LIFORNiA 
 
 LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 
 LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LIBRAR 
 
ivC^^Si 
 
 i 
 
 IVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LIBRARY OF THE UHIVERSITY OF CALIFO 
 
1V5 
 
 VERGIL 
 THE ECLOGUES 
 
YEEGTL 
 THE ECLOGUES 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 F. a. PLAISTOWE, M.A. Lond. and Camb. 
 
 LATE FELLOW OF QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, GOLD MEDALLIST AT M.A. LOND 
 
 EDITOR OF AESCHYLUS' PROMETHEUS AND SEPTEM CONTRA THEBAS 
 
 PLATO'S LACHES, TACITUS' HISTORIES I. 
 
 AND 
 
 W. F. MASOM, M.A. Lond. and Camb. 
 
 FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, EDITOR OF LIVY IIL, VI. 
 TACITUS' ANNALS, I., II., TERENCE* ADKLPHI, ETC. 
 
 London: W. B. CLIVE 
 
 (UntvetBttg Zutoxi(X{ (ptCBB &^, 
 
 High St„ New Oxfoud St., W.C, 
 
Pl\ 680 i, 4 3. 
 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 
 Introduction 
 
 1. Life of Vergil • 
 
 2. His Works 
 
 3. Pastoral Poetry 
 
 4. Scope of the E'ciog'wes ... 
 
 5. Style 
 
 6. Dates 
 
 7. Metre 
 
 8. Prosody 
 
 PAGE 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 ... 10 
 
 ... 12 
 
 ... 13 
 
 13 
 
 ... 15 
 
 Text 
 
 ... 17 
 
 Notes 
 
 ... 44 
 
 Index of Proper Names 
 
 ... 84 
 
 Appendix 
 
 ... 91 
 
 296999 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 § 1. PuBLius Vergilius Maro was born on October 15th, 
 70 B.C., at Andes, near Mantua, a town in Cisalpine Gaul, 
 
 north of the Padus (Po). His parents were 
 Vereil ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ humble circumstances, but 
 
 the father increased his substance by keeping 
 bees and buying up tracts of woodland, and contrived 
 to send his son as a student first to Cremona, then 
 to Mediolanum {Milan), and finally to Rome. Of his 
 teachers the Epicurean Siron, whose lectures he attended 
 at Rome, seems to have exercised especial influence upon 
 him. The even tenor of the student's quiet life appears 
 not to have been broken until, in 42 B.C. or shortly 
 afterwards, his father's lands were seized and assigned to 
 some of Octavianus' veterans. It seems clear that the 
 lands were restored through the aid of some influential 
 friends of the poet, such as Pollio, Callus, and Alfenus 
 Varus ; but it is doubtful whether they were again seized, 
 as some authorities assert. After these events Vergil 
 lived partly at Rome and partly at his villa near Nola in 
 Campania, which he probably acquired through the in- 
 fluence of Caius Cilnius Maecenas, Augustus' chief adviser, 
 and a well-known patron of literary men. His tenderness 
 and amiability, his high sense of honour and devotion to 
 his art, made him a favourite in the brilliant literary circle 
 which the Emperor collected around him. He is said to 
 have been tall and pale, with a somewhat rustic cast of 
 features. His health was variable, and he died a com- 
 paratively young man, atBrunchsium (Brindisi) in Calabria, 
 on September 22nd, 19 B.C., having just returned from a 
 tour in Greece. The body was carried to Naples, near 
 which town a monument is still shown as Vergil's tomb. 
 Upon it is inscribed the famous epitaph : — 
 
 Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tenet nunc 
 
 Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 
 7 
 
S INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 2. Yergil's fame as a poet rests on three great works : 
 the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneld. The Eclogues 
 . (Bucolica or Eclogae) are ten short poems in 
 
 the pastoral style of which the Sicilian poet 
 Theocritus was the most celebrated master among the 
 Greeks. The Eclogues were written before 38 B.C. Like all 
 the great woi-ks of Yergil, they are in hexameter verse (§ 8), 
 into which Yergil introduced a smoothness and harmony of 
 rhythm unequalled by any Roman poet. The novelty of the 
 subject and beauty of the verse secured for the Eclogues 
 immediate and lasting popularity. 
 
 An enthusiastic lover of the country, Vergil readily 
 acceded to Maecenas' request for a poem on rural life. His 
 Georgics (Geot^gica) form a didactic poem in four Books, and 
 are based upon the Works and Days of Hesiod, the Phaeno- 
 me7ia and Diosemeia of Aratus, the Georgica of Nicander, and 
 the works of other Greek and Roman writers on agriculture. 
 The four Books were written 37-30 B.C. ; they deal respect- 
 ively with agriculture, the culture of trees, the breeding, 
 etc., of cattle and horses, and bee-farming, matters which 
 Vergil's wide reading and practical experience enabled him 
 to treat with thorough knowledge, while adorning them 
 \vith all the beauty that could be lent to them by a great 
 poet with an enthusiastic love of his theme. 
 
 The Aeneid {Aeneis), Vergil's most famous work, was the 
 product of the ten last years of his life. It is an epic 
 poem, in which the fortunes of Aeneas, after the fall of 
 Troy, are taken as a foundation for the poet's splendid 
 description of the growth of Rome's greatness, until at last 
 she reached the summit of her glory in the reign of 
 Augustus, the greatest of Aeneas' line. Though the 
 exquisite skill of Vergil could never surpass the unconscious 
 art of his unapproachable model, Homer, he has neverthe- 
 less produced a national epic, which won the enthusiastic 
 admiration of his contemporaries, and has never ceased to 
 be read and studied as one of the gi'eatest works of human 
 genius. 
 
 Certain minor poems are attributed to Vergil on question- 
 able authority. They are: (1) the Gulex {Gnat), a Bucolic 
 poem ; (2) the Ciris, or the story of Scylla, the daughter of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 Nisiis ; (3) the Moretum {Salad), a poem on peasant life. 
 There is also (4) the Copa (Hostess), a poem on the self- 
 advertisement of the hostess at an inn, and (5) a collection 
 of short pieces called Catalepton or Gatalecta. 
 
 § 3. The origin of pastoral poetry is obscure, but it is clear 
 that it was first brought into prominence, if not actually 
 
 created, as a distinct species of poetry in Sicily, 
 Poetry ^7 *^® Greek poet Theocritus. He was a native 
 
 either of Syracuse or Cos, and spent some years 
 at Alexandria, where he studied under Philetas and obtained 
 the patronage of Ptolemy Soter and his son, but resided 
 duriug the greater part of his life in Sicily. Theocritus' 
 Idylls are the most valuable product of the Alexandrian 
 literature which flourished under the Ptolemies of the third 
 century B.C. Among the learned and laborious versifiers 
 of Alexandria he stands out as a true poet, with a genius 
 for painting scenes of shepherd life, as the only writer 
 among them, says Professor Jebb, " who has a true afiinity 
 with the great past of Greek song." The names by which 
 his poems are called, d^vXkia, elSrj, correctly indicate their 
 character as " pictures " of country life. Deriving perhaps 
 some of his materials from the songs which Sicilian 
 shepherds sang at rustic festivals, and from the mimes of 
 Sophron and others, Theocritus produced a series of rustic 
 pictures in verse, which were intended by their author to be 
 works of art, and not mere photographic representations of 
 country life ; and as pictures of nature and life amid nature's 
 fairest scenes, they have never lost their charm. Of the 
 thirty poems which have come down to us as Theocritus' 
 Idylls, some are not his, and six are not pastorals, but 
 poems on Epic subjects, written more in the style of the 
 Alexandrian poets. Only in a few cases, however, can be 
 traced that allegorical representation of real characters 
 under feigned shepherd names which is practised so fre- 
 quently by Yergil and other imitators of the Theocritean 
 pastoral. There are still extant a few pastoral poems of 
 Theocritus' two contemporaries, Bion and Moschus, who 
 sometimes imitated but never surpassed the great master 
 of bucolic poetry. With Uie poems of Theocritus in dialogue 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 may be compared the mimes of Herondas, first printed in 
 1890 from a papyi'us in the British Museum. It is doubtful 
 whether they are imitations of Theocritus ; and if they are, 
 they fall far short of their model. 
 
 It is certain that Vergil was well read iu Alexandrian 
 literature, and his debt to Theocritus is evident in every 
 page of the Eclogues. The whole form and structure of the 
 Eclogue was based on that of the Idyll ; but whereas the 
 form and plan of Theocritus' pastorals sprang directly from 
 the nature of his subject-matter, with Vergil they generally 
 became a mere literary fiction, a conventional dress, which 
 too often failed to fit the thoughts it clothed. In Yergil's 
 imitations of Theocritus he himself masquerades under the 
 guise of goatherd, while the soldier-poet Gallus appears as 
 Theocritus' dying shepherd. The very words of Theocritus 
 are translated again and again, and not always correctly. 
 The scenery is a fanciful combination of shepherd haunts 
 in Sicily, Arcadia, and Italy. Yet, though the Eclogues are 
 largely derived from Theocritus, and are steeped in con- 
 ventionality, there is much in them that is distinctly original. 
 The Theocritean dress and the scenery hallowed by poetic 
 associations would appeal to educated readers of the time 
 of Augustus, who were thoroughly well acquainted with the 
 Alexandrian poets, no less strongly than the charming 
 melody of Vergil's verse and the great beauty of many 
 passages in his Eclogues. 
 
 § 4. Of the ten Eclogues, the second, third, seventh and 
 ScoDe eighth, are possibly purely pastoral ; the other 
 five are more or less allegorical. A short sketch 
 of the scope of each is given below. 
 
 Eclogue I. An allegorical poem expressing Vergil's 
 gratitude to Octavianus for restoring his father's lands. A 
 goatherd, Meliboeus, who has been deprived of his lands 
 for the benefit of the veteran soldiers, is supposed to meet 
 the freedman Tityrus singing under his own beech- tree in 
 contented enjoyment of his property. Tityrus explains 
 that he owes his good fortune to the youthful deity 'at Eome. 
 Meliboeus congratulates him, laments his own misfortune, 
 and bids him a sad farewell. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 Eclogue II. In this Eclogue the shepherd Corydon 
 makes his complaint about the unkindness of Alexis, his 
 master's favourite slave. 
 
 Eclogue III. This Eclogue is a specimen of a rustic 
 singing-match, or carmen amoebaeum, Menalcas and 
 Damoetas, two rival shephei-ds, meet and challenge each 
 other to contend in singing for a wager, choosing Palaemon 
 for their umpire. Damoetas begins with a pair of hexa- 
 meters, and his rival replies with a pair to match them, and 
 so they go on till Palaemon declares the match drawn. 
 
 Eclogue ly. This famous poem heralds the new age 
 that is to be ushered in by the birth of a certain Child. 
 (For some of the conjectures as to who the Child is, see 
 the preface to the notes on the Eclogue, p. 57.) Iq 
 this new age all work is to cease and the earth of her- 
 self is to provide food for mankind, as in the mythical 
 Golden Age. 
 
 Eclogue V. Two shepherds, Menalcas and Mopsus, 
 meet and agree to sing in alternate lays their laments 
 for Daphnis, their dead shepherd-friend. Mopsus sings 
 of Daphnis' death and of the sorrow he has left behind 
 him; Menalcas of his exaltation to heaven, and of the 
 joy which has followed the former sorrow. This is not 
 exactl}^ a formal singing-match, though the shepherds 
 interchange gifts at the end of their lays. 
 
 Eclogue YI. This Eclogue is largely allegorical. It is 
 probably an answer to the request of Alfenus Varus for 
 a poem celebrating his warlike exploits. Vergil excuses 
 himself on the plea that Apollo had warned him to confine 
 himself to humbler themes, and asks Varus to accept a 
 pastoral lay, describing how two shepherds caught Silenus 
 and made him sing to them a song containing an account 
 of the creation and many famous myths. 
 
 Eclogue VII. This, with III. and V., are the only three 
 genuine singing-matches among the Eclogues. Here a 
 goatherd Meliboeus describes a match he had witnessed 
 between Thyrsis and Corydon, with Daphnis for umpire. 
 They sing in turn of their country gods and their loves and 
 their flocks, and the sympathy of all nature around them. 
 
 Eclogue VIII. The poet, after a brief introduction, 
 
12 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 narrates the song of the shepherd Damon, with Alphesi- 
 boeus' reply. Damon laments the faithlessness of his lady- 
 love Nysa, who had deserted him for Mopsus, and threatens 
 to plunge in the sea and drown himself. Alphesiboeus 
 replies with a description of magic rites and spells used to 
 win back the love of Daphnis. 
 
 Eclogue IX. An allegorical poem touching the loss and 
 restoration of the lands of Vergil's father. Moeris, who is 
 carrying some kids to market for his master Menalcas 
 {i.e. Yergil), is accosted by the shepherd Lycidas, and tells 
 him how he and his master had been ejected from their 
 farm. Lycidas expresses his surprise, as he had heard 
 that Menalcas' poems had procured its restoration. He 
 consoles Moeris, and they repeat selections of Menalcas' 
 poetry. 
 
 Eclogue X. The last Eclogue is another distinctly alle- 
 gorical poem. Assuming the guise of an Arcadian goat- 
 herd, Vergil introduces us to the Roman commander 0. 
 Asinius Gall us, who is represented as the Theocritean 
 Daphnis dying of unrequited love. This Daphnis sings 
 to Arcadian shepherds his complaint of Lycoris' cruel 
 desertion, in faultlessly beautiful verse. Then Vergil comes 
 hack suddenly from the scenes of pastoral fancy to call 
 Gallus by his real name, and express a hope that tho 
 poem will please him. 
 
 § 5. The chief merit of the Eclogues lies in the exquisite 
 g. , style in which the poet expresses his thoughts. 
 Never before had the Latin language been 
 made to give forth such melodious music. In Vergil's 
 hands the hexameter became a flexible vehicle for poetical 
 thought of every kind, whether heroic or didactic or of 
 the lighter moods of love. The diction, elaborated with art 
 that conceals art, appears exactly to adapt itself to the 
 thought and the exigencies of metre, and so gives a pleasant 
 feeling of satisfaction to the artistic sense, a feeling which 
 is less intense than the pleasure one experiences from the 
 naivete and childish simplicity of Homer and much of 
 Theocritus, but is nevertheless genuine and deep. And all 
 this is particularly true of some passages in the Eclogtces, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 which are admitted by competent critics to be of surpassing 
 beauty. One of the finest of these, a passage which 
 Macanlay thought the finest lines in all Vei-gil, is the 
 description of a boy's love at first sight, in Eclo^'ue VIII. 
 37-41. In such passages especially the language seems to 
 flow naturally from the thought : language was not yet 
 studied for its own sake ; it had not yet become an impedi- 
 ment to the clearness of thought : the tyranny of language 
 over thought grew up after the Golden Age of Koman 
 Literature had passed. 
 
 § 6. From eaily Latin scholars we learn that the Eclogues 
 
 Dates were written during the three years 42—39 B.C. 
 From internal evidence we are able to fix with 
 tolerable certainty the date of a few of the Eclogues. The 
 reference to Pollio's consulship in the fourth Eclogue (v. 11) 
 fixes the date for 40 B.C. The eighth was sent to Pollio 
 when he was on his way home from Dalmatia in 39 B.C., and 
 was clearly written in that year. The tenth is expressly 
 stated in the first line to have been the last, and, according 
 to the dates fixed by early Latin scholars given above, must 
 belong to 39 B.C. The first, ninth and sixth refer to the 
 loss of Vergil's paternal estate and its restoration, and these 
 three would fall within the year 41 and possibly part of 
 40 B.C. That the fifth is earlier than the second and third 
 is proved by the reference in V. 86, 87, to the latter two 
 poems. The reference in the ni7ith (v. 19) to the fifth 
 (v. 40) shows that the former is of later date than the 
 latter. Thus Eclogues 11. , III. and V. come before 
 Eclogue IX., and with them may be placed Eclogue VII., 
 owing to its similarity of style. 
 
 These results may be briefly tabulated thus : — 
 
 Eclogues II., Ill, V. and probably VII. . . 42 B.C. 
 
 Eclogues I., IX., VI. .... 41— early in 40 B.C. 
 
 Eclogue IV 40 B.C. 
 
 Eclogues VIII., X 39 B.C. 
 
 § 7. The metres used by the classical Latin poets are 
 
 all of Greek origin, and depend entirely on 
 
 quantity, i.e. on the length of syllables. The 
 
 metre of the Eclogues is the Pg^ctylic Hexameter, in which 
 
14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 each verse consists of six feet, and each foot is a dactyl 
 (- w w) or its equivalent, a spondee ( — ). To this the last 
 (sixth) foot is an exception, admitting only of two syllables, 
 of which the last is either long or short. 
 
 The fifth foot is regularly a dactyl. A spondee occasion- 
 ally occurs in this foot {e.g. lY. 49). 
 
 The following is a regular Hexameter line (I. 1 ) : — 
 
 Tityre, | tu patu- 1 lae II recu- j bans sub | tegmine | f agi. 
 
 In each verse should occur a caesura (= "cutting") — 
 that is, a pause in the sound, due to the ending of one 
 word and the commencement of the next in the middle of 
 a metrical foot ; e.g., in the example quoted above there is 
 a caeswa between the words patulae and recuhans. 
 
 When occurring, as it usually does, at the end of the first 
 syllable of the third foot (as in the line above), the caesura 
 is known as strong or male. When occurring at the end of 
 the second syllable in a dactylic third foot, it is known as 
 weak or female, as in I. 5 : — 
 
 Formo- 1 sam reso- 1 nare II do- 1 ces Ama- 1 ryllida | silvas. 
 
 Sometimes a caesura is found in the fourth foot ; e.g. 
 in I. 40 :— 
 
 — WWl» WW I— wwl— II — I— wwl — 
 
 Quid face- 1 rem ? Neque j serviti- 1 o || m« ex- 1 ire 11- 1 cebat 
 
 Elision. — Before a word beginning with a vowel or h 
 a final vowel or diphthong is elided, as also is a final m 
 together with the vowel preceding it ; e.g. in the hne last 
 quoted, and in II. 31 : — 
 
 Mec"™ u- 1 n* in sil- 1 vis || inn- 1 tabere | Pan a ca- 1 nendo. 
 
 Accent. — The ictus or metrical accent is not to be 
 confounded with the grammatical accent, with which, 
 however, it often coincides. The law of accentuation in 
 Latin is simply that "the main accent falls on the 
 antepenultimate syllable {i.e. last syllable but two), except 
 when the penultimate {i.e. last syllable but one) is long, 
 
INTRODUCTION 15 
 
 in which case it falls on that." Thus interea, intimus, 
 intrdre. 
 
 For metrical irregularities see Appendix. 
 
 § 8. A syllable contains either one vowel or a diphthong ; 
 any syllable containing a diphthong or long 
 roso y. yQ^gj jg g^ jQjjg syllable, and a syllable con- 
 taining a short vowel is a short syllable unless two 
 consonants (see Kule 3, below) follow the vowel. Thus, 6s, 
 "bone," has genitive ossis, in which the first syllable is 
 long on account of the position of o before ss, although the 
 is naturally short, as is seen by the nominative. 
 
 The following rules are sufiicient for the learner's guidance 
 in reading verse, but are nearly all subject to some few 
 exceptions : — 
 
 (1) A diphthong or contracted syllable is long; e.g. 
 mensae, nil (= nihil). 
 
 (2) The former of two vowels not forming a diphthong is 
 short; e.g. puer. 
 
 (3) A syllable is long when its vowel is followed in the 
 same word by two consonants (other than A), by one of the 
 double consonants a;, z^ or by semi-consonant i (sometimes 
 printed J ). 
 
 (4) A final syllable ending in a consonant counts as long 
 before a word beginning with a semi-consonant ^ or a con- 
 sonant (other than h). 
 
 (5) A syllable containing a vowel naturally short is either 
 long or short when the vowel is followed by two different 
 consonants of which the second is / or r ; e.g.pdtris or pdtriSf 
 gen. sing, of pater. (A vowel by nature long remains long ; 
 e.g. mdtris, gen. sing, of mater.) 
 
 (6) Final syllables of words ending in a, % o, w, as, es, os, 
 and c, are long. Final a, however, in nom., voc, and ace, 
 is short. Final es is short in such nominatives singular as 
 miles, and in the nom. plural of Greek substantives, e.g. 
 lampddes ; and final as is short in the corresponding Greek 
 ace. plural, lampddds. Final os is short when it represents 
 Greek -os. 
 
 (7) Final e is short except in the 1st (Greek) and 5th 
 declensions, in 2nd sing, imper. act. of verbs of the 2nd 
 conjugation, and iu adverbs. 
 
16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (8), Final is is short except in ace, dat., and abl. plural, 
 and in 2nd sing. pres. ind. act. of verbs of the 4th con- 
 jugation. 
 
 (9) Final its is short except in the nom., voc, and ace. 
 plural and gen. sing, of the 4th declension, and in fern, 
 substantives like pdlus. 
 
 (10) Final syllables of words of more than one syllable 
 ending in a single consonant other than c or s are 
 short. 
 
 (11) Monosyllables are generally long, except those ending 
 in bj d, t. 
 
^<' 
 
 p. YERGILI MARONIS 
 BUCOLICA. 
 
 EOLOGA I. 
 
 Meliboeus. 
 T^ITYRE, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi 
 
 Silvestrem tenui musam meditaris avena : -t^Afci <^''' «^ 
 
 Nos patriae fines et dulcia linquimus arva. . y'^ 
 
 Nos patriam f ugimns ; tn, Tityre, lentus in umbra ""^ ^ n « 
 Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas, 5 ^ ' ^^ 
 
 TiTYRUS. 
 
 Meliboee, deus nobis haec otia fecit. 
 Namque erit ille mihi semper <Jeus, ilKus aram 
 Saepe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuetr agnus. 
 Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum 
 
 Ludere, quae vellem, calamo permisit agresti. 10 ra 
 
 Mel. Non equidem invideo ; miror magis ; undique totis 
 "Usque adeo tvirbatur agris. En, ipse capellas . s^^ 
 Protinus aeger ago ; banc etiam vix, Tityre, duco. 
 Hie inter densas corylos modo namque gemellos, " ' 
 
 Spem gregis, a, silice in nuda conixa reliquit. 15 
 
 Saepe malum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva fuisset, ^A^^^^ 
 De caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus. hM si-i^^-^ 
 
 Sed tamen, iste deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis. 
 Ed. 2 
 
18 VERGIL. 
 
 / 
 
 Tit. TJrbem, quam dicunt Rom am, Meliboee, putavi 
 
 Stultus ego huic nostrae similem, quo saepe solemus 20 
 
 Pastores ovium teneros depellere fetus. U*- "^ ■ ; 
 
 Sic caniLus catulos similes, sic matribus haedos 
 
 Noram, sic par vis componere m(!gna solebamT 
 
 Yerum haec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes, * , 
 
 Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi. :-'> '' '•*-'' 25 
 
 Mel. Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi? 
 
 Tit. Libertas, quae sera tamen respexit inertem, ^^';' 
 
 Candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat ; h>-K*' \^> 
 
 Respexit tamen et longo post tempore venit, < hW'^^ 
 
 Postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit. ' " ^jo 
 
 Namque, fatebor enim, dum me Galatea tenebat, 
 
 Nee spes libertatis erat nee cura peculi. 
 
 Quamvis multa meis exiret victima saeptis, 
 
 Pinguis et ingratae premeretur caseus lirbi, 
 
 Non umquam gravis aere domum mibi dextra redibat. 35 
 
 Mel. Mirabar, quid maesta deos, Amarylli, vocares, s 
 
 Cui pendere sua patereris in arbore poma; 
 
 Tityrus hinc aberat. Ipsae te, Tityre, pinus, 
 
 Ipsi te fontes, ipsa haec arbusta vocabant. (fx'-^" 
 
 Tit. Quid facerem '? Neque servitio me exire licebat 40 
 
 Nee tarn praesentes alibi cognoscere divos. 
 
 Hie ilium vidi iuvenem, Meliboee, quotannis 
 
 Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. 
 
 Hie mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti : 
 
 "Pascite ut ante boves, pueri; submittite tauros." 45 
 
 Mel. Fortunate senex, ergo tua rura manebunt. 
 
 Et tibi magna satis, quamvis lapis omnia nudus 
 
 Limosoque palus obducat pascua iunco. ,^ ;..- > 
 
 Non insueta graves temptabunt pabula fetas, «(^joJUa 
 
 Nee mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent. 1^ 5^ 
 
 Fortunate senex, hie inter flumina nota «^a,)>v-y 
 
 Et fontes sacros frigus captabis opacum. -ttaiA^ Cq^^.^,A > 
 
 Hinc tibi, quae semper vicino ab, limite saepes 
 
^^ ^ ^- ECLOGUE I. ^ -'^19 
 
 Hyblaeis apibus florem depabta salicti, '^''v^Vi^ 
 
 Saepe lovi somnum suadebit inire susiin-o ; ' 4\.U ' 55 
 
 Hinc alta sub rnpe canet fiondator ad auras : U'-*-^ • >^\a^v>\- 
 
 Kec tamen interea raucae, tua cura, palambes, ^^i^-ts^' '^ < . 
 
 Nec gemere aeriaT cessabit turtur ab ulmo. ■<S-\'^ 
 
 TiT. Ante leves ergo pascentur in aequore cervi, -^ ' ",^0*^. 
 
 Et freta destituent nudos in litore pisces, 60 f, .^ 
 
 Ante pererratis amborum finibus exsul . -^c^y S^'^'^-f *^*^^^ 
 
 Aut Ararim Parthus bibet aut Germania Tigrini, ''"^, ■' 
 
 Quam nostro illius labatur pectore vultus. 
 
 Mel. At nos hinc alii sitientes ibimus Afros, 
 
 Pars Scythiam et rapidum cretae veniemus Oaxen 65 ._, 
 
 Et jienitus toto divisos orbe ' Britannos. J?^^V i 
 
 En umquam patrios longo post tempore fines, 
 
 Pauperis et tuguri congestum caespite culmen, 
 
 Post aliquot mea regna videns mirabor aristas? ''jj^'^j {j?i 
 
 Impius haec tarn culta novalia miles habebit, 70 ^^* 
 
 Barbarus has segetes, en quo discordia cives 
 
 Produxit miseros : his nos cohsevimus agros ! >» ' ' 
 
 Insere nunc, Meliboee, pirps, pone ordine vite fi-S.^^^ ' 
 
 Ite meae, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. . jj^''^'"^'^ 
 
 Non ego vos posthac viridi proiectus in antro 75 
 
 D^Qiosa pendere procul de rupe videbo ; 
 
 Carraina nulla canam; non me pascente, capellae, \' 
 
 Florentem cytisum et salices carpetis amaras. .-.- /.f 
 
 Tit. Hie tamen banc mecum poterasrequiescere noctem 
 
 Fronde super viridi : sunt nobis mitia poma, :\ 80 -J " " 
 
 Castaneae molles et pressi copia lactis, >f O ^ "'\ 
 
 Et iam summa procul villarum culmina fumant, 
 
 Maioresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae. 
 
 
 
 
 3 h^h ♦VvLxC'U: 
 
 4 
 
20 VERGIL. 
 
 EOLOGA II. 
 
 'JPOE:MOSUM pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim, vP'A 
 
 Delicias domini, nee, quid speraret, habebat, w'^v^^^:- 
 Taiitum inter densas, umbrosa caciimina, fagos^'r ■ - 
 Adsidue veniebat. Ibi haec ineondita solus 
 Montibus et silvis studio iactabat inani : 5 
 
 **0 crudelis Alexi, nihil mea carmina curas? 
 Nil nostri miserere ? Mori me denique coges. 
 Nunc etiam pecudes umbras et frigora captant ; 
 Nunc virides etiam occultant spineta lacertos, » 
 Thestylis et rapido fessis messoribus aestu ic 
 
 Allia serpullumque herbas contundit olentes. 
 At mecum raucis, tua dum vestigia lustro, 
 Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. 
 Nonne fuit satius, tristes Amaryllidis iras 
 Atque superba pati f astidia ? nonne Menalcan ? ^ 15 
 
 Quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses ? * 
 
 O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori ! » : ^' 
 
 Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. ^"^ 
 Despectus tibi sum, nee qui sim quaeris, Alexi, 
 Quam dives pecoris, nivei quam lactis abundans. 20 
 
 Mille meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae ; 
 Lac mihi non aestate novum, non frigore defit. 
 Canto, quae solitus, si quando armenta vocabat, 
 Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracyntho. 
 Nee sum adeo informis: nuper me in litore vidi, 25 
 
 Cum placidum ventis staret mare. Non ego Daphnim 
 ludice te metuam, si numquam fallit imago, ^ ^ v. 
 tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura 
 Atque humiles habitare casas et figere cervos 
 Haedorumque gregem viridi compellere hibisco! 30 
 
 Mecum una in silvis imitabere Pana canendo. 
 
ECLOGUE TI. 21 
 
 Pan primus calamos cera coniungere plnros 
 
 Instituit, Pan curat oves oviumque magistros. 
 
 Nee te paeniteat calamo trivisse labellum : 
 
 Haec eadem iit sciret, quid non faciebat Amynta;? 35 
 
 Est mihi disparibus septem compacta ciciitis 
 
 Fistula, Damoetas dono mihi quam dedit olim, 
 
 Et dixit moriens : 'Te nunc habet ista secundum.' 
 
 Dixit Damoetas, invidit stultus Amyntas. 
 
 Praeterea duo, nee tuta mihi valle repeiti, 40 
 
 Capreoli, sparsis etiam nunc pellibus albo; 
 
 Bina die siccant ovis ubera ; quos tibi servo. 
 
 lam pridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat: 
 
 Et faciet, quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra. " 
 
 Hue ades, o foimose puer: tibi lilia plenis 45 
 
 Ecce ferunt Nymphae caliithis ; tibi Candida Nais, 
 
 Pallentes violas et summa papavera carpens, 
 
 Narcissum et florem iungit bene olentis anethi; — - " j^ fy^ 
 
 Tum, casia atque aliis intexens suavibus herbis, ^^a^''^-*^1>^'''^ 
 
 '^lolha luteola pingit vaccinia caltha. '-V'->:-^*'^):^^yv-^^^ .'50 '*' 
 
 ' Ipse ego cana legam tenera lanugine mala 
 
 Castaneasque nuces, mea quas Amaryllis amabat. 
 
 Addam cerea prima, et honos erit huic quoque pomo; -J^iju.'^ ' 
 
 Et vos, o lauri, carpam, et te, proxima myrte : 
 
 Sic positae quoniam suaves miscetis odores. 55 
 
 Eusticus es, Cory don ; nee munera curat Alexis, 
 
 Nee, si muneribus certes, concedat lollas. 
 
 Heu heu, quid volui misero mihi? floribus austrum 
 
 Perditus et liquidis immisi fontibus apros. 
 
 Quem fugis, a demens? habitarunt di quoque silvas 60 
 
 Dardaniusque Paris. Pallas, quas condidit arces, 
 
 Ipsa colat; nobis placeant ante omnia silvae. 
 
 Torva leaena lupum sequitur, lupus ipse capellam, 4 
 
 riorentem cytisum sequitnr lasciva capella, 
 
 Te Corydon, o Alexi: trahit sua quemque voluptas. 6^ 
 
 Adspice, aratra iugo referunt suspensa iuvencj, 
 
22 VERGIL. V 
 
 Et sol crescentes decedens duplicat umbras: 
 
 Me tamen urit amor: qiiis enim modus adsit amori? 
 
 A Corydon, Corydon, quae te dementia eepit ! 
 
 Semiputata tibi frondosa vitis in ulmo est. 70 
 
 Quin tu aliquid saltem potius, quorum indiget usus, 
 
 Viminibus mollique paras detexere iunco ? 
 
 Invenies alium, si te hie fastidit, Alexim." 
 
 ECLOGA III. 
 
 / 
 Menalcas. 
 
 TTilC mihi, Damoeta, cuium pecus? an Meliboei? 
 
 Damoetas. 
 Non, verum Aegonis ; nuper mihi tradidit Aegon. 
 Men. Infelix o semper, oves, pecus ! ipse Neaerara 5 
 
 Dum fovet ac, ne me sibi praeferat ilia, veretur, 
 Hie alienus oves custos bis mulget in hora, 
 Et sucus pecori et lac subducitur agnis. 
 Da. Parcius ista viris tamen obicienda memento. 
 Men. Turn, credo, cum me arbustum videre Miconis 10 
 Atque mala vites incidere falce novellas. 
 Da. Aut hie ad veteres fagos cum Daphnidis arcum 
 Fregisti et calamos; quae tu, perverse Menalca, 
 Et, cum vidisti puero donata, dolebas, 
 Et, si non aliqua noculsses, mortuus esses. 15 
 
 Men. Quid domini faciant, audent cum talia fures? 
 Non ego te vidi Damonis, pessime, caprum 
 Excipere insidiis multum latrante Lycisca ? 
 Et cum clamarem "Quo nunc se proripit ille? 
 Tityre, coge pecus," tu post ca recta latebas. 20 
 
 Da. An mihi cantando victus non redderet ille, 
 Quem mea carminibus meruisset fistula caprum 1 
 Si nescis, meus ille caper fuit; et mihi Damoo 
 
ECLOGUE III. 23 
 
 Ipse fatebatur; sed reddere posse negabat. 
 
 Men. Cantando tu ilium ? aut umquam tibi fistula cera 25 
 
 luncta fuit? non tu in triviis, indocte, solebas 
 
 Stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen? 
 
 Da. Vis ergo, inter nos, quid possit uterque, vicissim 
 
 Experiamur ? ego banc vitulam — ne forte recuses, 
 
 Bis venit ad mulctram, binos alit ubere fetus — 30 
 
 Depono : tu die, mecum quo pignore certes. 
 
 Men. De grege non ausim quicquam deponere tecum : 
 
 Est mihi namque domi pater, est iniusta noverca : 
 
 Bisque die numerant ambo pecus, alter et haedos. 
 
 Verum, id quod multo tute ipse fatebere maius, — 35 
 
 Insanire libet quoniam tibi — pocula ponam 
 
 Fagiiia, caelatum divini opus Alcimedontis, 
 
 Lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis 
 
 Diffuses hedera vestit pallente corymbos. 
 
 In medio duo signa, Conon, et — quis fuit alter, 40 
 
 Descripsit radio totum qui gentibus orbem. 
 
 Tempera quae messor, quae curvus arator haberet? 
 
 Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo. 
 
 Da. Et nobis idem Alcimedon duo pocula fecit, 
 
 Et moUi circum est ansas amplexus acantho, 45 
 
 Orpbeaque in medio posuit silvasque sequentes. 
 
 Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo : 
 
 Si ad vitulam spectas, nihil est, quod pocula laudes. 
 
 Men. Numquam hodie efTugies ; veniam, quocumque vocaris. 
 
 Audiat haec tantum — vel qui venit, ecce, Palaemon. 50 
 
 Efficiam, postlm':? ne quemquam voce lacessas. 
 
 Da. Quin age, si quid habes, in me mora non erit ulla, 
 
 Nee quemquam f ugio : tantum, vicine Palaemon, 
 
 Sensibus haec imis, res est non parva, reponas. 
 
 Palaemon. 
 Dicite, quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba. 55 
 
 Et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos, 
 Nunc fx^ondent silvae, nunc formosissimus annus. 
 
24 VERGIL. 
 
 Incipe, Damoeta ; tu deinde seqiiere, Menalca, 
 Alteriiis dicetis: amant alterna Camenae. 
 
 Da. Ab love principium Musae : lovis omnia plena ; 60 
 Ille colit terras, illi mea carmina curae. 
 Men. Et me Phoebus amat ; Phoebo sua semper apud me 
 Munera sunt, lauri et suave rubens hyacinthus. 
 Da. Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella, 
 Et fugit ad salices et se cupit ante videri. 65 
 
 Men. At mihi sese offert idtro, meus ignis, Amyntas, 
 Notior ut iam sit canibus non Delia nostris. 
 Da. Parta meae Yeneri sunt munera : namque notavi 
 Ipse locum, aeriae quo congessere palumbes. 
 Men. Quod potui, puero silvestri ex arbore lecta 70 
 
 Aurea mala decem misi; eras altera mittam. 
 Da. O quotiens et quae nobis Galatea locuta est ! 
 Partem aliquam, venti, divum referatis ad aures ! 
 Men. Quid prodest, quod me ipse animo non spernis, 
 
 Amynta, 
 Si, dum tu sectaris apros, ego retia servo ? 75 
 
 Da. Phyllida mitte mihi : meus est natalis, lolla : 
 Cum faciam vitula pro frugibus, ipse venito. 
 Men. Phyllida amo ante alias; nam me discedere flevit 
 Et longum " Pormose vale, vale," inquit, *' lolla." 
 Da. Triste lupus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres, 80 
 Arboribus venti, nobis Amaryllidis irae. 
 Men. Dulce satis umor, depulsis arbutus haedis, 
 Lenta salix feto pecori, mihi solus Amyntas. 
 Da. Polio amat nostram, quamvis est rustica, Musam : 
 Pierides, vitulam lectori pascite vestro. 85 
 
 Men. Polio et ipse facit nova carmina : pascite taurum, 
 lam cornu petat et pedibus qui spargat harenam. 
 Da. Qui te, Polio, amat, veniat, quo te quoque gaudet; 
 Mella fluant illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum. 
 Men. Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Maevi, 90 
 Atque idem iangat vulpes et mulgeat hircos, 
 
ECLOGUE IV. 25 
 
 Da. Qui legitis flores et humi nascentia fraga, 
 Frigidus, o pueri, fugite hinc, latet anguis in herba. 
 Men. Parcite, oves, nimiiim procedere : non bene ripae 
 Creditiir; ipse aries etiam nunc vellera siccat. 95 
 
 Da. Tityre, pascentes a flumine reice capellas : 
 Ipse, ubi tempus erit, omnes in fonte lavabo. 
 Men. Cogite oves, pueri : si lac praeceperit aestus, 
 Ut nuper, frustra pressabimus ubera palmis. 
 Da. Heu lieu, quam pingui macer est mihi taurus in ervo ! 
 Idem amor exitium pecori pecorisque magistro. 10 1 
 
 Men. His certe neque amor causa est ; vix ossibus haerent. 
 Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos. 
 Da. Die, quibus in terris — et eris mihi magnus Apollo — 
 Tres pateat caeli spatium non amplius ulnas. 105 
 
 Men. Die, quibus in terris inscripti nomina regum 
 Nascantur fiores, et Phyllida solus habeto. 
 
 Pal. Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites. 
 Et vitula tu dignus et hie : et quisquis amores 
 Aut metuet dulces, aut experietur amaros. no 
 
 Olaudite iam rivos, pueri; sat prata biberunt. 
 
 ECLOGA lY. 
 
 CICELIDES Musae, paulo maiora canamus! 
 
 Non omnes arbusta iuvant humilesque myricae; 
 Si canimus silvas, silvae sint consule dignae. 
 
 Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas; 
 Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo. 5 
 
 Iam redit et virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna; 
 Iam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto. 
 Tu modo nascenti puero, quo ferrea primum 
 Desinet ac toto surget gens aurea mundo, 
 Casta fave Lucina : tuus iam regnat Apollo. jo 
 
 Teque adeo decus hoc aevi, te consule, inibife, 
 
2G VERGIL. 
 
 Polio, et incipient magni procedere menses; 
 Te duce, si qua manent sceleris vestigia nostri, 
 Inrita perpetua solvent formidine terras. 
 
 Ille deum vitam accipiet divisqiie videbit 15 
 
 Permixtos heroas et ipse videbitur illis, 
 Pacatiimqiie reget patriis virtutibus orbem. 
 Ac tibi prima, puer, nullo muniiscula cultu, 
 Eriantes hederas passim cum baccare tellus 
 Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. 20 
 
 Ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae 
 Ubera, nee magnos metuent armenta leones. 
 Ipsa tibi blandos fundent cunabula flores. 
 Occidet et serpens, et fallax herba veneni 
 Occidet ; Assyrium vulgo nascetur amomum. 25 
 
 At simul heroum laudes et facta parentis 
 lam legere et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus : 
 Molli paulatim flavescet campus arista, 
 Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva, 
 Et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella. 30 
 
 Pauca tamen suberunt priscae vestigia fraudis, 
 Quae temptare Thetim ratibus, quae cingere muris 
 Oppida, quae iubeant telluri infindere sulcos. 
 Alter erit tum Tipbys, et altera quae vehat Argo 
 Delectos hei^oas ; erunt etiam altera bella 35 
 
 Atque iterum ad Troiam magnus mittetur Acbilles. 
 
 Hinc, ubi iam firmata virum te fecerit aetas, 
 Cedet et ipse mari vector, nee nautica pinus 
 Mutabit merces : omnis feret omnia tellus. 
 Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem; 40 
 
 Eobustus quoque iam tauris iuga sol vet arator ; 
 Kec varios discet mentiri lana colores, 
 Ipse sed in pratis aries iam suave rubenti 
 Murice, iam croceo mutabit vellera luto ; 
 Sponte sua sandyx pascentes vestiet agnos. 45 
 
 *' Talia saecla," suis dixerunt " currite " fusis 
 
ECLOGUE V. 27 
 
 Concordes stabili fatornm numine Parcae. 
 Adgredere o magnos — aderit iam tempus — honores, 
 Cara deiim suboles, magnum lovis Tncrementum ! 
 Adspice convexo niitantem pondere mimdum, 50 
 
 Terrasque tractusque maris caelumqne profundum, 
 Adspice, ventiiro laetentnr ut omnia saeclo ! 
 
 O mihi tam longae maneat pars ultima vitae, 
 Spiritus et, quantum sat erit tua dicere facta : 
 Non me caiminibus vincet nee Thracius Orpheus, 55 
 
 Nee Linus, huic mater quamvis atque huic pater adsit, 
 Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo. 
 Pan etiam, Arcadia mecum si iudice certet, 
 Pan etiam Aicadia dicat se iudice victum. 
 
 Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem 60 
 
 Matri longa decem tulerunt fastidia menSes. 
 Incipe, parve puer: cui non risere parentes, 
 Nee deus hunc mensa, dea nee diojnata cubili est. 
 
 ECLOGA V. 
 
 . Menalcas. 
 /^UR non, Mopse, bqnijquoniam convenimus ambo, 
 
 Tu calamos inflare leves, ego dicere versus, :e,.-^^vL-'<N^ 
 Hie corylis mixtas inter consedimus idmos ? v 
 
 J^-*-'^^^ Mopsus. 
 
 Tu maior; tibi me est aequum parere, Menalca, 
 Sive sub incertas zephyris motantibus umbras, 5 
 
 Sive antro potius succedimus. Adspice, ut antrum 
 Silvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis. wa> /^ 
 Men. Montibus in nostris^Kolus tibi certat Amyntas. 
 Mo. Quid, si idem certet Phoebum superare canendo? 
 Men. Incipe, Mopse, prior, si quos aut Phyllidis ignes, 10 
 Aut Alconis liabes laudes aut iurgia Codri. >«>-«!«•>- vcl-t & ^^^ 
 Incipe : pascentes servabit Tityrus haedos, \j if 
 
 p^ 
 
28 ^ VERGIL. 
 
 Mo. Immo hacc, in viridi niiper quae cortice fagi 
 
 Carmina descripsi et moclulans alterna notavi, 
 
 Experiar : tu deinde iubeto, ut certet Amyntas. 15 
 
 Me. Lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit olivae, 
 
 Puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rpsetis, 
 
 ludicio nostro tantum tibi cedit Amyntas. 
 
 Sed tu desine plura, puer ; successimus antro. 
 
 Mp. Exstinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim 20 
 ; Flebant — vos coryli testes et flumina Nymphis — 
 Cum complexa sui corpus miserabile nati 
 Atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater. 
 
 Non uUi pastos illis egere diebus 
 Frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina; nulla neque amnem 25 
 Libavit quadrupes nec graminis attigit herbam. 
 Daphni, tuum Poenos etiam gemuisse leones 
 Interitum montesque feri silvaeque loquuntur. 
 
 Daphnis et Armenias curru subiungere tigres 
 Instituit, Daphnis thiasos inducere Bacchi 30 
 
 Et foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas. 
 Vitis ut arboribus decori est, ut vitibus uvae, 
 Ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pinguibus arvis : 
 Tu decus omne tuis. Postquam te fata tulerunt, 
 Ipsa Pales agros atque ipse reliquit Apollo. 35 
 
 Grandia saepe quibus mandavimus liordea sulcis, 
 Infelix lolium et steriles nascuntur avenae; ^ 
 Pro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso 
 Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis. 
 
 Spargite humum foliis, inducite fontibus umbras, 40 
 Pastores : mandat fieri sibi talia Daplmis. 
 Et tumulum facite et tumulo superaddite carmen: 
 " Daphnis ego in silvis, hinc usque ad sidera notus, 
 Formosi pecoris custos, formosior ipse." 
 
 Men. Tale tuum' carmen nobis, di^dne poeta, 45 
 
 Quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale per aestum 
 Pulcis aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo. 
 
Nec calamis solum aequiperas, sed voce magistrum. 
 
 rortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo. 
 
 Nos tamen haec quocumque modo tibi nostra vicissim 50 
 
 Dicemus Daphnimque tuum tollemus ad astra ; 
 
 Daphnin ad astra feremus: amavit nos quoquo Daphnis. 
 
 Mo. An quicquam nobis tali sit munere maius ? 
 
 Et puer ipse fuit cantari dignus, et ista 
 
 lam pridem Stimichon laudavit carniina nobis. 55 
 
 Men. Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi 
 Sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Dapbnis. 
 Ergo alacres silvas et cetera rura voluptas 
 Panaque pastoresque tenet Dryadasque puellas. 
 
 Nec l,l^pus insidias pecori, nec retia^cervis 60 
 
 XJlla dolum meditantur : amat bonus otia Daphnis. 
 Ipsi laetitia voces ad sidera iactant 
 Intonsi montes, ipsae iam carmina rupes, 
 Ipsa sonant arbusta : deus, deus ille, Meiialca ! 
 
 Sis bonus o felixque tuis ! en quattuor aras ; 65 
 
 Ecce duas tibi, Daphni, duas altaria Plioebo. 
 Pocula bina novo spumantia lacte quotannis 
 Craterasque duo statuam tibi pinguis olivi, 
 Et multo in primis hilarans convivia Eacclio, 
 Ante focum, si frigus erit, si messis, in umbra 70 
 
 Vina novum fundam calathis Ariusia nectar. -- .yx^AjS^- j^ 
 
 Cantabunt miki Damoetas et Lyctius Aegon; 
 Saltantes Satyros imitabitur Alphesiboeus. V i 
 
 Haec tibi semper erunt, et cum sollemnia vota 
 Reddemus Nymphis et .cum lustrabimus agros. 75 
 
 Dum iuga montis' aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, 
 Dumque thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadae, 
 Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. 
 Ut Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quotannis 
 Agricolae f acient : damnabis tu. quoque votis. 80 
 
 Mo. Quae tibi, quae tali reddam pro carmine dona? '" _^ 
 
 Nam neque me tantum venientis sibilus austri ^ ya-*^^ 
 
30 
 
 VERGIL. 
 
 Nec percussa iuvant fluctu tarn litora, nee quae 
 Saxosas inter clecurrunt flumina valles. 
 Men. Hac te nos fragili donabimiis ante cicuta. 85 
 
 Haec nos "Formosum Corydc^n ardebat Alexim," 
 Haec eadem docuit " Cuiuia peciis? an Meliboei?" 
 Mo. At tu si:me pedum, quod, me cum saepe rogaret, 
 Non tulit Antigenew — et erat turn dignus amari — 
 Formosum paribus nodis atque aere, Menalca. 90 
 
 ECLOGA VI. 
 
 "pivIMA Syracosio dignata est ludere versu 
 
 Nostra neque erubuit silvas habitare Tlialia. 
 Cum canerem reges et proelia, Cynthius aurem 
 Vellit et admonuit : " Pastorem, Tityre, pingues 
 Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen." 5 
 
 Nunc ego — namque super tibi erunt, qui dicere laudes, . 
 Vare, tuas cupiant et tristia condere bella — 
 Agrestem tenui meditabor harundine Musam. 
 Non iniussa cano. Si quis tamen haec quoque, si quis 
 Captus amore leget : te nostiae, Yare, myricae, 10 
 
 Te nemus omne canet ; nec Phoebo gratior ulla est, 
 Quam sibi quae Vari praescripsit pagina nomen. 
 
 Pergite, Pierides. Chromis et Mnasylos in antro 
 Silenum pueri somno videre iacentem, 
 Inflatum hesterno venas, ut semper, Taccho; 15 
 
 Serta procul tantum capiti delapsa iacebant, 
 Et gravis attrita pendebat cantharus ansa. 
 Adgressi — nam saepe senex spe carminis ambo 
 Luserat — iniciunt ipsis ex vincula sertis. 
 Addit se sociam timidisque supervenit Aegle, 20 
 
 Aegle, Naiadum pulcherrima, iamque videnti 
 Sanguineis frontem moris et tempera pingit. 
 lUe dolum ridens " Quo vincula nectitis 1" inquifc. 
 
ECLOGUE VI. 31 
 
 " Solvite me, pneri ; satis est potuisse videri. 
 
 Carmina, quae viiltis, cognoscite; carmiiia vobis, 25 
 
 liuic aliud mercedis erit." Sim^iil incipit ipse. 
 
 Turn vero in numerum Faunosque ferasque videres 
 
 Ludere, tiim rigidas motare cacumina quercus; 
 
 Nee tantuni Plioebo gaudet Parnasia rupes, 
 
 Nee tantum Rhodope mirantur et Ismarus Orphea. 30 
 
 Namque canebat, iiti magnum per inane coacta 
 Semina terrarumque animaeque marisque fuissent 
 Et liquidi simul ignis; ut his ex omnia primis, 
 Omnia, et ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis; 
 Tum durare solum et discludere Nerea ponto 35 
 
 Coeperit, et rerum paulatim sumere formas ; 
 la^que novum terrae stupeant lucescere solem, 
 Altius atque cadant submotis nubibus imbres; 
 Incipiant silvae cum primum surgere, cumque 
 Kara per ignaros errent animalia montes. 40 
 
 Hinc lapides Pyrrhae iactos, Saturnia regna, 
 Caucasiasque refert volucres furtumque Promethei. 
 His adiungit, Hylan nautae quo fonte relictum 
 Clamassent, ut litus " Hyla, Hyla" omne sonaret; 
 Et fortunatam, si numquam armenta fuissent, 45 
 
 Pasiphaen nivei solatur amore iuvenci. 
 A virgo infelix, quae te dementia cepit ! 
 Proe tides implerunt falsis mugitibus agros : 
 At non tam turpes pecudum tamen ulla ecuta est 
 Concubitus, quamvis eollo timuisset aratium, 50 
 
 Et saepe«in levi quaesisset cornua f route. 
 A virgo infelix, tu nunc in montibus erras : 
 Hie latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho, 
 nice sub nigra pallentes ruminat herbas 
 Aut aliquam in magno sequitur grege. " Claudite, 55 
 
 Nymphae, 
 Dictaeae Nymphae, nemorum iam claudite saltus, 
 Si qua forte ferant oculis sese obvia nostria 
 
32 VERGIL. 
 
 Errabunda bovis vestigia; forsitan ilium 
 
 Aiit herba captuin viridi aut aimenta secutum 
 
 Perducant aliquae stabula ad Gortynia vaccae." 60 
 
 Turn canit Hesperidum iiiiratam mala puellam; 
 
 Tum Phaethontiadas musco circumdat amarae 
 
 Corticis atque solo proceras erigit alnos. 
 
 Tum canit, errantem Permessi ad flumiua Galium 
 Aonas in monies ut duxerit una sororum, 65 
 
 Utque viro Plioebi chorus adsurrexerit omnis ; 
 Ut Linus haec illi divino carmine pastor 
 Floribus atque apio crines ornatus amaro 
 Dixerit : " Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musae, 
 Ascraeo quos ante seni, quibus ille solebat 70 
 
 Cantando rigidas deducere montihus ornos. 
 His tibi Grynei nemoris dicatur origo, 
 Ne quis sit lucus, quo se plus iaclet Apollo." 
 Quid loquar, aut Scyllam Nisi, quam fama secuta est 
 Candida succinctam latrantibus inguina monstris 75 
 
 Dulichias vexasse rates et gurgite in alto 
 A ! timidos nautas canibus lacerasse marinis ' 
 Aut ut mutates Terei narraverit artus, 
 Quas illi Philomela dapes, quae dona pararit, 
 Quo cursu deserta petiverit et quibus alte 80 
 
 Infelix sua tecta supervolitaverit alis? 
 Omnia, quae Phoebo quondam meditante beatus 
 Audiit Eurotas iussitque ediscere lamos, 
 Ille canit — pulsae referunt ad sidera valles — - 
 Cogere donee oves stabulis numerumque referri 85 
 
 lussit et invito processit vesper Olympo. 
 
ECLOGUE VII. 33 
 
 ECLOGA yil. 
 
 Meliboeus. 
 
 Tj^ORTE sub arguta consederat ilice Daphnis, 
 
 Conipulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in imnm, 
 Thyrsis oves, Corydon distentas lacte capellas. 
 Ambo florentes aetatibus, Arcades ambo, 
 Et cantare pares et respondere parati. 5 
 
 Hue mihi, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos, 
 Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat. • Atque ego Daphniui 
 Adspicio. Hie ubi me contra videt, "Ocius" inquit 
 " Hue ades, o Meliboee ; caper tibi salvus et haedi : 
 Et, si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra. ' 10 
 
 Hue ipsi potum venient per prata iuvenci, 
 Hie virides tenera praetexit harundine ripas 
 Mincius, eque sacra resonant examina quercu." 
 Quid facerem ? ISTeque ego Alcippen nee Phyllida habebam, 
 Depulsos a lacte domi quae clauderet agnos ; 15 
 
 Et certamen erat, Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum. 
 Posthabui tamen illorum mea seria ludo. 
 Alternis igitur contendere versibus ambo 
 Coepere, alternos Musae meminisse volebant. 
 Hos Corydon, illos referebat in ordine Thyrsis. 20 
 
 Corydon. 
 
 ISTymphae, noster amor, Libethrides, aut mihi carmen, 
 Quale meo Codro, concedite — proxima Phoebi 
 Versibus ille faeit — aut, si non poesumus omnes, 
 Hic arguta sacra pendebit fistula pinu. 
 
 Thyrsis. 
 Pastores, hedera crescentem ornate poetam, 25 
 
 Arcades, invidia rumpantur ut ilia Codro ; 
 
 Ed. 3 
 
34 VEEGIL. 
 
 Aut, si ultra placitnm landarit, baccare frontem 
 Cingite, ne vati noceat mala lingua future. 
 
 Cor. Saetosi caput hoc apri tibi, Delia, parvus 
 Et ramosa Micon vivacis cornua cervi. 30 
 
 Si proprium hoc fuerit, levi de marmore tota 
 Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. 
 Th. Sinum lactis et haec te liba, Priape, quotaiinis 
 Exspectare sat est: custos es pauperis horti. 
 Nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus : at tu, 35 
 
 Si fetura gi^egem suppleverit, aureus esto. 
 
 Cor. Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblae, 
 Candidior cycnis, hedera formosior alba, 
 Cum primum pasti repetent praesepia tauri, 
 Si qua tui Corydonis habet te cura, venito. 40 
 
 Th. Immo ego Sardoniis videar tibi amarior herbis, 
 Horridior rusco, proiecta vilior alga, 
 Si mihi non haec lux toto iam longior anno est. 
 Ite domum pasti, si quis pudor, ite iuvenci. 
 
 CoR. Muscosi fontes et somno mollior herba, 45 
 
 Et quae vos rara viridis tegit arbutus umbra, 
 Solstitium pecori defendite : iam venit aestas 
 Torrida, iam lento turgent in palmite gemmae. 
 Th. Hie focus et taedae pingues, hie plurimus ignis 
 Semper, et adsidua postes fuligine nigri. 50 
 
 Hie tantum boreae curamus frigora, quantum 
 Aut numerum lupus aut torrentia flumina ripas. 
 
 Cor. Stant et iuniperi et castaneae hirsutae. 
 Strata iacent passim sua quaeque sub arbore poma, 
 Omnia nunc rident; at si formosus Alexis 55 
 
 Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca. 
 Th. Aret ager, vitio moriens sitit aeris herba, 
 Liber pampineas invidit colli bus umbras : 
 Phyllidis adventu nostrae nemus omne virebit, 
 luppiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri. 60 
 
 CoR Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis laccho, 
 
ECLOGUE VIII. ' ^ "^ "^^5 
 
 Formosae myrtus Veneri, sua la urea Phoebo ; 
 
 Phyllis amat corylos ; illas dum Phyllis amabit, 
 
 Nee myrtus vincet corylos, nee lauiea Phoebi. 
 
 Th. Fraxinus in silvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, 65 
 
 Populus in iluviis, abies in montibus altis; 
 
 Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas, 
 
 Fraxinus in silvis cedat tibi, pinus in hortis. 
 
 Mel. Haecmemini, et victumfrustra contendere Thyrsim. 
 Ex illo Corydon Corydon est tempore nobis. 70 
 
 ECLOGA VIII. 
 
 Qu\\ • r*^ ^ 
 
 T>ASTORtjM Musam Damonis et Alphesiboei, 
 
 Immemor herbarum quos est mirata iuvenca ^r..s_,AX(*^' 
 Certantes, quorum stupefactae carmine lynces, 
 Et mutata sues requierunt flumina cursus. $:-t<M,f 
 Damonis Musam dicemus et Alphesiboei. 5 
 
 Tu mihi seu magni superas iam saxa Timavi, 
 Sive Oram Illyrici legis aequoris : en erit umquam - 
 Ille.dies, mihi cum liceat tua dicere facta? 
 En erit, ut liceat totum mihi ferre per orbem 
 Sola Sophocleo tua carmina digna cothurno ? 10 
 
 A te prineipium, in te desinet. Accipe iussis 
 ^•armii^ ooepta tuis, atque hajic sine tempera circum 
 Inter ^ictrices) hederam tibi sei'pere laurits. 
 
 Frigida vix caelo noctis decesserat umbra, 
 Cum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba, 15 
 
 Incumbens tereti Damon sic coepit olivae. 
 
 •j,-'- -;^- Damon. 
 
 Nascere praeque diem veniens age, Lucifer, aim urn, 
 Coniugis indigno oSTysae deceptus amore 
 Dum queror et divos, quamquam nil testibus illis 
 Profeci, extrema morions tamen adloquor hora. 20 
 
Aty^ 
 
 C 3(j ' fJ^' ' VERGIL. 
 
 Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
 
 Maenalus argutumqiie nemus pinosque loquentes 
 
 Semper habet, semper pastorum ille audit amorcs 
 
 Panaque, qui primus calamos non passus inertes. 
 
 Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, ver.sus. 25 
 
 Mopso Nysa datur : quid non speremus amantes 1 
 
 lungentur iam grypes equis, aevoque sequenti 
 
 Cum canibus timidae venient ad pocula dammae. 
 
 Mopse, novas incide faces : tibi ducitur uxor. 
 
 Sparge, marite, nuces : tibi deserit Hesj)era's Oetam. 30 
 
 Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
 
 digno coniuncta viro, dum despicis omnes, 
 
 Dumque tibi est odio mea fistula, dumque .capellae 
 
 Hirsutumque supercilium promissaque barba, 
 
 Nee curare deum credis mortalia quemquam. 35 
 
 Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
 
 Saepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala — 
 
 Dux ego vester eram — vidi cum matre legentem. 
 
 Alter ab undecimo turn me iam acceperat annus : . y 
 
 lam fragiles poteram a terra contingere ramos. 40 
 
 TJt vidi, ut peril! ut me malus abstulit error! 
 
 Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
 
 Nunc scio, quid sit Amor: duris in cotibus jliumj^-. -. -. 
 
 Aut Tmaros aut Rhodope aut extrenii Gatariopaitiaaf si A 
 
 Nee generis nostri puerum nee sanguinis ^uarfco iinsai'ijC;^ 
 
 Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versuil^«-;a->hdjiv ::»)iil 
 
 Saevus Amor docuit natorum sanguine matrem ' 
 
 Commaculare manus, crudelis ! tu quoque, mater, 
 
 Crudelis mater, magis at puer improbus ille. 
 
 Improbus ille puer; crudelis tu quoque, mater. 50 
 
 Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. ^ 
 
 Nunc et oves ultro fugiat lupus, aurea durae 
 
 Mala ferant quercus, narcisso floreat alnus, 
 
 Pinguia corticibus sudent electra myricae, 
 
 Certent et cycnis ululae, sit Tityrus Orpheus, ^ -55 
 
ECLOGUE VIII. 37 
 
 Orpheus in silvis, inter delphin<as Arion. 
 Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
 Omnia vel medium fiant mare. Yivito silvae ; -< .-^uv'-^-'*-^^<-H^ 
 Praeceps aerii specula de mentis in undas 
 gr^"" 'Defer ar ; extremum hoc munus morientis habeto. 60 
 
 Desine Maenalios, iam desine, tibia, versus. 
 
 Haec Damon ; vos, quae responderit Alphesiboeus, 
 Dicite, Pieridesj non omnia possumus omnes. 
 
 Alphesiboeus. 
 
 Effer aquam et molli ciuge haec altaria vitta, 
 VerbetiaSque adole pingues et mascula tura, 65 
 
 Coniugis ut magicis sanos avertere sacris 
 Experiar sensus ; nihil hie nisi carmina desunt. _:- • 
 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphiiim. 
 Carmina vel caelo possunt'deducere lunam, 
 Carminibus Oirce socios mutavit Ulixi, 70 
 
 Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis. 
 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 
 Terna tibi haec primum triplici d iversd -colore ^ 
 
 Licia circumdo, terque banc altaria circum H'ivXfi-*^'^ /^.a^J^"^^ 
 Effigiem duco ; numero deus inrpare gaudet. - ' ' 75 
 
 _ Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 
 ISTecte tribus nodis ternos, Amarylli, colores ; 
 Necte, Amarylli, modo, et " Veneris " die " vincula necto." 
 
 - Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 
 Limus ut hie durescit, et haec ut cera liquescit 80 
 
 XJno eodemque igni, sic nostro Daphnis amore. ^ 
 Sparge molam et fragiles incende bitumine laurus. 
 Daphnis me malus urit, ego banc in Daphnide laurum. 
 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 
 Talis amor Daphnim, qualis, cum fessa iuvencum ^^ 
 
 Per nemora atque altos quaerendo bucula lucos .. -r. 
 
 Propter aquae rivum viridi procumbit in ulva 
 Perdita, nee serae meminit decedere nocti, 
 
 ^^ 
 
38 VERGlti. (. 
 
 Talis amor teneat, nee sit mihi cura medeii. 
 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 90 
 j^ , Has olim exuvias mihi perfidus ille reliquit, 
 
 Pignora cara sui, quae nunc ego limine in ipso, 
 
 Terra, tibi mando ; debent haec pignora Daphnim. 
 
 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 
 
 Has herbas atque haec Ponto mihi lecta venena 95 
 
 Ipse dedit Moeris — nascuntur plurima Ponto — 
 
 His ego saepe lupum fieri et se condere sihas 
 
 Moerim, saepe animas imis excire sepulcris, ^^'tt^ 
 
 Atque satas alio vidi traducere messes. 
 
 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 100 
 
 Per cineres, Amarylli, foras rivoque fluenti 
 
 Transque caput iace, nee respexeris. His ego Daphnim 
 
 Adgrediar; nihil ille deos, nil carmina curat. 
 
 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 
 
 Adspice, corripuit tremulis altaria flammis 105 
 
 Sponte sua, dum ferre moror, cinis ipse. Bonum sit! 
 
 Nescio quid certe est, et Hylax in limine latrat. 
 
 Credimus? an, qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia fingunt? 
 
 Parcite, ab urbe venit, iam parcite carmina, Daphnis. 
 
 f^ 
 
ECLOGUE IX. 
 
 ECLOGA IX. 
 
 a>'^--^^39 
 
 P' „V^: 
 
 Lycidas. 
 f^ XJO te, Moeri, pedes 1 an, quo via ducit, in urbem ? 
 
 MOERIS. ,.^' 
 
 < 
 
 O Lycida, vivi pervenimus, adveii'a nostri, 
 Quod numquam veriti sumiis, ut possessor agelli 
 Diceret : " Haec mea sunt ; veteres migrate coloni." 
 Nunc victi, tristes, quoniam fors omnia versay^ 5 
 
 Hos illi — quod nee vertat bene — mittimus haedos. 
 Ly. Certe equidem audieram, qua se subducere coUes i..JvH-UJ>^A>t 
 Incipiunt mollique iugum demittere clivo, o ■ _ - 
 Usque ad aquam et veteres, iam fracta cacumina, fagos, 
 Omnia carminibus vestrum servasse Menalcan. 10 
 
 MoE. Audieras, et fama fuit; sed carmina tantum 
 Nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia, quantum 
 Chaonias dicunt aquila'veniente columbas. 
 Quod nisi me quacumque novas incidere lites 
 Ante sinistra cavaT monuisset ab ilice comix, 15 
 
 ISTec tuus hie Moeris nee viveret ipse Menalcas. 
 Ly. Heu, cadit in quemquam tantum scelus? Heu, tua nobis 
 Paene simul tecum solacia rapta, Menalca? 
 Quis caneret Nymphas? Quis humum florentibus lierbis 
 Spargeret aut viridi fontes induceret umbra? 20 
 
 Vel quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmina nuper, ,,> 
 Cum te ad delicias ferres, Amaryllida, nostras ? ' 
 
 "Tityre, dum redeo — brevis est via — pasce capellas, 
 Et potum pastas age, Tityre, et inter agendum 
 Occursare capro — cornu ferit ille — caveto." 25 
 
 MoE. Immo haec, quae Yaro necdum perfecta canebat : 
 "Vare, tuum nomen, superet mode Mantua nobis, 
 
40 a.>'^ 
 
 ^,\}>' U VERGIL. 
 
 Mantua vae miserae nimium vicina Cremonae, 
 
 Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni." 
 
 Ly. Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos,.j.^'-' 30 
 
 Sic cytiso pastae distendant ubera vaccae : ^^ 
 
 Incipe, si quid habes. Et me fecere poetam 
 
 Pierides, sunt et mihi carmina, me quoque dicunt 
 
 Yatem pastores; sed non ego credulus illis. 
 
 Nam neque adhuc Yario videor nee dicere Cinna 35 
 
 Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores. 
 
 MoE. Id quidem ago et tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse voluto^ 
 
 Si valeam meminisse; neque est ignobile carmen. 
 
 "Hue ades, Galatea; quis est nam ludus in undis? 
 
 Hie ver purpureum, varies hie flumina circum 46 
 
 Fundit humus fiores, hie Candida populus antro 
 
 Imminet et lentae texunt umbracula vites. 
 
 Hue ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus.'* 
 
 Ly. Quid, quae te pura solum sub nocte canentem 
 
 Audieram? Numeros memini, si verba tenerem. 45 
 
 MoE. " Daphni, quid antiques signorum suspicis ortus ? 
 
 Ecce Dionaei proeessit Caesaris astrum, 
 
 Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo 
 
 Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem. 
 
 Insere, Daphni, piros: carpent tua poma nepotes." 50 
 
 Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque; saepe ego longos 
 
 Cantando puerum memini me condere soles: 
 
 Nunc oblita mihi tot carmina, vox quoque Moerim N^ 
 
 lam f'ugit ipsa: lupi Moerim videre priores. 
 
 Sed tamen ista satis referet tibi saepe Menalcas. 55 
 
 Ly. Causando nostros in longum ducis amores. 
 
 Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes, 
 
 Adspiee, ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae. 
 
 Hinc adeo media est nobis via : namque sepulcrum 
 
 Ineipit adparere-Bianoris. Hie, ubi densas 60 
 
 Agricolae stringunt frondes, hie, Moeri, caiiamus : 
 
 Hie haedos depone, tamen veniemus in urbem. 
 
ECLOGUE X. -it^Ly.L^'i 41 
 
 Aut si, nox pluviam ne.colligat ante, veiemur, t S^ 
 
 Cantantes licet us^Qie — minus via laedat-— eamus ; y^-^^^y^"^ » 
 Cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo. :M ^-^ 65 T^rj^ 
 MoE. Desine plura, puer, et, quod nunc instatj agamus; -/ 
 Carmina turn melius, cum venerit ipse, canemus. 
 
 ECLOGA X. 
 
 T^XTREMTJM hunc, Arethusa, mihi concerle laborem : 
 
 Pauca meo Gallo, sed quae legat ipsa Lycoris, 
 Carmina sunt dicenda : negefc quis carmina Gallo ? 
 Sic tibi, cum fluctus subterlabere Sicanos, \^ 
 
 Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam. ., 5 
 
 Incipe; sollicitos Galli dicamus amores, ^r> 
 Dum tenera attondent simae virgulta capellae piv--" ' .v^' 
 Non canimus surdis, respondent omnia silvae. 
 
 Quae nemora aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellae 
 Naides, indigno cum Gallus amore peribat 1 10 
 
 Nam neque Parnasi vobis iuga, nam neque Pindi 
 Ulla moram fecere, neque Aonie Aganippe. 
 Ilium etiam lauri, etiam flevere myricae, 
 Pinifer ilium etiam sola sub rupe iacentem 
 Maenalus, et gelidi fleverunt saxa Lycaei. 15 
 
 Stant et oves circum, — nostri nee paenitet illas; 
 Nee te paeniteat pecoris, divine poeta : ^ ■ 
 
 Et formosus oves ad flumina pavit Ado]QisT-5^^i^ . ' 
 Venit et upilio, tardi venere subulci,<. c-'v ., » -T 
 
 Uvidus hiberna venit de glande Menalcas. 20 
 
 vmnes "Unde amor iste" rogant "tibi?" Yenit Apollo. 
 " Quid, Galle, insanis ? " inquit, " tua cura Lycoris 
 Per6[ue nives alium perque horrida castra secuta est." 
 Venit et - agresti capitis Silvanus honore, 
 Florentes ferulas et grandia lilia quassans. 25 
 
 Pan deus Arcadiae venit, quem vidimus ipsi 
 
42 I M^ VERGIL. 
 
 Saiiguineis ebi^li bacis rainioque rubentem. 
 
 '' Ecquis erit modus 1 " inquit " Amor non talia curat, 
 
 Nee lacrimis crudelis Amor nee gramina rivis 
 
 Nee cytiso saturantur apes nee fronde capellae." 30 
 
 Tristis at ille " Tameu eantabitis, Areades " inquit, 
 
 " Montibus haec vestris : soli cantare periti , „, 
 
 Areades. mihi tum quam molliter ossa quiescant, 
 
 Vestra meos olim si fistula dieat amores ! 
 
 Atque utinam ex vobis unus vestrique fuissem ^ „ 35 
 Aut custos gregis aut maturae vinitor uvae ! J vf^v.*^ 
 Certe sive mihi Phyllis sive esset Amyntas, 
 Seu quicumque furor, — quid tum, si fuseus Amyntas? -^ 
 Et nigrae violae sunt et vaccinia nigra — 
 Mecum inter salices, lenta sub vite iaeeret ; 40 
 
 Serta mihi Phyllis legeret, cantaret Amyntas? 
 Hie gelidi fontes, hie moilia prata, Lycori, 
 Hie nemus; hie ipso tecum consumerer aevo. 
 Nunc insanus amor duri me Martis in armis 
 Tela inter media atque adversos detinet hostes. 45 
 
 Tu procul a patria — nee sit mihi credere tantum — 
 Alpinas a, dura, nives et frigora Rheni 
 Me sine sola vides. A, te ne frigora laedant ! 
 A, tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas ! 
 Ibo et Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu 50 
 
 Carmina pastoris Siculi modulabor avena. 
 Certum est in silvis, inter spelaea ferarum 
 Malle pati tenerisque meos incidere amores 
 Arboribus : crescent illae, crescetis, amores. 
 Interea ^mixtis Justrabo Maenala Nymphis, 55 
 
 Aut acres venabor apros. Non me ulla vetabunt 
 Frigora Parthenios canibus circumdare saltus. 
 lam mihi per rupes videor lucosque sonantes 
 Ire ; libet Partho torquere Cydonia cornu '"^" 
 Spicula. Tamquam haec sint nostri medicina furoris, 60 
 Aut do us ille" malis hominum mitescere discat. 
 
 \ 
 
ECIOGUE X. 43 
 
 lam neque Hamadryades rursus neque carmina nobisV- 
 
 Ipsa placent ; ipsae rursus concedite silvae. 
 
 Non ilium nostri possunt mutare labores, 
 
 Nee si frigoribus mediis Hebrumque bibamus, 65 
 
 Sithoniasque nives hiemis subeamus aquosae, 
 
 Nee si, cum moriens alta liber aret in ulmo, 
 
 Aethiopum versemus oves sub sidere Cancri. 
 
 Omnia vineit Amor: et nos cedamus Amori. 
 
 Haec sat erit, divae, vestrum cecinisse poetam, 70 
 
 Dum sedet et gracili liscellam texit hibiseo, 
 Pierides ; vos haee facietis maxima Gallo, 
 Gallo, cuius amor tantum mihi crescit in horas, 
 Quantum vere novo viridis se subrigit alnus. 
 Surgamus : solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra; 75 
 
 luniperi gravis umbra ; nocent et frugibus umbrae. 
 Ite domum saturae, venit Hesperus, ite capellae. 
 
 
 y>\-<i cUa vfriC 
 
 f^ 
 
NOTES, 
 
 N.B.— Proper names of any importance, when not mentioned in tha Notes, will 
 
 be found in the Index. 
 An obelus (t) prefixed to a word denotes that the reading is doubtfuL 
 
 ECLOGUE I. 
 Preface. 
 
 The pastoral style and scenery of the first Eclogue really serve as 
 a dress for Vergil's own thoughts on some of his personal experiences. 
 These thoughts are artistically interwoven with purely imaginary 
 associations ; for though Tityrus is Virgil's mouthpiece occasionally, 
 his strains, like those of his friend Meliboeus, are chiefly concerned 
 with the conventional subjects of shepherds' song. The poem 
 was intended to be an expression of gratitude to Octavianus for 
 restoring to Vergil his father's farm at Andes, near Mantua, which 
 had fallen into the hands of the veterans who had fought for the 
 Triumvirs at Philippi (42 B.C.). 
 
 It was shortly after 42 B.C. that Vergil recovered his farm and 
 composed this enduring record of his gratitude. 
 
 Vv. 1 — 10. Meliboeus. Tityrus, you lie leneatli the shady beech 
 and sing of your Amaryllis, hut I am an outcast from my fathers^ 
 lands. Tityrus. Mcliboens, it is a god ivho has granted me this 
 restful ease— for a god he shall ever be to me since I owe my all to 
 him. 
 
 1. Tityre: this name, like Amaryllis and Galatea, is adopted by 
 Vergil from Theocritus' Idylls. 
 
 2. silvestrem . . . musam meditaris; silvestrem musam means "a 
 woodland melody " i.e. " a pastoral or bucolic strain." Meditari here, 
 as often, means " to con," " practise." avena : ablative of the " in- 
 strument," lit. "on an oaten-straw" i.e, on a pipe of some slender 
 reed. 
 
 44 
 
NOTES. 45 
 
 4. lentus : a cognate of le7iis, " soft," here meaning " at eass." 
 
 5. formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas : a blending of two 
 constructions : (1) doces sUvas formosam Amaryllida {i.e. the sound 
 oiformosa Amaryllis) ; (2) doces silvas resonare ^'■formosa Amaryllis; " 
 cp. Resonent mild " Cynthia" silvae, " may I hear the woods re-echo 
 * Cynthia ' " (Propertius) and ut litus " Ilyla, Hyla " omne sonaret, Eel. 
 VI. 44. 
 
 G. Meliboee : Melihoeus is probably derived from fi&^i, " honey," 
 and /SoOs, " an ox." deus : an obvious allusion to Octavianus. The 
 word is used here as an expression of high esteem, but it should be 
 noted that divine honours were actually paid to Augustus in 29 B.C. 
 
 7. mihi : the dative expresses the speaker's point of view, — an 
 extension of the dative of advantage. 
 
 9. measerrare boves : lit. "that mykine should roam" ; an accusa- 
 tive and infinitive after per mi sit; so also ijJsum . . . hid ere. Permitto 
 usually takes iit and subjunctive in good prose. The indirect object, 
 if expressed, would be mihi. 
 
 10. ludere : intransitive verbs are occasionally, by a slight stretch 
 of their meaning, constructed with accusative, as here, ludere {ea)quae 
 vellem {hidere). Cp. pallere pontum, " to grow pale at the sight of 
 the sea"; silere rem., "to keep silence about a matter"; stujyere 
 donum, "to be bewildered at the gift." Ludere is often used of 
 music or poetry, cp. Syracosio ludere ver^u, " to sport in Syracusan 
 strain," VI. 1. vellem : imperf. subj. in a dependent clause in oratio 
 obliqua after 2)ermisit. The oratio recta would be hide, quae vis. 
 calamo : like avena (v. 2) is ablative of the instrument. 
 
 Vv. 11 — 25. Mel. 1 only feel wonder, not envy : look at my plight ; 
 my goat has just dropped twins ; I neglected the omens. But who is 
 this god of yours? Tit. I used to think Rome like other cities^ hut 
 Rome far excels them all. 
 
 11. equidem : fi-om e-, an old pronominal prefix, and quidem. It 
 is not by derivation connected with ego, but it is usually associated, 
 as here, with the 1st personal pronoun by Cicero and other classical 
 authors. 
 
 12. turbatur : used impersonally. Such impersonal usages are very 
 common. By them the action is accentuated without reference to 
 the doers {e.g. here, " confusion is abroad "). When the active is used 
 (e.g. turhant) prominence is given to the persons acting. 
 
 13. protinus : also s^cXi p rot onus, from pro + ten-do, lit., " stretch- 
 ing forward," hence, " onwards." 
 
 14. namque: the use of namque so late in the sentence would not 
 be allowed in good prose. 
 
 15. conixa : " after hard pangs." 
 
 16. si . . . fuisset : an allied fact (memini praedicere) stands in 
 the place of the real apodosis to this protasis. The real apodosis 
 may be supplied, neque ncglexissem talia, " I remember and I should 
 uot have scorned the warning, if etc," No7i goes closely with 
 
46 ECLOGUE I. 
 
 laeva, whicTi means " stupid " (cp. dextra, " clever," and our word 
 " dexterous"). 
 
 17. de caelo tactas : " struck" or "blasted by lightnino^." 
 
 18. qui sit, da : the subj. is used because in a dependent interroga- 
 tive clause. Ba, " tell," cp. acc'vpe, " hear." 
 
 20. huic nostrae similem : after similis the thing with which a 
 comparison is made is put in the dative or genitive ; the person 
 with whom a comparison is made is usually in the genitive. The 
 reference is to Mantua, near Vergil's farm. 
 
 21. depellere: z.^. from the hills. 
 
 23. noram : as novi commonly means " I know," so twram means 
 " I knew. " 
 
 25. viburna : here used of " shrubs " generally. 
 
 Vv. 26—35. Mel. And ivJmt took you to Rome? Tit. I wanted 
 to buy my freedom. I rvas long saving the lokerewithal. Galatea 
 least ed my earnings ; hut ?iow I have my careful Amaryllis, and free 
 I am at last. 
 
 26. tibi : dat. of possession with. fuit. 
 
 27. sera tamen respexit : separate sera from ta?nen in translating, 
 " though late has yet looked upon me, in spite of my laziness." 
 
 28. tondenti, sc, mihi, dat. of possession with harha, " ray beard, 
 as I was cutting it." 
 
 29. post: an adverb here, lo7igo temjiore being ablative of the amount 
 of difference, lit. " afterwards by a long interval." 
 
 32. peculi : " earnings," " savings " of slaves, who were allowed to 
 accumulate some portion of their earnings and retain it as their 
 private property. 
 
 33. victima : an animal for sacrifice, here " a sheep." 
 
 34. ingratae urbi : dative of advantage, "for the thankless city." 
 Tityrus calls the city ungrateful, because it did not give him enough 
 for Galatea and for home expenses as well. 
 
 Vv. 36 — 45. Mel. I used to iconder ivJiat had Ironght snch sadness 
 ujjon Amaryllis, and even tlie trees and fountains. TiT. Well I could 
 not stay. Only at Rome could I huy my freedom ; there I found the 
 great and godlike master, and he granted my iirayer. 
 
 36. quid . . . vocares : imperfect subjunctive in a dependent 
 question in secondary sequence after mirahar ; so patereris (v. 37). 
 maesta : " sorrowfully " ; the Latin adjective is fi-equently used with 
 verbs thus where the English idiom requires an adverb. 
 
 37. Apples were the usual love-gifts among Vergil's shepherds and 
 shepherdesses. Meliboeus used to wonder for whom Amaryllis was 
 keftping her apples on the tree. 
 
 38. aberat : the final -at of the imperfect active was originally long. 
 It is an archaism sometimes affected by Vergil, though it always occurs 
 in arsis, and usually before a pause as well. 
 
NOTES. 47 
 
 40. quid facereml deliberative subjunctive referring to past time. 
 
 41. praesentes : •' present to help," " powerful to aid." 
 
 42. Vergil here very boldly blends the two images (1) of Tityrus 
 seeking his freedom, (2) of Vergil himself praying for the restitution 
 of his farm, iuvenem : i.e. Octavianus ; iuvenis is applied to men 
 between the ages of about 20 and 40 years. 
 
 43. bis senos die» : i.e. twelve days in the course of the year, i.e. 
 once a month. 
 
 44. primus : before Octavianus no one had given a favourable 
 answer to Vergil's applications for help. 
 
 45. pueri : "slaves." summittite : " rear," " breed." 
 
 Vv. 46—63. Mel. Happy man, ijim itnll Iwcp your lands and the 
 streams and the fountains you know so tcell, and you will rest in 
 rustic peace a7id happiness under the hedijerow. Tit. Nature shall 
 change her laws ere Octavianus' gracious looh fade from my memory. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : — Arar, Germania, Parthus, 
 Tigris.] 
 
 46. ergo : " and so (after all)." tua : predicative, " the farm shall 
 remain your own." 
 
 47. magna satis : supply sunt as the verb, lapis nudus : a collec- 
 tive singular, "barren stones." The pasture-lands of the farm are 
 described as being marshy, and with stony soil, all overgrown with 
 sedge. Vergil is clearly thinking of his father's pasture-lands by the 
 banks of the Mincio, near Mantua. 
 
 49. temptabunt: lit. '-shall attack," and so "harmfully affect." 
 graves fetas : " ewes with young." Fetus is from the same root asfui, 
 and literally means " bringing to birth." 
 
 53. quae semper : sc. suadelat tihi, " which has ever in the past 
 persuaded you." The antecedent to quae is saepes. ab limite : the 
 English idiom is " on the boundary," so a dextra, " on the right 
 hand," a tergo, " on the rear." 
 
 54. Hyblaeis apibus fiorem depasta : Ilyllaeig is a " literary " or 
 ornamental epithet. Hyhla was a mountain in Sicily, the home of 
 Greek pastoral poetry, and famous for its bees. Very fine bees of 
 any country might be poetically called " Hyblaean." Thus the 
 epithet expressed the idea " very fine," and also attracted the educated 
 reader as recalling the typical scene of pastoral poetry. 
 
 florem depasta salicti: "sucked of the flower of its willows by 
 Hyblaean bees." Florem is here accusative of the internal object 
 after depasta, which has a strictly passive force ; cp. inscripti 7wmina 
 regum nascimtur fores, " flowers grow up inscribed with the names 
 of kings." This accusative must be carefully distinguished from the 
 accusative of the external object, which is often found in poetry after 
 a passive verb used with a middle or reflexive force : e.g. induitnr 
 (jaleam, "he puts on himself his helmet;" faciem mutatus et ora 
 " changing his form and feature ; " injlatus venas, " having made 
 
48 ECLOGUE I. 
 
 his veins swell ;" latiis fnltua, "having supported his side ;" crines 
 ornatus, "having adorned (for himself) Lis locks:" suras evincta, 
 " having bound (for herself) her legs." [The distinction between 
 the two is seen by noting that in induitur galeam the hero himself 
 puts on his helmet, but in Jiorevi depasta not the hedge but the bees 
 suck the flower of the willow.] From the foregoing construction^ 
 must be distinguished the accusative of respect or extent : e.g. nuda 
 genu, "naked as to her knee ; " saucia pectvs, "wounded in (lit. as to) 
 the breast"; Cressa gemis Pholoe, "Pholoe, a Cretan woman as to 
 race." In prose the construction of the perfect participle governing 
 an accusative is replaced by the ablative of attendant circumstances 
 (ablative absolute) ; e.g., inflatis venis would be used for inflatus 
 venas, latere fulto for latvs fultns. The prose equivalent for the 
 accusative of respect is the ablative of respect. 
 
 55. susurro : the " humming " of the bees. 
 
 56. ad auras : in Vergil, as here, often means " to the sky." 
 
 59. ante : this is taken up by ante, v. 61, and answered by guam, 
 V. 63. t in aequore : " in the ocean ; " v.l. m aethere. 
 
 61. pererratis amborum finibus : "roaming over each the other's 
 borders " ; i.e. the Parthian will migrate to Germany and the German 
 to Parthia. 
 
 63. labatur : the subjunctive is used after anteqvam if the action 
 expressed by the clause is purposely anticipated, vultus : i.e. Octavi- 
 anus' gracious look when he granted Tityrus' prayer. 
 
 Vv. 64—83. Mel. But we shall have to wander on to distant lands 
 and never more see my home. Civil war has given my farm to the 
 spoilers. All my toil was wasted. I shall know case and happiness 
 no more. Tit. StilU you might as well spend the night with me and 
 share my rustic fare ; it is time for the evening meal. 
 
 64. Afros : the preposition of " motion to " is regularly omitted in 
 prose before names of towns and small islands ; here it is omitted, by 
 poetic licence, before the name of a people, cp. Britannos, v. 66. 
 Similarly with Scythiam and Oaxen. 
 
 65. f rapidum cretae veniemus Oaxen : " we shall come to chalk- 
 rolling Oaxes." Rapidns here has an active force, "hurrying," 
 "rolling," and cretae is objective genitive. By Oaxes Vergil 
 probably means the Oxus ; but geography is not a strong point with 
 him. It is unnecessary to read (2) Cretae for cretae, though there is 
 a small river of that name in Crete, or (3) certe . . ad Oxum. Oaxes 
 represented the farthest north-east as Britam>ni the farthest north- 
 west to Vergil's mind. 
 
 66. toto . . orbe : ablative of separation, "from all the world." 
 
 67. post : an adverb, " hereafter," taken up hjpost, v. 69. fines : 
 accusative, with videns, v. 69. 
 
 69. aliquot : goes with aristas, " a few ears of corn," Some editors 
 take post aliquot aristas together =•* after a few liarvests," mea 
 regna; accusative m apposition with fines and ctdmeit. 
 
NOTES. 49 
 
 71. barbarus : perhaps some Gallic or German recruit from a 
 Eoman legion. 
 
 72. his : observe the emphatic position of this word. 
 
 73. insere nunc : nunc is often used with an imperative to add 
 ironical force, ordine: the vines were planted in regular rows, so 
 that the ground between them might be turned up. 
 
 76. pendere : from below they would seem to be hanging on the 
 sides of the steep rock. 
 
 77. me pascente : ablative absolute, "with me to tend you." 
 
 79. tpoteras requiescere : (1) "you might have rested." Meliboeas 
 has just declared his intention to go, so it is only polite in Tityrus 
 to assume he means what he says. The indicative of po.ssian is com- 
 monly used where we might expect the subjunctive in the apodoses 
 of conditional sentences — e.g. hoxe, poteras (si non aliter statiiisses), 
 where we must supply the protasis ; cp. neqne susthier» poterant, 7ii 
 coliovtes se ohiecisscfit, " nor could they have been withstood, if the 
 cohorts had not interposed." The indicative of the verbs dchco, decet. 
 and oportet, is similarly used. Some texts erroneously give liac . . . 
 nocte and poteris. 
 
 81. molies : " mealy." press! . . . lactis : " cheese." 
 
 ECLOGUE II. 
 
 Preface. 
 
 The idea of this Eclogue and many expressions in it are taken from 
 the eleventh Idyll of Theocritus. Alexis is by some ancient authori- 
 ties said to represent a boy named Alexander given to Vergil by 
 Pollio. The scenery evidently refers to Sicily, which is mentioned in 
 V. 21. This Eclogue was probably the first that Vergil wrote. 
 
 Vv. 1—18. A sheplicrd named Corydon, ivho lovrd the bemitiftd 
 youth Alexis, is introduced as comjilaiuing of his favourite's indiffer- 
 ence to his suit and yreference for their master lollas. 
 
 1. ardebat Alexim : a striking example of the usage explained in 
 the note on I. 10. Ardere, properly " to be warm," here means "to 
 burn with love for." 
 
 2. delicias : " favourite," the abstract ddiciae being often used 
 thus with concrete force, nec, quid speraret, habebat : the use of 
 quid (not quod) shows that we have a dependent question. The 
 meaning may be either (1) " and he knew not why he should hope," 
 i^. he "knew no ground for hope," or (2) "he knew not what to 
 hope for." Ilaheo, like e'xw, sometimes means "1 know," a usage 
 found in good prose. 
 
 Ed. 4 
 
56 ECLOGUE It 
 
 3. nmbrosa cacnmina : accusative in apposition to /«t^^«. It miglit 
 possibly he accusative of respect with densas. 
 
 4. incondita : '* rough," " artless " ; for the converse expression, 
 cp. condcre carmen, "to compose a poem." 
 
 5. studio inani : ablative of manner, " in bootless passion." 
 
 6 Dihil : accusative expressing the extent of the action of the 
 verb, " in no respect," " not at all " ; so nil in v. 7. It is thus only 
 equivalent to a strengthened non. 
 
 7. nostri: regularly used as objective genitive, while nostrum is 
 used as partitive genitive. 
 
 8. umbras et frigora : " shades and coolness," i.e. " the coolness of 
 the shade," an instance of hendiadys (saying one thing by means of 
 two (h> diet, dvolv). Similar is paterls lihanins H auro, " we pour 
 libations out of cups and gold," i.e. " out of golden cups." 
 
 10. Thestylis : the name of a slave-girl, rapido . . . aestu : '♦ con- 
 suming " or " scorching heat," from rajno, " to seize," " consume." 
 12. mecum : " in accord with me " or " as I do." 
 
 14. fuit satius : we might expect foret.^ but in such clauses parts 
 of 8wn (and of deteo, oportet, etc.) are commonly used in the indica- 
 tive ; cp. longa estfahula, " it would be a long story," So poteras in 
 I. 79. Amaryllidis : a former lady-love, iras : note the force of the 
 plural, " fits of passion." 
 
 1 5. Menalcan : a former favourite. 
 
 17. ne crede: a poetical construction, where good prose would use 
 ne credideris. So elsewhere Vergil has ne saevi magna sacerdos, " be 
 not wroth, dread priestess." 
 
 Vv. 19—27. lliongh you despise me I am icealthy, and no mean 
 hard, and I am handsome too. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Daphnis.] 
 
 19. tibi: either (1) dative of the person judging, "in your eyes," 
 or (2) dative of the agent, " by you." This is regularly used with the 
 gerund, gerundive, or verbal adjective in -lilis, sometimes (in prose 
 and poetry) with perfect passive participle (or tenses formed there- 
 with), and occasionally in poetry, but very rarely in prose with 
 other tenses of the passive, qui sim : " ivhat I am," i,e. " of what 
 character, occupation, etc., I am." Distinguish quis sim, " loho I am." 
 
 20. pecoris . . . lactis : objective genitive after adjectives denoting 
 fulness. 
 
 22 aestate : ablative of point of time. Sofrigore. 
 
 23. quae solitus : supply est cant are. 
 
 24. Amphion . . . Aracyntho : Amphion was the bard who built 
 Thebes. He was called Dircean from Dirce, a spring at Thebes. 
 The Mount Aracinthus in Aetolia is not referred to here, but a 
 Mount Aracinthus in Attica, of which country Acte was an old 
 name. Or possibly Vergil's geography is again at fault. 
 
 25. vidi ;■ i.e. the sea acted as a mirror 
 
NOTES. 51 
 
 26. placidum ventis : lit. " calm by means of the winds," i.e. 
 "becalmed by the winds." The winds are spoken of elsewhere by 
 Vergil as both disturbing and calming the sea. si fallit : the indica- 
 tive is used in the «-clause (although metuam in the apodosis is 
 subjunctive) because the statement is treated as a fact ; in other 
 words ai here is equivalent to " since." 
 
 Vv. 28 — 55, If you loill dwell luith me I will teach you to play 
 the Pan's pipe. Damoctas gave me a fine one. And I have tivo kids 
 for yoK. The Nymphs and tJie Naiads shall bring you flowers, and 
 I will bring leaves. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for: Naides, Nympha, Pan.] 
 
 28. libeat : subjunctive of wish, " may it be your pleasure." 
 
 29. figere : " pierce," " shoot" with some missile weapon. 
 
 30. viridi compellere hibisco : the dative is sometimes used instead 
 of the accusative in poetry to denote the goal towards which motion 
 takes place ; cp. umis homo iuvenum p)rimos tot miserit Oreo ? "shall 
 one man have sent so many of the chief of the youths to Orcus ? " 
 and similarly, after a verbal woxm, facilis descensus Averno, "easy 
 is the downward way to Avernus." 
 
 33. instituit : supply homines as object of this with coniungere. 
 
 34. trivisse : in playing the Pan-pipes, the lips are made sore by 
 running along their edge. 
 
 35. Amyntas : a Theocritean shepherd, like Damoetas, v. 37. 
 
 37. dono : predicative dative. 
 
 38. te nunc habet ista secundum : ista is used because Corydon 
 has just received the pipe. Secuiuhim means " a second master." 
 
 41. sparsis . . . albo : the white spots on kids were supposed not 
 to disappear till they were six months old. 
 
 42. bina die . . . ubera : render bina by an adverb, " twice a day 
 they drain the ewe's udders dry." 
 
 43. iampridem abducere . . . orat : the present indicative is com- 
 monly used after iampridem (also after iamdudum, iam^ of an 
 action or state which has already been going on for some time. 
 Orat would in good prose be followed by ut and the subjunctive ; it 
 is here used in a somewhat extended sense/ ' begs for leave (to)." 
 
 44. tibi : dative expressing the point of view of the person 
 addressed, "in your eyes." 
 
 46. Nympbae : Nymjjha is a wider term than Alzis, which means 
 "a water-nymph." There were Nymphae of the waters, mountains 
 and grottoes, forests and trees. 
 
 47. pallentes : " yellow." It should be remembered that among the 
 Italians " paleness " is rather " sallow " than " white." 
 
 51. cana . . . mala: "quinces." Ifalnm, like po mum, is a genena 
 word for many kinds of fruit. 
 
 53 fpruna, et bones : some MSS. omit et, leaving a hiatus, prund: 
 hOnos. porno : i.e. the plum." 
 
52 ECLOGUE II. 
 
 54. proxima myrte : " yon myrtle, thoir neighbour-tree." Myrtles 
 were generally set near laurels in gardens. 
 
 Vv. 66—73. But this is folly. lollas can offer better (j'lfts. By 
 the icoods still my delight, deities have loved them. All things seek 
 their desire, and Cory'dou seeks Alexis. But Corydon must he hack 
 to his tasks ; he can easily find another Alexis. 
 
 [See Index of Troper Names for: Dardania, Pallas, Paris.] 
 
 57. certes . . . concedat : " should contend, . . . would he yield." 
 The present subjunctive is used in both protasis and apodosis to 
 express a condition belonging to indefinite future time. loUas : 
 Alexis' master, the dominns of v. 2. 
 
 58. austrum : the blasting S. W. wind or Sirocco. 
 
 61. Pallas: Pallas (Athene) was spoken of as IloXtds or IloXioOxos, 
 "guardian of the city" in many Greek towns. 
 
 65. te : object oi sequitur, which must be supplied. 6 Alexi : for 
 the shortening of the long vowel in hiatus cp. vi. 44 and viii. 108. 
 
 66, aratra iugo referunt suspensa : whea the plough was carried 
 home it was in some way lifted so as not to drag in the ground. 
 Iugo is instrumental ablative with referunt. 
 
 68. adsit : deliberative or dubitative subjunctive, " is there to be ? " 
 " can there be 1 " 
 
 70. semiputata . . . frondosa : Corydon neglected his business by 
 allowing his vines to go unpruned, and the elms, to which they were 
 trained, to be full of leaves, which would of course keep off the sun. 
 tibi : a possessive dative. 
 
 71. quin tu . . . paras ? quin = qui ? •' why ? " + the negative particle 
 nS. AVith an indicative used interrogatively it gives the force of an 
 exhortation, e.g. quin exiyergiseimil " Arise 1" (lit. "Why do you 
 not arise ? "). The literal rendering, however, is more suitable to the 
 context here. 
 
NOTES. 53 
 
 ECLOGUE HI. 
 
 Preface. 
 
 We have in this Eclogue a specimen of a carmen avioehaeum (Gk. 
 aixoiftalr) doiSa, a set of alternating verses, sung by two persons one in 
 answer to the other), a rustic singing-match, in which two rival 
 shepherds, Menalcas and Damon, meet and challenge one another to 
 contend for a stake, choosing as their judge Palaemon. The Eclogue 
 is largely based on the fifth and in a less degree on the fourth 
 Idyll of Theocritus. 
 
 Vv. 1—20. Menalcas. Is this MeWboeus' jioclt? Damoetas, 
 No, Aegon's. Men. Its shcplierd is always milking it. Dam. Be 
 careful lohat you say. Men. You mean I cut Micoti's vines. Dam. 
 Yov. broke J'ajjJinis' bow and arrow out of spite. Men. You stole 
 DamoiCs goat. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Nymphae.] 
 
 2. cuium : a possessive adjective formed from the interrogative 
 relative stem quo- ; it is found in Cicero, but was regarded as an 
 archaism in Vergil's time. 
 
 4. tradidit: " gave into my charge." Aegon : a rival of Menalcas. 
 
 5. Construe oves, a semper infelix peevs ! ipse : " the master," 
 a common use of the word ; cp. ijyse dixit, avrbs ^(pa (of philosophers), 
 •' the master (himself) said it." Neaeram : a country maid. 
 
 6. fovet : " is wooing." 
 
 10. Miconis : nothing further is known of him. 
 
 11. mala: "malicious," cp. dolus malus, the regular legal term for 
 " fraud" (lit. "a malicious device"). 
 
 12. Daphnidis : a country youth. 
 
 1.5. aliqua : ablative of manner, "in some way." nocuisses, 
 mortuns esses : " if you had not injured . . . you would have died." 
 The pluperfect subjunctive is found in both protasis and apodosis to 
 express a condition that was not fulfilled in past time. 
 
 16. faciant : deliberative subjunctive, " what are the masters to 
 do ? " fures : " thieves." Some unnecessarily regard the word as 
 comic for " slaves." 
 
 18. excipere insidiis : lit. " trying to catch by means of an ambush," 
 hence " lying in ambush to catch." multum : equivalent to an adverb, 
 "loudly." Lycisca : a dog's name. . 
 
 20. Tityre : a slave of Damon. 
 
 Vv. 21— 59. Dam. That goat was a prize I won in a singing- 
 vmtch. Men. Why, you can oyily murder a tune on a grating straw ! 
 Dam. ril try a match and stahe a heifer, if you like. Men. / 
 dare not stake one of the flock, but I'll wager two cups of AlcimedotCa 
 
54 ECLOGUE III. 
 
 worlimajisMj). DAM. Ihave two made hy tJie artist, hut they worCt 
 he an equivalent for the heifer. Men. As yoii j^lease—and Palaemon 
 can he the uiiqnre. Dam. Let us hegin, then: give us your ^ull 
 attention, Palaemon. Gal. Begin now your amoelaean strains. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Camenae, Conon, and Orpheus.] 
 
 21. non redderet : deliberative subjunctive, referring to past time, 
 " was be not to give 1 " lieddere, as bere, often means " to give 
 (as due)," and not always " to give back." 
 
 22. meruisset : subjunctive (1) either by attraction, because it is 
 in a relative clause dependent on a verb in the subjunctive, or 
 (2) causal subjunctive after qucm = cuin eiim, "since . . . it." 
 
 24. posse negabat : when, as bere, the subject of the verb of 
 saying is the same as the subject of the infinitive, the reflexive 
 pronoun (se) is often dispensed with. 
 
 25. tu ilium 1 supply vicisti as the verb. 
 
 27. miserum disperdere carmen : " to murder an unlucky lay." The 
 lay was wretched because it was spoilt by his bad playing. 
 
 28. possit : here used as a transitive verb, " can do." Quid here 
 exemplifies an extended use of the cognate accusative. 
 
 29. experiamur : jussive subjunctive in quasi-dependence on vis, 
 lit. "let us try— do you wish it?" i.e. "do you wish that we should 
 try ? " The line refers to the custom of singing amoebaean verses, 
 for which see the Preface to this Eclogue. 
 
 29. ne . . . recuses : ne here, as often, introduces the negative 
 purpose not of the thing said, but of the saying of it, " that you may 
 not refuse, (I tell you that) she comes." 
 
 30. A reminiscence of Theocritus, who, however, speaks of a goat 
 with two kids — a much more common sight than a cow with two 
 calves. Bis means " twice during the day." 
 
 31. depono : " I stake " ; s,o poyiam in v. 36. 
 
 32. ausim: for avd-s-i-m, i.e. a sigmatic aorist optative of the 
 stem and- (cp. avidvs, aves); so faxim, capsim. Such optatives are 
 used as present or perfect subjunctive in Latin. Here we have a 
 potential subjunctive, " I should not dare (even if I wished to)." 
 
 35. multo maius : supply esse, " which you will admit to be a far 
 finer stake." 
 
 36. pocula : only two cups are meant by this. 
 
 37. Alcimedontis : some artist of whom nothing further is known. 
 
 38. facili : "easy," .ind so, when applied to a tool, "skilful." 
 
 39. hedera pallente : either (1) ablative of description with 
 corymbos, or (2) instrumental ablative with diffuses, "clusters spread 
 by the pale ivy." 
 
 40. signa: "figures." alter: possibly Eudoxus, an astronomer 
 (about 260 B.C.), whose Phacjiomena was translated by Aratus. 
 
 41. radio : a rod with which mathematicians were wont to draw 
 figures in the sand spread on a table. 
 
 42. quae curvus arator haberet : eurvus, " stooping," or " bent " 
 
NOTES. 55 
 
 (over the ploug^h). JIaheret is subjunctive because quae is a final 
 relative here, " in order that . . . might observe them." 
 
 44. idem Alcimedon : idem with a noun can often be rendered, as 
 here, by '' also," " likewise." 
 
 45, circum : to be joined with amplexvs. 
 
 48. nihil est. quod . . . laudes : '• there is no ground for your 
 praising." The causal conjunction qnod was originally an accusative 
 of reference, and here the literal rendering would be, " there is no 
 (reason) as to which you should praise," laudes being jussive 
 subjunctive. 
 
 49. vocaris : a syncopated form of vocaveris. 
 
 52. si quid habes : " if you know anything." 
 
 53. quemquam : "anybody," i.e. "any umpire." 
 
 54. reponas : jussive subjunctive, equivalent to an imperative. 
 
 59. alternis: sc. versibvs, "with alternate strains," i.e., in amoe- 
 baean style. 
 
 60. t ab love principium Musae : lit. "from Jove is the beginning 
 of my Muse (or song)." Others put a comma at principium, and 
 translate " with Jove I begin, ye Muses." 
 
 Vv.60— 79. Dam. I inrolie Jupiter. Me-^j. I PJioebus. Dam. Galatea 
 jAnys the coquette loith me. MEN. Amyntas loves me truly. Dam, / 
 have rnavhed a wood-pig eon^s neat for her. Men. I have sent apples 
 to him. Dam. May some of Galatea's vows come to the ears of tlie 
 gods. Men. Amyntas and I are too often apart. Dam. Send ms 
 Phyllis on my Mrthday, lollas. Men. I love Phyllis, and she is my 
 true love, lollas. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for: Delia, luppiter, Musa, Phoebus, 
 
 Venus.] 
 
 61. colit terras: "makes the earth fruitful," a somewhat unusual 
 meaning of colo. curae : predicative dative. 
 
 62. sua : emphatic, " his due . . . gifts." 
 
 63. lauri et suave rubens : observe the hiatus, laurl it. Suave 
 is neuter accusative of the adjective used adverbially, "sweetly 
 blushing." Such usages are common in poetry ; cp. horrendur.i 
 stridejis, " shrieking horribly ; " Mans ivimane, " yawning horribly ; " 
 perfidum ridens, " laughing treacherously." 
 
 66. meus ignis : " my flame," " my love." Amyntas : a favourite 
 of Menalcas. 
 
 67. Delia : a sweetheart of Menalcas. 
 
 68. meae Veneri : i.e. " my ladylove." 
 
 69. congessere: supply nidum, "have built their nest." Aeriae 
 implies that the nest was high up in some tree. 
 
 70. quod potui : lit. " what I could do," i.e. "all I could do," hence 
 " I've done my best." 
 
 71. altera : i.e. " another ten." 
 
 73. divum : the older form of the genitive plural of divus, Damoetas 
 
56 ECLOGUE III. 
 
 wishes the gods to hear some of Galatea's vows, and compel her to 
 fulfil them. 
 
 74. ipse animo : i.e. " in your heart of hearts." 
 
 75. The meaning is : "if we are nearly always separated." 
 
 76. Phyllida : a sweetheart of Damoetas. natalis : supply <f^^?, 
 " birthday." loUa : nothing further is known of him. 
 
 77. cum faciam vitula pro fugibus : vituld is instrumental ablative ; 
 facerc is here used in the sense of pe^eiv, "to make a sacrifice," "sacri- 
 fice." Vergil refers to the festival called Ambarvalia, during which 
 love-making was considered improper. 
 
 78. me discedere flevit : Jfeo is iised with accusative and infinitive 
 on the analogy of such words as doleo, etc. 
 
 79. flongum . . , inquit : " lingeringly said " ; for the adverbial 
 use of lonr/iim cp. suave ruhens, v. 63. Others read: Ut ^Longum, 
 formose, vale, etc.,' longum thus going with tale, " a long farewell ! " 
 In these two verses Menalcas speaks in the character of lollas. 
 
 Vv. 80 — 111. Dam. Everything has its hane, mine is Amaryllig' 
 temper. Men. Everything has its deligld, mine is Aviyntas. Dam. 
 Make sacrifice to Pollio my imtron. Men. Malie sacrifice to Pollio 
 himself a poet. Dam, Good luck to Pollio's admirers. Men. Bad 
 hich to the admirers of dunces. Dam. Fly, hoys, there's a snake in 
 the grass. Men. Stay, sheep, the hank is dangerous. Dam. Tityrus, 
 draw the goats away from the river. Men. Boys, gather the sheep 
 into the shade. Dam. My hull is wasting aivay with love. Men. 
 My sheep are wasting owing to some evil eye. Dam. Read my riddle. 
 Men. Read mine. Pal. Yon are equal in merit. Now it is time to 
 cease. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Apollo, Musa, Pierides, Pollio.] 
 
 80. triste lupus stabulis : " the wolf is a bane to the sheepfolds " ; 
 a masculine (or feminine) substantive sometimes, as here, has as 
 predicate a neuter adjective used substantivally, cp. dulce, v. 82, and 
 varinm et mutahile semper femina, " a woman is ever a changeable 
 and fickle thing." 
 
 81. Amaryllidis : another sweetheart of Damoetas. 
 
 82. depulsis : sc. al) ulere, i.e. " weaned." 
 
 84. quamvis est rustica : quamvis often takes the indicative in 
 poetry and post-Augustan prose. 
 
 87. iam . . . petat et . . . qui spargat : qui goes with both these 
 verbs and is equivalent to talis ut is; hence the consecutive sub- 
 junctive follows. 
 
 88. veniat, quo te quoque gaudet : sc. venisse, " may he reach the 
 height which he rejoices that you, too, have reached." 
 
 89. The meaning is : " may he enjoy the delights of the golden 
 age." 
 
 90. Bavium . . . Maevi : two bad poets. 
 
 91. To yoke foxes and milk he-goats are two proverbial expressions 
 fpr useless toil. 
 
NOTES. 67 
 
 94. parcite procedere : a poetical way of expressing a prohibition 
 ^ne proccsscritis. The infin. is virtually the direct object ol parcite. 
 See IV. 54, 7i. non bene ripae creditur: creditvr is impersonal, " it's 
 not well to trust the bank." 
 
 Q&. Tityre : the name of a herdsman, reice : scanned as a dis- 
 syllable. All compounds of iacio are correctly spelt with a single i 
 between the preposition and the o. 
 
 97. For the scansion see Appendix, and cp. I. 38, n. 
 
 98. praeceperit : lit. " shall have forestalled," i.e. " shall have 
 dried up." 
 
 102. neque amor: neqne here means "not even," a very rare use, 
 said to occur once in Cicero. 
 
 103. fascinat : the belief in the Evil Eye is still strong among the 
 modern Greek and Italian peasants. Fascino comes from fascinum, 
 the name of an amulet used to avert the evil eye. 
 
 104. magnus Apollo: Apollo was the god of prophecy. 
 
 105. tres . . . non amplius ulnas : quam is not inserted after 
 amjjlius, and this is the usual idiom. 
 
 106. inscripti nomina . . . flores : for the accusative see I. 54, w. 
 The flowers referred to are hyacinths, which were supposed to be 
 marked with AI, AI for Mas QJja.v), or T for'TaKipOos (Ilyacitithvs) 
 a fair Spartan youth. 
 
 110. faut . . . aut : there is a v.l. Jtrntd . . . //«?/</, meaning " be 
 bold in love and you will be lucky." 
 
 111. claudite rivos: he bids them close the sluices by which the 
 water came which irrigated the fields. 
 
 ECLOGUE IV. 
 Preface. 
 
 The date of this poem is shown by the reference to Pollio's 
 consulship (v. 11) to be 40 B.C. In this year he in conjunction 
 with Maecenas had negotiated the treaty of Brundusium, by which 
 the peace of the Roman World seemed likely to be once more firmly 
 established. It seems clear that Vergil is endeavouring to describe 
 more or less allegorically the blessings that might be looked for 
 in the new era of peace. He speaks of a child who is to set up 
 this new kingdom and be its king. Who this child is remains an 
 unsolved problem ; but it seems most probable that Vergil meant 
 (l) the looked-for son of Octavianus and Scribonia. Others identify 
 the child with (2) the expected son of M. Antonius and Octavia, 
 (3) one of Pollio's sons, (4) Rome, i.e. the Roman people collectively, 
 the new generation of Rome. 
 
 The remarkable likeness which Vergil's language bears to passages 
 
58 ECLOGUE IV. 
 
 in the Hebrew prophets (especially Isaiah), with whose writings Vergil 
 may have been acquainted, has led to the supposition that the main idea 
 of the Eclogue — the connection between the return of the Golden Age 
 and the birth of a child — may have been derived from Jewish sources. 
 
 Vv. 1 — 25. Pastoral Mnses, let us sing a loftier strain. The 
 Golden Age is noio retnrning ; blessings on the child that shall he 
 horn to bring the neiv Inngdoni in thy eonsnlshij), PolUo. He shall 
 he even as a god, and in Ins ehildhood Nature shall 2)our forth her 
 riehes and he no more nnklnd. 
 
 [Sec Index of Proper Names for : Apollo, Saturnus.] 
 
 I. Sicelides Musae : i.e. pastoral Muses, Sicily being the home of 
 pastoial poetry. See Introduction, § 3. 
 
 3. consule : i.e. Pollio. 
 
 4, Cumaei carminis : i.e. the Sibylline Verses or Books in Greek 
 Hexameters which were said to have been purchased by Tarquin 
 the Proud from the Sibyl of Curaae in Campania. These " books of 
 fate" were from time to time largely adulterated from Greek and 
 Alexandrian sources, ultima aetas : Vergil is here probably thinking 
 of a Sibylline prophecy that there should be a succession of ten saecula, 
 of which the last should be under the rule of Apollo. This idea is 
 blended with the theory of the Annus 3Iagmcs or PlatoTiicns, a long 
 period which, it was supposed, would be ccTmpleted when the planets 
 had come back to the places they held in the beginning. On its 
 completion" a new era or Annus Magnus y,'o\\\A begin. This era is 
 described as magnus . . . 07-do (v. 5). With these two theories is 
 blended the ancient idea, found in Hesiod, of four ages having 
 existed since the Creation — the golden, the silver, the brass, and the 
 iron age, the first of which is referred to by Saturnia regna (v. 6), 
 and gens aurea (v. 9), the last hjferrea (gefis) (v. 8). 
 
 6. virgo : i.e. Justice (also called Astrea), who left the earth in the 
 iron age. Saturnia regna : i.e. the golden age, during which Saturn 
 reigned in Italy. 
 
 8. puero : this is dative, depending on fave (v. 10). quo : sc. 
 nascejite, ablative absolute. 
 
 9. toto mundo : ablative of place, " over all the world." 
 
 10. Lucina : (from lux, light), the goddess who brings to light, 
 the goddess of childbirth, here identified with Diana, but often 
 identified with Juno, tuus : i.e. " thy brother." 
 
 II. adeo: a particle of emphasis, "in thy consulship, even in 
 thine." decus hoc aevi : either (1) "this gloiious age," a Grecism, 
 cp. 'OSvaaews j3ia, i.e. " the mighty Odysseus," or (2) " this glory of 
 the age," i.e. the child to be born. 
 
 12. magni menses : i.e. the Great Months of the Great Year 
 (Annus Magnus) ; see v. 4, n. 
 
 13. qua : this is the nominative neuter plural agreeing with vestigia. 
 sceleris ; i.e. the guilt of civil war. 
 
NOTES. 59 
 
 14. inrita : " effaced." 
 
 15. ille deum vitam accipiet : according to Hesiod, in the golden 
 age meu lived like gods. 
 
 16. heroas : the Greek accusative plural of heros. videbitur illis : 
 videhitnr is passive ('• shall be seen," not " shall seem "), and illis 
 dative of the agent. 
 
 17. patriis : this most probably refers to Octavianus ; see the 
 Preface to this Eclogue. 
 
 18. nuUo cultu : niodi^GBfundct, v. 20. 
 
 21. ipsae: '-of their own accord," "of themselves." 
 
 24. herba veneni : i.e. " poisonous plant ; " the genitive is one of 
 description. 
 
 25. vulgo : i.e. Assyrian spices shall grow everywhere. 
 
 Vv. 26 — 45. In thy hoylwod grajjes sJiall grow on thorna and 
 honey shall flow from oaks, hut there shall still be toil and trade 
 and battles. In thy manhood toil and trade shall cease, and all 
 will grow sj)OJitaneously. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : AcMlles, Argo, Tiphys, Troia.] 
 
 2G. simul : equivalent to simulac, " as soon as," with Rioter is (v. 27), 
 which should be construed with legere as well as with cognosce re. 
 laudes : i.e. "praiseworthy deeds," "glories." 
 
 28, molli : i.e. " bending," " waving." 
 
 30. roscida mella : cognate accusative with sndabunt. It was 
 thought that honey fell from heaven in the shape of dew, and was 
 gathered from the leaves by bees. 
 
 32. temptare : this depends on ivbeant, the object of which is 
 homines understood. Thetim : the goddess of the sea, here used for 
 "the sea"; so Neptnnns is used for "the sea," Bacchus for " wine," 
 Ceres for '• bread," etc. This figure of speech is called metonymy 
 ("change of name"). 
 
 34. quae vehat : subjunctive with final relative. 
 
 38. vector : lit. " a sailor," here " a merchant." 
 
 42. mentiri . . . colores : a bold use of mentiri for " to counter- 
 feit." 
 
 43. ipse : "of himself," "of his own accord." 
 
 44. murice . . . mutabit vellera: a brief expression for murice . . . 
 mutahit vellerum colorem. — Suave is used adverbially with rvhenti, 
 " sweetly blushing." murice : the famous Tyrian purple, which was 
 made from a shell-fish called the murex. 
 
 Vv. 46—63. May the Fates speed on this age. Come^ Child, and 
 bring joy to the world. May I live to sing thy deeds ; then shall L 
 sur_pass all hards. Greet thy mother loith a hady smile. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Apollo, Arcadia, Calliope, luppiter, 
 Linus, Orpheus, Parcae.] 
 
60 ECLOGUE IV. 
 
 46. talia saecla : probably vocative (" ages such as these, run on ") ; 
 but some editors take it as accusative of extent in time, "run on 
 through such ages." 
 
 49. lovis incrementum : either (1) "progeny of Jove," which suits 
 the context best, or (2) "germ of a future Jupiter," which is more 
 in accord with the meaning of the word elsewhere. 
 
 50. convexo ponders : i.e. " beneath (lit. owing to) the weight of 
 its vaulted dome." mundnm : as usual, the "universe," i.e. earth, sun. 
 stars, etc, 
 
 52, tadspice, laetentur ut omnia : if the v.l. laetantnr is adopted, 
 lit laetentur must be regarded as an independent sentence, not as an 
 indirect question, depending on ad spice. The indicative is quite 
 common in such an idiom ; cp. nonne vides croceos ut Tmohts odores, 
 India mittit ehur, " seest thou not how Tmolus sends fragrant saffron 
 and India ivory," 
 
 54. sat dicere : the infinitive here denotes purpose, a use not allow- 
 able in prose. The infinitive is originally a case, usually a dative oi 
 locative, of an abstract verbal noun, and as such came to be used in 
 Greek and (chiefly by poets) in Latin as an indeclinable noun in 
 almost any case relation. Here it is equivalent to a dative of work 
 contemplated, "sufficient for singing," Other instances of this 
 infinitive of purpose are 'pecus egit altos visere mcntes, •' he drove his 
 herd to visit lofty mountains," and fruges consume re nati, " born to 
 devour the crops." 
 
 55. non . . . nee : such pleonasm of negatives is commoner in 
 Greek than in Latin. 
 
 57, Orphei : dative singular Greek form. 
 
 58. Arcadia iudice : ablative of attendant circumstance, " with 
 Arcadia for judge." Arcadia was the native land of Pan, and so 
 might be expected to favour him." 
 
 60. risn : instrumental ablative, " with a smile." Some editors 
 make it refer to the mother, "by her smile." 
 
 62. fcui : another reading is qui, " they who have not smiled upon 
 their parents," but (1) this would require the dative parenti, and 
 (2) Jnmc, which takes up the relative is singular 
 
NOTES. 6 1 
 
 ECLOGUE V. 
 Preface. 
 
 In this Eclogue Vergil chiefly follows Theocritus' first Idyll, It 
 is probable that by the apotheosis of Daphnis Vergil is allegorical ]y 
 celebrating the deification of the Dictator Caesar, and that the 
 Eclogue was written in 42 B.C., in which year it was decreed, in 
 honour of Caesar, that the name of the month Quintilis should be 
 changed to Julius, and that his birthday should be publicly cele- 
 brated. The poem describes a singing-match between two shepherds, 
 one of whom sings of the death, the other of the apotheosis, of 
 Daphnis (the ideal shepherd). 
 
 Vv. 1 — 19. Menalcas. Come, let us sit here and sing. Mopsus. In 
 tlie shade of the trees, or in the cave, shall it he? Men. Onli/ 
 Amyntas can rival you. Mop. Or rival Phoebus? Men. You 
 begin, then, and sing of love, or noble deeds, or strife. Mop. Nay, 
 here is a song : let us see if Amyntas can surpass it. Men. Amyntas 
 must yield the pain to you. 
 
 1. boni . . . inflare . . . dicere : for the use of the infinitive cp. 
 iv. 54, n. Here the infinitive is equivalent to a locative case or a 
 dative of work contemplated. When used thus with adjectives it is 
 usually called a prolative, epexegetic, or complementary infinitive, 
 because it " carries on," " explains " or " completes " the sense of the 
 adjective. Here it explains in what direction the skill Ls shown. 
 Other instances of this construction are soli cantare jjeriti Arcades, 
 ''Arcadians alone are skilled in song ;" niveus videri, "snow-white 
 in appearance ; " cantari dignus, " worthy to be sung ;" nescia vinci 
 pectora, " breasts knowing not how to be conquered." 
 
 3. consedimus : an imitation of a Greek use of the aorist. We 
 might expect considinius (present of consido), but there is no need to 
 alter consedimus. 
 
 4. maior : i.e. the elder, parere, " to obey," should be distinguished 
 ixom. jpdrere, "to bring forth," 2iU{{ jjao'are, "to prepare." 
 
 6. succedimus : as here, so in good prose, succcdere takes either 
 the dative (e.g. antro) or a preposition {sub) and the accusative. 
 
 7. sparsit : for the indicative after adsijice, ut, see iv. 52, n. 
 
 9. si certet : the apodosis (result clause) must be inferred, " what 
 (would you say) if he were to contend ? " The line is ironical : 
 Mopsus means that Amyntas has as much chance of beating Apollo 
 as of beating him. 
 
 10. Phyllidis ignes : i.e. " passionate love-songs about Phyllis," the 
 genitive being objective, as also are Alconis and Codri in v. 11. We 
 liave here merely four shepherd names. 
 
 14. modulans alterna notavi : " and I set them to music marking 
 
OiS ECLOGUE V. 
 
 the alternation?," i.e. the alternations of the pipe and the voice. 
 The shepherd sang and piped alternately. 
 
 15. iubeto, ut: iuheo regularly takes the accusative and infinitive, 
 except when, as a legal term, it means " to decree." It is used with 
 some such force here, "do you give your orders that," etc. 
 
 16. pallenti olivae : see II. 47, n. 
 
 Vv. 20 — 44. The Nymphs wept for Baphnis and his mother more 
 than all. The beasts of the f eld and the forest viourned for him. 
 Daphnis iroiight among the shepherds the icorship of Bacchus. 
 Baphnis was our glory, and with him Pales and Apollo have gone 
 from ?/.?. Our plo2/gh-la)ids and our gardens are deserted. Pay 
 due honours to Daphnis, and raise a tomb for him, with a fitting 
 epitaph. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for: — A] olio, Bacchus, Daphnis, 
 Nymphae, Pales.] 
 
 23. atque decs . . . vocat crudelia mater : " his mother cries out 
 upon the cruelty of the gods, ay, and of the stars, with all a mother's 
 sorrow." Mater is very emphatic by position. Why astra as well 
 as deos ? Because stars were believed to have great influence on the 
 destinies of men. 
 
 27. Poenos . . . leones: Poenos, Punic, i.e. African, is a literary or 
 ornamental epithet; see I. 54, n. The accusative and infinitive 
 depends on loqmintnr. 
 
 29. Armenias . . . tigres. Bacchus' chariot was drawn by tigers ; 
 his worship was introduced from the East, and hence Vergil calls his 
 tamed tigers Armenian. 
 
 30 instituit : "taught ; " supply homines as the object, inducere : 
 "to introduce ; " this depends, like subiungere, on instituit. Thiasus 
 is the usual name for the wild dance with which Bacchus was 
 honoured by his worshippers. 
 
 31. hastas : i.e. dipcrovs; these were rods carried in Bacchic 
 festivals ; they were usually surmounted by a pine-cone, or, as here, 
 by a bunch of leaves. 
 
 32. decori est: predicative dative, accompanied as usual by a 
 dative of the indirect object (arbor ibvs). 
 
 34. tulerunt : equivalent to «i5^7/Z^^7'?/;<i^, "carried away." 
 
 36. sulcis : the antecedent is attracted into the relative clause ; 
 in full, avenae naseuntur sulcis, quibus . . . mandavimus. 
 
 37. infelix : i.e. unfruitful. 
 
 38. purpureo narcisso : pnrpureus probably means " bright" here ; 
 cp. pnrpureis alcg oloribus, "winged w^ith thy radiant swans," Hor. 
 Od. I. i. 10. It may, however, mean purple, as there seems to have 
 been a narcissus with a purple centre, as well as the ordinary white 
 narcissus, 
 
 40. inducite fontibus umbras : i.e. " o'ermantle the springs with 
 the branches of shady trees planted round them." 
 41 maudat fieri : in good prose mando takes ut and the subjunctive. 
 
KOTES. 63 
 
 4^. carmen: "inscription": often used for any formula, especially 
 one in verse. 
 
 Vv. 45—55. ]\Ien. For your song you deserve to he called a second 
 Baj^/mis. And 7iow Id me sing of Daphnis m heaven. Mop. Right 
 gladly/ My friend StimioJion has long been jpraising that song. 
 
 48. calamis: i.e. by your skill on the pipe, magistruin : i.e, 
 Daphuis. 
 
 49. alter ab illo : lit. " second starting from him (as the first)," 
 i.e. "second to him." 
 
 50. quocumque modo : sc. passim, a modest expression, lit. •' in 
 whatever way I can," hence "as best I can." 
 
 53. an quicquam ... sit ? an is frequently used as here in an 
 emphatic question expecting the answer " No !" Quicquam is used 
 in sentences which are negative, or as here virtually negative. 
 
 54. cantari dignus : the regular prose construction would be dignus 
 qni cantarctnr. 
 
 55. Stimiclion : nothing further is known of him. 
 
 Vv. 56—80. Mbx. Bnphiiis is now a god in heaven, and the gods 
 and nymphs of the country rejoice, and a reign of peace has hegiin^ 
 and all Nature is fill of joy. For his gracious favour Dajyhnis shall 
 receive our worship and our offerings evermore. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for :— Bacchus, Dryades, Olympus, 
 Pan, Satyrus.] 
 
 56. Candidas: " in radiant beauty." 
 
 58. ergo : because Daphnis is placed among the gods, 
 63. intonsi: " unshorn," i.e. covered with trees. 
 
 65. sis bonus o felixque: sis is subj. of wish. As applied to deities 
 bonus means "doing good," "gracious"; felix, "kind, propitious." 
 aras : accusative of exclamation after a verb (such as " see ") or verbal 
 idea more or less distinctly understood, en and ccce (v. 66) being 
 originally adverbs. 
 
 66. ecce duas : sc. aras. duas altaria : " two as high-altars." Pro- 
 perly the ara was lower than the aJtare ; the latter was erected in 
 the honour of the greater gods, the former in honour of lesser deities. 
 
 63. duo : we should expect binos, as the sense is evidently dis- 
 tributive, 9(S pocula hina (v. 67). 
 
 69. Baccbo : " Bacchus' store" or " wine." 
 
 71. vina . . . Ariusia : Ariusia was a district in Chios famous for 
 its wine. 
 
 72, Damoetas et Lyctius Aegon : Damoetas and Aegon as well 
 as Alphesiboeus (v. 73) were shepherds mentioned by Theocritus. 
 Lyctius : lit. " of Lyctus," a town in Crete, hence " Cretan." 
 
 74. sollemnia : this is the more correct spelling, as the word conies 
 from sollus, ''whole," and Oscau, avmo-, "around." Sollennis is a 
 h-^j'-iovm oi sollcmnis due to a supposed connexion with annus. The 
 
64 ECLOGUE V. 
 
 word means " customary," and hence " annual,*^ and also " due," 
 " hallowed," " solemn." 
 
 75. cum lustrabimus agros : i.e. at the Ambavvalia ; see III. 77, w. 
 The word comes from amh-, '-around," and arva, •• cornfields, "and 
 the festival was so called because victims were led round the corn- 
 fields in procession, before the harvest was begun, in order to purify 
 (lustra re) the country. 
 
 80. damnabis tu quoque votis : sc. illos, lit. " thou too shalt 
 condemn them in respect of their vows," i.e. condemn them to pay 
 their vows by granting their prayers. The ablative is one of respect. 
 
 Vv. 81 — 90. Mop. What can / give you for your song so passing 
 sweet? Men. I will give you this in pe, which has helped me i)i my 
 best songs. Mop. To you I give this crooh^ which I refused to give to 
 fair Antigenes. 
 
 83. percussa . . . fluctu . . . litora : lit. " the shores beaten by 
 the surge," i.e. '-the beating of the shores by the surge" or "the 
 beating of the surge on the seashore " ; cp. the common idiom 
 exemplified by occisus Caesar, " the murder of Caesar." 
 
 86, 87. Vergil quotes a few words from the beginning of Eclogues 
 II. and III. 
 
 88. cum: "although." 
 
 89. tulit : " carried ofE." Antigenes : a shepherd, dignus amari : 
 the infinitive dependent on an adjective is poetical. Prose would 
 require dignus ut or qui amaretur. See v. 1, n. 
 
 90. paribus nodis atque aere : ablative of quality, '• with regular 
 knots and a brass tip," or, taking nodis atque aere as a hendiadys, 
 " with studs of brass at regular intervals." 
 
 ECLOGUE VI. 
 
 Preface. 
 
 AKenus Varus, to whom this poem is addressed, was consul suff actus, 
 39 B.C., and succeeded Pollio as governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Vergil 
 seems to have intended to celebrate Varus' warlike deeds, a task 
 which we may suppose he gave up partly because he felt it beyond 
 him, and partly because he considered it would be indiscreet to write 
 on contemporary wars. Silenus' song inj this Eclogue shows how 
 strongly Vergil was influenced by Lucretius, whose poem Be Rerum 
 Natura had recently been published. 
 
 Vv. 1 — 12. When I essayed to leave my pastoral verse and sing of 
 kings and battles, Apollo warned me of my ijiabilitrj to do so, and I 
 can only send you a pastoral lay. 
 
NOTES. 65 
 
 [See Index of Proper Karnes for : Cynthius, Musa, Phoebus, Thalia, 
 Varus.] 
 
 1. prima Syracosio . . . ludere versu : prima should be translated 
 by an adverbial phrase, " at first." Syracosio, lit. " of Syracuse," 
 hence " Sicilian," put for " Theocritean," i.e. " bucolic." For ludere 
 see I. 10, n. 
 
 2. erubuit . . . habitare : erubesco is often used, as here, by a 
 stretch of the meaning, as a transitive verb. Here habitare serves as 
 its direct object. Thalia : appropriately mentioned here as being the 
 muse of pastoral poetry as w^ell as comedy. 
 
 3. aurem vellit : lit. " plucked my ear." This touching of the ear 
 was a Roman custom observed vi^hen summoning a witness. It was 
 a symbolical way of requesting the witness to listen. 
 
 4. Tityre : a shepherd's name here assumed by the poet, pingues 
 pascere : i^ingves is predicative, lit. " feed till they are fat." 
 
 5. deductum : lit. " fine-spun " ; hence " thin," " slender." 
 
 6. super , . . erunt: to be joined, as the future of siipersKm. 
 
 7. cupiant : consecutive subjunctive after qui = tales ut ii. condere 
 bella : condere carmen, "to compose a poem," was a common phrase, 
 and from it by an extension of the meaning of condere arose such 
 phrases as condere bella, " to compose a poem about wars," " to sing 
 of wars." 
 
 8. See I. 2. 
 
 9. non iniussa : he had Phoebus' commands ; see vv. 4, 5. tamen: 
 i.e. in spite of their feebleness. 
 
 12. This shows that the title of the Eclogue was Varus. 
 
 Vv. 13 — 30. Tivo shepherds once found Silejius asleep, and bound 
 him with flowers while a Naiad imintcd his face. He promises to 
 sing to them if they release him. By his song all Nature was 
 charmed. 
 
 [See Index of Pjoper Names for : lacchus, Naiades, Parnasus, 
 Phoebus, Pierides, Rhodope, Silenus.] 
 
 13. Chromis at Mnasylos : either shepherds or satyrs. 
 
 15. venas : accusative of the direct object with injlatum ; see I 
 54, n. laccho : " a carouse," an instance of metonymy ; cp. IV. 32, n. 
 
 16. procul tantum: lit. "just so far off," a phrase when using 
 which a speaker probably indicated the distance with his fingers ; 
 hence " just a little way off." capiti : dative after the verb delapsa, 
 which is compounded with the preposition de. 
 
 17. pendebat : " was hanging," as he grasped it in his hand. 
 
 19. luserat: "he had cheated," in good prose deluserat. Ambo 
 (v. 18) is of course accusative with luserat. 
 
 20. timidis : they were frightened to play such a trick on Silenus, 
 but Aegle was bolder. Aegle : nothing further is known of her. 
 
 21. iam videnti : dative of advantage, " for him as he begins to 
 open his eyes." 
 
 Bd. 
 
66 ECLOGUE VI. 
 
 23. qno : " whither ? " i.e. " to what purpose ? " 
 
 24. potuisse videri : lit. " that you are sten to ha e been able " ; 
 hence, " for your power to have been seen." 
 
 26. aliud mercedis : the neuter pronoun or adjective with a par- 
 titive genitive is often used thus for an adjective and noun (e.g. alia 
 mercei). 
 
 27. in numernm : referring, as often, to dancing " in measured 
 time." videres : potential subjunctive, " you might have seen (if 
 you had been there)." 
 
 30. Ismarns : a mountain in Thrace. 
 
 Vv. 31 — 63. Silenus sang of the creation — how the earth and sea 
 and all things therein had their origin in a chance concourse of 
 atoms lohich was succeeded by continual development. Then he sang 
 of Pyrrha, SaturrCs reig% Prometheiis and Hylas, and again iif 
 Pasijjhae and the hill. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Atalanta, Caucasus, Hesperides, 
 Hylas, Pasiphae, Phaethon, Proetides, Prometheus, Pyrrha.] 
 
 31. Here follows a short account of the Creation, chiefly from 
 Lucretius. In the beginning was a void (inane'), which was filled 
 with atoms. By fortuitous concourses of these atoms was gradually 
 formed the universe and all that is therein, inane: "void." The 
 neuter of the adjective is used as a substantive. 
 
 32. fuissent : subjunctive in indirect question depending on uti. 
 Similarly is to be explained the mood of concreverit (v. 34) and 
 stupeant, etc. (v. 37, etc.). As the sequence is secondary after 
 canehat, we should expect secondary tenses of the subjunctive to 
 follow in all cases, but Vergil changes to primary tenses for vivid 
 and varied effect. 
 
 33. liquidi . . . ignis : this is what Lucretius calls liquidissimus 
 aether or ignifer aether^ the subtle fluid which is found beyond the 
 denser atmosphere (aer) of the earth, f his ex omnia primis : i.e. 
 ex his primiSy prima being used for Lucretius' primordia, " primal 
 elements." A r.Z. is exordia, "origins," " beginnings." 
 
 34. tener mnndi . . . orbis : either (1) "the elastic globe of aether 
 had grown into a whole," or better (2) •' the young globe of earth and 
 sky grew into a whole." Mundus is sometimes used of the whole 
 universe, as in (2), and sometimes, as in (1), of the (fiery) aether or 
 firmament. 
 
 35. dnrare : probably intransitive, solum being the subject of 
 coeperit. Others take it as transitive, making orMs the subject of 
 coeperit. discludere Nerea ponto: "shut Nereus apart in the sea," 
 i.e. separate the sea and the land. Nereus was the god of the sea. 
 
 38. faltins atque cadant . . . imbres : " and how the rain falls 
 from a greater height now that the clouds are raised." This gives 
 the best sense, but the position of atq^ie is very unusual : hence 
 some omit the comma after solem and put one after altius, translating 
 "higher than before," or " at a higher elevation (than the clouds)." 
 
NOTES. 67 
 
 39. incipiant . . . cum : the subjunctive is used because this clause 
 is in oratio obliqua dependent on eanehat, v. 31. 
 
 40. ignaros: either active, "that knew them not," or, less probably, 
 passive, " as yet unknown." 
 
 42. Caucasias volucres : poetical plural for singular ; the reference 
 is to the vulture sent to torture Prometheus, when he was chained 
 to the rocks of the Caucasus, refert : " he tells of." Distinguish 
 from the impersonal refert, " it concerns." 
 
 43. quo fonte : lit. " at what fountain." Translate : " he adds the 
 story of the fountain whereat," etc. 
 
 44. clamassent : the tense is quite regular, because after a historic 
 present (as ailivmjit here) either primary or secondary sequence is 
 used. " Hyla, Hyla " sonaret : cp. the construction of I. 5 and note 
 on it. For the scansion see Appendix. 
 
 45. fortunatam : really the apodosis of the following ^-clause, and 
 equivalent to quae fortitnata fuisset. 
 
 46. solatur : " he consoles Pasiphae," a poetical way of saying 
 " narrates how she was comforted." 
 
 48. falsis : " counterfeited." 
 
 50. coUo : dat. of disadvantage, " feared the yoke for her n.eck." 
 
 51. levi : "smooth." Distinguish Zeyw, "light." 
 
 53. latus fultus : " resting his side." For the accusative see 
 I. 54, n. For the scansion of the line see Appendix. 
 
 55. " claudite, Nymphae " : Pasiphae is now supposed to speak. 
 
 56. Dictaeae : i.e. Cretan. Dicte was a mountain in Crete. 
 
 57. si qua forte ferant : si may be rendered " in hope that," and is 
 called '^ si objective." Claudite expresses the action taken in con- 
 templation of a particular event ; the conditional clause states the 
 condition on which the event would take place ; this contemplated 
 event, which is the real apodosis, is not stated. Qua is here the 
 ablative of the indefinite quis, and goes with/orz'e, the ablative otfors. 
 
 60. Gortynia : i.e. Cretan, Gortyn was a town of Crete. 
 
 61. mala: note the quantity, puellam: i^. Atalanta; see Index, s.?7, 
 
 62. Phaethontiadas : lit. " daughters of Phaethon," i.e. the son of 
 the Sun, who is more usually known by the name Phaethon than his 
 father. 
 
 Vv. 64 — 86. Next Silenus sang how Limis gave to Gallus the 
 shepherd's pipe that once loas Hesiod's, and of Scylla loho destroyed 
 Ulysses' ships, and hoio Tereus and Philomela icere changed into 
 birds — songs that Phoebus once sang — till at last evening brought 
 an end to Ms sojig. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Gallus, Hesiodus, Linus, Nisus 
 Olympus, Philomela, Phoebus, Scylla, Tereus,] 
 
 64. Permessi : a river of Boeotia, rising in Mount Helicon. 
 
 65. Aonas : " of Aonia," a name of that part of Boeotia in which 
 Mount Helicon stood, una sororum: i.e. " one of the Muses." 
 
68 ECLOGUE VI. 
 
 6fi. viro : dat. of advantage, " to do honour to the hero." Phoebi 
 chorus : i.e. the Muses. 
 
 G7. divino carmine : ablative of quality with pastor. 
 
 68. crines ornatus : " having decked his locks " ; for the accusa- 
 tive see I. 54, %. 
 
 70. Ascraeo . . . seni : i.e. Hesiod ; see Index, s.v. Hesiodus, 
 quos : object of dederunt, which must be supplied as the verb. 
 
 73. his : instrumental ablative, tibi : dative of the agent with 
 dicatur. Grynei nemoris : i.e. of Grynia, in Mysia, where Apollo 
 had a temple. Euphorionof Chalcis wrote a poem about this temple, 
 which G alius seems to have imitated, dicatur : distinguish from 
 dicatur, " it is being dedicated." 
 
 75. inguina : lit. *• having girt for herself her bright waist " ; for 
 the accusative see I. 54, 7i. 
 
 76. Dulichias : i.e. of Ulysses, who was said by some to have ruled 
 over the island of Dulichium as well as the neighbouring Ithaca. 
 
 78. mutatos . . . artus : i.e. " the transformation of Tereus' limbs " ; 
 cp. occlsus Caesar, " the murder of Caesar." 
 
 80 deserta : accusative plural neuter of the adjective ; " deserted 
 places." 
 
 82. meditante : see note on I. 2. 
 
 83. Eurotas : now Iri, a river of Sparta, where Apollo sang to his 
 favourite Hyacinthus. 
 
 84. referunt : " carry up " the sound. 
 
 85. -jreferri : with numertim as subject; v. 1. 7rferre,\\iihnunierum 
 is object. 
 
 86. iussit : the subject is vesper, invito . . . Olympo : " from 
 Olympus despite Olympus' reluctance." The omission of the prepo- 
 sition is common in poetry. Vesper (the evening star) was thought 
 to rise on Mount Olympus. Even Olympus is unwilling that evening 
 should come on and the song cease. 
 
NOTES. 69 
 
 ECLOGUE VII. 
 
 Preface, 
 
 This Eclogue describes a singing-match, like Eel. III. and V. 
 The competitors are Corydon, a goatherd, and Th3a'sis, a slicpherd, 
 and their umpire is Daphnis ; and these persons and their sayings 
 are purely imaginary. In composing the poem Vergil took much 
 from Theocritus, especially the sixth and eighth Idylls. 
 
 Vv. 1 — 20. Meliboeus : As I was 2)ursmng a straying goat 1 
 caiiglit sight of Daphnis sitting with Corydon and Thyrsis. He 
 invited vie to join them, ivhich I did ; and then Corydon and Thyrsis 
 began their amoebaean strains. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Arcadia, Mincius, Musa.] 
 
 1. arguta : lit. " clear," hence " tuneful," " whispering," as applied 
 to the whispering of the leaves in the breeze. 
 
 2. in unum : "to one spot"; the neuter of adjectives (singular 
 and plural) is very commonly used substantively, as here. 
 
 4. florentes aetatibus : " in the flower of their years " ; the ablative 
 is one of respect. Arcades ambo : observe the quantity, Arcades, 
 of the Greek nominative pkiral. The Arcadians were the typical 
 shepherds of antiquity. 
 
 6. cautare pares . . . respondere parati : cant are and responderc 
 (often called prolative, complementary, or epexegetic infinitives) 
 are in point of syntax indeclinable nouns ; cantare being locative 
 with pares, respondere dative of purpose with parati. The prose con- 
 struction would be in cantando pares et ad respondendum parati. 
 Some make both infinitives depend ^x^QVi. parati, "ready to sing and 
 answer in a match {pares)." 
 
 6. mihi : probably possessive dative with ipse caper, dum defendo : 
 note the regular idiomatic tense with dum (meaning " in the time 
 that"), "while I was protecting." teneras : iJe/i^-?', as often, means 
 " young." 
 
 7. atque : atqne was originally a strong at, and here, as sometimes 
 in comedy, means " and lo ! " or " when lo ! " 
 
 9. ades : of course the imperative. tibi : probably possessive 
 dative. 
 
 10. cessare : "to tarry," "be idle." Quid is accusative of extent, 
 " for a time," " awhile." 
 
 11. potum : the so-called accusati^"^^ supine, usually found after 
 verbs of motion, is really an accusative (denoting goal of motion) 
 of a verbal noun in -tus. Potum venire, " to come to drink," is 
 parallel to Romam venire, " to come to Rome." 
 
 13. Mincius : by the Mincio in Gallia Transapadana we have 
 
70 
 
 ECLOGUE VII. 
 
 Arcades (v. 4) ; but Vergil's scenery in the Eclogues is more or less 
 imafjinniy. sacra . . . quercu : the oak was sacred to Jupiter. 
 
 14. facerem : deliberative subjunctive referring to past time — 
 " what was I to do ? " Alcippe and Phyllis were shepherd girls. 
 
 15. clauderet : subjunctive with the final relative quae. 
 
 16. Corydon cum Thyrside : in apposition to certamen. 
 
 18. alternis . . . versibus : "in amoebaean strains": see Preface 
 to Eel. III. 
 
 19. Musae meminisse volebant : it was one function of the Muses, 
 as daughters of Mnemosyne, the goddess of Memory, to remind 
 their worshippers of songs, etc. Translate, " amoebaean strains the 
 Muses were full fain to recall." 
 
 Vv, 21 — 28. Corydon. Grant me, Muses, to sing like Codrus, 
 or I loill sing no more. Thyrsis. Crown me. sJiej)Jierds, ivith ivy 
 to rouse Codrus' jealousy, or with foxglove if he praise me to my 
 harm. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Arcadia, Phoebus.] 
 
 21. Libethrides : "nymphs of Libethrus " (a fountain of Mount 
 Helicon), i.e. the Muses. 
 
 22. proxima : sc. carmina. Proxima is followed by the dative 
 versibus, "next to {i.e. second only to) the strains of Phoebus." 
 
 24. The pipe was to be hung up as having been discarded, and 
 dedicated to Pan, to whom the pine was sacred. 
 
 25. hedera : ivy was sacred to Bacchus, the god of poetic inspira- 
 tion. The arrogance of Thyrsis throughout the match should be 
 noticed. 
 
 26. invidia . . . Codro : ilia may be rendered " sides." Bursting 
 with envy is an idea that seems to have arisen from Aesop's fable of 
 the frog and the ox. Codro is possessive dative. For the person see 
 Eel. V. 10, n. 
 
 27. ultra placitum : sc. dis, " should he praise me beyond what is 
 pleasing to the gods," because undeserved praise might bring upon 
 him the displeasure of Heaven. 
 
 Vv. 29—36. Cor. Diana, Micon offers thee spoils of the chase ; 
 continue thy favour and he icill give thee a statue of marhle. Thyr. 
 Priajms, milk and cakes shall be offered to thee yearly. Fll give 
 thee a marble statue now and one of gold if thou lieej) up the number 
 of my flocks. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Delia, Priapus.] 
 
 29. caput : object of some verb like dedicat, which must be 
 supplied. 
 
 SO. Micon : a name assumed by Corydon. vivacis cervi : the 
 supposed longevity of the stag was proverbial. 
 
 31. hoc: "this luck." proprium : "his own," "lasting." de 
 marirore stabis : i.e. "a marble statue of thee shall be set-up," an 
 
NOTES. 71 
 
 idiomatic expression probably adopted from the Greek, tota : in full 
 length. 
 
 32. suras : object— accusative with evlncta; see f. 54, n. 
 
 33. siuum : " a large drinking vessel." Observe the quantity, and 
 distinguish sinum, "a fold " (accusative case). 
 
 3.5. pro tempore : " according to my circumstances," " to suit my 
 means." 
 
 Vv. 37—44. Cor. Galatea, passinr/ fair, come to me at eventide. 
 Thyk. Hate vio and seorn me, my love, if I do Tiot long for thy 
 coming. 
 
 37. Nerine Galatea: Nerlne ("daughter of Nereus") is an un- 
 usual patronymic form; Nereis is the common form. Galatea is 
 here Corydon's love ; in Theocritus she appears as Polyphemus', 
 thymo , . . Hyhlae : see I. 54, n. 
 
 40. qua : nom. agreeing with cura. 
 
 41. Sardoniis . . . herbis : the " Sardinian herb " was proverbial 
 for its bitterness. It was probably a kind of crowsfoot. It caused 
 those who ate it to writhe the mouth in a way that became proverbial 
 as the " sardonic smile." videar : subjunctive of wish, " may I seem 
 to you." alga : " seaweed," the type of worthlessness. 
 
 43. A day seems a year to the lover awaiting his love. 
 
 44. pudor : " sense of shame." Thyrsis is reproaching his oxen 
 for their greediness. 
 
 Vv. 45—52. Cor. Fountains and grass and trees protect tlie 
 fiocli from the summer heat. Thyr. Here in our well-warmed cot 
 toe defy the cold, 
 
 46. rara umbra : " the chequered shade." Rarus is an epithet 
 applied to anything of which the parts are separated (like the 
 meshes of a net). 
 
 47. solstitium pecori defendite : " keep ye the summer heat from 
 my kine." The prose construction would be pecus a solstltio ; here 
 we have the dative of advantage, lit. " for the benefit of my herd." 
 
 50. adsidua , . . fuligine : Thyrsis' hut had no chimney, so that the 
 smoke had to make its way out of the door, and this blackened the 
 posts. 
 
 52. numerum : the number of the sheep in a flock ; the wolf cares 
 not how great it is. 
 
 Vv. 53 — 60. Cor. Our trees are hearing well, hut if Alexis 
 leaves us a drought will come. Thyr. The drought is upon us, hit 
 at Phyllis^ coming it loill pass away. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Liber.] 
 
 54, sua quaeque sub arbore poma : lit. " its own peculiar fruit lies 
 under (each) tree." A more usual idiom would be sua, etc., not sua, 
 
72 ECLOGUE VII. 
 
 etc., but sud, etc., is quite possible Latin, and Vergil is fond of 
 giving a new turn to familiar phrases. Some consider sua to be an 
 ablative, pronounced as a monosyllable. 
 
 57. vitio aeris : lit. " owing to the taint or poison in the air." 
 
 58. invidit collibus umbras: the construction invidere aliquid 
 alicui is found in prose. 
 
 60. luppiter . . . descendet . . . imbri : by derivation the name 
 means "father of light" (Zeu irdrep), cp. the form Diespiter. Dies, 
 " a day," Zci/s, and the stem Iti- in lupyiter are all derived from the 
 same original stem, meaning " the sky." So that luppiter and ZeiJs 
 are personifications of the sky, and here we have a trace of the old 
 idea in a phrase probably modelled after Homer's Oe ZeiJs, " Zeus {i.e. 
 the sky-father or the sky) rained. " imbri : ablative of manner. 
 
 Vv. 61 — 70. Cor. Each god has Ms favourite tree, hut none shall 
 surpass Phyliy favourite, the hazel. Thyr. Different trees looh, 
 fairest in different places, hut thou, Lycidas, dost surpass them when 
 at their fairest. Mel. So Thyrsis was utterly vanquished hy Corydon. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Alcides, lacchus, Phoebus, 
 Venus. ] 
 
 66. populus : "a poplar"; distinguish jpS^wZw*, "a people." 
 70. Corydon Corydon est . . . nobis : lit. " Corydon is Corydon with 
 us," i.e. " in our judgment Corydon has no equal but himself." Others 
 translate " it is ' Corydon Corydon' with us," i.e. " Corydon's name is 
 always in our mouths." 
 
 ECLOGUE YITL 
 Preface. 
 
 This Eclogue was sent to Pollio when he was on his way home to 
 Italy after his conquest of the Parthini, a people of Dalmatia, 39 B.C. 
 It falls easily into three divisions : (i) vv. 1 — 13, The dedication, etc. ; 
 (ii) vv. 14 — 61, Damon's lament over Nysa's faithlessness ; (iii) vv. 
 62 — 109, Alphesiboeus' description of a love-sick lady's efforts to 
 win the love of Daphnis. 
 
 The Eclogue is largely derived from Idylls 1, 3 and 11 of Theocritus ; 
 the song of Alphesiboeus closely imitates Theocritus' second Idyll. 
 
 Vv. 1 — 13. Iioill tell of the songs sung hy the shepherds Damon 
 and Alpfhesihoeus, which held all nature spell-hound. I dedicate my 
 strains to thee, Pollio. Wlieji shall I laud thy deeds and thy poems ? 
 My strains were suggested hy thee : accept them. 
 
 1. Musam : object of dicemus in v. 5. 
 
 2. herbarum : objective genitive with immcmor. 
 
NOTES. 73 
 
 4. mutata . . . cursus : " rivers changed and lulled their flow to 
 rest." Mutata is explained by siws rcqxderinit cursnu. Rcqiderunt 
 is here perhaps transitive, though such a usage is rare. Some take 
 requierwit as intransitive and cnrsna as accusative with mutata used 
 in a middle sense, " the rivers with their courses changed sank to 
 rest," i.e. the courses of the rivers were changed (or stopped) and 
 they became motionless. 
 
 6. tu : i.e. Pollio, as the following words show, mihi : ethic dative, 
 " as I guess." superas iam saxa Timavi : sxiperare as a nautical term 
 means " to double "or "weather a promontory," etc. The Timavus 
 (now Timavo) is a short river, broad at its mouth, springing from the 
 foot of a rock, hardly a mile from the sea, between Tergeste and 
 Aquileia, in North Italy. 
 
 7. Oram Illyrici legis aequoris : lege re, as a nautical term, means 
 **to coast along." Vergil imagines Pollio to be either coasting along 
 Illyria or to have got as far as the Timavus as he was sailing round 
 the Hadriatic homewards in 39 B.C. See Preface above. 
 
 8. cum liceat : the subjunctive is due to the notion of result implied, 
 cum being equivalent to ut turn. lit. " will that day come so that then 
 it may be mine. ..." 
 
 9. erit, ut liceat : a periphrasis for lieehit, common in Lucretius, 
 ut being consecutive ; lit. " will it come about so that it is lawful," 
 etc. 
 
 10. Sophocleo . . . cothurno: i.e. "Sophocles' tragic genius." 
 Cothurnus is the name used by the Romans (not by the Greeks) for 
 the high-soled boot worn by tragic actors, and, by metonymy, came 
 to mean " tragedy," ''tragic style," or "tragic genius." 
 
 12. tempora : accusative depending on the preposition circuin. 
 
 13. victrices . . . laurus : i.e. the bay wreath of victory for his 
 conquest of the Parthini ; see Preface, hederam : see VII. 25, n, 
 tibi : possessive dative. 
 
 Vv. 14—61. Thus Damon sang : " morning star, I ivill make 
 cov)2)lahit of Nysa' s faithlessness injfastoral strains. She is wedding 
 3Ioj)sus : ichat unnatural unions may we not noio expect? A fine 
 husband, forsooth! I saw and loved her when a boy. Ah, my 
 folly! Now I hnoiD Love's cruelty. Love taught a mother to slay 
 her own children, and teas that mother more cruel than Love ? Now 
 let all Nature go awry! Farewell, ye woodlands! I will vlunge 
 into the waves and perish.^' 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for :— Arion, Hesperus, Lucifer, 
 Maenalus, Orpheus, Pierides, Rhodope.] 
 
 15. ros . . . gratissimus : supply est as the verb. 
 
 16. We might expect et or cum to couple this with the preceding, 
 but such an asyndeton is not uncommon in Latin, tereti . . . olivae : 
 " on his smoothed olive-staff." 
 
 17. prae . . , veniens : these go together. Such a separation of a 
 verb and its preposition is called tmesis ("cutting"). Translate, 
 
74 ECLOGUE VIII. 
 
 " usher in the genial day " or " be thou the harbinger of the genial 
 day." Diem is the object of age. 
 
 is. coniugis . . . Nysae : "Nysa, my ladylove": nothing more 
 is known of her. indigno . . . amore : " unworthy love," because 
 unrequited. 
 
 19. testibus illis: ablative of attendant circumstance, lit. "they 
 being mtnesses (to my vows)," hence, "from their testimony." 
 
 21. Maenalios : i.e. " pastoral." Maeyialus is a mountain of Arcadia, 
 and so Maenalms = Arcadian. 
 
 22. argutum: "tuneful"; see VII. 1, w. 
 
 24. qui primus . . . inertes : i.e. who first made them useful, as 
 reeds for the reed-pipe. With passns supply est. 
 
 26. Mopso : a rival shepherd, speremus : spero sometimes bears 
 the meaning " expect." 
 
 28. ftimidae . . . dammae: v.l. timidi. Damma is sometimes 
 masculine in Vergil, ad pocnla : i.e. " to drink (at the river)." 
 
 29. faces : torches were carried in the bridal procession to the 
 bridegroom's house ; the bridegroom scattered nuts to the boys in the 
 procession, tibi ducitur : tihi is probably dative of the agent. Bncere 
 (or ducere in matrimoimim aUquarn), " to wed," is regularly used of 
 the bridegroom. Tibi may be dative of advantage, " for thee," and 
 dncitw mean " is being brought home." 
 
 30. tibi : dative of advantage, deserit Hesperus Oetam : i.e. the 
 evening star is rising above Oeta, a pile of mountains in the S. of 
 Thessaly. Horace and Catullus as well as Vergil make the mistake 
 of supposing that Lucifer and Hesperus can appear at the same time 
 of the year. 
 
 32. digno: ironical. 
 
 33. odio : dative of the predicate, joined, as often, to a dative of 
 the indirect object, "is hateful to you." With capellae and the 
 following nouns supply as predicate odio est. 
 
 37. saepibus: " an enclosure " or " orchard." 
 
 39. alter ab undecimo : lit. "the second from the eleventh," i.e. 
 " the twelfth" ; cp. alter ah illo, V. 49, n. 
 
 41. ut vidi, ut peril, ut, etc. : Vergil is imitating the line x^s 
 l5ov, Cbs ifxdurjv, &$ fxev Trepl dvfxbs Idcpd-r], " and w'hen I saw, tlien 
 madly I loved ! then all my heart was wounded ! " Theocr. II. 82. 
 In the Greek ws is a relative, &s a demonstrative pronoun ; such a use 
 ot (hs . . . ios is found in Homer, but was probably an archaism in 
 Theocritus' time, and was apparently misunderstood by Vergil, who 
 probably took Cbs as being the same as ws. Vergil's ut . . . ut . . . ut 
 may either be rendered " when . . . how . . . how " or " how . . . 
 how . . . how." 
 
 43. scio : this and nescio are the only verbs of which the final a can 
 be short in Vergil. Perhaps, however, scio should be pronounced 
 as a monosyllable, qnid sit Amor : " what manner of deity Love is," 
 a more striking expression than quis sit Amor, "the character of 
 Love." cotibus : cos, properly a whetstone, comes to mean any jagged 
 rock. 
 
NOTES. 76 
 
 44. Tmaros : now Toviaro, a mountain in Epirus. 
 
 45. Garamantes : a fabulous people of North Africa. 
 
 47. matrem : this clearly refers to Medea, the wife of Jason the 
 Argonaut, who slew the two children of their marriage when her 
 husband fell in love with another princess at Corinth. 
 
 49. fcrudelis mater, magis at ... : v.l. orudelis mater magis, an ... . 
 
 52. ultro : originally an instrumental singular of the comparative 
 of the root ol- from which olle {illc) comes, lit. '• beyond," hence 
 '•beyond what is expected," "of one's own accord," etc. Here it 
 might almost be rendered " strange to tell." 
 
 54. sudent electra : sudo is only used with an accusative (cognate) 
 in poetry and post- Augustan prose. 
 
 55. certent: jussive subjunctive, "let . . . strive." cycnis: swans 
 were supposed to utter beautiful melodies before their death. Tityrus : 
 some shepherd. 
 
 58. vel : " an thou wilt," the word being used in what is approxi- 
 mately its original force, as an imperative of xxlle. f medium fiant 
 mare : v.l. fiat, which would agree with the predicate mare. Vergil 
 here seems to be mistranslating Theocritus (I. 134) -Kavra. 5' ^vaWa 
 yepoLTo, " let all things be confounded," confusing ^aWa with ivdXia, 
 "in the sea." vivite: ie. " farewell." 
 
 59. specula de: a monosyllabic preposition is rarely placed after 
 its substantive. 
 
 60. extremum hoc . . . haheto : " take this as my last dying gift," 
 hoc meaning " my life." 
 
 Vv. 62 — 109. AlpTiesihoeiis sang thus: '' I will use magio charms 
 and spells to bring my Dajjhnis home, for spells have ever had mighty 
 power. I twine three threads round his image and carry it thrice 
 round the altars, and Amaryllis ties tricoloured Mots. As the fire 
 acts on clay and luax, so may love act on Bajjhnis. Scatter meal, 
 hum bay leaves ; let hopeless passion, even as of a deserted heifer, 
 seize Baphnis. The keepsakes he gave me I burn and bury. I have 
 potent herbs and philtres here. Let ashes now be thrown into the 
 running stream; perhaps su/ih things loill move him. See, the blaze 
 on the altar! Harh, Hylax is barking! Baphnis is coming at 
 last ! " 
 
 [See Index for : Circe, Ulixes, Venus.] 
 
 65. verbenas : here used generally for " herbs." Pingues may here 
 be rendered " juicy." adole : adolesco is from the same root as alo, " to 
 nourish," and means first "to honour the gods by oiferings," then to 
 " offer," and hence " to burn," as here, mascula tura : the best kind 
 of fiankincense was called " male." 
 
 66. coniugis : " my betrothed's," " my lover's." sanos avertere . . . 
 sensus : i.e. " to turn my lover's sober heart to distraction." 
 
 67. carmina: i.e. "incantations," "spells." 
 
 70. The story of how Circe of Aeaea turned Ulysses' comrades into 
 swine is told in the Odyssey. 
 
76 ECLOGUE VIII. 
 
 71. cantando : i.e. by magic incantations, 
 
 73. terna : " three." In poetry distributives, singular and plural, 
 are sometimes substituted for the corresponding cardinal numbers. 
 So in V. 77. tibi: i.e. (1) the image, or (2) Daphnis himself. If (1), 
 render, *' I wind round thee " ; if (2), " I wind against thee," dative 
 of disadvantage. 
 
 77. Amarylli : apparently a servant. 
 
 78. necte . . . modo : viodo with imperatives often, as here, has an 
 emphasising force, "twine them, do 1 " 
 
 80. 81. Apparently a lump of clay and a lump of wax were thrown 
 into the fire, and the lady prayed that Daphnis might be softened to 
 her and hardened to other women by love of her, just as the wax 
 was softened and the clay hardened by the fire she kindled. Some 
 think two images of Daphnis were used, one of clay and one of wax. 
 
 81. nostro . . . amore : either (1) " love of me," or (2) " my love." 
 
 82. fragiles : "crackling," in the fire. 
 
 83. in Daphnide : lit. "in the case of Daphnis"; hence "against 
 Daphnis." Some render " on Daphnis," i.e. his image ; cp. v. 80. 
 With ego supply uro as verb. 
 
 85. amor : the verb is teneat, v. 89. 
 
 88. perdita : " in utter despair." nee serae . . . nocti : " to retire 
 before the late night," i.e. " to go back to her stall at night." Nocti 
 is the regular dative with decedere. 
 
 91. exuvias : fi-om exuo^ "to put off " ; hence " clothes," " relics," 
 "keepsakes." 
 
 93. debent : '• owe," i.e. " are bound to bring back." 
 
 95. Ponto : in is omitted, as often in poetry. Pontus contains 
 Colchis, the home of Medea and of magic arts ; hence its appropriate- 
 ness here. 
 
 96. Moeris : apparently a wizard. 
 
 99. alio . . . traducere messes : alio, " to another place " ; cp. eo, 
 " thither," quo, " whither." Frxujes excanfare (" bewitching crops 
 away ") was prohibited by the Twelve Tables of Rome. 
 
 101. rivo : dative of the goal of motion: cp. it coelo clamoi\ "a 
 shout rises to heaven " (Vergil). 
 
 102. lace : of course from the transitive iaoio. 
 
 103. nee respexeris: "and look not behind," a common caution in 
 magic. The tense is the usual one found in prohibitions, but neve is 
 more regular than nee. 
 
 105. corripuit : the subject is clnis. A sudden blaze was regarded 
 as a good omen. 
 
 106. dum ferre moror : sc. dneres. 
 
 107. nescio quid : almost equivalent to aliquid : hence est. not 
 sit, follows. Hylax : a dog's name, for "TXa^, from v\a.KTeiv, " to bark." 
 
 108. credimus : a vivid use of the present indicative for the future 
 indicative or present subjunctive, not uncommon in poetry. 
 
 109. parcite : (1) "cease," a poetic use of the word, or (2) sc. ei, 
 " spare him," i.e. Daphnis. Carmina is vocative. 
 
NOTES. 77 
 
 ECLOGUE IX. 
 Pkeface. 
 
 This poem consists of a dialogue between two shepherds, Moeris, a 
 servant of Menalcas (i.e. Vergil), and Lycidas. Moeris tells of 
 Menalcas' ejection from his farm ; Lycidas consoles him, and they 
 repeat selections of Menalcas' poetry. 
 
 Much of it conies from Theocritus' seventh Idyll. 
 
 The same subject is referred to here as in the first Eclogue (see 
 Preface) ; but it is doubtful whether this Eclogue was written before 
 or after the first. If before, then Eclogue IX. contains the com- 
 plaint about the confiscation of Vergil's farm ; EcL gue I. is an 
 expression of gratitude for its restoration. If Eclogue IX. was 
 written after Eclogue I., then we must suppose that Vergil's farm had 
 been given back to him by Octavianus, and that on his attempting 
 to take possession, the soldier colonist who held it made a violent 
 resistance. The Eclogue appears to be intended as an appeal to 
 Alfenus Varus for help and protection (cp. w. 26-29). 
 
 Vv. 1— 16. Lycidas. Are you going to the city, Moeris? Moeris. 
 We are ejected from our farm by a stranger. Lyc. I heard that 
 Menalcas' ]}octry had icon hack the estate. Moer. lYue, Mit poetry 
 won't tnrn soldiers'* pikes : we harely escaped with ovr lives. 
 
 1. pedes : sup-pi j-ducunt as the verb, lit. "whither are your feet 
 carrying you ? " an : like ij in Greek, an often, as here, introduces 
 a suggestion of the speaker's in the form of a question, urbem : 
 Mantua. 
 
 2. vivi pervenimus . . . ut (v. 3) . . . diceret (v. 4) : lit. " we have 
 come alive to such a point that he says," i.e. " we have lived to hear 
 him say." Advena goes with possessor, and nostri with agelli. The 
 separation of the words is due to the speaker's emotion. 
 
 6. illi : dative of advantage, " for him." quod nee vertat bene : 
 nee a shortened form of neque, which is a strong ne (negative), and 
 in archaic Latin meant " not " or " nor." Here it is used in an old 
 phrase in its archaic sense, " not " ; lit. " and may it not turn out 
 well (for him)," i.e. " bad luck to him." 
 
 7. se subducere : " to withdraw themselves," i.e. gradually lose 
 themselves in the plain. 
 
 9. veteres, iam fracta cacumina, fagos : cacumina is accusative in 
 apposition to fagos. Kender fi-eely : " old beeches with their now 
 shattered tops," 
 
/8 ECLOGUE IX. 
 
 10. vestrum Menalcan : '"your Menalcas." Vester cannot refer to 
 a single perton, so that it refers here to both Moeris and his fellow- 
 slaves. 
 
 13. Chaonias: lit. "of the Chaones," a people of Epirus ; hence 
 " of Dodona," in Epirus, where there was an oracle of Zeus in a 
 grove of oaks. It is a literary epithet. See I. 54, n. 
 
 14. quod : "but," lit. "in view of which fact," an accusative of 
 limitation or reference used as a conjunction, quacunque: supply 
 ratione posscm, " by whatever means I could." incidere : "• to cut 
 through," " cut short," " settle." 
 
 15. sinistra comix : we learn from Cicero that the appearance of a 
 raven on the left was an important omen. 
 
 16. nee viveret ipse Menalcas : " nor would your master Menalcas 
 here be living." The imperfect, as is usual in conditional sentences of 
 this class, refers to present time. 
 
 Vv. 17—29. Lyc. Was 3Ienahas so nearly Jod to ns? Ah, if he 
 had hecn, ivho would sing vs such coiigs as his " Tityrus ".'' Moer. 
 Ov as Ins ^- Varus" ? 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Cremona, Mantua, Nymphae, 
 Varus.] 
 
 1 7. cadit in quemquam . . . scelus ? " can such guilt belong to 
 any man ? " Cadere in aliquem is a common })hrase in Cicero, 
 meaning "to square with," "belong to any one.'' nobis : dative of 
 disadvantage with rapta, "torn away to our injury," "torn away 
 from us." tua solacia : i.e. " the comfort you bring us." 
 
 19. caneret : potential subjunctive, like spargeret,indv.ceret, v. 20. 
 Vergil is alluding to Eclogue V. 20, 40. Observe the different con- 
 structions with induco here and V. 40. Here induco is used in an 
 extended sense, " to cover." 
 
 21. quae sublegi tacitus tibi : the full construction would be vel 
 {qui^ caneret ea') quae, etc. Note the force of sul-, "in secret," like 
 vTTo- in Greek. Ttbi is dative of disadvantage. Translate, " I gathered 
 up in secret from you," as you sang them. 
 
 22. delicias nostras : " our darling " ; cp. aviores, " a loved one." 
 
 23. dnm redeo . . . pasce : " until I return," etc. ; the regular prose 
 construction would be dum redeam ; but here we have the indica- 
 tive with dum, " until," as often in the comic poets. Some, however, 
 translate, "while I am on my way back." This, however, seems 
 unnecessary, and it does not suit the context so well. Tacitus must 
 be translated by an adverb, " silently." 
 
 24. inter agendum : " while driving." 
 
 25. occursare : poetical use of the infinitive with caveto. The 
 prose construction would be cave ne occurses. 
 
 26. immo : an emphasising particle sometimes meaning "yes,' as 
 here, and sometimes " no." necdum : equivalent to nondum. 
 
 27. superet mode: subjunctive of wish, modified by modo, lit. 
 
NOTES. 79 
 
 " may only Mantua be spared " ; hence, " so but Mantua be spared 
 to us." 
 
 28. Mantua was about forty miles distant from Cremona, but still 
 it was too near, because when the territory of Cremona could not 
 furnish sufficient allotments for the troops of Octavianus, the 
 deficiency was made up from the lands of Mantua. 
 
 29. sublime : predicative referring to nomen, " shall bear aloft." 
 cycni : the dying swan's song was proverbial for its sweetness. See 
 VIII. 55, n. 
 
 Vv. 30 — 43. Lyc. I pray you dug something oj your own ; I am 
 hit a poor poet. MoER. I am trying to remember one— I mea/n the 
 song of Galatea. Here it is ! 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Cinna, Pierides, Varius.] 
 
 30 — 32. sic . . . fagiant . . . sic . . . distendant . . . incipe : an 
 
 idiomatic formula of request expressed paratactically (i.e. by co- 
 ordinate clauses), where the English requires hypotaxis (a subordinated 
 construction). Lit. " so may they avoid, etc., begin," but in English 
 idiom we must use the conjunction " if " — *' if you would have your 
 swarms avoid, etc., begin." Cyrneas : i.e. " Corsican," from Cyrnos 
 (Ki^pfos), the Greek name for Corsica. Corsican honey was proverbial ly 
 bad, and yews were said to be bad for bees j so that bees in Corsican 
 yews would produce doubly bad honey. 
 
 32. si quid habes : see III. 52, 7i. 
 
 85. Vario . . . Cinna : ablatives depending on digna. 
 
 36. anser olores : see on v. 29. Possibly Vergil is satirically 
 alluding to a contemporary poet whose name was Anser. 
 
 37. id quidem ago : *' that is just what I am busied with " ; cp. 
 the phrase hoc age, " pay attention to this." 
 
 38. si valeam : " to see if I may be able " ; for this " objective si'' 
 see VI. 57, n. 
 
 39. quia est nam : nam merely adds emphasis to a question ; its 
 separation from the interrogative pronoun is an archaism found in 
 Plautus. Classical Latin joins the two : e.g. qnisnam, iibinam. 
 
 40. ver purpureum : (1) " blushing spring," or (2) merely " bright 
 spring," see V. 38. 
 
 43. feriant sine : " let them lash." Feriant is jussive subjunctive 
 in semi-dependence on sine. 
 
 Vv. 44—55. Lyc. Wliat of that song I heard you singing one bright 
 night ? Moer. Tlie song of Daphnis and Caesars star ? — ah ! how 
 my memory is going and my voice too ! But Menalcas will sing you 
 all you ask. 
 
 44. quid, quae : " what of those songs which ? " etc. ; the full 
 construction would be quid (dicis de carminibus), quae, etc., but 
 dicis de carminibvs was not distinctly conceived ; quid, quod and quid^ 
 
80 ECLOGUE IX. 
 
 qnae, etc., were common idioms, pura sub nocte : " under the clear 
 
 night-sky." 
 
 45. audieram : " I heard." The pluperfect is sometimes, as here, 
 used for the perfect in poets, numeros memini, si verba tenerem : 
 the full construction would he numeros memini (et carmen canerem) 
 si verba tenerem. An allied fact (here a general truth), numeros 
 memini is substituted for the proper hypothetical statement, carmen 
 canerem. Translate, " I can recall the tune if I only remembered 
 the words." 
 
 46. antiques : the epithet properly belongs to signoriim. This is 
 an instance of hypallage (" interchange ") ; cp. Tyrrhenus tnhae 
 clangor, " the blare of the Tyrrhenian trumpet." 
 
 47. Dionaei : " of Dione's race." Dione was the mother of 
 Aphrodite, identified with Venus, whose son Aeneas had a son lulus, 
 and he was said to be the founder of the lulian gens, to which 
 Caesar, the dictator, belonged. Caesaris astrum : this refers to the 
 comet which appeared a year after Caesar's death during the games 
 held in his honour, and was supposed to indicate that he was now in 
 heaven with the gods. 
 
 48. quo . . . gauderent : quo is either (1) a final relative = ut eo, 
 with the subjunctive gauderent, the secondary tense being supplied 
 by supplying missum, " sent," with astrum, or (2) quo is a simple 
 relative and gauderent a jussive subjunctive, "through whom the 
 cornfields ought to be rejoicing " ; cp. at tu dictis, Albane, maneres, 
 " but you, Alban, ought to abide by your promise " (Vergil, Aeneid 
 VIII. 643). It is still a prevalent superstition that the vintage is 
 particularly fine in years marked by the appearance of a comet. 
 
 49. duceret . . . colorem : i.e. " overspread itself with purple hue." 
 For the mood see on gauderent, v. 48. 
 
 51. fert: i.e. "carries (with it)." aetas : "length of years," "old 
 age." 
 
 52. cantando condere soles : lit. " to bury the sunny days with 
 singing," i.e. " to sing the long sunny days to rest." Soles (plural) 
 often means " sunny days." 
 
 53. oblita : used passively, as often, mihi : either (1) possessive 
 dative, or (2) dative of the agent with ohlita. 
 
 54. lupi Moerim videre priores: it was a common belief that if 
 a wolf saw anybody before being itself seen, that person was struck 
 dumb. 
 
 Vv. 56 — 67. Lyc. Why make excuses ? Silence reigns everywliere. 
 Let us sit down and sing, or, if you want to get home, let us sing as 
 we go. MoER. Business first — singing lohen Menalcas comes. 
 
 56. in longum ducis : " you put off to a distant time." 
 
 57. tibi : ethic dative, " see ! " 
 
 58. ventosi murmuris aurae : a Vergilian inversion for vent'i 
 murmurantis aurae. 
 
 59. hinc adeo : lit. "(starting) fi'om just here," hence "just here." 
 Adeo is commonly used thus as a particle of emphasis. 
 
NOTES. 81 
 
 60. Bianoris : Bianor is said to have been a name of Ocnus, the 
 founder of Mantua. 
 
 61. stringunt: " are stripping." 
 
 G2. depone: "lay down"; he was oarryinir the kids in a basket, 
 tamen : '' for all that," i.e. in spite of our delay. 
 
 ECLOGUE X. 
 Peeface. 
 
 This Eclogue has for its subject the disappointed love of C. Cornelius 
 Gallus, the well-known poet and soldier. A partisan of Octavius, he 
 was appointed, in 42 B.C., one of the commissioners to superintend the 
 distribution of lands in North Italy to the veteran troops, and about 
 this time he probably did good service for Vergil. Assuming the 
 guise of an Arcadian goatherd, Vergil sympathises with his friend, 
 who is supposed to be at once a Roman otiicer and a shepherd of 
 Arcadia, in a poem that was probably intended rather as a compli- 
 mentary ode of gratitude than as a serious expression of condolence. 
 
 The Eclogue is modelled on the first Idyll of Theocritus. 
 
 Vv. 1 — 8. Grant me, Arethusa, to sing of Gallus' unTiappy love for 
 Lycoris i7i pastoral strains, and thy waters shall ever he pure. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Arethusa, Gallus.] 
 
 1. extremum : this Eclogue is the last of the ten. concede : 
 " grant " me to complete. 
 
 2. quae legat ipsa Lycoris : legat is consecutive subjunctive with 
 qvae = talia nt ea. Lycoris was a name of a certain Volumnia 
 Cytheris, a freedwoman of Volumnius Eutmpelus, who appears to 
 have deserted Gallus ifor some officer in the army led by Agrippa 
 across the Rhine, 37 B.C. See vv. 23, 47-9. Vergil expresses a 
 hope that even her heart may be touched by his poem. 
 
 4. sic tibi, . . . incipe : for the formula see IX. 30, n. Sicanos : 
 *' Sicilian," Sicania was an ancient name of Sicily. 
 
 5. Doris : a daughter of Oceanus and wife of Nereus, and by v 
 metonymy, ''the sea." 
 
 8. respondent omnia : r?wi/iia is a cognate accusative with responilent^ 
 ** re-echo." 
 
 Bel. 6 
 
82 ECLOGUE X. 
 
 Vv. 9—30. Why were ye absent, Nymphs, when Gallus teas 
 dymg of love? All Nature mourned for him, and the sheep and the 
 Iwrdsmen. Apollo and the woodland gods came to comfort him and 
 hid him forget his jJossion. 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for : Aganippe, Aonia, Apollo, 
 Arcadia, lycaeus, Maenalus, Naides, Pan, Parnasus, Pindus,] 
 
 10. indigno : lit, "bestowed on an unworthy person," "unrequited." 
 
 17. divine poeta : Gallus is meant. 
 
 18. Adonis : a prince of Cyprus who for his surpassing beauty was 
 loved of Aphrodite. In those early times a prince would tend his 
 father's flocks. 
 
 19. tardi : i.e. "weary." 
 
 20. uvidus hiberna . . . de glande : " dripping from the winter 
 acorns," i.e. from steeping acorns, which were used, when thus 
 softened, as fodder for cattle in the winter. Menalcas : a husband- 
 man. 
 
 22. tna cura: abstract for concrete, " thy love." 
 
 24. agresti capitis Silvanus honore : "' Silvanus with a rural 
 garland on his brow," lit. " with the rustic adornment of his head." 
 Silvanus was the Italian god of che country and country life. 
 
 27. Statues of rural deities appear to have been painted red. 
 
 29. nee lacrimis . . . Amor nee gramina rivis . . . saturantur : 
 an instance of paratactic (co-ordinate) construction used where we 
 should expect hypotactic (subordinate). " Love is not sated with 
 tears any more than grass with the streams." 
 
 Vv. 31 — 69. At length Gallus began: '^ Sing of me, Arcadian 
 shepherds, and my bo?ies laill rest in peace. If I had but been one of 
 you I might have lived long with Lycoris to love me. Noic I am mad 
 for the fray and she is gone over the frosty Rhine. Ah, I will sing 
 pastoral strains in Arcadian forests. Even now in my thoughts 
 am there, roaming over the wooded hills and hunting too ; — but this 
 does not assuage my passion, no, nor would Thracian cold or Aethiopian 
 heat. For all must bow to conquering love." 
 
 [See Index of Proper Names for: Hamadryades, Hesperus, 
 
 Maenalus, Nymphae, Pierides.] 
 
 31, tamen : "'yet," i.e. though I die of love, cantabitis : the 
 future often, as here, has the force of an imperative, 
 
 32. cantare periti : the infinitive is here equivalent to a locative 
 or dative ; see IV. 54, n. 
 
 84. olim : here refers to future time ; " hereafter." 
 
 87, Phyllis . . . Amyntas : rustic loves. 
 
 38. furor : *• my love," " my passion," abstract for concrete, cp. 
 tiia cura, v. 21. 
 
 40. iaceret : the subject is " the loved one " of the moment, 
 whether Phjllis, Amyntas, or any one else 
 
NOTES. 83 
 
 43. ipso . . . aevo : " by age alone," and not by the pangs of 
 hopeless love. 
 
 44. amor duri . . . Marti3 : " passion for the ruthless fray." 
 
 46. sit : optative subjunctive. 
 
 47. frigora Rheni: see note on Lycoris, v. 2. 
 
 50. Chalcidico . . , condita versu : these refer to Gallus' imitations 
 or translations of poems by Euphorion of Chalcis in Euboea, an 
 Alexandrian poet and grammarian, born about 274 B.C. 
 
 51. pastoris Siculi: i.^'. Theocritus, modulabor avena : lit. "I will 
 set to music on the Sicilian shepherds' pipe." 
 
 52. certum est : "it is my resolve." 
 
 53. incidere amores : " to carve my love," i.e. records of my love, 
 e.g. Lycoris' name. 
 
 55. mixtis . . . Nymphis : a Vergilian variation for mixtus Nym2)his. 
 57. Farthenios : lit. "of Mt. Parthenius," a mountain on the 
 borders of Argolis and Arcadia, hence "Arcadian." 
 
 69. Partho . . . Cydonia cornu spicula : Cydonius means " Cretan," 
 lit. " of Cydonia," a town in Crete. Cretan arrows and Parthian 
 archers were famous. These are, of course, literary epithets. 
 
 60. sint . . . discat (v. 61) : potential subjunctive. 
 
 61. deus ille: i.e. Amor, malis : "because of the woes," causal 
 ablative. 
 
 65. Hebrum : the chief river of Thrace, now Maritzo. 
 
 66. Sithonias : Sithonia was the central peninsula of the three 
 running out from Chalcidice in Macedonia. 
 
 68. Aethiopum: the Aethiopians dwelt to the S.E. of Egypt, sub 
 sidere Cancri : the constellation of the Crab is the fourth Sign of the 
 Zodiac, in which the sun is found at the summer solstice. Hence it 
 is used generally for " the south." 
 
 Vv. 70—77. Enough, ye 3Iuses / Grant mnv that Gallus, my 
 dearly loved friend, find my song pleasing. Evening comes : let us 
 hasten home, my goats. 
 
 70. divae . . . Pierides (v. 72) : i.e. the Muses. 
 
 72. maxima : " of the greatest worth." Gallo : dative of the person 
 judging. 
 
 73. in horas : " hour bj hour," " each hour.'* 
 
INDEX OF PEOPEE NAMES. 
 
 A. 
 
 Achilles, -is, m. : son of Peleus and Thetis, and prince of the 
 Myrmidon es of Phthia in Thessaly. He was the leading warrior of 
 the Greeks at Troy. At one time Briseis was assigned to him as his 
 portion of the spoil, but she was taken away from him by Agamemnon, 
 and Achilles was so enraged that he sulked in his tent, and would 
 take no part in the war until aroused by the death of Patroclus. 
 He then avenged Patroclus by killing Hector, whose body he dragged 
 round the walls of Troy. 
 
 Aganippe, -es, f. : a fountain on Mount Helicon, in Boeotia, sacred 
 to the Muses. 
 
 Alcides, -ae, m. : grandson of Alceus, i.e, Hercules. 
 
 Aonia, -ae, f . : a district in Boeotia, hence Boeotian. Hence 
 adjective AOnivs, -a, -um. 
 
 Apollo, -inis, m. : a Greek god, who presided over prophecy and 
 music. He was in writers later than Homer identified with the Sun, 
 and also with the god of medicine. The epithet Phoebus (" bright ") 
 is an alternative name applied to him. 
 
 Arar or Araris, -is, m. : a river in Gaul, now called the Sadne. 
 
 Arcadia, -ae, f . : a district in the centre of Peloponnesus. Hence : 
 Arcades, -um, m., its inhabitants, a very ancient people, who were the 
 typical shepherds of classical antiquity. 
 
 Arethiisa, -ae, f. : a fountain in Ortygia, an island forming the 
 citadel of Syracuse, and also the nymph of that fountain, who, 
 according to the myth, was pursued by the river-god Alpheus under 
 the sea from the Peloponnese to Ortygia. Vergil appeals to her as 
 inspiring pastoral poetry. 
 
 84 
 
NOTES. 85 
 
 Argo, -fls, f. : the ship on which a band of Greek heroes sailed 
 
 under Jason's leadership in quest of the Golden Fleece. 
 
 Arion, -onis, m. : a famous bard and cithara-player of Methymna, 
 in Lesbos, He was once thrown overboard by sailors, but was 
 carried safe to land on the back of a dolphin, who had been charmed 
 by his music. 
 
 Atalanta, -ae, f , : a Boeotian princess, whose suitors had to contend 
 with her in a foot-race. All failed until Milanion won by dropping 
 three golden apples on the course, which she stopped to pick up 
 
 B. 
 
 Bacchus, -i, m. : the god of wine, son of Zeus and Semele, He is 
 identified with the Latin deity Liber. 
 
 Calliope, -es, f. : see MusA. 
 
 Camena, -ae, f, : the Latin name for MuSA, q.v. 
 
 Caucasus, -i, m. : the Caucasus Mountains, between the Caspian 
 and the Euxine Sea. Here Prometheus was chained ; see Pro- 
 metheus. Hence adjective Caiccdsius, -a, -um. 
 
 Cinna, -ae, m.: C. Helvius Cinna, a Roman poet and friend of 
 Catullus. In 44 B.C. he was murdered by the people, who mistook 
 him for Cinna, the conspirator, who had taken part in Caesar's 
 death, Vergil pays him a high compliment (IX, 3.5). 
 
 Circe, -es, f . : a sorceress, daughter of the Sun. According to the 
 Latin myth she lived on an island near Circeii. When Ulysses 
 visited her she changed his companions into swine. 
 
 Conoa, -onis, m. : an astronomer of Samos in the third century B.C. 
 He was a great friend of Archimedes of Syracuse. 
 
 Cremona, -ae, f . : a Roman colony in Cisalpine Gaul, now Cremona. 
 Its lands were distributed among Octavian's veterans in 41 B.C. 
 
 Creta, -ae, f. ; Crete (now Candla), an island of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Cynthius, ii, m. : a name of Apollo, from Mount Cynthus, in Delos 
 his birthplace. 
 
 DapMis, -idis, m. : the name of a fair shepherd in Theocritus 
 Idylls. 
 
 Dardama, -ae, f. : the country of the Dardani, a name of the 
 Trojans, hence Troy. Hence adjective DarddnXu^, -a, -urn. 
 
 Delia, ae, f, : a name of Diana (the Greek Artemis), from Delos, 
 her birthplace. 
 
 Dryas, -adis, f. : see Nymphae. 
 
86 ECLOGUES. 
 
 Gallus, -i, m. : Gaius Cornelius G alius was born about 66 B.C. at 
 Forum lulii (Frejiis). He gradually rose in power until in 41 B.C. 
 he was appointed by Octavianus one of the three commissioners to 
 distribute lands in North Italy among his veterans. He held a 
 command at Actium, 31 B.C., and was appointed first prefect of 
 Egypt. For some offence committed there he was exiled, and 
 committed suicide in 26 B c. He was one of the best elegiac poets 
 of his time, his theme being the love he cherished for a certain 
 Lycoris, or Cytheris. Vergil consoles him for the faithlessness of 
 this lady in Eclogue X., and in Eclogue VI. 64, fE. describes him as 
 a worthy successor of Hesiod. 
 
 Germ^nia, -ae, f. : Germany, the country between the Danube, the 
 Rhine, the German Ocean, and the Vistula. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hamadryas, -adis, f. : see Ntmpha. 
 
 Hesiodus, i, m. : a very early Greek poet, born at Ascra, in Boeotia, 
 and hence called Ascl■ae^fs senex (VI. 70). His chief poem was 
 entitled " Works and Days." It was written in didactic style, and 
 gives a homely picture of rustic life. 
 
 Hesperus, -i, m. : the evening star. Hence : 
 
 Hesperides, -urn, f. : nymphs who dwelt on an island of the far 
 West, where Hesperus sets, in a garden containing a tree with golden 
 apples, which was watched by a sleepless dragon. 
 
 Hybla, -ae, f. : a mountain in Sicily famous for its bees, whence 
 the phrase " Hyblaean honey " became proverbial. 
 
 Hylas, -ae, m. : a young favourite whom Hercules took with him 
 on the Argo. In Mysia Hylas was dragged by nymphs into the 
 water and lost to his comrades. 
 
 I. 
 
 iacchus, -i, m, : a name of Bacchus {q.v.'), and by metonymy 
 carouse" (VT. 15). 
 luppiter, lovis, m. : the l:ing of the gods. 
 
 Liber, -6ri, m. : an old Italian deity identified with Bacchus (q.v.). 
 
 Linus, -i, m. : son of Apollo and Terpsichore, a famous shepherd 
 and singer, and the teacher of Orpheus and Hercules. 
 
 LUcifer, -feri, m. : the morning star, generally recognised as being 
 the same star as Hesperus, q.v. 
 
 Lj^caeus, -i, m. : a lofty mountain in Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter 
 and Pan. 
 
NOTES. 87 
 
 M. 
 
 Maenalus, -i, m., and Maenala, -orum, n. : a moimtain range in 
 Arcadia, sacred to Pan. Hence the adjective Macndlius, -a, -urn, 
 is used as equivalent to " Arcadian." 
 
 Mantua, -ae, f. : a town in N. Italy on the Miacius, famous as 
 being near Andes, the birthplace of Vergil. It is still called Mantua, 
 
 Mincius, -ii. m. : a river of N. Italy falling into the Po near 
 Mantua, now called the Mincio. 
 
 Miisa, -ae, f. : the nine Muses, daughters of Zeus (Jupiter), were 
 Terpsichore {Muse of Dancing), Euterpe {Lyrics), Urania {As- 
 tronomy), Polyhymnia {Divine Hymn), Clio {History), Calliope 
 {Epic-poetry), Erato {Love-poetry), Melpomene {Tragedy), Thalia 
 {Comedy and Idyllic poetry). They were inspiring goddesses, who 
 presided over all kinds of poetry as well as over arts and sciences. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naiades, -adum, and Naides, -idum, f. : see Nymphae. 
 
 Nisus. -i, m. : a king of Megara, whose daughter Scylla treacherously 
 caused his death by cutting off a lock of purple hair on which his 
 safety depended. He was changed into a sparrow-hawk and Scylla 
 into the bird called Ciris. 
 
 Nymphae, -arum, f. : Nymphs, or deified powers of nature, re- 
 presented as fair maidens, like the fairies of later times. They 
 presided over springs, rivers, mountains, woods, trees, etc. Nymphs 
 of trees were called Dryades and Hamadryades ; nymphs of fresh 
 water, i.e. of springs, rivers, etc., Naiades or Naides. 
 
 0. 
 
 Olympus, -i, m. : a very high mountain between Thessaly and 
 Macedonia, regarded as the dwelling-place of the gods, and, by 
 metonymy, "heaven." 
 
 Orpheus, -ei, m. : a Thracian, the most famous of singers, son of 
 Calliope and Apollo. His music was so sweet that rocks and trees 
 and beasts followed its notes. On the death of his wife, Eurydice, 
 he descended to Hades to recover her. His melody so delighted the 
 infernal deities that he was allowed to lead his wife back to earth on 
 condition that on the way he should not look at her. This condition 
 he failed to observe ; she was taken from him again at the moment 
 of recovering life. 
 
 Pales, -is, f. : an Italian goddess, the tutelary deity of shepherds. 
 Pallas, -adis, f. : a Greek name of Athene, identified with the 
 Roman Minerva, the goddess of war, wisdom, and spinning. In 
 
88 ECLOGUES. 
 
 many Greek towns she was spoken of as IloXidy or ttoXioOxos, " guardian 
 of the city." 
 
 Pan, Panis, m. : the god of woods, shepherds, and hunters, 
 worshipped especially in Arcadia. Herodotus says he was a son of 
 Hermes (Mercurius) and Penelope. His legs were shaped like a 
 goat's. As the god of shepherds he was famous for his invention of 
 the syrinx or Pan's pipe, and as the god of forests his dreadful and 
 sudden shout was feared by travellers, whence comes the term 
 " Panic fear." 
 
 Parcae, -arum, f. : the three Fates — Clotho (The Spinner), Lachesis 
 (The Assigner), and Atropos (The Unbending). They spin and sever 
 the thread of mortals' lives. 
 
 Paris, -idis, m. : (also called Alexander) one of the sons of Priamus, 
 king of Troy. He was exposed on Mount Ida, but a shepherd found 
 him and brought him up. When the goddesses Hera (Juno), Athena 
 (Minerva), and Aphrodite (Venus), disputed as to which was the 
 fairest, they appealed to Paris to decide. He was induced by 
 Aphrodite's promise of the fairest woman on earth for his wife to 
 decide in her favour, and thereby made Hera and Athena bitter 
 enemies of Troy. Guided by Aphrodite, he sailed to Greece and 
 carried off Helen. He slew Achilles, and soon after died from an 
 arrow-wound inflicted by Philoctetes. 
 
 Parnasus, -i, m. : a famous mountain in Phocis, near Delphi, 
 sacred to Apollo and the Muses. Hence the adjective Parndsius, 
 -a, -urn. 
 
 Parthus, -i, m. : a Parthian, a native of Parthia, the country to 
 the south-east of the Caspian. 
 
 Pasiphae, -es, f. : the wife of Androge5s, who became enamoured 
 of a bull. She bore t]je Minotaur of Crete, a monster which was 
 half man and half bull. 
 
 Phaethontias, -adis, f. : a sister of Phaethon. His sisters were 
 changed into poplars on his death, and their tears into amber. 
 
 Philomela, -ae, f. : daughter of Pandion, king of Attica. She was 
 dishonoured by Tereus, and changed into a nightingale. 
 
 Phoebus, i, m. : see Apollo. 
 
 Pierides, -idum, f. : a name of the Muses, from Pieria, a district in 
 Macedonia, where they were first worshipped. 
 
 Pindus, -i, m. : a mountain range between Thessaly and Epirus, 
 
 Pollio, -onis, m. : Gains Asinius Pollio was a distinguished soldier, 
 statesman, tragic author, orator, and historian at Kome. He was 
 a vigorous supporter of the Caesarian party, and early won the 
 friendship of Octavianus, by whom, in 41 B.C., he was made one of 
 the commissioners for distributing the lauds of Transpadane Gaul 
 among the veteran troops, and at that time took Vergil under his 
 protection. In 40 B.C., when he was consul, Vergil sent him the 
 famous 4th Eclogue. In 39 B.C. he successfully conducted an ex- 
 pedition against the Parthians, and before he had returned Vergil 
 addressed to him the 8th Eclogue. From this time till his death, in 
 i B.C., he devoted himself almost exclusively to literature. 
 
x?ot::s. 89 
 
 Priapns, -i, m. : an ugly deity who presided over fertility generally, 
 as well as gardens and vineyards. 
 
 Proetides, -um, f. : the daughters of Proetus, who for their pride 
 were punished with madness by Juno, and imagined themselves to 
 be cows. 
 
 Prometheus, -ei and -eos, m. : a son of lapetus. He formed men 
 out of clay, and stole fire from heaven for their use, for which he was 
 chained to a ravine of the Caucasus mountains, where a vulture fed 
 on his inwards continually. 
 
 Pyrrha, -ae, f. : the wife of Deucalion, who created a new race of 
 men by casting stones behind her. 
 
 R. 
 Rhodope, -es, f . : a mountain range in Thrace, now Despoto-Planina. 
 
 Saturnus, -i, m. : Saturn, a Latin deity of sowing, later identified 
 with the Greek Cronos. In his reign was the Golden Age (Saturnia 
 regna, IV. 6). Hence adjective Satuvnius, -a, -um, "of Saturn," 
 " Saturnian." 
 
 Satyrus, -i, m. : a Satyr, or woodland deity, with the legs of a goat 
 and the look of an ape. 
 
 Scylla, -ae, f. : a famous rock between Italy and Sicily, opposite to 
 Charybdis. Here dwelt Scylla, the daughter of Phorcys, by Vergil 
 confused with the daughter of Nisus {q.v.), a monster with dogs about 
 her waist, who used to pluck the sailors from the decks of passing 
 ships. 
 
 Scythia, -ae, f. : the country to the north of the Black and Caspian 
 Seas. 
 
 Silenus, -i, m. : the attendant of Bacchus, a drunken old man, who 
 usually rode on an ass. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tereus, -ei or -eos, m. : a king of Thrace, the husband of Procne, 
 whose sister Philomela he dishonoured. Procne then killed her own 
 son Itys, and served his flesh up in a dish for Tereus' table. When 
 Procne and Philomela fled before Tereus he was changed into a 
 hoopoe, and one of the sisters into a nightingale, the other into 
 a swallow. Authorities differ as to which sister became the 
 nightingale and which the swallow 
 
 Thalia, -ae, f. : v. MusA. 
 
 Tigris, -idis, m. : the river Tigris in Western Asia. 
 
 Tiphys, -yos, m. : the pilot of the Argo. 
 
 Troia, -ae. f. : Troy, the capital of a small kingdom in Lesser 
 Phrygia, a little to the south of the Hellespont, called Trvas, -udis 
 Frr. 7 
 
90 ECLOGUES. 
 
 It was also called Ilium and Perga'mum. It stood upon a small hill 
 by the rivers Simois and Scamander, a few miles from the sea. The 
 ruins of Troy are known as Hissarlik. 
 
 TJlixes or Ulysses, -is, m. : the Roman name for Odysseus, king of 
 Ithaca and husband of Penelope. He went to Troy with the Greeks, 
 and his adventures on the journey home are related in Homer's 
 Odyssey. See also s.v. Circe. 
 
 V. 
 
 Varius, -ii, m. : Lucius Varius Rufus, a very distinguished poet of 
 the Augustan age, and a friend of Vergil and Horace. It was to 
 Varius and Vergil that Horace owed his introduction to Maecenas. 
 In conjunction with Plotius Tucca, Varius, at Vergil's wish, revised 
 the Aeneid after the author's death. 
 
 Varus, -i, m. : Publius Alfenus Varus was a Roman jurist of some 
 note, who appears to have attended the lectures of Siron at the same 
 time as Vergil. He became consul suffectus in 39 B.C., succeeding 
 PoUio as governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Eclogue VI. is addressed to 
 him, and he is mentioned in an appeal for assistance in the matter of 
 Vergil's farm in Eclogue IX. 26 ff. 
 
 Venus, -eris, f, : the goddess of Love. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 Metrical Irregularities. 
 
 A. Vowels (usually short) lengthened in final syllables : — 
 
 1. Verbs : aberdt : ipsae (I. 38) ; erlt, omnes (III. 97) ; 
 
 faelt : mit (VII. 23) ; fultus hyacintho (VI. 53). 
 
 2. Substantives : puer ; et (IX. 66) ; Amor ; et (X. 69). 
 
 3. Miscellaneous: terrasque tractusque (IV. 51). Here the 
 
 lengthening is eased by the two consonants following que. 
 It is to be noted that Vergil allows himself this licence of lengthen- 
 ing vowels in final syllables only if those vowels occur in arsis {i.e. 
 in the syllable of the foot on which the metrical ictus falls), and but 
 seldom where there is not at least a slight break in the sentence. 
 
 B. (1) Monosyllabic and (2) Polysyllabic endings. 
 
 1. In the Eclogues there are two striking examples of Mono- 
 
 syllabic endings other than est (which need not be 
 considered). They are : apud me (III. 62) ; honuvi sit 
 (VIII. 106). 
 
 2. Foreign and sometimes Latin words of four or more 
 
 syllables are occasionally found at the end of the line : 
 e.g., Alphesiboens (V. 73, and op. VIII. 1, 5, 62); 
 Melihoei (III. 1) ; incrementum (IV. 49). 
 
 C. Spondaic verses (i.e., hexameters in which the fifth foot is a 
 spondee) : — lovis incrementum (IV. 49) j purpurea narcisso (V. 38) ; 
 castaneae Mrsutae (VII. 53). 
 
 D. Sjfnizesis (" settlement together ") [also called Synaeresis 
 ("contraction")]. Orphea (VI. 30); 1 sow (VIII. 43); eddem. 
 (VIII. 81). 
 
 E. Hiatus ("a gaping"); i.e. lack of elision of {a) a vowel, or 
 (J)) a diphthong, before a vowel or h. 
 
 1. liOng vowels unelided. 
 
 (a) Actaeo AracyntJw (II. 24) ; pecori et (III. 6) ; lauri 
 et (III. 63) ; Hyla, Hyla (VI. 44) ; iuniperl et (VII. 
 53) ; 2jeril ! ut (Jill. 41) ; Rhodope aut (VIII. 44) ; 
 Aonie Aganippe (X. 12) ; laurl, etiam (X. 13). 
 (i) castaneae hirsutae (VII. 53). 
 It should be noticed that in eight out of these ten instances the 
 hiatus coincides with one of the two usual caesuras. 
 
 2. Naturally long vowels shortened and unelided : — 
 Corydon, 6 Alexi (II. 66) ; ''Vale, vale," inqult (III. 79) ; 
 *' ITyla, Hyla" omne sonaret (VI. 44): an, qui amant 
 (VIII. 108). 
 
TEST PAPERS 
 
 ON 
 
 VEKGIL'S ECLOGUES, 
 
 FIRST SERIES. 
 TEST PAPER 1. (Eel. I. and IT.) 
 
 1. Translate :— (a) I. vv. 51 — 58, Fortunate ... ab ulmo. 
 
 (b) II. vv. 32 — 38, Pan primus ... secundum. 
 
 2. Translate the following, and explain the cases of the words 
 italicised : — 
 
 («) Corydon ardebat Alexim. 
 
 (J)) Hie ilium vidi iuvenem, Meliboee, quotannis 
 
 Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. 
 (f ) Nil nostri miserere ? 
 (fZ) Dives 2^(^coris. 
 
 8. Give the meanings of the following words and phrases :^ 
 jjrotinus, cle caelo ta?ig i , 2Jcc2diu7n , liihiscum, vacchiium, detcxvre. 
 
 4. Parse the following words, giving the principal parts of the 
 verbs: — ovilihus, imitabcre, AIc,vi,2Mte)-er'is, trivi^se, Icibatur, 
 
 TEST PAPER 2. (Eel. ill. and IV.) 
 
 1. Translate: — («) III. vv. 32 — 42, De grege ... haberet? 
 (J) IV. vv. 11 — 14, Teque adeo ... terras. 
 
 Sci. 8 
 
2 VERGIL : ECLOGUES. 
 
 2. "With what meaning does Vergil use the follo\Ying words? — 
 disjW7'do, paUcns./ascino, Tlietis, incrcmenUim. 
 
 3. Translate the following : — 
 
 {a) Ille colit terras, illi mea carmina ciirae. 
 (&) Cum faciam vitula pro frugibus, ipse venito. 
 (c) Nee varios discet mentiri lana colores. 
 (^) Triste lupus stabulis. 
 
 4. Mark the quantity of every vowel that is not foWowed by two 
 consonants in the following : — vicine, C07igessere, arlutus, myricac, 
 baccare, risere. 
 
 TEST PAPER 3. (Ed. V. and VI.) 
 
 1. Translate : — (a) V. vv. 54 — 61, Et puer ipse ... Daphnis. 
 
 (h) VI. vv. GI — 70, Turn canit ... ante seni. 
 
 2. Write out the scheme of the metre used by Vergil in the 
 Eclogues. What is meant by the term caesura 1 
 
 3. Translate the following, and explain the construction where 
 necessary : — 
 
 {a) Carmina desciipsi et modulans alterna notavi. 
 
 (Ji) Damnabis tu quoque votis. 
 
 (c) Tristia condere bella. 
 
 {d) His (calamis) tibi Grynei nemoris dicatur origo, 
 
 4. Give the meaning of the following -.—lalrusca, sollemtiis, 
 tliiasus, dednctum carmen, meditor, loHum, alter ah illo, lustrare 
 agroSf intonsi monies, pedum. 
 
 TEST PAPER 4. (EcL VII. and VIII.) 
 
 1. Translate :—(«) VII. vv. 4—13, Ambo ... qucrcu. 
 
 Qj) VIII. vv. G— 13, Tu mihi ... laurus. 
 
 2. Translate the following, with brief explanatory notes where 
 necessary : — 
 
 (a.) Strata iacent passim sua quaeque sub arbore poma. 
 
TEST PAPERS. O 
 
 (b) Et mutata suos requierunt flumina cursus, 
 
 (c) Divos, quamquara nil testibus illis 
 Profeci, extrema morieus tavoen adloquor bora. 
 
 (d) His ego sacpe lupum fieri et se condcre silvis 
 Moerim, saepc animas imis excire sepulcris, 
 Atque satas alio vidi traducere messes. 
 
 3. Scan the following lines, with comments on anything striking in 
 their scansion : — 
 
 (a) Versibus ille facit — aut, si non possumus omnes. 
 
 (b) Credimus ? an, qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia tingunt? 
 
 (c) Stant at iuniperi et castancae hirsutao. 
 
 4. Parse and give the meaning of : — ilice, s-uras, revisas, passiis, 
 baccare, iinj)are. 
 
 TEST PAPER 5. (Eel. IX and X.) 
 
 1. Translate : — {a) IX. vv. 5G— G5, Causando ... fasce levabo. 
 
 {h) X. vv. 13-20, Ilium etiam ... Menalcas. 
 
 2. Give the meaning of the following words and phrases : — 
 (li) novas incidere lites ; (Jj) arguti olores ; (<:•) ver purpureum ; 
 {(l) cantando condere soles ; {>-) olim ; (/) potum. 
 
 3. Translate the following and explain the construction of th3 
 italicised words : — 
 
 (a) Quo te, Moeri, pedes 1 
 
 (J?) Hue ades ; insani fcrlant sine litora fluctus, 
 
 (c) Soli cantare periti 
 
 Arcades. 
 
 4. Mark where the accent falls on the following words, and also 
 the quantities of all doubtful vowels \—advena, cytiso, Pie rides, 
 argutos, voluto, vmitor, circumdare, mcdici?ia, tcncris, adparere. 
 
VERGIL : ECLOGUES. 
 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 TEST PAPER 6. (Eel. I. and II.) 
 
 1. Translate:— (a) I. vv. 67 — 74, En umqaam ... capellac. 
 
 (b) II. vv. 10— IG, Thcstylis et ... esses? 
 
 2. Translate the following, with notes on the grammar of the 
 words italicised : — 
 
 (rt) Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas. 
 
 (h) Hie tamen hanc vaQawm jyoteras requiescere noctem. 
 
 (<?) lani pridem a me illos ahdncere Thestylis orat. 
 
 3. AVrite brief notes to show the meaning of the following : 
 
 \_No credit ivill he given for a mere translation.'] 
 
 (a) Meliboee, deus nobis haec otia fecit. 
 
 (h) Pars Scythiam et rapidum cretae veniemus Oaxen. 
 
 (c) Canto, quae solitus, si quando armenta vocabat, 
 Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracyntho. 
 
 (d) Pallas, quas condidit arces, 
 Ipsa colat. 
 
 TEST PAPER 7. (Eel. III. and IV.) 
 
 1. Translate :—(«) III. vv. 96—105, Tityre ... ulnas. 
 
 (J) IV. vv. 15—20, llle denm ... acantho. 
 
 2. Translate, and write grammatical notes on the italicised words 
 in the following : — 
 
 (a) An mihi cantando victus non redderet llle ... caprum? 
 (i) ISIihil est, duod pocula la^ides. 
 
TEST PAPERS. 
 
 (o) Die, quibus in terris inscripti nomiiia regura 
 Nascantur floras. 
 
 3 Carefully explain the allusions in the following :— 
 {a) Amant alterna Camonae. 
 
 (J) Polio amat nostram, quamvis est rustica, Musara. 
 (d) Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo, 
 {d) Alter erit turn Tiphys. 
 
 4. (i.) Explain points of difficulty in the reading and interpreta- 
 tion of this passage : — 
 
 Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem : 
 Matri longa decern tulerunt fastidia menses. 
 Incipe, parve puer : cui non risere parentes, 
 Nee deus himc niensa, dea nee dignata cubili est. 
 or 
 (ii.) State briefly what is known of Vergil's life down to the date 
 of the completion of the Eclogues. Do these poems contain any 
 autobiographical allusions 1 
 
 TEST PAPER 8. (Eel. V. and VI.) 
 
 1. Translate '.—{a) V. vv. 36—39, Grandia ... acutis. 
 
 (J) VI. vv. 81 — 40, Namque cerebat ... montes. 
 
 2, Translate the following, explaining the construction of words in 
 italics : — 
 
 (a) Tu deinde iubeto, ut certet Amyntas. 
 
 (J) Neque erubuit silvas hahitare Thalia. 
 
 (c) Et puer ipse fuit cantari dignus. 
 
 (<Z) Floribus atque apio crines ornatus amaro. 
 
 (e) Cur non . . . 
 
 Hie corylis mi:jitas inter consedimus ulmos ? 
 
6 VERGIL : ECLOGUES. 
 
 3. Carefully explain any noteworthy allusions in the following 
 (wJiich are not to he translated) : — 
 
 (a) (Instituit) Daphnis thiasos inducere Bacchi. 
 
 (&) Cum canercm reges et proelia, Cynthius aurcm 
 Vellit et admonuit. 
 
 (c) Turn canit Hesperidum miratam mala puellam ; 
 Turn Phaethontiadas musco circnmdat amarae 
 Corticis. 
 
 (d) Audiit Eurotas iussitque ediscere laurus. 
 
 TEST PAPER 9. (Ed. VII. and YIII.) 
 
 1. Translate \—{a) VII. vv. 29—36, Saetosi ... aureus esto. 
 
 (h) VIII. vv. 65 — 71, Verbenasqne ... anguis. 
 
 2. Translate the following, with notes on the construction of the 
 words in italics : — 
 
 (tf) Quid faccreml neqne ego Alcippen nee Phyllida habebam, 
 Depulsos a lacte domi quae claudcnt agues. 
 
 (Jb) Tit vidi, ut peril ! ut me malus abstulit error 1 
 
 (c) Fer cineres, Amarylli, foras rivoqxie fluenti 
 Transque caput iace. 
 
 idJ) Et cantare pares et respondere parati. 
 
 3. State what you know of the following. How are they men- 
 tioned by Vergil in Eclogue VII. or VIII. ? {a) Mincius, {!/) Alcidcs, 
 (^) Maenalus, («Z) Rhodope, 00 Circe. 
 
 4. Give some account of the Pollio to whom Eclogue VIII. is 
 addressed, and discuss the date of that Ecloorue, 
 
 TEST PAPER 10. (Eel. IX. and X.) 
 
 1. Translate :— (a) IX. vv. 17—2.5, Hen, cadit ... caveto, 
 {J}) X. vv. 21 — 27, Omnes ,,. rubentem, 
 
TEST PAPERS. 7 
 
 2. Translate the following, with comments on anything noteworthy 
 in the construction : — 
 
 (^a) Hos illi — quod nee vertat bene— mittimus haedos. 
 
 (J) Quid, quae te pura solum sub nocte canentem 
 Audieram ? numeros memini, si verba tenerem, 
 
 (c) Nunc oblita mihi tot carmina. 
 
 3. Explain the allusions in two of the following :— 
 
 («) Mantua vae miserae nimium vicina Cremonas. 
 
 (b) Nam neque adhuc Vario videor nee dicere Cinna 
 Digna. 
 
 (c) Sic tibi, cum fluctus subterlabere Sicanos, 
 Doris amara suam uon intermisceat undam. 
 
 (d) Ibo et Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita vcrsu 
 Carmina pastoris Siculi modulabor avena. 
 
 4. (i.) Give some estimate of the originality displayed by Vergil in 
 the Eclogues ; 
 
 or, 
 
 (ii.) Give some account of the G alius to whom the tenth Eclogue 
 addressed, and discuss the dale of that Eclogue, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Eclogue I. 
 
 1. patulae patulus, -a, -um, spreading, 
 
 recubans recubo, 1, ?!o Zi^. 
 
 tegmine tegmen, -inis, n., c^v^r^. 
 
 fagi fagus, -i, f., beech. 
 
 2. silvestrem silvestris, -e, woodland. 
 
 tenui tenuis, -e, slender. 
 
 meditaris meditor, 1, (to Meditate on), to eon. 
 
 avena avena, -ae, f., (ivild oat),2fijje. 
 
 3. fines finis, -is, m. and f., in pi. borders. 
 
 4. lentus lentiis, -a, -nm, (slit r/ffish), at ease, 
 
 5. formosam formosus, -a, -iim, beauteous. 
 
 resouare xesono, \,re-ec1io. 
 
 6. otia otium -i, n., ease. 
 
 8. ovilibus o\\\(i, -\s,n.,sliee2)fold. 
 
 imbuet imbuo, imbui, imbutum, 3, stain. 
 
 agnus agnns, -i, m., lamb. 
 
 10. calamo calamus, -i, m.,reed. 
 
 agresti agrestis, -e, rvstic. 
 
 11. invideo invideo, invidi, invisum, 2, to feci envy. 
 
 undique adv., on every side. 
 
 12. usque adeo adv., to so great an extent. 
 
 capellas Q,^^c\\^,-aQ,i., she-goat, goat. 
 
 13. protinus ix,(\v., onwards. 
 
 14. corylos corylus, -i, f., hazel. 
 
 gemellos gemellus, -a, -um, twin. 
 
 15. gregis grex, gregis, m.,/wZ'. 
 
 silice silex, -icis, m., (Jfint) rocli. 
 
 conixa conitor, conixus, 3, to bring forth, to dro}). 
 
 16. laeva laevus, -a, -um, (Jeft)^ awkward, Joolish. 
 
 Eel. 9 
 
10 VERGIL, ECLOGUE 1. 
 
 17. tactas tango, tetigi, tactum, 3, {to touch), to Mast. 
 
 praedicere praedico, praedixi, piaedictum, 3, to icarn, 
 
 21. depellere depello, depuli, depulsum, 3, to drive down. 
 
 fetus fetus, -us, m., {jjouufj) lamh. 
 
 22. catulos catulus, -i, m., icheli). 
 
 Laedos haedus, -i, m., Z;/^. 
 
 23. noram (noveram), nosco, novi, notum, 3, to know. 
 
 24. verum adv., liut. 
 
 extulit effero, extuli, elatum, efferre, to raise, rear, 
 
 25. lenta lentus, -a, -um, ^j/jflwf, bending. 
 
 viburna viburnum, -i, n., shrnh. 
 
 cupressi cupressus, -i, f., c//^;res5. 
 
 27. respexit respicio, respexi, respectum, 3, to look on. 
 
 28. candidior compar. of candidus, -a, -um, grey. 
 
 tondenti tondeo, totondi, tonsum, 2, to cut. 
 
 31. fatcbor fateor, fassus, 2, to confess. 
 
 32. peculi i^eoMlmva, -\,n., (a slave's') earni7igs, 
 
 33. victima victima, -ae, f , t'lVi'iw. 
 
 saeptis saeptum, -i, n.,/oZ^. 
 
 34. pinguis pinguis, -e, rich. 
 
 caseus caseus, -i, m., cheese. 
 
 35. redibat redeo, redii, reditum, redire, to come home. 
 
 37. patereris patior, passus, 3, ^c aZZozt', Z^#. 
 
 38. pinus pinus, -us, f.,^;/?i£?. 
 
 39. arbusta arbustum, -i, n., (/roi-^. 
 
 40. servitio servitium, -i, n., slavery. 
 
 41. praesentes praesens, -ntis, Q;;r5e7i^), ^^^utr?/»?. 
 
 alibi adv., elsewhere. 
 
 42. quotannis^ adv., year hy year. 
 
 45. submittite submitto, submisi, submissum, 3, ?^o rmr. 
 
 48. limoso limosus, -a, -um, w?/fZ^y. 
 
 palus palus, -udis, f ., marsh. 
 
 obducat obduco, obduxi, obductum, 3, to overspread. 
 
 pascua pascuum, -i, n.j^^fls^jfy-^-Zrt?^*-/. 
 
 iunco iuncus, -i, m., rush. 
 
 49. insueta insuetus, -a, -um, unaccustomed, strange. 
 
 pabula pabulum, -i, n.,^;asz^?era^(?. 
 
 fetas fetus, -a, -wm, 2Jreg7i.a7it. 
 
 50. contagia cont&ginm, -i, n., contagion. 
 
 laedent laedo, laesi, laesum, 3, to harm. 
 
 52. captabis capto, 1, {to catch at), to court. 
 
 opacum opacus, -a, -um, adj. {shady), subs., shade. 
 
 53. limite limes, -itis, m., boundary. 
 
 saepes saepes, -is, f., hedgerow. 
 
 54. depasta depascor, depastus, 3, {to feed on), to suck, 
 
 salicti salictum, -i, n., ivillow. 
 
 55. susurro susurrus, -i, m., humming. 
 
 56. frondator frondatcr, -oris, m., primer. 
 
 57. raucae vawcus, -a, -nm, hoarse. 
 
VOCABULARY. 11 
 
 57. palumbes palumbes, -is, c, wood-jnf/eon. 
 
 58. cessabit cesso, 1, to iveanj. 
 
 turtur turtur, -iivis, m., turtle-dove. 
 
 ulmo ulmus, -i, f ., elm. 
 
 59. pascentur pascor, pastus, 3, to 2fasture. 
 
 60. freta fretnm, -i, n., sea. 
 
 destituent destituo, destitui, destitutum, 3, ^t? Zmw. 
 
 61. pererratis pererro, 1, to roam. 
 
 63. labatur labor, lapsus, 3, to slip. 
 
 64. sitientes sitio, 4, to be tldrsty. 
 
 66. penitus adv., tvhollij. 
 
 68. tnguri tugurium, -i, n., cottage. 
 
 congestum congero, congessi, congestum, 3, (to lieaj) uj)), 
 
 to thatcli, build. 
 
 caespite caespes, -itis, m., turf. 
 
 culmen culmen, -inis, n., roof. 
 
 69. aristas arista, -ae,i., ear of corn. 
 
 70. novalia novale, -is, n., (land ploughed for a first time) 
 
 yloughed-land. 
 
 71. segetes ,.... seges, -etis, f., crops. 
 
 72. produxit produce, produxi, productnm, 3, (fo Z^'arZ/^?/-;^//), 
 
 to drag. 
 consevimns consero, consevi, consitum, 3, to sow. 
 
 73. insere insero, insevi, insitum, 3, to graft. 
 
 piros pirus, -i, f ., 2^car tree. 
 
 vites vitis, -is, f ., vine. 
 
 75. viridi viridis, -e, (green), moss-grown. 
 
 proiectus proicio, proieci, pvoiectum, 3, (to stretch out), 
 
 to lay at full length. 
 antro antrum, -i, n., cave. 
 
 76. dumosa dumosus, -a, -urn, thichet-clad. 
 
 78. cytisum cytisus, -i, c, Z«cen«f. 
 
 salices salix, -icis, f., icillow. 
 
 carpetis carpo, carpsi, carptnra, 3, to browse. 
 
 amaras amarus, -a, -urn, bitter. 
 
 79. reqviiescere requiesco, requievi, requietum. 3, to rest. 
 
 80. fronde frons, frondis, f., leaf. 
 
 81. castaneae castanQa, -ae, f., chestnut. 
 
 Eclogue II. 
 
 1. ardebat ... ardeo, arsi, arsum, 2, to burn. 
 
 2. delicias deliciae, -arum, f., (delight), favourite, 
 
 3. cacumina cacumen, -inis, n., (toj)), high tree. 
 
 4. adsidue .. adv., ceaselessly. 
 
 incondita inconditus, -a, -um, (loithout order), arih 
 
 5. iactabat \acto,\, to hurl forth. 
 
 inani mams. -q, bootless. 
 
12 VERGIL, ECLOGUE II. 
 
 7. miserere misereor, 2, to Jiave 2}iti/- 
 
 9. spineta spinetum, -i, n., thorny bralie, 
 
 laccrtos lacertus, -i, m., lizard. 
 
 10. messoribus messor, -oris, m., reaper. 
 
 11. allia allium, -i, n., ^arZ<>. 
 
 serpullum serpiillum, -i, n., icild-thijme. 
 
 contundit contimdo, contudi, coutusum, 3, to bruise 
 
 together. 
 
 olentes oleo, oiui, 2, to he fragrant. 
 
 12. vestigia vestigium, -i, n., footstep. 
 
 lustro lustro, 1, to trace. 
 
 13. cicadis cicada, -ae, f., cicala, 
 
 14. satius adv., hotter . 
 
 15. fastidia fastidium, -i, u., scorn. 
 
 18. ligustra ligustrum, -i, n., jyr/re^. 
 
 vaccinia vaccininm, -i, n., hyacinth. 
 
 leguntur lego, legi, lectum, 3, to cull. 
 
 20. lactis lac, lactis, n., w/Z^. 
 
 22. defit defio, defieri (pass, of deficio, 3), to fail. 
 
 25. informis inloxmis, -q, ^incomely. 
 
 27. fallit fallo, fefelli, falsum, 3, to play (one) false. 
 
 28. libeat Tibet, 2, to he a pleasure. 
 
 sordida sordidus, -a, -um, {dirty, poor) humble. 
 
 29. casas casa, -ae, f., cottage. 
 
 figere figOj fixi, fixum, 3, (to fx, pierce'), to shoot. 
 
 30. compellere compello, compuli, compuisum, 3, to drive. 
 
 hibisco hibiscum, -i, n., mallow. 
 
 32. cera cera, -ae, f., icax. 
 
 33. instituit instituo, institui, institutum, 3, fo #^«6'/«.. 
 
 34. poeniteat poenitet, 2, to cause regret. 
 
 trivisse tero, trivi, tritum, 3, {to ruh), to fray. 
 
 labellimi labellum, -i, n.. Up. 
 
 36. disparibus disjDar, gen. disparis, unequal. 
 
 compacta compingo, compegi, compactum, 3, to fasten 
 
 together. 
 
 cicutis cicuta, -ae, f., hemloch. 
 
 37. fistula fisixxlo., -'a.e,i., .'ihepherd's pipe.' 
 
 40. reperti repsrio, repperi or reperi, rcpcrtum, 4, to find. 
 
 41. capreoli capreolus, -i, m., roe. 
 
 pellibus pellis, -is, f., shin. 
 
 42. siccant sicco, 1, to drain. 
 
 ubera uber, -eris, n., udder. 
 
 -y43. iam pridem adv., this long time. 
 
 44. sordent sordeo, 2, {to he dirty), to he worthless, 
 
 46. calatliis calathus, -i, m., hashet. 
 
 47. papavera papaver, -eris, n., 7;oj7/;y-/^<?«^. 
 
 48. anethi anethum, -i, n.,/^?^*?^.^^;?^^^. 
 
 49. casia casia, -ae, f., c«sia. 
 
 intexens intexo, intexui, intextum, 3, to intertwine. 
 
VOCABULARY. 13 
 
 50. luteola Inteolns, -a, -urn, yellow 
 
 caltha caltha, -ae,f., matig old, 
 
 51. cana canus, -a, -um, white, 
 
 lanugine lanugo, -inis, f., r/oiOM. 
 
 mala malum, -i, n., apple. 
 
 52. nuces mix, niicis, f ., c/fr.sY/m^. 
 
 53. prima primum, -i, r\.,plum. 
 
 57. concedat concedo, concessi, concessum, 3, to yield (the 
 
 palm). 
 
 58. austrum aw&tcY, -t\i, m., siroeco. 
 
 59. perditus perdo, perdidi, purditum, 3, (?'o destroy^, ^^.^.^. 
 
 reckless. 
 
 iramif-i iramitto, immisi, immissum, 3, to let in. 
 
 apros aper, -ri, m., hoar. 
 
 03. torva torwis, -a, -wm, fierce. 
 
 leaena leaena, -ae, f., lioness. 
 
 liipum Inpus, -i, m., icol/. 
 
 G4. lasciva lascivus, -a, -um, icantooi. 
 
 (J6. suspensa suspendo, suspcndi, suspensum, 3, ^o 7/««^. 
 
 iuvenci iuvencus, -i, m., ox. 
 
 67. duplicat duplico, 1, /(> ^Zo?/^/^?. 
 
 68. urit uro, ussi, ustum, 3, to Vwni. 
 
 70. semiputata &emi^xLidiiws, -a, -\\m, half -pi rune d. 
 
 71. indiget indigeo, 2, to require. 
 
 72. viminibus vimen, -inis, n., ?m7//^. 
 
 detexere detexo, dttexui, detcxtum, 3, ^cJ_^>Za/^. 
 
 73. fastidit fastidio, 4, ^o f6WM. 
 
 Eclogue III. 
 
 2. cuiiim cmws, -a, -\\m, ichosc ? 
 
 6. fovet foveo, fovi, fotum, 2, to ivoo. 
 
 7. alienus alienus, -a, -um, (another t<} hirelinri. 
 
 mulgct raulgeo, mulsi, mulsum or mulctuiu, 2, to milk. 
 
 8. sucus sucus, -i, m., (sap), life-juice. 
 
 subducitur subduco, subduxi, subductum, 3, {to dram 
 
 secretly), to filch. 
 
 9. parcius adv., spariuyly. 
 
 memento mcmini, mcminisse, to rememher. 
 
 10, arbustum ?i\hwsX.\xva^ -\,x\., {plantation), trees, 
 
 11. incidere incido, incidi, incisum, 3, to cut. 
 
 falce falx, falcis, f., sickle. 
 
 novellas novellas, -a, -um, young. 
 
 13. perverse perversus, -a, -um, cross-grained. 
 
 15. nocuisses noceo, 2, to do injury. 
 
 16. audent audeo, ausus sum, 2, to he hold, 
 
 fures fur, furis, m., thief. 
 
 J8. latrante ,.. latro, 1 to hark. 
 
14 VERGIL, ECLOGUE III. 
 
 -19. proripit proripio, proripui, proreptiim, 3, io dash ont. 
 
 carecta carectum, -i, n., .sw//7^. 
 
 22. meruisset mereo, 2, (to earn), to icin. 
 
 26. triviis tr'wmva, -i^n., cross-icay. 
 
 indocte indoctus, -a, -um, (jtnt aught), a dolt. 
 
 27. stridenti strideo and stride, stridi, 2 and 3, z'^/ ^yra/e. 
 
 stipula stipula, -ae, f., 5^razo. 
 
 disperderc disperdo, disperdidi, disperditnm, 3, (^() ruin) 
 
 to murder (metaph.). 
 
 28. vicissim 2i^\., in turns. 
 
 29. vitulam vitula, -ae, 1, heifer, 
 
 recuses recnso, 1 , to refuse. 
 
 .30. mulctram mulctra, -ae, f., mWdng-jyail. 
 
 31. depono depono, deposni, depositum, 3, to stake. 
 
 pignore pignus, -eris, n., icager. 
 
 33. noverca noxerca, -ae,f., st/^j-mof her. 
 
 37. fagina fagmus, -a, -um, heechen. 
 
 caelatum caelo, 1, to emhoss. 
 
 38. lenta lentus, -a, -um, jjl'umt. 
 
 torno tornus, -i, m., chisel. 
 
 39. hedera hedera, -ae, f . , ivg. 
 
 corymbos corymbus, -i, m., clusters. 
 
 41. descripsit describe, descripsi, descriptum, 3, to trace ont. 
 
 radio radius, -i, m., rod. 
 
 43. labra labrum, -i, n., lijj. 
 
 condita condo, condidi, conditum, 3, to hecp in store. 
 
 45. ansas ansa, -ae, f., /mw^Z^^^ 
 
 acantho acanthus, -i, m., acanthus. 
 
 51. lacessas lacesso, lacessivi, lacessitum, 3, to challenge. 
 
 54. reponas repono, reposui, repositum, 3, (to store 7fj)),to 
 
 set deep. 
 
 55. quandoquidem . . adv., since. 
 
 5G. paiturit parturio, 4, to he ready to hring forth, 
 
 59. alternis a\\.exmxs, -a, -wva, alternate. 
 
 63. suave adv. (= suaviter), sweetly. 
 
 rubens rubens, gen. -ntis, JZws7/i/«/7. 
 
 66. ultro adv., of (ones) own accord. 
 
 ignis ignis, -is, m., (flame), love. 
 
 GS. parta pario, peperi, partum, 3, to get. 
 
 73. divum (= divorum), divus, -i, m., ^f^. 
 
 75. sectaris sector, 1, to hunt. 
 
 retia rete, -is, n„ 7iet. 
 
 76. natalis natalis, -e, (sc. dies), Jir^7<fZ«?/. 
 
 77. frugibus gen., frugis (frux wantiug), (flrnits"), harvest. 
 
 82. satis satum, -i, n., (sowing), young corn. 
 
 umor umor, -oris, m., (moist^ire), soft rain. 
 
 depulsis depello, depuli, depulsum, 8, to icean, 
 
 87. harenani harena, -ae, f., .9«?2rZ, 
 
 8'J. mella mel, mellis, n,, honey. 
 
VOCABULARY. 15 
 
 89. rubus Yuhus, -i, m., hramJjle. 
 
 amomum amomum, -i, n., balsam, 
 
 90. odit odi, odisse, to loathe. 
 
 91. vulpes vulpes, -is, f.,/oa7. 
 
 92. fraga fiagiMXi, -i, n., straicherrij. 
 
 93. anguis augnis, -is, c, s7iaJie. 
 
 95. aries aries, -etis, m., ram. 
 
 vellera vellus, -eris, n. , ^fteece. 
 
 96. reice reicio, reieci, reiectum, 3, to drive away. 
 
 98. praeceperit praecipio, praecepi, praeceptum, 3, to forestall. 
 
 aestus aestiis, -us, ru., heat. 
 
 100. macer raacer, -era, -crum, lean. 
 
 ervo ervum, -i, r\., vetch. 
 
 102. ossibus us. -ossis, n., hone. 
 
 103. nescio quis indef. pron., {I-hiow-not-icho or -which) some. 
 
 fascinat fasciuo, 1, to bewitch. 
 
 105. ulnas ulna, -ae, f., ell. 
 
 108, lites lis, litis, f., contest. 
 
 111. prata pratum, -i, n., meadow. 
 
 Eclogue IV. 
 
 1. paulo adv., (by a little), some wJi at. 
 
 2. myricae rayrica, -ae, f., tamarisk. 
 
 5. saeelorum saeclum (saeculum), -i, n., f?^e. 
 
 9. desinet desino, desii, desitum, 3, to cease. 
 
 surget surge, surrexi, surrectum, 3, to arire. 
 
 raundo mundus, -i, m., iwrZr/. 
 
 10. casta castus, -a, -um, ^;?^r^. 
 
 11. aevi aevum, -i, n., age. 
 
 inibit ineo, inii, initum, inire, to come in. 
 
 14. inrita iuritus, -a, -um, {of no effect), effaced, 
 
 formidine formido, -inis, f., terror. 
 
 IG. permixtos permisceo, permiscui, permixtum, 2, to minyle. 
 
 heroas Greek ace. pi. of beros, -ois, hero. 
 
 17. pacatum jDaco, 1, to brmg jjcace to. 
 
 18. muuuscula munusculum, -i, n., «///i^. 
 
 19. baceare baccar, -aris, n., foxglove. 
 
 20. colocasia colocasium, i, n., Egyptian bean. 
 
 21. distenta distendo, distendi, distentum, 3, to distend. 
 
 23. blandos hlPindw.», -a, -woa, cao-essing. 
 
 eunabula cunabula, -oruro, n. pi., cradle. 
 
 24. fallax ioWixx, -■a.cis, treacherous. 
 
 veneni venenum, -i, n., ^o/so?i. 
 
 25. vulgo adv., on every hand. 
 
 27. cognoscere cognoseo, eognovi, cognitum, 3, to know, 
 
 28. paulatim ady., gradually. 
 
 liavescet fiSuNe'aCo^'d, to grow yellow. 
 
16 VERGIL, ECLOGUE V. 
 
 29. incultis incultus, -a, -um, ivild. 
 
 pendebit pendeo, pependi, 2, to hang (intrans.). 
 
 sentibus sentis, -is, m., briar. 
 
 xiva u\a, -ae, t, cluster of (/rajjes. 
 
 30. sudabunt sndo, 1, exude. 
 
 roscida roscidus, -a, -urn, dewy. 
 
 31. suberunt subsum, subfui, subesse (to be under) to be 
 
 there. 
 priscae priscus, -a, -um, o/" oZ^. 
 
 32. ratibus ratis, -is, f., shij). ■ 
 
 33. infindere .. infindo, infidi, iufissum, 3, to cleave. 
 
 sulcos sulcus, -i, m., furrow. 
 
 37. firmata firmo, 1, (to strent/then) ; p. Tp.^. mature. 
 
 38. vector \ectoY, -oris, m.., merchant. 
 
 nautica nauticus, -a, -um, oiaval. 
 
 39. merces mercis (gen. ; m.exx\YQ.rvi\x\g), i.^ merchandise. 
 
 40. rastros rastrum, -i, n., (rastri, heteroclite pi.), harrow. 
 
 vinea vinea, ae, f ., vineyard. 
 
 41. robustus robustus, -a, -um, s#?<rr7?/. 
 
 42. mentiri mentior, 4, to counterfeit. 
 
 lana lana, ae, f., icool. 
 
 44. murice rmxxe^, -icis, va., jJurple. 
 
 croceo croceus, -a, -um. saffron. 
 
 luto iutum, -i, n., yellow (subs.). 
 
 45. sandyx sandyx, -ycis, f. .sra^'Z^^. 
 
 46. fusis insViS, -\,va.., sjnndle. 
 
 47. Concordes concoxs, -xdls^, in accord icith. 
 
 48. adgredere adgredior, adgressus, 3, to enter on. 
 
 49. suboles suboles, -is, f., off sirring. 
 
 incrementum ... incrementum, -i, n., progeny, 
 
 50. convexo convexus, -a, -um, vaulted. 
 
 nutantem nuto, 1, to totter. 
 
 pondere pondus, -eris, n., weight. 
 
 52. laetentur laetor, \, to rejoice. 
 
 54. spiritus spiritus, -us, m., breath, 
 
 60. risu risus, -us, m., s?«?7e. 
 
 63. dignata dignor, \, to deem worthy, 
 
 cubili cubile, -is, n., {bed)., love. 
 
 Eclogue V, 
 
 1. convenimus convenio, conveni, conventum, 4, to meet. 
 
 2. inflare inflo, l,to blow ujjon. 
 
 3. consedimus consido, consedi, consessum, 3, (to take a seat), 
 
 to be sitti?ig. 
 
 4. parere pareo, 2, to obey. 
 
 5. incertas incertus, -a, -um, (unsettled) chequered, 
 
 zepbjris zepbyrus, -i, m., z*?^/»/?*. 
 
VOCABULAEY. 17 
 
 5. motantibus raoto, 1, (to Jteep moving'), to move ceaselessly. 
 
 6. succedimiis succedo, succcssi, succcssum, 3, to retire 
 
 heneath. 
 
 7. labrusca labrusca, -ae, f., iv /Id vine. 
 
 racemis racemus, -i, m. cluster, 
 
 9. certet certo, 1, to strive. 
 
 superare supero, 1 , to surjjass. 
 
 11. iurgia iurgium, -i, n., quarrel. 
 
 13. cortice cortex, -icis, m., ^(^i-rZ*. 
 
 14. modulans modulor, 1, to set to music. 
 
 17. puniceis puniceus, -a, -nm, ?'e^/?. 
 
 saliunca s,2i\\ymc:i, -s.e,f, Celtic reed. 
 
 rosetis rosetum, -i, n., rose-hnsh. 
 
 20. exstinctum exstinguo, exstinxi, exstinctum, 3, to {quench), 
 
 to cut off. 
 
 fvmere funiis, -eris, n., death. 
 
 21. flebant fleo, flevi, Actum, 2, to shed tears for. 
 
 22. complexa complector, coraplexus, 3, to clasjf. 
 
 24. egere ago, egi, actum, 3, to drive. 
 
 26. libavit \Voo,\, to taste, 
 
 27. gemuisse gemo, gemui, gemitum, ?, to hewail. 
 
 28. interitum interitus, -us, m., death. 
 
 feri ferus, -a, -um, uiild. 
 
 29. subiungere subiungo, subiunxi, subiunctum, 3, to yolie to. 
 
 30. thiasos thiasus, -i, m., Bacchic rout. 
 
 inducere induco, induxi, iuductum, 3, to Iriwj in. 
 
 36. grandia grandis, -e, ¥uj. 
 
 hordea hordevim, -i, n., grain ofharlcy. 
 
 37. infelix iniQlxx, -Ids, ^tnfruitful. 
 
 lolium lolium, -i, n., darnel. 
 
 38. purpureo purpureus, -a, -um, bright, 
 
 39. carduus carduus, -i, m., ifAzsf/6'. 
 
 spinis spina, -ae, f.,^>'Wi'A'/(^. 
 
 paliurus paliurus, -i, m., Z'/ior^i. 
 
 46. sopor sopor, -oris, m., s/^^77. 
 
 fessis fessus, -a, -um, iceary. 
 
 47. saliente salio, salui, saltum, 4, to dance. 
 
 sitim sitis, -is, f., thirst. 
 
 48. aequiperas £icqm])evo, I, to he a match for. 
 
 51. tollemus tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 3, (to exalt), to laud. 
 
 56. insuetum insuetus, -a, -um, uniconted. 
 
 58. alacres alacer, -cris, -e, joyous. 
 
 60. insidias insidiae, -arum, f., ft?;/5?^57?.. 
 
 63. intonsi intonsus, -a, -um, (unshorn), forest-clad. 
 
 67. spumantia spumo, 1, to foam. 
 
 68. crateras crater, -oris, m., cup. 
 
 statuam statuo, statui, statutum, 3, to set, 
 
 69. in primis adv. i^hvase, above all. 
 
 hilarans ,..,,,,.. hUaro, I, to gladde?i. 
 
18 VERGILj ECLOGUE VI. 
 
 C.9. convivia conviviiim, -i, n., feast. 
 
 70. focum focus, -i, m., (heartii), fire. 
 
 messis messis, -is, f., {reajj'mg), harvest-tide, 
 
 73. saltantes sii\io,l, to dance. 
 
 74. sollemnia sollerunis, -e, icoiited, 
 
 vota votum, -i, n. , vow. 
 
 11. rore ros, roris, m., ife?^. 
 
 82. sibilus sihilns, -\, m., ichutling. 
 
 83. percussa percutio, percussi, percussum, 3, to Icat. 
 
 84:. saxosas saxosus, -a, -um, rochj. 
 
 88. pedum -pedum, -\,n., sJiejjherd's crook. 
 
 90. aere aes, aeris, n., bronze. 
 
 Eclogue VI. 
 
 2, erubuit erubesco, eriibui, 3, to blush. 
 
 4. vellit vello, velli, vulsum, 3, (to plucTi), to touch. 
 
 5 deductum deduco, deduxi, deductum, 3, {to sjnn), p.p. p. 
 
 fine-sjmn, thin. 
 
 7. condere condo, condidi, conditum, 3, (to put together)^ 
 
 sing of. 
 
 8. liarundine harundo, -inis, f., (jeed), pipe of reed. 
 
 9. iniussa iniussus, -a, -um, unbidden. 
 
 12. praescripsit praescribo, praescripsi, praescriptum, 3, (to 
 
 icrite in front), to bear at the head. 
 pagina pagina, -ae, f , ^ja^e. 
 
 15. venas vena, -ae, f., vein. 
 
 16. serta seriuva, -\.w., garland. 
 
 delapsa delabor, delap^us, 3, to slip. 
 
 17. attrita uttero, siitnvi, attvitum,S, to rub against, -p.Tp.ip. 
 
 icell-icorn. 
 cantbarus cantbarus, -i, m., stoup. 
 
 19. luserat ludo, lusi, lusum, 3, (to plaij), to cheat. 
 
 vincula vinculum, -i, n., chain. 
 
 20. supervenit supervenio, superveni, supervcntum, 4, (fo co»;?e 
 
 npon), to find. 
 
 22. sanguineis sanguineus, -a, -um, blood-red. 
 
 moris mSrum, -i, n., mulberry. 
 
 23. dolum .. dolus, -i, m., ^;'?c/^ 
 
 nectitis necto, nexui, nexum, 3, to iceave. 
 
 26. mercedis merces, -edis, f., reward. 
 
 27. numerum numerus, -i, m. (number), measured time. 
 
 f eras f era, -ae, f ., beast of the forest. 
 
 28. rigidas rigidus, -a, -um, sturdy. 
 
 31. coacta co^o, coQg\,co2iCiuvu,^, to bring together^ 
 
 32. semina semen, -iniSj n., seed. 
 
VOCABULARY. 19 
 
 34. concreverit concresco, concrevi, concretum, 3, (to grow 
 
 together), to grow into a whole, 
 
 35. durare d\xxo,l, to harden. 
 
 solum solum, -i, n., dry land. 
 
 discludere discludo, disclusi, disclusum, 3, to shut apart. 
 
 37. stupeant sivL^Q,o,2, to he amazed. 
 
 lucescere Ixlqq&co, 6, to dawn. 
 
 38. submotis submoveo, submovi, submotum, 2, fo raise. 
 
 40. rara rarus, -a, -um, in scant nvmlers. 
 
 ignaros ignarus, -a, -um, (u?ihiowi7ig), that knows 
 
 not. 
 
 errent erro, 1, to ivander. 
 
 42. refert refero, rettuli, relatum, referre, to fell of , 
 
 volucres volucris, -is, f., (adj. u-ifiged), bird. 
 
 - furtum ini'tum, -i, n., theft. 
 
 45. armenta armentum, -i, n., cattle. 
 
 46. nivei niveus, -a, -um, stiow-ivhite. 
 
 solatur solor, 1, to comfort. 
 
 47. dementia dementia, -ae, 1, madness. 
 
 48. mugitibus mugitus, -us, m., lowing. 
 
 50. concubitus concubitus, -us, m,, intercourse. 
 
 51. levi levis, -e, smooth. 
 
 53. fultus fulcio, fulsi, fultum, 4, (to sv2}port), to rest, 
 
 54, ruminat rumino, 1, to chew (the cud). 
 
 57. obvia ohvins, -a, -nm, meeti7ig. 
 
 58. errabunda errabundus, -a, -um, wandering. 
 
 60. perducaut perduco, perduxi, perductum, 3, to lead. 
 
 stabula stabulum, -i, n., stall. 
 
 vaccae vacca, -ae, f., ct^/t'. 
 
 62. musco muscus, -i, m., moss. 
 
 amaras amarus, -a, -um, hitter. 
 
 63. proceras procerus, -a, -um, lofty, 
 
 alnos alnus, -i, f ., alder. 
 
 66 adsurrexerit adsurgo, adsurrexi, adsurrectum, 3, to rise up 
 
 in honour of. 
 68. apio ?s^\\xnx,-\, vs.., parsley 
 
 71. ornos ornus, -i, f., a^^ 
 
 72. nemoris nemus, -oris, n., forest. 
 
 75. succinctam succingo, succinxi, succinctum, 3, fo ^ir^Z. 
 
 inguina inguen, -inis, n., (groin), ivaist. 
 
 76. gurgite gurges, -itis, m., (wAirZ/^ooZ), sm. 
 
 77. lacerasse lacero, 1, to mangle. 
 
 79. dapes dapis {gen.), t, feast. 
 
 81. supervolitaverit . supervolito, 1, to flutter high above. 
 alls ala, -ae, f., tiJj/i^. 
 
 83. ediscere edisco, edidici, 3, to learn by heart. 
 
 84. pulsae pello, pepuli, pulsum, 3, (to strike), p.p.p., 
 
 ecJwing. 
 86. invito invitus, -a, nm, reluctant, 
 
20 VERGIL, ECLOGUE VII. 
 
 Eclogue VII. 
 
 1. arguta argutus, -a, -urn, iuMs2)ering. 
 
 2. compulerant ... compello, compuli, compulsum, 3, to drive 
 
 together. 
 5. pares par, gen. paris, icell-matchcd, 
 
 7. deeraverat deerro, 1, to icander off. 
 
 8. ocius ^diV.f quickly. 
 
 11. potum ^oio, \, to drinh 
 
 12. praetexit ijraetexo, praetexui, praetextum, 3, ^o/r/w*/^?. 
 
 13. examina examen, -inis, n., .9?t'flrwi (of bees). 
 
 17. posthabui posthabeo, 2, (to put after'), neglect for. 
 
 seria serium, -i, n., business. 
 
 25. crescenteiii cresco, crevi, cretum, 3, (to increase'), to rise. 
 
 26. ilia \\isL,\\mxn,r\., sides. 
 
 27. placitum placitum, -i, n., ichat isfttiag. 
 
 29. saetosi saetosus, -a, -nm, shaggy. 
 
 30. ramosa ramosus, -a, -um, Iranching, 
 
 vivacis vivax, -acis, long -lived. 
 
 32. suras sura, -ae, f., fl^/i/i;Ze. 
 
 evincta evincio, evinxi, evinctum, 4, {to bind round), 
 
 to gird. 
 cothurno ......... cothurnus, -i, m ., bushin. 
 
 33, sinum sinum. -i, n., bowl. 
 
 liba libum, -i, n., <?rt/.r. 
 
 36, fetura fetura, -ae, f., (breeding), yoimglings. 
 
 suppleverit suppleo, supplevi, suppletum, 2, to fill up. 
 
 38. cycnis cycnus, -i, m., Si/'«,v. 
 
 39. pasti pasco, pavi, pastum, 3, to pasture (trans.). 
 
 praesepia praesepe, -is, n., stall. 
 
 A2. horridior horridus, -a, -um, r<>?/^7t. 
 
 rusco ruscus, -i, m., broom. 
 
 vilior viiis, -e, ivorthless. 
 
 alga ...' alga, -ae, f., seaweed. 
 
 •47. solstitium solstitium, -i, n., (solstice), summer-heat. 
 
 48. palmite ^dAmes, •\t\s,xn.., vine-shoot. 
 
 gemmae gemma, -ae, f., hnd. 
 
 49. taedae Xaedi2i, -2ie, i , 2nne-torch. 
 
 50. adsidua adsiduus, -a, -um, ^ms6'/c^*. 
 
 f uligine f uligo, -inis, f ., smoke. 
 
 51. boreao boreas, -ae, m., north loind. 
 
 52. torrentia torreo, torrui, tostum, 2, (to burn), to boil, to 
 
 rush. 
 
 53. hirsutae hirsutus, -a, -um, ^>»?vcZ:Z?/. 
 
 54. strata sterno, stravi, stratum, 3, to streio, 
 
 passim adv., here and there. 
 
 56. sicca siccus, -a, -um, dried up. 
 
 57. aret areo, 2, to be parcJied. 
 
 vitio vitium, -i, n., (blemish), poison, 
 
Vocabulary. Si 
 
 58. pampineas pampineus, -a, -ura, of vines, 
 
 59. virebit \\vqo, 2, to he green. 
 
 60. imbri imber, -lis, m., rain. 
 
 61. populus populus, -i, i.,2)opJar. 
 
 65. fraxinus fraxinus, -i, f., ash. 
 
 66. abies abies, -etis, f.,/r. 
 
 67. revisas revise, revisi, revisum, 3, visit again. 
 
 Eclogue YIII. 
 
 2. immemor ......... immemor, -oris, heedless. 
 
 3. stupefactae stupefacio, stupefeci, stupefactum, 3, (jto 
 
 amaze) ; p.p.p., spell-houncl. 
 lynces Ijt^ix, lyncis, c, a lynx. 
 
 6. siiperas supero, 1, {to jmss over), to weather. 
 
 7. legis lego, Icgi, lectam, 3, {to jnch one's icaij^^ to sail 
 
 hy, to eoast. 
 
 11. principium principium, -i, u., beginning. 
 
 "12. coepta coepi, coepisse, to begin. 
 
 13. victrices xictrix, -Ids, victorious. 
 
 serpere serpo, serpsi, serptum, 3,to twine. 
 
 14. decesserat dececlo, decessi, decessum, 3, to pass away, 
 
 16. tereti teres, -etis, smooth. 
 
 20. profeci proficio, profeci, profectum, 3, to projit, 
 
 21. tibia tibia, -ae, i.,pi2)e. 
 
 24. iaertes iners, -rtis, idle. 
 
 27. grypes gryps, grypis, m., /7r(/^?i. 
 
 28. dammae damma, -ae, e., deer. 
 
 29. incide incldo, incldi, iuclsum, 3, ?ffl c?^^. 
 
 faces fax, facis, f., torch. 
 
 30. marite mariins, -i,m., bridegroom. 
 
 33. odio odium, -i, Yi., (hatred), afi'object of hatred, 
 
 34. superciliuiu supercilinm, -i, n., broic. -. 
 
 promissa promitto, j^romisi, promissum, 3, {to let ffroiv)j 
 
 p.p.p., long -grown. 
 
 37. saepibns saepes, -is, f., {fence), orchard. 
 
 40. fragiles ixdi^iW^f, -e, easy to break. 
 
 contingere contingo, contigi, contactum, 3, to reach, 
 
 ramos ramus, -i, m., bough. 
 
 43. cotibus cQs, cotis, f., rock. 
 
 48. commacularc ... commacnlo, 1, to imbrue. 
 
 49. improbus improbus, -a, -um, {wiched), icantonly wiclied. 
 
 54. sndent sudo, ] , ^o ooz(?. 
 
 electra electrum, -i, n., amb:r. 
 
 55. uliilae yAvCi-A^ -ixo^,!., screech-owl. 
 
 56. delpbinas Gk. ace. pi. of del])hin, dclplilnis, m., dolphin, 
 
 59. praeceps praeceps, -cipitis, headlong. 
 
 specula.... specula, -ae, f., watch-towtr. 
 
22 VERGIL, ECLOGUE IX. 
 
 60. def erar def ero, detuli, delatum, def erre, (to bring down)y 
 
 ^ to 2Jlt<7iffo (pass.). 
 
 64. vitta \itta, -ae,f., filet. 
 
 65. verbenas verbenae, -arum, f., herhs. 
 
 adole adoleo. adolui, 2, to hum. 
 
 mascula masculus, -a, -um, male. 
 
 tura tus, turis, n., frankincense. 
 
 &Q). sanos sanus, -a, -um, .wJt'r. 
 
 avertere averto, averti, aversum, 3, to distract, 
 
 70. mutavit muto, 1, to transform. 
 
 73. triplici triplex, -icis, (trijjle'), three, 
 
 diversa diversus, -a, -um, differing. 
 
 74. licia licium, -i, n., thread. 
 
 circumdo circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatum, 1, ^o w;i?ii 
 
 rou7id. 
 
 75. effigiem effigies, -ei, f., image. 
 
 impare impar, -paris, ?/?ifTe». 
 
 80. limus limus, -i, m., 7«?/f7. 
 
 durescit duresco, 3, to harden. 
 
 cera cera, -ae, f ., icax. 
 
 liquescit liquesco, 3, to melt. 
 
 82. molam mola, -ae, f., ?;<mZ. 
 
 bitumine bitumen, -inis, n., bitumen. 
 
 86. bucula bucula, -ae, 1, 7/^//^;-. 
 
 87. propter prep., beside. 
 
 procumbit procumbo, procubui, pvocubitum, 3, to fall dow?i. 
 
 ulva ulva, -ae, f ., sedge. 
 
 88. serae serus, -a, -um, late. 
 
 89. mederi medeor, 2, to heal, relieve. 
 
 91. exuvias exuviae, -arum, f., relics. 
 
 perfidus iperMns, -a, -um, faithless. 
 
 92. pignora -pignws, -oris, n., pledge. 
 
 93. mando raando, 1, to cojisign. 
 
 97. fieri fio, factus sum, fieri, (to become'), change i7iio. 
 
 98. excire excio, excivi, excitum, 4, to summmi. 
 
 99. satas sero, sevi, satum, 3, fo so^o. 
 
 alio adv., (elsewhere)^ to another field. 
 
 traducere traduco, traduxi, traductum, 3, to draw across 
 
 101. foras adv., out of doors. 
 
 rivo rivus, -i, m., stream. 
 
 flueuti flue, fluxi, fluxum, 3, (to flow), to run. 
 
 105. corripuit corripio, corripui, correptum, 3, to catch. 
 
 Eclogue IX. 
 
 2. advena advena, -ae, c, st7'a7iger. 
 
 3. possessor possessor, -oris, m., oec?/^;^;^^. 
 
 agclli age\]u.s, -i,m., little farm. 
 
 4. migrate migro, 1, to remove. 
 
VOCABULARY. 23 
 
 5. versat „.... verso, 1, to turn %i)side down. 
 
 7. subducere subduco, subduxi, subductum, 3, to icithdraw. 
 
 8. iugum iugum, -i, n., ri^<7^. 
 
 demittere demitto, demisi, demissum, 3, to let sink down. 
 
 clivo clivus, -i, m., slope. 
 
 12. valent \di\eo,2,to avail. 
 
 15. comix cornix, -icis, f., crow. 
 
 18. solacia so\2icmm, -\,n., comfort. 
 
 21. sublegi sublego, sublegi, sublectum, 3, to gather uj} in 
 
 secret. 
 25. occursare occurso, 1, to get in the way of. 
 
 ferit ferio, percussi, percussum, 4, ?o Jw^*. 
 
 caveto caveo, cavi, cautum, 2, to beware. 
 
 28. vicina vicinus, -a, -um, we<w. 
 
 29. sublime adv., aloft. 
 
 80. taxos taxus, -i, f., ?/<?zo. 
 
 84. vatem vates, -is, c. , {seer'), poet. 
 
 86. strepere strepo, strepni, 3, (to make a noise), to cackle. 
 
 olores olor, -is, m., swan. 
 
 37. voluto voluto, 1, (to turn often), he busied with. 
 
 38. iguobile ignohilis, -e, ineaii. 
 
 42. imminet immineo, 2, to overha>ig. 
 
 texnnt texo, texui, textum, 3, to tveave. 
 
 umbracula umhx&ci\\nm, -i, n., shade, ca7ioj)g. 
 
 43. feriant ferio, percussi, percnssum, 4, to lash. 
 
 44. pura pur-as, -a, -nm, clear. 
 
 46. signornm signum, -i, n., (sigji), constellation. 
 
 suspicis suspicio, suspexi, suspectum, 3, to looh up at, 
 
 46, ortus ortus, -us, m., mm/7. 
 
 49. apricis apricus, -a, -\xm, sunny. 
 
 50. carpent ,. carpo, carpsi, carptum, 3, ^o^;Z?/6'Z;. 
 
 nepotes nepos, -otis, m., grandchild. 
 
 52. condere condo, condidi, conditum, 3, to put to rest. 
 
 53. obllta obliviscor, oblitus, fo/<3r/7e^; •^.-^. forgotten. 
 
 56. causando causor, 1, to make excuses. 
 
 57. stratum sterno, stravi, stratum, 3, to lay. 
 
 58. ventosi ventosus, -a, -um, windy. 
 
 59. adeo 2A\.,just. 
 
 61. stringunt stringo, strinxi, strictum, 8, to strip off-. 
 
 frondes frons, frondis, f.,/(yZu?^e. 
 
 63. pluviam ^Xny'ia, -'SiQ,i., (^vain), shower. 
 
 colligat colligo, collegi, collectum, 3, to gather, 
 
 65. fasce fascis, -is, m., burden. 
 
 Eclogue X. 
 
 4. subterlabere subterlabor, subterlapsus, 3, to glide beneath. 
 
 5. intermisceat intermisceo, intermiscui, intermixtum, 2, to 
 
 mingle loith. 
 
6. sollicitos soWicitns, -^, -um, troublous. 
 
 7. attondent attondeo, attondi, attonsum, 2, to browss. 
 
 simae simus, -a, -um, Jlat-7iosed. 
 
 virgulta virgultiim, -i, n., bufsJi. 
 
 8. surdis smdns, -a, -xim, deaf . 
 
 10. indigno indignus, -a, -um, {undeserving'), unrequited, 
 
 peribat pereo, peril, peritiim, perire, to dw. 
 
 14. pinifer pinifer, -era, -ernm, 2nne-beari7ig. 
 
 19. upilio n^ilio, -mis, m., shejjJierd. 
 
 subulci subulciio, -i, m., swineherd. 
 
 20. uvidus uvidus, -a, -um, fZri/;^;Mi^. 
 
 hiberna hibernus, -a, -um, icintcr (adj.). 
 
 glande glans, glandis, f., acorn. 
 
 22. insanis insanio, 4, to bemad. 
 
 cura cura, -ae, f., (mr^'), Zoir. 
 
 25. ferulas ferula, -ae, i., fennel. 
 
 quassans quasso, 1, ^o worZ. 
 
 27. ebuli ebulus, (m.), and ebulum, (n.), -i, dane-wort. 
 
 bacis baca, -ae, f ., berry. 
 
 minio minium, -i, n., vermilion dye. 
 
 30. saturantur saturo, 1, fo safe. 
 
 32. periti peritus, -a, -um, sJiilled. 
 
 33. molliter adv., softly. 
 
 36. maturae ma,tm:\is, -a, -\\m, ?-ij}e7iiny. 
 
 vinitor ximtor, -ovis, m,, vine-dresser. 
 
 38. fuscus iuscus, -a, -um, swarthy. 
 
 42. gelidi gelidus, -a, -um, cool. 
 
 43. consumerer consume, consumpsi, consumptum, 3, to icear 
 
 away. 
 
 aevo aevum, -i, n., age. 
 
 49. glacies glacies, -ei, f., ice. 
 
 secet seco, secui, scctum, 1, (to cut), to hurt. 
 
 plantas planta, -ae, t.foot. 
 
 53. spelaea spelaeum, -i, n., cave. 
 
 56. venabor venor, 1, to hunt. 
 
 58. lucos lucus, -i, m., ^roir. 
 
 59. torquere torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2, (Jo twist), to shoot. 
 
 60. spicula spiculum, -i, n., {iHrint),davt. 
 
 medicina mediciua, -ae, f., remedy. 
 
 61. mitescere mitesco, 3, (to grow gentle), to show com})assion. 
 
 66. subeamus subeo, subii, subitum, subire, to endure, 
 
 aquosae aquosus, -a, -um, (^watery), slushy. 
 
 67. liber liber, -ri, m., bark. 
 
 aret areo, arui, 2, to be dry. 
 
 68. versemus verso, \, to drive about. 
 
 71. gracili gracilis, -e, slender. 
 
 fiscellam fisceWa, -■a.e.f., basket. 
 
 74. subrigit subrigo, 3, (to lift uj?), to raise aloft. 
 
 77. saturae satur, -ura, -urum, that has eaten enough, sated. 
 
YERGIL: THE ECLOGUES. 
 2t TRANSLATION 
 
 THE FIIIST ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. Meliboeus. Tityrus, you lie beneath the spreading beech's 
 covert and con your woodland melody on a slender pipe of 
 reed; we are leaving our fatherland's borders and pleasant 
 corn-lands, we are exiles from our fatherland ; you, Tityrns, 
 at your ease in the shade, are teaching the woods to re-echo 
 '' Beauteous Amaryllis " ! 
 
 TiTYRUS. Meliboeus, a god it is who has made for us this 
 restful ease. For he shall in my eyes ever be a god ; his 
 altar oft and again shall a tender lamb from our folds stain 
 with its blood 3 it is he who granted permission for my kine 
 to roam, as you see, and for me, their master, to play what 
 I will upon my rustic reed. 
 
 Mel. In sooth, I feel not envy, but rather amazement : 
 on every side in all our lands such great confusion is abroad. 
 See, I myself am driving onwards my goats wearily ; this 
 one, Tityrus, I can now scarce drag along. For here but 
 now amidst the thick hazels, after hard pangs, she dropped 
 twins — the hope of my flock — alas ! on naked rock. Oft- 
 times of this woe, had but my mind been free from folly, I 
 remember the oaks used to warn me, the oaks that were 
 blasted by lightning. But nevertheless, tell me, Tityrus, 
 who is that god of yours ? 
 
 Tit. The city which men call Bome, Meliboeus, 1 thought 
 in my folly was like this city of ours, whither many a time 
 we shepherds are wont to drive down the tender lambs of 
 
 £<:l 10 
 
2 VERGIL. 
 
 our flocks. In this way I knew whelps are like dogs and 
 kids like their dams ; in this wa}^ I was wont to compare 
 great things with small. But this city has reared her head 
 amongst other cities as high as cypresses are wont to do 
 amongst the bending shrubs. 
 
 26. Mel. And what was this great reason of yours for 
 seeing Eome ? 
 
 Tit. Freedom, which, though late, has yet looked on me, 
 despite my laziness, when my beard seemed somewhat grey 
 as it fell while I was cutting it — has yet looked upon me, 
 and has come after long lapse of time, now that Amaryllis 
 has my heart and Galatea has left me. For verily (yes ! I 
 will confess) while Galatea was holding me as thrall, I had 
 nor hope of freedom nor care for my own earnings ; though 
 many a victim went forth from my folds and rich was the 
 cheese I pressed for the thankless city, not at any time 
 came my right hand home again heavy with coin. 
 
 Mel. I used to wonder, Amaryllis, why you were sorrow- 
 fully calling upon the gods, and for whom you were letting 
 the apples hang on their tree. Tityrus was away from here. 
 For you, Tityrus, even the pines, even the springs, ay, even 
 these groves, were wont to call. 
 
 Tit. What was I to do ? I could neither escape from 
 slavery nor elsewhere learn of divinities so powerful to aid. 
 Here I saw that youthful hero, Meliboeus, in whose honour 
 year by year our altars smoke for full twelve days. Here 
 he first gave an answer to my prayer : " Go, ye slaves, and 
 feed your oxen as of yore : rear ye bulls." 
 
 46. Mel. O blest old man ! and so the farm shall remain 
 your own and it will be large enough for you, though barren 
 stones and marsh overspread all your pasture-lands with 
 muddy rushes. No strange pasturage shall harmfully affect 
 your ewes that are with young, no malignant contagion 
 from a neighbour's flock shall harm them. O blest old man •! 
 here amid the streams you know so well, and the hallowed 
 fountains, you vvill court the coolness of the shade. On this 
 side, as ever it did, even on your neighbour's boundary the 
 hedgerow with its willow-blossom sucked by Hyblaean bees 
 shall ofttimes by its gentle humming woo you to pass into 
 slumber. On this side beneath the lofty crag the pruner 
 
ECLOGUE I. 6 
 
 shall lift his song to heaven. And still meanwhile the 
 hoarse wood-pigeons, your delight, and the turtle-dove shall 
 not weary of cooing from the lofty elm. 
 
 Tit. Sooner, therefore, shall the nimble stags pasture in 
 the ocean and the seas leave the fishes bare upon the shore, 
 sooner shall the Parthians or the Germans, roaming each 
 over the other's borders, one drink the Arar's waters in 
 exile, the other Tigris' stream, than his face shall slip from 
 my heart. 
 
 64. Mel. Yet some of us shall go hence to the thirsty 
 Africans, and some shall come to Seythia and to chalk-rolling 
 Oaxes and to the people of Britain, wholly cut off from all 
 the w^orld. Oh, shall I ever, when I behold, a long time 
 hereafter, my country's borders and the turf -thatched roof 
 of my poor cottage, my old domain, hereafter gaze with 
 wonder on a few ears of corn ? A godless soldier shall possess 
 your well-tilled ploughlands, a barbarian these crops of 
 yours. Oh, to what a state has civdl discord dragged our 
 wretched citizens ; for such men as these we have sown our 
 fields ! Go to, now, graft your pear trees, Meliboeus ; set 
 your vines in rows. Go forth, my goats, my once happy 
 herds, go forth ! Never hereafter shall I, as I lie at length 
 in a moss-grown cave, behold you in the distance hanging 
 from some thicket -clad steep ; no songs shall I sing ; not 
 with me to tend you shall ye browse on the flowering lucerne 
 and bitter willow leaves. 
 
 Tit. Still, you might have rested here this night with me 
 upon the green leaves ; I have ripe apples, mealy chestnuts, 
 and a goodly store of cheese. And now the roofs of the 
 farmhouses are smoking yonder, and larger grow the shadows 
 that are falling from the lofty mountains. 
 
vi:rgil. 
 
 THE SECOND ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. The shepherd Corydon was burning with love for fair 
 Alexis, his master's favourite ; nor knew he any ground of 
 hope ; he could only come ceaselessly amongst the thickset 
 beeches, those tall and shady trees. There, quite alone, to 
 the hills and the woods he would hurl forth in bootless 
 passion artless complaints like these : " O hard-hearted 
 Alexis, care you nought for my lays? Have you no pity 
 for me ? You will drive me at last to death." Now even 
 the cattle court the coolness of the shade ; now the thorny 
 brakes shelter even the green lizards, and for the reapers 
 wearied by scorching heat Thestylis is bruising together 
 fragrant herbs, even garlic and wild thyme. But in accord 
 with me, as I trace your footsteps, the copses are ringing 
 with cicalas beneath the burning sun. Were it not better 
 to endure Amaryllis' sullen rage and haughty scorn ? better 
 to endure Menalcas, though he was dark and you are fair ? 
 Beauteous youth, trust not complexion overmuch ! White 
 privet blossoms are left to fall, dark hyacinths are culled. 
 19. I am scorned by you, and you do not ask what I am, 
 Alexis, how rich in kine, how abundantly provided with 
 snowy milk. A thousand lambs of mine are roaming on 
 the mountains of Sicily; new milk never fails me in 
 summer or in winter's cold. I sing the songs Amphion of 
 Dirce was wont to sing on the Attic Aracynthus, what 
 time he called his cattle home. And I am not so uncomely : 
 a little while ago on the shore I saw my image, when the 
 sea was standing motionless, becalmed by the winds. With 
 you for judge I should not fear Daphnis, if the reflexion 
 never plays one false. 28. Oh may it only be your pleasure 
 to dwell with me on a humble farm and in a lowly cottage, 
 and to shoot the deer, and drive the herd of kids to the 
 green mallov/s ! Along with me in the woods you shall 
 rival Pan in making melody. Pan first taught men to join 
 several reeds together with wax, Pan guards the sheep 
 and their shepherds. Nor must you regret that you have 
 
ECLOGUE II. 
 
 frayed your lip with the pipe ; to learn this same skill what 
 did not Amyntas do ? I have a pipe formed of seven unequal 
 hemlock-stalks fastened together. Damoetas gave it me 
 for a present a while ago, and dying he said : " In you 
 that pipe — 'tis yours — has now a second master." So said 
 Damoetas, but Amyntas, in his folly, was jealous. Besides, 
 I have two young roes, which I found in no safe valley, and 
 even now their skins are sprinkled with white ; twice a day 
 Ihey drain the ewe's udders dry : and I am keeping them for 
 you. This long time has Thestylis been begging for leave 
 to lead them away from me : and so she shall, since my 
 gifts are worthless in your eyes ! Come hither, fair boy : 
 see, the nymphs are bringing lilies in full baskets for thee ; 
 for thee the beauteous Naiad culls yellow violets and poppy 
 heads, and joins with them narcissus and the fragrant 
 fennel flower ; then intertwining them with casia and other 
 sweet plants, she sets off the velvety hyacinth with the 
 yellow marigold. With my own hand I'll gather quinces 
 with soft down and chestnuts, which my Amaryllis used to 
 love. I'll add plums of waxen hue, and this fruit, too, shall 
 have its honour; and you, ye laurels, I'll pluck, and you, 
 myrtle, their neighbour-tree : so placed you make a sweet 
 blending of scents. 56. You are a clown, Corydon ; and 
 Alexis cares not for your gifts, nor, if it is with gifts you 
 press your suit, would lollas yield the palm to you. Alas, 
 alas ! what have I wished for myself all to my misery ? 
 Ah, reckless fool, I have let the Sirocco's blast into my 
 flowers and the boars into my clear springs. Whom are 
 you fleeing from, ah ! mad youth ? Even gods have lived 
 in the woods and Dardan Paris too. Let Pallas herself 
 dwell in the cities she has built; let us love the woods 
 beyond all things. The fierce lioness follows the wolf, the 
 wolf, in his turn, the goat, the w^anton goat follows the 
 flowering lucerne, and Corydon follows you, Alexis : each is 
 draw^n by his own pleasure. See, the oxen are dragging 
 home by the yoke the hanging plough, and the withdrawing 
 sun is doubling his growing shadows. Yet love is burning 
 me ; for what limit can there be to love ? Ah ! Corydon, 
 Corydon, what frenzy has taken hold of you? There is 
 your vine half pruned on the leaf -laden elm. Why don't 
 
6 VERGIL. 
 
 you rather set about plaiting with withes and pliant rushes 
 some basket-work at least, which our need requires ? You 
 will find another Alexis, if this one scorns you. 
 
 THE THIRD ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. Menalcas. Tell me, Damoetas, whose flock is this? 
 Does it belong to Meliboeus ? 
 
 JDamoetas. No, to Aegon ; Aegon handed them over to 
 my rare just now. 
 
 Men. Poor sheep, always a luckless flock ! While your 
 master is wooing Neaera, and is afraid of her showing more 
 favour to me than to him, this hireling shepherd is milking 
 the ewes twice every hour, and so the life- juice is filched 
 from the flock and the milk from the lambs. 
 
 Dam. Still, don't forget that such taunts as yours should 
 be flung sparingly at honest men. 
 
 Men. It happened then, I suppose, when they saw me 
 cutting Micon's trees and young vines with malicious sickle. 
 
 Dam, Or here by the old beeches when you broke Daphnis' 
 bow and arrows ; for you, cross-grained Menalcas, were 
 vexed when you saw them given to the boy for a present, 
 and you would have died had you not done him some 
 injury. 
 
 Men. What can the masters do when thieves are so 
 bold ? Did I not see you, you rascal, lying in ambush to 
 catch Damon's goat, though Lycisca was barking loudly the 
 while ? And when I called out " What is that fellow 
 darting out at now ? Muster yon flock, Tityrus ! " you were 
 in hiding behind the sedge. 
 
 21. Daim. What ? after being beaten at singing w^as he 
 not to give me the goat which my pipe had won by its 
 strains ? If you are not aware of the fact — that goat was 
 mine; Damon himself confessed it, but said he could not 
 give it to me. 
 
 Men You beat him at playing ? Or did you ever have a 
 reed-pipe jointed with wax ? You dolt, weren't you in the 
 habit of murdering, at the cross-ways, some unfortunate 
 lay on a grating straw ? 
 
ECLOGUE III. 7 
 
 Da5I. Do you wish us to try in turns between ourselves, 
 what either of us can do? Tliis heifer — lest perchance you 
 refuse it, it comes twice a day to the milking-pail and 
 suckles two calves — is my stake ; do you say on what wager 
 you enter the match with me ? 
 
 Men. I would not dare to stake with you anything from 
 the flock. For I have at home a father, and I have too a 
 harsh stepmother, and twice a day both of them count the 
 flock, and one of them the kids as well. ^However, as a 
 stake which even you yourself will admit is far finer — since 
 you are minded to play the fcol^I lay down beechen cups, 
 carved work from divine Alcimedon's hand, on which a 
 pliant vine, cut in relief by the worker's cunning chisel, 
 clothes the scattered clusters of pale ivy. In the centre 
 are two figures, Conon and — who was the other, who traced 
 out with his rod the whole heavens for mankind, even the 
 seasons for the reaper and the seasons for the stooping 
 ploughman to keep ? And I have not yet brought my lips 
 near them, but I am keeping them in store. 
 
 44. Dam. Alcimedon also made tw^o ci»ps for me as well, 
 and he clasped their handles all round with pliant acanthus, 
 and he set Orpheus in the centre and the woods in his train. 
 And I have not yet brought my lips near them, but I am 
 keeping them in store. If you look at the heifer, you have 
 no ground for praising the cups. 
 
 Men. You will never get off to-day ; I will come to what- 
 ever terms you invite me. Only let this contest be heard 
 by — the man who is coming, if you like : see, it's Palaemon. 
 I'll make sure that you don't challenge any one to sing 
 hereafter. S f 
 
 Dam. Come then, if you know anything, there will be 
 no hindrance on my part, and I do not shrink from any 
 umpire; only, neighbour Palaemon, set these utterances 
 deep down in your thoughts ; it is no trifling matter. 
 
 Pal. Sing then, since we have sat dow^n together on soft 
 grass. And now every field and every tree is ready to bring 
 forth fruit, now the woods are in leaf, now the year is at 
 its fairest. Begin, Damoetas ; do you follow next, Menalcas. 
 You shall sing with alternate strains : the Muses love alter- 
 nate verses. 
 
VERtUL. 
 
 60. Dam. With Jove I begin my song ; with Jove all 
 nature is filled ; he makes the earth fruitful ; my lays are 
 loved by him. 
 
 Men. Phoebus loves me too ; at my home Phoebus 
 finds alway his due gifts, the bays and sweetly blushing 
 hyacinth. 
 
 Dam, Galatea pelts me with an apple, the roguish girl, 
 and runs off to the willows and yet wants to be seen first. 
 
 Men. But my flame, Amyntas, comes to meet me of his 
 own accord, so that by this time not Delia is better known 
 to my dogs. 
 
 Dam. For my lady-love I have got presents; for I 
 myself have marked a spot where wood-pigeons have built 
 a nest, far up aloft. 
 
 Men. I've done my best, I've gathered from a tree in 
 the orchard ten golden apples and sent them to my boy ; 
 to-morrow I will send ten more. 
 
 Dam. how oft Galatea has talked to me, and what 
 words she has said ! Some part of them, je winds, you 
 must carry to the ears of the gods ! 
 
 Men. What boots it that in your heart of hearts you do 
 not scorn me, Amyntas, if, while you are away hunting 
 boars, I am watching the nets ? 
 
 Dam. Send me Phyllis ; it is my birthday, lollas ; when 
 
 1 sacrifice a heifer for the harvest, come yourself. 
 
 Men. Phyllis I love before all other maids ; for she shed 
 tears because I was going away, and lingeringly said : " Fail* 
 lollas, adieu, adieu ! " 
 
 80. Dam. The wolf is the bane of the folds, rains of 
 the ripe corn, winds of the trees, — angry passions of our 
 Amaryllis. 
 
 Men. Tlie delight of the young corn is soft rain, of 
 yeanling kids the arbute tree, of ewes with young the 
 pliant willow, — mine only Amyntas. 
 
 Dam. Pollio loves my muse, albeit she is country-bred : 
 ye Pierian goddesses, feed a heifer for your reader. 
 
 Men. Pollio himself, too, writes fresh verses : feed a bull, 
 — one that butts with his horn, and scatters the sand 
 with his hoofs. 
 
 Dam. May he who loves you, Pollio, reach the height 
 
ECLOGUE III. y 
 
 ^vhich he rejoices that yon, too, have reached. May honey 
 flow freely I'lom him, and may the thorny bramble bear 
 fragrant balsam. 
 
 Men. May he who loathes not Bavins love your verses, 
 Maeviiis, and may he also yoke foxes and milk he-goats. 
 
 Dam. Ye who gather flowers and strawberries that are 
 born on the ground, flee from this spot, my boys, for a 
 clammy snake is lurking in the grass. 
 
 Men. Don't go on too far, my sheep : it's not well to 
 trust the bank ; the ram himself is still drying his fleece. 
 ft Dam. Tityrus, drive away the goats that are feeding from 
 the river : I'll wash them all myself in the spring when the^ 
 time comes. '■ ' 
 
 Men. Gather your sheep together, boys : if the heat 
 forestalls the milk, as it did but lately, all in vain shall we 
 press the udders with our hands. 
 
 100. Dam. Alas, alas ! how lean is the bull among those 
 fattening vetches ! It's the same love that ruins the herd 
 and the herdsman. 
 
 Men. These at any rate have not even love for excuse ; 
 yet their flesh scarcely clings to their bones. Some eye or 
 other is bewitching my tender lambs. 
 
 Dam. Tell me, in what lands — and you shall be my great 
 Apollo — the heavens are no broader than three ells across. 
 
 Men. Tell me, in what lands blossom flowers with the 
 names of kings written upon them, and you can have 
 Phyllis to yourself. 
 
 Pal. It is not for me to settle a contest like this between 
 you. Both you and he deserve a heifer ; ay, and so does 
 uny one else who shall fear the sweets of love or taste 
 its bitterness. Shut off the streams now, my boys ; the 
 meadows have drunk enough. 
 
10 VERGIL. 
 
 THE FOURTH ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. Muses of Sicily, let us sing a somewhat loftier strain. 
 All do not find delight in copses and low-growing tamarisks ; 
 if we sing of the woodLmd, let the woodland be worthy of 
 a consul. The last age of the Cymaean prophecy has come 
 at length ; the great cycle of ages is being born anew. At 
 length the virgin Justice is returning, returning too is 
 Saturn's reign ; at length a new generation is being sent 
 down from heaven on high. Do but thou smile on the 
 young child's birth, with whom the age of iron first shall; 
 cease and a golden race arise over all the world — thou 
 pure Lucina; thine own Apollo now bears sway. When 
 thou art consul, even thou, Pollio, shall this glorious age 
 come in, and the Great Months shall commence their 
 onward course; under thy guidance, any traces of our guilt 
 that abide shall be effaced and free the world from continual 
 teri'or. He shall receive the life of the gods and shall 
 see heroes mingling with deities and shall himself be seen 
 by them, and he shall reign over a Avorld to which his 
 father's mighty deeds have brought peace. For thee, child,, 
 as first gifts, with no tillage shall the earth pour forth 
 everywhere gadding ivy and foxglove, and the Egyptian 
 bean mingled with the smiling acanthus. Of themselves 
 the goats shall carry home their udders distended with 
 milk, nor shall the herds fear the mighty lions. Of itself 
 thy cradle shall pour out for thee caressing flowers. And 
 the serpent shall perish and the treacherous plant of poison 
 shall perish ; there shall spring up on every hand Assyrian 
 spices. 
 
 26. But as soon as thou shalt be able at length to read 
 of the glories of heroes and of thy father's deeds, and to 
 know what virtue is, gradually the plain shall grow yellow 
 with waving ears of corn, and the purpling clusters of 
 grapes shall hang from wild briars, and hard oaks shall 
 exude the dew of honey. Still some few traces of the sin 
 of old shall be there, to bid men provoke the goddess of 
 
ECLOGUE IV. 11 
 
 the sea with their ships, to gird their towns with walls, and 
 to cleave furrows in the earth. There shall be then a second 
 Tiphys, and a second Argo to carry chosen heroes ; there 
 shall be also a second war and yet again shall a great 
 Achilles be sent to Troy. 
 
 37. Afterwards, when at length mature years have made 
 thee a man.^ even the merchant shall quit the sea, nor shall 
 the ship of pine barter merchandise. All lands shall pro- 
 duce all things. The earth will not endure the harrow, nor 
 the vineyard the pruning-hook ; now, too, the sturdy plough- 
 man shall loose the yokes from the bullocks' necks, and 
 wool shall not be taught to counterfeit varied colours, but 
 of himself in the meadows shall the ram change his fleece 
 now to a sweetly blushing purple, now to a saffron-yellow, 
 and of its own accord shall scarlet clo'the the grazing lambs. 
 
 46. " Ages such as ye run on ! " said the Parcae to their 
 spindles in accord with the fixed will of the fates. Oh enter 
 on thine honours — soon will the time be nigh at hand — • 
 thou loved offspring of the gods, great progeny of Jovei 
 Look thou upon the universe as it totters beneath the 
 weight of its vaulted dome, and on the earth and the 
 expanse of ocean and the depths of the firmament ; look 
 how all things are rejoicing in the age that is about to 
 come ! 
 
 Oh may the last years of my life endure long enough, and 
 may I have breath, even so much as shall suflice to tell 
 thy deeds ! Then shall I be surpassed in song neither by 
 Thracian Orpheus nor by Linus, though the one were helped 
 by his mother, the other by his sire — Orpheus by Calliope, 
 Linus by fair Apollo. Were even Pan to try a match 
 with me, and were Arcadia judge, even Pan would own 
 himself beaten, though Arcadia were judge. 
 
 Begin, little child, with a smile to recognise thy mother : 
 to thy mother ten months have brought long weariness. 
 Begin, little child ; him, upon whom parents have not 
 smiled, a god deems not worthy of his table, a goddess 
 deems not worthy of her love. 
 
12 VERGIL. 
 
 THE FIFTH ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. Menalcas. Why, Mopsus, as we have met and are 
 both good men — you at blowing upon the light reed-pipe, I 
 at singing verses — why are we not already sitting here 
 among the mingled elms and hazels? 
 
 Mopsus. You are the elder, it is only right for me to 
 obey you, Menalcas, whether we retire beneath the shades 
 that are chequered by the ceaseless motion of the zephyrs 
 or choose to enter the cave. See how yon wild vine of the 
 forest has decked the cave with scattered clusters. 
 
 Men. In my native mountains you have no rival but 
 Amyntas. 
 
 Mop. What if he should also strive to surpass Phoebus 
 in singing ? 
 
 Men. Begin first, Mopsus, if you have any songs about 
 love for Phyllis, or praise of Alcon, or quarrels with Codrus. 
 Begin, Tityrus shall mind the kids as they graze. 
 
 Mop. Nay, I will try these strains, which I wrote out 
 but now on the green bark of a beech, and I set them to 
 music, marking the alternations of pipe and voice withal — 
 do you then give your orders that Amyntas try a match 
 with me. 
 
 Men. As far as the pliant willow is surpassed by the 
 gray-green olive, or the grounding Celtic reed by red-rose 
 bushes, so far in my judgment is Amyntas surpassed by 
 you. But say no more, my boy, we have come into the 
 cave. 
 
 20. Mop. For Daphnis cut off by a cruel death the 
 nymphs shed many a tear^ — ye hazels and ye rivers, ye 
 can l3ear witness for the nymphs — what time clasping her 
 son's piteous corpse, his mother cries out upon the cruelty 
 of the gods and of the stars. There was none in those 
 days, Daphnis, to drive the cattle, when fed, to cooling 
 streams; there was no beast that tasted of the stream or 
 touched a blade of grass. Daphnis, the v,dld mountains and 
 the forests tell how even the lions of Libya bewailed thy 
 
ECLOGUE V. 13 
 
 death. Daphnis, too, taught us to yoke Armenian tigers to 
 the chariot, Daphnis taught us to bring in the Bacchic rout 
 and to twine bending shafts with waving leaves. As the 
 vine is the glory of the trees, grape-clusters of vines, bulls 
 of herds, and crops of rich corn-lands, so thou alone art all 
 the glory of thy friends. Now that fate has carried thee 
 oft'; even Pales, ay, even Apollo has deserted the fields. In 
 the furrows to which we oft committed big grains of 
 barley, unfruitful darnel and wild oats are springing up ; 
 in the place of the tender violet and the bright narcissus 
 the thistle is springing up and the thorn with its piercing 
 prickles. 40. Strew the ground with leaves, canopy the 
 springs with shade, ye shepherds. Daphnis bids that these 
 things be done for him. And build a tomb, and over it set 
 this legend: "I am Daphnis, famous in the forests and 
 from the forests even to the stars, keeper of a fair flock, 
 fairer myself." 
 
 Men. Your song, heavenly poet, is unto me such a boon 
 as sleep on the sward is to the weary, as is quenching one's 
 thirst in summer's heat from some dancing rill of sweet 
 w^ater. You are a match for your master, not on the pipe 
 alone, but with your voice as well. Heaven -blest boy ! you 
 shall now be second to him alone. Yet I in turn will sing 
 you my song as best I can, and will laud your Daphnis to 
 the stars ; I Avill extol Daphnis to the stars. Daphnis loved 
 me, too. 
 
 Mop. Could I deem anything greater than such a boon ? 
 The boy himself was worthy to be sung of by you. Long 
 ere now Stimichon has praised your songs to me. 
 
 5G. Men. In radiant beauty Daphnis is gazing on the 
 threshold of Olympus, unwonted sight, and is looking down 
 upon the clouds and stars beneath his feet. Thereat doth 
 rapture enthral the joyous woods, and all the rest of the 
 country side, and Pan, and the shepherds, and the Dryad 
 maids. Neither does the wolf plan an ambush for the 
 cattle, nor do nets devise any guile against the deer ; 
 gracious Daphnis loves peace. Even the forest-clad mount- 
 ains lift their voices to the stars for joy, now even the rocks, 
 ay, even the trees, raise loudly their strain, " A god, a god 
 he is, Menalcas ! " Oh be thou gracious and propitious 
 
14 VERGIL. 
 
 to thy own ! Lo, here are four altars ; see, there are two for 
 thee, Daphnis, and two as high-altars to Phoebus ! Each 
 year will I set for thee two cups foaming with new milk 
 and two bowls of rich olive oil, and, above all, gladdening 
 the feast with Bacchus' store — before the fire, if it be 
 the -winter, if harvest tide, in the shade ; I will pour from 
 goblets the fresh nectar of Ariusian wines. Damoetas and 
 Aegon of Lyctus, shall sing for me, Alphesiboeos shall 
 give imitations of the dancing satyrs. These honours shalt 
 thou always have, both when w^e pay our wonted vows, to 
 the nymphs and when we purify the fields. So long as the 
 boar shall love the mountain tops, so long as the fish shall 
 love the rivers, and so long as bees shall feed on thyme and 
 cicalas on dew^, so long shall thine honour, thy fame, and 
 thy glory ever abide. Even as to Bacchus and Ceres, so 
 unto thee shall the peasants year by year pay their vows ; 
 thou too shalt condemn men to pay their vows. 
 
 81. Mop. What gifts shall 1 give thee for so noble a 
 lay? For neither the whistling of the rising south wind 
 nor the beating of the surge on the seashore give me such 
 delight, no, nor the streams that run down the middle of 
 the rocky glens. 
 
 Men. Fu-st I will present thee with this frail reed ; this 
 taught me " Cory don was burning with love for fair 
 Alexis " ; this also taught me " Whose flock is this 1 Does 
 it belong to Meliboeus 1 " 
 
 Mop. But do you take this shepherd's crook, which 
 Antigenes did not get from me, although he asked me often 
 — in those days he deserved to be loved — a fine one it is, 
 with regular knots, and tipped with bronze, Menalcas. 
 
ECLOGUE VI. 15 
 
 THE SIXTH ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. At first my muse deigned to sport in Syracusan strain, 
 nor blushed to dwell in the woods. When I essayed to 
 sing of kings and battles, the Cynthian god touched my 
 ear and reminded me, saying, " A shepherd, Tityrus, should 
 see that the sheep he feeds are fat and the songs he sings 
 are thin." So now — since you will find plenty of poets eager 
 to tell of your glorious deeds and sing of your sorrow- 
 fraught wars — I will con a rustic melody on a slender pipe 
 of reed. Not unbidden is the strain I sing. Yet if anyone, 
 despite their feebleness, if anyone should read even these 
 verses charmed with fond love for them, you, Yarns, shall 
 be sung of by my tamarisks and all my grove; nor does 
 Phoebus take more delight in any page than the one which 
 bears at its head the name of Yarns. 
 
 13. Press on, ye Pierian maids. Chromis and Mnasylos, 
 two young shepherds, saw Silenus lying asleep in a cave, 
 his veins swollen, as they ever are, with yesterday's carouse ; 
 the garlands had slipped from his head, and were lying just 
 a little way off, and in his hand his heavy stoup was hang- 
 ing by its well-worn handle. Up they come — for the old 
 man cheated both of them out of a promised song — and 
 throw upon him chains made of his own garlands. To their 
 aid comes Aegle, and finds them half afraid, Aegle, the 
 fairest of the Naiads ; and as he begins to open his eyes, 
 paints his face and temples with blood-red mulberries. 
 Laughing at the trick, quoth he, " Why are you weaving 
 chains ? " Set me free, boys ; it is enough for your power 
 to have been seen. Hear the songs you desire ; your reward 
 shall be my songs, hers a reward of another kind ! With 
 that he begins at once. Then, ah, then fawns and beasts 
 -of the forest might have been seen dancing in measured 
 time, while the sturdy oaks swayed their tops to and fro. 
 Not so much does Parnassus' peak rejoice in Phoebus, nor 
 so much do Phodope and Ismarus marvel at Orpheus. 
 
 31. For he began to sing how through the great void the 
 
16 7ERGIL. 
 
 seeds of earth and air and sea and liquid fire as well had 
 been brought together ; how all things from these primal 
 elements, all things and even the young globe of earth and 
 sky grew into a whole ; then how the dry land began to 
 harden and shut Nereus apart in the sea, and by degrees 
 to take to itself the shapes of various things ; and how at 
 length the earth is amazed at the dawning of a new sun,, 
 and how the rain falls from a greater height now that the 
 clouds are raised, what time forests first begin to spring up 
 and living things wander in scant numbers over the hill* 
 that knew them not. Next he told of the stones that 
 Pyrrha threw, of Saturn's reign, of the birds of Caucasus, 
 and of Prometheus' theft. To these he adds the story of 
 the fountain whereat Hylas was left for all the sailors' 
 shouts, and how the shore rang with Hylas ! Hylas ! every- 
 where ; and Pasiphae, happy had there never been any 
 cattle, he comforts with her fond passion for the snow-white- 
 bull. Ah, hapless maiden, what madness has seized thee I 
 Proeteus' daughters filled the fields with counterfeited 
 lowings : yet for all that, not anyone of them sought shame- 
 ful converse with kine, though she feared the yoke for her 
 neck, and often looked for horns on her smooth brows. Ah 1^ 
 ill-fated girl ! thou art wandering now over the mountains 
 while he, resting his snowy side on soft hyacinths, beneath 
 some dark holm-oak is chev/ing the yellow-green grass or 
 following some heifer in the great herd. " Ye nymphs," 
 she cried, " Dictaean nymphs, close now, close your forest 
 glades, in hope that by some hap the wandering footsteps 
 of the bull may meet my eyes; it may be that he has 
 been charmed with some green pasture, or has gone after 
 the herd, and that some heifers are leading him on to the 
 stalls of Gortyn." 64. Then he sang of the maiden who 
 marvelled at the apples of the Hesperides, then he girds 
 Phaethon's sisters with mossy bark of litter taste, and 
 raises them from the ground as lofty aldei\s. Next he sang 
 how, when Gallus was roaming by Permessus' streams, one 
 of the sisters led him to the Aonian hills, and how the 
 whole choir of Phoebus rose up to do honour to the hero ; 
 how Linus, the shepherd of heavenly song, having decked his^ 
 locks with flowers and leaves of bitter parsley, spake these 
 
ECLOGUE VI. 17 
 
 words to him : " These reeds the Muses give to thee ; 
 here, take thou them — the reeds which they gave of old to 
 the hard of Ascra before thee, wherewith he was wont to 
 draw down by his singing stout ashes from the mountains. 
 With these thou must sing of the Grynean forest's birth, 
 that there may not be any gTove in which Apollo glories 
 more." What should I speak of Nisus' daughter Scylla, 
 to whom the story clings that, with her waist of rachant 
 beauty girt with barking monsters, she assaulted the 
 Dulichian ships, and in the deep sea, alas ! mangled the 
 shuddering sailors with her sea-born dogs : or how he told 
 the story of the change of Tereus' limbs, of the feast, the 
 presents Philomela made ready for him, with what speed 
 she made her way unto the desert places, and with what 
 wings in her hapless state she fluttered high above her 
 home ? All the songs, that when Phoebus erst was conning 
 them, Eurotas heard and bade his laurels learn by heart, 
 Silenus sings — the echoing valleys bear the sound to the 
 stars — till the evening star gave the word for gathering 
 the sheep within the fold and counting their tale, and 
 pressed on from Olympus for all Olympus' reluctance. 
 
 Ed. 11 
 
18 VERGIL. 
 
 THE SEVENTH ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. Meliboeus. Daphnis one day had chanced t© seat 
 himself beneath a whispering holm-oak, and Corydon and 
 Thyrsis had driven their flocks together to one spot — Thyrsis 
 the sheep, Corydon the goats, novs^ swollen with milk. Both 
 were in the flower of their years, Arcadians both, well 
 matched in song, and ready to reply. To this spot even my 
 he-goat, the lord of the herd, had wandered off, while I was 
 protecting the young myrtles from the frost. When lo ! I 
 see Daphnis. When he sees me over against him, " Quick, 
 quick!" says he, "come hither, Meliboeus; your goat and 
 kids are safe ; and if you can tarry awhile^ rest beneath the 
 shade." Hither of themselves the kine will come through 
 the meadows to drink, here Mincius fringes his green banks 
 with soft reeds, and from the oak beloved by Jove sounds 
 the humming of the swarms. W^hat was I to do ? I 
 had then no Alcippe, no Phyllis to shut up at home my 
 weaned lambs ; and the match was a grand one — Corydon 
 against Thyrsis. However, I neglected my business for 
 their sport. So they both began to compete in amoebaean 
 strains : amoebaean strains the Muses were full fain to 
 recall. These Corydon repeated, those Thyrsis in his 
 turn. 
 
 21. Corydon. Ye nymphs of Libethrus, my delight, 
 either give unto me a strain such as ye have given to my 
 Codrus — second only to Phoebus' strains are the songs he 
 makes — or if all of us have not the power, here upon the 
 hallowed pine shall hang my tuneful pipe. 
 
 Thyrsis. Ye shepherds, deck your rising poet with ivy, 
 shepherds of Arcadia, that so Codrus' sides may burst with 
 jealousy; or, should he praise me beyond what is fitting, 
 wi^eathe my brows with foxglove, lest the tongue of malice 
 harm the bard that is to be. 
 
 Cor. To thee, our lady of Delos, young Micon offers this 
 shaggy boar's head and the branching antlers of a long- 
 lived stag. If this luck continue to be his, thou shalt be 
 
^^ 
 
 ECLOGUE VII. 19 
 
 set up in full length all wrought of polished marble, thine 
 ankles girt with purple buskins. 
 
 Thyr. a bowl of milk and cakes like these are enough 
 for thee to look for year by year, Priapus : the garden thou 
 protectest is poor. At present to suit my means I'll make 
 thee a statue of marble ; but if the younglings fill up the 
 tale of our herds, thou shalt be wrought in gold. 
 
 37. Cor. Galatea, child of the sea-god, sweeter to me than 
 the thyme of Hybla, whiter than any swan, fairer than 
 pale ivy, as soon as ever the bullocks come back from the 
 pastures to their stalls, if thou hast any care for thy Corydon^ 
 oh come ! 
 
 Thyr. Nay, may I seem to thee more bitter than 
 Sardinian herbs, rougher than broom, more worthless than 
 the seaweed thrown to rot on the shore, if this day is not to 
 me already longer than a whole year. Go home from the 
 pastures, if ye have any sense of shame, go ye kine. 
 
 Cor. Ye mossy springs and grass that is softer than sleep, 
 and thou, the green arbute tree that coverest them with 
 chequered shade, keep ye the summer heat from my kine : 
 now comes parching summer, now buds are swelling in the 
 pliant vine-shoot. 
 
 Thyr. Here is a hearth and rich pine torches, here there 
 is ever a well-heaped fire and the doorposts are black with 
 the ceaseless smoke. Here we care as much for the chill 
 blasts of the north wind as the wolf cares for the number of 
 the flock or torrent streams for their banks. 
 
 CoR. Here stand junipers and prickly chestnut trees ; 
 strown here and there beneath each tree is lymg its own 
 peculiar fruit. Now all things are smiling ; but if fair 
 Alexis were to quit these hills of ours you would see even 
 the rivers dried up. 
 
 Thyr. The field is parched ; the grass is athirst and 
 dying in the poisoned air. The wine god has begrudged 
 the hills the shade of their vines : but at my Phyllis' 
 coming every grove shall grow green again, and Jupiter 
 shall come down abundantly in fertilising rain. 
 
 61. CoR. The poplar is Alcides' best-loved tree, the vine 
 lacchus', the myrtle fair Venus', his own bay tree Phoebus' ; 
 Phyllis loves the hazels; so long as Phyllis loves them. 
 
20 -VERGIL. 
 
 rieither the myrtle nor the bays of Phoebus shall surpass 
 the hazels. 
 
 Thyr. The ash in woodlands is the faii-est tree, the pine 
 in gardens, the poplar by rivers, the fir on lofty mountains ; 
 but if oft and again, fau' Lycidas, thou wouldest visit me, to 
 thee would bow the ash in the woodlands, the pine in the 
 gardens. 
 
 Mel. This I remember, and that Thyrsis competed in 
 vain and was beaten. From that time Corydon is Corydon 
 with us. 
 
 THE EIGHTH ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. I will tell of the shepherd's muse, the muse of Damon 
 and Alphesiboeus, at whose rivalry the heifer stood mar- 
 velling, all heedless of the pasture, by whose song the 
 lynxes were spellbound, and rivers changed and lulled their 
 flow to rest, — of Damon's muse I will tell, the muse of 
 Alphesiboeus. 
 
 Whether, as I guess, thou art now weathering the rocks 
 of the broad Timavus or coasting along the shore of the 
 Illyrian Sea : Oh, will that day ever come, when it shall be 
 mine to tell of thy deeds ? Oh, will it ever come to be mine 
 to publish through the whole world thy strains, that alone 
 are worthy of Sophocles' tragic genius 1 From thee is my 
 beginning, with thee shall be the end ;/ receive the strains 
 begun at thy behest, and let this ivy twine itself around thy 
 temples amid thy bays of victory. 
 
 The chill gloom of night had scarce passed away from the 
 sky, what time the dew on the soft grass is sweetest to the 
 kine, when Damon, leaning on his smoothed olive-staflf, thus 
 began : 
 
 17. Damon. Rise to birth, Morning Star, and usher in 
 the genial day, while I, cheated by an unrequited passion 
 for Nysa, my lady-love, lament, and to the gods, albeit I 
 have profited nothing from their testimony, dying I yet 
 make utterance in my last hour. Begin with me, my pipe, 
 Arcadian strains. The woodland that Maenalus possesses 
 
ECLOGUE VIII. 21 
 
 is ever tuneful, bis pines ever vocal, and alway he listens 
 to shepherds' loves and to Pan, who first would not suffer 
 the reeds to be idle. Begin with me, my pipe. Arcadian 
 strains. To Mopsus is Nysa given : what may we lovers 
 not expect ? Griffins shall now mate with horses, and in the 
 succeeding age timid deer shall come with hounds to drink. 
 Mopsus, cut thoLi fresh torches, it is thou who art taking 
 her to wife. Bridegroom, fling thou nuts about : for thee 
 the evening star is quitting Oeta. Begin with me, my pipe, 
 Arcadian strains. wedded wife of a worthy spouse, while 
 thou scornest all, and while thou loathest my pipe, and my 
 goats too, and my shaggy brow and long-grown beard, and 
 dost not Ibelieve that any god has regard for mortal's doings. 
 Begin wdth me, my pipe. Arcadian strains. Yet in our 
 orchard when thou wast but a girl I saw thee — I was 
 showing thee the way — gathering dewy apples with thy 
 mother. At that time I had already entered on my twelfth 
 year : I could already reach from the ground to the boughs 
 that were easy to break. 41. When I saw, how I was 
 undone ! What evil madness hurried me away ! Begin 
 with me, my pipe, Arcadian strains. Now I know what 
 manner of deity is Love : on rough rocks he was born of 
 Tmaros or Bhodope or the Garamentes at the world's end, 
 he is no son of our race or blood. Begin with me, my pipe, 
 Arcadian strains. Cruel Love taught a mother to imbrue 
 her hands in her children's blood, cruel wert thou too, 
 mother, a cruel mother thou, but that boy-god was more 
 wantonly wicked, 'n Wantonly wicked was that boy- god ; 
 cruel wert too, mother ! Begin with me, my pipe. 
 Arcadian strains. Now let the wolf, of his own accord, 
 flee even from sheep, let the tough oaks bear golden apples, 
 let the alder bloom with narcissus, let rich amber ooze 
 from the tamarisk's bark, let screech-owls vie even with 
 swans, and let Tityrus become Orpheus, — Orpheus in the 
 woods, among the dolphins Arion. Begin with me, my 
 pipe. Arcadian strains. Let all things, an thou wilt, become 
 the deep sea. Farewell, ye woods; headlong from the 
 watch tower on the lofty cliff into the waves I shall plunge ; 
 take this as my last dying gift. Cease, my pipe, cease at 
 last Arcadian strains. 
 
->4- 
 
 22 VERGIL. 
 
 Thus Damon sang, and do ye, nymphs of Pieria, tell 
 what answer Alphesiboeiis made; all things we cannot 
 all do. 
 
 64. Alphesiboeus. Bring forth water and bind around 
 the altar a soft fillet, burn juicy herbs and male frankin- 
 cense, that I may essay with magic rites to distract my 
 lover's sober heart ; nothing is wanting here but magic 
 spells. Biing home from the city, my spells, bring Daphnis- 
 home ! Spells can even di^aw down the moon from heaven, 
 with spells Circe transformed Ulysses' comrades, the cold 
 snake in the meadows is burst asunder by the singing of a 
 spell. Bring home from the city, my spells, bring Daphnis 
 home. First I wind round thee these three threads, differing 
 with three colours, and thrice around the altar I carry this 
 image ; the god takes delight in an uneven number. Bring 
 home from the city, my spells, bring Daphnis home ! 
 Amaryllis, twine three colours in three knots ; t^vine them, 
 Amaryllis, do, and say, " Chains of love I twine." Bring 
 home from the city, my spells, bring Daphnis home. Even 
 as this mud hardens and as this wax melts through one and 
 _the same fire, so may it be with Daphnis through love of 
 me. Sprinkle meal and burn crackling bay leaves with 
 bitumen. Daphnis burns my heart cruelly, I burn this bay 
 against Daphnis'. Bring home from the city, my spells^ 
 bring Daphnis home. 85. Ma,y such love take hold of 
 Daphnis, as when a heifer, wearied with seeking the steer 
 through woodlands and tall groves, beside some stream of 
 water falls down in the green sedge in utter despair and 
 remembers not to retire before the late night, — and may 
 I have no wish to relieve it. Bring home from the city, my 
 spells, bring Daphnis home. These relics that faithless 
 fellow left me long ago, dear pledges of himself, which now, 
 O earth, I consign to thee just at the threshold ; these 
 pledges owe me Daphnis. Bring home from the city, my 
 spells, bring Daphms home. These herbs and these poisons 
 gathered in Pontus, Moeris gave me with his own hand — in 
 Pontus they grow abundantly. I saw Moeris often change 
 himself into a wolf by means of these and hide in woods,, 
 and often summon spirits from the depths of the tomb, and 
 draw sown crops across to another field. Bring home from. 
 
ECLOGUE IX. 23 
 
 the city, my spells, bring Daphnis homo. 101. Bear ashes 
 out of doors, Amaryllis, and cast them into the running 
 stream and over your head, and look not back. By these 
 means I will assail Daphnis ; naught cares he for the gods, 
 naught for spells. Bring home from the city, my spells, 
 bring Daphnis home. See, even of themselves, the ashes 
 have caught the altar with flickering flames, while I was 
 slow in taking them up. Be it a good omen. There is 
 something of a surety, and Hylax is barking on the 
 threshold. Are we to believe it ? or do lovers fancy dreams 
 for themselves? Cease — from the city he is coming — now 
 cease, my- spells — Daphnis comes. 
 
 THE NINTH ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. Lycidas. Whither are you turning your footsteps, 
 T)aphnis ? I suppose it's whither the road leads — to th© 
 city ? 
 
 MoERis. O Lycidas, we have lived to hear a stranger — 
 a blow we never apprehended — in possession of our little 
 farm, saying : " These lands are mine ; you old tenants, 
 remove elsewhere." Now, defeated and sorrowful, for 
 chance turns all things upside down, we are taking these 
 kids to market for him — bad luck to him ! 
 
 Lyc. Well, I at any rate had heard that all the land 
 where the hills begin to withdraw, as they let the ridge 
 sink down with gentle slope, right down to tbe-^ountain 
 and to the old beeches with their now shattered tops — all 
 this — your Menalcas had saved by his songs. 
 
 MoER. You had heard, and so the story went ; but my 
 songs, Lycidas, avail among weapons of war only as much as 
 Chaonian doves, so the proverb runs, at the eagle's approach. 
 But had not a crow on the left warned me from a hollow 
 holm-oak to settle this new quarrel as best I might, neither 
 your friend Moeris here nor Menalcas himself would be 
 living. 
 
 17. Lyc. Ah ! can such guilt belong to any man ? Ah ! 
 has the comfort you bring us been so nearly stolen from us 
 
24 VERGIL. 
 
 along with yourself, Menalcas ? Who would sing of 
 nymphs? Who would strew the ground with flowering- 
 grasses or canopy the springs with verdant shade 1 Or who 
 would sing us the songs I silently gathered up in secret 
 from you the other day, when you were hurrying to our 
 darling, Amaryllis? '' Tityrus, till I return — the way is 
 short — feed my goats, and when they are pastured takQ 
 them to drink, Tityrus, and while you are taking them 
 beware of getting in the way of the he-goat — he butts." J 
 
 MoER. Ay, and this song which he was making for Varus 
 and had not yet finished: "Varus, your name, so but 
 Mantua be spared to us, Mantua, alas, all too near ill-fated 
 Cremona, swans shall bear in their song aloft to the stars." 
 
 30. Lyc. If you would have your swarms avoid Corsican 
 yews, if you would have your cows when pastured fill their 
 udders full — begin any strain that you know. Me also the 
 Muses of Pieria have made a poet ; I too have songs, me 
 also the shepherds call a bard ; yet am I not fain to behave 
 them, for methinks I cannot yet make lays worthy of 
 Varius or Cinna, but I cackle like a goose among tuneful 
 swans. 
 
 MoER. That is just what I am busied with, Lycidas, and 
 I am silently communing with my heart, if haply I may 
 be able to remember ; and it is no mean song. " Hither 
 come, Galatea ; whatever sport is there in the waves ? 
 Here is blushing spring, here around the rivers the earth 
 pours forth flowers of many a hue, here a white poplar 
 overhangs the cave and bending vines weave a shady canopy. 
 Hither come ; let the wild waves lash the shore." 
 
 44. Lyc. What of those songs I heard you singing alone 
 beneath the clear night sky ? I can recall the tune, if I 
 only remembered the words. 
 
 MoER. " Daphnis, why look you at the risings of the old 
 constellations? Lo, the star of Caesar, scion of Dione's 
 race, has come forth, the star to make corn-fields glad with 
 harvests, and to make the grape overspread itself with 
 purple on the sunny hills. Graft pear trees, Daphnis : your 
 children's children shall pluck the fruit." Time bears away 
 all with it, even the memory. I remember how in my 
 boyish days I often sang the long sunny days to rest : now 
 
ECLOGUE X. 25 
 
 my many songs are forgotten ; even his very voice is fleeing 
 from Moeris ; wolves have seen Moeris ere he saw them. 
 However Menalcas will sing you often enough the songs 
 you want. 
 
 56. Ltc. By your excuses you put ofl: my longings to a 
 distant time. And see, even now all the sea is laid and 
 calm, and, lo, every breath of the whispering wind has 
 fallen. Just here we are half-way on our journey ; for 
 Bianor's tomb is beginning to come into view. Here where 
 the husbandmen are stripping off the thick foliage, here, 
 Moeris, let us sing ; here set your kids down, we shall 
 reach the city for all that. Or if we fear that night may 
 gather a shower first, we can go singing all the way — the 
 journey would be less tiresome. That we may go singing 
 I will relieve you of this burden. 
 
 MoER. Say no more, my boy, and let us do the work 
 before us ; we shall sing our songs better when the master 
 himself has come. 
 
 THE TENTH ECLOGUE. 
 
 1. This last task, Arethusa, grant me to accomplish: a 
 brief song for my G-allus, yet such as even Lycoris may 
 read. A brief song I must sing : who would refuse a song 
 to Grallus ? Begin, if thou wouldst have the goddess of the 
 briny deep forbear to mingle her waters with thine, when 
 tbou glidest beneath the waves of Sicily ; let us tell of 
 Galhis' troublous passion, while the flat-nosed goats are 
 browsing on the tender bushes. We sing not to the deaf ; 
 the woods re-echo all our strains. 
 
 9. What groves or what glades were ye haunting, ye 
 fountain-nymphs, when Grallus was dying through unre- 
 quited love ? For it was not Parnassus' peaks or any ridge 
 of Pindvis that caused your delay, no nor Aonian Aganij.-pe. 
 Even the laurels, even the tamarisks wept for him, for him 
 as he lay down by the lone rock ; even pine- clad Maenalus 
 Lnd the stones of chill Lycaeus wept. And the sheep are 
 standing around — and we are not ashamed of them, nor be 
 
 EcL 12 
 
26 VEKGIL. 
 
 thou ashamed of thj flock, heavenly poet : fair Adonis also 
 pastured sheep by the river's side — and the shepherd came, 
 and the wearj swineherds came, dripping from the steep- 
 ing of winter acorns came Menalcas. All ask, "Whence 
 that passion of thine ? " Apollo came. " Why, Gallus, S0| 
 mad?" said he; "thy love, Lycoris, through snows and! 
 through the fierce camp, has gone after another." There i 
 came, too, Silvanus, with a rural garland on his brow, 
 nodding the flowering fennel and giant lilies. Pan, the god 
 of Arcadia, came, whom we have seen with our own eyes, 
 crimsoned with blood-red dane-wort berries and vermilion 
 dye. " Shall there be no limit to your weeping ? " says he, 
 *' Love cares not for such grief, cruel love is not sated with 
 tears, any more than grass with the streams, or bees with 
 cjtisus, or goats with leafage." But sadly he said : " Yot 
 sing of this to your mountains : only Arcadians are skilled 
 in song. Oh how softly would my bones rest if hereafter 
 the pipe you shepherds play should tell the story of my 
 love ! " 
 
 34. And would that I had been one of you and either 
 a shepherd of your flock or a dresser of the ripening grapes ! 
 Verily whether Phyllis or Amyntas were my passion or 
 any other, — what then, supposing Amyntas is swarthy ? 
 Dark are the violets and the hyacinths are dark. With 
 me among the willows, beneath the pliant vine such a one 
 would be ; Phyllis would gather me garlands, Amyntas 
 would sing. Here are cool springs, here are soft meadows, 
 Lycoris, here is a grove ; here by thy side I should be 
 worn away by age alone. Now passion for the ruthless fray 
 keeps me under arms amidst swords and advancing foemen. 
 Far from thy fatherland — and would it were mine not to 
 believe so cruel a rumour. hard heart, without me 
 and alone thou lookest upon the Alpine snows and the 
 frosts of the Ehine. Oh may the frosts do thee no harm! 
 Oh may the hard ice forbear to cut thy tender feet! I 
 will go and I will attune to the Sicilian shepherd's pipe 
 the songs I have composed in Ghalcidian verse. It is my 
 resolve to choose rather to suffer in the woods among the 
 caves of the wild beasts and to carve my love on the 
 tender trees. They will grow, and you will grow, my love. 
 
ECLOGUE X. 27 
 
 55. Meanwhile I will mingle witli the nymphs and roam 
 over Maenaliis, or I will hunt fierce boars. Not any cold 
 shall li:eep me from besetting the glades of Parthenius 
 with hounds. Already I seem to see myself walking amid 
 rocks and echoing groves ; I feel a desire to shoot Cydonian 
 shafts from a Parthian bow. As if such shifts as these 
 would be a remedy for my mad passion, or that god would 
 learn to show compassion to men's woes ! Now again I 
 care not for the wood-nymphs nor even for songs ; again, 
 even ye woods, farewell. Our efforts cannot change him, 
 not though in midwinter we should drink of the Hebrus_ 
 and endure snows of Sithonia in slushy winter time ; not 
 though, when the bark is dried up and dying on the tall 
 elm, we should drive about the flocks of the Aethiopians 
 beneath the star of Cancer. All things Love conquers : 
 let us, too, yield to Love. 
 
 This will be enough, ye goddesses of Pieria, for your 
 poet's song, while he sits and weaves a basket of slender 
 marsh-mallow twigs ; you will make this of the greatest 
 worth in Gallus' eyes, Gallus for whom my love grows each 
 hour, as much as in early spring the green alder shoots 
 aloft. Let us rise : shade is wont fco harm the singer ; the 
 juniper shade does harm ; the shades are bad even for 
 crops. Go home, ye have eaten your fill, go, my goats, the 
 evening star is rising. 
 
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