrigation 
 water, applied at the proper time, during 
 five months of growth and fruiting, accom- 
 panied by good cultivation, is sufficient, 
 even when the rainfall is only about 
 enough to prevent drying out during the 
 winter. 
 
 For citrus trees twenty inches of irriga- 
 tion water is usually sufficient where the 
 rainfall is considerable and for the more 
 retentive soils, ten inches applied at the 
 right time may be adequate." 
 
 A diversification of the irrigated crops will usu- 
 ally result in an increased duty. The reasonable water re- 
 quirement should not be based on the needs of the crop of 
 maximum water requirement but rather on the average water re- 
 quirement for the entire ares, --the average being of course 
 proportional to the areas which each type of crop occupies. 
 By diversifying his. crops the farmer's need for water will be 
 
Jo aaw d-aill nl nevJig - ' 
 
 
 
 ; o* c- 
 * aal* a0i*-*ii*l **! sMJ? ,?ue? 
 
 - - r-.^ 
 
 .>oow wan ad* lo K - - fl 
 310..1 be*3i'n. scf *on bluoiia aas^* gm/oY 
 aJtJ-aiffxcl ad* c* Icl*rtaaae a I airCP .ncasss B goiw* 10 aono 
 
 .alioa qs-3i> no easid- cJ-li/il airofrbios 
 z: :ii lo aerlonl 
 
 ' . . ' . 
 
 lo 
 
 o-'icrfs en* ^ol brua si'"' 
 arid- *.3 b9ilqq a arise Jt ns* ,sj.ioa 
 
 3jjp3&j8 d 
 
 lilw aqoio be^agliii 9*W xo nclJaoll 
 i 'istfiw sldBKoaae'i sill .^*ufe &*a9-ic 
 lo qo'io Sii* lo ab^sn erfcf no baaad : 
 r j?ctBf srssisvs stW ac 
 
I 
 
 ar 
 
 ^1 
 
 III 
 ": 
 
 iiniinn 
 
'. ; '. 
 , v '- '' : ' 
 
107 
 
 more uniform and constant, instead of the greatest need 
 for water falling within a comparatively short period. 
 The same applies to an entire irrigation project, helping 
 materially in the proper distribution of water by rotation. 
 The greater the diversification of the crop the more uni- 
 form will be the required capacity of the main canal. 
 
 i. x : --T,' if k->tc*-tl-<U 
 
 If a majority of the acreage of any project is 
 planted to one particular crop, say alfalfa, it is impos- 
 sible to serve adequately all of the land in that crop at 
 the time of greatest demand, unless the canal has been de- 
 signed with a large excess capacity for that particular pur- 
 pose. Most of the other crops such as grains, potatoes, 
 corn, beans, cotton, etc., have a lower water requirement 
 and their maximum demands do not extend over as long an in- 
 terval of time as that of alfalfa or are not of the same 
 magnitude. The results from the Cache Valley experiments 
 illustrate this very clearly. (See Figure) In fact some of 
 the crops of low water requirement such as fall planted 
 grains, early potatoes, strawberries, etc., may be cared for 
 entirely before the time of peak load. Other crops of low 
 total water requirement, but which may require water during 
 the peak of the season, are corn, beans, sorghums, etc. Po- 
 tatoes and sugar beets may require as much water as alfalfa 
 
jllttSJ 9 
 
 .ii ailta* flB od- asllqqs irEE 
 
 J *tI6 taoi erf* nl -?IIlid*fli 
 
 lo o'jwsi miol 
 
 lo Us -^Is^ajjpsfcB sviaa oct oldia 
 anso aiirf aislro; '.bnBKSl) rf a ad- 0913 Ho sfiilcr aiW 
 
 aaaoxs 'syisl s xlctlw 
 
 a^ ^o^- aqoio lorid-o srict to ^aoM ,.aoq 
 ^wol a sviiii t.od-f^ ,nodd-oo . a.osscf t rnoo 
 aol s^ lave bnsd-xo Jon o& abruajaei) mwml3tm ilarfJ baa 
 jriJ Ir- J-QU e-se ic B'iisliB lo d-ajd- a^ ami* lo Ifiv-'isJ 
 r io-^xe ; i9ilsV silosQ stfo mpil a.lx/aai 
 Jo^l nl V 3 r i^3^ sea.) .-ci'i-'-alo \-csv a 
 
 I Hal ao rlotia jj 5 .lupai' isctaw woX 'lo aq.o r io 3iict 
 ... . - - - 
 
 s. 
 
108 
 
 during the two months of the peak loads, but on a given 
 farm are not likely to require service at the same time. 
 
 In crop selection and carefully planned crop ro- 
 tation may be found one of the most practical means of re- 
 ducing the peak load of an irrigation system and maintaining 
 a generally high water duty. If this peak can be distributed 
 through the season, it will result in a lower construction 
 cost, and in many economies in operation and maintenance. 
 
jq srj 
 
 . 
 
 brtis nolJ^osUea qcio 
 
 JB me-arja noWaglnii xi^ lo baol ^asq srtt .^ni 
 nso aUsq uirf^ 11 .^Jub is*ow rl^Irl TjIlBiane^ a 
 -isvrel u ni ^Iwaan 11 1W *1 ,noaBS3 add dg 
 
 m nl bru 
 
109 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 YIELD OP VARIOUS CROPS UNDER VARYING 
 AMOUNTS OF IRRIGATION APPLICATIONS 
 
 Under the direction of Dr. Harris of Utah a very 
 complete set of experiments has been conducted to determine 
 the effect of varying quantities of water on the crop yield. 
 The experiments were conducted in Cache Valley, Utah, and 
 extend over a period of some fourteen to seventeen years, 
 hilst of course these results are ^strictly only of practic- 
 al benefit to the area concerned, it nevertheless gives an 
 accurate reflection of conditions under which a maximum of 
 various crops may be obtained. The results obtained are re- 
 produced below, together with results obtained from various 
 other sources. 
 
 Irregularities in yield are often traceable to 
 the fact that the complete series were not run through all 
 the years. It must, therefore, be kept in mind that exact 
 yields cannot be given too much weight. It will be much sa- 
 fer to take the results as a whole rather than any one fig- 
 ure or point on the curves. In the case of the Utah curves 
 the actual average yield for the different irrigations are 
 shown by the dotted lines, while the heavy line represents a 
 medium yield obtained by considering the average of the great- 
 
. jlrfAV "50 CLI2 
 
 j liedU lo ax-naB . ivl lo' ncxdos-rlf) add 1 
 
 3r;x,.:'isd9 od fcatfojjfcfloo rxoocf e.sxi. BctirarclisqKa lo dsa sdslqmoo 
 .M9X7 oio srld no 'isdsw lo asididnawp 3ni^iB'v lo 
 
 i/ol &;noa lo boiisc a . iav 
 fj* 3^^ ad-iwasi 
 
 ns asylg aaalsif^isvsn -t beui&oaoo aaiB siiJ oJ ^ilanscf Is 
 lo mjjtilxjs.-n B rlolrlw xofim/ anoirHLrtoo lo nol*09il9 r i 
 
 -91 yin )9flc^C0 3-U39-'I 3f .>3fi 9Cf 
 
 i-o^l bsuls^dc "aJli/asi ilctlv isiid-dgod 1 .wolstf 
 
 si a'^soB'id- nsd-lc -5^.3 blaxY nx 
 
 iiguoi/a- xxirt don sta'v 20x192 gdelqntoo sd* dsrid /Ofll 
 
 *".'. 
 
 d-iwid bnim rtl dqsx 9d ,9-iol9'i9iid t d;affl 
 a -lou.i ad IlJtw dl .drfgisw rlom:; ood nevig ecf donrtco 
 
 B3 iid al .aavi. - 7 no crnloq 19 
 9llx5 siSd 1 i i- 1 egsieva I^tfd.oa rid 
 
 J7af - 
 
110 
 
 er number of tests to be nearer to the true average than the 
 average of a fewer number and weighing accordingly. A one 
 year test is not given the same weight in arriving at a 
 point for the heavy curve to pass through as a test covering 
 several years. 
 
 The following table shows the average of a total 
 of one hundred seventy-six trials extending through fourteen 
 years. 
 
vnfAv <=tfr:t Piftt OJ I 
 
 -.J 3J-4W V* 
 
 9no A . ' ^OOB ;-. ' uoe i 
 
 d-e sniviiiB 01 .trig; rtsvis ^on e' 
 
 "oo dasJ B afi rl0oiil* 3aaq oct avii'.o '^v^s. . dfij a 
 
 . ' 39^ 1 
 
 jcf B'lo a^jsisvs sd* ewoxla sicfjsj gnlwollol 
 
 Yi rl3woia^ gni&nsd-xs alali* xla-^nsvea I>9ibrLri 
 

Ill 
 
 The Utah results are tabulated in Table XXX 
 and illustrated in Figure XVII. 
 
 Alfalfa (Lucerne J 
 
 Acre inches 
 water 
 
 Number of 
 trials 
 
 Number of 
 years 
 
 Yield in tons 
 per acre 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 14 
 
 r 
 
 ij LW } 
 
 11 
 
 2,655 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 7 
 i 
 
 3,233 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 3.923 
 
 12.5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3,783 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 4,294 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 
 
 -. 
 
 12 
 
 4.165 
 
 22.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4.090 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 , 
 
 4.544 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 4.515 
 
 32.5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4.841 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 : 
 
 4.198 
 
 37.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4.400 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3.740 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4.613 
 
 50 
 
 _ 
 8 
 
 , 
 8 
 
 5.355 
 
 52.5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3.718 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4.691 
 
 65 
 
 -i 
 
 1 
 
 3.399 
 
 67.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4.230 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5.007 
 
 90 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4.520 
 
 97.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3.768 
 

 
 ;.* 
 
 o 
 
 ii 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 01 
 
 o 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 03 
 
 SI 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 2.21 
 
 er 
 02 
 
 CO 
 A 4 
 
 e.vs 
 
 A 
 w * 
 
112 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 ct-Oq 
 
 H- p 
 O 1 
 
 CO 
 
 H-fe! 
 
 hs o 
 
 H- 
 
 Ol 
 
 10 
 
 CO 
 
 -3 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 01 
 
 Ol 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 H- ci-OQ H CD 
 
 o. o i 40 
 
 P W 
 
 Oi 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 H 
 
 00 
 
 to 
 
 1 
 
 H-tJ 
 
 O H- 
 
 ti* CD 
 
 ft) p, 
 
 1 W 
 c+ 
 
 1 
 
 CD 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 CD 
 
 * 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 Ol 
 
 M 
 CO 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 P. 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 ca 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 W 
 
 CO 
 
 Oi 
 
 co 
 
 OJ 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 -3 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 Ol 
 
 co 
 
 M 
 
 CO 
 
 I- 1 
 
 H 
 
 oo 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 -3 
 
 01 
 
 Ol 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 -3 
 
 01 
 
 w 
 
 co 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ro 
 
 Ol 
 H 
 
 Oi 
 
 to 
 
 -3 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 -3 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 > 
 
 to 
 
 H 
 CO 
 H 
 
 w 
 
 to 
 
 Oi 
 
 -H* 1 
 
 
 < 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 "P 
 
 01 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 to 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 k- 1 
 o 
 
 Ol 
 
 CD 
 
 co 
 
 Ol 
 CD 
 
 M 
 
 -3 
 
 Ol 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 Ol 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 ro 
 
 Ol 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 ca 
 
 H 
 CO 
 
 01 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 oo 
 
 -3 
 
 Ol 
 
 rf*. 
 
 to 
 
 co 
 
 H 
 Ol 
 
 01 
 Ol 
 
 O 
 
 Ol 
 
 o> 
 ca 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 
 CD CO 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 -3 
 
 CD 
 CO 
 
 o 
 ro 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 
 ro 
 ro 
 
 Ol 
 00 
 
 * 
 
 co 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 oo 
 
 Ol 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 co 
 JU 
 
 ro 
 -3 
 
 * 
 
 H 
 
 Ol 
 
 ct"*3 P P *O ^ 
 O CD e+ O CD P 
 
 <j CD 
 
 P >^ 
 0*3 <J 
 CD CD 
 
 1 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 -3 
 
 co 
 
 01. 
 
 to 
 
 01 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 to 
 
 H 
 CD 
 
 w 
 
 Ol 
 
 I- 1 
 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 
 ro 
 
 <3 
 
 P *Cfl QJ O O 
 O 0) l Htj O 
 
 >-j 4 o to 
 & CD cH-*C( ch 
 
 O 
 
 P > 
 
 m < 
 
 CD CD 
 
 to 
 CO 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Ol 
 
 co 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 to 
 
 to 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 03 
 
 to 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 ro 
 w 
 
 O CD 
 ^ CD 
 
 Average 
 profit 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 c+ 
 on 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 O* 
 c+ 
 
 P 
 
 C!) 
 
 P 
 ct 
 
 P 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 ca 
 
 P 
 4 
 
 CD 
 
 P 
 
 ca 
 
 O 
 
 S3 
 ca 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 

 
 
 
 
 rO 
 
 OP 
 
 A 
 
 ro 
 
 fi rd 
 
 1 
 
 
 CO 
 
 Crt 
 
 g 
 
 <o 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 H ro 
 a? 
 
 H CO 
 ro 
 
 CO 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 * 
 
 ro 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 ^u 
 
 '^3 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 rO 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 . 
 
 I ~^~ I- 7o~ 
 QJ ^ 
 
 LJ j*j 
 
 r> 
 
 * 
 
 ro 
 
 W 
 
 i 
 t 
 
 Jl") 
 
 ro 
 
 O> 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 C/J 
 
 l 
 l 
 t 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 * i rO 
 
 <0 
 
 >. 
 
 .') 
 
 o> 
 
 CJ 
 
 co 
 
 3 
 
 
 01 1 01 
 
 ro 
 H 
 
 
 O1 
 
 C.'i 
 
 M 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 S 
 
 H 
 
 tO 
 
 3" " w " 
 
 4< 
 
 rO 
 
 <0 
 
 fr 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 i> 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 M r> 
 
 W ro 
 
 fO 
 
 O? 
 
 s 
 
 C- 
 
 Of 
 
 CO' 
 
 d 
 fO 
 
 5 g 
 
 M 
 
 H . CJ 
 
 M c/5 
 
 QJ 
 
 Hi CO 
 
 fO 
 
 CO 
 fO 
 
 -1) 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 01 
 
 tO 
 
 -J 
 
 CO 
 
 ? 
 
 Crt 
 
 * ) 
 
 o ! 
 
 
 -J M 
 
 4 
 
 ro 
 
 i> 
 
 CO 
 
 .co 
 
 CO 
 
 rb 
 
 PI 
 
 M ro 
 ro ro 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 (D 
 
 c^ 
 
 5O 
 
 
 
 rO 
 
 ' 
 
 5 Si r "' 
 
 .13 
 
 <D 
 
 >- 
 
 CO 
 
 Ql 
 
 QJ 
 
 CO 
 
 i> 1 
 ^-t 
 
 M 
 
 a CD 
 
 ft*) co 
 
 L _' i 
 
 5 
 
 CO 
 O 
 
 l"^ 
 
 r/j 
 
 QJ 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 O 
 Crt- 
 
 Crt j 
 
 > PC> Cfl ( 
 
 > O +3 O O C- 
 
 P.? 
 
 QJ 
 
 t- 
 
 m 
 n.> 
 
 C/J 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 W 
 
 03 
 
 t ( J <T> > M i 
 
 <r> ?r* i-i 
 
 , ff> -> M 
 
 r^ <u 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 cs? 
 
 H 
 
 QJ , 
 
 C2 !-X ftj O < 
 
 M 1 1 1 
 
 ' 
 
 5 OT. C" 1 
 
 H rr < o 
 . o i- f co 
 
 ^ * 
 
 "M t- 
 
 1 tj 
 
 r> 
 
 * 
 
 o 
 
 O1 
 
 OS 
 C1 
 
 01 
 fj 
 
 01 
 
 CJ 
 
 c-> i 
 
 ' 
 
 ? j co 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 01 
 
 ^ * 
 
 C1 
 
 o> 
 
 01 
 
 to 
 
 Crt 
 
 K3 
 
 to 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 C.1 
 
 o> 
 
 ro 
 O 
 
113 
 
 In the Modesto Turlock district investigations 
 were conducted during the years 1916, 1917 and 1918. The 
 results are shown in the following Table. 
 
 TABLE XXXII/?3,/ 
 
 Check No. 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 Amount 
 
 Total 
 
 'Amount 
 
 Total 
 
 Amount 'Total 
 
 
 of water 
 applied 
 inches 
 
 yield 
 tons per 
 acre 
 
 of water 
 applied 
 inches 
 
 yield 
 tons per 
 
 acre 
 
 
 of wa- 
 ter ap- 
 plied 
 inches 
 
 yield 
 tons 
 per 
 acre 
 
 1 
 
 50.04 
 
 7.68 
 
 -- 
 
 - 
 
 41.86 
 
 6.64 
 
 2 
 
 56.05 
 
 8.74 
 
 68.44 
 
 6.75 
 
 55.01 
 
 5.06 
 
 5 
 
 22.06 
 
 8.01 
 
 29.42 
 
 6.92 
 
 45.44 
 
 6.17 
 
 4 
 
 17.21 
 
 7.91 
 
 * 
 
 21.59 
 
 6.94 
 
 18.45 
 
 6.41 
 
 5 
 
 25.25 
 
 8.91 
 
 29.75 
 
 6.96 
 
 58.71 
 
 6.58 
 
 / 
 
 22.59 
 
 8.75 
 
 55.12 
 
 7.09 
 
 28.11 
 
 6.75 
 
 7 
 
 29.41 
 
 9.52 
 
 44.42 
 
 7.00 
 
 47.75 
 
 6.45 
 
 8 
 
 28.95 
 
 9.56 
 
 45.64 
 
 7.64 
 
 56.99 
 
 6.65 
 
 9 
 
 26.72 
 
 8.9 
 
 47.77 
 
 4.25 
 
 . . 
 
 41.95 
 
 5.71 
 
 In Oregon--at Corvallis similar experiments were 
 conducted for the purpose "of determining the value of irri- 
 gation for increasing and insuring productiveness of the 
 agricultural lands in the semi-humid Willamette Valley." 
 
f od-aefioM $d$ 
 
 ni nworia 
 
 oiei viex 
 
 .,-oIbi .OH >iO 
 
 1 1 
 
 "too" ~IatfoT| 
 
 ''Ttw&J?~ * m70 ??! 
 
 Moiif ~ ai * ^ c >IexY ( .i 
 
 SiBW lO bi9I : i' "ISJflW iO^ 
 
 ^ j ' C- J3 '"1 9 cf 
 
 bs ii'^cjB 1 1 ?c Quoct bsilqcjB 
 
 xc ! e-io.a' 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1.1 1 
 
 
 __ - T 
 
 T " T " 
 
 1 
 
 
 5.6 ' 36.1 ' 
 
 85. V O.OS 
 
 r t 
 
 i i 
 
 eo.s ev.e 
 
 .jo- ' n"<- ^ i rTi"" ! Q 
 i 
 
 vi. D ' *.c ' se.c 
 
 1 ! 
 
 2-^.K' 10.: dO.22 ' S 
 , i 
 
 rjL a I g&.SI ! ^9.0 ' 
 
 63. IS ' I6.V IS. VI ' 
 
 
 
 ! 1 
 
 ae.e v.ss ! se.a 
 
 3V. 62 52. e,2. 
 
 3V . 5 &0 . 
 
 i ? 
 
 2i.se. ' c;v.s se.s-> 
 
 i 
 
 o>.3 ' 6V.V>> ' 00. V ' 
 
 t ' 
 
 . i i 
 
 so. a | ee.ee ^a.v ; 
 
 o.e^ ' ae.e se.ss j a 
 
 IV. S ' 56. I* 53. 
 
 vv.v^ ' e.e ' 2v. 32 : e 
 i i < 
 
 cvioO d-B--noBSi'- r:I 
 ^o' 1 e srftf icl bsoo.obnoo 
 
 aricf lo caorrsviJoi-'bo'io >^ni r ix'2nl bn? gr^EBsioni 'to'l nolctiig 
 *.TrrreV ft;'- : ' J ' sr'J -x' ibnnl 
 
114 
 
 The following Table shows the results on Alfalfa 
 
 TABLE XXXIII //// 
 
 
 Year and Treatment 
 
 Total 
 yield 
 in tons 
 per 
 acre 
 
 A. 
 
 Value of harrowing and irrigating for 
 
 
 B. 
 
 new seeding 
 1911 (seeded 1909 without irrigation) 
 1911 (seeded 1909 with irrigation harrowed) 
 1911 (seeded 1909 with irrigation unharrowed) 
 1912 (seeded 1909 without irrigation) 
 1912 (seeded 1909 with irrigation harrowed) 
 1912 (seeded 1909 with irrigation unharrowed) 
 
 Irrigation before and after cutting 
 
 2.17 
 4.16 
 4.08 
 4.00 
 5.42 
 4.10 
 
 G. 
 
 1911 6" before cutting 
 1911 6" after cutting 
 1912 2 irrigations of 5" before cutting 
 1912 2 irrigations of 5" after cutting 
 
 Furrows versus flooding 
 
 4.41 
 4.59 
 10.37 
 10.30 
 
 D. 
 
 1912 one 5" irrigation with furrows 
 1912 one 5" irrigation with furrows 
 
 Amount of irrigation 
 
 6.37 
 5.17 
 
 
 1911 2 irrigations of 4", total 8" 
 1911 3 irrigations of 4", total 12" 
 1912 2 irrigations of 4", total 8" 
 1912 2 irrigations of 6", total 12" 
 
 1915 (seeded 1909 without irrigation) 
 1913 1 irrigation of 4", total 4" 
 1913 1 irrigation of 6", total 6" 
 1913 2 irrigations of 4", total 8" 
 
 4.51 
 5.22 
 6.70 
 7.75 
 
 2.15 
 3.80 
 4.22 
 4.22 
 
 Alfalfa was weighed as green feed in 1912 and as cured hay 
 in 1911 and 1913. 
 
-. r .cr m'i 
 
 ' 
 
 nJ: 1 
 t 
 
 __a 
 
 OS. 01 ' 
 
 
 
 liJ - . -S-3Li 7 .? '* 
 
 it 
 
 r o ' i inoJtissJtTii Jwjia-Jtv QO^l bs&ssa; 1181 
 
 rot-jt Tliii utlw kOUl nsfises; life! 
 
 i'f ', oWsil-iil ciJiv; eO'21 ^slbose) 1161 
 
 ' , ^ oidJ8^i?i *uc-rttl ^061 osJb^ea) SI81 
 
 ' . ! 
 
 I*.* 
 
 95 * Id 
 
 3iv*l 2 
 
 3 ' "awo'iiwl il^iv; no 
 
 rid 1* noJtfasM^ "5 eno 2JI. 
 
 "^ lo sfiottu-'itiJt 2 J 
 
 S'f . si IQJ* -'^ lo BfioWiglTil "W 
 
 SJ'^ i '8 I^Jdoi , ;i ^ lo snciri^gl^ti 2 SIS! 
 
 t Is^od- t "0 lo anoWasliti 2 2161 
 
 lK>.T33.JT*-t d 
 
 ' ; . "^"lad'j*: t 11 * 
 
 ' 
 
 ; "8 Isdo^ t rt ^ r io a.'.. .Mil 2 S 
 
 
 
 a* Bs.i-j.fsv/ asw a 
 
 .S13I bns 1181 nl 
 
115 
 
 The experiments conducted at Idaho during 1910 
 1914 give the following summarized results. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 'Class of 
 
 'soil 
 i i 
 
 Average depth 
 of water ap- 
 plied in feet 
 
 Average yield 
 in tons per 
 acre 
 
 i 
 
 'Clay loam 
 
 'areas 
 
 i 
 
 'Areas making 
 'maximum 
 'yield in eact 
 'experiment 
 
 I 
 2 . 40 
 
 
 
 ." 
 
 2.73 
 i 
 
 4.91 
 5.47 
 
 An examination of the results for alfalfa shows 
 that this crop can profitably use much larger quantities of 
 water than most other crops grown under irrigation. There 
 is a decline in yield after a certain maximum amount of wa- 
 ter is applied, but the decline is slow. Alfalfa is seen to 
 
 i- 
 
 be much less sensitive to over irrigation than potatoes and 
 cereals. The Utah results show a maximum yield with fifty 
 acre inches, although twenty- five inches gave very nearly 
 the same amount i. e. a saving of fifty percent of water 
 gave only a 15.2 percent decrease in crop yield. 
 
 In the case of the Davis experiments at the end of 
 the six year experimental period, the stand on the areas 
 given the heaviest irrigations was only 27 percent of the 
 original stand, the excess use having enabled grass to come 
 

 0161 sniiwb oiifibl *fl 
 
 e 
 
 J ftnod ni' -qs <SD*SVI lp f liosj 
 
 1 
 
 18.* 0.2 
 
 i 
 
 ; I 
 
 I 
 
 ' u r 39 Kl biSi'^' ( 
 
 i . VA a - ' sv . S *jaaail*i*qxe 
 
 ! I ' 
 
 lf ^ ad-lwse-i 9i. : lc no 
 
 lo 
 
 rtsrf* 
 
 -3W Ic *rtr;cina munilXBfit nxsjtso n 19*1^ blsJtY cl enllo^fa- a si 
 * nssa al BllBll. .woJla si sniloab 5>r< *w<J ..ballqaa ai 
 
 s.90*s-ro&. nsr:^ acl.-rorsl'iii n-svc cJ sviJlanse aa^i dofffii ec' 
 
 lo *n90 r i;?q ^*'lilL "io gr.iv^s s .9 . j. 
 
 .blsi 1 " qoio nl ssBgioafc dnsoisq S.SI vino 
 
 asy-iB axi* no ins* a ail* ,.boiisq Is*npmiioc-xe ir.s^ xia arfo 
 s r{7 -'TLgq V2 "^ino SBV? aaoi^s^i'^'xi jaoivsaxf and' n9vi 
 
 sax; aa6o:;o 9il* bfLS*a 
 
116 
 
 into the alfalfa. The best stands at the end v/ere areas 
 given thirty to thirty- six inches of water, --which is un- 
 doubtedly the most desirable quantity for the irrigation 
 of alfalfa under general Sacramento Valley and San Joaquin 
 Valley conditions. 
 
 In 1918 the best yield at Modesto was with a to- 
 tal depth of 28.11 inches. 
 
 In Oregon Professor Powers conies to the follow- 
 ing conclusion, "The maximum yield of alfalfa in all trials 
 has been secured in the dry seasons with ten or twelve in- 
 ches of water, but in wet seasons with six inches of water. 
 The most economical increase in yield with irrigation has 
 been secured with four to six inches of water." 
 
 Potatoes. Table XXXV and Figure XVIII show the 
 Utah results for this crop. Although considerable variation 
 is noted in the trials during the different years (the ex- 
 periments extended through fourteen years and the Table shows 
 the average of two hundred sixteen trials), the general ten- 
 dencies are distinct. The most favourable amount of water for 
 potatoes seems to be between thirty and forty inches. For 
 applications above sixty inches the yield drops very rapidly. 
 This is probably due in part to the fact that excessive water 
 prevents the tubers from securing the supply of air needed 
 for optimum growth. 
 
a.-.: 
 
 al ox-aV-- t i9d-J3-7 lo &9doni xla- J otf :viq 
 
 nc/ ' craom srIJ- 
 
 oL XLO fens ^II^V odrtsrr, Bile. 
 
 .. ' 3l 
 
 a rttlw' a6v/ od-ae.bo,,l d-s blsiij cfaacf odd- SI 
 
 .39.iionl II. 8S lo dd-qsb 
 f ^ cwf aemoo siawoi toaesloT-I n:" 
 
 lalij ll ni-*'ilj3ii.3 lo >isiY niwr.ixBnt 9dT M ,, ! orxoo gni 
 -nl 9 r /l9i-?J- rep nad- xl^iw snots.a9a ^b aii^ nl >9i^oa ctsecJ . 
 '!d-fiw lo as^orl xid rfd-iiT anoaaea J-gw nl d'jycf ttod-flw lo L 
 asd ricld-JB^i'iii rfdl.v blai^ nJ s^es'-ionl iaoirrionoos . 
 
 ".-jsd'aw lo aarioni xls od- ixrol riai-sr 01. 
 9xiJ^ 'Toria IIIVX 9'ijjni r i bxue VX>-JC alcIoT 
 iJ-sx^ay si fJaie bianco fin-fJcildlA .q<yio alrJ-t 
 
 -21/50^ d-rroi3'ilJ-> aad 1 ^rslij/ft aljBxid- arid- nl . el 
 
 da aidrt-T 9-fd- 5nu ai.^s^ nascHx'ol .ri^oi^d- osbne 
 
 -J! acid- tislsiid 1 nssd-xla ba'i^ri^ri ow. 
 lo 0-ruj-o.Tts elcfjeiwcvsl d-aorn srfi 1 . . . :. r is a: 
 
 b LlexY -' 
 
 .-scf:.;d- a; 
 
mmmmmmm 
 
 
 mmmmmm 
 mr.nmmmm 
 
 vzmmmmm 
 
 mmmmmmm 
 
 B 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 var/ot/s 
 
-V 
 
117 
 
 TABLE XXXV faj 
 
 Acre inches 
 applied 
 
 'No. of 
 'trials 
 
 No. of 
 years 
 
 'Yield in bushels 
 per acre 
 
 None 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 117.37 
 
 2.5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 157.19 
 
 5.0 -- J 
 
 . . 
 
 39 
 
 14 
 
 162.23 
 
 7.5 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 165.38 
 
 10 
 12.5 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 r W I 
 
 4 
 
 217.24 
 284 . 87 
 
 15 
 
 39 
 
 14 
 
 228.62 
 
 17.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 293.75 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 266.53 
 
 22.5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 321.18 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 204.02 
 
 27.5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 345.50 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 269.92 * 
 
 52.5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 377.59 
 
 40 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 . 2 
 
 341.44 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 271.39 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 83.45 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 240.00 
 
 60 
 
 fi ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 304 . 00 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 246.00 
 
 67.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 245.00 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 149.00 
 
 82.5 
 97.5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 149.00 
 85.00 
 
9 
 
 SI 
 
 ee.ivs s 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 OS 
 
 G.V 
 
 
 01 
 
 t 1 
 
 3 . 21 
 
 95 ' '. 
 
 ! 
 
 ol 
 
 1 ' ! 
 
 c.?I 
 
 SI 
 
 02 
 
 t ' 
 i r> I 
 i t 
 
 5.22 
 
 i i 
 
 32 
 
 i y I 
 
 
 i r 
 
 
 03 
 
110 
 
 The Oregon results are as follows: 
 TABLE XXXVI/'// 
 
 
 Year and Treatment 
 
 Yield in 
 bushels 
 per acre 
 
 1911--a 
 
 dry season 
 
 
 
 Dry 
 
 
 
 135.1 
 
 3 irr 
 
 igations of 
 
 1" * \ 
 
 250.9 
 
 1 
 
 ii it 
 
 3" 
 
 176.4 
 
 2 
 
 ti ti 
 
 2|f" 
 
 240.7 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 n ii 
 
 5" 
 
 190.9 
 
 5 
 
 ti ti 
 
 2 " 
 
 254.9 
 
 2 
 
 it n 
 
 3" 
 
 258.1 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 3" 
 
 308.5 
 
 3 
 
 n n 
 
 3" 
 
 292.5 
 
 1913--wet season 
 
 
 Dry 
 
 
 
 109.8 
 
 1 Irrigation of 2 
 
 n 
 
 172.2 
 
 1 
 
 ii n 5 
 
 ii 
 
 213.3 
 
 2 
 
 n n 2 
 
 n 
 
 145.2 
 
 The average results with potatoes at Gooding, 
 Idaho, for the four years, 1910--1914 are in Table XXXVII 
 
39 
 
 Hi fclelY 1 d"n 
 i 
 
 i.sex ' 
 
 srnosai'J? 
 
 briw issY 
 
 a 
 
 5P J8--1ISI 
 
 
 ^u 
 
 8.052 ' 
 
 "I 1 
 
 o.aaoWaaJt'rtl 5- 
 
 ^ r | 
 
 it V '' 
 
 i 
 
 7.0i>9 ' 
 i 
 
 "Is " 
 
 11 
 
 o 
 
 "5 " 
 
 it 
 
 e.^cs ' 
 
 1 
 
 11 o " 
 
 S 
 
 as ' 
 
 "S 
 
 2 
 
 5. 60S 
 
 "S ' 
 
 ii o 
 
 3.2G2 
 
 "S 
 
 . 3 
 
 i 
 ' 3.QOI ' 
 
 
 ,a03J833 J-9W _5I_^I. 
 
 
 n on ; ' 
 
 M 
 
 >o rvn ? -f nvi Nw ^ 
 
 . ;is S 
 
 
 t! i- i! 
 
 !( 2 
 
 9'i* 
 
119 
 
 TABLE XXXVI I //J 
 
 1 
 
 No. of irriga- 
 tions 
 
 r 
 
 Total water 
 applied in 
 feet 
 
 Yield tons 
 per acre 
 
 2 1 
 
 .69 - 
 
 3.2 
 
 4 
 
 1.72 
 
 6.75 
 
 6 
 
 2.85 
 
 6.7 
 
 In Oregon the maximum yield for the wet season 
 was with three inches of water, while in the dry season it 
 was with six inches of water. The most economical yield of 
 potatoes obtained in the course of the experiments was se- 
 cured with the aid of three one inch irrigations, applied 
 ten days apart, giving a yield of 58.6 bushels per acre 
 inch . 
 
 In Idaho, the conclusion was reached that it 
 would not be advisable or profitable to apply more than two 
 to two and one-half acre feet per acre on clay loam soils. 
 
 Cereals. Experiments at Utah on corn were conduct- 
 ed through a period of seventeen years with the following re- 
 sults, given in Table XXXVIII and Figure XIX. 
 

 laiBfi l^'JcT 1 -B'^iTix lo . oM* 
 
 
 aiioici' 
 
 
 . t 
 
 t 
 
 "J "C j 
 
 s.e 
 
 -=Y 
 93. ' S 
 
 ! ' 
 
 57 . S 
 
 2V. i 
 
 1 
 
 
 ! v,o 
 
 t 
 
 58.2 .3 | 
 
 noassa *9ff ' ofiUt tci bi9i-\ r ftiumlxjim ad* 'ttojasiO nl 
 
 noaaaa ^i& edi al sii-.w t -i9^ew' lo es^Dfti 99-tu* fWi.T saw 
 fc'slY iBolaionoos cfaom onT .rcsd-cw v io- asrioni xie fit iff aaw 
 sijistixs o.-'i lo Scisi/oo 9iJ nl benia^do 
 MB . ; j.fQ^- ae'i -* lo bi QiiJ 
 
 iU---' 
 
 3i9flai/d 6.3S io blsl^ 
 
 -sa aew 
 
 .rloni 
 
 acls.nlonoo sxii ,OrlBbI ftl 
 
 si^w moo no 
 
 d-nasiiisq>:H 
 lo >oJt 
 
 be 
 
 ?io 
 
120 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Acre 
 
 inches 
 applied 
 
 f No . of 
 trials 
 
 ft'o . of 
 years 
 
 'Yield in bu- 
 shels per 
 acre 
 
 Hone 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 57.33 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 61.39 
 
 7.5 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 79.14 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 77.23 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 93.93 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 81.80 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 99.16 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 81.49 
 
 40 
 
 , 9 
 
 9 
 
 65.30 
 
 55 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 ' 
 
 96.78 
 
 On the San Joaquin and King's River Canal system 
 the follov/ing results were obtained. 
 
 TABLE XXXIX 
 
 fear 
 
 ' Depth 
 plied 
 
 of water ap- 
 in feet J 
 
 1907 
 
 
 2.13 
 
 '1908 
 
 
 1.65 
 
 1911 
 
 
 1.38 
 
 Aver 
 
 age 
 
 1.72 
 

 V3 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 GS. 
 
 16 ' 
 
 i 
 
 SI 
 
 SI | 
 
 *I. 
 
 ,ev ' 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 S2. 
 
 ,vv ' 
 
 VI 
 
 VI | 
 
 se 
 
 .5* ; 
 
 g 
 
 O 
 
 08 
 
 .18 ' 
 
 VI | 
 
 V X 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 .69 ' 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 i 
 
 l 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 .16 
 
 VI ' 
 
 VI ' 
 
 OS 
 
 .56 ' 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8V 
 
 .36 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 JBO 
 
 a^n 
 
 bna 
 
 .b^ila fdo 6Tew 
 
 
 i 
 
X -40 -48 $6 6+ 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 *mm 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 :i 
 
 
 *+ ** ft '* 
 
: jv ; 
 
 ; ''"''' 
 
121 
 
 The Utah results on wheat, extending through a 
 period of thirteen years are given in Table XL and Figure 
 XX. 
 
 Acre 
 inches 
 applied 
 
 No. of 
 trials 
 
 r 
 
 'Ho. of 
 years 
 
 i 
 Yield per acre 
 
 
 
 
 Grain 'Straw 
 bushels' pounds 
 
 None 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 "i 
 
 38.37' 3982 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 13 
 
 38.23 ' 3540 
 i 
 
 7.5 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 41.54' 3301 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 38 
 
 13 
 
 42.90' 4142 
 i 
 
 15 
 
 34 
 
 13 
 
 47.10 '-4796 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 4 -J 
 
 - 4 
 
 45.70 ' 5940 
 i 
 
 22.5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 , ', 
 
 44.60 ' 6757 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 46.46 ' 4311 
 t i 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 48.55' 4755 
 i 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 45.80 ' 6250 
 i 
 
 50 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 49.38 ' 5332 
 t 
 
 67.5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 43.50 ' 5794 
 i 
 
boxieq 
 
 .XX. 
 
 '*3,I* ' 
 i 
 
 l OS.2i> ' 
 i i 
 
 
 N ' 
 
 Si 
 
 51 
 ? r 
 
 
 e 
 
 Si 
 8S 
 
 SI 
 
 si 
 
 51 
 02 
 
 Srk *T 
 Oi .i 
 
122 
 
 The experiments at Gooding, Idaho, gave the follow- 
 ing results. 
 
 TABLE XLI 
 
 No. of ir- 
 rigations 
 
 Total water 
 absorbed per 
 acre foot 
 per acre 
 
 Yield of 
 grain 
 bushels 
 per acre 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 13.3 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 .36 
 
 23.3 
 
 3 
 
 .75 
 
 28.7 
 
 4 
 
 1.23 
 
 31.8 
 
 6 
 
 1.76 
 
 33.1 
 
 8 
 
 2.27 
 
 36.0 
 
 9 
 
 2.94 
 
 27.5 
 t 
 
 Results on wheat experiments at Davis, California, 
 during 1912-1914 gave the following: 
 
r 
 
 . Jl ! !!. 
 
 i 
 
 - r _ 
 
 
 
 '"- - Pi 
 
 - i * 
 
 '"Isd'BW XjSd'oS -TEX 'lO .O*I 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 7. w . ~, ^ 
 
 ceq Sacfioa-cfB 1 ' anoWagii 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 
 3. [9 
 
 i* 1 
 
 d-ool sio.3 1 
 
 
 t 
 f 
 
 
 __ - 
 
 ^iO^JS^ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 s. 
 
 ^ r i 
 
 v>i- 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 
 s. 
 
 (52 ! 
 
 as. i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 S2 
 
 : 
 
 uV . 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 v c> r ' ' k 
 Oi J. 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 So ' 
 
 8T.i . a 
 
 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 ee 
 
 vs.s s 
 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 V2 ; 
 
 ^\i' . 2 ' S 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 * r .-r c , alvBu d-s a^ne;iti'X3UX6 .issiiw no 
 
123 
 
 TABLE XLII 
 
 No. of ir- 
 rigations 
 
 Depth ap- 
 plied 
 
 Yield ir 
 ger a 
 
 L pounds 
 ere 
 
 1 
 
 inches 
 
 Hay 
 
 Grain 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 2703 
 
 657 
 
 1 
 
 6.0 
 t 
 
 4267 
 
 1157 
 
 2 
 
 10.1 
 
 
 
 6100 
 
 1529 
 
 2 
 
 15.5 
 
 5050 
 
 1029 
 
 Typical practice is represented by Table XLIII 
 which shows the net duty on grain in the San Joaquin Valley 
 
 TABLE XLIII 
 
 Year 'Depth 
 
 applied ft. 
 
 i 
 
 
 1907 ' 
 
 .74 
 
 i 
 
 
 1908 ' 
 
 .84 
 
 i 
 
 
 1911 ' 
 
 .96 
 
 i 
 
 
 1915 ' 
 
 1.11 
 
 i 
 
 
 Average 
 
 .91 ft 
 
 At Utah, oats gave the following results for a 
 period of six years- -Table XLIV and Figure XXI. 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 OB" 
 
 JbJ-alY -q -ioc.9u. -TJ 
 
 lo .oM 
 
 t 
 
 riJ 
 
 1 asiioni 1 
 
 ~~~i 
 
 ! "~ 
 
 
 i i 
 
 1 
 
 ?5o 
 
 oOVS ' ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 I ! 
 
 
 ! 
 
 van ' 
 
 r-t rvO K I 
 
 \ oaJ/ u o 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 S23I ' 
 
 0015 1. 01 ' 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ; J 
 
 
 ' 
 
 201 ' 
 
 3.31 ' 
 
 2 
 
 9ic : s r i vci bodnaas-i^s-j: a 
 
 r .il bBsL...^ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 - - 
 
 " T~ ~~l 
 
 Y. 
 
 VOb'.I ' 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ^8. 
 
 1 8061 ' 
 
 t 
 
 ' ' 
 
 i ^Q 
 
 1 nei ! 
 
 1 
 
 i i 
 
 1 1.1 
 
 1 <SlSl ' 
 
 i 
 
 j-l IS . 03B1-3VA 
 
 z ic'l j^Iwas,''! 'ir;J:vToIlo j. Si-'J ovs^ ac 
 
 ^.^sx brt^ 
 
 VIJX slds ; r--ai^9 xia lo 
 
124 
 
 TABLE 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 r~ 
 
 Acre 
 
 No. of 
 
 i 
 
 No. of 
 
 . - 
 
 Yield per acre 
 
 inches 
 
 trials 
 
 i 
 
 years 
 
 
 applied 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Grain in 
 
 Straw in 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 bushels 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 None 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 50.57 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 5 
 
 . 21 
 
 i 
 
 6 ,. 
 
 57.51 
 
 2077 
 
 B 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ' J 
 
 
 10 r 
 
 18 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 60,18 
 
 2107 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 72.82 
 
 2563 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 t 
 
 6 
 
 74.40 
 
 2725 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 C! 3 
 
 \ 
 
 3 
 
 79.90 
 
 2774 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 76.68 
 
 3149 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 On the whole it will be seen th- t the yield of 
 cereals is not nearly so much affected by irrigation as is 
 the case with potatoes and alfalfa. In the case of the 
 Utah experiments on wheat, for instance, fifteen inches of 
 water gave almost as high a yield as any treatment and yet 
 the yield kept up fairly well with the very heavy irriga- 
 tions. It will be noted that where no irrigation water was 
 applied the yield of wheat were fairly satisfactory. There- 
 fore, in practice, it is doubtful whether more than fifteen 
 inches of water would pay for the extra yield obtained. 
 
 Oats is a plant which is more sensitive to mois- 
 ture than wheat. In the Utah results, there is a gradual 
 
VL1X -JL1 
 
 : r~ 
 
 ~r~ 
 
 1c old ' lo .otf ' 9ioA 
 
 ---' 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 - :,i i i i ~T*i 
 
 i r "i3xlqCB 
 
 al vrs-ictc. nx rtxfli-^ 
 
 1 
 
 8V'8X ' V5.05 ' 
 i i 
 
 3 onoVI 
 
 j t 
 
 IS. 75 
 
 i i 
 
 5 xS ^' 
 t i 
 
 VOX 2 8X40 B 
 
 3 ' 31 01 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^PQ ' QO QV ' 
 
 O G i* _A O -* 1 
 
 \ \ 
 
 3 81 ' 31 
 
 r I 
 
 32VS Oi.^V 
 
 S ' 02 
 
 ! I 
 
 \ rtr>o ' OP ^V 
 
 -^| ^ ^i W ^* w 1 
 
 S ' 5 ' OS 
 
 : i 
 
 
 QMS O.^V 
 
 3 Si- 
 
 i 
 
 . -- j _._ . 
 
 clef ttssa 3d II lw J'i slou'v 9,tl nO 
 [ x,9Cf03ii^ :Ioum ca ui^an cTcn al SXBSISO 
 
 lo saso sitf nl .liflllJ3 Dai: aso^-sctpq ittiw 9a.eo 
 1c ac^onx r.-srfin.soneiaiil loi. .*^sijw rto s-taeinliscxe 
 *ns:s*B9i* vn.^ as >ielT a ^^ 2^ Jaoinla svs 3 
 
 : w -x*aw .10 Id- 33111! Qn 9-ia.oAV cfBd* becton ad. XIIw cH 
 
 ' 9ii^ 
 
 bial 1 ? BI^XD 9*tt_ Wi ^aq biuow is 
 
125 
 
 increase in the yield with an increase in water up to 
 thirty inches, above which the yield decreases slightly. 
 The yields were not greatly different for quantities of wa- 
 ter between fifteen and forty- five acre inches. 
 
 The results on corn show the highest yield with 
 twenty-five inches of water, although yields are almost the 
 same for all quantities of water between fifteen and thirty 
 inches. While the yields were somewhat reduced by exces- 
 sively large irrigation applications, this w-.s not nearly 
 so much the case as with potatoes. 
 
 Citrus Fruits. In the State Engineers Report 
 (California) for 1912- -1914, the following data of the net 
 duty on citrus fruits to Southern California are given. 
 
'9*sw til 33^9'ioni rta ridiv; b.,3i^ 3ild~ at 
 
 .^1 .-Mail a BsajBaiosb D-isl^ 3i# rfoirfw avcdr. t asr:or;i 
 -aw lo asl^ld-iwwp tol 
 
 9V 11 -\cHol bxifi 99J'i.c'i 
 rfcf iw blelY -ta^risin tW -'foii^ ntoo no siluao-: 9xiT 
 arl* J-^oiniB SIB a&lai-z r^-jil JI c , r i3*-'w lo 29::oni av ^ 
 
 ^liif* bua nosoili rwewd-su' -13* - *c- aaWi^iiaup ii.-i -101 onaa 
 
 n arv 2^^ ,a 
 
 as saso 3iIJ iloum oa 
 
 r ic fl 
 
 i3 9*10 sirrro-iJLBU n-i^i^waJ ataiiwTl a-ui^ic no 
 
TABLE XLV 
 
 126 
 
 Location and Source of Supply 
 
 i 
 
 1 Year 
 i . J 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Acreage 
 
 Depth 
 of wa- 
 ter 
 applied 
 feet 
 
 Gage Canal and Riverside 
 Water Companies 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 '1899-1905 
 i 
 
 80,667 
 
 2.25 
 
 Riverside Water Company 
 
 '1901-1908 
 i 
 
 9,000 
 
 2.29 
 
 Riverside Water Company 
 
 '1912 
 i 
 
 31.5 
 
 4.10 
 
 Riverside Water Company 
 
 '1912 
 i 
 
 19 
 
 2.58 
 
 Santa Ana Valley Canal 
 
 '1912 
 
 20 
 
 1.79 
 
 Santa Ana Valley Canal 
 
 |1912 
 
 18.4 
 
 1.52 
 
 Del Monte Irrigation Company 
 
 '1906 
 i 
 
 2,000 
 
 .73 
 
 Del Monte Irrigation Company 
 
 '1907 : 
 i 
 
 2,000 
 
 1.10 
 
 Del Monte Irrigation Company 
 
 '1908 
 i 
 
 2,000 
 
 - 
 
 .73 
 
 Del Monte Irrigation Company 
 
 '1909 
 i 
 
 2,000 
 
 ; ,.73 
 
 Palomares Irrigation Company 
 
 '1906 
 
 i 
 
 600 
 
 .71 
 
 Palomares Irrigation Company 
 
 '1907 
 i 
 
 600 
 
 .83 
 
 Palomares Irrigation Company 
 
 '1908 
 t 
 
 600 
 
 .83 
 
 Palomares Irrigation Company 
 
 '1909 ! ^ 
 i 
 
 600 
 
 . 
 
 .83 
 

 
 .1 rj-OX *' 
 
 vlCtqj/ci lo ao'iwoJi bos nol^eooJ 
 
 -BTST lo 
 
 t ' 
 
 
 ball 
 
 4 
 
 1 ' 
 1 1 
 
 
 .- 
 
 ~ f 1 
 
 i : 
 
 eJilsiavlrt bns IBOSO S 3 B3 
 
 3S.2 
 
 v.oe.os' soux-^si' 
 
 1 i 
 
 aalxwqmoG ia*aW 
 
 es.2 
 
 ooo t e 'soei- 
 
 Yn':cinoO isJeM sbisisviH 
 
 01. 
 
 3.15' ' 2JWI 1 
 
 TCnaqpioO i^^ifc' sbiai.vLi 
 
 85.2 
 
 91 21iil ' 
 i 
 
 vitsctiitoO i^d'JjW s&isisvi)"! 
 
 ev.i 
 
 02 ' sjyi 1 
 i 
 
 I anaO ^ailjaV crtfi &$a& 
 
 23.1 
 5V. 
 
 ^.81 ' -iei* 
 
 000,2 | 3061 | 
 
 laaaO -^sllBV cnA uctnafi 
 ^nsqmoO noi*3^1iil sinoM IsQ 
 
 01.1 
 5V. 
 
 1 000,2 ' VO^'I' 
 i 
 
 ' 000,2 ] 3091 1 
 
 -^naqmoO nolJs^.tTil a^noM IsQ 
 YrtsqruoO ncivt^nliil SocioM -IsQ 
 
 SV. 
 
 000.2 eoai' ' 
 
 t 
 
 ^oaqmoO aol^.saiiil 9-tnoM lad 
 
 IV. 
 
 i 
 
 - >~\ r - r\ '. .' r * 
 
 OOo cuwx 
 
 YT-O'ttoO HOlJSS^' 1 -'- BS'IB'TtOlflu 
 
 58. 
 
 006 VOt'l 1 
 
 , i 
 
 VjOi-jqmoO noittsgl'-rij. -io*X3ntol3i 
 
 '58. 
 
 ' 008 S06I' 
 i i 
 
 
 50 . 
 
 OOS ' GO'GI 5 
 > i 
 
 ^nBuMoC nol-tjs^lTiI esianiol*? 
 
127 
 
 Deciduous Orchards and Vineyards 
 TABLE XLVI 
 
 Location and source of 
 supply 
 
 Year 
 
 Acreage 
 
 'Depth 
 applied 
 feet 
 
 r Remarks 
 
 Sierra Foothills 
 
 
 
 
 
 South Yuba Water Co. 
 
 1909 
 
 6,900 
 
 2.62 
 
 
 Bear River Canal 
 
 1909 
 
 5,000 
 
 2.62 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Sacramento JValley 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Palermo Land & 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Water Co. 
 
 1912 
 
 33 
 
 .75 
 
 'Prunes 
 
 Palermo Land & 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Water Co. 
 
 1912 
 
 10.5 
 
 1.64 
 
 'Olives 
 
 Palermo Land & 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 Water Co. 
 
 1912 
 
 10 
 
 .80 
 
 'Olives and 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 'Peaches 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Yolo Water & Power Co.'l913 
 
 14.2 
 
 2.29 
 
 'Prunes 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Orland Project '1914 
 
 14.2 
 
 .25 
 
 'Young Almonds 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 San Joaquin Valley 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Turlock Canal '1909 
 
 37.8 
 
 .38 
 
 'One irrigation 
 
 Pumping plants at 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 L.adera '1910 
 
 222 
 
 .86 
 
 'No irrigation 
 
 Fresno Canal '1910 
 
 160 
 
 .49 
 
 *0ne irrigation 
 
 San Joaquin & Kings '1906 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 River Canal '--07 
 
 104 
 
 2.64 
 
 t 
 
 San Joaquin & Kings '1907 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 River Canal ' 08 
 
 15 
 
 2.38 
 
 t 
 
 Pumping plants at 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Friant '1912 
 
 20 
 
 .83 
 
 'Two irrigations 
 
 Pumping plants at 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Friant '1912 
 
 150 
 
 .06 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Southern California 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Santa Ana Valley 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Canal '1912 
 
 15 
 
 4.83 
 
 'Walnuts 
 
 Santa Ana Valley 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Canal '1912 
 t 
 
 21 
 
 3.18 
 
 'Walnuts 
 t 
 
3i' 10 S3'I.c;C3 .Ofl," -, ' 
 
 , " 
 
 1 
 
 ooe t 8' ec . .o: 
 
 ooo. a 1 eoer ; u 
 
 ! ( 
 
 . 
 
 
 I 
 
 59vllO' 8.1 '6.01 '21 
 
 A , 
 
 .bfijB as\ ' 08. 01 ' 2XQi : .00 
 
 86 " 
 
 aafu^ti' t?2.2 2.1-1 ' iiei'.oO t? -L r i : 
 
 it i - i 
 
 sbnomlA r^ni/oY' 52. ' 2.M ' XC1' 
 
 \ i i vrrv rfff-o^ 
 
 ,; 8. ! 8.vs | eoei 1 
 
 d~js 
 
 38. ' 01 
 
 G. 0?)1 ' OIC1' 
 
 ' 0061' 
 6.2 
 
 : - ' 7061' 
 
 85.2 51 '80-- : 
 
 ! t It 
 
 otfT ! 56. 02 ; Siei ; 
 
 '80. ' 031 ' 2j 
 
 i i ' ' 
 
 i i ' 
 
 
 
 
 8 . 31 ' 2J 
 
 1 
 
, -, 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
128 
 
 Carlsbad 
 
 Truckee 
 Carson 
 
 North Platte 
 
 Minnidoka 
 South 
 
 Minnidoka 
 North 
 
 Boise 
 Project 
 
 Or land 
 Project 
 
 K! 
 I* 
 
 $ 
 < 
 
 CD 
 ^ 
 
 Ctf 
 
 J 
 M 
 ct 
 
 a 
 
 H* 
 < 
 CD 
 ^ 
 
 Project 
 scheme 
 
 CO 
 Ol 
 
 > 
 
 M 
 CO 
 Ol 
 
 ro 
 
 01 
 w 
 
 v 
 
 rf^ 
 
 w 
 ro 
 
 w 
 
 CD 
 03 
 
 jto 
 
 CD 
 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 
 to 
 w 
 oo 
 
 < 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 o> 
 
 * 
 
 Ol 
 
 V* 
 
 w 
 
 O5 
 
 H 1 
 
 Oi 
 
 oo 
 
 Ol 
 
 * 
 to 
 o 
 
 CJi 
 
 -3 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 w 
 to 
 
 w 
 w 
 
 -0 
 
 it 
 
 Ol 
 CO 
 -3 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 t^ 
 
 V 
 
 <1 
 
 w 
 
 CXI 
 
 Amount 
 divert- 
 ed 
 
 | 
 
 H 
 
 v* 
 
 H 1 
 *> 
 
 rf^ 
 
 en 
 w 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 w 
 
 Oi 
 
 rt 
 
 * 
 10 
 00 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 ^ 
 
 to 
 rfi. 
 
 M 
 
 <} 
 
 fa 
 
 CD 
 
 rf^- 
 W 
 
 H 
 
 O) 
 
 V* 
 
 oo 
 
 Ol 
 
 oo 
 
 CD 
 
 ^ 
 
 w 
 
 <J 
 
 03 
 
 I- 1 
 M 
 Ol 
 
 V 
 
 -3 
 H 
 Ol 
 
 10 
 
 to 
 
 * 
 
 o 
 
 Oi 
 
 -<J 
 
 H) P 3 > 
 
 CD JB -3 
 CD 4 CO O 
 d- CD ct 
 CD 3 
 
 Pi C+ 
 
 Oi 
 
 rf^ 
 
 ii 
 
 ^ 
 
 Oi 
 
 w 
 
 oo 
 01 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 00 
 rf^ 
 
 CD 
 
 00 
 
 <J 
 
 V* 
 
 rf 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 M 
 < 
 00 
 
 % 
 
 rf^ 
 <l 
 f>- 
 
 to 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 v* 
 
 oo 
 
 Oi 
 ^ 
 
 to 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 to 
 
 M 
 O 
 
 CD 
 Ol 
 
 * 
 
 w 
 
 Ol 
 
 I- 1 
 
 tf^ 
 w 
 
 Ol 
 
 * 
 
 H 
 Ol 
 Ol 
 
 Hi CO M > 
 CD O 3 
 CD ^ CO O 
 ct- CD ct- g 
 
 cf- 
 
 w 
 
 CD 
 
 \* 
 
 01 
 
 00 
 
 co 
 
 I- 1 
 10 
 Ol 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 <! 
 
 Ol 
 
 M 
 <I 
 
 <I 
 
 \ 
 
 rf^ 
 -4 
 to 
 
 M 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 *- 
 ro 
 
 M 
 ^3 
 
 CD 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 M 
 rf^ 
 
 W 
 
 Ol 
 00 
 
 X* 
 
 tf^ 
 oo 
 w 
 
 rf^ 
 rf>- 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 i^ 
 CD 
 
 M 
 03 
 
 Oi 
 
 <* 
 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 
 M 
 
 01 
 
 w 
 
 -3 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 H 1 
 H 
 
 Amount 
 applied 
 acre 
 feet 
 
 M 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 CD 
 00 
 10 
 
 tfc. 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 M 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 00 
 
 w 
 
 ! 
 
 to 
 o 
 w 
 
 rf^ 
 W 
 
 to 
 to 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 O 
 
 n 
 
 *^ 
 
 -3 
 
 CD 
 
 H 
 \-> 
 OJ 
 
 > 
 Ol 
 00 
 Oi 
 
 M 
 
 to 
 
 V* 
 
 J 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 w 
 
 Ol 
 
 > 
 
 CO 
 
 8 
 
 to 
 
 O 
 
 t~> 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 r Acerage n 
 '\ 
 
 *> 
 
 M 
 
 Ol 
 
 rt" 
 -3 
 
 Oi 
 
 tf^ 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 CD 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 Oi 
 M 
 
 W 
 
 Oi 
 
 o 
 
 H 1 
 
 ^ 
 o 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 >F 
 
 O jn o hi 
 M^d CD CD 
 
 H- 1 ft 4 
 ct- t 
 
 p. 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 10 
 O 
 
 
 
 (- 
 
 \-> 
 w 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 M 
 
 to 
 
 01 
 
 w 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 CD 3 o hJT 
 
 PJ CO CD (l> 
 
 oa 3 4 
 ct- d- i 
 i 
 
 Ol 
 -CJ 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 w 
 to 
 
 * 
 
 w 
 
 rf^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 w 
 
 o> 
 
 
 
 -3 
 
 rf^ 
 00 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 W 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 to 
 
 <3 
 
 w 
 
 to 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 M^ 
 W 
 
 
 
 -3 
 
 M"O hrfl 
 O CD <D 
 CO ^ 
 Ct C+ I 
 
 Ol 
 
 01 
 w 
 
 O) 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 
 rf^ 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 00 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ol 
 rf" 
 
 -0 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 > 
 
 Ol 
 
 o 
 to 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 CD 
 to 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 Ol 
 
 ^ 
 
 CD 
 W 
 
 R 
 
 ct-0 
 <! w 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 O3 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 * 
 
 H 
 M 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 M 
 W 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 CO 
 CD 
 
 W 
 
 Ol 
 Ol 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 -3 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 rf^ 
 co 
 
 w 
 
 * 
 
 -4 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 -a 
 
 P. te{ 
 
 C CD 
 c+ ct- 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 H* 
 
 ct 
 CD 
 
 O 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 p 
 
 CD 
 Ct 
 
 Ha 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 O H' 
 4 O 
 
 ct co 
 
 CD H 
 
 CD H* 
 P OT 
 
 ^i P 
 
 I I { U 
 
 CD O 
 
 *O 
 
 CD 
 O 
 ct 
 CO 
 
 3 
 ct 
 
 CD 
 
 CJ 
 
 en 
 
 o 
 
 ^rffcrf 
 
 E 
 
 g 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 (-3 
 
M 
 M 
 
 H H 
 
 
 
 p,-) 
 
 C/5 
 
 
 W CO 
 
 
 
 to o? 
 
 W ro 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 y? 
 
 tO O3 
 
 
 
 
 <X5 <TL. 
 
 
 M CA 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 . s : I> W 
 
 
 5O M 
 
 o i> w 
 
 } -rc M > 
 
 '*' 
 
 CO - (A 
 
 ro 4i . A\ 
 
 o 
 
 O >H 
 W -4) . 1 
 
 C-~ f O ^O 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 o o TO 10 co e/J 
 
 j\j t< C^i IT"; fO O 
 
 O > 'JP' 
 
 r *5 L^** 
 
 o 
 
 ro 41 
 
 
 ^ ^V 
 
 co 
 
 O 4 
 
 
 r^ C^ 
 
 
 Cl iO 
 
 
 ^U ^t tO 
 
 0? 
 
 M tO 
 
 ro H 
 
 fO 'H ^H 
 
 H 
 
 " M 
 
 
 ro > Ol 
 
 r-- 
 
 <yi to 
 
 '' {> <0 ^ 
 
 C3 OJ OJ 
 
 C" 
 
 ro O3 
 
 w 
 
 ' * 
 
 
 * * 
 
 H .-00 4- 
 A K5 -*ft 
 
 '}( O 01 
 CO "H 4< 
 
 c- 
 
 t- or 
 
 , i-i -: ..33 
 
 ro ^ C1 
 
 01 
 
 ro <* 
 
 Crt 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 I O tO 'H 
 
 M ro c/-. 
 
 *H ro *^' 
 <D Q &"i 
 
 CO 
 
 O rtj 
 
 fo cy t- 
 
 i& -44 C'S 
 
 C/I 
 
 PO 
 
 1 O ro a? 
 
 CO C- <V 
 
 o 
 
 Q? ''O 
 
 in <D QJ 
 
 <C< Q3 O 
 
 fO 
 
 C1 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o es bf" n.5 4 fO 
 
 cQ ^4i ro 
 
 "'^ 
 
 ^ >. 
 
 ^ O^ 1 Ji ^ O 
 
 i_i Qj ^ ( 
 
 fO 
 
 H 
 
 tS ' ' *g 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 EO 
 
 
 
 "i"feSi " ~t 3" 
 
 O1 C'5 
 
 
 
 W C/I O 
 
 O3 O fe 1 ) 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~O~ ~ "^i" " ~O" 
 
 
 ~i~ ro~ 
 
 
 n> CT^ i*> 
 
 
 C-i f-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i C- C4 fO 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 4 ro 
 
 ro > 
 
 
 
 CS> no 
 
129 
 
 
 
 CD 4 
 
 ct-e-i. 
 
 H O 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 
 o o g 
 
 
 CD 4 
 
 
 _ 1 
 
 CO CO 
 H H 
 CD 00 
 
 co co 
 
 I- 1 H 
 -3 CD 
 
 CD CO 
 Ol rf^ 
 
 H H 
 
 CO CD 
 
 cxi to 
 
 CO CC 
 CO CO 
 
 H H 
 CO CO 
 H H 
 
 I^J LJ 
 
 CO CO 
 HH 
 Oi t> 
 
 M 
 CO 
 H 
 
 0' 
 
 H 
 
 CD 
 H 
 
 to 
 
 
 p 
 
 Ol rf^ 
 
 tO CD 
 
 CO -3 
 
 CD i 
 
 cn ^ 
 
 O5 01 
 
 CXI tO 
 
 CD CO 
 
 to to 
 
 -3 Ol 
 
 H 
 
 CC 
 
 H 
 
 ct 4 CD ct 
 CD H- P p 
 pi 1 H 
 
 tO-d-3CXICOCX)CDtO 
 
 bcnfooitooiHOj 
 C5,i%cQ.-<i.cafe.-3.Q. 
 
 ro &> 
 
 CD# 
 
 i! 
 
 Co to 
 
 .^L 
 
 CD Ol 
 
 
 
 .-a 
 
 a> 
 
 < 
 
 CD 
 CD 
 
 H> P & PI CD Pi 
 CD O CQ H- PI H 
 CD ^i CD ^ 3 
 Ct CD CD Hi CD 
 004 
 
 ct *^ ct 
 
 P H- & 
 ct ct P ct 
 
 CD <j a P 
 
 O CO 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 O 
 W O 
 
 ro cxi 
 
 CXI O 
 
 ^ o 
 
 -d 
 
 CXI O 
 Ol O 
 00 
 
 H CO 
 COO 
 Ol O 
 
 Ol <1 
 
 co to 
 
 -d to 
 coo 
 
 CD -d 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 tfc. 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 rfi. tO 
 
 Ol CO 
 
 rt* CXI 
 
 i^ CO 
 
 O 
 
 CO CD H- 
 
 H H 
 0101 
 Ol O 
 
 H 
 
 CXI CD 
 0} rf* 
 
 CD CO 
 
 CD 
 Ol 
 
 O) 
 -3 
 
 CD P 4 
 
 ct CD g PJ 
 
 CO 
 
 ct 
 
 
 
 CD H- O 
 H ct P ct 
 H*<<3 a P 
 <3 1 H 
 
 1 
 
 o cxi 
 
 O 
 
 oo 
 
 (f* O 
 CD Ol 
 
 CXI O 
 -3 O 
 tf- O 
 
 CO -3 
 Ol O CD 
 O O H 
 
 ^ to 
 
 H tO 
 
 -d co 
 
 Ol CXI 
 CXI CD 
 M CXI 
 
 COH 
 CD Oi 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 ro 
 
 CXI 
 
 to to 
 
 CXI tf 
 
 CXJrf, 
 
 
 
 cxi ex) a 
 
 to cxi 
 
 CXI CXI 
 
 CXI CXI 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hi ct CD pi 
 P O *-l CD 
 
 i P.S 
 CQ $ 
 
 JO *^J h4j J> 
 O CD CD O 
 4 4 CD 4 
 CD ct CD 
 
 CO CO 
 OiH 
 
 ifc-O 
 CD -3 
 
 rf^ O 
 O CD 
 
 O CO O 
 O Ol 
 
 CDCXJ 
 
 00 
 
 -d to 
 
 O 
 
 CXI CD 
 *> CD 
 
 0) 
 
 cn 
 CO 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 tOH 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 H) 4 P H3 
 
 P P a o 
 H H- a ct 
 H a & P 
 
 1 p H 
 
 cow 
 
 CO CXI 
 
 cxi oo 
 
 rf*- O 
 
 -3 CXI H- 
 
 01 to a 
 
 H tO 
 
 H ro 
 
 00 O 
 
 CXI to 
 
 CD O 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ro 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 "d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H) CO CO OQ H- 
 CD CD P 4 
 
 CD a P ct 4 
 
 Ct 1 H- H 
 
 B ' 
 
 H* PI 
 
 i 
 
 CD 0> 
 P 1 
 H 
 CO 
 
 Rain- 'Percentage of area in different 
 'fall ' crops 
 
 tO CD 
 rt^ t- 1 
 
 Ol H 
 H CD 
 
 to to 
 
 CD CD 
 
 tO CD H. 
 
 _ ,<< 
 
 H tO 
 -d rf^ 
 
 H tO 
 
 CO O 
 
 cxi to 
 
 010 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 W CXI 
 
 
 IO 
 
 o co 
 
 CXI H 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 1 H ct 
 ct 
 
 ion 
 
 tO CD 
 
 CXI CXI 
 M tO 
 
 CD tfi. 
 
 ro 
 
 Oi 
 
 CD 
 
 CQ P 
 
 CD a 
 
 CD PI 
 P. 
 
 CD CD 
 Ol CD 
 
 -300 
 H CD 
 
 CO CD 
 
 to 01 
 
 l-rf 
 
 CD CO 
 -d Oi P 
 
 - -Pi 
 
 to to 
 -d >> 
 
 Oi -d 
 
 Ol Ol 
 
 O CO 
 
 05 
 
 CC 
 
 01 
 
 CD 
 
 P H) 
 (?} O 
 CD 4 
 
 p9 |T| 
 
 a P 
 
 M, 
 
 ** 
 
 Ki 
 
 O 
 
 M CXI O 
 
 Ct 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 ct 
 CQ 
 
 P fxj 
 
 PI P 
 
 h* 
 
 ct 
 
 - 
 
 rf* to 
 
 H H 
 
 CO 
 H H CD 
 CD 
 P. 
 
 
 CXI H 
 
 tOH 
 
 ~. 
 
 CXI 
 
 ct P 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 'Vege- 
 'tables 
 
 i to 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 M 
 
 Oi Ol 
 
 h- 1 -3 
 
 cx) ro 
 
 H 
 
 ro 
 
 H-d 
 
 01 
 
 ro 
 
 p P- 
 
 y CQ 
 
 CD O 
 CD 
 
 CQ 1 
 
 ct CO 
 
 8S 
 
 1-^ 
 
 P TO 
 ct 
 
 CD pi 
 
 ""i CD 
 
 ct 
 
 O P 
 
 a H* 
 
 < CD 
 P Pi 
 
 o a 
 
 Hi 
 CQ O 
 
 4 P 
 
 4 ct 
 
 i i- i i. 
 
 (fi O 
 
 pa 
 
 11^ 1^, 
 
 ^ 
 
 >TJ CD 
 O P 
 
 CO O 
 CD ct ct 
 CD CQ O 
 
 xj 
 
 H- 
 
 H- ct- 
 
 a & 
 
 CD 
 
 CD CD CD 
 ct 
 
 M 
 H COct 
 
 P 
 
 a 
 P. 
 
 ct ct 
 CD H- 
 
 CD ct 
 P H- 
 4 O 
 
 CQ a 
 
 H O 
 
 CD H. 
 
 tO H- 
 
 I 4 
 H H- 
 
 COOT 
 H P 
 CO I 
 
 id 
 
 H 
 

 
 
 O as 
 
 
 
 o to 
 
 
 I* 
 
 t ~ 
 
 -i <TJ 
 
 I J3 
 
 
 ]-'* 
 
 ^ o 
 tj 
 
 : <D 
 
 <D 
 
 
 
 s o 
 
 
 ,' ...J t._J w_4 
 
 "" 0> O> G> 
 
 ! ' i ' i ' i 
 
 C/i ft_5 4i Rj <(.,!> 0.) 
 
 ^ O . M H MJ 
 
 O (O *> <D t- CO Q> O1 
 
 f It _.- . .F- 
 
 > :- 
 t- -4s CD 
 
 ; Si nj. ro -,' c- 
 -^ O O G? C ^i ro 
 
 J> M O W O tO O O O> 
 
 ; o -<4 o to o ' 
 
 J--cOf- - 
 
 OrO 
 
 T> 
 
 M fO TO -4i C/5 4t', 
 O O Gj ^ 00 fO) 
 
 co o so 
 
 w o 
 
 I> '-( fti 0? ^ :o c-, ^_: c, o ro O P- O *4- O O 
 
 .0 h-f E- c- ro r : "- r- -; v o-o -,< ;o u o . 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 w _4i 
 
 01 <y. 
 
 _) 
 
 ^ o -4< a? o? 
 
 O C- O *H roi 
 
 OJOCrtfOOIMOl'H -M 5.,> o CO '.j fO 00 fO Q?: 
 
 R3 O O *'' O iC ' C- Ci.CI rj O -44 iO to t> 4i 
 
 ^ iQ 
 
 tf" io> 9".a" 
 i o> ff> <n ; o 
 
 O W .O oi M Ci ; L-I D o-J f/5 M <-i rl f-> Cli 
 
 a> o^;^ o co 4< L- '- o -a> to tn iu -"i -; -ii* 
 
 fi 
 
 :,' rf-i q 
 c? G O r 1 
 
 O &", ;o ^ to PO 
 
 CO O <^ <O Cf -! 
 
 o 
 
 O i 
 
 (-> M I 
 
 '"> K> ro .".i ro &1 O5' 
 
 - ro ^ C-- 
 
 CO O O 
 
 'Ct. 
 
 i t* 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 I I i I I I 
 
 I 
 
 : -; 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ro 
 
 c-; i 
 
 i O O 
 
 'O c ". C'i ro ro ro 
 
 CA -^t- --\ O "H P 1 
 
130 
 
 CD ^ o 
 
 O H- 
 
 ^ oq "a o c 
 
 CD 4 4 ! O S3 
 
 o o a> p 3 i 
 i i 
 
 flf 
 
 
 tei 
 
 MMH'l-'l-'MMI- 1 
 COcOCDCDCOtOtDCO 
 K>- I-* H! ->+- *--H 
 
 COCDCDCDCDCDCOCD 
 H'l-'l-'l-'l-'t-'l-'H 1 
 
 OOOiWM-JtOO 
 
 OJ H-jn 1-3 
 
 f 4 4 
 
 c+ 4 0) c+ 
 
 <0 H- J P3 
 
 p. 1 H 
 
 COC>oa>tOM-ClO 
 COlOOlOCOtO^O 
 
 MOMOlOtOOlO) 
 
 Hi P h$ 
 CDOCD 
 0)^0 
 Ct CD c+ 
 
 ji 
 
 ca i i 
 
 44 gc+ 
 ci- 3 P P 
 0) p, JB c+H 
 
 w w to to i- 1 1- 1 
 
 Ol O> ~3 M CQ tO 
 
 CD o to CD o ro 
 
 I 
 
 I tf* CO CT> Ol tO CT> 
 
 CO O O1 CO H 1 tf. 
 
 W -3 CO Cn -^ rf^ 
 
 MWWtOtOH'h-'l- 1 
 CDCftM<DW-3CnOl 
 O-JOCDt-'MOW 
 
 CO PO O H-VJ O 
 CD 4 4 < P Cf- 
 
 cf-CD 3 0) D, J3 P 
 
 03 4 CO c+ H 
 CD 1 H- 
 
 p, 1 
 
 WWWWtOlOtOI- 1 
 
 W-3OCJICOO1WCO 
 
 il^WtOOOlOOCD 
 tOOC^COCJlOlCOH 
 
 4 CO H 1 ^ 4 CD ^ 
 Pi H- CD c+ CD 
 CQ < 
 
 H M H 
 
 O O> O <I M C55 
 to Ol CO Ol O <! I 
 
 CD P P H O 
 CD M H- 3 ct 
 
 C+M y c P 
 
 1 P M 
 
 M0 
 
 to g ^ O 
 CD p CD CD 
 CD p, P 1 
 
 PI H 
 
 CQ 
 
 CDGJI-'Cnoil-'CDtO 
 
 p Ht, g pq 
 OT o p S 
 
 CD 
 
 W rf^ IO 
 
 P 
 
 p 
 
 ct- p,P 
 CD H- 
 
 d- P ct < 
 
 >-i p p CD 
 
 P P. tfOT 
 O I- 1 CD 
 
 1 H 1 1 
 
 1 II 
 
 CD M g 
 
 O P CD H- 
 
 p: 3 H to 
 
 CO 1 1 1 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 hJ 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 O H-b 
 O P 
 
 CQ CD 
 P 
 

 CO O U i -~i O> 
 1C f-- M <D O TO 
 
 . < 
 
 6- >H CO <D O O 
 H C/l =H CO O O 
 -4C- .'0.0-OO 
 
 IH 
 
 
 I l 01 
 
 it- ro C/; O ro -+ O M 
 
 * to r- to C' 
 to o '-HMO? i. 
 
 " - 
 
 Ctf O C1 C". <?* t 
 
 HO fO !>--> 
 
 MM O 1 
 
 !? ' 
 
 t> Ol 
 
 O 
 
 o GO 
 
 
 CO O O ro o cu to * 
 
 D il o d 
 
 CO W <c to "O O1> fy 
 o> 03 to H i"0 p- rj -4i 
 
 fp '-"I 
 
 t- o 
 
 O ft/ 0> 
 
 .:-> nj r 1 
 
 i r,i 
 
 o 05 
 
 o rr; 
 
 
 <'5C!t < *!^fl>O<f> 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , **-i 
 
 t ?r Pu f" 1 Q '?? t < O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iC - 
 
 * J H C HT 
 
 ro co 
 
 f> *k '.1? 
 
 fO 
 
 ro ^ 
 
 CO X) <^j nj ro 
 
 m 
 
 <t> 
 
 01 
 
 
 1 
 
 O> k) 
 
 4t1>4< 
 
 C1 
 
 it? ro 
 
 <4i CO C- C- ^ 
 
 GO 
 
 O 
 
 
 <7> 
 
 ' ^ --ri 4 ro . ' 
 : J O > ^i O 
 
 O 
 
 ^ " 
 
 ro ^4, . 
 
 > 
 
 i Oi 
 
 '^ CJ ;-J5 
 
 i -H C; i 
 
 CO JO iO -4) fO W fO 
 
 I M I I i H I 
 
 : i : i 
 
131 
 
 
 
 CD *T) CD P3 g ITJ 
 O T 4 H- I-* CD 4 
 d- O < M O 
 tlj. l (xf* c+tj. 
 -I---- - _ __!_ 
 
 p 
 
 K 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 O 
 d^-J" 
 
 CD CD 
 CO CO 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 1 J 1 j II 1 1 I J 1 _J 1 _ T I [ f 1 | 1 j 1 [ 
 
 CDCDCDCDCD CDCDCDCDCDCD 
 
 cnoirf^wro co oo <l cn 01 tl^ 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 M 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 to to 
 
 Oi 
 
 \- 
 H 
 
 M M M M M M 
 Olrf^tOtO CD CO CO CO 00 -3 
 
 cn 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ct 
 
 ;--' 
 
 09 I ~1 
 
 CD d- 
 
 Ol CD 
 00^ 
 rf^ W 
 
 O 
 
 Ol 
 
 00 
 
 OlMtOOlW WtOMCDtOO 
 
 Mcoorf^oi Mcntooocn 
 
 COWMOltO O fO tO O W CD 
 
 <3 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 
 
 P, 
 
 
 
 -3 <3 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 MM CD f rf^ ^ W W 
 W W W if* M tO ->3 W Ol W cn 
 
 M 
 
 CD 
 
 H, p 
 CD 
 CD 4 
 
 d- CD 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 tf 
 
 Q 
 
 <f 
 
 P 
 d- 
 P 
 
 -3 CD 
 -3 to 
 Ol t> 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 cn 
 
 MOtoroto cncDoiorf^oi 
 
 W^--3Cnoi WOOCn^CDCD 
 
 ODMcn-<jcn ootowrf*-<ioi 
 
 05 
 CO 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 
 Ol 
 
 cn 
 
 
 DO 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 H 
 1 
 
 a. 
 
 Hi 
 h* 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 H- 
 1 
 
 to M 
 
 P 
 
 w to ro to M to 
 
 W tO M tO g M O M M -3 rf^ 
 
 ro 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 CD 
 
 T3 
 
 g 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 h* 
 
 rt- 
 
 ' : 
 
 P o J 
 
 P d- 
 H m 
 
 rf*> CD 
 
 oo 
 
 O 
 
 (0 
 
 <3CD-3WrOCQ -3MtOMO)rt. 
 
 ooocn^coo ooco-^towto 
 O^OCC>WCD oitOff^wif^CD 
 
 _ - _ _ _M- ______ 
 
 H 
 
 (JO 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 1 -' 
 
 o 
 i 
 
 P >" 
 d- M 
 H- 
 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 P M M M M M 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 M) 
 
 pj 
 
 ct 
 
 
 
 
 
 (T, 
 
 CD 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 CD O 
 
 CD 4 
 
 CD cn 
 > 00 
 
 
 
 Cn-300COCOO CnOMMCD^ 
 
 coootowP rf^cntoto-s3w 
 
 Cn 
 01 
 
 rt". 
 00 
 
 CQ 
 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 p 
 
 H- 
 
 g Hi 
 
 p O 
 
 3 CT" 
 r-* ^ 
 
 -300 
 
 -3 
 
 en 
 
 WWMCDtJ^H'COOCDCOiJ^O 
 
 Mrf^tocncny Mcn--3-<j>Kw 
 
 _ _ _ _ _C3L _ _ _ 
 
 o 
 ^ 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 P M 
 
 
 
 | 1 |_U I | 
 
 
 
 H) CO CQ 
 
 C+ 
 
 M 
 
 
 ; ' 
 
 fjf 
 
 M) pj 
 
 tt^ cn 
 -^ M 
 
 01 
 
 03 
 
 OOM-vioowP 01 cn w cn H > -3 
 
 rf^rfi.--3rf^--3MCnCntf>.MCDOl 
 
 CN 
 
 ro 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 CD 3 P 
 
 tr t; 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' i 
 H* 
 
 .-' 
 
 q 
 
 I 
 
 M H- 
 
 M W 
 
 CD I-" 
 
 0- 
 00 
 
 towoicnooco wrf^wwww 
 oicDcncncDP -JoiooMW^ 
 
 ____ p___ __ 
 
 w 
 
 <5 
 
 w 
 o 
 
 CO 
 CD 
 
 ct> 
 
 ! 
 
 CD 
 
 p 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 CB 
 1 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 H- O 
 
 CD cn 
 o cn 
 
 3) 
 
 <3 
 
 -3cnif>.WM oirf^rf^www 
 
 OiOWi^OD'CDtOtOCD-<300 
 CD 
 _ _ _ _ -CD _ - _ 
 
 Oi 
 
 M 
 
 w 
 o 
 
 p 
 "CD 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 0; 
 
 K 
 P 
 
 
 
 H) CD 
 
 CD d- 
 4 P 
 
 CD fK) 
 
 i i 
 i i 
 
 I 1 
 
 i 
 
 CQ 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 ct 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 H- 
 
 d- 
 
 
 
 3 CD 
 d- 
 O 
 H) 
 
 O P 
 
 MM 
 
 M 
 
 IMMIM IIOWMIOW 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 ro 
 
 to 
 
 d" P 
 
 3 P 
 
 P Oi 
 o 
 tt 
 
 c? 
 
 H 
 
 a) 
 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 CD 
 OT 
 CD 
 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 CQ CD 
 P 
 
 1 1 
 1 I 
 
 i 
 
 M MtO tO 10 
 1 1 1 1 1 if* M -3 CD 00 Ol 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 00 
 
 w 
 
 00 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 CQ 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 H* 
 CQ 
 1 
 
 
 
 
-4 M M- '-; : H 
 
 
 
 o r-- 
 
 C1 M '(I 
 
 -i M Cfl 
 
 (O M M nj ' 
 
 .4* O O? M r j *i to 
 
 fOM'iO CO CO ^ -'i 
 
 
 
 ^) i> 
 
 o -it c/J 
 
 - r> 
 
 oci c- 
 
 <t> <C ro r.- -4i ft? Crt i"C ^O 
 
 i"'5 CT 01 M C/J Ol C/1 fO 
 
 M <3i -4s C- M M O M S! C/J M Crt ,fv) M fl> M 
 
 . ^ ' '"H !<. - ' 
 
 -it M <t >0 M C/S M !> tO Ot fO C-- (Q P- M O> 4l 
 
 ^> M (.I >J '-" C- T! -n O O? -1< <O O O O? O O 
 
 JO c) -"", ' '< ' *o <n ro ?) C * o 'V o o 
 
 O <D ': 
 v 1 O f 
 O tl 
 
 , a St c! M -ft 
 
 iM S I 
 
 r M 
 
 
 
 l_) 1_< l_< 1 j 1 j U.-J U^ 
 
 vj4 rC' 4 O? M M O <O O o!) Q* CO O <O O <O CO 
 OD O ni C- 01 C'l fi.- 4 J ro f/! O O CO M CO -^i 
 
 _ _ _,"_ _ -. -. 
 .. 
 
 I 
 
 i_j L_( ^^ i_j ~|. ti'M M 1 M 
 ' 
 
 o> o o; L 
 
 . - ->_ - 
 
 3 ^i Sr* w - ' c o, ... 
 ^i ^ c pr M i o 8 fi oi a> iu t- 
 t; M i -H t; i -t^ c/1 oj ro 
 
 M 
 
 ; o ir 1 oi <u 
 
 ; C <D C! (D 
 I 03 Q <D 
 
 <D 
 
 -(i 
 
 ,t*H , -H 
 
 M oj ^3 <o t ^- 
 
 -^ 4i >'O M C- 
 
 >O t^5 PO ' i ro f'? "( "O M 'S- cc (O ro r/i O '-i 
 o i> 4< : ~>. (ft i-.: - 
 
 6:0 ot>- o>w ^ cy;u 
 > ^ 
 
 h 
 
 03 
 
 I I I I I I I I ' ! 1 1 I I I I I 
 
 I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 
 
 i-H 
 
 V, GV-O C/i ^4 (.5 
 
 M I M I M 
 t I 
 
 -O <A Cj\ C J M -M 
 
 CT) CO "" 0"< -Q-' !> M '4i 'I i I' 
 
 I I J i I I I ' .1 
 
132 
 
 T) W ' M K IT 1 
 
 CD *3 d- O CD O 
 
 O O O 3 M ^ 
 
 d-e-J. 1 1 CD 
 
 _ _ l_ _OL _ _T. 
 
 M M M M M M MM 
 
 COCOtOtDCOCOCOCO 
 
 MMMMMMMM 
 
 a> 
 oo 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 3 
 
 MI-'l-'l-'MI-'HI-' 
 
 CD<DCOCDDCDCOCD 
 
 MI-'MI-'h-'h-'MM 
 
 CD >-d 
 ^ 
 e+ 
 
 i!ai 
 
 f 
 
 CO tO M M 
 
 09 H- JB (-3 
 
 J 4 4 
 
 c+ 4 CD c+ 
 
 CD H- PB ps 
 
 P. 1 M 
 
 OMO-3OU1OO1 
 
 COCnCJlMMtDCDfO 
 to tO IO M M 
 
 a> oo (jo 
 
 W -3 M 
 
 w 01 ro CD 
 
 CD W CD tO 
 
 JD 4 M, 
 
 ct- CD <rh ct 
 
 p. CD p, p c+ M 
 H- pj H- 1 
 CO 1 1 1 
 
 CD 
 
 IO 
 
 P 
 
 ct- M 
 
 <D p O H-<J 
 
 tO W CO Ul CO M tOO 
 fOMtOOiOWOCO 
 
 CD ^ 
 c+ CD 
 
 P c+ 
 
 M 
 
 < 
 
 CD 
 
 4 CD d- M 
 
 1 H- 
 
 P. 1 
 
 MMMMMMMM 
 
 MH-'HI-'HI-'I-'M 
 
 POO^CDOCDCDO 
 
 3 CD M 4 ^ CD 4 
 
 Pi H- CD ct- CD 
 
 to <J 
 
 1 
 
 OCDMtOOll-'rOtO 
 
 CD 
 CD 
 d- 
 
 p p 
 M H- 
 M 3 
 1 
 
 P C 
 
 J3 d- 
 
 S P 
 
 p M 
 
 Htra co 
 
 p, 
 
 MP 
 
 M P 4 O 
 CD P CD CD 
 
 CD PI p i 
 
 PI M 
 TO 
 
 C/KWcotocntoto 
 
 CD 
 
 H) p W 
 
 2 P 
 ^ Pi<1 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 i i i i i i i 
 i i i i i i i 
 
 P 
 
 d-p. 
 
 CO H- 
 
 d- 
 
 d- P d- < 
 
 
 M 1 
 
 tO M M W M M 
 
 Ml W IO W OI O? rf*. 
 
 p PJ cry* 
 
 M CD 
 
 ^ fll ' 
 
 M 1 
 1 
 
 .[y 1 [_,, f 1 1 II I 
 
 I I 
 
 1 1 M M 1 1 1 1 
 II 1 1 1 1 
 
 CD M g 
 O P CD H- 
 
 P 3 M eo 
 co i i I 
 
 CD 
 
 PI O 
 
 H CD 
 H) P 
 
 H> d- 
 
 0) P 
 
 CD "CD 
 
 d- O 
 
 o 
 
 *"i p 
 
 *C CD 
 co p 
 
: 83 
 
 1 ) 
 
 1 < 'J'fo 
 
 '.-> V ^ 
 o o 
 Ji i ti rf-j-h 
 _ -r>- _ _ 
 
 
 
 M - M M M 
 
 rr r,- ,&, 
 
 j- r . . && . L,^ 
 
 i M ' 1 
 M M M '-i M M 
 
 C^ so 4i ro 't> C- CO 
 
 rtj 
 
 M 
 
 
 N . i tQ -, ^ 
 
 _.L^.^F 
 
 M MM 
 ro .C- ro Oi fO ro M 
 
 <^. '* *r 
 
 C- ^ > O 
 
 j ---ii r- 
 
 C/J 
 
 M 
 
 V 
 
 *o 
 
 O' 
 
 
 
 . 
 '^ ?] . " 4 " t" i 4t 
 
 t, i J.^ g f-. n\ f\ 
 
 H 1 -) .Q -H 13 Q CJ C- 
 1 1 1 CJ 
 
 o M 05 w ra - *- J *> ?o 
 
 L -l W Cl ^4; O( v - ',"' 
 fO O ro S> C -i 
 
 4 O C- <H M M -li 
 '-i C.1 0> H M ro ro 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 O ii iJa'-H 6 " O O M M M M O5 
 t* I* ^ O' MM M *4t ro Ct> M 4 
 c V > . * 
 , M -J-j t 1 iO M 4 TJ > O M O 
 
 M >H Crt oyj 
 CO Q? l>- J> t- 
 
 C/l 
 
 eO 
 
 
 <<*< O' OJ iQ C) -!> ^ 
 . C 3 O O <D. i 1 O r ' 
 IT 1 til f ir* M ff> fc* M M M M M M M M 
 
 M M MM M M M 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 > P- fO C- M 01 '0 -< O. 1 
 M M -4) O CA fO CO O . 
 
 M fO rc -It C- M 
 
 i> .-Vi Ci? r/i no C-- u -i 
 
 r/t 
 to 
 
 
 1C-* 15 V -* 1 * (H 
 
 : s =j si 
 
 H M <B t ( ij < j 
 
 M MM '-< M 
 
 
 
 ! U ^ ^ 03 O 0? K5 ^ CO ru <C 
 M . w o-s ^ rt? GI -; a* o 
 
 'rO o> M -4< 't; i> M 
 C- O <0 CO O '"3 W 
 
 CO 
 O 
 
 f 
 i 
 
 ,Q -{ *- { iT'^ W CJ ',*""! tl > i 
 
 -i M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 l - 4 ^ i O c, ';> iC tO ru M M rj *4< Ai. 
 ' ' -H f ' ^->; 5OO-4fOtOa>CC- 
 
 CO <O Q> O W tO !> 
 rO O W O? S3 ro CA 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^> t" 1 <^ M 
 
 <n o t; o . ' . 
 
 I 03 ,Q 5) !> t-^ -; r;. 05 95 fO - 
 
 -O- O 4< ro **! -4< f j 
 
 ^J 
 
 
 i ^ 53 
 
 ; .O 1 _ _ _ _ .. 
 
 ^ i-* ^ " o K> 'A ,'O fO <'- > E- '"" m 
 
 .Zg-L ^V- *??*??+?; 
 
 -- (. '-it- O -t .'-. 
 .'/I O! ro ' 
 
 rO 
 (O 
 
 
 & -ir* <n af. 
 i i t i i i i i 
 
 I 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ! 
 i O 
 
 ! 1 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^i '--j 'O 'O O5 ro i '-i 
 
 i ^_. 
 
 M M W 1 - 1 -' C1 1 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 
 ; t! -=* O M ff) 
 H J 3 o 1 ! i : M '-i I i 
 W M C i5 I'll it 
 1 | | nv 
 
 1 fh | 
 1 t 1 
 
 *H 
 
 
155 
 
 CD 4 O P CD 4 
 O O 3 4 CD P 
 CK^ I O 
 
 . _ _ I- _ - _ _ l_ 
 
 J-'MMI-'l-'H'Hh- 1 
 COCQCOCOCOCOCDCO 
 
 tOMCOOCOOlOlOl 
 
 .4^ i-j to o en t- 1 -3 o 
 "oi'torotototoh^to" 
 
 totowoocoto-31-' 
 
 OlOlOitOWOCO-3 
 
 WtOWWtOWtOtO 
 OCOMOlCOtOtOOi 
 
 OOtOCOOOiCOtOM 
 
 OJO3cotOtO-300W 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOCDOOOD 
 
 l I l I I l I 
 I I t I I I I 
 
 totototooifOMio 
 
 I I Oi I I 
 
 II II 
 
 l-'l-'MI-'t-'MMl- 1 
 
 COCDCDCOCDCDCOCD 
 I i t t . i i i i i i i j i . 
 
 CDOO<JCJ>O1rt ! 'O3lO 
 
 COCDOO-3--3OO1O1 
 CO-3WO1OOOO 
 
 rt^CDioO>OOiOOtO 
 HOo^OWtOOl 
 OOOOoaOOtOcOO 
 
 W 
 
 00 
 
 to rfi. to to 
 
 CO M CD O3 
 ^ Ol -3 CD 
 
 CD IO H CO O Ol 
 O Ol 00 00 ( 00 
 W O CO O Ol 00 
 
 tO IO I- 1 I 
 
 O O -3 O5 CO 
 
 Ol 00 
 
 f- 1 
 
 01 CD 
 
 to 
 
 i O5 I ' W 
 
 V* 
 
 . co > to 
 
 < M 00 Ol 
 IO1 CD M 
 
 tOtOtOlOMlOtOtO 
 
 to 
 
 H W CO rf= tO 
 00 00 tO CO Oi 
 
 COOCDOOCOOOWOi 
 CTJC^OOOiM^rf^Oi 
 
 Mt^-JO^WOlOtO 
 
 woioorf^o-aw 
 
 wwtowwwwoi 
 
 OOOlCDOitOOOOW 
 
 rfi if. ({^ CJi Ol O> 
 tO 00 CD O to O 
 
 I I I I I I I I 
 I I I I I I I I 
 
 OOCOCDWWtOWtO 
 
 H 1 I- 1 M M 
 
 to -3 w to w oo <J 
 
 CD *"i 
 
 o o 
 
 
 rj 
 
 09 H- P K) 
 
 P 4 4 O 
 
 ch ^ CD ct 
 
 CD H- P P 
 
 DJ I I- 1 
 
 H^ P *"^{ 1-^ 
 
 CD O CD O 
 
 CD 4 O ^ 
 
 C+ CD c+ 
 
 P. 
 
 co 
 CD 
 
 <} c+ ct-tQ 1-3 
 CD CD <<1 O 
 ^4 P cl- 
 
 CD PI P C+ 
 
 pYr* I Jr* 
 
 i i 
 
 H)P H) 
 
 CD O p 
 
 c+ CD 3 
 
 c+ 
 O 
 
 PJ O 
 
 CD P. 3 
 ^ CD ct 
 CD I H- 
 P. I 
 
 -> 
 
 P 
 
 cfr CD 
 
 O 4 
 CD 
 P. 
 
 p. P *d HI > 
 
 CD O CD CD O 
 
 H CD ct CD 
 I 
 
 CD P P 3 C? 
 
 5-HJ3 
 
 p 
 1-" 
 
 Hj CO CQ c+CKJ 
 
 CD O CD H- P 
 
 3 P o i 
 
 d- i 3 
 
 H- H- p, H) ^ 
 
 4 y ji p p 
 ^ i i-J S" 
 
 to P t^ 
 CD 3 < 
 
 p 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 CD 
 P. 
 
 O 
 CD 
 I 
 
 P 
 
 n 
 
 CD 
 
 H) P 
 o 3 
 
 c+p, 
 
 F 
 
 H 
 
 H- 
 C+ 
 
 
 
 ff 
 
 n> i 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 I 
 
 CD M O 
 
 O P CD 
 
 3 M 
 
 CO I I 
 
 CD 
 
 P, 1 ^ 
 h" O 
 H, CD 
 
 Hh H 
 
 CD ct 
 
 4 p 
 
 CD CKJ 
 3 CD 
 ct 
 
 O 
 O H> 
 
 O P 
 
 *U hJ 
 
 cn CD 
 
 P 
 

 S 
 O 
 
 . 
 
 a* o; H 
 |M i 
 
 CA 
 
 ' 
 
 
 M 
 
 S -to -ft <T> -b 
 
 O 
 
 .i.) | -M ,C) <-! ^ 
 I I if) 
 
 CO 
 
 .Q? 
 
 i O 
 
 to 
 
 I I 
 I I 
 
 : rs -i 
 
 L 
 
 O 
 
 ib 
 
 
 
 7 (D t 1 03 
 
 i_J t_.| i_j <-r--! OVO1 
 -i 4. t- C,- O C- O O 
 
 ro >- (I: i 1 ; "1* t- .-1 --H 
 
 rj 00 -H r, -i. C- M O 
 H QJ ro &- O C/l O' tO 
 
 f O 
 
 C-J CA C/i M C/3 M V. 
 
 CO 
 
 fc 
 
 H H O 
 
 I 'H 
 
 H H 
 
 i- 
 
 I- 
 
 01 -4t \j) fO " ! -i !'> V, 
 
 ro cy o- r ;> r o ro i r- 
 
 ~t >-H >-i 
 
 , * 
 
 <0 1C- 0? Q) 
 
 C". O ro O ^ - ^ "--I 
 .W C^ O 4 O O (T3 *>j 
 
 j'H < ) I' t' n ! O <$ t^ ''J 
 
 : f, -H i *-: 11 *, 
 . .1 . . _ -i 
 
 ' cj r e ej 
 
 <D <o t; o 
 
 i^ , i 23 iQ a> 
 
 1 H ^^ I IO CO O C/! nj 
 
 ' Jr 1 id ; KJ 
 
 ;<5 -M U _ .. 
 
 1 p- 
 
 h* _. 
 
 
 O Ci O o; .'.0 C-" 
 
 ?'SS 
 
 i t i i i i i 
 
 I I I I I ! I I 
 
 
 
 QJ 
 
 f3 1- i 
 * l i - 
 
 -J 4< Q> <fc 
 ', M 
 -^i 
 
 -i -1 M -i 
 
 r^ r- i- oj c^ to w o 
 
 O C-' EO 'H 
 
 C CO O fv? M fO nj fO 
 
 ci so -o w> ro 
 
 ro 
 O 
 
 l M 
 
 O 
 
 c/t 
 
 TI r^ 
 
 
 1 ft^ O "^ O 4< 
 Crf OJ rj O O> CT 
 
 o? -: 
 
 -o <c i- 
 
 
 "H ' I' * f f 
 
 I I I ! I ! 
 
 Pi 
 
 C-5 TO C1 fO >O O ^} OJ Ol <-! C/1 TO C-l CI Ol O5 
 
 H 
 
 
 M <H M JH 
 
 CO ro &5 ro C- 61 
 
 I I !*J 
 
134 
 
 
 CD 
 
 Ct 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 C_I. 
 
 1 
 
 Rio 
 
 Grande ' 
 
 
 CD 
 O 
 ct 
 
 'D 
 
 O 
 
 t_i. 
 1 
 
 CCO 
 p) JD 
 
 PI^ 
 
 M 
 to 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 etc-" 
 
 CD CD 
 
 I f | | 
 
 CO CD 
 
 CD CD 
 M M 
 -3 CD 
 
 M H 
 
 CD CD 
 
 i j I f 
 
 Ol t* 
 
 CD CD 
 M M 
 
 w to 
 
 M H 
 CD CD 
 
 CD CO 
 
 H H 
 CD CC 
 H \-> 
 
 H M 
 
 CD CD 
 
 Ol *> 
 
 CD CD 
 O3 tO 
 
 
 
 
 CD' 
 p 
 
 -3 CD 
 O > 
 
 CD CD 
 Ol tO 
 
 Ol IO 
 Ol CD 
 
 to to 
 <I Oi 
 
 tO M 
 
 O CD 
 
 CD CD 
 
 H 1 M 
 
 01 to 
 
 M M 
 
 
 
 0J 
 
 p 
 
 H- p t-g 
 
 o-a 
 
 M CD 
 tO M 
 
 CO Ol 
 
 CO if* 
 -3 rf^ 
 CD 10 
 
 tO M 
 OlOl 
 
 Ol ( 
 Ol to 
 
 CD CD 
 COO 
 
 to o 
 
 rf^ CD 
 -3 CD 
 00 
 
 to * 
 
 CD Ol 
 O CO 
 
 
 
 ct 
 CD 
 
 p. 
 
 4 CD ct 
 H- P p 
 1 i 
 
 CD CD 
 OM 
 
 CD >. 
 ^ CD 
 CD CO 
 
 to to 
 
 OlM 
 CD CD 
 
 
 M CO 
 rf^CD 
 
 H 1 
 
 CD O 
 Ol Ol 
 
 <JCD 
 CD-<3 
 
 coco 
 
 CD Ol 
 
 CD O 
 CD ^ 
 Ct CO 
 
 CD O 
 O *^ 
 
 ct 
 
 < ct 
 (1> CD 
 
 ct 
 
 <<j rj cT 
 
 -4 CD 
 MOJ 
 MOD 
 
 o to 
 
 <3CD 
 
 01 CD 
 
 M CD 
 CD 10 
 CD O 
 
 CD tO 
 M O 
 O CD 
 
 _ _M 
 
 O CD 
 Ol tO 
 O 
 
 CO -J 
 CD O 
 
 Ol CO 
 Ol O 
 OO 
 
 Ol O 
 CD CD 
 O CD 
 
 
 . PI 
 & H- 
 to i 
 CD 
 
 P.H. 
 
 P ct M 
 1 H- 
 1 
 
 rf^CD 
 
 01 > 
 01 to 
 to o 
 
 1 I 1 t 
 
 CD CD 
 CO M 
 
 to^p 
 
 CO-3 
 
 CD O 
 
 to Ol 
 CD O 
 
 Ol Ol 
 
 Ol CD 
 
 Hi 
 CD 
 . CD 
 
 P H) 
 O P 
 
 O H* 
 
 ^ & 
 P ct 
 
 CO tO 
 rf^ CO 
 
 01 CD 
 
 w CD 
 
 CD rf^ 
 tO CD 
 
 CO Ol 
 Ol Ol 
 
 to to 
 
 CD ct O 
 O & 
 Ol P CQ 
 -< 1 
 
 CD W 
 Ol CD 
 Ol O 
 
 Ol Ol 
 
 Coco 
 co to 
 
 CD CD 
 OlO 
 
 -a o 
 
 o -a 
 
 * CD 
 
 C1 
 
 v> 
 
 CD 
 
 p. 
 
 t-a p P 
 CD ct M 
 l H- 
 
 to 01 
 
 CD CD 
 
 Ol Ol 
 
 P 1 
 
 to to 
 
 to to 
 
 to to 
 
 to to 
 
 p 
 
 Ct CD 
 O 4 
 CD 
 
 p.p 
 
 CD O 
 
 CD CD 
 
 4 CD 4 
 
 OlOl 
 -3 
 
 Ol <J 
 CD tO 
 
 CO CD 
 O CD 
 
 > H! O 
 
 O W 
 
 o1 
 
 K 
 
 W CO 
 tO CD 
 
 to 
 
 P> 
 
 H* CD 
 
 ct CD 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 MH 
 
 MM 
 
 
 
 CD p 
 
 H 09 I.T' 
 PPG 
 
 CD CD 
 
 toco 
 
 01 CD 
 
 tf=> Ol 
 
 CO rt^ 
 Ol IO 
 
 Ol M 
 
 CD *<l 
 
 Ol O) 
 CDrt* 
 
 tV) CD 
 CD CD 
 
 OlOl 
 
 01 co 
 
 to o 
 
 00 CD 
 
 
 
 Ct M 
 
 r* p ct 
 P tf P 
 1 p M 
 M 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 I- 1 
 
 H 
 
 MM 
 
 M 
 
 H> to to 
 
 ctCW 
 
 p. p. 
 
 pTnT^ 
 
 CO CD 
 
 Ol Ol 
 
 ^ to 
 
 <J 
 rt* O 
 
 ct 
 M O 
 - -P 
 
 Ol CD 
 CD 10 
 
 tO CD 
 COOl 
 
 to to 
 
 tO M 
 
 M CD 
 <3 Ol 
 
 ct 1 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 P P P 
 
 ^ M H* 
 1 M 3 
 
 0101 
 
 to to 
 
 CD CD 
 
 to to 
 
 O Ol 
 
 H tO P 
 
 co to 5 
 p. 
 
 to 
 
 Ol CD 
 
 Ol to 
 
 CD -<J 
 
 IO M 
 
 -a to 
 
 to 01 
 
 CD CD 
 
 CO 
 CD 
 CD 
 P. 
 
 P CD 
 Pi P 
 
 CQ 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 1 
 
 CD 
 
 H- 
 Hi CD 
 
 CD Ol 
 
 to o 
 
 ( CD 
 Ol O) 
 
 <3 CD 
 
 to -j 
 
 o 
 
 -3 ^3 ct 
 tO ct 
 
 Ol Ol 
 Ol Ol 
 
 Ol rf^ 
 
 CD <J 
 >3 Ol 
 
 rt> Ol 
 CD to 
 
 CD 
 
 H) P 
 
 o B 
 
 P 
 ^ 
 
 H) P 
 
 CD ct 
 *~f P 
 
 Ol M 
 
 to to 
 
 to to 
 
 to to to 
 
 CD 
 CD 
 -Pi 
 
 I I 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 
 | 
 
 ro 
 
 M 
 4 
 
 P. B 
 ct 
 
 P CD 
 ct 
 O 
 O H) 
 
 O P 
 
 CD Ol 
 
 1 CD 
 
 CD CD 
 
 Ol M 
 
 1 1 
 
 M 1 
 
 i i t i 
 
 I i 
 
 truck 
 
 i 
 . 
 
 P or 
 
 p, CD 
 to 
 
 ct < 
 P CD 
 
 1 OQ 
 CD 
 1 
 
 o "i 
 
 tO CD 
 
 p 
 
 M CD 
 
 to i 
 
 <3 i 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 * 
 
 -3 
 
 M tO 
 
 coco 
 
 M 
 Ol Ol 
 
 tO M 
 
 iK. t jj 
 rr* r^ 
 
 
 CD M 
 
 Sg 
 
 to i 
 
 ^ 
 CD H- 
 
 M to 
 
 
'' 1 1 
 1 
 
 HH' 1 - 
 
 
 
 i IT* G* 
 
 GIG? 
 
 
 O 
 
 !- 
 
 .y 
 
 01 
 
 0' 
 
 - 
 
 *^_ 
 
 
 C- 
 
 
 s 
 
 r i flQ *-j T > i i L- | | L-{ i i j 
 
 b f t* -I fO *"' i . 
 
 MCv! 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Crt 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 J>- 
 
 O 
 
 j _> 5} H O A\ ~j\ ft- 4 L 
 H ' '-2 ro CO Q? f> 
 GJ O O O O C4 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ro 
 
 to 
 
 01 
 
 "CO 
 
 CO 
 
 'H 
 
 w 
 
 r> 
 
 
 i 
 
 '.' or' CO CO CO ]>- O G> 
 SB q fc -t-} -t-j m -> ro cO C' I 1 ro ro 
 "H (> KJ tO O t.O .... 
 
 ro *' 
 
 ,., ; 
 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 c ? 
 
 to 
 
 00 
 
 fO 
 
 CO 
 M 
 
 ro 
 
 b 
 
 w 
 
 H 1 -H tQ -H S O O O ro *'< H 
 1 CT CJ -. O tO ~- C? 
 
 CO CO 
 
 03 O 
 
 o 6 
 
 G) 
 
 O 
 
 '-1 
 
 
 M 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 GO 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 iH CU-f} -.^ -to i<- C$ (H 
 
 j O tt i^-H o <3 c ff> ;;> to 10 c/5 4i to 
 fa Si- > t 4 f Ci '." <? C> CO O O' 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 "H 
 H 
 
 c; 
 
 o 
 
 !': '. 
 d 
 
 
 M 
 rtl 
 
 JM+vC) .H 5 C- O 0> 00 TO ro 
 H i <n cO 4i O fO CO u) 
 iQ ^A ^t\ O C^* C'j O 
 
 fOOJ 
 ro 
 
 ffl 
 
 
 ro 
 p 
 
 
 G? 
 05 
 
 o 
 4 
 
 CO 
 
 !>> 
 W> 
 
 01 
 
 QJ 
 ro 
 
 o <r> 
 
 i ^ fi> <r" ^ -t in r-1 01 CA -r.i :! c* 
 
 CD -^i O -< 
 
 <yj 01 
 
 1 
 
 CJ 
 
 4. 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 ro 
 
 01 
 
 > - a; to -^i -. -4i to 
 
 10 C"! 4) 4i ro r O 
 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 iH 
 
 ^ 
 
 cc 
 
 O 
 
 C/! 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ro 
 
 
 t 
 
 a 1 
 
 f? 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -! i +3 O c/t ro re r^ r --"> 
 ."-l .f fO CO &f* I--. CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 ro 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 o:> 
 w 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 'H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! -; i^ r r i o Q c o> >-i d ro w 
 : M i -1-3 ' r j C- ' -i'CA r*"j CO 
 
 co ro 
 
 U\ CO 
 
 *' " 
 
 b 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 o! 
 
 
 O '.' fq 03 
 
 <r> -i> t; <n :o c^ '-i M c/i PO 
 
 > l 9 iCJ fl <O tC: t- t- t> 
 
 Cfl 
 
 i4 
 o 
 
 OJ 
 C/1 
 
 M 
 
 C'5 
 
 c; 
 
 o 
 
 Cl 
 
 C.1 
 
 rO 
 
 7 j 
 
 H 
 
 ro 
 
 fO 4t & CO 4< .d< 
 
 ^tQ t: 1 o i 01 a? ro c- 4* ro 
 
 ro ro 
 fO ro 
 
 o 
 
 r> 
 
 C'5 
 
 b 
 
 r> 
 
 t- 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 :_ j t _, 1 1_J | 
 
 -0 
 
 1 -^ i 
 
 i i 
 t i 
 
 M 
 ff) 
 
 OS 
 
 OJ 
 
 C/J 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 Cfl 
 
 H 
 
 
 w I' <n ; i i i L. j v_( i _j 
 i s^ i o & q ii i 
 : i o co _o 
 
 i i 
 i i 
 
 
 -4 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 C'"'. 
 
 1 
 
 (6 
 
 o? 
 
 j > "i <r> 
 
 '1; S 2 H C1 M (75 >H 
 
 : ' M -4l W fO CO GO 
 
 C- O 
 
 
 5O 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Oi 
 
 Q> 
 
 H 
 
155 
 
 ct- 
 
 t_5* 
 
 g 
 
 ct 
 _ l_ 
 
 (D 4 
 
 etc-* 
 
 CDCOCOCOCDCOCDCO 
 l-'l-'h-'l-'f-'MHM 
 
 l-'l-'Hh-'HI-'Ht- 1 
 CDCDCOCOCOCDCOCO 
 
 WWWtototoi-'to 
 cotowwrorfs-coco 
 
 wotoooooo 
 
 WO<IOOOOO 
 
 JB 4 ^ 
 
 c+ ^ CD c+ 
 
 a> H- to po 
 
 P- 1 H 
 
 H (-> 
 
 M> P 
 
 H) < ct- 
 
 SBcl- 
 
 P P> 
 
 COCOWOCOrt.OO 
 CJltOCftH-atOOCO 
 
 oojoooocooi-3 
 
 CDMCD-aW-^CntO 
 OlOi<JOWtOOiOi 
 Orf^-OCDWCOfOOi 
 
 et cl- ct- 
 
 P, (B PJ S ct !- 
 H- P, H- I H- 
 ca t i i 
 CD 
 
 oioiwtowwtoto 
 CfttotocoootocD 
 
 OOOOtOlOMCO 
 
 OlMWCnOlWtOCD 
 
 ooiocnoiooicn 
 
 CD P> O 
 CD 4 4 
 ct CD 3 
 CO 
 
 i O 
 
 *$ JO ct 
 CD P, i 
 ^J CD Ct h- 1 
 CD 1 H* 
 
 Pi I 
 
 MM M M I- 1 M M 
 IO O> CD IO tO 0> W 
 
 i- 1 co w <} H w en 
 
 i 
 
 1 1 CD CO CO CO W CD 
 
 tf=> M co at rf* w 
 
 H>ctCD pjJB^O M)>. 
 P9O4CDOCDCDO 
 4 CD H ^ ^ CD 4 
 P. H- CD ct CD 
 CO < 
 
 \ 
 
 CD {D P9 tT 
 CD H" H- P ct 
 CtM 
 1 JD 
 
 MtOMtOtOtOCjlO) 
 
 OCDMWCOMOOtO 
 
 to 01 w w 01 ro to i 
 
 to ro 
 
 OCDH- 
 CDPJBO 
 ct 1 P 
 
 H- H p. 
 
 tOtOWrfi.rf4.WWW 
 CnCOCDMOWWtf" 
 
 CO P 4 O 
 
 CD P CD CD 
 
 CD PI (D 1 
 
 P. e 
 
 COCDCOCDCDCDCOCO 
 
 (o H> j re 
 
 CT P> 
 
 CD 4 p,<! 
 
 jn hrj 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 
 
 ct Pi 
 to 
 
 ?9 
 
 I- 1 IO tO tO W 
 
 to i w to w rf* 01 ro 
 
 1 
 
 ct p a 1 ct 
 
 H 3 M JO CD 
 P PJ CD 1 OT 
 
 ro CD 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1 1 1 1 CD 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 MtOWMWMlOtO 
 
 CD M O T 
 
 O p <0 H> 
 
 fi p !- ro 
 
 CO 1 1 1 
 
 p- 
 
 H 
 
 K> 
 CD 
 
 ct 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 *0 
 CO 
 
 hi 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 ct 
 
 p 
 
 a 
 
 <^ 
 i-, 
 
 ii 
 
 a 
 P 
 
I I 
 
 
 H <H H M ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 H 
 
 - O 
 
 01 CO 
 
 O !> O 
 
 <-*o 
 
 
 
 fO <O ft? rb U3 >-t C 
 
 or 01 ro '_ .':- 00 O1 
 
 to r.-/ i"> o <: o -I 
 CO FO o: o ro ^i ry 
 
 O C *4< a? o .'O 
 CO O O- C~ '-H O 
 
 E> r^ in o O 
 
 o 
 
 C- t-O O 
 
 ^-! Crt C-5 O O O O 
 
 > 
 
 I 
 
 C- ro rO (D r3 
 
 ' H ITJ C- 
 
 - i- 
 
 O 
 
 M "H P- C-1 M O Q5 ?O 
 fO <O C/5 OJ OC <t) 
 
 O C- i 
 
 
 O iO O &- O [.I T-J OJ 
 
 t^ ^ ^ <n o o! * 
 
 ^POt*0l<B 4 
 - -H tj 3 
 
 
 ^ i-O <D 
 -t 'Ty O v4 
 
 en 
 
 O 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^H JO O1 Ol 
 
 - 
 
 ro 
 
 h 
 
 ha 
 
 tj 
 
 co 
 
 ci 
 
 r- co c- en 
 
 C/1 fO I CTi 
 I 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 C/l f fl C 1 
 
 H 
 I 
 
 I i 
 
 : i 
 
136 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 a> 
 
 tJ) 
 
 CD 
 
 p 1 
 
 1 0) 
 
 M M M M M MM M 
 CD CD CO CD CD COCO CD 
 M M M M M MM M 
 CD 03 <J Oi Ol *CKI tO 
 
 MHI-'l-'l-'HI-'M 
 CDtDCOCDtDCDCDCO 
 MHMMI-'l-'Ml- 1 
 
 CO 4 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 p 
 
 Ol Oi CD -3 ->3 
 CD ^ O CO CD 
 CDIOOOOOOO 
 
 P 
 ct 
 CD 
 P. 
 
 p. (D 
 
 d 
 
 1-3 
 o 
 
 ct 
 
 to ro to WM M 
 
 H) < ct-cfiQ ** 
 
 CO O CD CD 
 
 ct ct 
 _, P. CD 
 P. 
 
 O 
 
 P ct 
 P P 
 
 01 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 M M M tO M 
 COOCOCOCOOMCO 
 
 COWCDOCnOCOO 
 OiWOMCDWCOrt*. 
 -3COOO1OO1O3O 
 
 rf^-^Jl-'l-'rf^tOWW 
 O Ol W OJ CD 0~> rfi. CD 
 
 H) P H) ct M ctiQ 1-3 
 CD O p O H-V4 tf O 
 
 CD 
 ct CD 
 
 CO 
 
 P Ct 
 CD P. P P 
 4 CO ct M 
 CD I H 
 P< I 
 
 M tOrOtOtOMM M M 
 OCDCDOCDCDOirf^ OiCDtO 
 
 M M M 
 
 PO^CDOCDCOO 
 3 CD M 4 4 CD ^ 
 PI H- ct CD 
 CQ < 
 
 M M M M M M 
 
 CD P 
 CD M 
 C"f I"* 
 
 > 3 o 
 
 J 'P ct 
 
 3 P 
 
 I P M 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 CJl O Oi CD i^. CO 
 
 H) tfl CO ctOJCJ H- H- 
 CD O CD H- P ^ P 
 CD P P O I "^ OT 
 
 J^ P P 
 7 M P 
 
 to 
 
 I- 1 tO M M IO -3 10 
 
 tQ P 4 O 
 
 at p CD CD 
 
 CO PI P 1 
 
 P, M 
 CO 
 
 P Hs P W 
 CK5 P P 
 
 CD 
 
 l_ 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 ct P. 
 CO 
 
 MMMMMMtOM 
 
 ct P O* ct < 
 ^ P M P CD 
 P Pi CD 1 0?J 
 O CO CD 
 
 CD M 
 
 tO tO tO 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 a> M 
 
 i i 
 
 to a> 
 
 o p ce 
 
 P M 
 
 W 
 
 M CQ 
 ll 
 
 hi 
 
 CD 
 
 P- O 
 
 H) CO 
 L_K y 
 
 CD cf 
 ^ P 
 
 CD ;TtJ 
 
 O 
 O H) 
 
 O P 
 
 W CD 
 P 
 
o 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 -M 
 
 
 
 t- C 
 
 t- ei 
 
 - - 
 
 "-' fr* 
 
 - C. <Jj iO 
 
 a- .''5 
 o -H 
 
 01 <y. c ' 
 
 -4< ro iO i" 1 c/J 
 
 iO a> 'H - "3 
 3l *'H CTJ v- --If 
 
 C' C" QO O ^ 
 
 H w a~ --i o G) o a; ;". 
 
 Cfl 
 
 n.J) i'J' W ro ^ s P* 
 
 <C- '.jj CO O tl* C? O 
 
 0? ^ 
 
 >H CJ 
 
 '-i O C- W CO -^ 
 C-.O f- <C. i5 tv 
 
 C? O fr.J O E-- 
 M O >.* fO C/> 
 
 -H <H 
 -i - 
 
 t- X! 
 O '-i 
 
 ^ 
 
 -r- <r- 
 ca '^> 
 
 f' <T; 
 
 b 
 CM o 
 
 t Q >H -H 
 
 
 |- 
 
 
 e:> ^i al <^; o. ro 
 
 ** -^ co ' 
 to o ro :- ro 
 
 '>'. '-* oj ro "' 
 
 o or/ ro o r- 
 
 f-l 61 
 
 ^ 
 
 *" f" 
 
 -M 
 
 - I 
 
 i : 
 
 I 1 
 i i 
 
 M 
 C- 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 T~t- 
 
 I I -! (O 
 i I 
 
 
157 
 
 < H- M 
 P P 3 
 H t-"d 
 I- 1 CD 
 CO ^ 
 
 O O 
 
 ' 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 4 
 O 
 
 CD 
 CO 
 
 "H" 
 to 
 
 
 
 H t-> 
 CD CD 
 H 1 H 1 
 <! O> 
 
 CD CD 
 H H 
 Ol rf*. 
 
 COCO CDCDCOCDCDCDCDCD 
 
 i i i i i * i i i 
 
 00000 W W tO to fO I 'I ' 
 
 01 CO Ol M O MCOrOCOOltOCDO) 
 
 CD 
 M 
 Ol 
 
 Ol -3 
 O O 
 W IO 
 
 to CD 
 tOO 
 rfs- tO 
 
 -3 O> 
 CD CO 
 
 Ol M 
 
 P 
 c+ 
 CD 
 P- 
 
 4 
 CO cfr 
 P p 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 CDtOOOlOll-'COCD 
 
 I I v \* 't* > \* \ <* 
 
 ^ Hb < c+ c+iQ 1-3 
 
 CD O CD CD *<\ g O 
 
 ^ ^ ^ JB C- 
 
 Ct Ct ^ S $D 
 
 Pi CD PJ J ct M 
 
 H- PJ H- 1 H- 
 
 en i i i 
 CD 
 
 W W W W W 
 
 Oi OS Ol W Ol 
 O> . O Crt CO 
 
 CO 
 
 Oi Ol Ol (N Ol W H 
 CD -3 CD W -4 ff 10 
 i CO tO Ol CO CD tO 
 
 COCOCO-3CDCOa>O 
 
 CD O p O H-<3 S O 
 CD "^ 4 < J ci- 
 ci-CD 3 CD P^tS !B 
 10 ^ CD Ci- H 1 
 
 CD 1 H" 
 P. 1 
 
 to 
 
 w 
 
 tO tO tO tO 10 10 10 M 
 
 CO tO 
 
 OtOI-'Wl-'WOOl 
 
 w I \s* i U-* r- VA^ -'VU^'^MlVJU-'UJUi 
 
 
 
 CD P 
 
 i i i i i i i o cn en O3 -^ rf^ rf^ en 
 
 rf^ ->3 00 ^D "*^ CO h~* CD 
 
 c+ M 
 
 
 H) CO CD ctW H- H 
 
 H>c+CD pjjft*d H)> 
 JDO4CDOCDCDO 
 ^ CD h- 1 4 ^ CD 4 
 PJ H- CD <rl- CD 
 CO < 
 
 ^ P (-3 
 
 PS a o 
 
 H- 3 c+ 
 
 3 )= 5C 
 
 I (D H 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 i 1 
 
 IO 
 
 01 01 ro co <i 01 
 
 CD a P o i 
 
 jet i a h* 
 
 J ___-.- 1. 
 
 IMP 
 
 W W O5 W to W 
 
 CO W O CO 01 tO 
 
 W W rf 5 ' i^- Ol Oi ^ 
 O M tO CO tO CD <J 
 
 to to to to t-> \-> i- 1 
 
 I 1 1 1 
 I 1 1 1 
 
 Ol Ol 
 
 to to to (- 
 
 to p 4 o I 
 
 CD a o> o 
 
 CD P. P I 
 
 & M 
 CO 
 
 OQ 
 CD 4 Pi<l 
 
 a P 
 sa 
 
 ct PJ 
 M 
 
 a- P 
 
 4 a M P CD 
 P PI CD I (W 
 O CO CD 
 
 ' 
 
 to 01 w w if* M i 
 
 CD H ^ 
 
 O P O H* 
 
 a M cn 
 
 CO 1 1 1 
 
 xl 
 CD 
 
 P. ^ 
 H- 
 
 CD rt- 
 ^ P 
 
 CD ro 
 a CD 
 
 O 
 O H) 
 
 O P 
 
 CO CD 
 P 
 
.<_f 
 I 
 
 o'o 
 
 <fi 
 V 
 
 (- 
 I 
 
 
 
 M <| Ol */> O> ft) K3 -4i O C 
 . - CB C/1 fU Q? Crt 9} M 
 
 / ,- V .' W ' ' ' * 
 
 C/1 &' OJ tO &- <X' CO 4t CO Q 
 
 f> <D Q 0) 
 
 &: " -b -b 
 
 M +> e< tO ITS .Q 
 
 H I -H > H U 
 
 i t i ra 
 
 -4l (TO O> Ci? <"/> M <"- >i 
 
 QJ 00 -< rU fO O C/l 0.' 
 
 PO 23 f-- u' ^ '^J ' ; H O 
 
 O QJ O ?O *"C M v ^ 
 
 i I I I I i I 
 
 i i I i i i I 
 
 . - - \~ - 
 
 i 
 
 f/5 *3i iO ni O- (O CO 
 P- O C/1 -^ O GO -4t 
 
 
 
 PO 
 
 &- SO O <t> <( 5O C- O> 
 O O .0? <O > 00 CO '} 
 
 ' - 
 H to ro 4i rp to *o 
 M 4i c-- fO co -C* 'i 1 
 c rp ro o) co -1< 
 
 O C ? O 
 
 - I 
 
 o> 
 
 01 tV 
 
 p.. 1 ) i_^ ,-/j 25 ( 
 to O QJ - o; 
 
 
 9 I 
 
 M 
 
 4; C- K? !U fU 
 
 O' t^ '.V CO [- 
 
 C!M 
 .1 - 
 
 (T 1 
 
 
 
 i" ift 
 
 O -H 
 
 S3 c^ 
 
 H ' 
 
 PJ OJ (JH, 
 
 ), F-? 
 
 I t 
 
 r.-i ^;i i i i 
 
 o r 1 
 i e? 
 
 )O 
 
 ~ v{"' 
 
 ro ^ ;S en ', 
 
 (D rj ry r'O -*? / 
 
 r- 
 
 a- t, 
 ts 
 O 
 (H O 
 
 1 
 
 i i : i i i t ) 
 i i : i r i t i 
 
 .J- 
 
 a ; (r- iq 5 . 
 
 M i -.-?! i 
 
 M 
 
 " 1 1- <C 
 
138 
 
 K) 
 H 
 
 CB 
 Ct 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 to O'J 
 H-fJ 
 Pjg 
 CD 5 
 <! 
 
 CD 4 
 O 
 cte-j. 
 
 1 
 
 H't-'l-'MH-'l-'h-'l- 1 
 CDCDCOCDCDCDCDCD 
 
 COCO-3OlOli-I^WtO 
 
 CDCOCDCDCDCDCOCD 
 
 | i ij i j I J 1 i 1 __i j ^t I t 
 
 COCO-<3GlOii-WtO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 totototototOHi- 1 
 
 -3OlOlG3tOOCDOl 
 
 COCDCD<IO1O1O1O1 
 Ot^OOJCOOltJ^io 
 
 09 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 Total 
 area 
 
 irri- 
 
 O^rf^OOOl--3O 
 OOOOOOOlO 
 
 oooooooco 
 
 OOlOiOCOOirf^CO 
 OOlOOrf^tOOO 
 OOOOOOlOO 
 
 CQCDCD-<IGiaiOli , 
 COOOO1FO-3CO-3 
 
 t^rf^WWtOO'O'W 
 tOH-COrf^-SOtOO 
 MOlOlCDtOCDO-^ 
 
 CD O CD CD 
 O444 
 Ct Ct 
 PJ CD p, 
 H- P, H- 
 
 to i i 
 
 CD 
 
 r 
 
 Total 
 quanti- 
 ty wa- 
 
 tOtOWCDO-3OiOl 
 K>CO-3MOCOO-3 
 WO-3H- ) OCOCOOl 
 
 WOMtOrf^CDOlOi 
 O1CO-3O1OOHCO 
 rf^-3cOtOMO5fOOl 
 
 -JOlOitl^^tf^rf^W 
 Otf^^JcDOWtOrf^ 
 
 tOtOtOtOMtOtOM 
 
 CDCOO1O3O1OOCO 
 
 oiorf^cocorf^^ro 
 
 H) P H> ct I- 1 ctiQ 1-3 
 CD O ED O H-<J Ci O 
 CD 4 4 < P Ct 
 ct CD g CD Pi ! P 
 cn 4 CD ct M 
 CD 1 H- 
 P. * 
 
 -^JOW^WOOirf^ 
 <3OlH- > H J -<3CDWrf : ' 
 OlCOCOlOOlcOCDOl 
 
 tOOlfOCDCOOlCOCD 
 MOCOCOOlOrf^CO 
 OltOOCOlOrf^OW 
 
 tOtOtOtOMtOtOlO 
 
 WOJWWtOWWW 
 
 H, ct CD PJ P 
 P O 4 CD O 
 4 CD M 4 
 3 P. H CD 
 CD < 
 
 Acre 'Total 
 feet 'annual 
 oer rain- 
 
 Olrf^tOI-'CDOtOtO 
 
 towoioitf^co-^co 
 
 tO ^ h- 1 fO rf^ O 1 ' h" 1 
 -3WO1COO1-3CD-3 
 
 H 
 
 H) H) 
 CD P 
 CD M 
 
 ..i. ii 
 
 OI^OI<JOCOOICD 
 -3oicooii-'ioa>ai 
 
 if^i^^OlOlOlOi^l 
 WO1O1OCOCD-31O 
 
 
 
 H) to to ctCR H- H- 
 CD O CD H- P 4 P 
 CD tJ P O 1 4 OT 
 Ct 1 P H- 
 
 P P 
 4 H H- 
 
 i 
 
 1 tO M tO tO l\D M tO 
 
 1 CO O H W Ol CD O 
 
 l-'tOh-'tOtOt^.tOrfi. 
 tfs>ff^~CJOOll J ODtO 
 
 MlOtOtOtOlOtOI-' 
 ->3l- 1 tOOiCOv>OOl 
 
 ^oiwoiCDtooo 
 
 CO P 4 O 
 CD J3 CD CD 
 CD PI P 1 
 
 to 
 
 Percentage of area in 
 different crops 
 
 CDOlrf 5 'CDOlOlH- l CO 
 
 OlOiOiOiOiOiOlOl 
 OtOOOl^CDOO 
 
 ps H, p (u 
 (K5 O P P 
 
 tO tO tO I- 1 M 
 CO-dtOCOtOOlOltO 
 
 MMMtOI-'l-'HI- 1 
 -3OltOtOCOCOCOOl 
 
 3 P *ij 
 ctP- P_ 
 
 A 
 
 M I- 1 IO OJ rfi. 
 tf^<lOCOWWI ' H- ' 
 
 I- 1 M 
 O>COH J -3CDCOI-'CO 
 
 ct p a 1 ct < 
 
 4 P M P CD 
 j5 PJ CD 1 OQ 
 O tQ CD 
 
 tO 1 tO M IO tO 0? K> 
 
 K 1 
 Ol H -3 ' I I- 1 1 ' Ol 
 1 1 
 
 CD t- 1 O t^ 
 O P CD H* 
 & P M to 
 CO 1 1 1 
 

 t 
 
 f F F o 
 
 -1 -h) J> o .Q 
 
 i i 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 d 
 
 i . ti 
 
 i o io a o o 
 
 *^ ^ ^ ^ * 
 
 i OB <: :; - << ^; O 
 C3 O ro O O O O O (X) O O O O O O O 
 
 M W To C/i SO fO <4 <4< ' wfc" 
 4< 
 i> O & C/T 0? ro ro-<-t p-CDt>OiroOOaj 
 
 ro ro OJ * OJ ~< O W -C ro t- O O? M C"> C-s 
 to H o O to c- cy .:. > o ao o M t^ co ci 
 
 "O O1 -O "H OJ Ci> C- 1) ro Q> CO O L -! t- O CO 
 
 H Q-h> -H -f-j <*-< <n fin 
 O 5 h-H O UJ O <D 
 
 =J tj ,Q F: fl> 
 
 H 1 <I> 
 1 vQ 
 
 o '"(D r. ^ 
 H <n H v-' ' t <y H 
 
 : -i C/J Ol -H Cfl Cfl tl-Ci 
 
 I oj 4 ^n CO 0? -4i o ro -': '.i ro o '."y C-- << O 
 
 i> cy to CO CO v ro 01 -^ o 6 fO * M O t> 
 '.0 4 O ro OJ 3 O <-i -'i* ': ." > -i--i .O > 
 \- O -* C'J CO O M ro 53 u> '^> CO OJ CO CO <u 
 
 " * 
 I CO CO fO M SO SO IO W C'J C/1 M 'H d O1 W O' ! 
 
 > u 
 
 <T> -fj C) H >} 
 
 i 
 
 *-H M o A- <v? M -it &j 01 c/j o ai M c<i '^ io 
 o- co t- fC a? r: ro r> a> c- a? -^ ro ro ro r '- 
 
 Sn a) JH jtH cH 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 3 tj M "t> 
 M 8 1 
 M 
 
 "^ t- rs CK c5 ' ; - ro 'O T. . rr, ^ r v ; -j rO !> 
 
 
 4l C'J ^!i r/5 C1 M C'J C5 >-. C! <"' 1 C*1 ) 
 rti O? .0 - -! TO O t- '< -'i > J - -H O C? ' 
 
 !r* ^ ci 
 9 '" 
 : ej ' 
 
 r ..; ; -H 
 
 O -H rj 
 (I) -^-i 
 
 (j; ~ *">! cT* ro ^O ' * *^ - O ^"i ~ *'." Oi -* C^ 
 
 ? !lm 
 
 O O Ci? -4i <O O u-i O \S : H ro ro 00 4* ro Q> 
 
 t *^^ 
 '.o L ~ _-._.. 
 
 "5 C ; 'j> O> CA ' - i*; j> 01 rO <0 d CO d t- ft) 
 
 :.' '.d i'; 
 
 { <D 1} o 
 
 7H 
 
 ' i-j ^ 
 O> - jJ a: t- ro 10 CO O C- -^ 
 
 I ' 1 1 .3 
 
 V 
 
 j (O *H M 1 ' C- M fO C': 55 ri O'i -H Ci I Crt 
 1 ' 1 
 
139 
 
 > 
 
 0> 
 
 4 
 P 
 
 OT 
 
 0> 
 
 
 Oi 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 
 Oi 
 
 w 
 
 Oi 
 
 to 
 
 -3 
 
 to 
 
 01 
 -3 
 
 Oi 
 M 
 
 Oi 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 Hrl- 
 
 MOctMCD 
 w(S'p'H | -i 
 O'CD O 
 
 p o 
 OJi 
 ^ 
 
 P* 
 CD 
 
 PJ 
 CD 
 
 OcHO 
 P c+ P 
 ^ CD 
 CO 
 O 
 
 OO 
 
 JVfsr 
 pp 
 
 CO & 
 O O 
 i-j 
 ct C+ 
 
 P 
 & 
 CQ 
 ^ 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 O O O 
 
 Ul W O 
 
 -3 
 
 MO 
 M 00 
 
 Scheme 
 
 -a to o 
 
 Oi tf* W 
 
 ... (D 
 
 O tO M O" 
 M O rf^ 
 
 - \^r 
 
 M ^ H O 
 -3 <O O Oi 
 
 O W tO 
 CD Oi Oi 
 
 Ol Gi 
 
 
 8 
 
 O O H J- 1 H to W W 
 
 01 Q t^>^ Oi <J <D Ol O 
 
 tOCD<JCOOiOi(-'(- ) CDOO 
 
 > 
 
 ^ rf^ Ol Ol W W W 00 W Ol ff" W 
 OiOiWl- J h-'<JOl-3OlU!OOOl 
 
 M tO Ol I- 1 Oi H -3 
 
 Ol Ol Oi M to O Oi W * Ol to Ol O rf^ Oi O ^ CD Oi t^. W 
 1 to i^ rf^ -3 tO Oi I- 1 CD.O Oi Oi -3lOl- J COOi-3OiCD 
 
 H-'tOWI-'l-'OOOitOtOOlO OOOWOitO-3t^rf^W 
 OOOlOlH'tOrf^M-jH'CDODOl OOtOCOOlMGitOtOlt^H 1 
 
 Cfl 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 too 
 
 01 rfi. M >T 
 
 IO M O 
 Oi O 00 
 
 P 
 
 QO 
 
 O O O 
 
 10 tO 
 
 O O 
 
 OlOiM 
 
 
 O 
 Ol 
 
 MM 
 Ol IO 
 
 
 
 tD 
 
 MO 
 M Ol 
 
 tOtOWtOMOiOiOltOWtOM M MtOrf^tOOlWWtO 
 M Ol tf^ W Oi CD CD -3 10 Ol tO W rfs. tO CD -3 CO tO W Oi M O 
 
 CD 
 
 & 
 
 O 
 O 
 c+ 
 
 o 
 
 i-~ 
 o 
 
 (i 
 
 CD 
 4 
 
 P 
 
 09 
 
 CO 
 
 0) 
 
 P 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 g 
 
 ct 
 
 ct 
 
 (1) 
 
 P 
 4 
 
 ^ i i. 
 
 ^s [-^ 
 
 H- O 
 
 3 
 o en 
 
 M 0) 
 H- O 
 <J M 
 CD fD 
 3 
 P 
 
 
 
 IP 
 CD 
 
 O 
 CD 
 
 "0 
 
 CD 
 O 
 C+ 
 
 CD 
 M 
 
 tO 
 
 M 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 K 
 
* i 
 
 
 
 -<^ 
 
 c "-* 
 
 to -^ PV * '-' 
 
 C * '""' * 
 
 n l O ^3 ^^ 
 
 op "i i 
 
 -h> -b P 
 
 . - * 
 
 O OT C-- 
 
 Oj ."' 
 
 
 ? ste g wiij 
 
 
 ( 
 
 (- 
 
 :/i ?O O O M 4t -H 
 
 i cc : ft C: 3> tr 
 
 i^ 'O W O3 < I -j " I O O O W 4 CD 4i 8 O 
 
 > ., o '< 4< O ro C-- O 00 C1 ... r6 ^ rc 
 
 . ! P .-___. " - 
 
 ^ M 
 
 O --H "' !> C -\ O *-! 'H "; ^ 00 ''JI >H O Crt r;^ ii Oi r -4l 
 
 H-noSa r-coci 
 
 -4i >- M fO 0-) O -41 PO r,. J>- .'. ;u 
 4s t- ro O (O CA C- 07 rj5 (-5 O -"-;!> 
 
 O.OJ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 o .! ; . co 
 
 01 (> .'-i ^ O O O O ' O M (V5 Q O C/J: O 
 
 o- r-c/i ^r X^ coo^ 9 M 4i ;o i -i 
 
 . 
 
 >| l_j 1_| Q 
 
 ; ' ro 
 
 
 
 M O O "H 
 
 ci ; 
 
 -.J --- --- -- ___ ___________ ---- . 
 
 -| c Crt 4yj <H H M c ' .c- '.j - r/i 1 5 
 
 . * _* * 
 
 ^ <y> 01 4< M a} ; - O H C 
 
 aj| o ! "< r- 
 
RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT 
 TO- + 202 Mqinjjbrory. 
 
 LQANTPERIOD T 
 
 3CS^55-aL-!= 
 
 FORM NO. DD6, 
 
 'UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 
 BERKELEY, CA 94720 ^ , 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 NON-CIRCULATING BOOK 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY