s<   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 R
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 WILLIAM G. KERCKHOFF 
 
 TO THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 THE LIBRARY OF 
 FRIEDRICH KLUGE
 
 tJNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 LIBRARY
 
 PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH 
 
 GUTTURALS. 
 
 BY 
 
 BENRY CECIL WYLD, B.Litt., 
 
 Corp '' llegt , ' * ford. 
 
 119991 
 
 PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, HERTFORD. 
 
 1899. 
 
 81
 
 PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 COUNCIL, 1897-98. 
 
 President. 
 LORD ALDENHAM, M.A. 
 
 Vice-Presidents. 
 
 WHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L., LED. 
 
 HENRY SWEET. M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. 
 
 JAMES A. H. MURRAY, LL.D., M.A. 
 
 THE REY PROF. W. W. SKRAT, Litt.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D. 
 
 THE REV. PROF. A. H. SAYCE, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D. 
 
 HENRY BRADLEY, M.A. 
 
 PROF. A. S. NAPIER, M.A., Ph.D. 
 
 Ordinary Members of Council '. 
 
 J. AMOURS, ESQ. 
 
 E. L. BRANDRETH, ESQ. 
 TALFOURD ELY, M.A. 
 PROF. G. FOSTER, Ph.D. 
 P. GILES, M.A. 
 
 I. GOLLANOZ, M.A. 
 
 F. HEATH, Ph.D. 
 
 PROF. W. S. McCORMICK, M.A. 
 W. R. MORF1LL, M.A. 
 J. PEILE. M.A., Litt.D. 
 PROF. J. P. POSTGATE, M.A. 
 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY, M.A. 
 PROE. C. RIEU, Ph.D. 
 J. H. STAPLES, ESQ. 
 
 SHADWORTH HODGSON, LL.D. W. II. STEVENSON, M.A. 
 
 PROF. W. P. KER, M.A. PROF. J. STRACHAN, M.A. i 
 
 R. MARTINEAU, M.A. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 BENJAMIN DAWSON, B.A., The Mount, Hampstead, London, N.W. 
 
 Hon. Secretary. 
 F. J. FURNIVALL, M.A., Ph.D., 3, St. George's Square, Primrose Hill, N.W. 
 
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 knowledge of, the Structure, the Affinities, and the History of Languages. 
 
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 The letters A, B, C, D, E, and F have been published. The letters G and II are 
 in course of publication. (Volunteers willing to read for the Dictionary should 
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 Spellings." Trubner & Co. 6d. 
 
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 < V 
 
 * I I
 
 -! 
 
 1 
 
 I IS* 
 
 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 
 
 I am indebted to Professor Napier for several valuable 
 corrections and suggestions connected with ray paper, and I take 
 this opportunity of expi'essing my gratitude to him for the time 
 and trouble he has bestowed upon my work while in proof. In 
 the subjoined list of emendations I have added (N.) after each 
 remark which Mr. Napier suggested. For all other slips or errors 
 throughout the work which are left uncorrected, I alone am 
 responsible. 
 
 July, 1899. H. C. W. 
 
 Page 9. " These forms (in -einte) are not particularly early," etc. Adreintum, 
 suffocate-, and acweinte, compressit ; occur in a gloss of eleventh 
 century, shortly to be published by Mr. Napier. (N.) 
 „ 9. After words " Kuthwell Cross, circ. 680," add (?). (N.) 
 ,, 10 (bottom of page). " cu often appears as ciu " ; read 'sometimes.' (N.) 
 *G ,, 12. Domesday spellings do not yield much evidence one way or the other, 
 jj as they are those of foreign scribes. (N.) . 
 
 ,, 13, line 12. For seccan read secean. 
 , 13, line 31. The spelling bisch op is noted by Keimann in his dissertation 
 
 on the Hatton Gospels. 
 , 14, line 14. " k apparently is not used at all." This is an error. (N.) 
 & k is rare in Vespas, A. 22, but occurs occasionally, e.g. iu the 
 
 word 'king' several times, on pp. 231, 233, and 235, etc. (Morris, 
 " O.E. Homilies," 1st series). 
 ®. ,, 16. Delete ' workinde,' Hue 15, and ' swinken,' line 17. 
 
 V« 77 7 7 7 
 
 ,, 19, line 20. " before O.E. m = Germ, a" etc. ; for a read a. 
 "A ,, 22. The form hiniongee cannot be explained as due to a scribal error. The 
 
 fronted form occurs in Durham Book. (N.) Cf. Cook's Glossary, 
 
 p. 92. The fronting awaits explanation. 
 ,, 23, line 22. For ' doubtless ' read ' possibly.' 
 ,, 24. " Pronunciation of M.E. g, 3." g had disappeared (in pronunciation 
 
 at least) already in O.E. after front vowels, and even when 
 
 written often does not imply a cousonantal sound. Cf. O.E. 
 
 swejn = O.N. svein. (N.) I have already pointed out that even 
 
 Epinal has snel (p. 20, 1. 38). 
 ,, 26, last line. Eead Lady Margaret Hall. 
 ,, 35. Another example of h 4- open consonant becoming <■ in O.E. is 
 
 weocsteall = weohsteall, for which form see Napier, " Engl. Stud.," 
 
 xi, p. 04. (N.) 
 ,, 35, etc. It should bo distinctly understood that in the lists which follow 
 
 two distinct- phenomena are illustrated: (1) The stopping of g and 
 
 li I re "pen consonants; (2) the unfronting of £ and ej, before 
 
 open consonants. 
 ,, 56. Werchte has been by a slip included in the Kentish Gospels li-l oi 
 
 -rch words, ch in this word represeuts of coi 
 
 open consonant.
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF 
 THE GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH. 
 
 By Henry Cecil AVyld, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 
 
 [Read at the Meeting of the Philological Society on Friday, April 14, 1899.] 
 
 Peefatoht Remarks. 
 
 The following is a study and history of four classes of English 
 sounds : — 
 
 1. Old Engl. c. Back (guttural) and front (palatal). 
 
 2. Old Engl. j. Back and front. 
 
 3. Old Engl. ci. 
 
 4. Old Engl. h. Back and front. 
 
 *&■■ 
 
 All these sounds are here considered only as occurring medially 
 and finally. My remarks are based upon an extensive collection 
 of forms which I have culled with no little labour from O.E. and 
 M.E. texts, and from modern dialect glossaries. My collections 
 of Literary English words are from Professor Skeat's larger 
 Etymological Dictionary. I shall discuss the pronunciation of 
 the sounds which I have mentioned in O.E., and it will be seen 
 that in several points I venture to differ from the commonly 
 received views of Messieurs Kluge, Sievers, and Bulbring. I 6hall 
 then investigate the M.E. forms of O.E. c, j, c%, etc., as they 
 appear in the most important texts of M.E. For this purpose 
 the word-lists are arranged chronologically and geographically, so 
 as to show at once the historical development of the sounds, and 
 their distribution in the various M.E. dialects. With regard to 
 the modern dialects, the arrangement is chiefly geographical, 
 beginning with the North and working down to the extreme 
 South of England. The order of the lists is as far as possible 
 from west to east. 
 
 I have also added other lists which show at a glance in which 
 dialects of Modern English many of the most important words 
 of the above-mentioned four classes occur. A special feature of the 
 
 1
 
 
 2 
 
 paper is the explanation which I venture to offer of the so-called 
 'irregular' or 'Northern' forms, such as 'seek,' 'think,' 
 'hagthora,' ' heckfer,' 'to lig = to lie,' etc, etc. (Seep. 119.) 
 
 I cannot but think that in the main the law here formulated 
 must be accepted, though it is of course inevitable that many 
 of my applications of it will be disputed, and that opinions will 
 differ as to the exact geographical area over which it obtained. 
 
 In conclusion, I have to thank Professors Napier and Wright 
 for their kindness and courtesy at all times in giving me 
 valuable advice and suggestions. To Dr. Sweet I owe far more 
 than I can adequately set down here; not only have I had the 
 privilege of a training in practical phonetics from him, but I have 
 also enjoyed the advantage of frequent private discussion with 
 him of every part of my work in the course of its carrying out. 
 
 Oxford, April, 1899. 
 
 LIST OF MIDDLE ENGLISH TEXTS USED IN THE FOLLOWING 
 
 WORK. 
 
 Scotch and Northern Texts. 
 
 Barbour's Bruce, 1330. 
 Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. 
 Gavin Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 Complaynt of Scotland, 1549. 
 
 Metrical Psalter, Yrks., before 1300. 
 
 Cursor Mundi, Yrks., 1300. 
 
 Minot, Yrks., 1333-52. 
 
 Prick of Conscience, Yrks., before 1349. 
 
 Sir Gawayn, Northern, 1360. 
 
 Townley Mysteries, Yrks., 1450. 
 
 Northern Glossary (Wright- Wiilcker, xviii), fifteenth century. 
 
 Wars of Alexander, Yrks., late fifteenth century. 
 
 Catholicon, Yrks., 1483. 
 
 Mauipulus, Yrks., 1570. 
 
 Midland Texts. 
 
 Alliterative Poems, Lancashire, 1360. 
 Metrical Romances, Lanes., 1420. 
 
 Ormulum, Lines., 1200. 
 
 Havelok the Dane, N.E. Midland, 1300. 
 
 Robert of Bruuue, 1338.
 
 Hali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. 
 William of Palerne, W. Midi., 1350. 
 Earliest Prose Psalter, W. Midi., 1375. 
 Myrc, Shropshire, 1400. 
 
 MS. Harl. 2253 (Boddeker's Altenglische Dichtungen), Herefordshire, 1310. 
 
 A Worcester Glossary (Wright- Wiilcker, xiii), twelfth century. 
 
 Lajamon, Worcs , 1205. 
 
 Guy of Warwick, thirteenth century. 
 
 Songs and Carols (Wright. Warton Club, 1856), Warwickshire, 1400. 
 
 Palladius on Husbondrie, Essex, 1420. 
 
 Peterborough Chronicle, 1122-1154. 
 
 Bestiary, E. Midi., before 1250. 
 
 Genesis and Exodus, E. Midi., 1250. 
 
 Returns of Norfolk Guilds, 1389. 
 
 Wills and Inventories, Norfolk, fifteenth century. 
 
 Promptorium, Norfolk, 1440. 
 
 Bokenham's Poems, Suffolk, before 1447. 
 
 Wicliffe. E.E.T.S., 1880. 
 
 Chaucer. Skeat's ed., six vols. 
 
 Political Songs. Wright, Bolls Series, 1859-61 ; 2 vols. 
 
 Southern Texts. 
 
 St. Katherine, Gloucestershire, 1200. 
 
 Robt. of Gloucester, 1300. 
 
 St. Juliana (Metrical Life), Gloucestershire, 1300. 
 
 Piers Plowman, 1363-93. 
 
 Sir Ferumbras, Devon, 1380. 
 St. Editha, Wilts, 1400. 
 
 St. Juliana (Prose Life), Dorset, 1200. 
 Sawles Warde, Dorset, 1210. 
 Wooing of our Lord, Dorset, 1210. 
 Ancren Riwle, Dorset, 1225. 
 Owle and Nightingale, Dorset, 1246-50. 
 
 Sir Beves of Hamtoun, Hants, 1327. 
 Usages of Winchester, Hants, 1360. 
 
 Kenti-ii I to pels, 1150. 
 
 Kentish Homilies (Vespas, A. 22), 1200. 
 
 Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. 
 
 Moral Ode (MS. Digby, 4), Kent, early thirteenth century. 
 
 Kentish Sermons, 1200-50. 
 
 William of Shoreham, Kent, 1307-27. 
 
 Ayciiliilc hi lnwyt, Kent, 1340. 
 
 Libeaux Desconus, Kent, 1350.
 
 LIST OF MODERN DIALECTS, AVITH AUTHORS OF GLOSSARIES 
 
 HERE USED. 
 
 Northumberland, Heslop, 1892-4. 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 1878-81. 
 
 Westmoreland, Wheeler, 1802 ; Westmoreland and Cumberland, 1839. 
 Durham (Hetton-le-Hole), Palgrave, 1896; Teesdale Glossary, 1849. 
 fW. Yrks (Cleveland), Atkinson, 1869-76. 
 
 N. Yrks. (Swaledale), Harland, 1873. 
 
 N.E. Yrks. (Whitby), Robinson, 1876. 
 Yorkshire / N.Mid. Yrks. (Windhill), Wright, 1893. 
 
 Mid. Yorka , Robinson, 1S76. 
 
 W. Yrks. (Almondsbury and Huddersfield), Easther, 1883. 
 k S.W. Yrks. (Sheffield), Addy, 1888-90. 
 
 Lancashire, Nodall and Milner, 1875-82. 
 
 Cheshire, Holland, 1884-6 ; South Cheshire, Darlington, 1887. 
 
 Derbyshire, Pegge, Skeat, Hallam. 
 
 ( N. Lines., Sutton, 1881. 
 Lincolnshire { N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. 
 
 ( S.W. Lines., Cole, 1886. 
 Shropshire, Jackson, 1879; Salopia Antiqua, Hartshorne, 1841. 
 Staffordshire, Poole, 1880. 
 Leicestershire, Evans, 1881. 
 Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. 
 Norfolk, Rye (East Auglia, 1895); Spurdens, 1879; Cosens-Hardy, 1893; 
 
 Nail, 1866. 
 Herefordshire, Havergal, 1887. 
 
 ( Upton-on-Severn, Lawson, 1884. 
 Worcestershire | W. Wrcs., Chamb'erlaine, 1882. 
 ( S.E. Wrcs., Salisbury, 1894. 
 
 Warwickshire, Northall, 1896. 
 
 Northamptonshire, Baker, 1854. 
 
 Bedfordshire, Batchelor, 1809 (Glossary at end of " An Orthoe'pical Analysis 
 
 of the English Language "). 
 Suffolk, Moore, 1823. 
 Gloucestershire, Robertson, 1890. 
 Oxfordshire, Parker, 1876-81. 
 Berkshire, Lowsley, 1888. 
 
 Essex, Charnock, 1880 ; Clarke, Tales in Essex Dialect. 
 W. Somersetshire, Elworthy, 1886. 
 Wiltshire, Dartnell and Goddard, 1893; Akerman, 1842. 
 Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1876-93. 
 Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. 
 
 !W. Cornwall, Courtney. 
 E. Cornwall, Couch. 
 Cornish Glossary, Monthly Mag., 1809. 
 „ ,, Journ. of Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1864, 
 
 Garland ; another in same place by Couch ; Cornish Tales, 
 Tregelles. 
 Devon, Hewett, 1892 ; (Harland) Chope, 1891 ; Exmoor Scolding. 
 Dorset, Barnes, 1886.
 
 Hampshire, Cope, 1883. 
 
 Isle of Wight, Smith, 1881 ; Long, 1886. 
 
 Sussex, Cooper, 1853 ; Parish, 1879. 
 
 OTHER DICTIONARIES, GLOSSARIES, AND CHIEF WORKS 
 
 USED. 
 
 English Dialect Dictionary, A to Dinner, Wright. 
 
 Grose, Provincial Glossary, 1811. 
 
 Ray, Collection of North Country Words (1691) : Pt. iii, Reprinted Glossaries, 
 
 ed. Skeat, E.D.S., 1874. 
 White Kennet (Bp.), Parochial Antiquities (with Glossary at end), Oxford, 1695. 
 
 Skeat' 1 s Reprinted Glossaries — Thanet by Lewes. 
 
 Norfolk, Marshall. 
 Yorks, Willon. 
 
 Glos'ter by Marshall. 
 Yorks, Marshall. 
 W. Devon, Marshall. 
 
 Thoresby's Letter to Ray. 
 Glossary to Burns' Works, Henley, 1897. (In Vol. IV.) 
 Bp. Percy's Folio MS., 1867-68, Hales and Furnivall (Gloss in Vol. IV). 
 HalliiveW s Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, 3rd ed., 1855. 
 Wares' Glossary, ed. Halliwell, 1859. 
 
 Dictionary of English Plant-Names, Britten and Holland, E D.S., 1878-86. 
 Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Bosworth- Toller. 
 Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 
 Middle English Dictionary, Stratman-Bradley, 1891. 
 The New English Dictionary, Murray. 
 Johnson's Dictionary, 1st folio ed., 1755. 
 Skeat' s Etymological Dictionary, 1888. 
 Florio, Worlde of Wordes, 1598. 
 Cotgrave-Howell, 1673. 
 
 Minsheu, Guide iuto Tongues (Emendatio, 2nd ed.). 
 Bailey, 2nd ed., 1724. 
 
 Kluge, Etymologisches Worterbuch d. deutschen Sprache. 
 Wrigkt-Wulcker, Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies, 1884. 
 Skeat' s Maeso-Gothic Glossary. 
 Uhlenbeck, Kurz gefasstes etymologisches Worterbuch der Gotischen Sprache. 
 
 ( Letter in Academy, Feb. 22, 1890. 
 Napier \ Notes on Orthography of the Ormulum, Oxford, 1893 ; also in History 
 
 ( of the Holy Rood-tree, ed. Napier, E.E.T.S., 1894. 
 
 ~ . , f Gotisches Elementarbuch, 1897. 
 
 istremerg | rj rgermanische Grammatik, 1896. (Urgerm. Gr.) 
 
 ~. ( Phonetik, 4 Autk, 1893. 
 
 severs ( ^^^[^^^ Grammatik, 3 Aufl., 1898. (A.S. Gr.) 
 
 Morsbach, Mittelenglische Grammatik, 1st part, 1896. (M.E. Gr.) 
 
 ! History of English Sounds, 1888. (II.E.S.) 
 Oldesl English Texts : Facsimile of Epinal Glossary. 
 Anglo-Saxon Reader, 7th ed., 1894. (A.S. Reader.) 
 Primer of Phonetics. 
 Paid, Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, Bd. i, 1891. (Grundr.) 
 Paul and Braime, Beitrage zur Geschichte der duutschen Sprache und Litteratur. 
 
 (P.B.B.) 
 Cook, A Glossary of the Old Northumbrian Gospels, 1894.
 
 6 
 
 Lindelof, Glossar zur altnorth. Evangelieniibersetzung in der Rushworth- 
 
 handschrift, 1897. 
 Ten Brink, Chaucer's Sprache and Verskunst, 2 Aufl., Kluge, 1899. (Chaucer's 
 
 Spr.) 
 Brate, Nordische Lehirworter in Ormulum (in P.B.B.. x). 
 Ehtge, Geschichte der Englischen Sprache (in Grundr., pp. 781-90), cited by page. 
 Biilbring, Beihlatt zur Anglia: July-August, 1898, and February, 1899. 
 
 t, List of Books illustrating English Dialects, 1873-75. (E.D.S.) 
 Wright, Englische Mundarten, Grundr., Bd. i, p. 975. 
 
 (These last two works are invaluable as bibliographical guides.) 
 Brandl, M.E. Literaturgeschichte, in Grundr., ii, pp. 609-718. 
 
 O.E. c. 
 
 O.E. c corresponds to Germanic *k, Indo-Germanic *g. O.E. 
 ceosan, Goth, kiusan, Gk. ^eww; O.E. ^tec, O.Icel. bak, Lat. tego ; 
 O.E. cyn, Goth, kuni, Gk. 761/0$, etc. O.E. c occurs initially, 
 medially, and finally ; it may stand before all vowels, and 
 before I, n, r. 
 
 c in O.E. is the symbol both of a back (guttural) and of a front 
 (palatal) sound. 
 
 Before a primitive back vowel c was a back stop consonant in 
 O.E., and also before y, e, ce, etc. = Germ. *u, -0, a, with i- 
 umlaut ; and before consonants such as I, r, etc. 
 
 On the other hand, c was fronted before original front vowels, 
 *, e, etc., before Germ. *j, and when final, after front vowels 
 (Sweet, H.E.S., § 589, but cf. § 74). In O.E. itself the *j lias 
 disappeared, leaving its mark, however, by fronting a preceding 
 back vowel. Thus hoc has dat. sing, and n. pi. bee = *boki, 
 *bokiz (cf. Streitberg, Urgerm. Gr., p. 249). The 6 here is fronted 
 to e through the medium of the *h, O.E. bee therefore must have 
 had a fronted c, and that this was actually the case is proved by 
 the M.E. forms ba3ch (Mk. i, 2), bech (Lk. iii, 4), in Kentish 
 Gospels, MS., Hatton, 38, circ. 1150, where -ch ='O.E. fronted c. 
 (Fronted c will henceforth be written c.) The best test of the 
 front character of an O.E. c is its appearance as ch in Middle 
 and Modern English. See on above, Sweet, H.E.S., p. 143, and 
 A.S. Header (7th ed., § 110-20); Kluge, Paul's Grundr., Ed. i, 
 pp. 836-40; Sievers, A.S. Or., §§ 206, 207.
 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 With regard to c, there seems no reason for doubting that it 
 had the character of a back-stop consonant in O.E., in all cases 
 where that sound is found in the Modern English equivalents 
 hoc 'book,' locian 'look,' drinkan 'drink,' smoca 'smoke,' stracian 
 ' to stroke,' etc. 
 
 The question of the pronunciation of c is much more difficult 
 to determine, and opinion is divided on the subject. On one 
 point everyone is agreed, namely, that 6 was clearly distinguished 
 in sound from c ; the question which awaits settlement is, had 
 O.E. 6 the sound of Engl, ch, i.e. a point-teeth-stop consonant 
 followed by a blade-point-open consonant, or had it some sound 
 intermediate between this and the back stop ? 
 
 Kluge's view is clearly expressed in Grrundr., p. 839, where 
 he says : — " Im Siiden ist 6 seit dem 10 Jahrh. in der Palatisierung 
 (ts) [that is our ch sound] vorangeschritten. Zunachst ist gewiss 
 kj, tj, fur c eingetreten." He cites cases of the spelling eg for t-g, 
 e.g.: orcseard, Cur.-Past., 487, for ortgeard; muncgiu, Wulfstan, 
 ed. Napier, p. 152 = muntjuw, etc. ; feccan from fetian (Piatt, 
 Angl. 6, 177). From these spellings Kluge infers the pro- 
 nunciation 'tj' for O.E. c. The pronunciation ts for M.E. ch 
 must, he thinks, have arisen early, in support of which view 
 he adduces M.E. etch = O.E. edisc, and Mod. Engl. French for 
 frencisc, M.E. worchip = O.E. wur]?scipe, etc. No less categorical 
 is the statement of Sievers, Angls. Or., § 206 (4): — "Die palatalen 
 verschlusslaute c und (c) j sind offenbar bereits ziemlich friihe zu 
 palatalen affricaten d. h. lauten von dem Klange der neuengl. 
 ch und dg (also annahernd ts und di geworden). Dies ergiebt 
 sich aus den formen wie orceard, feccean (neuengl. orchard, 
 fetch), etc." 
 
 Biilbring, in a most valuable article which just appeared (in 
 " Beiblatt zur Anglia," February, 1899), " Was lasst sich aus dem 
 gebrauch der buchstaben k und c im Mattaus - Evangelium des 
 Rushworth-Manuscripts folgern?", expresses his views as follows : 
 " Die thatsache, dass Farman seinen gebrauch des c und k im 
 anlaut nach dem Lateinischen geregelt hat, ist nicht ohne wert 
 fur die bestimmung des lautwertes des ae. c zu seiner Zeit und 
 in seiner Mundart. jS'icht nur sieht man, dass er sich deutlich 
 eines Unterschcides zwischen dem anlaut z.b. von ciken und 
 kiuing bewusst war; sondern es muss cine gewisse ahnlichkeit der
 
 8 
 
 aussprache des c. z.b. in ae. cerdem und lat certum gewesen sein, 
 die ihn zu der oben dargelegten \interseheidung brachte. Da er 
 das lat c vor palatalen vokalen wie {ts) spracb, so muss er das 
 ae. 6 ebenfals dental gesprochen baben, d.b. ganz oder ungefahr 
 we ne. {U)." > 
 
 (See, however, Biilbring's remarks in Anglia Beiblatt, July- 
 August, 1898, at bottom of p. 74, where the distinction is very 
 clearly drawn between "palatalization and subsequent dentali- 
 zation," etc., with which I largely agree.) 
 
 As against above views, Sweet has always maintained that 
 O.E. c was a front-stop consonant (see H.E.S., § 496, and A.S. 
 Header, Introduction, § 120). This view, which I believe to 
 be the only sound one, has hardly been stated by Sweet himself 
 with sufficient cogency, and has perhaps on this account been 
 pretty generally ignored by other scholars. By a front stop is 
 simply meant a stop formed with that part of the tongue which 
 is used in forming the (German) /-sound. This latter sound is 
 in fact the front-open- voice consonant, the voiceless form of it 
 being the final sound in German ' ich.' In forming the front 
 stops the middle or ' front ' part of the tongue is pressed against 
 the hard palate just behind the aiveolars, the effect being that 
 of a kind of t or d, according to whether there is voice or not. 
 "When the stop is opened a j'-like off-glide is heard, and it is this 
 off-glide that gives the sound its very characteristic ' colour.' 
 These stops are heard in Sw. kyssa, kenua ; Russ. ^fl^fi, 'uncle,' 
 and mutp., 'mother.' I submit the following reasons for con- 
 sidering the several contentions (which, indeed, vary slightly) of 
 Messrs. Kluge, Sievers, and Biilbring untenable : — 
 
 Firstly. The process of passing from a back or even perhaps 
 a root-stop consonant to a point-teeth stop + a blade-point-open 
 (which is practically what the above scholars mean by such 
 symbols as ts, etc.), must of necessity be a very long one. 
 
 Secoudly. O.E. c is constantly doubled, and there would be 
 no reason for doubling what is already a complex sound. Tlius, 
 if O.E. c'=U, O.E. 66 must = either tsts or ttts, which are 
 unpronounceable combinations. c must therefore have been 
 a single, simple sound. 
 
 Thirdly. If O.E. 6 had really become a double sound it could 
 not possibly have become k, as we know it did in certain com- 
 binations, cf. M.E. sekJ> = O.E. sec]'. To suppose that c had got 
 over all the stages from k to point-teeth t, had also developed the
 
 sh sound after it, and could then suddenly go right back to 
 k again, is surely unreasonable. 
 
 Fourthly. M.E. forms like bleinte, queinte, seinte = O.E. 
 blencte, cwenete, sencte, could only have been produced by the 
 influence of a front stop. These forms are not particularly early 
 (I have fouud more in R. of Glos., 1300, than in any other text), 
 and they seem to show that 6 remained a front stop pure and 
 simple until well into the M.E. period. Had O.E. 6 already = ts, 
 it seems to me inconceivable that the -eint forms could ever have 
 arisen at all. This diphthongizing process will be discussed later 
 on in considering the fate of c in M.E. 
 
 The well-worn arguments based on orceard, feccan, etc., 
 which appear regularly in all discussions of this question, are 
 surely entirely without cogency, and the spellings tell quite as 
 much in favour of the front-stop theory as of the other. Putting 
 aside the fact that the identity of fetian and feccan is doubtful, 
 it would be quite sound to suppose that the combination tj or ti 
 of fetian had been assimilated to a simple consonant, and that 
 a front stop. This process is a common one, and Russian, for 
 instance, has many examples of it. nana, 'nurse,' is not 
 pronounced nia nia or nja nja, but with a front nasal followed 
 by -a; unfrl, 'uncle,' does not=dia dia or dja dja, but front- 
 stop voice followed by -a. 
 
 I have insisted thus strongly on the nature of O.E. c, because 
 the phenomena which meet us in inquiring into the subsequent 
 history of this sound are to me unintelligible on any other 
 assumption than the one I have endeavoured to justify. 
 
 Graphical Distinction between O.E. c and c. 
 
 The earliest linguistic monuments of O.E. are the Runic 
 inscriptions. Of these the most important are the Bewcastle 
 inscription (Cumberland), circ 670, and the Ruth well Cross 
 (Dumfriesshire), circ. 680. There are three different Runic symbols 
 for the c, c sounds, which represent perhaps the front 6, the front 
 variety of the back stop, and the back-stop normal position. 
 The following list gives all the examples of each variety that occur 
 in Vietor's " Die Northumbrischen Runensteine," 1895. Victor 
 transliterates the Ruuic symbols by c, c\ and k, c being front and
 
 10 
 
 c' back, but in the present list I shall use c for the front stop, as 
 throughout this paper, c for the back stop, and k for the modification 
 of the so-called gar rune. 
 
 Words with c — Alcfripu, Bew. 
 Bccun, Leeds. 
 Cubbereht, Lane. 
 Cynibalb, Lane. 
 Kyniqe, Ru. 
 Lices, gen. sing., Ru. 
 Rieoes, gen. sing., adj., Bew. 
 Ricnse, ac. sing., Ru. 
 Sigbecuu, Bew. 
 16, Ru. 
 
 On the 6 in these words see also Biilbring, Anglia Beiblatt, 
 July-August, 1898, p. 74. 
 
 Words with c — Becun, Thornhill. 
 Crist, Ru. 
 Cristtus, Bew. 
 Cwomu, Ru. 
 Cyniburug, Bew. 
 
 Words with k — Ivyniq, Bew., ace. sing. 
 Kynigc, Ru. 
 Uqket, pron. dual ace, Ru. 
 
 c and c in the MS. 
 
 The early glossaries do not distinguish between c and c in any 
 consistent manner. In the Corpus Gloss (Sweet, Oldest E.T.) 
 I can only find that k occurs twice: kylle, 231, kaeli^, 1119. 
 This gloss is early eighth century. The Epinal does not seem 
 to have any example of k at all in English words, c is used in 
 these glossaries both for the back and front sound, before all 
 vowels. Ep. and Erfurt occasionally write -ci for the latter sound, 
 as birciae, 'birch,' Ep. 792 and Erf. 1609; Erf. also has ciae 240, 
 ' a chough ' ; Ep. at same place writes chyae. 
 
 In West Saxon there is a pretty regular diphthongization of 
 primitive front vowels after c in the later texts, and before 
 a and o an e is written, while etc often appears as cut — drencium, 
 ecium, etc. (See Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 206, p. 103.) In Kentish
 
 11 
 
 and Mercian 6 does not diphthongize. Kt., Merc, e = W.S. «, but 
 Northumbrian (Rushw. and Lindisfarne) hesitates between a and ea. 
 (Sievers, A.S. Gr., § 157, 3.) In Beoivulf kyning occurs four 
 times with k, in lines 619, 665, 2,335, and 3,170; these are the 
 only cases of k in the whole poem. In Cur a Pastor alts k is 
 used in both MSS., but by far the greater number of the words 
 in which it occurs appear in other parts of the text, often on 
 the same page, with c. The following is a list of all the cases 
 I have found of It in this text as printed by Mr. Sweet (E.E.T.S., 
 xlv and 1.) The numbers refer to the page in Mr. Sweet's 
 edition. I have not always thought it worth while to say whether 
 a word which occurs several times on a page is always in the 
 same case; thus, on p. 2 we have kyning and kynings, but the 
 reference is simply 'kyning 2 (twice).' 
 
 Cotton MS. has k (initially) in the following words : kyning 2 
 (twice), 8, 32 (twice), 36, 38 (twice), 84, 90, 110, 112, 120, 144, 
 182, 186, 196, -252, 374; kySan 2; ky^de 146, (gekySde) 
 150; ky^onne 300, 310; angelkynne 2, 6 (twice); kynn 84; 
 kynelic 84 (five times); akolige 150; kraeft 152; karcernu 
 204; kyclum (darts) 296; koka (Cooks' gen. pi.) 310 (three 
 times) ; koiossensum 310. Medially k appears but rarely ; the 
 cases are : gioke 196, 200 ; koka (see above) ; ascoke (shake) 310. 
 
 The Hatton MS. has the following examples of k initially : 
 kyning 3 (twice), 9, 37, 39, 85, 91, 111, 113, 121, 145, 183, 197, 
 253, 375, 393 (twice) ; kynerices 6 ; ky^a^ 21 ; ky^anne 
 306, 363 ; geky^ 359 ; keled 57 (Cott. aled) ; kynelicne 85 
 (three times) ; kynn 85, 353 ; kenning 97 ; kystig 149, 327 
 kristes 213, 317, 323; kelnesse 309; koka 311 (three times) 
 akenned 313 ; kynrena, kycglum 297 ; kokke, kokkum 459 
 kok 459, 461 ; kylle 469 (twice). Of medial k I have found the 
 following examples: geoke 197; gioke 201; koka 311; ascoke 
 311; ^icke 329; fordikige 361, 383; seker 411; kokke and 
 kukkuni 459 ; murkien 467. I have only found two examples 
 of final -k: kok 459, 461. 
 
 Professor Biilhring (Anglia Beiblatt, February, 1899) has given 
 an exhaustive account of the use of k in llushworth 1 . 
 
 I disagree to a great extent with Mr. Bulbring's views on the 
 degree of 'palatalization' which took place in the North, so far 
 as I understand his remarks on this subject in the above article, 
 and in Anglia Beiblatt, July-August, 1898, p. 74, etc.; but as 
 this subject will he discussed in another part of the present paper,
 
 12 
 
 I will do no more here than say that he seems to me, on this 
 particular point, to reason in a circle. It is assumed that iu 
 words like so^h'ce, cujdice, swilce, etc., there was a it-sound 
 in the Northern dialects. But Farinan, the writer of MS. 
 Bushworth 1 , never writes one, " not even sometimes," therefore, 
 says Mr. Biilbring, he could not have been a Northerner. Now, 
 as the arguments in favour of the statement that Northern dialects 
 had the back sound in above words are of the slightest possible 
 kiud (see Biilbring, pp. 75 and 291), it would be rather more 
 reasonable to assume that k does not appear in these words in this 
 Northern MS. for the simple reason that c and not c was pro- 
 nounced in the North. 
 
 In the work known as Bushworth 2 , k is not used at all. For 
 this sound ch is occasionally written, as folches, wlonches (see 
 Bulbring, pp. 75 and 291, and Lindelof). Michil, etc., which 
 occurs in the Durham Book (see Cook's Glossary), seems also to 
 be an example of ch for k. At any rate, ch was a not uncommon 
 symbol for k in the latest O.E. and earliest M.E. period, and we 
 find spellings like Chingestone = Kingston, Chemere = Keymer in 
 the Sussex Doomsday Book (ed. Parish, 1886). 
 
 The spelling in Doomsday Book is, however, very irregular, 
 and ch is not infrequently written for c, as in Berchlie = Birch, 
 Berches ; Beche = Beech ; Bechingtone = Bechington. Chetel, 
 a tenant's name, may be either Norse Kettil with c, or Engl. 
 Chettle with c. On the other hand, we find Calvingtone = 
 Chalvington ; Cerlestone = Charlston ; and Cicestre = Chichester 
 (see lists of Place and Tenant's Names, in Parish's edition). 
 
 In the Peterborough Chronicle (MS. Laud, 636, ed. Thorpe, 
 and recently Earle) there seems to be hardly any trace of k, 
 except in foreign words, before the year 1122. Under Ann. 1091 
 we find, however, Kiseresburh = Cherbourg, and under Ann. 1098 
 utwikiujan (but gemakian 1102). Otherwise, so far as I can see, 
 we find for both back and front sounds in this part of the text. 
 "With Ann. 1122, however, the handwriting changes and we now 
 get kyng, king, etc., hut c still is used for both sounds ; thus 
 we get circe, cinnesmen (Ann. 1129). After 1135 h is used much 
 more frequently, but by no means exclusively for the back 
 sound, and we find cursede (1137); and, on the other hand, 
 makede, swikes (1135), smoked, snakes (1137). The spelling 
 Kiaeresburh is curious, and seems to point to the fact that the 
 French front sound of ch, whatever it was, differed from that
 
 13 
 
 of English c, otherwise we should not find the rather strange 
 combination kite- in a text where k is practically not used at all. 
 It should be mentioned, however, that a little earlier in the same 
 text (1096) Campeine occurs for ' Champagne.' 
 
 To sum up, then, we can never be absolutely certain that any 
 given c in O.E. is front unless it occur in a Runic form, accom- 
 panied by diphthongization of a following vowel, or after a vowel 
 which shows /-umlaut. We cannot be absolutely certain that 
 O.E. c is back except (1) from etymological considerations; (2) 
 if it be written with a guttural rune, or with a k. But there are 
 many cases when we have absolutely no evidence in O.E. at all. 
 Thus, for instance, we know that seccan and sece had c, but we 
 cannot affirm with equal certainty that the front sound occurred 
 in 3rd sing. sec]?. We may now pass to c and c in Middle 
 English, and here we are on much firmer ground. 
 
 O.E. c mid c in M.E. 
 
 In the early transition texts of twelfth century a certain 
 confusion still prevails with regard to the spelling for O.E. c 
 and c ; but on the whole we may say that the use of ch for c is 
 well established, and the deviations from this rule may generally 
 be explained by the fact that many of these early texts are copied 
 from older MSS. in which c is used indiscriminately. Thus, for 
 example, in the Kentish Gospels (MS. Hatton, 38, circ. 1150), 
 the influence of the old spelling is everywhere obvious. 
 
 In this text we have c = O.E. 6 in secan, Lk. xix, 10 ; rice, 
 Lk. xix, 14; micelen, Lk. xi, 4; ceastre, passim; cyldre, Lk. 
 xviii, 15; wyrce, Lk. xxii, 11. 6 written ch: chyld, Mk. x, 24; 
 gechure, Joh. xv, 16; cheapia^, Lk. xix, 13; chyrcan, Mat. 
 xvi, 18 ; chikene, Mat. xxiii, 37 ; chalf, Lk. xv, 27 ; cheastre, 
 Mat. iv, 13. The combination sc is always written sc in this 
 text, and to this there is but one exception, in the word bischop, 
 Joh. xi, 54. This is, so far as I can see after a careful search, 
 the only example of this spelling in the MS., and, I believe, the 
 earliest example yet pointed out. 
 
 Hatton, 38, has four ways of expressing back c : first, k ; 
 second, c or cc ; third, ch; fourth, ck. On the whole, it is correct 
 to say that k and ck are generally written before front vowels, 
 c before consonants and back vowels. Akenned, Joh. ix, 20;
 
 14 
 
 taken, sb., Job. ix, 16; sprseken, pret. pi., Job. ix, 22; drinke, 
 Mat. vi, 32; kyng, Lk. xix, 38; but lockan, dat. pi., Job. x, 2; 
 lickeres, Mat. xxii, 18. Examples of c are : werees, sb., Joh. iv, 34 ; 
 co, Lk. xix, 38; bocc, Job. xx, 30; clypeden, Mat. xxi, 19, etc. 
 Ch = k is not of frequent occurrence, and occurs principally in 
 foreign words, as cbanan, fichtre. In the forms siccbelse (sic), 
 Mat. xxvii, 28, siccbele, Mat. xxviii, 31, setsoch, Lk. xxii, 57, 
 we have also apparently ch = k. The collection of Homilies in 
 MS. Vespas, A. 22, is also Kentish, but about fifty years later 
 than the Hatton Gospels. The spelling of the Homilies is prac- 
 tically that of the Gospels, and here again the O.E. version, from 
 which they are copied, makes its influence felt. Ch is used for c, 
 but c is quite as common ; ch also occurs for c in dierchin ; 
 k apparently i8 not used at all. The so-called Kentish Sermons 
 (Laud, 471), circ. 1200-50, do not present the same curious 
 uncertainty in the use of c and ch, and the latter spelling is by 
 this time assured for the front sound, and k or ck are almost 
 exclusively used for the back sound, though c is retained before 
 /, etc. Examples: child (Epiph., etc.), chold = cold (second 
 sermon ; the same word is also written schald in same sermon), 
 speche (Epiph.), kinkriche (second sermon), seches (Epiph.); of 
 k and ck : werkes (Epiph.), betockne]? (fifth sermon), besekej? 
 (second sermon), akelb = chilleth (second sermon). 
 
 Ch is also used in this text for the front open consonant, as 
 almichti (Epiph.), bricht (Epiph.), Jmrch, through (second sermon). 
 In another Kentish text of the same period or a little earlier 
 (Vices and Virtues) the same distinction between back and front 
 c is regularly made. 
 
 In the three Dorsetshire texts of this period — St. Juliana (prose 
 version), 1200; Sawles "Warde, 1210; and Ancren Eiwle, 1225— 
 ch is regularly written for the front sound, and c, k, or ck for the 
 back. "We may therefore say, that from the beginning of the 
 thirteenth century onwards, there is no further doubt in most 
 texts, as to whether, in any given case, we are dealing with the 
 front or back sound. 
 
 Distribution of c(k) and ch in M.E. 
 
 In O.E. Germanic k is fronted in all dialects, in all cases 
 where the circumstances admit of the fronting process — that is,
 
 15 
 
 before original front vowels ; and when it is the medium of the 
 j'-umlaut, probably also finally after front vowels. Under ordinary 
 conditions this fronted c should become ch in M.E. But in M.E. 
 we are met with the fact that whereas in the South, fronting 
 of this consonant takes place in nearly all cases where we should 
 expect it to occur, in North Midland aud Northern texts there 
 are many apparent anomalies, and we find forms like sekeu 
 instead of sechen, thenken instead of thenchen, etc. Now, if these 
 k forms occurred regularly in Northern and North Midland texts, 
 if they were the only forms in these texts, and if the ch forms 
 alone occurred in Southern texts, we should be justified in 
 assuming that the ch forms were the characteristic representatives 
 of O.E. c in the South, but that in North Midland and in the 
 North, O.E. c was with equal regularity unfronted and made 
 into k. Then we should also be justified in explaining those 
 k forms which occur in Modern Standard English as Northern loan 
 forms ; the whole question would resolve itself into a question 
 of geography, and there would be, so far as I can see, no further 
 difficulties in connection with these k forms. But, unfortunately 
 for this view, it turns out upon closer examination of the evidence, 
 that not only are there plenty of ch forms in Northern texts, 
 from a very early date in M.E., but that there are perhaps quite 
 as many k forms in the South. 
 
 The evidence of the Mod. Engl, dialects is quite as striking. 
 Certainly there are far more k forms in the North than in the 
 South, but there are too many k forms in the latter group of 
 dialects, and too many ch forms in the former, to be accounted 
 for merely by a theory of extensive borrowing. 
 
 The theory for which I hope in the following pages to establish, 
 at least, a very strong probability, is that the fronted and non- 
 fronted forms existed side by side, in the same dialects, at a 
 certain period of O.E. I shall endeavour to show what were the 
 special conditions under which 6 became k. Having shown that 
 these doublets could and did occur extensively in O.E., I shall 
 hope to prove that there is abundant reason to believe that for 
 a certain time both forms were retained in the Southern dialects, 
 and that later on the Northern dialects showed a special pre- 
 dilection for the -k forms, although they retained many -ch forms ; 
 while in the South, although most of the -k forms were gradually 
 eliminated, many survived, and still survive, alongside of the more 
 frequent -ch forms.
 
 L6 
 
 1 shall delay formulating the law for the origin of the -k forms, 
 and a discussion of its application and scope, until we have passed 
 in review all the evidence 1 have collected for the development 
 of the gutturals in M.E. and the modern dialects. This final 
 discussion will also include that of the so-called irregular develop- 
 ments of O.E. cj, g, and h, as I believe these are due to similar 
 phonetic conditions. I shall not discuss here the irregular 
 development of initial O.E. c in kirk, kaif (= chaff), etc., as we 
 are dealing only with medial and final c, etc. I give here a few 
 illustrations of the strange dialectal distribution of the ch and k 
 forms in M.E., which the lists which follow exemplify more fully. 
 
 K forms in Southern texts : Kentish Gospels has svvinked ; 
 ilken. Vices and Virtues: beseke'S, besekb, beiukinde. Ayenbite : 
 awreke, vb., smec, and smac, ' taste,' waki, sb., ' watch,' azenkte, 
 ilke, workinde. Libeau Desconus : hiukh, pricked. Wohunge : 
 pik, sb. Ancr. Riwle : prikke, sb., swuc (='such'), tuke^ 
 ' chastiseth,' stenk sb. Owle and Nightingale : tukest, ' twitchest.' 
 Sir Ferumbras (Devon, 1380): deke 'ditch,' prykie sb., reke 
 ' rich.' 
 
 Ch forms in Northern texts : Cursor Mundi : rich, adj. ; wreche, 
 sb. and adj.; speche sb., spech vb. ; jicche sb. Minot : feched, 
 ' wretche,' sb. Allit. Poems : biseche vb., aliche ' alike ' ; dych sb. ; 
 pich sb., seche vb., wrech ' vengeance.' Catholicon : bechtre fagus, 
 a leche medicus, riche copiosus, to teche, etc. Levins (Yorks, 
 1570) : ache, sb. and vb. (rhymes to spinache), blache, bletche, rich, 
 pich, ditch, itche. Dunbar: siche 'such,' streiche adj. 'stiff,' teich 
 vb. "Wars of Alexander : liche ' a body,' reche vb. (reach). Seche 
 vb., siche 'such.' Havelok (N.E. Midi.): lich 'like,' ich 'I,' 
 swich ' 6uch.' 
 
 The forms in -einte, etc. 
 
 These forms of the p.p. and pret. do not appear to be very 
 numerous, widely spread, or to have survived much beyond the 
 fifteenth century. I have noted only one, adreinte, in Minot ; 
 in Brunne, dreynt ; in Mire, i-queynt ; in Chaucer, queynt, 
 dreynte, and bleynte ; in St. Juliana (metrical), adreynte. Most 
 of my examples are from Kob. of Glos., who has adreint, adreynt, 
 aseint, blenyte (= bleynte), dreinte, and dreynt. In this text 
 occur also the forms adreincte, aseincte, and bleincte. The 
 Leominster MS. (Harl. 2253) has dreynt, seint (sunk), wreint, 
 from # wrenchcn. Gavin Douglas has two examples in his poems, 

 
 17 
 
 drint and quent, which are perhaps the latest examples. These 
 forms could, so far as I can imagine, only arise while O.E. 6 was 
 still a front-stop consonant. They appear only before t. The 
 process must have been as follows: front stop + point-teeth stop 
 became by assimilation double, or long front stop ; the preceding 
 nasal had already been fronted, probably by the original single 
 front stop. This heavy combination of front consonants developed 
 a parasitic vowel after the e which went before it, giving *bleihcce, 
 etc. Such a form as this might either become *bleiuche or, by 
 advancing the long-front stop to a point-teeth stop, bleihte, with 
 subsequent pointing of the front nasal. As the ending -te was 
 required by analogy, for the termination of preterites and past 
 participles, these latter changes were those which occurred. 
 Forms like adreynct are obviously new formations, with the 
 vowel combination of ' dreynte,' and the consonantal peculiarity 
 of forms like adrenk]?, etc. But in several texts the combination 
 -net becomes -nclit without diphthongizing the preceding vowels, 
 giving cwenchte, etc. ; in this case c must have early become 
 a blade stop, with a strong glide after it, without fronting the n. 
 
 M.E. -ght, etc. = O.E. ct. 
 
 Chaucer has twight, pret. of twicchen, streight from strecchen, 
 prighte from *pricchen. Kob. of GHos., schrigte from *schricchen, 
 pijt from *picchen, etc. These forms are apparently due to 
 a desire to avoid the combination -ct. The front stop is opened, 
 to a front open consonant before a following point-teeth stop. 
 It is possible that ' blight ' in Mod. Engl, may be explained in this 
 way. We are quite justified in assuming an O.E. vb., *bliccan, 
 *bleccan ; for the form ' blichenyng ' = ' mildew, blight ' occurs in 
 Palladius on Husbondrie, while blechest and bleche}> occur in 
 Ayenbite in the sense of 'to hurt, injure.' 
 
 The form blectha 'vitiligo' occurs in the Corpus Gloss., Sweet. 
 O.E.T., 1069, p. 107, and Wright- Wiilcker, 53. 28, which form, 
 from *bleccan, is analogous to O.E. jic^a, from giccan. Had blectha 
 survived in M.E. we should have got blek)?e, just as we get jyh^e 
 in Promptorium. But before the -t suffix O.E. c has been opened, 
 as in pight, plight, etc. This explanation seems more satisfactory 
 than the negative results obtained by Murray in N.E.D., who, 
 by the way, ignores the Corpus form, though he doubtfully quotes 
 ' blichenyng ' from Palladius. 
 
 2
 
 18 
 
 Pronunciation of M.E. ch, cch, etc. 
 
 The date at which O.K. c acquired its present sound of point- 
 teeth + blade -point -open consonant, cannot be determined with 
 precision. Most German scholars, as we have seen, attribute this 
 pronunciation to 6 already in the O.E. period, and reasons against 
 such a view have been advanced above. For Mr. Sweet's views 
 on the question see H.E.S., pp. 193 and 291. He denies the 
 existence of the sound in early M.E., but assumes it for late 
 M.E., his earliest example of the spelling -tch being stretche, from 
 Wicliffe. For a long time I practically agreed with this view, 
 as the only earlier example of -tch which I knew was from Minot, 
 who has wretche. I therefore assumed that the middle of the 
 fourteenth century was the earliest period at which the existence 
 of the present sound could be proved. I have now, however, 
 found two examples of tch about a century earlier. Both are 
 from E. Midi, texts; Genesis and Exodus (arc. 1250) has fetchden 
 (line 2,889), and the Bestiary of same date has witches, sb. pi., 
 542. This reading, which is that of the MS., is, curiously enough, 
 relegated to a footnote by Morris, who has restored wicches in 
 
 the text. 
 
 Another early case of -tch is in the Metrical Psalter (before 
 1300), which has wretchednes, Ps. 106, verse 10. 
 
 From these examples it would perhaps seem that we ought 
 to admit that ch had practically its present pronunciation, at least 
 as early as the middle of the thirteenth century. But Mr. Sweet 
 tells me that he attaches no importance to the sporadic early 
 spellings with -tch quoted above, so that the question is still an 
 open one. I record the facts, and leave scholars to draw their 
 own conclusions. The -tch spellings are in any case extremely 
 rare, and the Promptorium is the earliest text in which they 
 are fairly common. Here we have latchyn, watche, wetche, etc. 
 Dunbar has wretchis, and the Complaint of Scotland has numerous 
 spellings of the kind. 
 
 From what has been said in the foregoing section regarding 
 the dialectal distribution of the -ch and -k forms, it follows that 
 Kluge's remarks (Grundriss, p. 844) to the effect that O.E. c'j, 
 and by implication O.E. c, never readied the assibilated stage of 
 -dye and -tch in the North of England, require some modification.
 
 19 
 
 O.E. -6 was fully ultimately assibilated in the North as well 
 as in the South, under similar conditions. There were factors, 
 however, which in some dialects unfronted O.E. 6 before it got 
 beyond the stage of front stop. These factors most certainly 
 obtained in the South, so that there, at any rate, there were some 
 c's which never reached the assibilated stage. 
 
 II. 
 
 O.E. 5 . 
 
 O.E. 5 represents a front and a back consonant. The front 
 variety we shall write 5. O.E. 5 has a double origin; it = (1) 
 Germanic *j, Indo-Germanic **" or *j; (2) Germanic *g, Indo-Germ. 
 *gh. The back form of O.E. 5 = Germanic *g, Indo-Germ. % gh. 
 Examples of the, O.E. 5 = Germ, g are O.E. 50s, O.H.G. kans, 
 Lat. (h)anser, Gk. xv v '■> c ^- a ^ so 0- Bulg. gasi, etc., O.E. jat, 
 'a goat,' Goth, gaits, Lat. hsedus. Examples of O.E. 5 = *J are 
 O.E. jeoc, Goth, juk, Lat. jugum, 0. Bulg. igo, O.E. jeonj;, 
 Goth, juggs, Lat. juvencus. 
 
 O.E. 5 = Germ. *g represents a back sound, before all original 
 back vowels and their mutations ; before O.E. ce = Germ, a before 
 nasals ; and before the consonants I, r, and n. It always repre- 
 sents the front sound when it = Germ. *J; and when = *g before 
 original front vow r els, and all O.E. diphthongs whatever their 
 origin, and the mutations of these ; diphthongization is a sure 
 sign that the 5 which immediately precedes it is a front 5. The 
 geminated 5 nearly always = Germ, gj, and this in E. is always 
 front. There are only a few words (such as do^sa, frojga, etc.) 
 in which the double 5 is not of the above origin, and then it 
 represents a back sound. Medially after vowels, and after I, r, 5 
 may be either back or front, according to the nature of the preceding 
 vowel. (See on above questions Sweet, H.E.S., pp. 146-149; 
 A.S. Reader, xliii— xlvii ; Kluge, Grundriss, pp. 841-844; Sievers, 
 Angls. Gr., §§ 211-216.) 
 
 Pronunciation of O.E. j and 5 and c'-g. 
 
 As to the pronunciation of initial g, most scholars are agreed 
 that it was that of an open voice consonant, back or front according 
 to the conditious stated above. For statement of this view, see
 
 20 
 
 Braune, Beitrage, Bd. i, p. 514, note; Ten Brink, Anglia, Bd. i, 
 p. 515; Sievers, Anglia, i, p. 575; Sievers, O.E. Gr., §§ 211, 212; 
 Paul, P.B.B., i, pp. 173-183; Kluge, Grundriss, p. 841; Napier, 
 Academy, February 22, 1890, p. 123; Wright, Dialect of Windhill, 
 §315; Streitberg, TJrgerm. Gr., p. 120, etc., etc. Against this 
 formidable array of authorities, however, we have the weighty 
 opinion of Mr. Sweet, who holds directly the contrary view ; see 
 Proceedings of Phil. Soc, February, 1883; H.E.S., pp. 145, 146; 
 A.S. Reader, pp. xlv, xlvi. Zupitza also, formerly expressed the 
 opinion that initial 5 was a stop (see Vorrede, p. vii, to his edition 
 of Cynewulf's Elene, 1877), but I learn from Professor Napier that 
 he afterwards recanted this opinion. Mr. Sweet's view is that 
 O.E. initial g was a back-voice stop, initial g a front-voice stop 
 whether it = Germ. *g or Germ. *J. As we are, on the present 
 occasion, only discussing non-initial j, we need not weigh the 
 arguments in favour of either view on the question of initial 5, but 
 may merely note iu passing that Mr. Sweet has advanced some 
 grave arguments in favour of his view, which have never been met 
 or even properly discussed by the other side, but at the same time 
 it must be admitted that there are great difficulties in the way 
 of the stop theory. Mr. Sweet admits, however, that 5 probably 
 was a front open consonant in unstressed syllables. (A.S. Header, 
 § 123, p. xlvi.) 
 
 AVith regard to non-initial g, opinion seems to be unanimous 
 that medially, between back vowels, e.g. in such words as saga, 
 lagu, niagu, etc., and finally after back vowels, it represents the 
 back open voice consonant. This is supposed to be proved by the 
 fact that in later texts g in this position is unvoiced, and becomes 
 A after long back vowels, and after I and r (Sievers, Angls. Gr., 
 § 214) : jenoh, beah, stah, bealh, from older genog, beag, stag, 
 heal j, and the same applies to front 5 when, through syncope, it is 
 brought into contact with a voiceless consonant : stihst, yrh^o, for 
 stfest, yrj^o, etc. 
 
 g readily disappears finally as a consonant after front vowels, 
 and becomes -i, and even in Epinal we find jrei, bodei. Also, 
 before original syllabic n, 5 disappears, and produces waen, ren, 
 from waeju, regn. In this connection, Sievers (§ 214. 3) says that 
 snrel for smegl is not found until later on, but I have found snel 
 in Epinal 611 (O.E.T.), or folio 14, line 9, of the facsimile edition. 
 The combination wg was unquestionably a nasal stop, front or back 
 as the case might be (Sievers, § 215).
 
 21 
 
 Geminated g is usually written cj, when it = Germ, gj, and 
 in this case is invariably front, and a stop in O.E., bycgan, Goth, 
 bugjan. According to Kluge (Gr. 844) this combination (eg) 
 expressed the modern assibilated pronunciation ' bald nach 900 ' ; 
 Sievers does not fix the date beyond saying that the O.E. eg was 
 " bereits ziemlich friihe zu palatalen affricaten . . . geworden." 
 The chief argument for this assumption seems to be the spelling 
 micgern, which, however, as Sievers admits, is " erst ziemlich 
 spat belegt." Professor ]N~apier pointed out that midirnan occurs 
 in Lorica, Gloss. 26, and it thus became evident that micjern 
 =a O.H.G. mittigarni. Hence it is argued that since eg here 
 = dg the pronunciation of eg as ' di ' is proved. I cannot regard 
 this as more convincing than is the orceard, etc., 'proof of the 
 assibilated pronunciation of O.E. c. These spellings merely 
 prove that d% and eg on one hand, tg and c on the other, were 
 pronounced alike, but there is no reason at all for assuming that 
 that common pronunciation was tch, or dge ; to my mind these 
 spellings rather tend to confirm the view that c and eg were 
 front stops. 
 
 As has been already mentioned, the cases where geminated g 
 is not Germ. *gj are rare. In frogga, dogga, etc., it seems 
 probable that there was a back-stop consonant. The combination 
 -tig seems to have been a back nasal followed by a back-stop 
 consonant ; it is often written -nc. 
 
 Graphic distinction between g, 5, eg, gg. 
 
 The Runic inscriptions distinguish between g and 5. The 
 following are from Vietor's " Nordhumbrische Runensteine." The 
 llune for g (transcribed g) occurs in the following words : 
 aetgad(r)e, adv., Ruthw. ; bigotten, p.p., Ruthw. ; buga, vb., 
 Ruthw. ; cyniburug, Bewc. ; galgu, sb., Ruthw. ; gistiga, vb., 
 Ruthw. ; giwundad, p.p., Ruthw. ; God, Ruthw. ; hnag, 1st sing, 
 pret., Ruthw.; modig, adj., Paithw. ; sorgan, dat. pi. sb., Ruthw. 
 The following words have the symbols for 7, (g) : — 
 Sigbecun, sb., Bewc. ; alegdun, 3rd pi. pret., Ruthw. ; ber^i, 
 Bb., Thornh. ; geredaj, 3rd sing, pret., Ruthw. ; Gessus, Jesus, 
 Bewc; gidrsefid, p.p., Ruthw.; gistiga, inf., Ruthw. ; gistoddun, 
 3rd pi. pret., Ruthw. ; Hilddigy]?, Hartlepool ; Igilsuip, Thornh. ; 
 Limwperignoe, adj., Ruthw.; Dsegiogsef, Ruthw.
 
 22 
 
 As in the case of c, c, the manuscripts do not distinguish 
 between 5 and 5 with perfect consistency, so that often the sound 
 has to be inferred from the kind of vowels before or after it, 
 and from the subsequent history of the word in the later language. 
 In West JSaxoii initial 7, and 5 are very generally distinguished 
 by writing an e after the latter. In late texts the z- is often 
 dropped altogether before ea and eo, but on the other hand 
 a Z is often written before ea, eo, stkrSe = ea^e ; seornest = ' earnest,' 
 etc , in late Kentish. (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 212, Anm. 2.) 
 
 Medially after I and r 5 is frequently written 35 ; byrig, myrij^, 
 fyligan, etc. ; occasionally, though rarely, u% is written after 
 r and I for g, burug (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 213, Anm.). 
 
 Medially and finally j is occasionally written j/« : bdgh, huag, 
 slog, deajhian, totoghen, etc. (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 214, Anm. 5 ; 
 Sweet, Reader, p. xlvii, § 128.) 
 
 The front stop is usually written rj : secg, hrycg, etc. Medially 
 this combination is often followed by e or i, before a back vowel : 
 secgea, secgium, etc. (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 216.) 
 
 The back stop is generally written gg, frojja, dogga, etc., 
 but occasionally also Cga, earwicga (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 216, 2). 
 But the trout or back sound is revealed by that of the following 
 vowel, or, if the eg, etc., is final, by the preceding vowel (Sweet, 
 A.S. Reader, p. xliv, § 113). 
 
 The spelling hiniongse for hingongse in Bede's Death Song can 
 only be explained as being due to some analogy, perhaps with 
 eode, unless it be a mistake of the foreign scribe. (Sweet, A.S. 
 Reader, pp. 176 and 224.) 
 
 5, eg, etc., in M.E. 
 
 In M.E. texts of the thirteenth century and onwards, back and 
 front 5 are clearly distinguished, and in many instances the stop 
 is also distinguished from the open consonant. The front stop is 
 usually written gg, the back stop g, the front open consonant 5, 
 and the back open consonant gh. This exactitude is, however, 
 only attained by degrees, nor do all MSS., even of a fairly late 
 date, show unanimity in the employment of the symbols. 
 
 For an elaborate account of the use of g and 5 in early M.E. 
 MSS. see Professor Napier's letter in The Academy, February 22, 
 1890. Out of the twenty MSS. here examined (all of the twelfth
 
 23 
 
 century) nine retain the O.E. z in all cases, four have g in all 
 cases or use 5 only occasionally without any fixed rule, seven 
 use both g and 5 to distinguish between O.E. 5 and 5. To this 
 last class must now be added MS. Cott., Vespas, A. 22, a Kentish 
 MS. of the latter part of the twelfth century. Mr. Napier 
 mentions this text as one of those which he had not had an 
 opportunity of examining. I made a careful examination of it 
 with the following results : g occurs sixty times ; in the majority of 
 these cases it = a back sound, sometimes, however, a stop, some- 
 times an open consonant ; there are, however, a few cases in which 
 it is apparently written for a front sound. 5 is written fifty times, 
 generally for a front open consonant, but occasionally, perhaps by 
 error, for a back consonant. I only found three cases of g doubled ; 
 in two of these it = O.E. eg, in the other it = a back open 
 consonant — aggenne. Z does not occur doubled. 
 
 g appears initially in such words as be-gan, god, gastes, golde, 
 gylt, grate, etc. ;' medially in fugel, halege, laglice, nigon, bugon, 
 dagum, halgode ; after n in anglene, strange, kiugene, king, 
 fengon, unglenges, hungre. Spellings like bigeten, gif, gilt, 
 nigon are probably scribal slips. The back open consonant is 
 several times written ch, as heretoche (O.E. heretoga), burch 
 (O.E. burj), burch (O.E. ]?urh), and doubtless this spelling 
 implies the voiceless sound. 
 
 ch and h are both written for the front open voiceless consonant, 
 michti, lichte, mihti. 
 
 g, on the other hand, occurs in giaf, gef, gief, -ongean, agen, 
 forgiaf, gearnunge (the second g here is doubtless a scribal error), 
 gife, sb., twegen, deige, dege (dat. sing.), upstige, segS, sorige, 
 etc., in all of which words it = the front open sound. 
 
 g represents the back sound in dagen (dat. pi.), oge];, lage, 
 niuge, magi, etc. 
 
 In the Kentish Gospels (Hatton MS., 38), as Mr. Napier has 
 pointed out, (see letter in Academy above quoted), g and g are 
 used with very fair regularity for back stop and front or back 
 open sounds respectively. The word cage = ' eye, as Mr. Napier 
 says, never occurs with i inserted before the g. This, he thinks, 
 rather tends to show that the original back sound (cf. Goth, augo) 
 was not yet fronted. On the other hand, those g's which were 
 front in O.E. often have ei, at before them, as in saigdc, ineigden, 
 etc. The MS. 15. 14. 52, in Trinity Coll., Cambridge (before 
 1200), and MS. of Genesis and Exodus in Corpus Christi Coll.
 
 24 
 
 Cambridge, do not distinguish between stop and open, buck and 
 trout consonant, but write g throughout. For this information 
 1 am Indebted to Mr. Henry Bradley, who asked Professor Skeat 
 to examine the MSS. to decide the question. MS. Land, 471, 
 Kentish Sermons (see Morris, O.E. Misc., p. 21), has g for back 
 stop, gg for front stop, gh, w, for back open consonant, and y for 
 front open. 
 
 But of all the ME. MSS. the Ormulum (Junius, 1) is the most 
 carefully and phonetically written, and Professor Napier has 
 brought to light some important facts for our present purpose. 
 (See "Notes on the Orthography of the Ormulum," Oxford, 1893, 
 also Academy, 1890, p. 188.) The discovery of Mr. Napier was, 
 that Orm uses a new symbol, xr, a kind of compromise between 
 the English and the Continental g and g, to express the back 
 stop voice consonant. This symbol is used regularly in Orm's 
 MS. in such words as a odd, bixrinnen, t'TJTT inn-g-, etc. 
 
 It may be mentioned, in passing, that Kluge (Gr., 844) states on 
 the strength of Napier's paper that Orm bad a special symbol for 
 the sound in seggen, liggen, etc., while of course the whole point is 
 that Orm retains the ordinary Continental g for this sound, but uses 
 his new symbol for the back stop. 
 
 For the front open voice consonant Orm writes g, drijje, 
 rejjn, etc., and for the back open sound jA, laghe, halljhenn, 
 ajhenn, etc. The fact that lie uses this symbol in the word 
 eghe='eye,' shows that the original back sound of this word had 
 not yet been fronted, and confirms Mr. Napier's suggestion with 
 regard to it in the Kentish Gospels. 
 
 Pronunciation of M.E. g, z. 
 
 The main facts of pronunciation are clear enough and are 
 practically contained in the above remarks, but there are one or two 
 points which need a little further discussion. O.E. medial and 
 final z after front vowels disappears in M.E., having previously 
 diphthongized the vowel, e.g. O.E. saesde, M.E. seide ; imese, 
 M.E. meie, mei, etc. This z appears in the Orm. as 33, and O.E. 
 cb before it as a ; nasslenn 'to nail,' cf. O.E. nsejl ; wassn, O.E. 
 Tvsesn daS3, O.E. dse3, etc. The question is how soon did this z lose 
 its consonantal quality and become a mere vowel, presumably the 
 high front wide (I). The answer seems to be that Orm had 
 already lost the consonantal sound, for he writes for O.N. reisa,
 
 25 
 
 rej^senn, where presumably -ess = [j\ It seems therefore reason- 
 able to assume that the combination ass = ]r, fyi, or even perhaps 
 XX. The Kentish Homilies (Yespas, A. 22) write dses, daeis, and 
 dsei, and Lasamon has the same word spelt with and without the z, 
 in several cases : 'dai, deie, daase, 'daije, etc. ; twei^e, "tweie ; aeie, 
 eie, eise, etc. = awe. 
 
 A Worcester glossary of the twelfth century has already nseilsex, 
 novaculum (cf . also remarks on O.E. z). St. Juliana (Prose version, 
 Dorset, 1200) has meiden, deis, etc. ; Cursor Mundi (Yorks, 1300) 
 has lies and lighes, so that it seems clear that we may safely 
 regard Z, or sh, etc., in this position after a front vowel as having 
 ceased to be a consonant before the end of the twelfth century, 
 perhaps in all dialects. 
 
 E. j between back vowels had, as we have seen, the sound 
 of the back open consonant, and in the M.E. period shows evidence 
 of lip modification in many dialects, being written often -wgh, etc., 
 and at last only w. O.E. laju, M.E. lawe, etc. This is a very 
 early process, for in the AVorcs. Gloss, we find elbowe and 
 heretowa (Wright-Wiileker, 536. 16 and 538. 20), and in Kentish 
 Sermons (Laud MS., 471) 1200-50, we find 'we mowe,' but 
 also the traditional spelling -gh in daghen (dat. pi.), laghe, 'law,' 
 etc. In Owle and Nightingale, Dorset, 1240-50, the Jesus MS. 
 generally spells with iv, the Cotton MS. with g or h : thus Cott. 
 morejening, Jesus morewening ; Cott. f uheles, Jesus foweles ; 
 Cott hasel, Jesus hawel ; Cott. hahe, Jesus hawe, etc. ; but there 
 are examples of Z in Jesus and of w in Cotton. In most thirteenth- 
 century MSS. both spellings are found. Will, of Shoreham 
 rhymes both ifaje and inase, to lawe. In Orm, however, this 
 sound appears to be always written zh. In some cases, however, 
 this z is stopped, e.g., Catholicon, fagynge, blandica, to fage, 
 O.E. fazenian. In those dialects where final z was unvoiced, the 
 h thus produced shares the fate of primitive h. Final /* was 
 also very early lip-modified, and then changed to a pure lip-teeth 
 vuiceless consonant, so that we get throf = O.E. Jnirh, already 
 in Will, of Shoreham. The word-lists which follow, will illustrate 
 the development of the whole process, and its spread in the various 
 dialects. In the modern dialects these O.E. s's appear as back 
 open voiceless consonants, as lip-teeth voiceless (i.e. /), as lip-open 
 voice consonants with back modification (i.e. w), or are often lost 
 altogether, as in Standard English, where such a word as ' plough ' 
 has a pure diphthong finally in the pronunciation of most
 
 26 
 
 educated speakers. It seems almost impossible to formulate any 
 rule for the development of O.E. medial and final Z in M.E. and 
 Mod. Engl., as all possible forms of it are often found in the same 
 texts and dialects. 
 
 It is difficult to determine at what date O.E. eg developed from 
 the front stop into the assibilated sound. The earliest example 
 I have found of the introduction of a d occurs in Robt. of Brunne, 
 L337, who has ' sedgeing ' = saying. The next examples are 
 a century Liter in Promptorium, 1440, where the spellings wedge, 
 vb., alongside of wegge, sb. ; hedge sb., hedgyn vb., are found; 
 and the spellings coksudge, cok sedgy s, occur in a Norfolk will 
 of 1467. But the usual spelling in all of these texts is certainly 
 -gge, and this spelling seems to have continued, even in English 
 words, far into the sixteenth century (see article "Bridge" in 
 New Engl. Diet.). 
 
 On the whole, both from the evidence of spelling, and from 
 the fact that words of the rig and brig type have a rather different 
 distribution in the Mod. dialects from those of the flick, dick type, 
 it is possible that c and <?g were not developed quite on the same 
 lines, and that the complete assibilation of the latter took place 
 rather later than that of the former. 
 
 Distribution of fronted and unj routed c£ in M.E. 
 
 This is a much more difficult question than the distribution 
 of 6 and c, M.E. ch and k. It is impossible to tell from the 
 early texts whether in any given word -gg, or g and c, represent 
 the back or the front stop. All texts, with the exception of 
 the Ormulum, write gg, alike in words like brigge and words 
 like frogge, so that although there is no doubt in Southern texts 
 that gg in the former of these is front and in the latter back, 
 in Midland and Northern texts there is generally no means of 
 ascertaining with certainty whether, at a given date, a given 
 dialect pronounced ' brig ' (as in Modern Scotch), or ' bridge.' As 
 we have seen, the spellings with d are scarce and late. 
 
 Almost the only way to be absolutely certain that a word (of 
 English origin) in M.E. was pronounced with a back stop, would 
 be to find it rhyming with such a word as the Scandinavian 
 ' leg.' Such rhymes, unfortunately, are rare. I am indebted to 
 Miss Kempe, of Lady Margaret's Hall, Oxford, for calling my
 
 27 
 
 attention, however, to a rhyme of this kind in MS. Laud, 595, 
 upon which she is working. In this MS., on fol. 227, verso, occur 
 the lines — 
 
 " He bade hem take him by the leggis 
 And thro we him over into the seggis " ; 
 
 and this couplet is frequently repeated. On fol. 212 of the same 
 MS. the words figge and brigge are rhymed together. The hand- 
 writing is in a scribal hand, apparently of the first quarter of 
 the fifteenth century, and the dialect is evidently "West Midland. 
 There can, presumably, be no kind of doubt as to the pronunciation 
 of brigge and seggis in the above case, namely, that the gg in 
 both instances r< presents a back stop. 
 
 On the other hand, it is very unsatisfactory work to examine 
 rhymes in M.E. for light on this class of words, for not only are 
 such rhymes few and far between, but also we constantly find 
 that both of the rhyming words are of the same class. Thus, 
 such rhymes as rugge — brugge (La?;amon, vol. ii, p. 457, 
 lines 18 and 19, both MSS.) are absolutely valueless, since they 
 reveal nothing of the pronunciation of gg in these two words. 
 It seems probable that they had the front-stop sound, and that 
 is all that can be said. Again, it is not altogether safe to trust 
 to the evidence of the Mod. Dial., and infer that because we find 
 brig or seg in any district at the present time, therefore a similar 
 pronunciation of these words obtained in that province in M.E. 
 Seg, for instance, occurs in Gloucestershire at the present day, 
 but seems to be the only one of the O.E. -05 words which has 
 the -g form. Now, are we to regard this word in Glos. as a last 
 survivor of a primitive state of things, or as a modern importation 
 from some other dialect, such as that of Hereford, Worcestershire, 
 or Warwickshire ? 
 
 The Promptorium, as we have seen, has wedge and hedge ; 
 but do we assume therefrom a -dge pronunciation for the words 
 spelt rygge, segge, brigge, etc., in the same work? We are met 
 with the difficulty that in Norfolk at the present day they say 
 rig, seg; brig, etc. Modern English dialects have many interesting 
 qualities, and not a little is assuredly to be learned from them, 
 but their study must always be in a way unsatisfactory from the 
 necessary uncertainty which exists as to whether this or tbat 
 peculiarity is really indigenous to this or that dialect in which 
 we happen to find it. The speech of rustics seems to be as fluid
 
 28 
 
 a 
 
 ml variable as that of savages. When onee a form of language 
 has become the mere jargon of peasants, there ceases to be any 
 standard of correctness, any adherence to type. Thus it probably 
 happens that a -/•, or -ch, a -g, or -dge form is often abandoned or 
 adopted by a village community through such a simple accident 
 as that of the squire's coachman, or my lady's femme de chambre, 
 coming from some distant shire. This is what may and does 
 happen, and it does not lighten the labours of the ' dialectologist.' 
 Professor Wright gave me an interesting case which practically 
 happened under his own observation, in which a totally strange 
 form was introduced into the Windhill dialect, and became the 
 current form, entirely through the arrival in the village of a certain 
 family who came from another district. The new form thus 
 started gained a permanent footing in the dialect in a single 
 generation. And so with regard to the -g forms, although I have 
 added special lists showing their distribution in the Modern 
 Dial., I cannot feel absolutely sure that anything very important 
 is thereby established. Are we in the presence of a primitive and 
 very widespread phenomenon, or have we merely a most prodigious 
 mixing up of dialect characters ? 
 
 Personally, I incline to the former view, and believe of the -g, as 
 of the -k forms, that they are not originally a Northern characteristic, 
 but that they existed side by side with the fronted forms, being later 
 on eliminated in the South in favour of the latter. Be this as it 
 may, a glance at the list showing the present distribution of these 
 forms will show that Kluge's statement (Grundriss, p. 844), " Die 
 formen mit g (meaning rig, seg, etc.) reichen siidlich bis Lincoln- 
 shire," will require very considerable modification. In fact, the 
 remarks above with regard to the degree of fronting of O.E. c in 
 the North, apply also to O.E. cz. 
 
 III. 
 
 H in O.E. 
 
 O.E. h represents Germ, h or x ; Idg. *k. O.E. heafod; Goth, 
 haubip ; O.H.G. houpit ; Lat. caput, etc. O.E. eaht ; Goth, 
 ahtan ; Lat. octo ; etc. 
 
 H occurs in O.E. initially before all vowels, before the consonants 
 u>, I, r, n ; it also occurs medially and finally.
 
 29 
 
 Pronunciation of h in O.E. 
 
 Initially, before vowels, h was a mere breath glide in O.E. 
 (Sweet, H.E.S., § 497 ; Sievers, A.S. Gr., § 217). Before I, n, r, to, 
 it probably in the oldest English period preserved an independent 
 sound, whether as mere breath or as a weak open consonant. This 
 stage is proved by such a metathesis as hors for hros (Sweet, 
 H.E.S., § 501). Later on, in this position h probably ceased to 
 have an independent sound, and merely unvoiced the following 
 I, r, etc. (Sievers, A.S. Gr., § 217 ; Sweet, H.E.S., § 501). Medial 
 h, between vowels, was mere breath, and in later texts is dropped 
 altogether, though still preserved in Epinal in suehoras, "W.S. 
 sweoras, 'fathers-in-law,' etc. (H.E.S., § 498). H was originally, 
 undoubtedly a back open consonant when doubled, and before s, b, /; 
 in the combination lit it must have had the sound of a front open 
 consonant in later W.S., for it fronts the preceding vowel, as in 
 nicht, cnicht. 
 
 In Epinal h is written c, ch, hch when it = an open consonant, 
 whether back or front ; for -ht Epinal generally has ct. (For above 
 statement, with the exception of remarks on h before «, /, b, see 
 H.E.S., § 502.) 
 
 When h stands by the apocopation of a vowel, before an open 
 consonant, it is dropped in the Anglian dialects, but preserved in 
 W.S. and Kt. ; W.S., siehst, siehb, niehst, but in the Mercian 
 Psalter, gesis, gesib, nest (Sweet, H.E.S., § 504.) 
 
 The combination hs is frequently written x, (1) whether it be 
 already Germ., as oxa, Goth, auhsa ; or (2) whether it arises in 
 O.E. itself, as siehst, written commonly syxt, etc. (Sievers, A.S. Gr., 
 § 221, Anm. 3 and 4). Sievers believes that the pronunciation of 
 this 1 iter x was that of back open consonant + s. 
 
 The evidence against such a view appears to me overwhelming. 
 I believe that the combination hs was pronounced ks, whatever its 
 origin, from a very early period, i.e., that the back open consonant 
 became a back stop before a following open consonant. 
 
 The spelling with x seems to prove this, for there is no evidence 
 that x was ever pronounced otherwise than ks. No one doubts, 
 presumably, that in axian, where it = ks, by methesis from *-sk, 
 the x was pronounced ks (see also Kluge, Grundr., p. 850). Now 
 this word is sometimes written ahsian, ahxian, which shows that 
 hs could be used to represent the sound of ks ; when, therefore, we 
 nud *hs and *ks both written alike, whether as hs or x, it is
 
 30 
 
 surely reasonable to conclude that they were pronounced alike. 
 That common pronunciation must have been ks, and not open 
 consonant + s, for we have no reason to helieve that in axian 
 x ever could have been 11ms pronounced, h + / lir >d )> = k will 
 be discussed later on. Sweet thinks that O.E. x, whether = Germ. 
 *hs or ks, was pronounced -ks. (A.S. Reader, § 159.) 
 
 H in M.E. 
 
 (See Sweet, H.E.S., §§ 720-727 ; Kluge, Grundr., pp. 847-50.) 
 
 Mr. Sweet shortly sums up the matter of uninitial h in M.E. 
 by saying that O.E. /* was split into two sounds ; the back and the 
 front open breath consonants, the former of which was rounded 
 (or lip-modified) in M.E. This class has already been mentioned 
 above as sharing the fortunes of O.E. unvoiced 3. Fronted h in 
 most dialects seems to have been voiced at an early period, and 
 opened to a front vowel. The O.E. combination -ht appears in 
 Early M.E. texts as -cht, ht, zt. Thus Vespas, A. 22, has -cht 
 in dochtren, michte, echt ('possessions'), lit in almihtis. The 
 Laud MS. of the Kentish Sermons writes -cht, licht, bricht, etc. 
 Lasamon has dohter (both MSS.) ; douter, doster, dochter, and 
 docter in MS. Caligr. A, ix. ; brofte, brohte, in MS. Otho, cxiii ; 
 briht in both MSS. Orm has ht, hht, lihht, wahht, etc. Libeaus 
 Deseonus (middle of fourteenth century) has -zt, knvst, sost, 
 wist, etc. In Piers Plowman we generally find -zt, but 
 occasionally also -ght. Genesis and Exodus have -ct and gt, 
 Bestiary gt; but the later East Midland texts, English Guilds, R. of 
 Brunne, Promptorium, and Bokenham on the whole prefer -ght, 
 but occasionally write -cht, etc. The Yorkshire texts all seem 
 to prefer -ght, and the Scotch texts, which of course are later, 
 generally write -cht. It is not easy to decide at what date the 
 back consonant in this combination was dropped. In Scotland 
 and the extreme North of England it still survives. In the South, 
 however, and in the standard language it seems to have disappeared 
 fairly early. Sweet (H.E.S., §§ 889-895) gives the somewhat 
 contradictory statements of English writers on pronunciation from 
 the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, but does not express 
 any opinion as to the period at which -gh ceased to be pronounced. 
 He says, however (§ 727), that the fact that Lasamon sometimes 
 writes almiten, broute, " can hardly indicate an actual loss of the 
 consonants themselves, but is rather a part of the general looseness
 
 31 
 
 in the writing of h, and also of that unwillingness to use it 
 in a strong consonantal value which afterwards leads to the general 
 use of gh." 
 
 If z or h were only left out in places where one would expect 
 to find it, as in the cases quoted by Mr. Sweet, it might be 
 possible to say that the symbol was left out through carelessness, 
 though the sound was still retained, although this does not seem 
 very probable in this case, as the omission is fairly frequent, from 
 a very early date. But when we find that z is also occasionally 
 introduced before t in words where it does not belong, then 
 I think we must conclude that in the dialect, and at the period 
 in which this occurs, the O.E. combination -ht had ceased to 
 be pronounced even when written according to tradition, and 
 that most certainly it was not pronounced in words where it 
 had never existed. Besides the cases in Lasatnon, already quoted, 
 I have found the following of h, gh, etc., omitted : Hali 
 Meidenhed (1225), nawt = O.E. nawiht ; Will, of Shoreham 
 (1315), wyth-thoute, which rhymes to nouste (but Conrath 
 reads wij> thoute = ' thought,' here); Will, of Palerne (1350), 
 brit, rit (and rist). In Songs and Carols (1400) occur dowter, 
 nyte, and bryte. Ten Brink (Chaucer's Sprache, 2 te AufL, 
 Kluge, 1899), § 121, Anm., p. 83, refers to the Six-text edition, 
 473/2335, where plit = ' plight ' rhymes with appetit. I am unable 
 to find this passage in Mr. Skeat's six-volume edition of Chaucer. 
 A striking example of an intrusive Z occurs in Will, of Shoreham, 
 p. 6 (Percy Soc, 1849), where foste is written for fote, and in 
 St. Editha (1400) out is spelt owxt twice. In spite of the 
 ambiguous statements of Salesbury and his contemporaries, there 
 can be little doubt that all trace of the h had disappeared in 
 the time of Surrey and Wyat, who constantly write delight, 
 spight, spright. etc. (I gave a complete list of these spellings 
 in Notes and Queries, Feb. 27, 1897.) For a list of spellings 
 like bight, quight, etc., in Spenser, see Ellis, E.E.P., pt. iii, 
 p. 863. For an account of Tusser's spellings (waight = ' wait,' etc.) 
 see Payne and Heritage's edition of the "Five Hundred Pointes," 
 E.D.S., 1878.
 
 32 
 
 IV. 
 
 WORD - LISTS. 
 M.E. Word-lists. 
 
 The following M.E. word-lists are all from texts which have heen 
 edited, although in some instances I have taken my forms from 
 the MS. itself. To save space, I have refrained from giving 
 references in the case of those texts for which more or less copious 
 glossaries exist, and the reader is referred to the glossary itself 
 to verify a form. But I have in such cases generally mentioned 
 the MS. from which the form comes, if the glossary from which 
 it is taken is based upon several versions. In the case of those 
 word-lists which are taken from the body of a printed text, or 
 from a MS. for which no glossary exists, I have referred to the 
 page, chapter, or line of the printed edition as was most convenient. 
 Most of the references explain themselves, but it is perhaps as 
 well to say that in the case of Lagamon, words without any mark 
 occur in MS. Cott. Calix., A. ix ; those which have * in front of them 
 occur in both MSS. ; those in brackets, only in MS. Otho, c. xiii. 
 The order of the word-lists, which corresponds to that of the 
 list of texts, as will be seen, is chronological so far as possible 
 within each dialect or group of dialects. The geographical order 
 is from North to South and from West to East. The Northern 
 (Eng.) texts are all from Yorkshire. The Midland section begins 
 with North-west Midland, and works, as far as possible, straight 
 across to East Midland, then goes back to Mid- West Midland, 
 and straight across again to the East Midland, and so on. This 
 plan seemed to me the simplest after careful consideration, and, 
 after all, any system of arrangement which is consistent, will fulfil 
 its purpose of giving a picture of the organic interrelations of the 
 dialects. 
 
 The Modern Dialect Word-lists. 
 
 In the word-lists of the Modern English Dialects I have 
 endeavoured to give every form in each dialect that is interesting 
 or 'irregular' among the different classes. The system of 
 classification of the forms themselves is in one sense not a perfect
 
 33 
 
 one, but I have adopted it to save space, and too numerous 
 subdivisions. I refer to the fact that I have often grouped 
 together words which originally belonged to different categories, 
 but which in the Modern language have been levelled under 
 one group. Thus, taking the dialects as they are, I have, for 
 example, put into one class all words with final or medial k, 
 which includes: (1) words which have c in O.E. and which we 
 should expect to have the back stop now ; (2) which have e in 
 O.E. and which we should expect to have -ch, but which have -k 
 in this or that dialect. The M.E. forms are grouped on the 
 same principle. 
 
 Some of the lists may not be thought copious enough, others 
 are perhaps too full. In the case of ordinary forms it does 
 not follow that because they occur in one list and not in another, 
 that they therefore do not exist in that dialect, but in the case 
 of ' irregular ' words like lig, brig, flick, and so on, I have 
 endeavoured to mention them in each dialect where they exist ; 
 therefore, if such a word is not found in a word-list it may be 
 assumed that it does not occur in that dialect. At the same time, 
 though great pains have been taken in this matter, it would 
 be absurd to pretend that no word of importance has been 
 overlooked. In dealing with so large a body of material it is 
 inevitable that one man should make an occasional slip. In 
 making the lists which show the distribution through the modern 
 dialects of upwards of sixty words I have, in those cases 
 where it was possible, checked my results by Professor Wright's 
 Dictionary.
 
 
 I. 
 
 Non-initial k, c, clc in M.E. 
 
 vb. 
 
 Barbour. 
 
 Abak, 'backwards.' 
 Brak, 'broke.' 
 Crykkis, ' creeks.' 
 Dik, ' a trench.' 
 Ec, ' eke' (conj.). 
 [c, Ik, and 1 = 'I.' 
 Sekir, ' sure.' 
 Sek 
 Seik 
 
 Seik. 
 
 Sik, 'such.' 
 
 Slak, ' a hollow place.' 
 
 Slyk, 'slime.' 
 
 Spek, ' speech.' 
 
 Spek, vb. 
 
 Stakkar, vb., 'stagger.' 
 
 Stekand. 
 
 Strak, ' straight.' 
 
 Strekvt, ' stricken.' 
 
 Strekit, ' stretched.' 
 
 Strikand, ' striking.' 
 
 Swak, ' a blow.' 
 
 Sykes, ' trenches.' 
 
 Takyn, ' a token.' 
 
 Thik, adj. 
 
 Thak. sb. 
 
 Reik, ' reek.' 
 
 Eeik, 'to reach.' 
 
 Rec, 'I reck.' 
 
 Saik, ' sake.' 
 
 Oulk = owk, ' week.' 
 
 Pikkis, ' pickaxes.' 
 
 Pik, ' pitch.' 
 
 si* 
 
 Lik, vb., 'please.' 
 Lik, ' likely.' 
 Luk, vb. 
 Meckle \ 
 Mekill ) 
 Ik, ' also.' 
 
 Vikkid, ' poor, sorry.' 
 "Wouk, ' kept watch.' 
 Kinrik, 'kingdom.' 
 
 Dunbar, E. Lothian, HGO-1520. 
 
 Beswik, vb., ' deceive.' 
 Beseik, vb. 
 
 Blek, ' blocking.' 
 Breik, ' breeches.' 
 Clek, sb., 'hatch.' 
 Cleik, vb., ' seize.' 
 Kinryk. 
 
 Leik, ' dead body.' 
 Reke, vb. 
 Sic, ' such.' 
 Seik, ' to seek.' 
 Smowk, sb. 
 Skryke, vb. 
 juke, 'itching.' 
 
 Gav. Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 
 Beik, ' a beak.' 
 
 Beseik, vb. 
 
 Bike, ' a hive.' 
 
 Brak, adj., 'salt.' 
 
 Brakill, ' unsettled, brittle.' 
 
 Clukis, 'claws, clutches.' 
 
 Elbok, ' elbow.' 
 
 Elyke, ' alike ' (=selic with 3- lost). 
 
 Faik, 'to grasp ' | CaQ thig fee ^ 
 
 Fakand, _ part., with ' fetch ' ? 
 
 ' grasping ; 
 
 Nokkis, 'notches.' 
 Tick, sb., 'pitch.' 
 Preik. vb., ' gallop.' 
 Rakkis, ' (he) recks.' 
 Rakles, ' reckless.' 
 Reik, sb., ' smoke.' 
 Rekand, part. pres. 
 Reik, vb., ' reach.' 
 Rekand, ' stretching.' 
 
 ^ ik }sb.,' shriek.' 
 Scnke ) 
 
 Siclik, ' such.' 
 
 Slekit, adj. 
 
 Slike, ' nmd, slime.' 
 
 Snak, sb., ' snatch, short time.' 
 
 Stakkir, vb. 
 
 Swyk, vb., ' assuage.' 
 
 ;jj;;:$ } p.p.,' thatched.' 
 
 "Wreikis, 1 pres. pi. 
 
 Compl. of Scotl., 1549. 
 
 Acquorns, 'acorns.' 
 Baik, vb.
 
 35 
 
 Bekkis, 'bows, curtsies.' 
 
 Blac, adj. 
 
 Dikes, 'dikes.' 
 
 Reik, ' smoke.' 
 
 Seik, vb. 
 
 Smeuk. 
 
 Thak, sb. 
 
 Quyk, adj. 
 
 Metrical Psalter, Yorks., before 1300. 
 
 Bi-sekiug, 38. 13, passim. 
 
 Dyke, sb. , 7. 16. 
 
 (he) Ekes, 40. 9. 
 
 Griking, 45. 6 and 77. 34 (at the 
 
 latter place MS. Egerton has 
 
 griging). 
 to fam Like, 48. 21. 
 Mikel, 34. 18. 
 Mikel-hede, 58. 
 Pricked, p.p., 31. 4. 
 Reke, sb., 36. 20. 
 ior to Reek, 109. 4. ' 
 
 Ike = ? 
 
 " Till aghe-fulle and ai ike 
 At kinges of erthe Jiat rike." 
 
 75. 12. 
 140. 2. 
 44. 7. 
 
 Rekles, ' incense, 
 Rike, 'kingdom/ 
 hon Sekes, 7. 5. 
 Sekand. 9. 10. 
 Seked, p.p., 16. 
 Snth-like, 2G. 10. 
 Slike, 'such,' 84. 8. 
 Stiked, 3rd pi. pret., 
 Wiccand, 'witching, 
 
 Egerton, other MSS. 
 Wreker, 'avenger,' 8. 3 
 
 37. 3. 
 
 charming,' MS. 
 wicchand.' 
 
 Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. 
 
 Beseke 
 
 Freck, ' a man.' 
 
 Ilik, iulv. 
 
 Lican:, ' corpse.' 
 
 Mak, ' a mate.' 
 
 Mikel | 
 
 Mikil ) 
 
 Pik. sb., 'pitch.' 
 
 Reck, vb., ' care.' 
 
 Prick, sb. 
 
 Prik (Fairf.). 
 
 Rik, adj. 
 
 8ek, vb., ' seek.' 
 
 Spek, sb. (also Spcche). 
 
 Spek, vb., aud Spech. 
 
 Minot, Yorks., 1333-52. 
 
 Dik, 'bank.' 
 Kynrik. 
 Priked, p.p. 
 
 Prk. of Gome., Yorks., before 1349. 
 
 Breke, vb. 
 
 Puk, 'a buck.' 
 
 Cloke, ' a claw.' 
 
 Eke ) , 
 
 Heke i vb " increase - 
 
 Fickle, adj. 
 
 Layk, 'to play.' 
 
 Like, ' to please.' 
 
 Loke, vb. 
 
 Mikel, adj. 
 
 Nek, sb. 
 
 Prike, vb. 
 
 Pyk, sb. 
 
 Reke, sb., ' smoke.' 
 
 Reke, ' care. ' 
 
 Sake, ' fault.' 
 
 Siker, adj. 
 
 Skrike, vb. 
 
 Slake, vb., 'quench, mitigate. 
 
 SlekLH' ' t0 6lake -' 
 Snuke, ' to suck.' 
 Strykly, adv., ' direct. 
 Wayk, adj., ' weak.' 
 Wyk, ' horrid,' ' bad.' 
 
 Sir Gam., North., 1366. 
 
 Eke, 'else.' 
 
 Fyked, 'shrank,' ' was troubled.' 
 
 Layk, 'sport.' 
 
 Layke, vb. 
 
 Rak, sb., ' vapour.' 
 
 Townl. Myst., Yorks., 1460. 
 
 Cleke, vb., ' seize.' 
 Pik, ' pitch.' 
 Slirvke, ' to shriek.' 
 Twyk, ' to twitch.' 
 
 Wrt.-Wlkr., xviii, Northern, Early 
 Fifteenth Century. 
 
 Hekylle. 
 
 Mawke, ' maggot.' 
 
 Moke, ' moth.' 
 
 Syke, 'gutter.' 
 
 Thekare. 
 
 Flvk (of bacon). 
 
 Reke, ' fumes.'
 
 3G 
 
 Wars of Alex., York*., Late Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Akis. pres. sing., ' (it) aches.' 
 Beseke, 1>. and A. 
 Beseche, D. and A. 
 Cleke, vb., ' clutch. 
 Breke, ' breeks.' 
 
 S?* 8 'ditch.' 
 
 Hike I 
 
 Freke, ' a man.' 
 
 Kokel, 'shaky, unsteadfast.' 
 
 Laike, sb., ' sport,' etc. 
 
 Leke, si).. ' hek.' 
 
 Licken, vb. 
 
 Mekill, • great.' 
 
 Pik, sb. 
 
 Reke, ' smoke.' 
 
 Eekils, ' odour.' 
 
 Sike I 'such ' 
 Slikef suca - 
 
 Strekis, ' it stretches.' 
 
 Seke, vb. 
 
 Skrike, sb. 
 
 Schrikis, pres. pi. vb. 
 
 Wreke, vb., wreak. 
 
 Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. 
 
 a Theker, ' tector.' 
 
 Thakke \ ' culraus ' 
 Thake (A) | c,Umus - 
 
 Ake, quercus. 
 
 to Ake. 
 
 a Bakbone. 
 
 a Bek, ' torrens.' 
 
 Blak, adj. 
 
 to Breke, 'frangare.' 
 
 to Dike. 
 
 to Eke. ubi ' to helpe,' (note, cf. 
 
 Jetch Palsgrave). 
 
 a Flyke of bacon. 
 
 Wicked, Austerus. 
 
 a Wyke, of ye eghe (Whyte, 4) . 
 
 a Leke, ' porrum.' 
 
 Mikill, adj. 
 
 a Wake, ' vigilia.' 
 
 a Nyke, ' a nick, notch.' 
 
 Pike e (A)}' piX,biiUmen -' 
 
 to Pryke, 'pungere.' 
 
 a Pryk. 
 
 to Seryke. 
 
 Syker, ' securus.' 
 
 Slyke. 
 
 a Smoke. 
 
 Eeke, sb. and vb. 
 
 Rekynge. 
 
 to Speke. 
 
 a Strykylle, ' hostorium.' 
 to Take away. 
 a Taket, 'claviculus.' 
 Etekels | , • , 
 
 Rckyls(A)| mcensura - 
 Of. Rechles, Ancr. Riw. 
 
 Levins., Yorks., 1570. 
 
 Blacke, adj. 
 
 tn Bleck (and bletch) ' nigrare.' 
 Flick (and flitch) of bacon. 
 Prick, vh. 
 Screake. 
 
 Whake= < quake.' 
 Bishopricke. 
 to Seeke. 
 Seeke, adj. 
 Reek, sb , 'smoke.' 
 Cheke. 
 
 tn Wreck, ' vindicare.' 
 Eke, vb. 
 Meeke, adj. 
 Cleake, vb., 'snatch.' 
 to Breake. 
 
 Sinacke, sb. and vb., ' taste.' 
 Snacke, sb. and vb., 'bite.' 
 Heck, sb., 'a hatch.' 
 Heckfare, sb., 'heifer.' (Heckfar, 
 Huloet.) 
 
 Allit P., Lanes., 1360. 
 
 Bispeke. 
 
 Blake, adj. 
 
 Blayke, ' pale in colour.' 
 
 Bvswyke, ' to defraud.' 
 
 Fykel, ' fickle.' 
 
 Heke, ' also.' 
 
 Likke, 'to sip, drink.' 
 
 Make I ' mate ' 
 Mak | mate - 
 
 Makeles, 'matchless.' 
 
 Sykande, 'sighing.' 
 
 Wreke, p.p., ' avenged.' 
 
 ^ k t ' winkpfl ' 
 AVykke J wlckecl - 
 
 Melr., Rom., Lanes., 1420. 
 
 Bake, ' back.' 
 
 Beken, vb., ' command.' 
 
 Blake, vb., ' blacken.' 
 
 Makelest (' most matchless ' ? ). 
 
 Makeles, ' matchless.' 
 
 Mekel \ , , , 
 tii- i i > much. 
 Mykyl I 
 
 Preke, ' gallop away.' 
 
 Rekes ' (he) smokes.' 
 
 Scryken, vb., 'shriek.'
 
 37 
 
 (he) Sekes, 'seeks.' 
 
 Seke, ' sick.' 
 
 (he) Sikes, 'sighs.' 
 
 Siking, ' sighing.' 
 
 Slikes, 'slides.' 
 
 Spekes, inf. 
 
 to Wake, 'watch.' 
 
 Worlyke, 'worthy.' 
 
 Worthelik. 
 
 Wrake, ' destruction.' 
 
 R. of Brunne, Lutes., 1338. 
 Breke, p.p. 
 Brek, sb. 
 Dedlyk, adj. 
 Dik, ' ditch.' 
 Lak, vb., ' play.' 
 Prykel. 
 Pryked, p.p. 
 Steke, vb., ' stick.' 
 Sykes, ' furrows, watercourses.' 
 pakkes, sb. pi. 
 pikke, adj. 
 Wycke, adj. 
 
 Orm., Lines., 1200. 
 Bakesst. 
 Becnenn. 
 
 Bilokenn, 'consider.' 
 Biswikenn, ' betray.' 
 Bitcecnenn, 'betoken.' 
 Biwokenn, ' watched.' 
 Bokes. 
 
 Bruknenn, ' enjoy.' 
 Fakenn, ' exile.' 
 Forrsakeh]'. 
 Huccesteress. 
 Ekenn, ' to increase.' 
 Mikell. 
 Makenn. 
 
 Likenn, 'to like.' 
 Sicnedd. 
 Sake, ' strife.' 
 Sikenn. 
 Tacnenn. 
 Takenn. 
 Swikedom. 
 Stake. 
 Stikkes, pi. 
 Stukenn, ' to shut.' 
 Spekenn. 
 
 Sikenn, 'to sigh.' 
 Siker. 
 
 Stracinn, perf. 
 Wuke, 'week.' 
 Wikken, ' duty, office.' 
 "Wakemenn, 'watchmen.' 
 Wicke, Wikke, 'mean, wicked.' 
 Wrekenn, vb., ' avenge.' 
 
 Final c in Orm. 
 
 Ace, ' but.' 
 
 Bac j 
 
 Bacc | ' back.' 
 
 Bacch I 
 
 Bucc, 'goat.' 
 
 Boc, ' book.' 
 
 Brace, ' broke.' 
 
 Ec, 'also.' 
 
 Flocc. 
 
 Ice, 'I.' 
 
 Lsec. 
 
 Lac, 'gift.' 
 
 52" }'-*■• 
 £T }•-*■■ 
 
 Smec, sb. 
 
 Wic, 'dwelling.' 
 
 Smacc, ' taste.' 
 
 Wac, 'weak.' 
 
 Eor);lic. 
 
 Lie (and lich), 'body.' 
 
 Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. 
 
 Swike, ' deceiver.' 
 
 Swikel, ' deceitful.' 
 
 Biseken, vb. 
 
 Bitaken, ' deliver over.' 
 
 Bleike, ' pale, wan.' 
 
 Breken, vb. 
 
 Dike, ' ditch.' 
 
 Ek, ' also.' 
 
 Fikel, adj. 
 
 Hie, ' I.' 
 
 Mike ) , . , 
 
 Mikel ) much - 
 
 Rike, sb. 
 
 Seckes, ' sacks.' 
 
 Seken, vb. 
 
 Speke, 'speech.' 
 
 Waken, ' watch.' 
 
 Wicke \ 
 
 Wike } 'wicked.' 
 
 Wikke ) 
 
 Wreken, vb., 'avenge.' 
 
 Halt Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1226. 
 
 Pricunges, 3rd. 
 1'iikieu, vb. 3rd pi. 
 Licke'S, 3rd sing. 
 Cwike, adj. 
 
 Sikeu, inf. 27, 'to sigh.' 
 Ake}i, vb. pi., 31. 
 Louke, ' side,' dat. sing. 
 Schucke, ' devil,' 41. 
 
 119991
 
 38 
 
 Will, of Pal., W. Midi., 1350. 
 
 Biker, 'a fight.' 
 Diked, ' dug out.' 
 Freke, ' a man.' 
 Eakernes, ' acorns.' 
 Layke, vb., ' play.' 
 Prike, vb. 
 Siken, ' sigh.' 
 Silked, j). p. 
 Wake, vb., ' watch.' 
 Wicke 1 
 Wic I 
 
 evil. 
 
 Mire., Salop, 1400. 
 I. ych wake, sb. 
 Quyke, ' alive.' 
 Stoke, ' stuck.' 
 Yeke, ' also.' 
 
 MS. Earl., 2253; Here/., 1310. 
 
 Aken, vb. 
 
 Byswiken, p.p. 
 
 Blykeb. 
 
 Blak, adj., 'black.' 
 
 Blac, ' pale.' 
 
 Eke, 'also.' 
 
 Make, ' mate.' 
 
 Mukel, adj. 
 
 Prikyares, sb. pi. 
 
 Rykene, vb. 
 
 Sike, 1 sing. pres. 
 
 Smok, ' a garment.' 
 
 Spekest. 
 
 Swyke, sb., ' traitor.' 
 
 AVicke, adj. 
 
 Wore, Gloss., Twelfth Century. 
 
 Bakern, ' pistrionum. ' 
 Siker, ' tutus.' 
 •Sticke, ' regula.' 
 Were, ' opus.' 
 Slac, ' piger.' 
 Oc, ' quercus.' 
 
 laz-, Worct., 1205. 
 Abake. 
 Abac. 
 
 JEke, sec, eek, etc., etc., 'also.' 
 -'Kreudwreke, ' messenger. 1 
 Asvvike, ' we cease.' 
 At. -sake, ' forsake.' 
 Awakien, ' to awake.' 
 Blikien, vb., ' shine.' 
 Blakien. 
 Blakede. 
 
 (1. blaecched, p.p., \ . , , 
 both MSS.) J t0 " lHCken - 
 
 sbs 
 
 Blac, adj. 
 
 Boc. 
 
 [Bock]. 
 
 Brookes, ' badgers.' 
 
 Buken, ' bellies,' d. pi. 
 
 Crakeden. 
 
 Die, 'ditch.' 
 
 Drake, ' dragon.' 
 
 Floe, 'host.' 
 
 Flocke, d. 
 
 Hoker, ' contempt.' 
 
 Ic and ich, 'I.' 
 
 Pic-foreken, d. pi. 
 
 Smokien, vb., ' to smoke. 
 
 Spaecken), k , 
 
 bpei<en | 1 
 
 Speke, ' speech.' 
 
 Swike, ' betray.' 
 
 Taken ) 
 
 Token ) 
 
 Weorc -\ 
 
 AVerc | 
 
 Woe re 
 
 •Wore 
 
 [Worch] 
 
 [Worck] . 
 
 [Cweccte] from qaiecchen. 
 
 Bitaken, ' deliver, give ' (and bi-tseche). 
 
 Songs and Car., Wariv., 1400. 
 (I) Beseke, 13. 
 Prykke (inf.), 73. 
 
 Prompt., Norf, 1440. 
 Ake, or i , 
 
 Ache j sb - 
 Akyn, vb. 
 Alyke. 
 
 Bakke, ' vespertilio.' 
 Bleke, ' atramentum.' 
 Blak, ' ater.' 
 Dyke, ' fossa.' 
 1'lykke (of bacon). 
 Froke. 
 
 Hec, or Hek, | 
 
 or Hetche (of a dor) j 
 Hekele, 'matasca.' 
 
 Smeke ) , . c , 
 
 D , sb., ' minus. 
 
 Smoke I ' 
 
 Twykkyn \ 
 
 [Twycbynk] j 
 
 Pyk. 
 
 Keek. 
 
 Thak. 
 
 jykyn. \ 
 
 ^ekyu, ck. \ 
 
 Ykyn. ) 
 
 Ikyl, ' stiria.' 
 
 Schrykynge.
 
 39 
 
 Xorfolk Guilds, 1389. 
 
 Worchepfulleke, 87. 
 Specialeke, 54. 
 Unskylfulleche aud -lik, 55. 
 
 Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. 
 
 Barlic, 291. 
 Bee, ' beak,' 58. 
 Bitterlike, 481. 
 Borlic, ' burly,' 605. 
 Ic, 54. 
 
 Lie, sb., 797. 
 Mikle, 548. 
 Mikel, 235. 
 Quike, adj., 341. 
 Seke-S, 62, 132. 
 Speken, 592. 
 Swic, 'such,' 193. 
 Biswike, 429. 
 WakeS, 47. 
 Wikke, adj., 593. 
 
 Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. 
 
 Biluken, p.p. 
 
 Bisek I . 
 
 Biseke | im P erat - 
 
 Biseken, inf. 
 
 BlrSelike, adv. 
 
 Dik, 'ditch.' 
 
 Dikes, pi. 
 
 Forsake, ' deny.' 
 
 Hie, < I.' 
 
 I-ureke, ' avenged.' 
 
 Lik, 'like.' 
 
 Likede, ' pleased.' 
 
 Mikil ^ 
 
 Mikel y great.' 
 
 (and Michil) j 
 
 Prike'o", ' pricks, spurs.' 
 
 Reklefat, ' a censer.' 
 
 Seken, ' to seek.' 
 
 Smaken, ' to scent.' 
 
 Swike, ' unfaithful.' 
 
 Strekede, 'stretched.' 
 
 Speken, vb. 
 
 Wikke, ' wicked.' 
 
 Uprekeft, ' up-reeks.' 
 
 Bokenham, before 1449, Suffolk. 
 
 Lvk, S. Anne, 427. 
 Fivkke, Ch. 859. 
 Wvkke, Ch. 856. 
 Seke, inf. (and Seche). 
 
 k medially in Chanter. 
 
 Aken, vb. 
 
 Aking. 
 
 Acornes. 
 
 Bake, vb. 
 
 Biseken, vb. 
 
 Bitake, vb. 
 
 Breke, vb. 
 
 Brekke, sb., ' flaw.' 
 
 Darketn, vb. 
 
 Derken, vb. 
 
 Derke, sb. 
 
 Dokke, sb. 
 
 Drake. 
 
 Fikelnesse. 
 
 Flikere, vb. 
 
 Halke. 
 
 Forsake. 
 
 Ilakke. 
 
 Herke, vb. 
 
 Herknen, vb. 
 
 Lich-wake. 
 
 Loke, vb. 
 
 Lokkes (of hair). 
 
 Make, vb. 
 
 Make, sb. 
 
 Meke, adj. 
 
 Pekke, vb. 
 
 Nekke, sb. 
 
 Nake, vb. 
 
 Mikel, adj. 
 
 Piken, vb. 
 
 Priken, vb. 
 
 Prikke, sb. 
 
 Pyke, vb. 
 
 Plukke, vb. 
 
 Pokkes, sb. 
 
 Rake, sb. 
 
 Reeke, vb. (also reechen). 
 
 Rekene, vb. 
 
 Rekith = ' smokes.' 
 
 Siker, adj. 
 
 Sake. 
 
 Slike. 
 
 Smoke, sb. 
 
 Souke, vb. 
 
 Speke, vb. 
 
 Stiken, vb. 
 
 Stikke, sb. 
 
 Strake, vb. 
 
 Stroke, vb. 
 
 Strvke, vb. 
 
 Svke, vb. ('sigh'). 
 
 Takel. 
 
 Thakketh, vb. 
 
 Thikke, adj. 
 
 Waker, adj. 
 
 Wake, vb. 
 
 Trikled, vb.
 
 40 
 
 Weke, adj. 
 Wreke, vb. 
 Wikked, adj. 
 Wikke, adj. 
 
 \ finally in Chaucer. 
 
 Bak. 
 
 Beek, 'beak.' 
 
 Blak, adj. 
 
 Book. 
 
 Bouk (of tree). 
 
 Brok. 
 
 Buk. 
 
 Fck, ' also.' 
 
 Hook. 
 
 Jk, pr. 
 
 Lak. 
 
 Leek (plant). 
 
 Look, sb. 
 
 Ook (tree). 
 
 Sak. 
 
 Seek, ' sick.' 
 
 Stnok, ' a smoke.' 
 
 Wrak, sb. 
 
 Stryk, ' stroke.' 
 
 Syk, ' a sigh.' 
 
 Wycliffe. 
 
 Bre^ynye = k ; X. 
 Pricked, MM. 
 
 Quik, ' alive,' X. 
 Recke, ' to care,' X. 
 Seke, vb., X. 
 Sike, 'search into,' X. 
 
 St. Cath., Glos., 1200. 
 
 Aswikej?, ' ceases.' 
 Swike, pres. op tat. 
 Freken, 'champions.' 
 Pikes, ' spikes.' 
 Wreken, sb., 'avenge.' 
 Ecnesse, 'eternity.' 
 Slec, ' mud.' 
 Cwic, 'living.' 
 
 R. of Glos., 1300. 
 
 Wikke, adj. 
 
 "Wrake, sb., ' vengeance.' 
 
 Awreke, sb., 'avenge.' 
 
 Bisuike, p.p., 'deceived.' 
 
 Biseke, vb. 
 
 Scrikede, pret. 
 
 Meoc, ' meek.' 
 
 Speke, vb. 
 
 Spek, vb. 
 
 Prikie, 'to spur.' 
 
 Sike, vb., 'sigh.' 
 Suike, sb., ' villain.' 
 
 P. Plowm., Glos., 1362-93. 
 
 Biseke. 
 
 Dike > 
 
 Dik ) 
 
 Dickers = ' ditchers. ' 
 
 Frek I t 
 
 T7 -i l i man. 
 
 Fraik, etc.) 
 
 Ik and y, pronoun. 
 
 Likam | , , , , 
 
 Licam 1 Col 'I ,se > bod y- 
 
 Piikkyth. 
 
 Prikej>. 
 
 S\ kede, ' seighed.' 
 
 Wieke) ,. 
 
 WikkeJ atl J" 
 
 Ilyke, adj. 
 
 Sir Per., Devon, 1380. 
 
 Crake, 'crack.' 
 Freke, ' man.' 
 Make, ' mate.' 
 Bespeken. 
 
 Be-swyke, ' deceive.' 
 Deke, 'ditch.' 
 Prykie, ' ride.' 
 Beke, ' rich.' 
 Wikke \ ' violent.' 
 Wycke ) ' hard, painful.' 
 Quyke, adj. 
 Sykynge, 'sighing.' 
 
 St. Editha, Wilts., 1440. 
 
 ?;eke, vb., 'itch,' 3,388. 
 Scrykede, 1,671. 
 
 St. Jul. (Prose), Dorset, 1200. 
 
 Slakien, inf., 20. 
 llikenen, inf., 80. 
 Eke, 'also,' 4. 
 Stewtna&et, 10. 
 Sikede, ' sighed,' 20. 
 Cvvike, adj., 22. 
 Wike, ' office,' 24. 
 
 Ancren Riwle, Dorset, 1225. 
 
 to-breakeft. 
 
 Prikke, 'point,' jxt. 
 
 Speckes, ' specks.' 
 
 Speken, inf. 
 
 Strik, imp. of strecchen. 
 
 Swike, ' traitor.'
 
 41 
 
 picke, adj. 
 
 Wikke, ' foul, bad.' 
 
 30c, ' yoke.' 
 
 K^ele j.. a cha tterer.' 
 
 Chakele I 
 
 Swuc, ' such.' 
 
 Teke'Se, MS. Titus and MS. Nero, 
 Morton's ed., p. 50. 
 
 Morton translates teke'Se ' teach - 
 eth,' but Matzner (Spr. Proben, p. 9) 
 rejects this, aud regards teke'Se as 
 = teke, ' to eken,' + Se, and as 
 meaning ' moreover.' In support 
 of Matzner's view it may be urged 
 that, on p. 106, MS. Nero has 
 teke pet = ' moreover,' and MS. 
 Cleopatra here has ' to eken ' ; 
 p. 180, Nero also has techen pe, 
 etc., which Morton, again, trans- 
 lates ' teach tbose who,' etc., 
 but Matzner's explanation certainly 
 makes better sense here. On the other 
 hand, on p. 50 Morton's translation 
 makes good sense, and MS. Cleo- 
 patra has techen pe. In any case 
 teken, teke'S, etc., may be formed 
 from tekp, just as seken from sekp. 
 
 Tuke'S, ' chastiseth.' 
 
 0. and N., Dorset, Hants., 1246-50. 
 
 Tukest, ' twitchest,' 63. 
 Swikel-hede, 162. 
 Bi-swike, 158. 
 Swikedone, 167. 
 Mislikep, 344. 
 
 Kentish Gospels (ATS. Eattou, 38) , 1 1 50. 
 
 k and ck used for the stop, instead of c. 
 
 Akenned, Job.., ix, 20. 
 Kaigen, Mat., xvi, 19. 
 Taken, sb., Job., ix, 16. 
 Spraeken, imp. pi., Job., ix, 22. 
 pape swinke'S, Mat., x, 28. 
 liken, Lk., x, 7. 
 JEkeres, Mat., vi, 28. 
 Kyirg, Lk., xix, 38. 
 Drinke, Mat., vi, 32. 
 I irot'el-seoke, Mat..viii, 16. 
 Chikene, Mat., xxiii, 37. 
 (>l-karf, Lk., xxii. 
 Kynne. 
 
 ck. 
 
 Lickeres, Mat., xxii, 18. 
 
 Hyre lockan, dat. pi., Joh., x, 2. 
 
 eh = k. 
 
 Chana, Joh. ii. 1. 
 Fich-treowe, Job. i, 50. 
 
 M.S. Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. 
 
 piece, 237. 
 Siceruesse, 239. 
 
 Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. 
 
 Siker, 25, 31. 
 BesekeS, 109. 18. 
 Besekeu, 147. 28. 
 
 Moral Ode (Digby MS.), Kent. Early 
 Thirteenth Century. 
 
 Ecnesse, sb. 
 
 ic = 'I,' only form used in this MS. 
 
 Likede, 13. 
 
 Quike, 79. 
 
 (Euel) Smak. 
 
 (ic) Speke, 17. 
 
 Siker, adj., 39. 
 
 Bisweke'5, 14. 
 
 Kentish Sermons (Laud, 471), 1200-50. 
 
 Betocknep, Fifth Sermon. 
 Werkes, sb. , Epiph. 
 
 Aienbite, Kent, 1340. 
 
 Awreke, vb., 'punish, avenge.' 
 
 Awrekiuge, ' vengeance. ' 
 
 Boc. 
 
 Breke, vb., brecp. 
 
 Icing=' itching.' 
 
 like, ' serve.' 
 
 Licnesse. 
 
 Liknesse. 
 
 Loke, ' to look.' 
 
 Make, ' mate.' 
 
 Markes, ' bounds.' 
 
 Brikyinde, particip. 
 
 ^ mek | taste. 
 Smec ) 
 
 Speke, ' to speak.' 
 
 Waki, 'to watch.' 
 
 Y-bake, 'baked.' 
 
 Zik, ' sick.' 
 
 Smackep, vb. 
 
 Will, of Shoreham, Knit. 1307-27. 
 
 Siker, 13. 
 By-swikep, 22.
 
 42 
 
 Bi-fenke^e (Courath, eh). 
 Dryke>, 23. 
 Wyckerede, 09. 
 Melke, dat., 133. 
 penk>e | n3 
 ClenkeJ>e I 
 
 Lib. Desc, Kent, 1350. 
 
 to Speke, 47. 
 MeJ>inkeJ\ 
 like, 353. 
 Awreke, p.p., 441. 
 Pricked, 496. 
 
 II. 
 
 Non-initial c, ch in M.E. 
 
 Barbour. 
 
 Beteche, 'to commit.' 
 
 Fechand, part. 
 
 I ,( ichis, ' doctors.' 
 
 Vach, 'watch' (sb. and vb.). 
 
 Vrechidly. 
 
 Yrechit, adj. 
 
 Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. 
 
 Fecbe, vb. 
 
 Siche, ' such.' 
 
 Smocli, 'mouldy, stinking.' 
 
 Speiche \ gb _ 
 
 bpeche ) 
 
 Streiche, adj., 'stiff, affected.' 
 
 Teich, vb. 
 
 "Wreche ^ , 
 
 M'retchis J 
 
 Gav. Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 
 Awach, vb., ' watch.' 
 About-speche, ' circumlocution.' 
 Brechins, stuffing to prevent hames 
 
 from galling horse's neck. 
 Cuchill, 'forest or grove' (cf. 'queech' 
 
 in Mod. Suffolk dialect). 
 Fet, ' to prepare.' 
 Feche, vb., 'fetch,' etc. 
 Hachis, ' hatches.' 
 lch, 'each.' 
 Lech, ' a doctor.' 
 Mich, 'much.' 
 Sichand, ' sighing ' (but perbaps ch 
 
 here = front open consonant ?) . 
 
 |S2 }"""**' 
 
 A\ ache, 'watchman.' 
 Wrache, ' a wretch.' 
 "Wrechis, pi. 
 
 Compl. of Scotl., 1549. 
 
 Reche, adj. 
 Skrech, ' shriek.' 
 Tech, vb. 
 Vytches, ' witches.' 
 
 Metrical Psalter, Yorks., before 1300. 
 
 Drecchand (in MSS. Harl. and 
 
 Egerton), 108. 10. 
 Riche, adj., 33. 11. 
 Speches, sb., 18. 4. 
 Teche, inf., 93. 12. 
 
 Wichaud I 'witching, charming,' 58. 6. 
 Wicchandf MS. Egerton has wiccand. 
 Wrecches, 136. 3. 
 Wrecchedhede, 11. 6. 
 Wretchednes, 106. 10. 
 
 Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. 
 
 Rich, adj. 
 
 Wreche, sb. and adj. 
 Speche, sb. 
 Spech, vb. 
 pcche, sb., ' gout.' 
 
 Minot, Yorks., 1333-52. 
 Feched. 
 Wietche, sb. 
 
 Prk. of Consc, Yorks., before 1349. 
 
 Leche, ' physician.' 
 Reche, ' to reach. 
 Wiche, ' a witch.' 
 
 Sir Gaw., North., 1366. 
 
 Brachez, ' hounds.' 
 Drechch, ' hurt.'
 
 43 
 
 Foch, vb., 'fetch.' 
 Iche, ' each.' 
 Lach, vb., ' take.' 
 Riche, vb., ' reach.' 
 Ryched, p.p., 'enriched.' 
 Seech, vb. 
 
 Townl. My st., Forks., 1450. 
 
 Drecche, 'to afflict.' 
 
 Ich = 'I,' an imitation of Southern. 
 ' Take out that Sothern tothe ' is 
 said to the person who uses the 
 word 'ich.' 
 
 Ich = ' each.' 
 
 Wars of Alex., Yorks., Late 
 Fifteenth Century. 
 
 Biche. 
 
 Drechet, p.p., 'vexed, spoilt.' 
 
 Feche, vb. 
 
 Liche, 'body.' 
 
 Macchis, ' mates.' 
 
 Meclie, ' great.' 
 
 Riche, adj. 
 
 Reche, vb., ' to reach.' 
 
 Seche (and Seke). 
 
 Siche, • such.' 
 
 Wriche, sb. 
 
 Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. 
 
 a Bechetre, ' fagus.' 
 
 a Bych, ' licista.' 
 
 a Fiche, ' vicia.' 
 
 a Leche, ' medicus.' 
 
 Riche, ' copiosus.' 
 
 a Speche, 'colloquium.' 
 
 to Teche. 
 
 a Weche, ' veneficus.' 
 
 Kychyu, 'coquiua.' 
 
 Levins, Yorks., 1570. 
 
 Ache, sb. and vb. (rhymes to Spinaehe). 
 
 Bitch. 
 
 Blache i , 
 
 BletcheJ SD - 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Pich, ' corbiculus.' 
 
 to Mych. 
 
 a Ditch. 
 
 [tche, sb. 
 
 Stitch, sb. 
 
 Pitch, 'pix.' 
 
 a Wrytch, ' miser.' 
 
 Flitch. 
 
 Witche. 
 
 to Fetch. 
 
 to Reche, ' distendi. 
 
 to Stretch. 
 
 Speach, 'sermo.' 
 
 Beach. 
 
 to Bleach, 'candidare.' 
 
 to Teache. 
 
 Horseleache. 
 
 Allit. P. Lanes., 1360. 
 
 Aliche, ' alike.' 
 
 Biseche, vb. 
 
 Biteche, vb. 
 
 Brych, ' filth ' ? 
 
 Cleche, ' to receive, take.' 
 
 Dych, 'ditch.' 
 
 Feche, subj. of vb. 
 
 Hacche j ' hatch ' of a ship. 
 
 Lachche } ^., 'to take.' 
 
 Lache, vb., 'bitch' (cf. Dial, to hitch). 
 
 Machche } ' make ' fellow -' 
 
 Pich, 'pitch.' 
 
 Racchclie, 'to go.' 
 
 Rych, sb. 
 
 Rich, adj. 
 
 Seche, vb. 
 
 Smach, ' scent, smell.' 
 
 Streche, vb. 
 
 "vVhiehche, ' ask.' 
 
 Wrache ) , , 
 
 Wrech j' ^ngeance. 
 
 Wreche, 'wretched.' 
 
 Wrechche) wretch - 
 Wyche-crafte. 
 
 Metr. Rom., Lanes., 1420. 
 
 Burliche, ' hurl.' 
 
 (be) Clechis, ' seizes. 
 
 Foche, imperat. 
 
 Haches, ' hay-racks.' 
 
 Ich, 'each.' 
 
 Machet, 'matched.' 
 
 Muche. 
 
 Quyche, ' which.' 
 
 Rechs, ' reeks,' vb. 
 
 Richest, adj. 
 
 Seche \ 
 
 Siche > 'such.' 
 
 Suche ) 
 
 Suche, vb., ' seek.' 
 
 Wurlych, ' worthy. ' 
 
 Wrechut, adj.
 
 II 
 
 OriH., Lines., 1200. 
 
 Eche, adj., 'eternal.' 
 I'\ i vlienn, vb. 
 [cchenn. 
 
 I.inlieuu, ' cure.' 
 Lseche, bd. 
 
 Lacchenn, vb., ' catch.' 
 EUche, ' kingdom.' 
 Riche, adj. 
 Racchess, sb. pi. 
 Tsechenn, vb. 
 Spseche, sb. 
 Macche, sb., ' mate.' 
 Wraeche, ' vengeance.' 
 Wreccbe, adj. and sb. 
 AVicche-cneftess. 
 AVecche, sb. 
 
 Mavelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. 
 
 Swich. 
 
 Cunricbe, ' kingdom.' 
 
 Lecbe, ' physician.' 
 
 Licb, 'like"' 
 
 Ich, y, and I. 
 
 Ihc. 
 
 R. of B name, Lines., 1338. 
 
 Feche ) vb. 
 
 Fette J perf. 
 
 Leches, ' physicians.' 
 
 Liche, adj. 
 
 Ficched, p.p. (perf. is pight). 
 
 Reehe, vb. 
 
 Teche, vb. 
 
 AYicche-craft. 
 
 Wreche, vb., ' vindicate.' 
 
 Hali Maidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. 
 
 Richedom, 3. 
 
 into Drecchunge, 7. 
 
 Bisechen, 11. 
 
 Bruche, 'breach,' 11. 
 
 Bruchele, 'brittle,' 13. 
 
 Smecchunge, ' tasting,' 13. 
 
 Ich. 
 
 AVicchen, 33. 
 
 Stiches, ' pains,' 35. 
 
 Fliehe, 37. 
 
 Wlecche, adj. or adv., 43. 
 
 "Wrecch, sb., 47. 
 
 Iliche, 'like,' 19. 
 
 Will, of Pal., W. Midi., 1350. 
 
 Areche, ' to reacb.' 
 Dreche, ' disturb ' (Alis) . 
 
 Ecbc. 
 Erliche. 
 
 Ilacbc. 
 
 Hacches ^ , 
 
 Eaches ) pi " 
 
 Ich. 
 
 Ich, ' each.' 
 
 Lacben, ' rob, catch.' 
 
 Leche, 'physician.' 
 
 Liche, ' like.' 
 
 Miche, ' great.' 
 
 Michel. 
 
 Muchel. 
 
 Ueh, ' each.' 
 
 Wreche, ' revenge.' 
 Wreche, ' to revenge.' 
 Reching, 'explanation.' 
 Riche, ' kingdom.' 
 Seche, ' to seek.' 
 Swiche, ' such.' 
 Misse-spech, ' evil report.' 
 Werche i , 
 Wirch ( VD - 
 Miswerche, vb. 
 Kichen. 
 Marche, 'boundary' (Alis). 
 
 Earliest Eng.Pr. Ps., W. Midi, 1375. 
 
 Michel, 91. 5. 
 
 Teche}?, 93. 10. 
 
 Sechef, 4. 3. 
 
 Whiche, 13. 6. 
 
 Bisechen, 26. 7. 
 
 Liche to, 27. 1. 
 
 Ich, passim (commonest form of pr., 
 
 but i and y occur). 
 Chirche, 21. 26. 
 
 Mire, Salop, 1400. 
 
 Myche, ' much.' 
 Dedlyche. 
 Onlyche. 
 Seche, ' to seek.' 
 Sych, 'such.' 
 Uche, ' each.' 
 Lych-wake. 
 Worche, vb. 
 Worchynge, sb. 
 
 MS. Earl., 2,253, Heref, 1310. 
 
 Areche, p.p. 
 i Byseche. 
 Bysechinge. 
 Bysechen, vb.
 
 45 
 
 Bruche, ' breech.' 
 
 Drecche)', vb. 
 
 Echen, ' to increase.' 
 
 Ich. 
 
 Kyneriche. 
 
 Leche, ' medicus.' 
 
 Liche, adj. 
 
 Muchele. 
 
 Muche. 
 
 Eecche, vb. 
 
 Riche, adj. 
 
 Eiche, sb. 
 
 Seche, vb. 
 
 Speche, sb. 
 
 Such. 
 
 Suche. 
 
 T echen, sb. 
 
 Wyeche, ' witch.' 
 
 Wrecche, sb. and adj. 
 
 Wore. Glost., Twelfth Century. 
 
 Imsecca, ' conjunx.' 
 Wicche, ' phitonissa.' 
 Sticels, ' aculeus.' 
 Misliches, ' bless, discolor.' 
 Ticchen, ' haedus.' 
 Blacern, ' lichinus.' 
 Stucche, 'frustruin.' 
 Ic bore. 
 Lie, ' corpus.' 
 Ilches. 
 
 Lajpman, Worcs., 1205. 
 
 iEchen, vb., 'increase.' 
 Areccheu, ' interpret.' 
 •Areche, vb., 'touch.' 
 Atsechen. 
 Bsch, ' valley.' 
 Bisechen ) 
 Bisecchen \ 
 
 I;-.* j,b.,..i.iiv„, g ,vo.' 
 
 Bi-wncched. 
 
 Crucche, ' crutch.' 
 
 i luchene. 
 
 •Kuchene. 
 
 •Dich. 
 
 •Diches. 
 
 Ftechen. 
 
 " ec , che 1'each.' 
 
 hrhne, ace. J 
 
 •Ich (and -ic) ) 4 T . 
 
 ■Hich $ lm 
 
 Laeche. 
 
 ! ; ". 1,os }' hooks.' 
 Leches ) 
 
 •J -ich. 
 
 Lie (botkMSS.). 
 
 •Iliche, 'like.' 
 
 Muchele, 'gnat.' 
 
 •Riche, ' realm.' 
 
 Ricche, adj. 
 
 Rehchen| itorecL , 
 
 [Reche] j 
 
 Rsecchen, ' tell, explain.' 
 
 Quecchen, 'move, escape,' etc. 
 
 Srechen. 
 
 •Sechen. 
 
 |P ffi ° he ) S b. 
 fepeche I 
 
 Stucchen ) , • , 
 
 [Sticches]) P ieces - 
 
 I-toechen, vb., 'give.' 
 
 Wraecche 1 , , 
 
 [AVrecche, wrech] j " 
 
 Prucche, 'to thrust.' 
 
 Awachede, ' arose.' 
 
 Songs and Carols, Wane, 1400. 
 Dyche, 58. 
 
 Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. 
 
 Qwyche, 31. 
 Morn speches, 45. 
 Mechil. 
 Fecche, 76. 
 
 Prompt., Norf., 1440. 
 
 Bycche (Bycke, P.), 'bitch.' 
 Byschypryche (bysshoperike, P.). 
 Hytchyn, ' moveo.' 
 Iche (or Yeke). 
 Latchyu, ' catch.' 
 Leche, ' medicus.' 
 Lyche, ' dede body.' 
 Match (or Make), compar. 
 
 l lecll >'i 1'attingo.' 
 A-retchyn ) b 
 
 Watclie, or Wakyng. 
 
 Wyteh, 'maga,' etc. 
 
 Wretch \ 
 
 Wretchyd f 
 
 Pyche, or Pyk. 
 
 Ichyn, or Ykyn. 
 
 Hetche (and Hek) of a door. 
 
 Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. 
 
 Bridie, adj., 879. 
 
 Dreccheft, L03. 
 
 Eche, 'eternal,' 176, 177. 
 
 Feche'S, 242. 
 
 Fecchen, inf., 352.
 
 46 
 
 Heuenriche, 378. 
 Mecbe, ' mate,' 716. 
 Reche, vb., reck. 711. 
 b, sb. 28. 
 
 "Witches, sb. pi. (Morris writes wicches 
 in text, but studs in a footnote 
 that the MS. has form with -tch.) 
 
 Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. 
 
 Breehede, ' delayed.' 
 
 Drechen, ' to delay.' 
 
 Fecben, ' to fetcb. 1 
 
 Fetchdcn. 'fetched' (2,889). [Very 
 
 early example of -tch.) 
 Gruching, ' murmuring.' 
 Kinge-riches, ' kingdoms.' 
 
 !&}■>»*•■ 
 
 Licbles, ' corpseless.' 
 Michil \ 
 
 Michel > 'great.' 
 
 (and Mikel) ) 
 Rechede, ' interpreted.' 
 Rechen, inf. 
 Speche, sb. 
 Techen, ' to teach.' 
 AViches, ' magicians.' 
 Wrecbe \ , ven£reance » 
 Wrech ) ven g eance " 
 Wrecches, sb. pi. 
 
 Bokenham. Before 1447. Suffolk. 
 
 Seche, St. A?n., 32. etc. 
 (and Seke), St. Agn., 33. 
 Swvche, passim. 
 Feche, inf., 799, Katb. 
 (and to fette), 679, St. Cycyle. 
 I Beseche, Prol., 69. 
 Lych, 'like,' Mary, 631. 
 Lyche to lyche, St. Anne, 239. 
 
 Wycliffe. 
 
 Wbicbe, 'hutch,' X. 
 
 Holiliche, X. 
 
 Licby, adj., MM. 
 
 Rechelenes, LL. 
 
 Sacchis, ' sacks,' X. 
 
 Smacchen, vb., 'smack, taste,' CC. 
 
 Chancer. 
 
 Bechen, adj. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Bleche, vb., 'bleach.' 
 
 Boch, sb. 
 
 Breech, sb. 
 
 Dichen, vb. 
 
 Dicb. 
 
 Dreccbe, vb. 
 
 Ecb, adj. 
 
 Eche, vb. 
 
 Everich. 
 
 Feccben. 
 
 Fecche, ' vetches.' 
 
 Meobel. 
 
 Mocbel. 
 
 Mucbel. 
 
 Overmaccbe. 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Reccbe, ' reck, care.' 
 
 Recche, ' interpret.' 
 
 Reche, ' to reach.' 
 
 Riche, adj. 
 
 Seche, vb. 
 
 Speche, sb. 
 
 Strecche, vb. 
 
 Teche, vb. 
 
 Wreccbe, sub. and adj. 
 
 "Wreche, ' vengeance.' 
 
 Hacches, sb. 
 
 Leche, ' physician.' 
 
 Liche, adj., ' like.' 
 
 Lich-wake. 
 
 Wacche, sb., 'a sentinel.' 
 
 Polit. S., Middle of Fifteenth Century. 
 
 Wrecbe, ' wreak.' "1 vol. ii, fr. Cotton 
 Seche, 'seek.' f Rolls, 11.23. 
 
 Smacchith, vol. ii, p. 64. MS. 
 Digby, 41. 
 
 St. Eath., Glot., 1200. 
 
 Beseche, 1 sing. 
 Brnche, sing., 'wound.' 
 Cwich, 3 sing. pres. (1254). 
 Eche, ' eternal.' 
 Lich, ' body.' 
 Stucchen, sb. pi. 
 Rich, ' kingdom.' 
 Smeche'S, 'tasteth.' 
 Wecchen, sb., pi. 
 Wreccbe, adj. 
 
 R. of Glos., 1300. 
 
 Breche, sb. 
 
 Dich, sb. 
 
 Eche, vb , ' increase.' 
 
 Fecche, vb. 
 
 Ich, 'I.' 
 
 Kyneriche. 
 
 Recche, vb., ' reck.' 
 
 Reche, vb.
 
 47 
 
 Seche, vb. 
 
 Suiche, ' such.' 
 
 Syche, vb., ' sigb.' 
 
 Veccbe, ' fetcb.' 
 
 Vrecbe, sb., 'wreak, vengeance.' 
 
 "Wrecche, adj. 
 
 "Wrecbe, sb., ' revenge.' 
 
 St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. 
 
 Ich. 
 
 Muche, 59. 
 
 "Wrecbe, adj., 225. 
 
 Wiche, sb., 169. 
 
 I ne recbe, ' I reck not,' 19. 
 
 P. Plow., Glos., 1363-93. 
 
 Biterliche, adv. 
 Bisecben (and Biseke). 
 Cliccbe \ 
 
 cHr "•••—•• 
 
 Clucche ' 
 Diche, sb. 
 Dicben, vb. 
 Feccben, vb., 'take \ 
 
 away.' f Note difference 
 
 (and Fette), ' fetcb, j of meaning. 
 
 bring.' / 
 
 Fliccbe. 
 Fluccben. 
 Icham 
 Ich i 
 
 Laccben, vb., 'catch.' 
 Liche, vb., ' like.' 
 Licb, ' a body.' 
 Macche, ' a mate.' 
 Reccheles, adj. 
 Reccbe, vb., 'care, reck.' 
 Becben, vb. , 'reach.' 
 
 (Ryke) , ,. 
 
 Riche I aclJ - 
 
 Ryccbe, sb. 
 
 Thecche, vb. 
 
 pecchynge. 
 
 Tot -aches, pi. sb. 
 
 Wecchis, sb. pi., 'wakes.' 
 
 Wicche, ' sorcerer.' 
 
 Wythe, ' which.' 
 
 Sir Fer., Devon, 1380. 
 
 Miche, ' much.' 
 
 Pych, sb. 
 
 Syche, ' seek, follow.' 
 
 Wreche, 'vengeance.' 
 
 Drecche, ' to delay.' 
 
 Hwych. 
 
 Leches, ' physicians. ' 
 
 etc. 
 
 Vacche, vb., ' fetch.' 
 "Wyche, ' which.' 
 Quvchch, adv. 
 Ych, I, Chille, etc. 
 
 St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. 
 
 Whvche, 2,680. 
 Rechelesse, 2,680. 
 Sodenlyche, 2,161 or 2,661 (?). 
 Ache, sb., 3,713 and 3,726. 
 Ich, 'each' (?), 3,957. 
 I Besecbe, 49, 46. 
 Ych | 235 
 
 1. 
 
 I 245 | 
 Y-leyche, 399. 
 Ichan, 541. 
 Fullyche, 219. 
 Spousebreche, 743. 
 
 St. Jul. (Prose) Dorset, 1200. 
 
 Specche, sb., 24. 
 
 Sechen, vb. inf., 50. 
 
 Feche, imperat., 66. 
 
 Feccben, inf., 68. 
 
 Pich, sb., 68. 
 
 "Wlech, adj, ' lukewarm,' 70. 
 
 Strecchen, 12. 
 
 ich Biseche, 74. 
 
 Eche, adj., 'eternal,' 2. 
 
 Muchel, 4. 
 
 Riche, 4. 
 
 Freolicbe, adj., 6. 
 
 Lechnunge, sb., 6. 
 
 Euch, 6. 
 
 Biteachen, vb., 'give up,' 10. 
 
 Ich, passim. 
 
 Swucche, 22. 
 
 Wrecches, 20. 
 
 of Heouenriches, 24. 
 
 Saivles Warde, Dorset, 1210. 
 
 TeacheS, 245. 
 
 Hwuch, 245. 
 
 Muchel, 245. 
 
 Rechelese, adj., 245. 
 
 Smechunge, 245. 
 
 Wearliche, adj., 245. 
 
 (he) Seche, 249. 
 
 Ich, 249. 
 
 Wrecchedom, 251. 
 
 Smeche, gen. pi., 251. 
 
 Drecche'5, 251. 
 
 Swuch, 251. 
 
 Echen, inf., 'increase,' 251. 
 
 Eechelunge, ' gnashing of teeth,' 251. 
 
 Pich, 251.
 
 48 
 
 Krhnosst', ' eternity,' 251. 
 
 Muche, 255. 
 
 Riche, adj., 257. 
 
 Bisecb.eS, 259. 
 
 Awecchen, inf., ' arouse,' 267. 
 
 Ancr. Riw., Dorset, 1225. 
 
 hen. 
 i-Bleched, ' bleached.' 
 Breehe, ' drawers.' 
 I'.i lie, 'to ache' (and oeke, once). 
 Dich, sb. 
 Ileouenriche. 
 Keache-cuppe, ' drunkard ' (cf. ceac, 
 
 JFM. Voc. W.-W., 123. 35, etc.). 
 Brioches, sb. 
 Reche'5. 
 
 Recche'8, ' recks.' 
 Sechen. 
 
 Sinech, ' taste.' 
 Smecchen, ' to taste.' 
 Speches (and speckes), 'specks.' 
 Speche, ' speech.' 
 Strecche'5. 
 
 Stucchenes, ' pieces.' 
 Swuche. 
 
 Techen (tekefte, MS. Titus), 
 penchen, ' think.' 
 pinchen. 
 
 Vechchen, ' fetch.' 
 Unrechleas, ' indifferent.' 
 Warche, ' pain, ache.' 
 Weccben, ' to watch.' 
 Wicchecraftes. 
 Wrecche, adj. 
 Wreche, 'revenge.' 
 Wurchen, ' to work.' 
 pchunge, 'itching.' 
 Sticche, ' a stitch.' 
 Kuchene, ' kitchen.' 
 Rechless. ' odour, incense.' 
 
 0. and N., Dorset, 1246-50. 
 
 Ic, Ich, and I, pas. 
 Ich, 1220, Cott. 
 Ic, Jesus. 
 
 Recche, ' I reck,' 58. 
 Evrich, C. ) 195 
 Euriche, J. / 
 Iliche, 316. 
 Riche, ' kingdom.' 
 Secheb, 380. 
 
 Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants., 1327. 
 Barlyche, ' barley.' 
 
 Kentish Gospels {MS. Ilatton, 38), 
 1150. 
 
 O.E. c' written -ch. 
 
 SirrAelse (sic), Mat., xxvii, 28. 
 Sirchele (sic), Mat., xxvii, 30 = O.E. 
 
 sciivelse. 
 Fecchen (inf.), Joh., iv, 15. 
 Jvhed, O.E. 'eced,' Lk., xxiii, 36. 
 On eche lyf, Joh., vi, 27. 
 Echenysse, Joh., vi, 51. 
 Opeuliche, Joh., vii, 10. 
 Spr;uche, sb., Joh., vii, 40. 
 (ic)ncche, Job., xiii, 26. 
 Ba3ch, dat. sing., Mk., i, 2. 
 Swahlich, Mat., v, 31. 
 Awecche'8, Mat., x, 8. 
 Ich and Ic, passim. 
 Tichchenan, Mat., xxv, 32. 
 Bech, dat. sing., Lk., iii, 4. 
 ?;e-swinchen, Lk., xxii, 28. 
 Riche, sb., Lk., xxiii, 51. 
 Michele, Lk., xi, 11. 
 
 c' written c. 
 
 Secan, Lk., xix, 10. 
 Rice, Lk., xix, 14. 
 Micelen, Lk., xi, 4. 
 Receji, Lk., xxiv, 17. 
 Recce)>, Lk., xxiv, 17. 
 Ic, passim. 
 
 Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. 
 
 Riche, sb., 214. 
 Rice, adj., 219. 
 Moche, 235. 
 Wercen, inf., 225. 
 
 Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. 
 
 Sechen, vb., 3. 17. 
 Wurchende, 3. 10. 
 Michel, 5 14. 
 Biseche'5, 4. 13. 
 Speches, sb., 15. 21. 
 Iliche, 15. 23. 
 Wrecche, 15. 31. 
 Ta3ch>, 27. 29. 
 Besieche, 21. 30. 
 Ech, ' also,' 129. 27. 
 
 Moral Ode (Digby MS.), Kent. 
 • Thirteenth Century. 
 
 Liches, sb. pi., 41. 
 Heueriche, 42. 
 Michel, 60, 62, etc. 
 ic Recche, ' I reck,' 135. 
 
 Early
 
 49 
 
 Smeche, sb , 18. 
 Stecche, sb., 'piece,' 191. 
 Swich, 80. 
 Vonderlicheste, 68. 
 
 Kentish Sermons (MS. Land, 471), 
 1200-50. 
 
 Medial and final c' = ch. 
 
 Speche, Epiph. 
 
 Seches, Epiph.., but beseke>, Second 
 
 Sermon. 
 Kinkriche, Epiph. 
 Deadlich, Epiph. 
 Smecch, Epiph, sb. 
 "Wych, Second Sermon. 
 But in purch, Second Sermon = O.E. 
 
 )mrh, ch = front open consonant. 
 
 Ayenbite, Kent, 1340. 
 
 Beches, ' beach -trees.' 
 
 Bezeche, ' to beseech.' 
 
 Bezechinge, ' petition.' 
 
 Blechest, 'hurtest.' 
 
 Bleche, ' pale.' 
 
 Bodiliche, pi. adj. 
 
 Dich, 'ditch.' 
 
 Ech, ' each.' 
 
 Eurich. 
 
 Iliche, 'like.' 
 
 Leche, ' surgeon.' 
 
 Moche. 
 
 Mochel. 
 
 Sinech, sb., ' smoke.' 
 
 Speche, sb. 
 
 Riche, sb. 
 
 Stech, stechche, O.E. sticce. 
 
 Strechche, vb. 
 
 Techches, ' bad habits.' 
 
 Teche, vb., ' to teach.' 
 
 "Wychche, ' a witch.' 
 
 Wreche, 'vengeance.' 
 
 Zeche, ' sack.' 
 
 Zeche, ' to seek.' 
 
 Zuech, 'such.' 
 
 Lib. Desc, Kent, 1350. 
 
 Ech, 96. 
 
 Swich, 197. 
 
 Lo>lich, 619. 
 
 Pich, 620. 
 
 Ich, 'I,' 1123 (also I, pas.). 
 
 Will, of Shoreham, Kent, 1315. 
 
 Sechen, 136. 
 
 Aschrencheth, 17. 
 
 Sonderliche, 1. 
 
 Ich, 8. 
 
 Lien and lycbe, 'bodv,' 20. 
 
 Ilych, sb., 20. 
 
 That thou — werche, 23. 
 
 Adrenche, 3rd sb., 30. 
 
 To the che, 49. 
 
 Areche, vb., 49. 
 
 Opsechemby, 57. 
 
 Speche, 59. 
 
 Bi-wiched, 71. 
 
 By-reche, 96. 
 
 In \e smeche, 96. 
 
 III. 
 
 Xon-initiul -nk, -Ik, and -rk in M.E. 
 
 Barbour. 
 
 ££}■»-*•• 
 
 Blenkyt, 'looked aside.' 
 
 llrunkyu. 
 
 Vencle, 'wench.' 
 
 Stark. 
 
 Byrkie, b. -trees. 
 
 Merk, adj. 
 
 Virk, vb. 
 
 Kirk \ 
 
 Kvrk J 
 
 Bwilk. 
 
 Ilka, ' each.' 
 Ilk, ' same.' 
 Walk, ' watch,' sb. aud vb. 
 
 Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. 
 
 Binkis, ' banks ' of earth. 
 
 Schrenk, ' to shrink.' 
 
 Spynk, ' chaffinch..' 
 
 Birkis (trees). 
 
 Kirk. 
 
 Wark, sb. 
 
 Wirk, inf. 
 
 Schalk, ' rogue,' etc.
 
 50 
 
 Gav. Douglas, H75-1522. 
 
 Benk. 
 
 Benkis, pi. 
 
 Blenke, sb., ' view, glimpse.' 
 
 Schrenkis, vb., 'sbrinks.' 
 
 Skinkis, ' pours out.' 
 
 Balk, 'beam.' 
 
 Eolkis, 3 sing. pres. \ 
 
 Holkit, p.p. J ' to hollow out.' 
 
 Holkand, part. ) 
 
 Thilk=tbe ilke. 
 
 Birkis, pi., ' birch-trees.' 
 
 II «dwerk. 
 
 Compl. of Scot!., 1549. 
 
 Berk, ' to bark.' 
 
 Mirknes. 
 
 Virk. 
 
 Finkil, ' fennel.' 
 
 Tliyuk, vb. 
 
 Goldspink. 
 
 Ilk, ' eacb.' 
 
 Mi triced Psalter, Yorks., before 1300. 
 
 Drenkenand, 22. 5. 
 Strenkil, inf., • sprinkle,' 50. 9. 
 Swink, sb., 9. 28 \ , 
 Swynk, sb., 108. 11 f ew " 
 Tbinkand, 34. 4. 
 Kirke, 34. 18, passim. 
 Werkes, sb. pi., passim. 
 AVirkes, 3 pi., 5. 7. 
 Wirkand, 35. 13. 
 Ilk-on, 72. 28. 
 Whilk, 34. 27. 
 Whilke, 7. 3. 
 
 Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. 
 
 Kirk. 
 
 Were \ 
 
 Werck I 
 
 Wark 
 
 Ware 
 
 Warckes. 
 
 Wirk, vb. 
 
 Euerilk. 
 
 Suinc. 
 
 Wrenk, vb., 'wrench.' 
 
 Wrenkes, sb. pi. (also wrenches). 
 
 Minot, Yorkt., 1333-52. 
 
 Ilk, 'eacb.' 
 
 Wliilk. 
 Swink. 
 Kirk. 
 
 sb. 
 
 Prk. of Consc, Yorks., before 1349. 
 
 Blenk, ' fault.' 
 Rouncle. 
 
 Swynk, ' labour.' 
 Think, ' to seem.' 
 Wrenk, ' a trick,' etc. 
 Ilk, ' each.' 
 Welk, vb., 'wither.' 
 Sculke, vb. 
 
 (i " ilk I ' which ' 
 Whilk) WU1C ' 
 
 Yholke, ' yolk.' 
 
 Irk, 'to weary of.' 
 
 Kirk. 
 
 Kyrk. 
 
 Merk, ' a mark.' 
 
 Wirk, vb. 
 
 Sir Gaw., North., 1366. 
 Blenk, vb., 'shine.' 
 
 Dronken, ' drunk.' 
 Thinkes, ' seems.' 
 Kirk. 
 
 Townl. Myst., 1450. 
 
 Belk, vb. 
 
 Ilk, ' each ' 
 
 Kynke, ' to draw the breath audibly.' 
 
 Wark, vb., 'to ache.' 
 
 W. W., xviii, Early Fifteenth Century, 
 North. 
 
 Spynke, ' rostellus.' 
 By'nke, ' scamnum.' 
 Byrketre. 
 Kyrgarth. 
 Kyrk. 
 
 Wars of Alex., Yorks., Late Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Benke. (Ashm. Dubl. MS. only ch 
 
 forms.) 
 Drenke, sb., ' drink.' 
 Brenke, ' brink.' 
 Warke. ) , , • , b 
 
 Wark, Dubl. I acile » P am > 9,) - 
 Derke. 
 
 Derknes (MS. Dreknes). 
 Milke-quite. 
 Schalk, sb.
 
 51 
 
 Catholicon, Torks., 1483. 
 
 Final nk in Catholicon. 
 
 Benke, ' scammira.' 
 
 Drynke, ' biber.' 
 
 Dronkyn. 
 
 Spynke. 
 
 to Stynke. 
 
 a Stynke. 
 
 Derke. 
 
 Myrke. 
 
 a Warke, ' opus. ' 
 
 a Styyrke, ' procuculus.' 
 
 to Wyrke. 
 
 a Kvrke. 
 
 Milke, ' lac.' 
 
 a Wilke ) . , ., , 
 
 Welke ponchile. 
 
 Ilkane. 
 
 Levins, Yorki., 1570. 
 
 Hirk, or Irk, ' taedium.' 
 
 a Kirk. 
 
 Mirke. 
 
 Lurke. 
 
 Worke, sb. and vb. 
 
 Brink. 
 
 Drinke, sb. and vb. 
 
 Chincke, sb. 
 
 Linke, ' torch.' 
 
 Sinke, ' cloaca,' and vb. 
 
 Stinke, sb. and vb. 
 
 Inke. 
 
 Shrinke, vb 
 
 Swinke, vb. 
 
 Thinke. 
 
 Milk, sb and vb. 
 
 Allit. P., Lanes., 1360. 
 
 Bi)>enke, vb. 
 
 Benke, 'man.' 
 
 penkande, ' thinking.' 
 
 Ferke up, vb. 
 
 Derk. 
 
 Merk, ' dark,' adj. and sb. 
 
 Ilk. 
 
 Metr. Rom., Lanes., 1420. 
 
 Blenked, ' glanced.' 
 Drinkes, sb. pi. 
 Stinke, sb. 
 (I) Thenke. 
 Thinke, inf. 
 Wlonkest, adj. 
 like, ' same. 
 Welke, ' walked.' 
 Wt-rkes, sb. pi. 
 
 Orm., Lines., 1200. 
 
 Bannkess. 
 
 Bisennkenn. 
 
 Drinnkenn. 
 
 Dnmncneun, ' drown.' 
 
 Bisennkenn. 
 
 Strennkenn, 'sprinkle.' 
 
 Swennkenn, ' vex.' 
 
 Swinnkenn, 'labour.' 
 
 paunkenn. 
 
 Stinnken. 
 
 Staunc. 
 
 Stunnkenn. 
 
 Sinnke]'}'. 
 
 Swinnc, sb. 
 
 Unnc (dual ace). 
 
 Muncclif. 
 
 Merrke, ' merk.' 
 
 "Wirrkenn, ' work,' vb. 
 
 Werrkeda^hess. 
 
 Weorrc, sb. 
 
 Werrc. 
 
 Werrkess. 
 
 Starrc. 
 
 Folic. 
 
 Illc, 'each.' 
 
 Hike, 'same.' 
 
 Whillc, 'which.' 
 
 Millc. 
 
 Swillc. 
 
 Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. 
 
 Arke. 
 
 Herkne, imperat. 
 
 Serk. 
 
 Stark. 
 
 Bleukes, sb. pi. 
 
 Swink, sb. 
 
 Swinkeu, vb. 
 
 Swilk. 
 
 R. of Brunne, Lines., 1338. 
 
 Blenk, 'trick.' 
 Brynke, sb. 
 Bybenke, vb. 
 penke. 
 Derk, adj. 
 Wryke, inf. 
 Swylk. 
 
 Bali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. 
 
 puncke'8, 3rd sing., p. 3. 
 Stinkinde, 9. 
 Swinken, 3rd pi., 29. 
 fco Werke, dat. of sb., 15. 
 like, 45.
 
 52 
 
 Will, of Pal., II'. Midi., 1350. 
 
 Bonke, 'bank.' 
 
 Dronked, ' drowned, drenched.' 
 
 penke, 'thick.' 
 
 Derk. 
 
 Ferke, vb. 
 
 Eerken, vb. 
 
 Park. 
 
 Ilk. 
 
 Talke. 
 
 Walken. 
 
 Mtre., Salop, 1400. 
 Dronken. 
 Swinke, vb. 
 Thilk, 'that same.' 
 Werkeday. 
 
 MS. Marl. 2,253, Here/., 1310. 
 
 Clynken, 'to resound.' 
 Dronke, adj., ' drunk.' 
 
 SEffif }*.'***•• 
 
 Stynken, vb. 
 
 Swynke, vb. 
 Swynk, vb. 
 ich penke. 
 penken, inf. 
 me punkej>. 
 like. 
 
 Lai., Worcs., 1205. 
 
 Boncke (dat.). 
 
 Drinc. 
 
 Drsenc. 
 
 Driugke. 
 
 [Dronke.] 
 
 Rinkas, pi. 
 
 pankie. 
 
 Scene, 'draught.' 
 
 Swinke)) ) 
 
 Swonc > vb. 
 
 Swunke J 
 
 Dorcke, adj. 
 
 pirkede, ' darkened.' 
 
 Weorc, were, wserc, sb. 
 
 Chiric-lond (cf. chuc = chirc. O.E. 
 
 Hon., 1st series, pt. i, p. 9). 
 Mile, sb. 
 Swilc ) 
 Swulke ) 
 Talkie, vb. 
 
 Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. 
 
 Drinkeft, 142. 
 Drinken, inf., 138. 
 
 Sinken, 538. 
 Swiukeft, 235. 
 Bihenken, 94. 
 Senkeft, 449. 
 Ilk, 'each,' 97. 
 Swilk, 440. 
 Swilc, 336. 
 Wile, ' which,' 5. 
 Kirke, 93. 
 WerkeS, vb., 498. 
 Werk, sb., 442. 
 
 Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. 
 
 Drinc, sb. 
 
 Drinken, vb. 
 
 Forsanc, ' sank entirely.' 
 
 Hinke, 'fear, dread.' 
 
 Senkede ( = Schenkede) . 
 
 Stinc. 
 
 Stinken, ' stinking.' 
 
 Swine, sb., 'toil.' 
 
 Swinken, vb. 
 
 Forhirked, ' tired of.' 
 
 Merke, ' boundary.' 
 
 Werken ' (they) work.' 
 
 Folc. ) 
 
 Folckes ) 
 
 Ilk|' each -' 
 Quilc, ' what, which.' 
 Quilke (pi.), ' which.' 
 Swilc, ' such.' 
 Walkene, ' welkin.' 
 Welkede, ' withered.' 
 
 Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. 
 
 Qwilk, 37. 
 Euere-ilk, 56. 
 Werkys, sb. pi. 
 Kyi'k, 87, and passim. 
 
 Prompt., Norf., 1440. 
 
 Menkte, ' mixtus.' 
 Werk, ' opus.' 
 Werke, ' operor.' 
 Werkyn, or ' heed akyn.' 
 gelke of egge. 
 
 Bokenham, Suffolk, 1447. 
 Thylk, Mary, 947. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Dirk I ,. 
 Dark } a,1 -l- 
 Stork.
 
 53 
 
 Stark, 'strong.' 
 
 Werk 
 
 Werkes, vb. 
 
 Stinke, vb. 
 
 Stink. 
 
 Brink. 
 
 Thanke. 
 
 Tbonke. 
 
 Thank. 
 
 Thenke, ' think, seen.' 
 
 Swinke, vb. 
 
 Swink, sb. 
 
 Sinke. 
 
 Inke, sb. 
 
 Drinke, sb. 
 
 Drinke 
 
 vb. 
 
 Drank 
 Dronken 
 Drunken 
 "Winke, vb. 
 Milk, sb. 
 Welken, sb. 
 Welken, vb. 
 Walken. 
 Stalke, vb. 
 like, adj. 
 Balke. ' a beam.' 
 Talke,' vb. 
 Stalke, ' a stalk.' 
 
 Wycliffe. 
 "Werk-bestis, ' plough-oxen,' x. 
 
 St. Eath., Glos., 1200. 
 
 Smirkinde, participle. 
 Swinkes, gen. sing. 
 
 St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. 
 pulke, 104. 
 
 R. of Glos., 1300. 
 
 Biswinke, vb. 
 Blenkte ) 
 Blencte J 
 like. 
 Melc, sb. 
 Stinkinde. 
 
 ^ ,iinl i o jvb. 
 
 Swinke ) 
 pdke, 'that.' 
 penke, 'to think.' 
 
 P. Plowm., Glos., 13G2-93. 
 
 Bolke, ' eructation.' 
 penken, vb. 
 
 Sir Fer., Devon, 1380. 
 
 like, ' same.' 
 Forjiynk, 2 pi. pr. 
 Sterk, 'stiff.' 
 
 St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. 
 
 Werkus, sb., passim. 
 I thenk, 3,764. 
 powe )>enk, 540. 
 
 St. Jul. (Prose), Dorset, 1200. 
 
 ponckes, 'thoughts,' 42. 
 ponken, inf., 'thank,' 58. 
 Suncken, p.p., 78. 
 Sinken, inf., 28. 
 Cwenct. 
 Starcke, 78. 
 
 Sawles Warde, Dorset, 1210. 
 Swiuc, 263. 
 
 Ancr. Riw., Dorset, 1225. 
 
 Stinken. 
 
 SteuA, sb. 
 
 Swinken. 
 
 Swiuc, sb. 
 
 "Were, sb. 
 
 Skulken, ' sliuk along.' 
 
 Wohinge of ure lauerd (by author of 
 above). 
 
 penke, imperat., 279. 
 to penken, 287. 
 
 Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants, 1327. 
 
 Wark-man, A. 
 Worke, vb., printed copy. 
 Wyrke, vb., Manchester MS. 
 Brink (printed copy has breuche). 
 
 Usages of Winchester, circ. 1360. 
 
 Wark ) sb - 351 - 
 me Worke>, 350. 
 pulke i ' those,' 354. 
 
 E£ ! »•■ 
 
 pt ylke stat, 362.
 
 54 
 
 Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. 
 Wurc, sb., 223. 
 
 Vices and Virtues, Kentish, 1200. 
 
 Workes, sb., 3. 14. 
 Wolkne, 103. 23. 
 Drinken, vb. iuf. 
 
 Moral Ode {Digby MS.), Kent, Early 
 Thirteenth Century. 
 
 Swingke, vb. 
 i Suinc. 
 
 iiic piujh (*pinkji). 
 
 a Worke, dat., 11. 
 Werkes ) 
 Workes j S eu - 
 
 Ayenbite, Kent, 1310. 
 
 Azenkte, ' sauk,' trans, vb. 
 
 Drinke, sb. 
 
 Drinkeres. 
 
 Stinkinde. 
 
 pank, sb. 
 
 like. ' same.' 
 
 Milk, sb. 
 
 Workinde, ' working.' 
 
 "Workes, sb. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Non-initial -nch, -Ich, -rch in M.E. 
 
 Gov. Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 
 Clynschis, vb., ' rivets.' 
 Drinchit, p.p., 'enveloped.' 
 Quenschit, p.p. 
 Belch, ' a swelled, fat fellow ' 
 Pilchis, sb. pi., kind of garment. 
 Marchis, ' boundaries.' 
 
 Metrical Psalter, YorJcs., before 1300. 
 Wenches, sb. pi., 67. 26. 
 
 Prk. of Consc, Yorks., before 1349. 
 Wryncliand, ' wriggling.' 
 
 Wars of Alex., Late Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Bencbe (Dub.). 
 Drenchid, p.p., ' drowned.' 
 Hanchyd, ' gnawed, eaten.' 
 Worclie, vb. 
 
 Cursor Mundi, 1300. 
 Wrenches, sb. pi. 
 
 Levins, Yorks., 1570. 
 
 Lurch, vb., ' lie hid.' 
 Milch, sb. and vb. 
 Belche, sb. and vb. 
 
 Stiuch, sb. and vb. 
 Linche, sb. and vb. 
 Kintch (of wood). 
 Goldfinch. 
 Bench i 
 Binch j 
 
 Allit P., Lanes., 1360. 
 
 Blenche, 'stratagem.' 
 Quenche. 
 
 Wrenche, ' device.' 
 Worche, vb. 
 Wordier, sb. 
 
 Metr. Pom., Lanes., 1420. 
 
 Wenche, ' girl. ' 
 Wurche, vb. 
 
 Orm., Lines., 1200. 
 
 Bennche. 
 Swennchen, vb. 
 Swiuncheu, vb. 
 Stiuncb, sb. 
 Wennchell, ' child.' 
 Drinuch, ' drink, draught.' 
 
 Kali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. 
 
 pencheu, 3. 
 punche'S, 15. 
 pu sweuchest, 35. 
 Wurchen.
 
 ,55 
 
 Earliest Engl. Pr. Ps., W. Midi., 1375. 
 
 Wirchen, inf., 5. 6. 
 penchand, 8. 5. 
 
 MS. Sari, 2253, Here/., 1310. 
 
 Adrenche, vb. 
 
 Freynsshe ) French 
 
 Frenshe |* renca - 
 
 Schencheu, vb., ' give to drink.' 
 
 p enchen, inf. 
 
 pench, imperat. 
 
 puuche. 
 
 punched . 
 
 Ohirche. 
 
 Worche, 2 sing. subj. 
 
 Z m °l e l ! 3 sing. 
 Worcheb ) ° 
 
 each.' 
 
 Laj,., Worcs., 1205. 
 
 ^lch. alcb 1 ( 
 Elches ) 
 Ilwulcbe, 'sucb.' 
 Bench. 
 
 Drinchen ) , 
 
 and Drinken / 
 Drunchen, p.p. 
 Drench, sb. 
 Drinches | , , 
 Drenchen \ • P •> 
 Swenche'S, pi. 
 
 Swinkeb.] 
 
 JuncheS ) , th , 
 
 pinche)] } seemetn - 
 
 Senche], 'draught.' 
 Scenchen, vb., 'pour out.' 
 Chirche. 
 Churchen. 
 
 cf. Chucgong = Chirc- 
 jong, Morris' O.E. 
 Horn., First Series, 
 pt. i, p. 9. 
 
 | 
 
 Werche, weorche, wirche] ) 
 Worch], sb., also weorc, etc. 
 
 Chiric-lond 
 
 "Wurche 
 Urchen 
 
 vb. 
 
 Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. 
 
 Drink, vb. 
 Chirche-gong. 
 Clnirches. 
 Werchen, ' to work.' 
 
 Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. 
 Quenching, 207. 
 
 Prompt., Nbrf., 1440. 
 
 Benche, sb. 
 
 Wrenche (idem quod slythe). 
 
 Byrchetre. 
 
 Marche. 
 
 Mylche or Mylke of a cowe. (Under 
 Mylke stands ' idem quod mylche,' as 
 if this were the usual form.) 
 
 Bokenham, before 1447, Suffolk, has 
 
 Cherche. 
 Eng. Guilds, Norf., 1389, has Chyrche, 
 
 Chirche. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Monche, vb. 
 Thenche, vb. 
 Wenche, sb. 
 Quenche. 
 Inche, sb. 
 
 Wrenches, ' frauds.' 
 Worcheth, vb. 
 Worcher, sb. 
 Wirche l yb 
 Werche j 
 Finch. 
 
 Drenchen, vb. 
 Bench, sb. 
 Benched, p.p. 
 
 Wyeliffe. 
 
 Dryucching, ' drowning,' X. 
 Werchynge, sb., 'influence,' X. 
 Worche \   e -v 
 Worsche J lnf " X " 
 Warche, inf., CC. 
 
 St. Kath., Glos., 1200. 
 
 penchen, 'to think.' 
 punchen, ' to seem.' 
 Wrenchen, ' to entice.' 
 Kenchen, ' to laugh.' 
 Shrenchten, ' cheated.' 
 Wurchen, vb. 
 
 R. of Glos., 1300. 
 
 Abenche. 
 Bleuche, inf. 
 Drench, sb. 
 Drenche, vb 
 I lfj?enchej) 
 < )fthiuche> 
 Stenche, vh. 
 
 , ' drown." 
 ' repeuteth.'
 
 56 
 
 Suench ) , 
 
 i . sb. 
 
 I 
 
 >S\\ inch. 
 
 Schenche, vb., ' pour out.' 
 penche, vb. 
 pench.es. 
 penchest. 
 
 Wurche, sb. and vb. 
 Wourche, vb. 
 
 St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. 
 
 pench, inf., 52. 
 Drenche, inf., 91. 
 penche, inf , 92. 
 pench, imperat. 
 
 P. Plowm., Glos., 1362-93. 
 
 Iienche, sb. 
 
 Quenche \ 
 
 Quenchejj ) 
 
 penche, 2 pres. sb., 'think.' 
 
 Worchen | 
 
 Werche 
 
 vb. 
 
 Sir Fer., Devon, 1380. 
 
 Blenche, vb., 'turn aside.' 
 Drench, ' a drink.' 
 Werche, vb. 
 
 St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. 
 
 bou Worchest, 2686. 
 Wyrche, inf., 2926. 
 
 St. Jul. (Prose), Dorset, 1200. 
 
 Senchtest, 32. 
 
 Schrenchen, 34, inf., ' shrink.' 
 
 Schunchen, 34, ' to he terrified.' 
 
 liij'i 'liche'o', 42, 'considers.' 
 
 him punched, 42, ' seems good.' 
 
 Wrenchen, 42. 
 
 Cwenchte, pret., 68. 
 
 Blench te, 72. 
 
 Senchte, ' sank,' 78. 
 
 Adrenchten, ' drowned,' 78. 
 
 For punche'S, 'grieves,' 16. 
 
 Bibench, 20, imperat. 
 
 For senchtest, 60. 
 
 Wurchen, inf. 
 
 Wurch, imperat, 16. 
 
 Sauies Warde, Dorset, 1210. 
 
 Wernches = wrenches, 'devices,' 245. 
 
 Stench, sb. 
 
 pent-he's, imperat., 251. 
 
 j niicliciS, ' it seems,' 257. 
 
 a Pilche clut, 253. 
 
 Aner. Riw., 1225, Dorset. 
 
 Bi-senchen, ' bank.' 
 CTnwrench, ' wicked artifice.' 
 Wenchel, ' a maid.' 
 Stunch, ' a stench.' 
 Ilchere, ' every.' 
 Kelche-cuffe. 
 
 Woihunge of ure Lawerd (by autlior 
 of above). 
 
 Drinch, 283 (twice), sb. 
 Dunchen, 3rd pi., 283. 
 
 O. and A r ., Dorset, 1246-1250. 
 
 Hit bincheb, 225. 
 Bibenche, 471. 
 Blenches, 378, sb. 
 Goldfinch, J. | . ,„ n 
 Goldfinc, Cot. f 
 Unwrenche, sb., 169. 
 Me bunch>, 1651. 
 
 1672. 
 Wurchen, vb., 408. 
 Wirche, inf., 722. 
 Chirche, 721. 
 
 But Me jumcji, 
 
 Sir P. ofllampt., South Hants., 1327. 
 
 Werche, inf., A. 
 
 Brenche (printed copy), MS. has brink. 
 Clenche, vb., -cling to.' Sutherland 
 MS., end of fourteenth century. 
 
 Usages of Winchester, circ. 1360. 
 AVerche, inf. 
 
 Kentish Gospels (MS.Hatton, 38), 1150. 
 
 iElchen, Lk., xix, 36. 
 Swilce, Lk., xxiii, 14 and 17. 
 ic Werche, J oh., iv, 34. 
 ic Wyrce, Lk., xxii, xi. 
 Cnyrcan, Mat , xvi, 18. 
 Aweuchen, Joh., xi, 11. 
 Itebeucheh, Lk. , xxxiv, 6. 
 ge-swinchen, Lk., xxii, 28. 
 Werchte, Lk., x, 7, sb., 'labourer.' 
 
 Vespas, A. 22. Kent, 1200. 
 
 Adrenche, 215. 
 penche, 217. 
 geswince, 219. 
 Lie, 231.
 
 57 
 
 O.E. nc, Ic, re. 
 Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. 
 
 pinche, sb., 3. 31. 
 Drenkch, sb., 87. 29. 
 Swilch, 3. 28. 
 Wurehende, 3. 10. 
 
 Moral Ode {Big by MS.). Kent. Early 
 Thirteenth Century. 
 
 Adrenche, vb. 
 Bihenche, 6. 
 Ofyencheb, 10. 
 Quenche, inf., 152. 
 Iswiuch, vb., 36. 
 Iswincb, sb., 57. 
 pencken, inf , 62. 
 
 Ayenbite, Kent, 1340. 
 
 Adrenche, vb. 
 
 Bench. 
 
 Behenche, 'to remind.' 
 
 Be)>encheh, 3 sing. 
 
 Blench. 
 
 Drenche, vb. 
 
 Drench, sb. 
 
 Stencil, sb. 
 
 penchinges. 
 
 penche, vb. 
 
 Wrench, ' craft.' 
 
 Znynche, vb. 
 
 Zuynch, sb. 
 
 Kuenche, vb. 
 
 Cherche. 
 
 V. 
 
 The 
 O.E. -net = -nt in M.E. with 
 
 Gavin Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 
 Drint, ' drowned.' 
 Quent, p.p., ' quenched.' 
 
 MS. Earl. 2,253, Sere/., 1310. 
 
 Dreynt, p.p., 'drowned.' 
 Seint, p.p., sunk. 
 Wreint, p.p., ' tormented.' 
 
 Minot, Tories., 1333-52. 
 Adreinte, p.p. 
 
 Mire., Salop, 1400. 
 I-queynt, 'quenched.' 
 
 Layimon, Worcs., 1205. 
 
 Ad rente 
 
 [ Adn-int I / . 
 
 Udreinte] P ret - 
 •Adreingte / 
 [Aseiril |, pret. 
 Aseingde, pret. 
 Blcintc, pret. 
 
 ■einte forms. 
 
 diphthongization of preceding vowel. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Queynt, pret. 
 Dreynte, pret. 
 Bleynte, pret. 
 
 St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. 
 Adreynte, pret., 224. 
 
 It. of Brunne, Lines., 1338. 
 
 Dreynte, pret. 
 Bleynt. 
 
 R. of Glos., 1300. 
 
 Adreynt \ 
 Adreint j pret. 
 Adreincte ) 
 
 ^ sei, f e |'sunk.' 
 Aseint ) 
 
 Blenyte = Bleynte. 
 
 Bleincte, 3 sing. pret. 
 
 Dreinte, 3 sing. 
 
 Dreynt, p p. 
 
 P. Plow., Glos., 1362-93. 
 Qneynte, p.p.
 
 58 
 
 O.E. -ct (id) 
 
 (i, iv. Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 Picht, p.p., ' pitched.' 
 
 Metr. Bom., Lanes., 1420. 
 Piyte, p.p., ' pitched.' 
 
 B. of Glot., 1300. 
 
 Pi^t, 'poet.' 
 Pi^te, p.p. 
 Schrijte, 3 pret. s. 
 Plijte, p.p. 
 
 VI. 
 
 -clit ; -ght in M.E. 
 
 Ply^te, 3 sing. 
 Ypligt, ' pledged.' 
 
 Mire, Salop, 1400. 
 
 White (' strong, active ') = wight 
 = *wicht =*quiccd ? 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Twight, p. of twicchen. 
 Streighte, pt. s. of strecchen. 
 Reighte, rechen. 
 Prighte, pret. of prikken = *pricchen. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Non-initial O.E. g non-fronted, and = gh, iv, etc., in M.E. 
 
 Barbour. 
 
 Low, ' a flame.' 
 
 Law, adj., ' low.' 
 
 Lownyt, ' sheltered. ' 
 
 Aw, ' thou oughtest. ' 
 
 Bow-draucht, 'a bow-shot.' 
 
 Dawit ) 
 
 Dawned j p.p. 
 
 Dawyn ) 
 
 Dawis (and Dayis). 
 
 to Draw. 
 
 Enew. 
 
 Fallow, ' to follow.' 
 
 Fallow, ' a fellow.' 
 
 Saw, sb., 'a saying.' 
 
 Slew, ' struck.' 
 
 Sla, 'to slay.' 
 
 All-thouch. 
 
 Borwch, ' a pledge.' 
 
 Burch, ' borough.' 
 
 Dreuch, ' drew ' 
 
 Eneuch (and Enew). 
 
 Holche (cf. Chaucer, halke), ' 
 
 lurking-place.' 
 Heych, ' high.' 
 Sleuch, ' slew.' 
 Laigh. 
 
 Lauchand, 'laughing.' 
 Lawch and law, 'low.' 
 Mawch, ' kinsman.' 
 Thiouch, 'through.' 
 Pleuch, ' a plough.' 
 
 a corner, 
 
 Dunbar, E. Lothian, 146U-1520. 
 
 Bow (for shooting). 
 
 Fowll. 
 
 Beuche, ' bough.' 
 
 Dearch, ' dwarf.' 
 
 Lauchis, ' laughs.' 
 
 Pleuch. 
 
 Teuch, adj., 'tough.' 
 
 Heich 
 
 Hecher ) 'hi<jh.' 
 
 He 
 
 Gov. Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 
 Audit, ' eight.' 
 Daw, 'day.' 
 Dawing, ' daybreak.' 
 Dowchtie, adj. 
 Fla, ' a flea.' 
 Houch. 
 
 Magh, ' son-in-law.' 
 Rowch, adj., 'rough.' 
 Sauch, ' a willow.' 
 
 Compl. of Scotl., 1549. 
 
 Aneuch, ' enough.' 
 Burcht ) . , , , 
 Burght } bur ^ h - 
 Cleuchis, 'dells.' 
 Heuch, ' steep valley.'
 
 59 
 
 Metrical Psalter, Yorks., before 1300. 
 
 Aghe-fulle, adj., 74. 8. 
 Fosjheles, ' birds,' 7. 9. 
 Haleghs, sb. pi., 36. 28 (back or 
 
 front ?) 
 Sagh, sb., 36. 25. 
 Slogh, sb., 'slough,' 39. 3. 
 
 Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. 
 
 Legh, sb., 'a lie' (Fairf.). 
 
 Lighes, 2 sing. vb. 
 
 Togb, adj. 
 
 Foghul. 
 
 Loghand, past pres. 
 
 Logh, 3 pi. pret. 
 
 Laghes 
 
 Sagh 
 
 3 pi pres. 
 vb. aud sb., ' to saw.' 
 Magh, ' relation.' 
 Plogh, sb. 
 Sagh, ' a saying.' 
 Tifted, 3 sing. 
 Tift, p.p. 
 
 Lawje. ' a laugh.' 
 Lowen, 3 pi. (Trinity). 
 Fouul. 
 Foghuls. 
 Foghul. 
 ? Fouxl. 
 ? Foxul, etc. 
 Lou, ' flame, blaze.' 
 
 Minot, Yorks., 1333-52. 
 
 Aghe, ' fear.' 
 Eghen, ' eyes.' 
 Neghed, ' approached.' 
 
 Prk. of Consc, Yorks., {before) 1349. 
 
 Agh, ' ought.' 
 Boghes, ' boughs.' 
 Boghsom \ 
 Bousom f 
 Bousom l 
 Bughsara ' 
 Felaghe. 
 Gnawen, p.p. 
 Halghe, adj. 
 Balghe, sb. \ 
 Hallow J 
 
 {*»t ! 'a law.' 
 Laghe I 
 
 Lagh, vb., ' laugh.' 
 
 Maghes, ' moths.' 
 
 81a, vb. 
 
 Slouh, sb., ' slough.' 
 
 Slaghe, pret. of ' Bla.' 
 
 Swelge, vb., 'swallow.' 
 pof ) 
 
 pogh j 'though.' 
 poghe ) 
 Wa 5 he, ' wall.' 
 Warlau, ' wizard.' 
 Wawes, ' waves.' 
 Worow, ' to strangle.' 
 
 Sir Gaw., North., 1366. 
 
 Agt, ' owned.' 
 
 Bawe-men. 
 
 Bo^es, 'boughs.' 
 
 Brojes, ' brows.' 
 
 Drajes, ' chaws.' 
 
 Halawed. 
 
 Haj^-thorne. (Note the opeu cons. 3 
 
 here.) 
 H0I7;, 'hollow.' 
 Inogh ) 
 Inoj > ' 
 Innowe ) 
 
 enough.' 
 
 Lawe, ' mouut.' 
 Lajed ) 
 Latter J 
 
 Illic- 
 it } * 
 
 | aw )• saying.' 
 
 Saje I J ° 
 
 Swoghe, ' silence.' 
 Thaj, 'though.' 
 
 |^| j 'borough, city.' 
 
 Since both spellings, ' saje, sawe,' 
 occur, it looks as if ' saje ' were 
 the traditional spelling, and ' sawe ' 
 the real pronunciation. 
 
 Toicnley Mysteries, Yorks., 1480. 
 
 Holgh, 'hollow.' 
 Lagh, 'law.' 
 Leghe, ' a lie.' 
 Saghe, ' a saying.' 
 Saghe, ' saw.' 
 
 &*.)■■-•• 
 
 Steghe, ' a ladder.' 
 Swoghe, ' sound of waves.' 
 Thrughe, 'flat gravestone.' 
 Wawghes, ' waves.' 
 
 1 Note spelling, shows these words 
 all had C.
 
 GO 
 
 W.-W., xviii, North., Fifteenth 
 
 Century. 
 
 Dagh, ' pasta.' 
 
 Maw, sb. 
 
 Belbow. 
 
 Trogh. 
 
 l'logh, ' aratruni.' 
 
 Wars of Alex., Yorks., late Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Balgh, adj., 'swelling out.' 
 
 Boghe, ' bough.' 
 
 Burgh ) 'city.' 
 
 Burghis } pi. 
 
 Drawes ) 
 
 Drakes j 
 
 Dwaje, ' feeble creature.' 
 
 Enoge 
 
 Enogh 
 
 Enowe (Dub. only) 
 
 Ho;z;es, ' houghs.' 
 
 ^ a 8' he l 'low.' 
 Lawe ) 
 
 Lawe, ' mountain.' 
 
 Lo;z;e, sb., ' lake.' 
 
 Bogh, adj. 
 
 Sagh, 'saw' (Dub.). 
 
 1*^ } ' I saw.' 
 Saghe ) 
 
 Sighes, pres. sing. 
 
 pot', ' though.' 
 
 Toghid, p.p., 'tugged.' 
 
 Warlow (Dub.), 'deceiver' = warlock. 
 
 Lajand i 
 
 Latter j 
 
 laughing.' 
 
 Trowghe, A. 
 Thrughe 
 
 Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. 
 Coghe, ' ubi hoste.' 
 j Aucus. 
 
 } 'a coffin.' 
 
 a Slughe, ' scama.' 
 
 to Saghe a tre. 
 
 a Saghe. 
 
 Kughe, ' hirsutus.' 
 
 Salghe, ' salix.' 
 
 Falghe \ yb 
 
 Falnwe, A. ) 
 
 a Dwarghe, 'tantulus' (note). 
 
 Borgh, ' fridcursor.' 
 
 Borgham, ' epiphium.' 
 
 Arghe, 'pusillanimus.' 
 
 a I'lughe wryghte. 
 
 to l'lowghe. 
 
 a Ploghe, ' aratrum.' 
 
 Plugh, A., vb. 
 
 a Mughe. 
 
 to Mughe, 'hay.' 
 
 to Mughe, ' posse.' 
 
 Marghe, 'medulla.' 
 
 to Laghe, ' ridere.' 
 
 an Hawghe, 'circum.' 
 
 Enoghe. 
 
 Dseghe, ' pasta.' 
 
 Medial and Final O.E. i = w in 
 Catholicon. 
 
 to Sawe, ' severe.' 
 
 n , , ) 'scucula,' 
 
 Outelawry j <exilium '., 
 
 a Mawe, ' iecur.' 
 
 Lawe. 
 
 Lawghe, A. 
 
 an Hawe tre. 
 
 Hawlowe j « celebrare> , 
 
 llalowe, A. ) 
 
 an Elbowe, ' lacertus.' 
 
 to Draw up. 
 
 Dewe, ' ros.' 
 
 to Daw, ' diescere.' 
 
 to Awe, ' debere.' 
 
 to Bowe downe. 
 
 a Bowe, ' archus.' 
 
 to be Slawe. 
 
 Rowe, ' crudus.' 
 
 Levins, Yorks., 1570. 
 
 Bough. 
 
 Chough. 
 
 Cough. 
 
 Plough. 
 
 Slough. 
 
 Trough. 
 
 Boughe. 
 
 Tough. 
 
 All these words are said by L. to 
 rhyme. 
 
 Daw (or Daugh) = ' dough.' 
 
 Hawe. 
 
 Lawe. 
 
 Mawe. 
 
 to Sawe wood. 
 
 Strawe. 
 
 Daugh 
 
 to Laugh j 
 
 ' rhyme. 
 
 AIM. P., Lanes., 1360. 
 
 Bor^, ' city.' 
 Bo^e, ' bough. 
 
 Dagter.
 
 01 
 
 I' 
 
 low.' 
 
 Laghe 
 
 Log 
 
 Iimoghe, inno^e, ' enough. 
 
 Laje, ' to laugh.' 
 
 Sorj, 'sorrow.' 
 
 prych, ' through.' 
 
 The spelling schajede, 'showed,' 
 implies that 5 had become w in this 
 dialect. 
 
 Metr. Rom., Lanes., 1420. 
 
 Awen, ' own.' 
 Boes, ' boughs.' 
 
 ^ ro ^ 1'draw.' 
 Drojghe I 
 
 I^iughe, ' enough.' 
 
 Lauchet, ' laughs.' 
 
 Ploes, ' ploughs,' sb. 
 
 Pluje, sb. sing. 
 
 Orm., Zincs., 1200. 
 
 Ajhe, 'awe.' 
 Ajhenn, ' to own.' 
 Berrjhenn, ' to save.' 
 Borr^henn, p.p. 
 Bollghenn, ' displeased. ' 
 Bojhess, ' boughs.' 
 Bujhenn, ' to bow.' 
 Feh, ' property.' 
 Forrhoghenn, ' to neglect.' 
 Folljhenn, ' to follow.' 
 Foribu^henn, ' avoid.' 
 Flu^heun, perf. of ' fleon.' 
 Flejhenn, 'to fly.' 
 Hejheb^, ' exalts.' 
 Heh, adj. 
 
 Hajherr, ' dexterous.' 
 Halljhenn, sb. pi. 
 Halljhenn, vb. 
 Lajhenn, ' to lower.' 
 
 La^he | 
 
 ?? he 1 1 ' eye-' 
 
 Ebne, gen. pi. ) J 
 
 Leghenn, ' tell lies.' 
 
 Le^he, ' daily pay.' 
 
 Mejhe, ' female relation.' 
 
 Lo^he, ' fire.' 
 
 Sse^henn, pi. perf., 'saw.' 
 
 Serrjhe, ' sorrow.' 
 
 Ni^hen. 
 
 Neh. 
 
 Mujhenn. 
 
 Ploh. 
 
 Swolljhenn. 
 
 Suhhjhenn. 
 
 Stijhenn, ' to go, pass.' 
 
 Slojhenu, p.p., 'slain.' 
 Sinn;z;he}>j\ ' he sins.' 
 Wrejhenu, ' accuse.' 
 Wnjhe, ' woes.' 
 "SVajhe, 'wall.' 
 prajhe, ' time, while.' 
 pohh. 
 purrh. 
 
 Burrh, ' city.' 
 Daghess (also Da^^ess). 
 Deah, ' is worth.' 
 Drejhenn, ' to suffer.' 
 Drajhenn, ' draw.' 
 Drjhellnesse, ' secresy.' 
 
 Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. 
 
 Dawes, ' days.' 
 Felowes, ' fellows.' 
 
 ^ awe j 'low.' 
 Lowe I 
 
 Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. 
 
 Herborowed, 'lodged.' 
 
 poru. 
 
 Boru. 
 
 R. of Br untie, Lines., 1338. 
 
 Awe, 'fear.' 
 
 Sawe, sb. 
 
 Drawe, p.p. 
 
 Lawes, sb. 
 
 Mowe, ' I may.' 
 
 Borewe, sub. 
 
 powh. 
 
 Slough ) , , , 
 
 Sloo j 
 
 Draught. 
 
 Saugh, 3 pert., ' sow.' 
 
 Borough. 
 
 Drough, ' drew.' 
 
 LLali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 122.5. 
 
 Idrahen, p.p., 5. 
 FolheS, ' follows,' 15. 
 Lahe, ' law.' 
 Sahe, sb., 39, ' a tale.' 
 
 Will. ofPalerne, W. Midi., 1350. 
 
 Alwes, 'saints.' 
 Bowes, ' boughs.' 
 Bowes, ' inclines.' 
 Burw, ' town.' 
 l>:i\ve. 
 Dawes. 
 Drou3, ' drew.'
 
 62 
 
 l>\wr]\ ' dwarf ' 
 l'Yhuve. 
 Felaschibe. 
 Dawe, vli. 
 Morwe, ' morning." 
 Mow, ' I may.' 
 Sawe, ' saying.' 
 Awght, ' owned." 
 pough. 
 
 Earliest Engl. Pr. Ps., W. Midi., 1375. 
 
 Bow = ' incline,' imperat., 101.2. 
 
 he Sloje, 'slew,' 104. 27. 
 
 Lawe, 104.43. 
 
 >at Draweb, 148. 14. 
 
 >at he Drawe, 9. 32. 
 
 Felawes, 44. 9. 
 
 Ilalwen, dat. pi., 82. 3. 
 
 Mire., Salop, 1400. 
 
 Sloghe, 'slew.' 
 Ajte, ' ought.' 
 pagh. 
 
 porg, 'through.' 
 Folghth, 'baptism.' 
 Slegh, ' slay.' 
 Stegh, ' ascended.' 
 Negh, ' nigh.' 
 Eghpe, ' eighth.' 
 
 MS. Earl., 2253, Here/., 1310. 
 
 hit Dawes. 
 
 Hawe (and Heye), ' high.' 
 
 Lawe, sh. 
 
 Mawe. 
 
 Wore, Glos., Twelfth Century. 
 
 Beah, ' arrailla.' 
 Dwseruh, ' nanus.' 
 Elhowe, ' ulna.' 
 Heretowa, ' dux.' 
 
 Layimon, Worcs., 1205. 
 
 Age, Ahne ~1 
 [Owe, Owene, J- adj. 
 Ojene] J 
 
 ™ ZB d t 1 ' retreat,' etc. 
 
 [Bouwe, Boujen] ) 
 
 Dragen 
 
 Drawe 
 
 Idrawen 
 
 Idrajen 
 
 Folrgel-cunne. 
 
 Fusel, Fosel) , bird- 
 
 [Fowel] ) 
 
 [Lawe] I BD - 
 
 [llahve.] 
 
 Ilalhjen, dat. pi. 
 
 Sorhge 
 
 Sorge 
 
 Sorhe 
 
 Seorwa 
 
 To-flojen, p.p. 
 
 To-drsejen. 
 
 Lu^en, vb., 'tell lies.' 
 
 Dawede. 
 
 Da^ede. 
 
 [Dawes.] 
 
 Daswen, Dawen 
 
 sb. pi. 
 
 [Dawe, Dawes, Dajes] j 
 
 Dahjen 1 
 
 I)a;z;e J- sing. dat. 
 
 ■Dawe 
 
 Buruwe [borwe, borhwe]. 
 
 Loh, adj., ' low.' 
 
 Songs and C 1 s, Warw., 1400. 
 Morwe ] „, 
 
 Sorwe 
 Slawyn,' 66. 
 
 Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. 
 
 DragtfS, 311. 
 Lage, sb., 784. 
 
 Engl. Guilds, Norf, 1389. 
 
 Felas, 'fellows,' 30. 
 pei awe, 39. 
 Lawes, 52 and passim. 
 Morwe speche, 55. 
 
 Prompt., Norf., 1440. 
 
 Bowe of tre. 
 
 Bowe, ' arcus.' 
 
 Fowle, 'bird.' 
 
 Lawe, 'jus,' etc. 
 
 Herberwyn. 
 
 Sorow 
 
 Swelwhe of a water or of a grownde. 
 
 Cowhyn, H. } 
 
 Cowghen V vb. 
 
 Cowyn, K. J 
 
 Coghe, sb. 
 
 Lawhyn, 'rideo.' 
 
 Throwhe, 'through.'
 
 >3 
 
 Bokenham, Suffolk, before 1447. 
 
 Lawhe, inf., St. Cecilia, 821. 
 Sawe, St. Elizabeth, 987. 
 Drawe 211 j gt A 
 Lawe, 212 j ° 
 
 Morwe, St. Dorothy, 106. 
 porch, 20, 11,000 Virg. 
 porgh, 183, St. Magdalene. 
 
 In this text we have such spellings 
 as — Malyhs, 215. 
 
 Nyhs, 206 \ g . 
 
 Wyhs, 205 | bt - A ^ nes - 
 = 'malys,' ' nys,' ' wys,' etc., and 
 these spellings occur constantly 
 throughout the text, showing that 
 h had no consonantal sound in this 
 position. 
 
 Wycliffe. 
 Halwen, sb. pi., X. 
 
 O.E. 
 
 = w in Chaucer. 
 
 Sorwe. 
 
 Mowen, vb. 
 
 Mawe, ' stomach.' 
 
 Lowe, adj. 
 
 Sawe, 'saying, speech.' 
 
 Fawe, ' fain, glad.' 
 
 Bowe, vb. 
 
 Dawe, vb. 
 
 Dawes, ' days.' 
 
 Dawing, 'dawning.' 
 
 Dewe. 
 
 Drawe, vb. 
 
 Adawe, vb. 
 
 Awe, sb. 
 
 Awen, ' own.' 
 
 Fowel \ 
 
 Foul. Foules \ ' bird.' 
 
 Fowl J 
 
 Hawe, ' yard.' 
 
 Hawe (fruit of rose). 
 
 Horowe, ' foul, scandalous, ' O.E. 
 
 horij (?). 
 Halwen, vb. 
 Halwes, sb. 
 Herberowe ) , 
 Herberow ) 
 Herberwe, vb. 
 Sowe, 'a sow.' 
 
 O.E. -j,, -h = ffh in Chaucer. 
 
 R °g ]l I a di 
 Rough ) J * 
 
 Slough. 
 
 low noise.' 
 
 ; though.' 
 
 Swogh 
 
 Swough 
 
 Swuw 
 
 Thogh. 
 
 Towh \ 
 
 Tough \ 
 
 Tow J 
 
 Thorgh ) 
 
 Thurgh I 
 
 Trogh i 
 
 Trough ) 
 
 Choogh. 
 
 Cough. 
 
 Flough, ' didst fly.' 
 
 Bough. 
 
 Drough, vb. 
 
 Slough \ , 
 
 Slowh j pt 
 
 Saugh 
 
 Saw 
 
 of ' sleen.' 
 
 vb. 
 
 St. Kath., Glot., 1200. 
 
 Burh, ' city.' 
 La he, ' law.' 
 Plahen, ' they play.' 
 Sorh, ' sorrow.' 
 
 R. o/Glos., 1300. 
 
 Ajte, 3 sing. 
 Dawe, pi. 
 Drawe, p.p. 
 Draweji, 2 pi. 
 Droirg, ' drew.' 
 Fawe, ' pain.' 
 Ilalwe 1 , 
 Halwy j 
 Ilalwe, adj. 
 Hawe, ' had.' 
 Kouhe, ' cough.' 
 Lew 5 \ 
 
 Louj V ' laughed.' 
 Lowe I 
 
 Mawe, ' stomach.' 
 Owe, vb. 
 Rowe, 'rough.' 
 Slawe ) 
 Slaje } P-P- 
 Sorwe, sb. 
 Wawes, ' waves.' 
 Tou, 'tough.' 
 Thof, 'though.' 
 
 St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. 
 
 Foweles, 226. 
 ^e Mowe, 183. 
 of Dawe, 193. 
 Mitnv, 146. 
 
 Hut fronted in Maide, 27.
 
 <;-i 
 
 O.E. -hi = p- 
 po*t, 31. 
 nijt, 21. 
 dijte, vh., 22. 
 
 r. rtoinn., Glus., 1362-93. 
 
 !r^ h ) -bin.' 
 
 berwe I 
 Borghe, b. 
 Borw. 
 
 Felawe. 
 
 Laugen 
 
 Lauhen 
 
 Laughwhen V 'laugh.' 
 
 Laugh e, b 
 
 Lawgbe, b 
 
 Lowe ) 2 pt. sing., ' didst tell lies.' 
 
 Lowen (p.p. 
 
 Lowe, ' flame.' 
 
 Low' } ' meek >' etc - 
 
 Ploub. 
 
 Plow, b. 
 
 Plough, b. 
 
 Plouj, a. 
 
 Sorwe. 
 
 Morwe. 
 
 Swowe, vb., ' faint.' 
 
 O.E. swogan. 
 Thanh. 
 Pauj. 
 
 Sir Fer., Devon., 1380. 
 
 Awe, ' respect, worship.' 
 
 Galwetre. 
 
 For-gnage, 'devour.' 
 
 Folghede. 
 
 Fawe (and Fayn), ' pleased, happy.' 
 
 Herburges, 'resting-place, camp.' 
 
 Sawe, ' tale, account.' 
 
 Forw, 'furrow.' 
 
 St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. 
 
 Sorwe, 3216. 
 Slawe, p.p., 320. 
 
 St. Jul. (Prose), Dorset, 1200. 
 
 SellvSe, ' happiness,' 10. 
 Heh, hehest, 8. 
 Seh, 'saw,' 16. 
 Drehe, 'I suffer,' 16. 
 Fehere, 'fairer,' 18. 
 of Dahene, 30. 
 Isahet, p.p., 'sawn,' 38. 
 Droh, pert'., 4. 
 DuheSe, sb., 4. 
 
 Felah.es, ' fellows,' 4. 
 Ahne, ' own,' 10. 
 Fuheles, 12. 
 NowSer, ' neither,' 14. 
 
 Ye ne llialle, ' may net,' 16. 
 
 Lahen, ' customs, laws,' 22. 
 liurh, 4. 
 purh, 6. 
 
 Ancr. Iiiw., Dorset, 1225. 
 
 Ageliche, ' awfully.' 
 
 Bouh | . , , , 
 ■n > ' bough. 
 
 Lowe ) ° 
 
 Coue, ' chough.' 
 
 Dawes, ' days.' 
 
 Hajer } ' clever -' 
 
 Inouh. 
 
 Sage ) . , 
 
 Sa « e } 'a saying.' 
 
 Sahe. 
 
 O. (ntd if., Dorset, 1240-50. 
 
 Sorge, J. 1 
 Sorewe, C. / 
 Fuheles, C. ) 
 Foweles, J. ( 
 Laje ('law,' 103). 
 Hagel, C. 1 
 Hawel, J. ] 10 ' 002 - 
 Hahe, Cot.) . „.„ 
 Hawe, J. J 1 ' 612 - 
 Moregenning, Cot. j , ... 
 Morewening, J. / i >' 10. 
 
 Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants, 1327. 
 
 Dawe, ' to dawn,' A. 
 Fawe, 'glad,' A. 
 
 Kentish Gospels [MS. Hatton, 38), 
 1150. 
 
 O.E. z (back) = z . 
 Eagen, J., ix, 11, passim. 
 Eage, Joh., x, 34 (dat. sing.). 
 he geseahge, Mk., v, 32. 
 geseagen, Mk., vi, 49. 
 on Dizlen, Mat., vi, 4. 
 Twrgan, J., xv, 5. 
 Twig, J., xv, 6. 
 Twiggan, Joh., xii, 13. 
 
 Examples of misuse of g and g in 
 Kentish Gospels. 
 
 9 for 5, 
 Halgen, Mat., iii, 11. 
 slog, Mk., xiv, 47.
 
 65 
 
 g for g and gg for gg. 
 
 gast, Mat., iii, 11 ; Joh., iv, 24. 
 Gang (imperat.), Mat., viii, 9. 
 Segge, Joh., ii, 5. 
 Finder, Joh., xx, 27. 
 pingen, Mat., v, 32. 
 
 Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. 
 
 Eagen, ' eyes,' 223. 
 Oge, 'own,' 23-3. 
 Agen, 241. 
 gesawen, 242. 
 
 Xlees and Virtues, Kent, 1200. 
 
 i-Slge, p.p., 5. 22. 
 lage, sh., 99. 13. 
 
 Moral Ode (Bigby MS.), Kent, Early 
 Tit irteenth Cen fury. 
 
 Draghen, 47. 49. 
 Eghte, 'property,' 55. 
 Eagen, 'eyes,' 379. 
 Fogeles, 83. 
 Lage, ' law.' 
 Mugte, 15. 
 Oghte, 2. 
 
 Regh, 135 = (RekfP). 
 pegh, 4. 
 
 Kentish Sermons (Laud, 471), 
 1200-50. 
 
 "We niowe, Epipli. 
 
 LegheJ>, ' lies,' Fifth Sermon, 5. 
 
 Daghen, dat. pi., Fifth Sermon, 5. 
 
 I-seghe, ' seen,' Fourth Sermon. 
 
 Moreghen, Fifth Sermon. 
 
 Laghe, ace, Epiph. 
 
 Oghe, 'own,' adj., Second Sermon. 
 
 Lib. Besc, 1350, Kent. 
 
 Lawe, 216. 
 
 Awjt, 298. 
 
 Owene, 441. 
 
 Drouge, ' drew,' 1499. 
 
 Dwerg, 'dwarf,' 119. . 
 
 porwg, 291. 
 
 Will, of Shoreham, Kent, 1307- 
 
 Lawe, 62. 
 
 To slage, 66 (rhymes with lawe). 
 
 Y-fage, 67 (rhymes with lawe). 
 
 Drage> (sing.), 68. 
 
 Y-nage, 68 (rhymes with lawe). 
 
 prof, ' through.' 
 
 Ogen, 52. 
 
 pag, 'though,' 102. 
 
 Holwye, 3. 
 
 A-ymbile, Kent, 1340. 
 
 Adrage, vb., p.p. 
 Alpag, ' although.' 
 Agt, ' ought.' 
 Beag, ' he bowed.' 
 Bogsam, adj. 
 Bog, ' bough.' 
 Brogte, ' brought.' 
 Bouge, ' to obey.' 
 Dog, ' dough.' 
 Draf, ' dregs.' 
 Drag, ' to draw.' 
 Lage, 'law.' 
 Log, ' low.' 
 M;i we, 'to mow.' 
 Moge, 'may.' 
 Oge, ' own' (adj.). 
 Slage, ' to slay.' 
 Uogel, ' bird.' 
 Ynoge, ' enough.' 
 
 27. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Non-initial O.E. g and h fronted in M.E. 
 Barbour. 
 
 Bery, vb., ' bury.' 
 By, 'to buy.' 
 
 Dreg ) Vb - ' endurc -' 
 
 Ey J e y e - 
 Eyn, ' eyes.' 
 
 Fe, ' cattle.' 
 Fie, 'to flee.' 
 Forly, 'to violate.' 
 Hergit, ' harried.' 
 Rerberg, ' lodging.' 
 
 He J 
 Hey I 
 
 adj. 
 
 Sle, 'sly. 
 Liand, ' lying.'
 
 GG 
 
 Gav. Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 
 Die, 'to suffer.' 
 Eine, ' eyes.' 
 Lev, ' a lea.' 
 
 Compl. of Scot!., 1549. 
 
 Day. 
 
 Ee \ 'eye.' 
 Een I pi. 
 I lie, adj. 
 
 I.v \ 
 
 Lyis J- vb. 
 
 Lyand J 
 
 Herberye, ' harbour.' 
 
 Metrical Psalter, Forks., before 1300. 
 
 Eghen, 33. 16. 
 
 Filigh, iniperat., 'follow,' 33. 15. 
 
 For-segh, p.p., 21. 25. 
 
 Negh, adj., 39. 13. 
 
 Neghburgh, 14. 3. 
 
 Slighen, 3 pi., 21. 30. 
 
 Stihes, sb. pi., 118. 105. 
 
 Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. 
 
 Ei 
 
 Eie, pi. 
 
 ? iD6U ) 'eye.' 
 Eigen ' 
 
 Een 
 
 Hei 
 
 Leis, sb., ' lies.' 
 
 Lei, vb. 
 
 Lies, 2 sing. 
 
 Ligh.es. 
 
 Liges. 
 
 Minot., Yorks., 1333-52. 
 
 Lye, ' falsehood.' 
 
 Mai. 
 
 Main. 
 
 Townley Mysteries, Yorks., 1480. 
 "Wey = O.E. wija, ' a man.' 
 
 Prk. of Consc, Yorks., before 1849. 
 
 Bighing, ' redemption.' 
 
 ^&l , J' to die.' 
 Deygn, etc. ) 
 
 JWM' to suffer.' 
 Dn»-he ) 
 
 Kghe, ' eye.' 
 
 Eghteld, 'to endeavour.' 
 
 Flegh, ' to flee.' 
 
 F, " v;:h ! met 
 Flogh .! P ret ' 
 
 Heyghe. 
 
 W^Madj. 
 Hegne ) J 
 
 Highen, vb. 
 
 Neghe, adj. 
 
 Sleghe ) , • , 
 .,,   , ' wise. 
 Slyghe S 
 
 Stey, vb., ' ascend.' 
 
 Stegh, 'ladder.' 
 
 .Sir Gem., North., 13G6. 
 
 Ber S , ' hill.' 
 Dege, vb. 
 Dryjten, ' lord.' 
 May, ' maid.' 
 Seghe, ' saw.' 
 
 P* \ ' saw.' 
 
 Yje, ' eye.' 
 
 Wars of Alex., Yorks., Late Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Daies 
 
 Dayes 
 
 Dais 
 
 Eje, sing \ 
 
 Eghen \ \ ' eye.' 
 
 Eeyn ) P L J 
 
 Dreje, vb., 'dree.' 
 
 E 3 e „ 1 'fear.' 
 and Lgen j 
 
 Fey, ' fated and die.' 
 
 Levins, Yorks., 1570. 
 
 Flee, 'a flv.' 
 
 Eye. 
 
 to Dree. 
 
 to Flee. 
 
 to See. 
 
 Haifare, 'heifer.' 
 
 Allit. P., Lanes., 1360. 
 
 Adrej, ' aback, aside,' = ? 
 Hyje, 'to lie.' 
 D173, adj. 
 May, ' maid.' 
 
 Metr. Rom., Lanes., 1420. 
 Hejer, ' higher.' 
 
 S 4heh aW ' 
 
 Orm., Lines., 1200. 
 
 Bilessd. 
 
 Frij^enn, ' calumniate.
 
 67 
 
 Fru^nen, ' ask.' 
 
 Forrle^enu, ' guilty of adultery. 
 
 Fa^gerr, ' fair.' 
 Fayjre, adv. 
 Fewest, ' joinest.' 
 Innsegjless, 'seals.' 
 E^lenn, ' ail.' 
 Ejj^err, ' either.' 
 E^^whasr, ' everywhere.' 
 E^e, ' fear.' 
 Twiggess, ' twice.' 
 Twegjenn, ' twain.' 
 
 Pez3 r e 1 < their . 
 Te^re ] their ' 
 Srje, 'victory.' 
 pri^jess, ' thrice.' 
 Dri^e. 
 iEddniodlejge. 
 Eejjn, 'rain.' 
 Najglenn, ' to nail.' 
 Wa33ne>h. 
 w "33 n > ' waggon. 
 Waj3, 'woe.' 
 Dajs, 'day.' 
 Ma^, 'maid.' 
 Mazz, ' may.' 
 
 Note spelling, re^senn, ' to raise ' 
 
 (= 0. Icel. reisaP). This seems to 
 
 prove that 33 in above words = (i> 
 
 or I, which would imply dipbthongi- 
 
 zation of the a. n^Z = J-f • 
 
 Saveloh, N.E. Midi, 1300. 
 
 'eye.' 
 
 Eie 
 
 Eyen 
 
 Eyn 
 
 Eyne 
 
 Ageyn, 
 
 Fleye, 'tolly. 
 
 against.' 
 
 R. of Br untie, Zincs., 1338. 
 
 Eey, 'hay.' 
 
 Reyn, ' rain.' 
 
 Eyen, ' eyes.' 
 
 Eye, ' awe.' 
 
 May den. 
 
 Abreyde, p.p. 
 
 Weye. 
 
 Sties, ' by-roads.' 
 
 Lye, ' deceit.' 
 
 Ly, inf., ' to lie down.' 
 
 Pleyes, sl>. 
 
 Dreye, vb., ' dree.' 
 
 hi igh, adv. 
 
 Ferlij, adv. 
 Fee, ' cattle,' etc. 
 Ney, ' near.' 
 Fle'ye, 'flew.' 
 Feightit, perf. 
 Fleyghe, 'fled.' 
 Sleigbe, ' cunning.' 
 
 Will, of Pal., W. Midi., 1350. 
 
 Ai, ' eye.' 
 
 Aie, ' awe.' 
 
 Daies. 
 
 Fain ) , , , , 
 
 Fayn } ^ 
 
 Deie, vb., ' die.' 
 
 Five (Alis), adj. 
 
 Hige, ' hasten.' 
 
 Drie, ' to dree.' 
 
 Heie 
 
 Hei-5 
 
 Heijh ) 'high.' 
 
 Heye 
 
 Hrje /' 
 
 Heijing, 'hurrying.' 
 
 Nefh} <nearl y-' 
 
 Seie, ' to say.' 
 
 Seye. 
 
 Seyde. 
 
 SeiJ?. 
 
 Sle, ' to slay.' 
 
 peih, 'though.' 
 
 pei. 
 
 Weill, ' a balance.' 
 
 Wei^, ' man.' 
 
 Mali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. 
 
 hit Beie, vb. subj., ' bend.' 
 SeiS, 21. 
 Feire, adj., 29. 
 
 Earliest Engl. Pr. Ps., W. Midi., 1375. 
 
 Ejen, 'eyes,' 90. 8. 
 Egeliddes", 10. 5. 
 Seide, 15. 1. 
 Ne^bur, 23. 4. 
 Serge, 36. 37. 
 to Sle, 36. 34. 
 
 Mire., Salop, 1400. 
 
 Stv, ' a path.' 
 Sle, ' to slay.' 
 Sleen, 'slain.' 
 Buri, • burgh, castle.' 
 Haly, adj. 
 Ilex, 'toga-'
 
 US 
 
 MS. Earl., 2253. Here/., 1310. 
 
 Brege, ' brew .' 
 
 liuv)\ 3 sing, pres., 'buys.' 
 
 Eges. 
 
 Egenen, dat. pi. 
 
 Fe, ' money.' 
 
 II ge, dat. Bing., ' a fly.' 
 
 "'T'tt v 1 'high.' 
 
 and (Ilawe) J n 
 
 **> I 'lies.' 
 Ligs J 
 
 Layimon, Wores., 1205. 
 
 Sing.: Dad, -dai ['day']. Dseies, 
 daiges, -daies, daeges [daises], daeie, 
 dseigen, daege, doeie, 'daige, deie 
 [dai]. 
 
 PI.: Dseies, daeiges, daeges, -daises. 
 Gen. : Daegen [daigene], daige, 
 daiges, dages. 
 
 Daegen, vb., daigen. 
 
 Deigen degen [deie, deige], 'to die.' 
 
 Digelen, ' secretly.' 
 
 Ege, 'eye.' 
 
 Feie, ' fated to die.' 
 
 Frein, ' fain, glad.' 
 
 Lige [lege]. 
 
 Maei, mai, maeie [maij. 
 
 Plaege, pleige [pleag, pleoi]. 
 
 •Tweie, -tweige. 
 
 Tweine, tweige [twei, tweye]. 
 
 .iEh-senen, ' eyesight.' 
 
 iEie, eie, eige, ege [eage, eye], awe. 
 
 •Saei, sajige, saie, imperat., 'say.' 
 
 Lsei, dai, pret., of liggen. 
 
 -Laeide, ' laid.' 
 
 ! :,ih ! adj. 
 Ley I J 
 
 pash "j 
 
 paih \ 
 
 •peh J 
 
 •Hehte 
 
 Heihte 
 
 Haihte 
 
 ; thought.' 
 
 was called. 
 
 Feilit 
 •Feht 
 
 j 'fight." 
 
 Bestiary, E. Midi, 1250. 
 
 £ aies j nom. pi., 744. 
 Dages ) L 
 
 Egen, passim. 
 
 FlegeS, 707. 
 
 Hege, ' high,' 68.5. 
 
 Leigeft, 'lays,' 359. 
 
 Meiden, 37. 
 Seide, 261. 
 
 Bokenham, Suffolk, before 1447. 
 
 Sege, vb., ' saw,' St. Agatha, 144 ? 
 Eyne, St. Mary, 456. 
 Eyghte, St. Mary, 935. 
 Yhe, St. Agatha, 345 (rhymes to 
 aspye, seye, leye). 
 
 Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. 
 
 Leefully, 51. 
 Heye, adj., 39. 
 
 Prompt., Norf., 1440. 
 
 Eye, ' oculus.' 
 
 Neyhbore. 
 
 Neyborede. 
 
 Wycliffe. 
 
 Eien, X. 
 
 Eig 
 
 Yge, LL. 
 Leie, ' tell lies ' 
 Lei}> 
 Leigede 
 Byge, vb., CC. 
 
 X. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Lye, vh., ' to lie (down).' 
 
 Lye, ' a lie,' also vb. 
 
 May den. 
 
 Playen. 
 
 Pleyen, ' to ply.' 
 
 Reye (' rye ') . 
 
 Reyn. 
 
 Stye, ' to mount.' 
 
 Sty ward. 
 
 Tweyne. 
 
 Tweye. 
 
 Wey. 
 
 Abeye, vb., 'pay for.' 
 
 A-breyde, ' to make.' 
 
 Alwey. 
 
 Bi seye, p.p. 
 
 Dayes. 
 
 Dayeseye. 
 
 Deyen. 
 
 Drye, ' to endure.' 
 
 Drye, adj. 
 
 Eye, pi. eyen, ' eyes.' 
 
 Fair, adj. 
 
 Fayn, ' glad.' 
 
 Flye, ' a fly.'
 
 69 
 
 Frye, vb. 
 
 Hye, vb., 'to hasten.' 
 
 Leyt, ' flame.' 
 
 Saye, ' to say.' 
 
 Neigh, adv. (also negh). 
 
 Eighte. 
 
 Heigh, ' high.' 
 
 Heigh te, sb. 
 
 Sey, pi. seyen, ' time.' 
 
 Hy, adj., 'high.' 
 
 St. Kath., Glos., 1200. 
 
 Hevien, vb., 'glorify.' 
 Ehe, ' eye.' 
 Ehnen, pi. 
 
 B. of Glos., 1300. 
 
 Leighje, ' flame.' 
 I.ighe, ' to laugh '? 
 Fhjeu, ' flies.' 
 Eyjte, 'eighth.' 
 
 Eyghe| <awe -' 
 Eye, pi. sb., ' eyes.' 
 
 P. Ploivm., Glos., 1362-93. 
 
 Beij, ornament for neck. 
 
 Eye, ' awe.' 
 
 Even \ 
 
 Eyghen J- adj. 
 
 Eyne J 
 
 E S e. 
 
 Fey, adj. 
 
 Heys ) 
 
 Bersh V adj. 
 
 Hi J 
 
 Leighe, 2 pret. 'didst lie' ('mentire') 
 
 Leye, ' a flame.' 
 
 T   1 ' mentire.' 
 Lijen / 
 
 Tergen, vb. , ' tie.' 
 
 Wrye, vb., ' turn.' 
 
 Leyn, p. 
 
 Seih. 
 
 Seigh, 1 pt. sing., 'saw.' 
 
 Seie, p.p. 
 
 Lei}', prus. sing., ' to lay.' 
 
 Li id, p.p. 
 
 Syghede, ' he sighed.' 
 
 Sir Fer., Devon., 1380. 
 
 Aye, ' awe.' 
 
 Ay \>er. 
 
 Egene, ' eyes.' 
 
 Feye, ' accused, cowardly.' 
 
 May, ' maid.' 
 
 Lye, ' flame.' 
 Ne^ene, 9. 
 Fol;$yea)>, pres. pi. 
 Sy3 in g» ' sighing,' sb. 
 
 St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. 
 
 hi >er leje, 3,385. 
 
 y-sev^e, 'seen,' 3,535. 
 
 Sey^'e, ' he saw,' 3,846 and 460. 
 
 Ey 3 e, 'eye,' 4,297. 
 
 Eyther, 713. 
 
 Heyjede, 1278. 
 
 Seyen, 3 pi. vb , ' saw,' 1,423. 
 
 Twey, 'two,' 2,337. 
 
 St. Jul. (Prote), Dorset, 1200. 
 
 Meiden, 2 pres. 
 Deis, gen., 6. 
 Meari, 'marrow,' 20. 
 
 Alter. Eiio., Dorset, 1225. 
 
 Hei ) . i • , , 
 u •, \ ' hum. 
 Heih J ° 
 
 Heihte, 8. 
 
 Leie, ' flame.' 
 
 Rein, ' rain.' 
 
 Lijen, ' to lie.' 
 
 Werge'S, 'wearieth.' 
 
 "Wijeles, ' wiles.' 
 
 Yleslipes, 'hedgehogs' skins.' 
 
 0. and JST., Dorset, 1240-50. 
 
 Even, J. )«_... 
 E S en, Cott. / ^ e3 - 
 Plei, 213, vb. inf. 
 Weie, 214, sb. 
 
 Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants, 1327. 
 
 Untrge, vb., A. 
 Eige, 'fear,' S. A. 
 
 Kentish Gospels {MS. Hatton, 38), 
 
 1150. 
 Drejes, Mat., xx, 2. 
 Felje (imperat.), Mat., ix, 9. 
 Arghwile, Mat., vi, 34. 
 Mayj, Mat., vi, 24. 
 Dayjtiwamlicc, Mat., vi, 11. 
 
 8338} "*,*.«• 
 
 Eije, ' fear,' Mk., ix, 6. 
 Forleip-e, Mk., vii. 21. 
 Mergdene (dat.), Mk., vii, 22. 
 S:iix<li\ Mk., iv, 21. 
 Mmii^o, Job.., xxi, 6. 
 Eyje, ' fear,' Job., xx, 19. 
 pu aje.st, Mat., v, 33.
 
 70 
 
 Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. 
 jeie, 'fear,' 225. 
 
 Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. 
 
 Ei^e, 'fear,' 19. 29. 
 Ergene, ' eves,' 51. 2. 
 Fleih, 'flew,' 137. 12. 
 
 Moral Ode [Digby MS.), Kent. Early 
 Thirteenth Century. 
 
 Aihwer, ' anywhere,' 88. 
 
 Bolje«, 14. 
 
 Eije = ' awe,' 281 (rhymes with leie). 
 
 Liejen (rhymes with driejen). 
 
 Leid, p.p., 12. 
 
 Sorje, 146 \ Is 3 in these words back 
 
 peje, 61 / or front? 
 
 Will, of Shoreham, Kent, 1307-27. 
 Eyjen, ' eyes,' 5. 
 
 Ayenbite, Kent, 1340. 
 
 3- warded, ' farrowed.' 
 Wrage, ' to betray.' 
 Slee and slea, ' to slay.' 
 Flexes, ' sports.' 
 
 On-rijt, ' wrong.' 
 
 Nejebores, ' uej^ebores.' 
 
 Nayle. 
 
 Mayden. 
 
 Lyjere, ' liar.' 
 
 Lijte, sb. 
 
 L gg e } ' to laugh,' also llieejs. 
 
 Layde, ' laid. 
 
 Layt, ' light.' 
 
 Haljede, ' he hallowed.' 
 
 Eyjte, 8. 
 
 Ege, e^en, ' eye, eyes.' 
 
 Eyren, ' eggs. 1 
 
 Eyder, ' either.' 
 
 Daies. 
 
 Zuoli = O.E. sulh. 
 
 Britf. 
 
 Ber^f }' tosave -' 
 Bodi and bodye. 
 Bay)>, ' buys.' 
 Heje, 'high.' 
 Uly, ' to fly.' 
 
 Lib. Desc, Kent, 1350. 
 
 ijen, ' eyes,' 943. 
 Ejje, ' fear,' 2,026. 
 Street, 942. 
 
 IX. 
 
 ISTon-initial O.E. -eg = -gg (front stop, etc.) in M E. 
 
 Gav. Douglas, 1475-1622. 
 
 Eige, ' ridge of a hill, edge.' 
 ( ye here = dz ?) 
 
 Sir Gaw., 1366, North. 
 
 Esige, 'edge.' 
 Hegges, ' hedges.' 
 Rygge, ' back.' 
 
 W.-W., xviii, North., Early Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Segge, ' carex.' 
 Egge (of knife). 
 "Wegge, < euneus.' 
 ? Bryg = dz ? 
 
 Wars of Alexander, Forks, Late 
 Fifteenth Century. 
 
 Einng 
 
 & ng \ 'inciting '(front or back?). 
 
 Egg j "a 
 
 Esrjris 
 
 ( ' hedges.' 
 Hegges ) ° 
 
 Egge, 'edge.' 
 
 Levins, Yurks., 1570. 
 
 Bridge. 
 Midge. 
 Ridge.
 
 71 
 
 Alltt. P., Lanes., 1360. 
 
 
 }' 
 
 man. 
 
 Brugge, ' bridge.' 
 Dungen, ' to beat.' 
 Egge, ' edge,' sb. 
 Eggynge, 'instigation.' 
 Lygge, ' to lie.' 
 
 Orm., Lines., 1200. 
 
 Abiggenn, ' pay for.' 
 
 Biggen, ' bury.' 
 
 Egge, 'edge.' 
 
 Leggenn, 'lay,' le^esst, le^ej>>. 
 
 Seggenn, ' say, tell.' 
 
 Havelok, N.E. Mull, 1300. 
 
 Brigge. 
 Riff. 
 
 R. of Brunne, Lines., 1338. 
 
 Brygges. 
 
 Brugges. 
 
 Egge, ' edge,' sb. 
 
 Sedgeing, 'saying.' 
 
 (Note early use of -dge.) 
 
 Halt Meidenhed, W. Midi, 1225. 
 
 to Seggen, 3. 
 Buggen, 9. 
 EggeS, 3. 
 
 Notice Hug, 'back,' 17. 
 
 Will, of Pal., TV. Midi, 1350. 
 
 Biggen. 
 
 Brug. (g here perhaps = Q.) 
 
 Brugge. 
 
 Egged, p.p., ' incited.' 
 
 Egge-tol. 
 
 Ligge, vb., 'lie, dwell.' 
 
 Rigge, ' back. ' 
 
 Segging, 'saying' (A). 
 
 Swinge, ' they strike.' 
 
 Seg 
 
 Segges, pi. 
 
 !• 
 
 a man. 
 
 Earliest Engl. Pr.Ps., W. Midi, 1375. 
 
 O^ain siggeing, 30. 26. 
 IiiL^e, 43. 28. 
 Rygge, 49. 18. 
 
 MS. Harl, 2253. Heref, 1310. 
 
 Aleggen, 'to overthrow.' 
 Bry gge. 
 Bugging. 
 Leggen, 'to lay.' 
 Liggen, ' to lie.' 
 Tubrugge, ' a drawbridge.' 
 Rug, ' back.' 
 
 Worcs., Glos., Twelfth Century. 
 
 Seg, ' carex.' 
 Wees'. 
 
 Lai., Worcs., 1205. 
 
 Abiggen, ' buy.' 
 Brugge, 'bridge.' 
 Bugge (Bigge). 
 •Legge, 'to lay.' 
 •Liggen, ' to lie down.' 
 "Seggen. 
 Siggen. 
 (ich) Sugge. 
 Egge, 'edge.' 
 
 Ru S \ < back ' 
 
 (Rugge) } back " 
 
 Rigge, dat. 
 
 Saeg, seg, ' man.' 
 
 Prompt., Xorf, 1440. 
 
 Lyggynge, sb. 
 Rygge, -bone.' 
 Segge, ' sedge.' 
 Brygge, ' pons. 
 
 Vegge 
 
 \\\'<rge 
 
 cimeus. 
 
 Wedge, vb., 'cleave wood' (the 
 spelling shows pronunciation of 
 other forms). 
 
 Eggyn, or entycyn. 
 
 Egge, ' acies ' 
 
 Flygge asbryddys. 
 
 Hedge 
 
 sb. 
 
 Hedgyn, vb., ' to make ah.' 
 Keygge (or ioly), cf. Suffolk ' kedge.' 
 
 Wills and Lnv. 
 
 Hegges, Rookewoode, 1479. 
 Coksedge \ 
 Coksedgys 1407. 
 Coksegys ) 
 
 Biggen, X. 
 
 (B3wB.CC.). 
 P Wecg, X. 
 
 WycHffc.
 
 72 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Abegge, ' pay for.' 
 
 Brigge, sb. 
 
 Drugge. 
 
 I ' ! ing, sb. 
 
 Egge, vb., ' iucite.' 
 
 Egge, sb. 
 
 Hegge, sb. 
 
 !" P ' ! 'to lay.' 
 Leggen \ J 
 
 Liggen, ' to lie.' 
 
 Siggen, vb. 
 
 Senge, ' to singe.' 
 
 Wegge, sb. 
 
 St. Eath., Glos., 1200. 
 
 Egge, 'edge.' 
 Leggen, 'to lay.' 
 
 Brugge 
 Bregges 
 
 R. of Glos., 1300. 
 
 sb. 
 
 Brygge J 
 Eggei), p.p. (adj.). 
 Hegges, ' hedges.' 
 Legge, 'to lay.' 
 Lyggen, ' to lie.' 
 Rygge, ' back.' 
 Segge, 'to say.' 
 
 S. Jul. {Metrical), Glos., 1300. 
 
 Legge, vb., 41. 
 Segge> Z e \ u ^ 
 Segge ) 
 Ligge, 209. 
 Bug, ' back,' 56. 
 
 P. Plowm., Glos., 1362-93. 
 
 Brigge. 
 
 Brygge. 
 
 Bigge, vb. 
 
 Biggere, ' a buyer.' 
 
 Bugge, B. 
 
 Buggers, A. 
 
 Leggen. 
 
 Liggen. 
 
 Bigge. 
 
 Rygge (and Ryg). 
 
 Segge (and Seg). 
 
 St. Jul. (Prose), Dorse/, 1200. 
 
 Eggin, inf., 4-1. 
 Si ggen, int., 8. 
 
 Sir Per., Devon, 1380. 
 
 Briggeward. 
 
 Dyngen, ' dash, hound.' 
 
 Bigges. 
 
 Slegge, 'sledbammer.' 
 
 Eged, ' edged.' 
 
 Ligge, 'lie.' 
 
 Pynge, ' to tingle.' 
 
 1-iigge (and Big). 
 
 Sigge, ' say, tell.' 
 
 St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. 
 
 Lyge, inf., 3,155. 
 Leygyng, 3,6'29. 
 Leyge, inf., 452. 
 Lyging, 2,474. 
 
 Ancr. Rival., Dorset, 1225. 
 
 Kuggel, 'cudgel.' 
 Bugging, 'buying.' 
 Eggen, ' edge on.' 
 Leggen, ' to lay.' 
 Liggen, ' lie down.' 
 
 gainsay.' 
 
 Wi'Sseggen 
 
 Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants, 1327. 
 
 Bigge-bone, Manchester MS., Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Moral Ode (Dighj MS.), Kent. Early 
 Thirteenth Cent wry. 
 
 Beggen, inf., 65. 
 SiggVb, 114. 
 
 Aijenbite, Kent, 1340. 
 
 Besenge, ' to singe.' 
 Begginge, ' to buy.' 
 Beggej>, ' buyeth.' 
 Legge, ' to lay.' 
 Ligge, ' to lie.' 
 Ziggen, ' to say.' 
 Reg, ' back.' 
 Heg, ' hedge.' 
 
 Lib. Desc., Kent, 1350. 
 
 Begge, 1,018. 
 Brigge, 1,330. 
 Legge, ( to lay,' 1331. 
 Ligge, 'to lie,' 1535.
 
 73 
 
 X. 
 
 Non-initial g and tg = back stop in M.E. 
 
 Barbour. 
 
 Byg, vb. 
 
 Biggit, ' built. 
 
 Brig i 
 
 Bryg J 
 
 Bnggit, 'bridged.' 
 
 Egging, 'urging.' 
 
 Ryg, 'ridge.' 
 
 Tyg, ' to toucb lightly.' 
 
 Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. 
 
 Brigge. 
 
 Dreg, ' to dredge.' 
 
 Lig, ' to lie.' 
 
 Rigbane. 
 
 Big,' 
 Briar. 
 
 Compl. of Scotl., 1549. 
 build.' 
 
 Drug, vb. 
 
 Eg, 8b. 
 
 Leye rig. 
 
 Scroggis, ' low stunted bushes.' 
 
 Gav. Douglas, 1475-1522. 
 
 Buge, ' a bow ' (g here must be a stop ; 
 
 it is never used to express an open 
 
 consonant in this text). 
 Eggis, ' incites.' 
 Bigbone. 
 Byg, ' back.' 
 Thig, ' to beg ' (O.E. Jnc^ean). 
 
 Metrical Psalter, Torks., before 1300. 
 
 Fen of Dreg (fecis), 39. 3. 
 Ligging, ' lying down,' 6. 7. 
 Ligging-sted, 35. 5 (MS. Egerton). 
 Thiggaud, ' begging,' 39. 18. 
 Twigges, 79. 11. 
 
 Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. 
 
 3rd sing. 
 
 Brig. 
 Ligus 
 Liggus 
 Ligand \ 
 Liggand , 
 Likaud ) 
 
 Minot, Yorks., 1332-52. 
 Brig. 
 
 Lig, ' lie, remain.' 
 Rie, ' back.' 
 
 Prk. of Consc., Yorks., before 1347. 
 
 Big, 'to build.' 
 Byggyn, sb. 
 Egg, vb., ' incite.' 
 Li£g ) 
 Ligge V vb., 'lie.' 
 
 Byg J 
 
 Lygyn, ' lain.' 
 Lyggys, ' lies.' 
 
 Townley Mysteries, Yorks., 1450. 
 
 Lig, ' to lie down,' but lyys, 3rd sing., 
 also occurs, line 104. 
 
 Wars of Alex., Yorks., Late Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Brig 
 Brigg ( 
 Egg, sb. 
 Grig (Dub. 
 Grege 
 Lig 
 
 Bigg 
 
 ? Ligge 
 
 \ 'bridge.' 
 
 | ' cricket, grig.' 
 Dub. 
 
 Ashm. 
 Claggid, p.p., 'sticky.' 
 
 Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. 
 
 Myge, ' culex.' 
 
 to Lyg(e), 'under, succumber.' 
 
 to Beg. 
 
 to Byge, ' fundare, condere.' 
 
 to Bygge, ' again, re-edificare.' 
 
 a Bryge, ' pons.' 
 
 a Drag, ' arpax.' 
 
 an Hogge. 
 
 an E<re I , • , 
 x, ° « r acies. 
 Egge, A.) 
 
 |, nE g . 1'ovum.' 
 Egge, A. i 
 
 Fige tre. 
 
 Hagworue, ' a viper.' 
 
 to Lygg, 'accumbere.' 
 
 to Lyg in wayte, 'iusidiare.' 
 
 a Pegg, ' carex.' 
 
 -c j ' adulari, ' 
 
 to h age { , , ' , 
 b ( ' pal pare. 
 
 a Fagynge, ' blandicia.' 
 
 (See note in Promptorium. 
 
 on ' Fagyn, or flateryn, aduior.'
 
 74 
 
 P. 146. 
 
 O.E. fagenian. 
 
 Prompt., faunin, 'blandio,' Langl., 
 B. xv, 295 ; has fauhnede. 
 
 Levins, Yorks., 1570. 
 
 Brig 
 
 Rigge of land 
 
 Rig of a house 
 
 Snig, 'anguillse genus' 
 
 Whig (and Whay) 
 
 pigge 
 
 Egge, ' ovum.' ^ 
 
 Clegge, 'solipunga' 
 
 the l)regges 
 
 to egge, ' irritare ' 
 
 All these 
 rhyme. 
 
 Rhymes. 
 
 P. of Brunne, Lines., 1338. 
 
 Bigged, ' built.' 
 Heg, ' hedge.' 
 Ligges, ' lies,' vb. 
 I lyg, ' I lie dowu.' 
 Megge, ' kinsfolk.' 
 
 Prompt., Nor/., 1440. 
 
 {cf. Erriwiggle, Forby, 
 Norf. ; Arrawigglo, 
 Moore, Suffolk. 
 Byggyn, or byldyu. 
 Thyggyn, ' mendico.' 
 
 Fr, F° I'tode.' 
 or Frugge f 
 
 Egge and Ey. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Bagge, sb. 
 Begge, vb. 
 
 Dogge, sb. 
 Diggen, vb. 
 Dagged, adj. 
 Frogge. 
 Roggeth, vb. 
 Ruggy, adj. 
 Wagges, vb. 
 
 P. Ploivm., Glos., 1362-93. 
 
 Bigge, vb., 'build.' 
 
 Begge, ' to beg.' 
 
 Egges, sb. pi. 
 
 Ryg, ' back.' 
 
 Seg (and Segge), 'creature, man.' 
 
 XI. 
 
 O.E. ht in M.E. 
 
 Barbour. 
 
 Aucht, ' they possessed.' 
 
 Aucht, ' eight.' 
 
 Bataucht, ' handed over.' 
 
 Brichtly. 
 
 Douchiy. 
 
 Dochtrys, ' daughters.' 
 
 Ficht \ , 
 
 Fecht J vb - 
 
 Flicht, ' flight.' 
 
 Hicht ) 41 
 
 Heycht f 
 
 height.' 
 
 Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. 
 
 Bricht. 
 
 Flocht ) , n- , > , 
 Flicht } fli e ht 
 Slawchter. 
 Wicht, ' strong. ' 
 
 Compl. of Seotl., 1549. 
 
 Brycht, adj. 
 
 Eycht, 'eight, eighth.' 
 
 Dochtir. 
 
 Foucht, pret. 
 
 Hight, ' height.' 
 
 Laucht, ' laughed.' 
 
 M aucht ) , . ,, , 
 
 Mycht }' mi g ht - 
 
 Rycht. 
 
 Thocht. 
 
 Vrocht. 
 
 Minot, Yorks., 1333-52. 
 Doghty, etc. 
 
 Prk. of Come., Yorks., before 1349. 
 
 Agbt, pret. 
 Aghtend, ' eighth.'
 
 75 
 
 Dight, ' decked. 
 Drighten, ' lord.' 
 Heght, sb. 
 Sleght, ' wisdom.' 
 Slaghter. 
 Soght, p.p. 
 Bytaght, p.p. 
 pought. 
 
 Wars of Alex., Yorks., late Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 Feght, sb., etc., etc. 
 
 C'atholicon, Yorks., 1483. 
 
 a Thoghte. 
 
 Tawght, ' doetus.' 
 
 a Sleght, ' lamina.' 
 
 a Slaghter, ' cedes.' 
 
 a Nighte, ' nox.' 
 
 Lyghte, sb. 
 
 an Hegbte, ' apex,' etc. 
 
 Gulsohte, ' aurugo ' (note). 
 
 Fraglvte of a schippe. 
 
 SlX" )•"— (— )■ 
 a Flaghte de terra, 
 a Draghte, ' haustus.' 
 Aghte, ' octo.' 
 "Wryghte. 
 
 Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. 
 
 Kuicth 
 
 Knith 
 
 Knictes 
 
 Kniht 
 
 Lict ) , 
 
 Liht J 8b - 
 
 Plith, 'haven.' 
 
 Rith, sb. 
 
 Auchte \ 
 
 Aucte | 'possessions.' 
 
 Authe ) 
 
 Broucte, ' brought.' 
 
 Doubter. 
 
 Douther. 
 
 Doutres, pi. 
 
 Orm., Linos., 1200. 
 
 Awihht, ' aught.' 
 
 Bribhte, adj. 
 
 Ehhte, ' eight.' 
 
 Hihht. 
 
 Lihtat. 
 
 Wrihbt, 'make.' 
 
 Brohhte. 
 
 Forr-rahht, ' prevented.' 
 
 Duhhtrg. 
 
 Fullubht. 
 
 Nahht. 
 
 Wehhte, ' weight.' 
 
 Wahht, 'might.' 
 
 Uhhtenn, ' early morning.' 
 
 R. of Brutme, Lines., 1338. 
 
 Lyght, sb. 
 
 Liught, perf. of lacche, ' to catch.' 
 
 Aught, vb. perf. 
 
 Faught, perf. 
 
 Hali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. 
 Nawt, ' nought,' 9. 
 
 Will, of Pal., W. Midi., 1350. 
 
 Brit, 'bright.' 
 
 Lijtere, ' lighter.' 
 
 Rit. 
 
 Ri 3 t. 
 
 Soujt, p.p. 
 
 Doirgti. 
 
 Doujter. 
 
 Earliest Engl. Pr. Ps., W. Midi., 1375. 
 
 fistful, 91. 15. 
 Bro^test, 87. 7. 
 
 Mire., Salop, 1400. 
 
 Dryjt. 
 
 Dryjte, 'dispose.' 
 Fyjte, 'fight.' 
 Plyjte, 'plight.' 
 
 Ryjt. 
 
 Syjt, ' sight.' 
 
 Laj,., Wares., 1205. 
 
 •Briht. 
 
 Faht. 
 
 •Dohter. 
 
 D outer. 
 
 Dojter. 
 
 Dochter (dohter). 
 
 •Cniht (cniVt). 
 
 JEhte (eahte). 
 
 Bobte, part, of ' biggen.' 
 
 Fsette and fsehte, from ' fsecheu.' 
 
 Quehte, from ' quecchen.'
 
 70 
 
 Songs and C.'», Warw., 1400. 
 
 Dowtir. 
 Nyte, ' night.' 
 Bryte, ' bright.' 
 
 Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. 
 
 Brigt, 'bright.' 
 Brocte, ' brought, ' pret. 
 Bogte, 'bought,' pret. 
 Fogt, 'fought.' 
 
 Bestiary, W. Midi., 1250. 
 
 Brigt, 70. 
 Drigten, 40. 
 Fligt, 69. 
 Nigt, 63. 
 
 This text writes g for back aud 
 front, open, and stop consonants. 
 
 Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. 
 
 Lyght. 
 
 Noght, also nowt passim. 
 
 Prompt., Norf., 1440. 
 
 Bryghte, 'clarus.' 
 
 Lyght. 
 
 M'yhth. 
 
 Mighthy. 
 Nyghte. 
 Nyth (II.). 
 
 Bokenham, Suffolk, before 1447. 
 
 Hycht, St. Dorothy, 10. 
 Doughtir, 11,000 Virgins, 104. 
 Dowtrys, St. Dorothy, 23. 
 
 My% | P assim - 
 Dowghter, St. Anne, 375. 
 
 Chancer. 
 
 Straughte, p. pi. 
 
 Straught, p.p. and pr. sing. (N.B. 
 
 Streighte, p. pi.) 
 Taughte, pret. 
 Raughte, pret. 
 Thoght. 
 
 adv. 
 
 Soghte. 
 
 Noht 
 
 Nought 
 
 Aboghte, p.p. of abye. 
 
 Doghter. 
 
 Doughty. 
 
 Doghty. 
 
 Droughte \ , ... , , 
 
 Droghte J tlur8t - 
 
 Bright. 
 
 Plighte, vb. 
 
 Night. 
 
 Bight. 
 
 Wight. 
 
 Wight, adj. 'active.' 
 
 Fighten. 
 
 St. Kath., Glos., 1200. 
 
 Fehten, vb. 
 puhte, ' seemed.' 
 pohte, ' thought.' 
 Bisohte. 
 
 P. Plowm., 1362-93. 
 
 Brigt, adj. 
 
 Hougt, ' ought, anything.' 
 
 Ryst. 
 
 Rijt. 
 
 Wroughten, p.p. 
 Wroghte, pret. 
 pougte, pret. 
 
 Sir Fer., Devon, 1380. 
 
 Dojty. 
 
 Folloht. 
 
 Follo^t. 
 
 St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. 
 
 Almygty, 1. 
 
 j^jt} passim. 
 
 Mvght, 530. 
 pow^t, 1738. 
 
 N.B.— SpeUing owgt = 'out,' 1670, 
 1676, shows that the 3 cannot have 
 been pronounced. 
 
 St. Jul. (Prose) Dorset, 1200. 
 
 Unduhti, ' unworthy,' 4. 
 Mahte, sb., 12. 
 Brihtre, comp., 18. 
 
 Ancr. Riwle, Dorset, 1225. 
 
 Biht, 'judgement.' 
 
 Vesp. A., 22, Kent, 1200. 
 
 Richtwisen, 217. 
 
 Almihtij. 
 
 Dochtren, pi., 225. 
 
 Michte, 229. 
 
 Echte, 'possessions,' 233.
 
 77 
 
 Kentish Sermons (MS. Laud, 471), 
 1200-50. 
 
 manslechte, 2nd Serm. 
 licht, Epiph. 
 bricht, Epiph. 
 
 Lib. Desc, Kent, 1350. 
 
 Knrgt. 
 Bost 
 
 Sigt, etc., etc. 
 unsawrt. 
 
 MODERN DIALECT WORD-LISTS. 
 
 Non-initial k in the Modern Dialects. 
 
 Northumb., Hcslop, 1893-4. 
 
 Bike, ' bees' nest.' 
 
 Blake, 'golden yellow,' as butter or 
 
 cheese. 
 Brake, ' kind of harrow.' 
 Breck, ' portion of a field cultivated by 
 
 itself.' 
 B reeks. 
 
 Brockle ) ,-■.,„ 
 Bruclde ) bnttle - 
 ('leak, ' to snatch.' 
 
 anT(Cletch)}' br00d0f y° im " cllickens -' 
 Cleck, ' a crook.' 
 Click, 'a rent, tear.' 
 Click-clack, ' idle gossip.' 
 
 ? lil } e n •* v.N I ' to complain.' 
 (and Craitcn) ) l 
 
 Diker, ' hedger, ditcher, hedge- 
 sparrow.' 
 Dike ' fence, ditch, hedge, stone wall.' 
 Dockan, ' dock-leaf.' 
 
 SS "I »"*•»'" d ™ k - 
 
 I'""* '" I 'drench with water.' 
 Urouk I 
 
 Ecky, ' sorry.' 
 
 Eke, an addition to a building. 
 
 Feckful, ' remorseful.' 
 
 Feck, ' quantity, abuudance.' 
 
 Feak | 
 
 Fike j 
 
 Flaik \ 
 
 Fleak j 
 
 Fleet i 
 
 Flick I 
 
 Flicker | 
 
 Flacker } 
 
 Frecken, 'to frighten.' 
 
 to be restless.' 
 ' wattled hurdle.' 
 flitch.' 
 flatter.' 
 
 Hick, 'to hesitate.' 
 Hike, ' to swing or sway.' 
 Kebbuck, ' cheese.' 
 Larick, ' lark.' 
 Klick, a peg for hanging. 
 
 t r di , > ' match, pair, equal, mate. 
 
 Mickle \ 
 
 Muckle J 
 
 Nicker ) , -,. , 
 
 , j xt , \ I sb. ana vb. 
 (and jNicher) J 
 
 Nick, ' notch, nick,' etc. 
 
 Perrick, 'park.' 
 
 Pick, a tool. 
 
 Pick, 'pitch.' 
 
 Pick, 'dark.' 
 
 Pick, ' to pitch, throw.' 
 
 Pickle, ' grain of corn.' 
 
 Pike, pointed bill. 
 
 Pluke ) pim P le - 
 
 Pock, ' mark.' 
 
 Preek, vb., ' adorn.' 
 
 Prick. 
 
 Pack, ' seaweed.' 
 
 Rack ) ' streak of colour, drifting 
 
 (Batch) / clouds. ' 
 
 Kackle, ' rash,' etc. 
 
 Rack, ' reach of water.' 
 
 Recklin I , , , , , 
 „. ,,. } ' last-bom. 
 Ricklin I 
 
 Reek, ' smoke ' 
 
 Rick, ' a pile.' 
 
 Roak, ' t'tiL, r , mist.' 
 
 Rock, 'distaff.' 
 
 Ruck, ' rick.' 
 
 £ ) •-*■■ 
 
 Seek, ' to bring or carry anything.' 
 Beseek, vb.
 
 78 
 
 Seek, 'sick.' 
 
 Sicket, ' small rivulet.' 
 
 . • Mich.' 
 
 Sike, 'small stream or drain.' 
 
 Skrike, ' shriek." 
 
 Slack, ' idle talk.' 
 
 Slake, 'to smear.' 
 
 Sleek, ' river mud.' 
 
 Sleckit, ' smooth-skinned.'   
 
 Slick, ' smoothly.' 
 
 Smack. 
 
 Smock. 
 
 Snock, 'snap of the jaws.' 
 
 Snook, 'projecting headland.' 
 
 Snoak, ' sniff as a dog.' 
 
 Sneck of gate. 
 
 Sook, ' such.' 
 
 Stacker, ' stagger.' 
 
 Stick ! ' a Iabour ^ nte -' 
 
 Steck ) 
 
 Steak > ' a stich in sewing.' 
 
 Stik J 
 
 Stook of corn. 
 
 Straik \ ' a streak or stretch of any- 
 
 Strake ) thing.' 
 
 Strike. 
 
 Teakers, running of watery matter 
 
 from a sore. 
 moor-Teek, ' a tick.' 
 Theck. 
 Theak. 
 Thake. 
 
 Thock, ' to breathe heavily, pant.' 
 Twike, ' a pointed stick.' 
 Ukey, ' itchy.' 
 "Wick, in place-names. 
 Teuk 
 Yuck 
 
 | 'to itch.' 
 
 Dickinson, Cumberland, 1859. 
 
 Ac, 'to heed.' 
 
 Akkern, ' acorn.' 
 
 Dikey 'hedge-sparrow.' 
 
 Dyke, 'hedge.' 
 
 Dook, 'to dive.' 
 
 Drakt, 'wet.' 
 
 Drookt, ' very w r et.' 
 
 Drukkeu, ' drunken.' 
 
 Breekin, space between udders of 
 
 a sheep. 
 Breeks. 
 Brek, ' badger.' 
 
 Brok \ « broken ' 
 
 Brokken ) Droken - 
 
 Buckle, ' healthy condition.' 
 
 Black. 
 
 Boke, ridge of land left for division 
 
 of ownership. 
 
 Beak, ' a beam.' 
 Beakk, 'to hake.' 
 Heck, ' a brook. 
 Beek, 'to bask by fire. 
 Boke, ' to hinder.' 
 
 cS } 'to snatch.' 
 
 I\ ikless. 
 
 Feck, ' to be uneasy.' 
 
 Flacker, 'laugh heartily.' 
 
 ilackt, ' chapped with cold.' 
 
 Lek, ' a leak.' 
 
 Like. 
 
 Larrick, ' lark.' 
 
 Lake, ' to play.' 
 
 Mak, ' to make.' 
 
 Miekle \ 
 
 Muckle ) 
 
 Mislikken, 'to neglect.' 
 
 Nicker, ' laugh softly.' 
 
 Pick dark. 
 
 Pick, 'pitch.' 
 
 Pickle, 'corn-grain.' 
 
 Plook, ' pimple.' 
 
 Prickers. 
 
 Reek. 
 
 Roke, ' to scratch glass with a point. ' 
 
 S? k J'such.' 
 Sik ) 
 
 Skrike, ' to scream.' 
 
 Slek, ' to slake.' 
 
 Snek, ' a latch.' 
 
 Snack, ' hasty meal.' 
 
 Stakker, ' to stagger.' 
 
 Streek, ' to stretch.' 
 
 Strickle, for sharpening scythes. 
 
 Swyke, 'thin-made animal.' 
 
 Svke, ' small wet hollow.' 
 
 T'heek, ' to thatch.' 
 
 Thak ) . 
 
 Theak J sb ' 
 
 Tokker, ' dowry.' 
 
 Whick, ' alive, quick.' 
 
 Yucks, ' itches.' 
 
 Yik, ' ache.' 
 
 Palgrave, Durham, 1896. 
 
 Beck, ' stream. ' 
 
 Bleck, ' dirty grease on coal- waggons.' 
 
 Brock, ' badger.' 
 
 Bracken. 
 
 Click, ' to catch one in the side.' 
 
 Dyke, ' a hedge ' (never ' ditch '). 
 
 Heek, ' call for a horse.' 
 
 Hack, ' heavy pick.' 
 
 Iffiwk, ' to dig, throw out.' 
 
 Miekle, (not common). 
 
 Pike, ' large haycock.' 
 
 Reek, ' smoke,' sb. or vb. ?
 
 79 
 
 Rook, ' thick fog, damp.' 
 Sneck, ' door latch.' 
 Stook, ' bundle of sheaves.' 
 Skrike, 'shriek.' 
 Keeker, ' an overlooker.' 
 
 Swaledale (X. Yorks.), Rarland, 1873. 
 
 Blake, 'sallow.' 
 
 Click, 'to snatch.' 
 
 (H)ewkand, h M , 
 
 \ ewk ) l 
 
 Mickle. 
 
 Reek, 'smoke.' 
 
 Koke, ' flying mist.' 
 
 Sike, ' such.' 
 
 Skrike. 
 
 Streaked, ' stretched.' 
 
 Thack, sb. 
 
 Theck, vb. 
 
 Whitby (N.E. Yorks.), Robinson, 1876. 
 
 Beaks, pi. J 
 
 Breeks, 'breeches.' 
 
 Brock, ' badger.' 
 
 Bruckle. 
 
 Clack, 'twaddle.' 
 
 Click 
 
 (and Clitch, 
 
 Dike, ' ditch.' 
 
 Eking, ' enlarging. ' 
 
 Feak, 'to fetch.' 
 
 (Fetch used in different sense.) 
 
 Fick, ' to struggle, as a child in cradle.' 
 
 Flecked, 'speckled.' 
 
 Bacon-Hick. 
 
 Heck, ' hav-rack.' 
 
 Heuk, ' the itch.' 
 
 Hicker, ' higher.' 
 
 Hike, ' to toss up.' 
 
 Kick, 'to half choke.' 
 
 Keckenhearted, ' squeamish at sight of 
 
 food.' 
 Keek, ' to peep.' 
 Likly, ' likely.' 
 Mickle, adj. 
 Pick, ' to pitch.' 
 Pickfork. 
 
 j;'^' j 'to smoke' (of a fog). 
 
 I;, ck, 'to care ' 
 
 Reek, ' Bmoke,' sb. and vb. ? 
 
 Scrike, ' a shriek.' 
 
 Sic I M ""- 
 
 Sleek, ' drink of all kinds.' 
 
 Smi eal . ' smoke.' 
 
 1 ' brood,' etc. 
 
 Snickle, ' to snare game.' 
 Steck, 'to fasten the door.' 
 Strickle, tool for sharpening scythe. 
 Svke, ' rill of water.' 
 Thack, sb. 
 Theak, vb. 
 Wick, ' alive.' 
 
 WindhiU, X. Central Yorks., Wright, 
 1892. 
 
 The transcription is that of Prof. Wright. 
 
 Biak, 'beak.' 
 
 Brok, 'badger.' 
 
 Daik, 'ditch.' 
 
 Druky, ' drunken.' 
 
 Fikl, adj. 
 
 Flik (of bacon). 
 
 Flika(r), vb. 
 
 Flok. 
 
 Ik, 'to hitch.' 
 
 Laik. 
 
 Leak, 'to play.' 
 
 Lik. 
 
 Pik, ' pickaxe.' 
 
 Pluk. 
 
 Prik. 
 
 Prikl. 
 
 Reik, 'to reach.' 
 
 lllk, 'reek.' 
 
 Sik. 'to seek.' 
 
 Skrik, ' to shriek. 
 
 Slek, ' small coal to slake a fire.' 
 
 Suiuk, ' to smoke.' 
 
 Snik, 'to cut.' 
 
 Snikit, ' small passage.' 
 
 Speik, vb., ' speak.' 
 
 Straik, vb. 
 
 Striok, ' a streak, stripe.' 
 
 Strikn, 'stricken.' 
 
 Stukrj, ' stunk.' 
 
 Sukg, 'sunk.' 
 
 Srukrj, 'shrunk.' 
 
 Taik, 'a low fellow.' 
 
 pak, 'thatch.' 
 
 Robinson, Mid. Yorks., 1876. 
 
 Bleak, ' to talk emptily.' 
 
 Bleck, 'black grease in machinery,' 
 
 (cf . ' bletch ' in many dialects) . 
 Breeks. 
 
 Brekly, ' brittle.' 
 Clake, ' to claw.' 
 
 Clik, vb., ' snatch.' 
 
 Clock, kind of beetle. 
 
 Dawk, ' to idle.' 
 
 1 1. ml., ' to drink.' 
 
 broke, ' to drip with moisture'
 
 80 
 
 Feck, • large number.' 
 
 Flack, ' to pulsate heavilj ' ; not in 
 
 common use, but still heard. 
 Fleak, 'a wattle.' 
 Fluke, ' large kiud of maggot.' 
 Heck, 'a latch.' 
 Lnik, ' to play.' 
 Mickle, adj. 
 Muckle, si). 
 Nicker, ' to neigh.' 
 Tick, 'to pitch.' 
 Rick, 'rich.' 
 
 Roke, ' to perspire heavily. ' 
 Scrike, ' to scream.' 
 Slek, 'to slake.' 
 
 Snickle, 'to snare with a draw-loop.' 
 Snack, ' small portion.' 
 Streck, ' straight.' 
 Streek, ' to stretch.' 
 Strickle, 'a scythe-sharpener. ' 
 
 ThS } <thatch -' 
 
 w i ' hawthorn.' 
 
 Wicken ) 
 
 Yuke, 'to itch.' 
 
 Easther, Huddersfeld, W. Yorks., 1881. 
 
 Cleek, ' to catch hold, snatch.' 
 
 Cloke, ' to scratch.' 
 
 Dike (douk), 'a ditch.' 
 
 Fick, ' to struggle with the feet.' 
 
 Flick (of bacon). 
 
 Heck, ' a hatch gate.' 
 
 Keeker, ' squeamish, cowed.' 
 
 Like, ' to play.' 
 
 Pick, 'to hitch, throw.' 
 
 Reek, ' smoke.' 
 
 Sic \ ' such ' 
 
 (and Sich) ) 8Ucn ; 
 
 Strickle, ' corn-striker.' 
 
 Thaak, sb. 
 
 Theek, vb. 
 
 Weak, ' to squeak.' 
 
 Wicks, ' hawthorn hedges.' 
 
 Thoresby's Letter to Ray, 1703. 
 
 Yeke, ' to itch ' 
 Clukes, ' clutches.' 
 
 Marshall, E. Yorks., 1788. 
 
 Whick, 'alive.' 
 Thack, sb. 
 Theak, vb. 
 Theaker, ' a thatcher.' 
 
 Ray's Coll. North Country ll'ords, 1 G9 1 . 
 
 Yuck, ' to itch.' 
 Streek, ' to stretch.' 
 Pleck, ' a place.' 
 Make, ' a match.' 
 
 Sheffield, 8. TV. Yorks., Addy, 1888-90. 
 
 Brickie, ' brittle.' 
 
 Dike, ' river, or any collection of water.' 
 
 Dickfield (in Ecclestield) . 
 
 Hick, ' to hop or spring.' 
 
 Eck, 'to itch.' 
 
 Flake, ' a hurdle.' 
 
 Fleck, 'a spot.' 
 
 Flick, ' flitch.' 
 
 Pick, 'to throw.' 
 
 Pick-fork. 
 
 Prickle, ' to prick.' 
 
 Reik ) 
 
 Reyk > ' to reach out.' 
 
 and (Reich) ) 
 
 / 1C i o-x i \ ' a ditch, ravine.' 
 (aud Sitch) j 
 
 Speak, vb., 'speech, saying.' 
 
 Strickle. 
 
 Syke, ' a sigh.' 
 
 Set ! ' thatch -' 
 
 Wake, 'to watch with a sick person.' 
 
 Wicks, 'quicks, thorns.' 
 
 Lanes., 1875, Nodal and Milner. 
 
 Acker, 'to falter, hesitate, cough.' 
 
 Bakster, ' baker.' 
 
 Beck, ' stream.' 
 
 Brickie, 'brittle.' 
 
 Bullock. 
 
 Brock, 'badger.' 
 
 Buck, kind of stake. 
 
 Clack, ' to clutch. ' 
 
 Clack, ' to chatter.' 
 
 Clewkin, ' twine, string.' 
 
 Click. 
 
 Cleek, ' a small catch.' 
 
 Crack, 'to boast.' 
 
 Crick, ' local pain.' 
 
 Clock, ' a beetle.' 
 
 Coak, E. and Mid. L. \ ' to strain, 
 
 Cowk, S.L. / vomit.' 
 
 Backer, ' unsettled.' 
 
 Dawk (Fylde) ) ' to stoop, 
 
 Deawk, S. and E. Lanes. ) plunge.' 
 
 Deck, ' a pack of cards ' ; obs. since 
 
 17SS. 
 Daffock, 'slattern.' 
 
 Brade-ilci^h 
 Brade- flake 
 
 }' 
 
 bread -rack.'
 
 81 
 
 Fleck, 'flea.' 
 
 Gowk, ' cuckoo.' 
 
 Hack, 'pickaxe.' 
 
 Heak, N.L., 'halt-door, hatch ' ; obs.? 
 
 Hattock, ' sheaf of coin.' 
 
 Lake, ' to play.' 
 
 Layrock, ' lark.' 
 
 Leawk, 'to beat, thrash.' 
 
 Like, adv. 
 
 Lick, 'beat.' 
 
 Lowk, Fylde and X.L., 'to weed.' 
 
 Lock, N.L., ' quantity.' 
 
 Mack, ' maggot.' 
 
 Mak, ' sort, kind.' 
 
 Make. 
 
 Mickle, 'size, bulk.' 
 
 Muck, sb., 'manure.' 
 
 Neck(Fylde), 'tobeat,asa w, itch does.' 
 
 Pike, ' to choose.' 
 
 Pike -fork. 
 
 Pleek, 'place.' 
 
 Pikel, 'pitchfork.' . 
 
 Pcawk} <Smallb0i1 -' 
 
 Becouy-prick, ' stickleback.' 
 
 Dungpike. 
 
 Pricket, ' six sheaves of corn.' 
 
 Rake. 
 
 Rawky, N.L., 'foggy.' 
 
 Rook | ' a hea P- lot -' 
 
 Ruckle, ' reckless, rash. ' 
 
 Intack, ' enclosed field. ' 
 
 Hamshackle. ' fasten head of animal 
 
 to its legs.' 
 Sike, vb. , ' sigh, sob.' 
 iSike, ' a drain.' 
 Skrike, sb. 
 Sleek, ' to slake.' 
 Snicket, ' a forward girl.' 
 Suck. 
 
 Tack, ' a nasty taste.' 
 Tackle, ' to take in hand.' 
 Thick, 'friendly,' etc. 
 Tickle, ' nice, dainty.' 
 Truck, 'trade, business.' 
 Tyke, 'awkward man or beast.' 
 Wacker, 'to shake, tremble.' 
 
 S. Ckcsh., Darlington, 1887. 
 
 Backen, ' to put backward.' 
 
 Brack, ' a rent.' 
 
 Break, vb. 
 
 Buck, ' part of a plough to which 
 
 horses are attached ' 
 Clookin, ' strong cord.' 
 Fleek, ' kind of hurdle gate.' 
 Fleck, ' a flea ' Holland, also fief). 
 
 Flecked, 'spotted ' 
 
 (H)acker, 'to stammer.' 
 
 (H)ack, ' to snap with the mouth.' 
 
 Hike, ' to goad or toss with horns.' 
 
 Huck, ' to hoist the shoulders and hack.' 
 
 Huckle, ' to shuffle away.' 
 
 Keck, ' a seedling marigold.' 
 
 Nick, 'to take.' 
 
 Peckle, 'speckle.' 
 
 to Pick a calf. 
 
 Tick, ' to vomit.' 
 
 Pikel, ' hayfork ' 
 
 Plack, 'situation, place.' 
 
 Pricker, 'a thorn, prickle.' 
 
 Sike, 'to sigh.' 
 
 Skrike, ' to shriek.' 
 
 Sleak, ' to put out the tongue.' 
 
 Smicket, ' a woman's shirt.' 
 
 Snacks, ' shares.' 
 
 Sneck, ' a latch.' 
 
 Snicket, ' naughty child.' 
 
 Strickle. 
 
 Suck, ' a ploughshare.' 
 
 Sweak, ' crane for hanging a pot on 
 
 the fire.' 
 Thick. 
 
 Threek, ' cluster of thistles in a field.' 
 Tweak, ' to pinch.' 
 
 Derby sh., Tegge — -Skeat, 1896. 
 
 Beck, 'stream' (ohs.). 
 
 Black. 
 
 Cucking-stool (obs.). 
 
 Dike, ' rivulet ' (' mound ' at present 
 time) . 
 
 Flecked. ' variegated. ' 
 
 Crick in the neck. 
 
 Flik, ' flitch.' 
 
 Freckle. 
 
 Heckle, 'to express indignation.' 
 
 Kleek, ' to clutch.' 
 
 Lake, ' to play.' 
 
 Pick, 'vomit, to pitch hay,' etc. 
 
 Pick, vb., ' pitch.' 
 
 Pik, sh., 'pitch.' 
 
 Pleck, ' a place ' (obs. except in place- 
 names). 
 
 Prick-eared. 
 
 Pucker, ' hurry.' 
 
 Reckling, ' weakest in a litter.' 
 
 Keek, ' smoke. ' 
 
 Sick,   \crv small brook.' 
 
 Snack, ' a share.' 
 
 Sneck, ' latch of a door.' 
 
 Strickle, for levelling grain in a 
 mea m 
 
 Strike, 'a bushel.' 
 
 Thak, 'thatch.' 
 
 Wake, 'a feast of dedication.'
 
 82 
 
 \ /.. Lines., Peacock, L889. 
 
 Backen, • to retard.' 
 
 i; ck, 'a brook.' 
 
 Black, • angry,' *-■ 1 1.- . 
 
 Iii ieks. 
 
 Hi ark. (he) 'broke.' 
 
 Brackle, ' brittle.' 
 
 Boak, ' to be on point of vomiting.' 
 
 Buck, ' smart young man.' 
 
 Bullock, ' to roar.' 
 
 Clack, ' idle talk.' 
 
 to Click, 'hold of.' 
 
 Clock, ' any large beetle.' 
 
 Cluck (of a hen). 
 
 Crack, ' to boast.' 
 
 Cuck-stool. 
 
 Dacker, ' waver.' 
 
 Dck, 'dyke.' 
 
 Dook, 'a handful of straw,' etc. 
 
 Dyke, ' to dig a ditch.' 
 
 Fleck, ' a spot.' 
 
 Fleak, 'hurdle of woven twigs.' 
 
 Flick, ' a flitch ' 
 
 Freckned, ' freckled.' 
 
 Heck, ' a hedge' (rare). 
 
 Hick, ' to lift with a lucking barrow. 
 
 Huck, ' the hip.' 
 
 to Leak. 
 
 Like, adv. and adj. 
 
 Mawk, ' maggot.' 
 
 Mawkin, 'scarecrow.' 
 
 Muck. 
 
 JSacker, ' a drum.' 
 
 Neck, ' to swallow, to drink.' 
 
 Pick, sb., ' pitch.' 
 
 Pick, ' to pitch.' 
 
 to Prick. 
 
 Rake up. 
 
 Reek, ' smoke.' 
 
 Roak, ' fog, mist.' 
 
 Smock-frock. 
 
 l mo ? k )' smoke.' 
 Smoke ) 
 
 Snacks, ' shares.' 
 
 Sneck, ' a latch or catch.' 
 
 Snickle, ' to snare.' 
 
 to Speak. 
 
 (p.p. Speeched, pass., 'spoken to'). 
 
 Speak, ' a speech.' 
 
 Spreckled, 'speckled.' 
 
 Stook \ , c \ 
 
 Stowk}(° fcorn )-_ 
 
 Sleak, ' to extinguish a fire.' 
 
 Sleek, ' to make the hair smooth.' 
 
 Syke, ' a small brook ' (obs.). 
 
 Thack, 'thiteh.' 
 
 Tickle, 'nervous, shy-' 
 
 AVykius, ' corners of the mouth.' 
 
 S.W. Lines., 1886, Cole. 
 
 Beck, ' stream.' 
 
 Black. 
 Bleak. 
 
 Poke, 'to belch.' 
 Break, vb. 
 Pollock, ' to bully.' 
 
 ;;i a Y k i   to dutch.' 
 
 Click | 
 
 Crack, ' boast.' 
 
 Dyke. 
 
 Eke, ' to lengthen.' 
 
 Flick, 'bacon.' 
 
 Hick, ' to hitch, hoist.' 
 
 Mak, ' to make.' 
 
 Pick, 'tar.' 
 
 Pick, 'to pitch.' 
 
 Prickle, ' to prick.' 
 
 Reek, ' a pile, usually of snow.' 
 
 Slouk, ' to slouch.' 
 
 Thack, sb. and vb., 'thatch.' 
 
 Wacker, ' lively, active.' 
 
 AVeekin, 'corner of the mouth.' 
 
 Wicken, 'mountain-ash.' 
 
 Yuck, 'to itch.' 
 
 Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. 
 
 Ackern, 'acorn.' 
 
 Ackerning, ' acorn-gathering.' 
 
 Brickie, 'brittle.' 
 
 Ecall, ' green woodpecker.' 
 
 Fleak, 'a hurdle.' 
 
 pHite)l' t0t0SS ' 
 
 Pick I ' to pitch fonvard -' 
 
 Pikel, ' pitchfork.' 
 
 Pricker, instrument for making holes 
 
 in blasting. 
 Scrike, sb. aud vb., 'shriek.' 
 Seek (of water), 'to percolate, find its 
 
 way. ' 
 Sike, 'to sigh.' 
 Spok, sb., 'talk.' 
 Strickle for corn. 
 Tweak, ' a severe attack of illness.' 
 
 Salop Ant., Hartshorne, 1841. 
 
 Prick. ' prop for supporting shafts of 
 
 a cart.' 
 Eeke, ' to increase.' 
 
 Staffs., Toole, 1880. 
 
 Freek, ' man, fellow.' 
 Sike, ' to pant for breath.'
 
 83 
 
 Leices., Evan*, 1881. 
 
 Ackern, ' acorn. ' 
 
 Backeu, ' to 
 
 Bellock. 
 
 Black, adj. 
 
 Bleak, 'pallid, white -faced.' 
 
 Brack, ' to break.' 
 
 Brock, ' badger.' 
 
 Buck, ' wash.' etc. 
 
 Click, ' chuck.' 
 
 Dike, 'ditch.' 
 
 Flick, 'flitch.' 
 
 Hack, ' to use the rake iu haymaking.' 
 
 Hike, ' to butt with the horns.' 
 
 Lack, ' loss.' 
 
 Lik. 
 
 Peaked, ' wasted. ' 
 
 Peck, 'to prv.' 
 
 Pick, 'pitch'.' 
 
 Pikle, ' a pitchfork.' 
 
 Prockle, 'to poke.' 
 
 Rack, ' break up.' 
 
 Wake, an annual village feast. 
 
 Wik [ weak - 
 
 Shockle, ' to shake.' 
 Sike, ' to sigh.' 
 Stook (of corn). 
 Tback, vb. and sb. 
 Tweak, ' to twitch.' 
 
 Rutland, Worthworth, 1891. 
 
 Dike, ' ditch.' 
 
 to Prick out, 'lengthen out' (of days . 
 
 Quocken, ' to choke.' 
 
 Reek, 'to smoke, steam.' 
 
 Thack. 
 
 E. Anal , Eye., 1895. 
 
 Beck, ' brook.' 
 Blackcap, ' marsh-tit.' 
 Block, 'pale, sickly.' 
 Braekly, 'brittle.' 
 Clack, ' to clatter.' 
 
 n,? \ ' to beud under a weight. 
 Crackle I " 
 
 Deek ) 
 
 Dick 'ditch.' 
 
 Dike ) 
 
 Flack, ' to hang loose.' 
 
 Flick of bacon. 
 
 Flick, 'down of hares, etc' 
 
 ^ aC i\r ,. i ^ \ ' hatch gate.' 
 and Hatch) I e 
 
 Hick, ' to hop.' 
 
 Hike, ' to go away.' 
 
 Hickel 
 
 l-l 
 
 m -, , ,, I 'hemp-dresser's com 1).' 
 (and Hitchel) j l 
 
 Hickler 1 
 
 (and Hitcbler) ) 
 
 Iluckles, ' the hips. ' 
 
 Pick, ' an eel-spear.' 
 
 Prick ) sharp-pointedironinstru- 
 
 (andPritch) ) ment (also in Nail, 1866). 
 
 Roke, ' a fog.' 
 
 Snickle, \ ' a slip - knot ' (also iu 
 
 (orSnittle)J Nail). 
 
 Thack, 'thatch.' 
 
 "Wicker, ' to neigh.' 
 
 Xall (1866) has Streek, 'to iron out 
 clothes' (=' stretch'?). 
 Specke, ' woodpecker.' 
 
 Herefordsh., Havelgal, 18S7. 
 
 Sriek, ' to shriek.' 
 Snack, ' light repast. ' 
 duacked ) . , , 
 
 Queecked) s( l ueezed - 
 Ackern, ' acorn.' 
 
 tt i > ' icicle, woodpecker.' 
 
 Keck, ' to be sick.' 
 Sicking, ' sighing.' 
 
 Upton-07i- Severn (TForcs.), Lawson, 
 1884. 
 
 Nicker, ' to snigger.' 
 
 Peck, ' to pitch, fall forward. 
 
 W. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. 
 
 Eacle, ' woodpecker. ' 
 
 Ickle, ' to long for.' 
 
 Peckled, ' speckled.' 
 
 Peck, ' pitch forward.' 
 
 Sike, 'to sigh.' 
 
 Thack, sb. and vb. 
 
 Wicker, small basket for packing suit. 
 
 S.E. TForcs., Salisbury, 1893. 
 
 Backen, 'to keep back.' 
 Black-bat, 'black-beetles.' 
 Belluck, 'to roar.' 
 Deck, ' pack of cards.' 
 Douk, ' duel the bead.' 
 to Dock a horse. 
 Eckle, ' woodpecker.' 
 Hockle, ' to sliuihV along.' 
 Nicker, ' to laugh rudely.' 
 Mawkin, ' scarecrow.' 
 Pick, ' pickaxe.'
 
 84 
 
 Tuck. ' stye in the eye.' 
 Quirk, 'young hawthorn plants.' 
 Ruck, ' fold or crease.' 
 Skreek-owl, ' the swift.' 
 Wake, • village least.' 
 Wick, ' week.' 
 
 Warwicksh., Northall., 1896. 
 
 Bellock, ' to roar.' 
 
 Blackie, 'blackbird.' 
 
 Flicket, ' to flutter, flicker.' 
 
 Hacker, ' kind of axe.' 
 
 1 tickle, • woodpecker ' 
 
 Hike, 'to toss, to haul.' 
 
 Hockle, 'hobble.' 
 
 Make. 
 
 Mawks, 'slatternly woman.' 
 
 Muck. 
 
 Nicker, ' to jeer, snigger.' 
 
 Peck, ' a pick for coals,' etc. 
 
 Peek, ' to peep, pry.' 
 
 Pikel, 'pitchfork.' 
 
 Pleck, ' a small enclosure.' 
 
 Sick. 
 
 Slack, ' small coal.' 
 
 Sueak. 
 
 Sock, ' filth, mire.' 
 
 Stock, ' to grub up.' 
 
 Strike. 
 
 to Suck. 
 
 Svke, 'bacon.' 
 
 Thack, vl). 
 
 Thick. 
 
 Wik, ' a week.' 
 
 Nbrthamptomh., Baker, 1854. 
 
 Bleak, ' pale, sickly.' 
 Brickie, 'brittle.' 
 
 , i , ,. \ ' to add to.' 
 (and -eh form) J 
 
 Flick, ' flitch.' 
 
 Hackle, ' to put the hay in rows in 
 
 raking.' 
 
 Quick, ' young hawthorn plants.' 
 
 Reck, ' steam,' sb. and vb. 
 
 Skreek 1 ' to shrieL ' 
 
 Thack (ohs. ?). 
 
 Whicks, 'plants of white-thorn.' 
 
 Beds., Batchelor, 1809. 
 
 Broked, ' liable to split, brittle.' 
 Sknek. ' screech.' 
 Tick, 'thatch. 
 
 Suf., Moor, 1823. 
 
 Chicked, 'sprouted' (of corn). 
 
 to Eke out. 
 
 Flick of bacon. 
 
 Que;ik ) 'to squeak' (said of 
 
 i;md Queeeh) )' a hare). 
 
 Keek, ' steam.' 
 
 Glos., Robertson, 1890. 
 
 Ackern, ' acorn.' 
 Blackthorn. 
 Brake, 'a corpse.' 
 Break, ' to tear.' 
 Brickut, of a cat, on heat. 
 Chackle. ' to cackle.' 
 Cock-band, ' stickleback.' 
 Craiky, 'weak, infirm.' 
 Crick, ' corner.' 
 
 (and Cl Druff)}' acovereddraiu -' 
 
 Eckle, ' green woodpecker. ' 
 
 Flake, ' wattled hurdle.' 
 
 Flickets, 'little pieces.' 
 
 Flick, ' snap of a dog.' 
 
 Gluck, ' to swallow with difficulty ' 
 
 (S. Glos.). 
 Keck, 'to retch.' 
 Laiking, 'idling,' etc. 
 Like, adverbial termination. 
 Mike, ' to loaf, to mitch.' 
 Moke. 
 
 Naeker, 'to tremble with passion.' 
 Peck, 'pickaxe.' 
 
 Peck, ' to pitch forward, to pitch.' 
 Pick, ' a hayfork . ' 
 Pick-pike, ' pitchfork.' 
 
 p, c , portion of a field. 
 
 Puck, small stock of sheaves. 
 
 Screek, ' shriek.' 
 
 Skrike, ' shriek.' 
 
 Slick, 'smooth.' 
 
 Smack. 
 
 Snack, kind of fungus on trees. 
 
 Specks ) ' pieces of wood for keeping 
 
 Spicks ) thatch in place.' 
 
 o, • i I ' instrument for levelling 
 
 Strick '. .-, , , , , ° 
 
 ( corn in the bushel. 
 
 Stuck, "sheaf of corn.' 
 
 (and Tach) } ' an un P leasant flavour -' 
 Thick, 'this.' 
 Thuck, 'that.' 
 Week, ' to whimper.' 
 
 Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. 
 Clack, ' talk, noise.'
 
 85 
 
 Berks., Loicshy, 18S8. 
 
 Bellock. 'bellow.' 
 
 Brukkle, 'brittle.' 
 
 Ekkern, ' acorn.' 
 
 Hike! 'move off!' 
 
 Keck, 'make a choky noise infhe throat.' 
 
 Mickle, used in proverb — "Every little 
 
 makes, etc." 
 Snack ) . „ . , 
 
 (and Snatch) J a smaU P iece - 
 Vleck, hare or rabbit fur. 
 W bicker, ' to neigh.' 
 
 Somas., Elworthy, 1886. 
 
 Crick, ' to strain some part of body.' 
 
 Crook. 
 
 Cuckold, 'duck.' 
 
 Aleek, ' alike.' 
 
 Back. 
 
 Bakin, quantity of dough kneaded at 
 
 one time. 
 Black, adj. 
 Bicker, ' a vessel.' 
 Bicky, ' hide and seek.' 
 Brack, ' fat covering intestines of edible 
 
 animals.' 
 Break, ' upland.' 
 Brickie, 'brittle.' 
 Broc, ' badger.' 
 Brocket, young male deer. 
 Buck. 
 
 Dik, ' ditch. ' 
 Dock, ' crupper.' 
 Facket, ' faggot.' 
 Flick, ' fat round kidneys of pig.' 
 Hack, vb. 
 
 Hackly, 'to haggle.' 
 Hick, ' to hop.' 
 Hike out, ' turn out.' 
 Hurdock, 'robin.' 
 Hoke, 'gore with horns.' 
 Hook. 
 
 Leat, 'to leak.' 
 Leek, 'plant.' 
 Lick. 
 Look. 
 
 Mack, ' magpie.' 
 Make. 
 Muck. 
 
 NitcU ' abundle -' 
 Parrick, ' paddock.' 
 Pick, ' a hayfork.' 
 Prick, ' to track a hare.' 
 Rack, ' frame.' 
 to Rake. 
 
 Beeked, ' sought.' 
 Shackle, 'to litter.' 
 
 Slack, adj. 
 
 Smock. 
 
 Snack, ' hasty meal.' 
 
 Spicket, ' spigot. ' 
 
 Suck, vb. 
 
 Take. 
 
 Take forward. 
 
 Thick, 'that.' 
 
 Thack. 
 
 Tookt, 'taken.' 
 
 Truckle, ' small cheese.' 
 
 Twick, 'to tweak, jerk.' 
 
 Wack, 'to overcome.' 
 
 Wake, 'to watch by a corpse.' 
 
 "Wicked days, 'weekdays' (always). 
 
 Vrick, 'to wrench, sprain.' 
 
 Yuckle, ' woodpecker.' 
 
 Devon, Hewett, 1892. 
 
 Nickies, ' small faggots.' 
 
 (Cf. Mitch, ' bundle of wood.') 
 
 Wilts., Dartnell and Goddard, 1893. 
 
 •d' i I 'break up land with mattock.' 
 
 Back. 
 
 Blackberry. 
 
 Bleat =' bleak.' 
 
 Bellock, ' cry like frightened child.' 
 
 Blieker, 'to glimmer,' S.W. 
 
 Brack, ' fracture.' 
 
 Break, N.W. 
 
 Dicky, ' deranged, weaklv.' 
 
 Dicker, 'to bedeck,' N.W. 
 
 Drock, ' short drain.' 
 
 Druck, ' crowd,' S.W. 
 
 Drucked, ' rilled to overflowing.' 
 
 (andVlitch) }perf.,N.W.,obs. 
 
 p, 1 , | ' internal fat of a pig.' 
 
 Bruckle, vb. 
 
 Prickle, ' to potter.' 
 
 Stickle. 
 
 Truckle. ' to roll,' N.W. 
 
 Hackle, ' covering for beehive.' 
 
 Mickle. 
 
 Mnckle. 
 
 Hike, 'to hook or catch.' 
 
 Keck, ' to be sick.' 
 
 Muck. 
 
 Tick, ' a pitchfork.' 
 
 Peck, ' a pickaxe.' 
 
 Hack, ' animal's track.' 
 
 Koke, ' smoke,' S.W, 
 
 Rimmick, ' smallest pig of a litterJ 
 
 Rick.
 
 86 
 
 Blicket, ' thin lath of wood.' 
 
 | ;- aUl1 ( 'slippery,' N.W. 
 
 Slack. • impudence,' S.W. 
 
 Sraicket, ' smock.' 
 
 Snake. 
 
 Sprack, ' lively.' 
 
 Spick, S.W., ' peg for thatching.' 
 
 Strick, 'strike.' 
 
 Stink. ' a spike.' 
 
 Ticking-pig, ' sucking-pig.' 
 
 Thick here = ' this ' | N w 
 
 Thick='that' J-«-w. 
 
 lik, ' to shove.' 
 
 Wake, ' raked-up hay,' N.W. 
 
 Wicker, ' to neigh, bleat.' 
 
 Wrick ) „ 
 
 Kick J 
 
 ; to twist, wrench.' 
 
 Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1896. 
 
 Akering, ' picking- up acorns.' 
 
 Bannick, ' to thrash.' 
 
 Broke, 'a fall of timber.' 
 
 ('nick, ' earthen pot.' 
 
 Dik, ' a ditch.' 
 
 Flick, ' down of hares and rabbits.' 
 
 -Like, ' comfortable-like,' etc. 
 
 Nucker, 'to neigh.' 
 
 1 'caked, 'unwell.' 
 
 Picksome, ' dainty.' 
 
 Picky, 'gipsy.' 
 
 Keck, ' steam, smoke.' 
 
 Squacket, ' to quack like a duck,' 
 
 'I issick, ' a cough.' 
 
 Tussock, ' tuft of rank, coarse grass. 
 
 Kent, Parish and Shear, 1887. 
 
 Blackie, 'blackbird.' 
 
 Black. 
 
 Bruckle. 
 
 Dick, 'ditch.' 
 
 Dickers, 'ditchers.' 
 
 Deek, 'ditch.' 
 
 Drake-weed. 
 
 Ecker, ' to stammer. ' 
 
 Fack, ' stomach of a ruminant. ' 
 
 Fakement. ' pain, ' etc. 
 
 Fleck, ' rabbits, ground game.' 
 
 Fleeky, 'flaky.' 
 
 Flicking, tooth-comb for horse's mnne. 
 
 Hicket. 
 
 Hike, 'turn out.' 
 
 Hocken-headed, ' passionate.' 
 
 Huck, 'pod of peas,' etc. 
 
 Like. 
 
 Lucking-mill. 
 
 Moke, ' mesh of a net.' 
 
 Muck, vb. 
 
 Muck, sb., ' a busy person.' 
 
 Peek, ' to stare.' 
 
 Lick. 
 
 Trick up ears. 
 
 Pucker, ' state of excitement.' 
 
 Ruddock, ' robin.' 
 
 Ruck, ' an uneven heap or lump.' 
 
 Ruckle, ' struggle.' 
 
 Slick, ' slippery.' 
 
 Sucker. 
 
 Strike. 
 
 Strickle, ' a striker.' 
 
 Tack, ' an unpleasant taste.' 
 
 Wik, 'week.' 
 
 W. Corn., Courtney, 1880. 
 
 Clack, ' noise.' 
 
 Swike, ' a twig of heath.' 
 
 Veak (and veach), 'whitlow.' 
 
 E. Comic. , Couch, 1880. 
 
 Breck, ' a rent or hole in a garment.' 
 
 Thckkv ) . ,, , , 
 
 ThekkaJ that0Ue - 
 
 Hants., Cope, 1883. 
 
 Bellock, ' to bellow.' 
 
 J:''" 1 , 1 ^' ! ' brittle.' 
 Brickie ) 
 
 Dik, 'ditch.' 
 
 Fleck ) ' part of a pig before boiling 
 
 Flick j down into lard.' 
 
 Keck, 'to retch.' 
 
 Lick, ' hayfork.' 
 
 Lock, ' to reck, steam.' 
 
 Roak, ' steam,' sb. 
 
 gjj*} 'lavender.' 
 
 Thic, ' this.' 
 Thuck, 'that.' 
 
 Vlick, ' to comb out the hair.' 
 
 /. of W., Smith, 1881. 
 
 Bruckle, 'brittle.' 
 
 y.'V ' lard of inside of a pig.' 
 
 Vlick o' bacon, ' flitch,' etc. 
 
 Skieak, ' to creak.' 
 
 Strick, ' to strike.' 
 
 Thic and theck. 
 
 Yleck, ' comb out hair.' 
 
 Whicker, ' to neigh.' 
 
 Hocks, 'the feet' (Long, 1886).
 
 87 
 
 Sussex, Parish, 1879. 
 
 ' to tire.' 
 
 ' a mattock.' 
 
 ' nauseate.' 
 , 'to fry.' 
 Cluck of a hen who wants to sit. 
 Dick, ' a ditch.' 
 Flake, 'cleft wood.' 
 
 Ache, 
 Beck, 
 Boke, 
 Coke 
 
 of rabbits.' 
 
 Fleck ) . , 
 
 Flick } tm 
 
 Hack, 'to cough, faintly and fre- 
 quently.' 
 
 Hike, ' to call roughly.' 
 
 Hocklands, ' hock - shaped pieces of 
 meadow land.' 
 
 Knicker, ' to whinny.' 
 
 Roke, ' steam,' etc. 
 
 Non-initial nk, Ik, rk. 
 
 Northumb., Heslop, 1893-4. 
 
 Bink i ' shell', flat slab fixed to a wall 
 Benk ) as seat or shelf.' 
 
 U|' m u I ' to glance with pleasure. 
 
 Clink, ' to clench.' 
 
 Clunk, ' hiccup.' 
 
 Denk \ ' squeamish, dainty, 
 
 (and Dench) ) rare.' 
 
 ^ ukl y\ 1 ' last-born.' 
 \\ renkel ) 
 
 Scrankit, ' shrunk.' 
 
 Bog-spink, 'cuckoo-flower.' 
 
 Kin-cough = Kink-cough. 
 
 Fenkle, 'bend or corner of street or 
 
 river. ' 
 Spenk, ' spark, match,' also ' pluck.' 
 l'rinklin, ' stinging sensation felt when 
 
 body goes to sleep.' 
 Birk ) 
 
 Brick [ 'birch.' 
 Briker ) 
 Dark, 'blind.' 
 Kirk. 
 
 Kirkeet, ' churchyard.' 
 Kirk-yerd. 
 
 f 0r !\ i-s \ ' to lurk, lie in wait.' 
 (and Lorch) J 
 
 Spark, ' small spot of mud.' 
 
 Btarken, ' become stiff. 1 
 
 |£*}< young heifer.' 
 
 Wark. 
 
 B.Ik. 
 
 Dka }•—>■■' 
 
 Kelk, vb. and sb., 'severe blow.' 
 
 Ki Ik, 'roe of a fish.' 
 
 Pulke, 'a petition.' 
 
 Spj Ik, ' small splinter.' 
 
 Whilk, 'which.' 
 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. 
 
 ledsre of rock.' 
 
 Henk \ t 
 
 Bink } 
 
 Brank, ' to hold the head affectedly.' 
 
 Brenkt, ' of colour of a white sheep 
 
 with black legs and belly. 
 Drunk. 
 
 Hank, ' to fasten with a hoop.' 
 Spink, ' chaffinch.' 
 Strinkle, 'to sprinkle.' 
 Clink. 
 Kink, ' twist in rope, sound of 
 
 whooping-cough.' 
 Birk tree. 
 Kirk. 
 
 Mirk, 'dark.' 
 Wark. 
 
 Belk, 'to belch.' 
 Ilk, ' every.' 
 Milkin, 'hill.' 
 Belk, 'to beat,' 
 Spelk, 'splint, rib of a basket.' 
 Whilkan, ' which one.' 
 Whilk, 'which.' 
 Wilk, ' bark of a young dog in close 
 
 pursuit.' 
 
 Durham, Valgrave, 1896. 
 
 Sark, 'shirt' 
 
 Stirkin, 'to cool and stiffen as gravy 
 
 dors.' 
 
 Wa i k, ' to ache.' 
 
 Spelk, • lli"i - splinter in the flesh '; 
 
 cf. Spelch in Warwcs., etc.
 
 ss 
 
 Swakdale (X. Torts.), Harland, 1873. 
 
 Bink, • stone bench.' 
 
 Kink- I I 
 
 ... cough. 
 
 King- I ° 
 
 Bull-spink. 
 
 Birk. 
 
 Kirk. 
 
 "\Vark, ' to ache.' 
 
 Belt, vb. 
 
 Kelk, ' violent blow.' 
 Whilk, 'which.' 
 
 Whitby, (X. K. Tories.), Robinson, 1876. 
 
 Bink, ' bench.' 
 
 Blenk, ' a blemish.' 
 
 Bull-spink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Kink, ' cough.' 
 
 Birk. 
 
 Kirk. 
 
 Snoork 1 . • a , , 
 
 Suork } smff ' snore ' S runt - 
 
 Stark, 'stiff.' 
 
 Wark. 
 
 Belk, vb. 
 
 llka)' ea, ' h -' 
 Milkhus, 'dairy.' 
 Spelks, 'small sticks.' 
 Whilk, ' which.' 
 
 Windhill, X. Central Tories., 
 Wright, 1892. 
 
 The transcription is Prof. Wright's. 
 
 Beijk, ' bench.' 
 l)rerjk, 'drank.' 
 Drink, ' to drink.' 
 Fink, 'to think.' 
 Kink, ' cough.' 
 Sleijk, ' slunk.' 
 Slink, ' to slink.' 
 Stirjk, ' stink.' 
 Twirjkl, ' twinkle.' 
 Wink, ' wink.' 
 Baku, 'horse-collar.' 
 Wak, sh., ' work.' 
 W"k, vli., 'work.' 
 Wak, ' pain, ache.' 
 
 Mid. Tories., Robinson, 1876. 
 
 Bink, ' bench.' 
 
 (Bench also heard occasionally.) 
 Blink, ' to wink.' 
 Bullspink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Crinkle, ' to bend tortuously.' 
 
 Glink, 'a short watchful glance.' 
 
 Kincough, ' hooping-cough.' 
 
 Belk i , . , , , , 
 
 Bilk J ' toMl1 '- 
 
 Belk, ' condition of body or temper.' 
 
 Kelk i . , , , 
 ,. -I, 'a blow. 
 Kilk j 
 
 Swilk, ' splash of water in a cask.' 
 
 Welk, 'a sounding thwack.' 
 
 AV ilk, 'which ' (occasional in Mid and 
 
 N. Yorks). 
 
 Barkam, 'horse-collar.' 
 
 Birk. 
 
 Kirk. 
 
 Wark, ' to ache.' 
 
 Iluddersfield, W. Tories., Easther, 1881. 
 
 Bank ) ., , , 
 Benk j bench - 
 
 Glink } 'glimpse' (also glent, glint). 
 
 Kink, ' to choke.' 
 
 Kinkcough (and Chincough). 
 
 Bullspink, ' bullfinch.' 
 
 Felks, pieces of wood from which form 
 the circumference of a wheel. Cf. 
 O.E. feig. felga, the felly or felloe 
 of a wheel. Cf. also tellicks in 
 Lanes, (see Halliwell), and below, 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Spelk, ' splint of wood.' 
 
 Birk. 
 
 Ballywark, 'stomach-ache.' 
 
 Wark, ' work.' 
 
 E. Tories., Marshall, 1788. 
 
 Spelk, ' splinter, thin piece of wood.' 
 Whilk, ' which.' 
 
 N. of Engl., J. II., 1781. 
 Kelk, ' to kick.' 
 
 Sheffield, S. W.Tories., Addy, 1888-90. 
 
 Benk, ' a bench.' 
 
 Kink, ' choke, sob.' 
 
 Kincough. 
 
 a Sink for water. 
 
 Spink, ' a finch.' 
 
 Strinkle. 
 
 Wark ' ache ' 
 
 Felk ' y felloe of awheel.' (Cf. 
 
 (and Felly)) above, Iluddersf.)
 
 89 
 
 Lanes., Nodal and Miltitr, 1875. 
 
 Blinket, ' a person blind in one eye.' 
 
 Bonk, ' a bank.' 
 
 Cank, 'to talk, chatter.' 
 
 Dank, ' to depress, damp.' 
 
 Hanke, ' to twist.' 
 
 Kink i ' to lose the breath with 
 
 Chink ) coughing, etc' 
 
 Kin -cough. 
 
 Mank, 'a sportive trick.' 
 
 Penk, ' to strike a small blow.' 
 
 Spink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Bethink, ' call to mind.' 
 
 Ark, ' chest.' 
 
 a Birk tree. 
 
 Dark, ' blind ' 
 
 Hurkle, ' to stoop, squat.' 
 
 Querk, N. J,., ' to cheat.' 
 
 Sark, 'shirt.' 
 
 Stark, 'stiff.' 
 
 Kelk, N. L., 'to strike.' 
 
 Spelk, ' chip of wood.' 
 
 S. Chesh., Darlington, 18S7. 
 
 Bonk, ' bank.' 
 
 Clink. 
 
 Kink. 
 
 Slinkaz, 'to loiter.' 
 
 Wrinkle. 
 
 Milken, 'to milk.' 
 
 Swilk I of liquids in a vessel, ' to 
 
 Swilkerj sway and spill.' 
 
 Derbysh., Teyge — Skeat, 1896. 
 
 Crank, 'brisk, lively.' 
 
 Kincough and Chincough. 
 
 Spink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Birk (the tree). 
 
 Dark, 'blind.' 
 
 Kirk, ' church.' 
 
 Stark. 
 
 St irk, 'young bullock.' 
 
 Walk, '"to throb.' 
 
 Wilk, 'to bark.' 
 
 N.E. Lanes., Peacock, 1889. 
 
 Bank, ' to heap up.' 
 Bink, ' workman's bench.' 
 Bunk, ' run away.' 
 Blink, ' to wink, or wince.' 
 Chunk, ' a lump.' 
 Drink, sb. 
 
 Dunkv | , , , . • 
 Dunk" j breed 0l 1"- 
 
 ' to sprinkle.' 
 
 adj., ' wicked.' 
 
 Hank, ' skein.' 
 
 Hank, ' to clear the throat.' 
 
 Hunk, ' a chunk.' 
 
 Kink, ' a hoist, or hitch.' 
 
 Pink, 'chaffinch.' 
 
 Bank, ' strong.' 
 
 Sink, ' a drain.' 
 
 Sprink 
 
 (and Sprint) 
 
 tj u \ vb , ' to belch.' 
 
   de ( sb., ' force, violence.' 
 
 Bulk, ' a beam.' 
 
 (and Kelch) j 
 
 Milk-beast, ' cow.' 
 
 Ark. 
 
 Birk (the tree). 
 
 Dark, ' a secret' - 
 
 Furk, 'a fork.' 
 
 Kerk, ' a cork.' 
 
 Kirk, perhaps obsolete here (in Wap- 
 entakes of Manby and Corsingham), 
 but still current in N.E. Lanes. 
 
 Stark, ' stiff. ' 
 
 St irk, ' young bullock.' 
 
 Wark, sb. and vb. 
 
 S. W. Lines., Cole, 1886. 
 
 Brink, ' brim.' 
 Clinker, ' clincher.' 
 
 5™^ I ' short, thick-set.' 
 Dunky I 
 
 Bink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Birk, ' birch -tree.' 
 
 Perk, ' perch.' 
 
 Stark. 
 
 Bulk, 'a coward.' 
 
 Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. 
 
 Chink-chink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Clinker, ' cinder of iron dross.' 
 
 Crink, ' very small apple.' 
 
 Drink, sb., 'ale.' 
 
 Spink, 'chaffinch.' 
 
 Sliuk, ' to draw back, as a horse about 
 
 to bite.' 
 (Sal. Ant. Hartshorne, 1841, has Skelk, 
 
 'to shrink,' applied to coffin-wood. 
 
 Clinker = clincher, large nails which 
 
 turn up over toe of boot.) 
 
 Staff*., Poole, 1880. 
 Stirk,   young calf.'
 
 90 
 
 Leicester sh., Evans, 1881. 
 
 Brink, ' brim.' 
 
 Kink, ' to twist awry.' 
 
 Swank, 'to swagger.' 
 
 Firk, ' stir up.' 
 
 Perk, 'to bridle up.' 
 
 Stirk, ' cow-calf.' 
 
 Bilk. 
 
 Swelking, ' sultry, hot.' (Swelter, ' to 
 
 H'ct over hot.') 
 Swilker i ' noise of liquid iuside a 
 Squilker ) barrel or boots, etc' 
 
 Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. 
 
 Striukling, ' a sprinkling.' 
 Firk, ' commotion, fuss.' 
 Work, ' to manage, go on.' 
 
 E. Angl., Rye, 1895. 
 
 Bluuk, 'tempestuous.' 
 
 Brank, ' buckwheat.' 
 
 ,,,. , I 'bricks used for paving 
 
 Clmkers { stables.' * 
 
 Crinkle, ' to rumple.' 
 
 Funk, 'touchwood.' 
 
 Kink, 'to be entangled' (of thread). 
 
 Link-pin, 'linch-pin.' 
 
 Scriukled, 'shrivelled.' 
 
 Skiuk, ' to serve to drink.' 
 
 Slink, (of a cow) ' to slip her calf.' 
 
 Dilk, ' a small cavity in a surface.' 
 
 Kelks, ' the testes.' 
 
 "Work, 'to ache.' 
 
 Herefordsh., Havergal, 1887. 
 
 Lonck, ' the groin.' 
 
 Pink, 'chaffinch.' 
 
 Srink, ' to shrink.' 
 
 Chark, ' coal burnt on top of kilns.' 
 
 Charky, ' dry in mouth.' 
 
 Peerk, ' perch of land.' 
 
 Warwcs., Northall., 1896. 
 
 Bunk, 'to bolt off.' 
 
 Dink. 
 
 Pink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Ronk, ' rank, strong.' 
 
 Tank, ' to strike, knock.' 
 
 IVirker, ' something difficult to over- 
 come.' 
 
 Balks, 'ridge of land between two 
 fields.' 
 
 Bilk, 'to cheat.' 
 
 refuse apples.' 
 
 Korthamptonsh., Baker, 1864. 
 
 Bink, ' a bench.' 
 
 Chin-cough. 
 
 and Chink-cough. 
 
 Hunk of bread and cheese. 
 
 Glos. Robertson, 1890. 
 
 Blink, ' spark of fire.' 
 
 Chin-cough. 
 
 Crank, 'dead branch of tree.' 
 
 Crinks | 
 
 Criukets \ 
 
 Chink, 'chaffinch.' 
 
 Dink, ' to dandle a baby.' 
 
 Drink. 
 
 I ink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Sink, 'sunken gutter.' 
 
 Slcuks, ' to slink.' 
 
 Thunk, 'thorny' fobs.). 
 
 Twink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Charky, ' very dry.' 
 
 Chnrk, ' cow's udder.' 
 
 Starky, ' shrivelled up.' 
 
 Gulkiu, ' a hollow hole with water.' 
 
 Yolk up, 'to cough up.' 
 
 Berks., Lowsley, 1888. 
 
 Blink, ' spark of fire.' 
 
 Sterk, 'stiff.' 
 
 Virkin, ' scratching of a dog for fleas.' 
 
 W. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. 
 
 Banker, ' bench for dressing stones.' 
 Drink, sb. and vb. 
 Hank, ' skein. ' 
 Hunk, ' hunch.' 
 Kink, ' twist in a rope. ' 
 Prink, 'deck out.' 
 Sprank and sprinkle. 
 Stink. 
 
 Wink, ' well from which water is 
 drawn by a winch, chain, and bucket. ' 
 Berk, ' bark of dog.' 
 Hark, vb. 
 
 4 Wuurk,' sb. and vb. 
 Quirk, ' to die.' 
 Balk, ' beam.' 
 Belle = Buulk, 'to belch.' 
 Hulk, 'grain mixed with chaff.' 
 Milk. 
 Yelk of egg. 
 
 Devonsh., Hewett, 1892. 
 
 Flink, ' to sprinkle.' 
 Twink, ' to chastise.'
 
 91 
 
 Dorset, Barnes, 1886. 
 Wink, ' a winch or crank.' 
 
 Wilts., Bartnell and Goddard. 
 
 Blink, ' spark, ray.' 
 
 Crink, ' crevice.' 
 
 Flunk, ' spark of fire.' 
 
 Hank, 'dialings with,' S.W. 
 
 n i j I 'overpowered with fatigue ' 
 yuan tea ( = , quenclled . ? 
 
 Rank \ . , . 
 v, , audacious. 
 Bonk ) 
 
 Barken, ' enclosed yard near farm- 
 house.' 
 Flirk, 'to flick.' 
 Firk, ' to worry.' 
 Fork. 
 
 Nurk, ' worst pig of litter.' 
 Hurkle, ' form of hurdle.' 
 Quirk, ' to complain.' 
 Starkv, ' stiff, drv ' 
 Stark, ' to dry up,' N.W. 
 Baulk, ' bare space missed by sower.' 
 Milkmaids. 
 
 Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. 
 
 Clinkers, ' hard cinders from forge.' 
 
 Chunk. 
 
 Hink, ' hook used in cutting peas.' 
 
 Kink in a rope. 
 
 Kinkle, ' wild mustard.' 
 
 Twink, ' a sharp, shrewish woman.' 
 
 Perk, 'to fidget about.' 
 
 Snirk, ' to dry, wither.' 
 
 Kilk, ' wild mustard.' 
 
 Bwelked, 'overcome by excessive heat.' 
 
 Whilk, 'to complain, mutter.' 
 
 E. Cornwall, Couch, 1880. 
 
 Belk, 'to belch.' 
 
 Wilk j 
 
 Wulk ' a ridgy lump or tumour.' 
 
 Wili! ) 
 
 Wilky, ' toad or frog.' 
 
 Quilkius and toads: Budget of C. 
 
 Poems, 25. 
 Wilky, ' young toad or frog ' : Couch, 
 
 E. Corn., Journ. of Roy. Inst, of 
 
 Corn., 1864. 
 
 W. Com., Courtney, 1880. 
 
 Blink, ' a spark.' 
 
 Crunk, ' croak like a raven.' 
 
 Flink, ' to fling.' 
 
 ? U ^\r i x 1 ' large piece.' 
 (ami Hunch) J 8 v 
 
 Belk, ' belch ' (also in Garland, W. 
 
 Corn., Journal of Roy. Inst, of 
 
 Corn., 1864). 
 Bulk, ' toss with the horns.' 
 
 ™j 'stye in the eye.' 
 
 Quilkin, ' young toad or frog,' ibid. 
 
 Hants., Cape, 1883. 
 
 Chink, ' chaffinch.' 
 
 Conk, ' to croak.' 
 
 Whilk = Wilk, ' howl like a dog.' 
 
 I. of W., Smith, 1881. 
 
 Carky, ' amazed.' 
 Querk, ' a sigh, to fret.' 
 
 Long, 1886. 
 
 Clink, ' a smart blow.' 
 Kink, ' in a rope,' etc. 
 
 Sussex, Parish, 1879. 
 
 Clinkers, ' small bricks burnt very hard 
 
 for paving.' 
 Drink, ' medicine for cattle.' 
 Kink in a rope. 
 Link, ' green, wooded bank on side of 
 
 a bill.' 
 Kilk, ' charlock.' 
 Whilk, 'to howl, to mutter.'
 
 92 
 
 III. 
 
 Non-initial eh in the Modern Dialects. 
 
 Northumb., Heslop, 1893-94. 
 
 Bleach, ' act of rain falling in a strong 
 
 wind.' 
 Bleach, ' a black shale found near a 
 
 coal-seam.' 
 Bloacher, ' any large animal.' 
 Britchin, ' part of harness.' 
 Clatch, 'mess, slops.' 
 
 P le j C ni i \ ) ' brood of young birds.' 
 (and Cleck) ) 
 
 Olotch, ' awkward person.' 
 
 ? m A C n i » }' to complain.' 
 (and Crake) t r 
 
 Fetch, vb., Fitch, ' to shift.' 
 
 Hatch, ' a gate.' 
 
 Hitch, vb. 
 
 Hotch, ' to shake with laughter.' 
 
 Keach, ' to heave up.' 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 Letch ' long narrow swamp with 
 
 water among rushes, etc' 
 
 £ C dMcker)}' tonei ^' sb - andvb - 
 
 Platcky-footed, ' flat-footed.' 
 
 ? at i d i n \ ' reach of water.' 
 (and Back) I 
 
 Roach, ' to make uneven.' 
 
 Sloach, ' to drink in a greedy way. ' 
 
 Spatchel » , t rf d { beddi t » 
 
 Spetchel I ° 
 
 Stech, ' to fill to repletion. 
 
 Stitch, ' an acute pain.' 
 
 Swatch, ' a sample.' 
 
 Switch, ' to go quickly.' 
 
 Twitch, ' for horse's nose.' 
 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. 
 
 Batch. 
 
 Botch. 
 
 Fitch, 'vetch.' 
 
 Flaith, 'flatter.' 
 
 Fratch, 'noisy quarrel.' 
 
 Mitch, 'much.' 
 
 Slitch, ' fine mud on shores of an 
 
 estuary.' 
 Slotch, ' walk heavily.' 
 Stritch, 'to strut.' 
 Switcher, 'any fast-going thing.' 
 Skaitch, ' to beat, thrash.' 
 
 Durham, Talgrave, 1896. 
 
 Fetch up, ' bring up, rear.' 
 Cletching, ' a brood of chickens.' 
 
 Swaledale (N. Yorks.), Harland, 1873. 
 
 Clctch, ' brood of chickens.' 
 (H itch, ' to hop on one leg.' 
 Mich, 'much.' 
 
 Whitby {N.E. Yorks.), Robinson, 1876. 
 
 Airmstritch, ' arm-stretch.' 
 
 Batch. 
 
 Clitch and Click, 'a brood.' (Clitch 
 
 is also in Ray's N. Country Words, 
 
 1691.) 
 to Fetch the breath. 
 Hetch, 'a hatch.' 
 Mitch, ' much.' 
 Smatch, ' flavour.' 
 Smitches, ' small stains.' 
 Snitch, ' a noose or loop ' (but Snickle, 
 
 ' to snare birds,' etc., in same dialect). 
 Twichbell, 'earwig.' 
 
 Windhill, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 
 1892. 
 
 The transcription is Prof. Wright's. 
 
 Bits, 'bitch.' 
 Bleits, 'bleach.' 
 Breits, ' breach.' 
 Brits-oz, ' breeches.' 
 Brits, 'breach.' 
 Ets, 'hatch.' 
 Fots, 'fetch.' 
 LeitJ, 'leach.' 
 Nots. 
 
 Rets, ' wretch.' 
 Sits, 'such.' 
 Spcits, ' speech.' 
 Stits, 'stitch.' 
 Strets. 
 
 Wits, 'which.' 
 Wots, 'to watch.'
 
 93 
 
 Mid Yorks., Robinson, 1876. 
 
 Batch, ' a set, company.' 
 
 Cletch, ' brood of chickens.' 
 
 Fetch, ' said of breathing with a painful 
 
 effort.' 
 Meech, ' to loiter about.' 
 Mistetch, ' to misteach. ' 
 Smatch, ' a flavour ' (often called smat). 
 Twitchbell, 'earwig.' 
 
 Rudder sfield, W. Yorks., East her, 1881. 
 
 Blotch 
 Fotch or 
 Fot 
 
 !• 
 
 fetch.' 
 
 Mich, ' much ' 
 
 Witch (applied to both sexes). 
 
 Sheffield, S. W. Yorks., Addy, 1888-90. 
 
 Dvehe Lane (street in Norton). 
 
 Fetch, ' to give.' 
 
 Fitches, ' vetches.' 
 
 Mich, 'much.' 
 
 Pitch and toss. 
 
 Beech, ' to be sick.' 
 
 Reechy 1 , , , 
 
 (and Reeky) / Sm - 
 
 Sitch )'a ditch,' especially in 
 
 (and Sick) \ place-names. 
 
 Sich, ' such.' 
 
 Smatch, ' taste, flavour.' 
 
 Snitch, 'to reveal a secret' (cf. 'to 
 
 sneak'?). 
 
 Snatch and 
 
 (and Snack) . 
 
 Spetches, ' odds and ends of leather.' 
 
 Twitchel, ' a stout stick.' 
 
 Twitch, ' to pinch, bind tightly.' 
 
 „ T . ,. ) 'mountain ash.' (Cf. 
 
 /,,','•"■ n Wicken in other 
 
 (and \\ iggen) ) dMects) 
 
 Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1875. 
 
 Ilatchhorn \ 
 Hatchorn , ' acorn.' 
 (and Akran) ) 
 Batch-cake. 
 Britchell, ' brittle.' 
 Clatch | ,, 
 Clutch j 
 Creechy, 'sickly, ailing.' 
 Crutch, ' to crowd.' 
 Doych-back, ' rampart above a ditch,' 
 L750, obs. 
 
 ; a bit of food.' 
 
 brood of chickens.' 
 
 Fratch, 'quarrelsome.' and vb. 
 
 Mychin, ' out of humour.' 
 
 Gobolotch, ' a o-lutton.' 
 
 Lutch, 'to pulsate.' 
 
 Hutch, ' to hoard, to sit close ' (Fylde). 
 
 Lotchiu' ' limping.' 
 
 Latch, ' a take, catch.' 
 
 Leech, ' pond in hollow of a road.' 
 
 Pitch-and-toss. 
 
 Pytch, 'hire of bees.' 
 
 Batch, ' space in loom betwixt yarn- 
 beams and healds. ' 
 
 Batch, ' to stretch ' 
 
 Beech, 'smoke, reck ' (sb. and vb. ?). 
 
 Seech, 'to seek.' 
 
 Sich-like. 
 
 Slutch, ' mud. ' 
 
 Slotch, 'drunkard, disgusting fellow.' 
 
 Smouch, 'a kiss.' 
 
 Oytch, 'each.' 
 
 Thrutch, 'to push, press.' 
 
 Twitchel, ' implement for holding a 
 restive horse.' 
 
 S. Chesh., Darlington, 1887. 
 
 Aitch, 'sudden access of pain, ache.' 
 
 Achernin, ' acorn.' 
 
 A i chern, 'gathering acorns.' 
 
 Betch. 
 
 Hitch. 
 
 Bleaching, ' hot, very hot.' 
 
 Hlatch, ' black mess in wheels.' 
 
 Blotch, 'blot.' 
 
 Breech. 
 
 Britcha, ' brittle. ' 
 
 Patch, 'to fetch.' 
 
 (H)atch, ' garden gate.' 
 
 Natch, ' cog on a wheel.' 
 
 Pitch, ' tar.' 
 
 Beechy, ' smoky.' 
 
 Betch, ' to stretch.' 
 
 Sleach, ' to scoop out liquids.' 
 
 Slutch, ' slush.' 
 
 Smetch, ' to give a bad flavour to.' 
 
 Smouch, ' to kiss.' 
 
 Snaitch, 'sharp, of heat or cold.' 
 
 Squitch, 'couch-grass.' 
 
 Thatch. 
 
 Twitch for holding horses. 
 
 Witch, vb., 'bewitch.' 
 
 Derbysh., Pcgge — Skeat, 189G. 
 
 Bricha, ' brittle.' 
 
 Cratch, ' sort of rough shed ; now used 
 
 id a rack in a stable.' 
 Bitch,   mov( a little.'
 
 94 
 
 .ive, stir.' 
 
 I tell 1 . 
 
 Qtch } " un 
 
 Pitch, ' a small Iidx to keep salt iu.' 
 
 Pleaching, ' a hedge.' 
 
 Liatchel, ' poor land with a quantity of 
 
 small stones.' 
 Sloutch. 
 Teach. 
 
 Thrutch, ' to thrust.' 
 Twitch-grass. 
 
 ' a small candle, 
 to make weight.' 
 
 Witch 
 
 }i- 
 
 N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. 
 
 Blotch, sb. and vb., 'blot.' 
 
 Breechbaud, the ' brichin.' 
 
 Ditch-water. 
 
 Clutch, 'a handful.' 
 
 ( 'rutch. 
 
 Fetch, 'to give.' 
 
 Fratch, ' petty theft.' 
 
 Hitch, ' to move.' 
 
 Itching. 
 
 Loitch, 'cunning, clever' (of dogs). 
 
 Mich, ' much.' 
 
 Hatch, ' to stretch, exaggerate.' 
 
 Reach, ' to vomit, to help to.' 
 
 Sich, ' such.' 
 
 Switch, ' a twig.' 
 
 Twitch, ' stick for holding horses.' 
 
 S.W. Lines., Cole, 1886. 
 
 Breach, ' misbehaviour.' 
 
 Cletch, ' brood of chickens.' 
 
 Much, ' to grudge.' 
 
 Hatch, ' to stretch.' 
 
 Hetch, ' to reach.' 
 
 Speech, ' to speak.' 
 
 Spretch, of eggs, ' to crack before 
 
 hatching.' 
 Twitch, ' couch-grass.' 
 
 Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. 
 
 Achern 
 
 Acherning 
 
 Aitch, ' fit of suffering.' 
 
 Batch. 
 
 £! e1 l c k ) 'black grease in wheels.' 
 Blutch ) 
 
 Britchy, 'brittle.' 
 
 Cleach, ' to clutch.' 
 
 Diche (daitch), 'ditch.' 
 
 Fatch, ' to fetch.' 
 
 Flitchen, ' flitch of bacon.' 
 
 Keech, ' cake of hard fat, wax,' etc. 
 
 Pitcher, 'man who pitches hay.' 
 
 Pitching pikel. 
 
 Pritch, • stall' with iron point.' 
 Reechy, ' dirty and smoky.' 
 Sitch, 'swamp, boggy place.' 
 Sneach (obs.), ' to scorch, nip.' 
 Squitch, ' couch-grass.' 
 Stlche, ' to set up sheaves,' etc. 
 Thetch, sb. and vb., 'thatch.' 
 Thetcher. 
 Thetching-peg. 
 
 Thrutch (and Thrush), ' to thrust.' 
 Schrich, ' to scream.' Sal. Ant. 
 Hartshorue, 184 1. 
 
 Staffs., Poole, 1880. 
 
 Atchorn, ' acorn. ' 
 
 Bletch, ' grease of cart-wheels.' 
 
 Thratcheled, ' draggled.' 
 
 Leices., Evans, 1881. 
 
 Batch-cake. 
 
 Ditch, ' dirt grained into the hands.' 
 
 Dratchell, dim. of ' drudge.' 
 
 Fetchel, ' to tease.' 
 
 Fitch, ' vetch.' 
 
 Keach, 'choice or pick of anything.' 
 
 Much. 
 
 Pitchfork. 
 
 Pleach, ' a hedge.' 
 
 Sich, ' such.' 
 
 Smatch, ' a taste,' etc. 
 
 Smouch, ' kiss grossly.' 
 
 Smutch = smudge, ' mud.' 
 
 Snatch, 'hasty meal.' 
 
 Swish, ' switch.' 
 
 Twitch, ' couch-grass.' 
 
 Queechy, ' sickly, ailing.' 
 
 Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. 
 
 Pitch, ' to load hay with a fork.' 
 Squitch, ' couch-grass.' 
 
 E. Angl., Rye, 1895. 
 
 Bitch. 
 
 Bleach, ' a drying-ground.' 
 
 Clutch, ' brood of chickens.' 
 
 Eachon, ' each one.' 
 
 Pleaches, ' sawn portions of timber.' 
 
 Hitch, ' to change place.' 
 
 1 i XT- i i\ !■ 'a hemp-dresser's comb.' 
 (and Hickel) ) r 
 
 H itchier \ , hemn . dresser . 
 
 and Hickler) ) a hemp aresser - 
 
 Hatch (gate) (and Hack).
 
 95 
 
 Pritch | ' a sharp ^ pointed iron 
 
 (and Prick) I instrument.' 
 
 Queach, ' plot of ground adjoining 
 
 arable land.' 
 Nail's Gloss., 1866, has this word = an 
 
 untilled plot full of quicks. See also 
 
 Moor's Surf. Gloss, below. 
 
 Herefordsh., Havergal, 1887. 
 
 Clutch, ' a brood of chickens.' 
 
 Fatch, 'thatch.' 
 
 Scoutch j 
 
 Coutch >' couch-grass.' 
 
 Scutch ) 
 
 Upton-on- Severn (TForcs.), Lawson, 
 1884. 
 
 Glutch, 'to swell with effort.' 
 Cow-leech, ' a vat.' 
 Meeching, 'melancholy.' 
 Prichell, 'to goad, prick.' 
 Scutch, 'couch-grass.' 
 
 W. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. 
 
 Pole -pitching, ' setting up poles in 
 
 rows in hop-yard.' 
 Squitch, ' couch-grass.' 
 
 S.E. Worcs., Salesbury, 1893. 
 
 Fntehes, ' vetches.' 
 
 Fitcher, ' polecat.' 
 
 Fritch, ' conceited.' 
 
 Mouch, ' play about.' 
 
 Hotchel (and Ilockle), 'to shuffle 
 
 along.' 
 Pitcher, ' one who throws up corn, etc., 
 
 to the loader.' 
 Pitchfull, sb., 'the quantity of hay, 
 
 etc., that can be taken up with a 
 
 pitchfork.' 
 Putchen, ' eel-trap.' 
 Sich, ' such.' 
 Stretch. 
 Screech-owl, ' the swift.' 
 
 H'arivcsh., NorthalL, 1896. 
 
 Batch-cake. 
 
 Ditched, 'begrimed with dirt.' 
 
 Dratchell 1 , latte _ » 
 
 Drotchell ]' a Mattern - 
 
 Fatch, ' to fetch.' 
 
 Itching-berries, ' dog-rose berries.' 
 
 Mooch, ' to loiter about,' etc. 
 
 Much. 
 
 Potch, ' to thrust, push.' 
 
 Kerch v, " smoky.' 
 
 Retch, ' to stretch.' 
 
 Sich, ' such.' 
 
 Smatch, 'smack, flavour.' 
 
 Swatchell, ' fat, untidy female.' 
 
 Twitchel, 
 
 Wratch, ' wretch.' 
 
 for holding a horse. 
 
 Northamptonsh., Baker, 1854. 
 
 Etch \ 
 
 Eche [ 'to add to.' 
 
 (and Eke) ) 
 
 Fleech, 'to wheedle, flatter.' 
 
 Hatchel, ' to rake hay into rows.' 
 
 Pritchel. 
 
 Queach, ' ground overgrown with 
 
 bushes,' etc. 
 Squeech, ' wet, boggy place.' 
 Twitch-grass. 
 
 Beds., Batchelor, 1809. 
 
 Eetch, ' eke ' (Batchelor writes ' iyty '). 
 Hitchuk, • hiccough ' (' hityuk '). 
 
 Suff., Moor, 1823. 
 
 Clutch, ' covey of partridges.' 
 
 ? Drouched, 'drenched.' 
 
 Fleeches, ' portions into which a piece 
 
 of timber is cut with a saw.' (Cf. 
 
 Fleak in other dials. P) 
 
 Grutch, 'to grudge.' 
 
 Tweetch or , , 
 
 ... | ' squeech or spear-grass. 
 
 Queech \ ' an untilled, rough, busby 
 and corner, or irregular portion 
 
 Squeech ) of a field.' 
 
 (Xares refers to Bacon, Essay 40, ubi 
 queaching) . 
 
 Moor (under Perk) has a collection 
 of words showing interchange of -k, 
 -ch, but he does not say in which 
 dialects the forms occur. Among 
 others he has quick = queech. Tins 
 latter form is unknown to me e 
 in this dialect (see above) and 
 Northamptonshire, where it has 
 another meaning apparently, and in 
 li eon's Essay, 39 (Of Custom and 
 Education), not 40 as Moor says. 
 (Nares is quite accurate us to Bacon. 
 Be quotes also Todd's Johnson.) 
 lien- the word means, apparently,
 
 96 
 
 'squeaking.' "The lads of Sparta of 
 ini.it nt time were wont to be scourged 
 
 upon the altar of Diana without so 
 much a queching." Johnson, 1st 
 folio, 1756, quotes this passage, but 
 writes ' quecking.' — H. C. W. 
 
 Glos., Robertson, 1890. 
 
 A " l"?i n \ ' a hedge-sparrow.' 
 (and Akee) ) ° 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Blatch, 'soot, dirt'; vb., 'to cover 
 
 with black ' 
 
 Blatchy, ' black, dirty.' 
 
 Batcher, ' salmon trout.' 
 
 Briched, ' rich.' 
 
 Cleacher, ' layers of a hedge.' 
 
 Cooch grass. 
 
 £ n ' tcb ; ' tool used in thatching.' 
 Cratch 
 
 Fatch, ' Vicia sativa.' 
 
 to Fetch (p.p. fot). 
 
 Glutch, 'to swallow with difficulty.' 
 
 (Vale of Glos ; Gluck in S. Glos.) 
 
 Keech, ' fat congealed after melting.' 
 
 Leech, 'cow doctor.' 
 
 £&}'!■**—•■ 
 
 Nitch, ' burden of bay.' 
 
 Pitcher. 
 
 Pitch, ' quantity taken at a time on a 
 
 pitchfork.' 
 Pleach, ' to lay a hedge.' 
 Pritch, ' to prick.' 
 Pritchel. ' a goad.' 
 Putcbin, 'eel-basket.' 
 Rooch, pret. of ' to reach.' 
 Screech, 'the swift.' 
 Snatch, ' a nasty flavour.' 
 Squitch, 'squash.' 
 Stitch. 
 
 Stretch, ' missel thrush.' 
 Swicb, ' such.' 
 Tach, 'bad flavour.' 
 Twitch, ' to touch.' 
 Vatch, 'thatch.' 
 Vetch. 
 
 Vlitchen, ' flitch of bacon.' 
 Witchify, vb. 
 Wretch," ' to stretch.' 
 
 Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. 
 
 Begrutcb, ' give unwillingly.' 
 Cutch, 'couch-grass' (atGarnton). 
 Fet, 'to fetch.' 
 Boacht, ' reached.' 
 Slouch, ' a sun-bonnet.' 
 
 Smatch ' a flavour. ' 
 
 Squitch-fire, ' made of couch-grass.' 
 
 Thetch, 'thatch.' 
 
 Berks. , Lowshy, 1888. 
 
 Touch-grass. 
 
 Glutch, 'to swallow with effort.' 
 Hatch, 'gate.' 
 
 Hootcher, ' kind of crook, used to pull 
 down branches when gathering fruit.' 
 
 Snatch and | < a sma ji piece.' 
 
 buack I 
 
 W. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. 
 
 Batch of bread. 
 
 Beechen, ' made of beech.' 
 
 Bitch-fox. 
 
 Breach, ' laud prepared for a seed-bed. 
 
 Breeching = ' Buurcheen,' ' britcbin.' 
 
 Couch = Keoch. 
 
 Patches, ' vetches.' 
 
 Datcb, 'thatch.' 
 
 Fuch, 'polecat.' 
 
 Fretcbety, ' fidgety.' 
 
 Hawchy, ' make a noise in eating. 
 
 Hitch, ' strike against an obstacle.' 
 
 Hutch, 'trap for fish.' 
 
 Hatch, ' a half-door.' 
 
 Keech, ' fat from intestines of 
 
 slaughtered animals.' 
 Kitch, ' to congeal.' 
 Kitchen. 
 
 Match it, 'contrive.' 
 Meecber, ' a sneak. 
 Much, adj. 
 Pitch, 'rod of alder, etc., planted to 
 
 take root.' 
 Queechy, ' sickly.' 
 Quitch," 'to twitch.' 
 Quitch-grass. 
 
 Ratcby, ' stretch on waking.' 
 Scratch. 
 Screech. 
 Sich, ' such.' 
 
 Smeech, 'smoke, dust, smell.' 
 Smoacky, ' snore, speak through nose.' 
 Stitch, ' a shock or sloak of corn.' 
 Stretch, 'to cover something.' 
 Tatch, 'habit, gait.' 
 Tlitch, 'to clutch.' 
 to Twitch, 'seize with sudden pain.' 
 Urch. ' rich.' 
 Vatcbes, ' vetches.' 
 Wichy, ' which.' 
 Witch-tree, ' witch-elm.'
 
 97 
 
 Wexford, Poole — Barnes, 1867. 
 
 'Cham, ' I am.' 
 
 'Cha, 'I have' (etc.). 
 
 Ich, 'I.' 
 
 This is a most uncritical com- 
 pilation, and contains obsolete words 
 without any note to that effect. 
 
 Wilts , Dartnell and Goddard. 
 
 \ adj., ' black, sooty ' ; sb., 
 Blatch, etc. J ' smut, soot ' ; vb., 'to 
 
 I blacken,' N.W. 
 Bleachy, 'brackish,' Somers. border. 
 Cooch, 'couch-grass.' 
 Clitch, 'grain.' 
 Eel-stifcher. 
 J it eh, 'such,' N.W. 
 Moutch, vb., 'shuffle.' 
 Mnmher, ' truant.' 
 Much. 
 
 Nitch, ' block of wood.' 
 Iehila-pea, ' missel thrush ' (only heard 
 
 from one person) ? 
 Hitchland | , , A ,-,, , , 
 
 (Horkland) | ' land tilled every year. 
 
 Hatch, ' a half-door, line of raked hay.' 
 
 Screech, vb. 
 
 Smeech, 'dust,' N.W. 
 
 Sploach, 'to splutter,' S.W. 
 
 Stutch, 'crutch, a stilt ' (obs.). 
 
 Thatches 
 
 Thetches 
 
 Witch-hazel. 
 
 Stritch 
 
 vetches,' N.W. 
 
 (and Strickle) } 
 
 a corn -striker.' 
 
 Surrey, Leveson-Gincer, 1896. 
 
 Hatch, ' to dress bark for the tanner.' 
 Stoach, ' to trample into holes.' 
 
 Kent, Parish and Shaiv, 1887. 
 
 Cooch -grass. 
 
 Echo, sh. and vb., ' to eke, an addition.' 
 
 Foldpitcher, ' implement for making 
 
 holes in ground.' 
 Hatch, ' a gate in the road.' 
 Hotch, 'to move awkwardly.' 
 Hutch, ' upper part of waggon.' 
 Itch, ' to creep, be anxious.' 
 Letch, 'vessel used for holding ashes 
 
 in making lye.' 
 Meach, ' creep softly about.' 
 Much, ' to fondle.' 
 Mooch, 'to dandle.' 
 Notch, 'to count.' 
 
 Prichel, ' implement lor making holes 
 
 in ground.' 
 Putch, ' puddle of water.' 
 Reach, ' a creek.' 
 Scutchel, ' rubbish. ' 
 Strooch, ' to drag the feet in walking.' 
 Swatch, ' a wand.' 
 
 W. Com., Courtney, 1880. 
 
 Breachy water, ' brackish water.' 
 Smeech | 'smell of smoke from any- 
 Smitch ) thing burnt in frying.' 
 Squitch, ' to twitch, jerk.' 
 Veach | . , -,, , 
 
 i J -ir l , Whitlow. 
 
 (and \ eak) ) 
 
 (Scrootch, ' a crutch.' Garland, W. 
 
 Corn., Journ. of Rov. lust, of Corn., 
 
 1864.) 
 'Chell. 
 'Cham (Melles MS.), Monthly Mag., 
 
 January, 1809. 
 
 E. Cornw., Couch, 1880. 
 
 Datch, 'thatch.' 
 Miche, ' to play truant.' 
 
 Devon, Hewatt, 1892. 
 
 Fitch, 'a stoat.' 
 
 Kootch, ' couch-grass.' 
 
 Kitches, ' roll of offal fat.' 
 
 Leechway, 'graveyard path.' 
 
 to Pritch = purch, 'to prick holes in' 
 
 (Exmoor, Scolding, 1778). 
 Smeech, ' smoke and dust. ' 
 ich, ' ,' in chare | , j ^^ etc _ 
 
 chell 
 chain 1 
 
 (Exm.) 
 
 Dorset, Barnes, 1886. 
 
 Blatch, ' soot, black stuff.' 
 
 C jh-grass. 
 
 Keech, ' to cut grass, etc. , below water. ' 
 hatch, ' to stretch.' 
 Slatch, ' to slake, of lime and water.' 
 Smatch, ' smack, taste.' 
 Smeech, ' cloud of dust.' 
 Streech, ' space taken in stone-striking 
 of the rake.' 
 
 Wants, Cope, 1883. 
 
 Beech mast. 
 
 Blatch, ' black, sooty.' 
 
 (Black also exists, in compounds.)
 
 98 
 
 Black-bob, ' cock-roacb.' 
 Breacby, ' brackish.' 
 Fotch, 'to fetch.' 
 
 ,,, , , J 1. 'to stifle a sob.' 
 
 Glutch \-l. -to swallow.' 
 
 Hatch, 'half-door, pate.' 
 
 Eatcb-hook, 'a bill-hook.' 
 
 Mitih, 'shirk work.' 
 
 Screech, ' bull -thrush ' (not iu N. 
 
 Hants). 
 Smatch, ' bad taste, smack.' 
 
 /. of W., Smith, 1881. 
 
 Clutch, ' to cluck.' 
 II etch, 'hook.' 
 Pitchun-prog. 
 
 Screech-owl, ' swift.' 
 
 ? Reaches, ' ridges of a field' ? 
 
 Stretch, ' a strike for corn.' 
 
 Thetch. 
 
 Ztch, ' such.' 
 
 I. of W., Long, 1886. 
 
 Pritchel, 'a small hedge stake.' 
 Sletch, -to slake lime/ 
 Glutch, ' to swallow.' 
 
 Sussex, ravish, 1879. 
 
 a Beach. 
 
 Hatch. 
 
 Brachy, 'brackish.' 
 
 ditch", 'a cluster.' 
 
 Clutch, adv., ' tightly ' (' hold it, 
 
 clutch'). 
 Clutch, ' a brood of chickens.' 
 Cooch-grass. 
 Fitches, ' vetches.' 
 Hatch, ' a gate ' (in place-names, Plaw- 
 
 hatch, etc.). 
 Haitch, ' a passing shower.' 
 Pitcher, ' man who throws corn up on 
 
 to a cart.' 
 Smeech ^ ' dirty, black smoke or 
 Smutch I vapour.' 
 Ratch, ' to reach.' 
 
 IV. 
 
 Non-initial nch, left, rch. 
 
 Northumb., Heslop, 1893-4. 
 
 o^Denk) } ' s q ueamish - daint y ( rare )-' 
 
 Donch, ' fastidious.' 
 Danch, ' to knock against.' 
 Flinch, ' a pinch.' 
 Munch. 
 
 Pinch, ' iron crowbar.' 
 Scunch, ' aperture in a wall for window- 
 frame. ' 
 Winch, ' to start or wince.' 
 Belch. 
 Stitching, ' narrow-minded, mean.' 
 
 wSS ) •-"*>•' 
 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. 
 
 Bunch. 
 
 Binsh, ' bench.' 
 
 Clunch, ' stupid person.' 
 
 Dunch, ' butt with the elbow.' 
 
 Bunch, ' a hardy, thick-set person.' 
 
 Durham, Palgra/ve, 1896. 
 
 Skincb = 'I'm not playing,' said in 
 games. 
 
 Whitby (N.E. Tories.), Robinson, 1876. 
 Squench, ' to quench.' 
 
 Windfall, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 
 1881. 
 
 The transcription is Prof. Wright's. 
 
 Dreus, ' drench.' 
 
 Mid Yorks., Robinson, 1876. 
 
 Clinch, 'to clutch.' 
 Densh, ' fastidious.' 
 (H)anch, ' to snatch.'
 
 99 
 
 Huddersfield, W. Yorks.,Easther, 1881. 
 
 Melsh, ' moist.' 
 Churchmaster, ' churchwarden.' 
 
 Sheffield, S. IV. York*., Addy, 1888-90. 
 
 Lurch, 'to lurk, lie in wait.' 
 "Warsch ) , , • , 
 Worch }Bb.,«pam. 
 
 Melch-cow. 
 
 Squench, ' quench.' 
 
 Lanes., Nodal and Miluer, 1875. 
 
 Chinch, ' a clodhopper." 
 
 Cranch, ' to grind with the teeth.' 
 
 Hanch, ' to snap at.' 
 
 Kench, ' to sprain.' 
 
 Golch, ' to swallow ravenously.' 
 
 Halch, ' a noose.' 
 
 Kelch (Ormskirk), ' a sprain.' 
 
 Welch, 'moist, warm.' 
 
 Solch ) ' noise made by treading in 
 
 Solsh i damp ground.' 
 
 Lurcher, sh. 
 
 Perch, ' pole.' 
 
 Smirch, ' to snort, snigger in a 
 
 smothered way.' 
 Warch, ' to ache' 
 Tooth- warche. 
 Worch, 'to work.' 
 
 S. Chesh., Darlington, 1887. 
 
 Clench. 
 
 ('luncheon, ' a cudgel.' 
 
 Kench, ' a kink.' 
 
 Si! inch, ' small pieces or quantity.' 
 
 Wench, 'girl.' 
 
 by Hulsh or by Stulch, ' by hook or by 
 
 crook.' 
 Easy-melched, of a cow that yields 
 
 milk easily. 
 S welch, ' a heavy fall.' 
 Lurch, ' to lurk.' 
 Warcher, ' term of contempt for an 
 
 insignificant person.' 
 Warch, ' an ache or pain.' 
 
 Derbysh., Pegge—Skeat, 1896. 
 
 Spelch, 'to bruise beans in a mill ' (obs.). 
 Melch, 'soft, of weather.' 
 
 N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. 
 
 Binch, ' a bench.' 
 
 Blench, ' to change colour.' 
 
 Bunch, ' bundle, also to kick savagely.' 
 Cranch, ' crunch.' 
 Drench-hom, ' drink-horn.' 
 Lansh, ' to lance, cut into.' 
 Linch, ' balk in a field' (obs.). 
 
 T L , ' lar^e slice of bread.' 
 
 Luncheon ) ° 
 
 Rench, ' to rince.' 
 
 Skinch, ' to stint.' 
 
 Wench, 'a winch, a girl.' 
 
 Belch, ' obscene talk.' 
 
 Kelch ) , ,, , 
 
 (andKelk)) ablow - 
 
 Squelch, 'to crush.' 
 
 Stairch, 'starch.' 
 
 S. Jr. Lines., Cole, 1886. 
 
 Binch, ' bench.' 
 Skiuch, ' to stint.' 
 Kelch, ' a thump.' 
 Melch, 'soft, warm.' 
 
 Shropsli., Jackson, 1879. 
 
 Drench, ' a draught for cattle.' 
 Duuched, 'knocked, bruised.' 
 Hed-fiuch, ' chaffinch.' 
 Kench, 'a twist, sprain.' 
 W( ach, ' girl.' 
 Melch, 'soft.' 
 Melch-cow. 
 Stelch, 'stealth.' 
 Warch, 'to throb.' 
 Warchiug, adj. 
 
 Staffs., Poole, 1880. 
 
 Blench, 'to betray, impeach.' 
 
 Kench, ' to sprain.' 
 
 Munching, ' idling or loafing about.' 
 
 Leices., Evans, 1881. 
 
 Bunch, 'to make anything.' 
 Bull-finch. 
 
 CHncb ! -clench ' 
 
 (and Cling)) Clemlu 
 
 Balchin, 'unfledged bird.' 
 
 Dunch, 'suet dumpling.' 
 
 Hunch, ' lump of bread,' etc. 
 
 Kench, ' to bank.' 
 
 Nuncheon. 
 
 Squench. 
 
 Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. 
 
 Hunch, ' a lump.' 
 
 Stench-pipes, ' ventilation shafts.'
 
 100 
 
 Squench, ' to quench.' 
 
 Belching. 
 
 Spelch, • to Bplinter.' 
 
 Chorch, ' church.' 
 
 E. Anglia, Bye, 1895. 
 
 i ' a trench ; a turn at a job ; 
 Canch small quantity of corn put 
 
 I aside.' 
 Church. 
 
 Crinchlings I c 8maU apples.' 
 
 (and Cringehngs) ( Ll 
 
 Kinch 'that part of the haystack 
 
 Kench which is being cut down.' 
 
 Skinch, 'to stint, pinch.' 
 
 Nail, E. Angl. Dialect, 1866, has 
 
 Stinch, ' to stink.' 
 Church. 
 
 Norfolk, Harergal, 1887. 
 
 Kinchin, ' a little child.' 
 I.unchy, ' stiff.' 
 
 Upton-on- Severn (Worcs.), Lawson, 
 1884. 
 
 Squencb, ' quench.' 
 Melch-hearted, ' milk-hearted.' 
 
 !' jiost to which cows are tied ' 
 (• variant stalk skat'). Also 
 //'. Worcs., Chamberlain, 
 1882. 
 
 S.E. Worcs., Salesbwy, 1893. 
 
 Bunch. 
 
 Dunch, ' give a blow with elbow.' 
 
 Nunch ^ 
 
 Nun chin j 
 
 Squencb. 
 
 Wench, 'girl.' 
 
 Bobbin, ' unfledged bird.' 
 
 luncheon.' 
 
 Warivcsh., North., 1896. 
 
 Blench, ' a glimpse.' 
 
 Drench (or Drink), ' draught for 
 
 cattle.' 
 Drencbing-hnrn. 
 Dunch, ' a blow.' 
 
 Kench, ' to twist or wrench ' = kink. 
 Munch, 'to ill-treat.' 
 Sevinch, ' a little morsel.' 
 Baulch, 'to fall heavily.' 
 Spelch, ' a small splinter.' Cf. ' spelk,' 
 
 Northumb., Yorks., etc. 
 
 Stelch, 'laver or row of auything 
 above the other parts ; as much as 
 a man can thatch without moving 
 
 bis ladder.' 
 
 Northamptomh., Baker, 1854. 
 
 Bench, a quarry term = a shelf of 
 rock. 
 
 <: m, ' h ) 'division.' 
 Kench I 
 
 Hunch of bread and cheese. 
 
 Stelch, ' as much as a man can thatch 
 
 without moving ladder.' 
 
 Stiff., Moor, 1823. 
 
 V™ ns \ } ' to squeeze.' 
 Skruush ) n 
 
 Drench, ' drink for a sick horse.' 
 
 Kench, ' a turn (of work),' etc. 
 
 Squench, 'quench.' 
 
 Milch-cow. 
 
 Glos., Bobertson, 1890. 
 
 Clinching-net. 
 
 Clinch, ' a small bit.' 
 
 a Crunch of bread and cheese.' 
 
 Dinchfork, ' a dung-fork.' 
 
 Drench, ' a bad cold.' 
 
 Drunch, 'drench.' 
 
 Dunch, ' a poke or thrust.' 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Kinch, ' fry of young fish.' 
 
 Linch, 'narrow steep bank usually 
 
 covered with grass.' 
 Vlinch, 'a finch,' H. of Berkley. 
 Gulch, 'to gulp down.' 
 Stelch, 'still,' H. of B. 
 Stilch, 'upright post for fastening 
 
 cows,' V. of Glos. (uncommon). 
 Stulch, ' series of helms for thatching ' 
 
 (Cotswolds). 
 Starch, ' heron, stroud.' 
 
 Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. 
 
 Scrinch, ' a very small piece. Cf. 
 
 Criuks, e.g. in Glos., etc. 
 Sciunch, 'to bite quickly.' 
 Squinch, ' to quench.' 
 
 Berks., Lowsley, 1888. 
 
 Lynches, green banks, or divisions 
 
 between ' lands.' 
 Squench, ' quench.'
 
 lot 
 
 ' food between meals.' 
 
 W. Somers., El worthy, 1886. 
 
 Blanch, ' head back a deer from its 
 
 course.' 
 Bunch, ' spot, mark.' 
 Dinsh, 'stupid.' 
 Drunch, ' a dose of medicine for 
 
 horse, etc' 
 Horch, ' gore with the horns.' 
 Linch, ' ledge in wall or bank.' 
 Nunch \ 
 Nunehin ) 
 Wench, ' girl.' 
 Scrunch, ' to crush.' 
 Birchen, adj. 
 Vulch, 'shove, nudge.' 
 
 Dorset, Barnes, 1886. 
 
 Linch, ' ledge of ground on the side of 
 a hill' ( = link). 
 
 Wilts., Dartnell and Goddard, 1893. 
 
 Densher, ' to prepare down land for 
 
 cultivation.' 
 Dunch, ' deaf ' (rare now). 
 Hanch, ' to thrust with the horns ' 
 
 (of cow, etc.). 
 Hunch about, ' push or shove.' 
 Kintch, ' burden of wood, straw, or 
 
 hay.' 
 Linch 
 Linchet 
 Lanchet 
 Linchard 
 
 Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1896. 
 
 Bunch, ' a swelling.' 
 Densher, ' to skim turf off, burn a 
 field.' 
 
 Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. 
 
 Chinch, to ' point ' buildings. 
 Dencher-pont, ' a pile of stubble, etc., 
 
 for burning.' 
 Linch, ' little strip of boundary land.' 
 Scrunch. 
 
 Culch, ' rags, bits of thread,' etc. 
 Pilch, ' child's garment.' 
 Milch-hearted. 
 Sculch, 'rubbish, trash.' 
 
 E. Com., Couch, 1880. 
 Blinsh, ' to catch a glimpse of.' 
 
 Hants., Cope, 1883. 
 
 Dunch, 'stupid.' 
 
 Scrunch, 'to bite in pieces.' 
 
 /. of W., Smith, 1881. 
 Squench, ' to quench.' 
 
 Sussex, Parish, 1879. 
 
 Bench, ' widow's portion.' 
 Bench, ' a swelling.' 
 Densher plough, ' instrument for turf- 
 cutting.' 
 Dunch, ' deaf, dull.' 
 Squench, 'to quench.' 
 
 Non-initial -g. 
 
 Northumb., Heshp, 1893-4. 
 
 Blig, ' blackguard.' 
 
 Bog-stucker, 'goblin.' 
 
 Brig. 
 
 liull-seg, 'imperfectly castrated ox.' 
 
 Cag-mag, 'bad food. - ' 
 
 Chefglel ' *<> chew, champ.' 
 
 Cleg, ' gad-fly.' 
 
 Clag, ' to stick, make adhere.' 
 
 Clog, ' log of wood.' 
 
 Duggar (barley-), * kind of cake.' 
 
 Dag, ' to rain, drizzle.' 
 
 Drag. 
 
 Fag, 'loach' (fish). 
 
 Fleg, ' to be furnished with feathers.' 
 
 Flag, ' a turf for fuel.' 
 
 Fli^ged. 
 
 Flu"-, ' work with hammer and chisel.' 
 
 Fog, • aftermath.'
 
 102 
 
 Gleg, ' quick, smart.' 
 Bag-berry, ' fruit of bird-cherry.' 
 Heg. 
 
 Hag, ' division of timber to be cut 
 
 down.' 
 Hag, 'the belly.' 
 Hag, ' to wane.' 
 Eeg, • to rue, repent.' 
 Hug, ' to carry with effort.' 
 Hog-reek, ' light, fleecy mist.' 
 Laggin, ' projecting staves at bottom 
 
 oi cask.' 
 Lig-abed, 'sluggard.' 
 Lig-ma last, ' loiterer.' 
 Lug, ' a lug-worm.' 
 Nag, ' a smir taste.' 
 Nat;-, ' to worry.' 
 
 Preg, 'to cheapen, in bargaining.' 
 Pro?, ' to prick.' 
 Rag, vb. 
 Rig, ' ridge ' ; 173 place-names in 
 
 -rig in .North umb. 
 Riggin, ' clotbiug.' 
 Riggin of a house. 
 Reggie, 'shake, jumble.' 
 Rug, 'tug, pull.' 
 Seg, ' sedge.' 
 Slag, ' thin bed of coal, mixed with 
 
 lime, etc' 
 
 Slairg, ' soft, wet.' 
 
 Slog, 'strike with great force.' 
 
 Slughorne 
 
 and Slogan 
 
 Smairg, * to smear. ' 
 
 Snag, ' to hew roughly.' 
 
 Spa? | . , 
 
 of sparrow. 
 Sprug ) v 
 
 Stag, ' young male animal.' 
 
 Steg, 'garden.' 
 
 Swiggy, ' a swing.' 
 
 Tig, ' sharp blow.' 
 
 Tug, ' to rot, destroy. ' 
 
 Ug, ' feeling of nausea.' 
 
 Wag. 
 
 Whig, ' preparation of whey.' 
 
 Wig, ' a tea-cake.' 
 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. 
 
 Bag. 
 
 Bog. 
 
 Big, 'to build.' 
 
 Brag, ' twig or straw worn in hat. ' 
 
 Brig, ' bridge. ' 
 
 Cheg, ' to chew.' 
 
 tw ' *° ooze > now slowly.' 
 
 Daggy, 'wet, musty weather.' 
 Eg on. 
 
 Fag-end. 
 
 Fog, ' aftermath.' 
 
 Gleg? 
 
 Greg? 
 
 Hog, ' weaned lamb.' 
 
 Laggan, 'end of stave outside cask.' 
 
 Lig, 'to lie' 
 
 Liggy, ' loach ' (fish). 
 
 Liggan upon, ' urgent, keen upon.' 
 
 Lug, ' ear. ' 
 
 to Pig in. 
 
 Hig, ' ridge.' 
 
 Riggelt, ' animal with testicle in the 
 
 loins.' 
 Rug, ' to pull rudely. ' 
 Seg, ' a corn on hand or foot.' 
 Seag, 'sedge.' 
 Snig, ' to drag timber.' 
 Steg, ' gander.' 
 
 Swagt, • bent downwards in centre.' 
 Cleg, 'kind of fly.' 
 Clag, ' to stick to.' 
 Claggy, ' sticky.' 
 
 Durham, Palgrave, 1896. 
 
 Riggv, ' ridgey.' 
 
 Sag, ' to bend down in the middle.' 
 Waggon. 
 
 Swaledale {N. Yrkt.), Harland, 1873. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Clag, ' to cling.' 
 
 Claggy. 
 
 lig, ' to lie down.' 
 
 Rig, ' ridge.' 
 
 Riggin-tree. 
 
 Steg, ' gander. ' 
 
 Whitby, N.E. Forks., Robinson, 1876. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Brog, 'to bump,' as cattle do with 
 
 the horns.' 
 Claggy, 'sticky, like pitch.' 
 
 q ° ' to sprinkle.' 
 
 Egg on. 
 
 Fleag'd, ' infested with fleas.' 
 
 Flig, 'to fly.' 
 
 Fligg'd, ' fledged.' 
 
 Lig, ' to lie, lay.' 
 
 Lug, ' ear.' 
 
 Mawg, ' a whim.' 
 
 Mi?, 'liquid manure.' 
 Rig, ' ridge.' 
 Segge, ' sedges.' 
 Steg, ' a gander.'
 
 103 
 
 Windhill, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 
 1892. 
 
 The transcription is that of I'rof. Wright. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Deg, ' to sprinkle with water.' 
 
 Dreag, ' drawl.' 
 
 Dreg, 'drag.' 
 
 Eg, 'egg on.' 
 
 Eg, ' egg.' 
 
 Eag, ' a haw.' 
 
 Flig, 'fledge.' 
 
 Flog. 
 
 Fog, ' aftergrass.' 
 
 Frig, ' coire. ' 
 
 Ig, 'mood, temper.' 
 
 Lig, ' lie down.' 
 
 Mig, 'midge.' 
 
 Neag, ' gnaw.' 
 
 Prog, ' collect firewood.' 
 
 Rig, ' back.' 
 
 Rigin, ' ridge of a house.' 
 
 SniL r , ' take hastily.' 
 
 Seag, ' a saw.' 
 
 Seg, ' sedge.' 
 
 Twig, sb. 
 
 Ug, ' to carry.' 
 
 Weg, ' wag.' 
 
 Mid Yorks., Robinson, 1876. 
 
 Ag, 'to complain.' 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Brog, of cattle, ' to browse about.' 
 
 BulJseg, 'castrated bull.' 
 
 Clag, 'to adhere.' 
 
 Dag, ' to sprinkle linen,' etc. 
 
 Egg, 'to incite.' 
 
 Flig. 'to fledge.' 
 
 Fligged. 
 
 (Hjig, ' state of petulance.' 
 
 Lig, ' to lie, to lay. ' 
 
 Rig, 'ridge.' 
 
 Sag, 'to bulge with own weight.' 
 
 Scag, 'squirrel.' 
 
 Seg, 'sedge.' 
 
 Sug, ' a sow.' 
 
 IhuUersfield, W. Yorks., Easther, 1881 . 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Deg, ' to wet.' 
 
 Fligged 
 
 Flegged 
 
 Hig, ' a huff or quarrel.' 
 T . C 1. 'to lie down.' 
 U Z I 2. 'to tell lies.' 
 Rig, ' ridge.' 
 Sag, ' a saw.' 
 
 Slug, 'to beat.' 
 
 Snig, ' to suatch.' (Perhaps related 
 
 to 'sneak, snack,' etc., with voicing 
 
 of final k.) 
 Twags, ' twigs.' 
 
 C™^!' <^aw of a bird.' 
 Craigh ) 
 
 Gnaarhe \ ., , 
 
 „ P , \ ' to gnaw. 
 Gnaigh j ° 
 
 Haigh, ' the haw.' 
 
 (There is nothing to show whether -gh 
 
 here = the back stop, but it seems 
 
 probable.) 
 
 Thoresby to Rag, 1703. 
 Rig, ' tree.' 
 
 Ray's North Country Words, 1691. 
 
 Dag, ' dew on the grass.' 
 
 Feg, ' fair, clean.' 
 
 Fliggens, 'young birds that can fly.' 
 
 Marshalls, E. Yorks., 1788. 
 
 Lig ) 
 
 Flig \ but Midge, ' small gnat.' 
 
 Kig ) 
 
 N. of England, J.M., 1781. 
 Chig, ' to chew.' 
 
 Sheffield, S. W. Yorks., Addy, 1888-90. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Bugth, 'bulk, size.' 
 
 to Egg on. 
 
 Flig, 'to flag.' 
 
 Fligged, ' fledged.' 
 
 Gnaggle, ' to gnaw.' 
 
 Grig, ' cricket.' 
 
 Haighs, ' hips and haws.' 
 
 Hig, ' huff, fit of temper.' 
 
 Huggins, ' hip-bones of a cow.' 
 
 Keg, 'belly.' 
 
 Lig, ' to lie down.' 
 
 Nog, ' an unshaped bit of wood.' 
 
 Rig, ' ridge.' 
 
 Saig, ' to saw.' 
 
 Seg, 'castrated bull, etc' 
 
 Snag, ' to snarl.' 
 
 tJ°S{'tobeat.' 
 
 Slug \ 
 
 Sog, 'to sow.' 
 Sprig, ' a copse.' 
 
   :;;rswav)i <to ^^-' 
 
 Whigged, of milk, 'curdled.'
 
 101 
 
 Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1875. 
 
 Agg, ' to tease, worry.' 
 Biggin, ' building.' 
 Big, 'a teat.' 
 Bigg, ' barley.' 
 Bigg, 'to build.' 
 Boggart, ' ghost.' 
 Boggle, ' a blunder.' 
 Braggart, 'new ale spiced with sugar.' 
 Brig (N. and Mid. L.), ' bridge.' 
 Brog, ' branch, bough.' 
 Clan', ' to adhere.' 
 Clog, shoe with wooden sole.' 
 Cleg, 'gadfly.' 
 Dag, ' to shear sheep.' 
 Dag, sb. aud vh., ' dew.' 
 Deg, 'to sprinkle with water.' 
 Egg, ' urge, incite.' 
 F'eeiig ( Furness) , ' flatterer. ' 
 P'eggur, 'fairer' (' Bamford's Gloss.; 
 1854, obs. ?). 
 
 g^j« to frighten.' 
 
 Fog, ' aftermath.' 
 
 Grig, ' a cricket.' 
 
 Grug (Fylde), 'a dandelion.' 
 
 Hag, N. L., ' an enclosure.' 
 
 Hag 
 
 Haesrus 
 
 Hague 
 
 Haig 
 
 Hig, ' passion ' (Bamford, 1854). 
 
 Hog, ' to cover a heap with earth or 
 
 straw ' (Parson Walker, 17.30). 
 Huggus hips (Scholes, 1857). 
 
 T • f ' staves of a tub.' 
 Laggins \ 
 
 Lig, 'to lie.' 
 
 Lug, ' ear.' 
 
 Nag, 'to scold.' 
 
 Noagur, ' anger ' ? 
 
 Pig. 
 
 Plog, ' to plug, close.' 
 
 Riggin, 'ridge of house.' 
 
 Eog, ' to shake with a rattling din.' 
 
 Scog, ' to dispute. ' 
 
 Skug (Oldham), 'dirt.' 
 
 Slags, sloe, cf. Slaigh, Westm. 
 
 (Britten's Engl. Plant Names). 
 
 eel.' 
 
 to snatch.' 
 
 Stegg, • gander.' 
 
 Tig, ' to touch.' 
 
 Trig, ' to evade.' 
 
 | 'belly.' 
 I ' hawthorn.' 
 
 Sni 8 , 
 Snie 
 
 S. Ckesh., Darlington, 1887. 
 
 •to po.' 
 Buggy, ' a louse.' 
 
 r>uff, ' to go 
 
 Cag-mag, ' carrion.' 
 
 Dag, 'to get petticoats or ends of 
 
 trousers wet.' 
 Daggly, 'dewy.' 
 dag, 'snow in a hard mass in the 
 
 hoots.' 
 Fa i' wig. 
 to Egg on. 
 Egg, ' ovum.' 
 Egg, ' eager for.' 
 Feg, * coarse grass.' 
 Fliggy, 'hay, etc., tangled through 
 
 wind and rain.' 
 Fog. 
 
 Frig, ' coi're.' 
 Gleg, ' to look furtively.' 
 Frog, Griggy, 'rotten' (of grass). 
 (H)ag, 'a task.' 
 (H)og, ' heap of potatoes covered up 
 
 with straw and soil.' 
 Up-kegged, ' upset.' 
 Lag, ' upright plank in a tub.' 
 Lig, sb. and vb., 'fib.' 
 Lig own, ' very own.' 
 Lug, ' to pull.' 
 Moggin, ' to clog.' 
 
 Mog, * to go ' (commoner form Modge). 
 Miggle, ' to trot slowly.' 
 Nog, ' piece of wood built into brick 
 
 wall.' 
 Peg. 
 
 Plug, ' to pluck the hair.' 
 Prog, ' to pilfer.' 
 
 Seg, ' to castrate a full-grown animal.' 
 Seg, ' hard piece of skin inside hand.' 
 Slug. 
 
 Snag, ' a snap, a bite.' 
 Snig, ' eel.' 
 
 Sog, ' to sway up and down. ' 
 Spriggs, ' small nails.' 
 Swag, ' force or impetus of a descending 
 
 body.' 
 Swig, ' spiced ale and toast.' 
 Throg, ' a thrush ' (used by boys 
 
 chiefly). 
 Trig, 'to trot.' 
 Whigged, ' curdled.' 
 
 Derby sh., Peyye—Skeat, 1896. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Daggled, ' draggled.' 
 
 Fligged, ' Hedged.' 
 
 Grig: in " merry as a grig." 
 
 (H)aigs, ' haws ' (Peak district). 
 
 (H)ig 'heat, passion.' 
 
 (H)uggon, ' hip of a man.' 
 
 Lig, ' to lie.' 
 
 Lug, ' to pull.'
 
 105 
 
 Biggins of a house. 
 Rig, ' ridge. ' 
 Seg, 'gelded bull.' 
 Sig, ' old urine.' 
 Tag, ' sheep of first year. 
 
 N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. 
 
 Bag, 'udder, womb, etc., of animals.' 
 
 Big, ' strong.' 
 
 Brig, ' bridge.' 
 
 Brog, ' to push with a pointed instru- 
 ment. ' 
 
 Bug, ' proud, officious.' 
 
 Cleg, ' gadfly.' 
 
 Drag, ' kind of harrow,' cf. Dredge. 
 
 Fligd, 'fledged.' 
 
 „, f 1. ' a dance.' 
 
 Gle o{ 2 . 'shy.' 
 
 Hag, ' a bog.' 
 
 Hug, ' to cut, chop awkwardly.' 
 
 Hig : to put someone in a Hig = ' to 
 offend him.' 
 
 Higgler, ' pedlar. ' 
 
 Hog, ' an unshorn lamb, castrated pig.' 
 
 Keg-meg, ' bad food.' 
 
 Lag, ' to tire.' 
 
 Lig, ' to he, lay.' 
 
 Lig-abed, ' sluggard.' 
 
 Lug, ' the ear. ' 
 
 Maggot, ' whim.' 
 
 Meggie, ' moth.' 
 
 Mog, 'to move on.' 
 
 Muggy, ' damp, close.' 
 
 Nag, ' to gnaw.' 
 
 Niggle, ' to hack, notch.' 
 
 Biggin, ' ridge of a building.' 
 
 Rig, ' ridge.' 
 
 Sag, ' bend, warp.' 
 
 Beg, ' boar castrated when full-grown.' 
 
 Seg, 'sedge.' 
 
 Shig, ' to shirk.' 
 
 Steg, ' a gander.' 
 
 Sugg, ' to deceive.' 
 
 Twig, ' understand.' 
 
 Swig, ' to drink.' 
 
 Wag, ' to beckon.' 
 
 S. TV. Lines., Cole, 1886. 
 
 Brijr, ' bridge.' 
 
 Clag, ' to daub with sticky clay.' 
 
 Drag, 'to harrow laud.' 
 
 Drug, ' waggon for carrying timber.' 
 
 Fligged, 'fledged.' 
 
 filial ) . , 
 
 ,. > to gnaw. 
 
 Knag \ h 
 
 Bag, ' marshy place.' 
 
 Hag, ' cut, hew.' 
 
 Higs, ' to be in one's higs.' 
 
 Lig, ' to lie. 
 
 Pog, ' to carry on one's back. ' 
 Seg, ' castrated boar.' 
 Whiff, 'buttermilk.' 
 
 Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. 
 
 A gg ) 
 
 Eag \ ' to urge, incite.' 
 
 Heg ) 
 
 Dag, ' to sprinkle clothes with water.' 
 Drag, ' a bar used for drawing timber.' 
 Fliggy, of birds whose down is 
 
 changiug to feathers. 
 Lig, ' to tell lies.' 
 Ligger, ' liar. ' 
 Seg, ' any kind of iris.' 
 Seg-bottomed, ' rush-bottomed.' 
 Smeg, ' a bit.' 
 Sniggle, ' an eel.' 
 Stag, ' young turkey-cock.' 
 Swig, ' a drink ' (especially spiced ale). 
 Whig, ' whey.' 
 Whigged, ' curdled.' 
 
 Leices., Evans, 1881. 
 
 T °, \ ' icicle.' 
 Iggle j 
 
 Cag, 'to crawl about.' 
 
 Back and egg = ' edge with might and 
 
 main.' 
 
 Brag, ' a boast.' 
 
 Bri^ and 
 
 Bridge. 
 
 Claggy. 
 
 Dag, ' trail in dirt.' 
 
 S e - ed 1' fledged.' 
 Fhg J ° 
 
 Fog, ' coarse, rank grass.' 
 
 Gnag, ' gnaw.' 
 
 Hog, ' yearling sheep.' 
 
 Lag, ' crack, split.' 
 
 Lig, ' to lie ' (jacere and mentire). 
 
 Maggot, ' whim.' 
 
 Proggle. 
 
 Piggle. 
 
 I.'iii^ct, ' small surface drain.' 
 
 Rig,   ridge.' 
 
 Sagg, 'to sway, bend with weight.' 
 
 Segg, 'bull castrated before maturity.' 
 
 Segg, ' Bedge, etc' 
 
 Snig, 'little eel.' 
 
 Snags, ' shams.' 
 
 Sog, ' mass of earth.' 
 
 Swiggle, ' to drink freely.' 
 
 Teg, 'a lamb, from first Michaelmas 
 
 alter birth.'
 
 106 
 
 F legged 
 Fligged 
 
 Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Drugs, ' ;i timber waggon.' 
 
 1 1;: . ' stiff clump of coarse grass.' 
 
 Eaghog, ' hedgehog.' 
 
 Eiggler. 
 
 Rig. 
 
 Rug, 'tree.' 
 
 K Angl., Rye, 1895. 
 
 Arriwiggle, ' earwig.' 
 
 Bigg, kind of barley. 
 
 Brig, ' a bridge.' 
 
 Claggy, 'clogged with moisture.' 
 
 Crag, ' the craw or crop. ' 
 
 Dag, ' dew.' 
 
 Drug, ' strong cart for timber.' 
 
 | ' fledged.' 
 
 Higgle, ' to chaffer.' 
 
 Lig, ' to lie ' (jacere). 
 
 Rig, ' ridge in a field. ' 
 
 Sagging, ' soughing of wind in reeds. ' 
 
 Scug, ' squirrel.' 
 
 Seg, ' sedge.' 
 
 Seggen, ' made of sedges.' 
 
 Slug-horn, ' short, stunted horn of an 
 
 animal.' 
 Snag, ' rough knob of a tree.' 
 
 Hercfordsh . , Havergal, 1887. 
 Segs, ' rushes.' 
 
 TJpton-on- Severn (TForcs.), Laioson, 
 1884. 
 
 Driggle, ' small-meshed draw-net.' 
 
 Fan', ' fog-grass.' 
 
 Rig, ' to sprain ' (of back). 
 
 Sag, ' sedge. ' 
 
 Sag -seated chair. 
 
 Swag, 'to sway, balance.' 
 
 W. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. 
 
 Dag, ' to draggle.' 
 Swig, ' to sway.' 
 
 S.E. Worcs., Salesbury, 1893. 
 
 Bag, ' cut wheat with a hook.' 
 Dag, ' to draggle in the mud.' 
 
 Dri f n , | 'harrow.' 
 (and Dray) j 
 
 Lug, ' to pull.' 
 
 Mag, ' a scold.' 
 
 Nag, 'to scold incessantly.' 
 
 Pug, ' to pull.' 
 
 Sags, ' rushes I'm- chair-making.' 
 
 Sag-bottomed chairs. 
 
 Scog, ' to scold. 
 
 Snuggle, ' lie close.' 
 
 Swag of a line or beam, ' to sag.' 
 
 Swig, ' to drink.' 
 
 Tas 
 
 game of touch. 
 
 Teg, ' yearling sheep.' 
 
 Warwcsh., NorthalL, 1S96. 
 A°'°" ) 
 
 ¥ :z ' to e ?s ° n - 
 
 Dag, ' dew.' 
 
 Fligged, 'fledged.' 
 
 Fog, ' rough grass.' 
 
 Geg, ' to swing. ' 
 
 Hag, 'to cut' (woodman's term). 
 
 Higgler. 
 
 Lagger, 'litter, mess.' 
 
 Lig, ' to tell a lie. ' 
 
 Seg, ' sedge.' 
 
 Lugs, ' slender rods to fasten thatch 
 
 do an.' 
 Piggin. 
 
 Skag, ' to tear or split. ' 
 Slug, ' to throw stones, etc' 
 Snug, ' a pig.' 
 Spug, ' sparrow.' 
 Teg, ' yearling sheep. ' 
 Trig, ' a narrow path. ' 
 
 Northamptonsh., Baker, 1854. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Dag, ' to bemire, soak with dirt.' 
 
 Fligged, 'fledged.' 
 
 Fligger, ' to flutter.' 
 
 Fliggers, ' young birds ready to fly.' 
 
 Lig, ' a lie.' 
 
 Ligger, ' a liar.' 
 
 Rig, ' ridge.' 
 
 Segs, ' sedges.' 
 
 Seggy, adj. 
 
 Sprig, ' rose of watering-can.' 
 
 Whig, ' whey.' 
 
 Beds., Batchelor, 1807. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 to Egg on. 
 
 Flig, 'fledged.' 
 
 Lig, 'an untruth.' (flatchelor calls 
 this word ' old-fashioned,' so it was 
 probably obsolescent in Beds, in 
 1809.)
 
 107 
 
 Stiff., Moor, 1823. 
 
 c° I ' sedge.' 
 Segs J ° 
 
 Swig ) said of a leak in a tap, 
 
 (and Swidge) j ' all of a swig.' 
 
 Glos., Robertson, 1890. 
 
 Cag-mag, ' bad meat.' 
 
 Deg, ' to dig.' 
 
 Egg. 
 
 Fog, ' grass growing on boggy ground.' 
 
 Frog. 
 
 Guggle, 'small snail.' 
 
 ? Layger, ' narrow strip of land or 
 
 copse.' 
 r Lug, ' piece of laud.' 
 Moggy, ' a calf.' 
 Nag, ' to worry.' 
 Niggle, ' to tease.' 
 Niggut, ' small faggot.' 
 Sag-seated chair, V. of Glos. 
 Sags i 
 
 Segs > 'sedges.' 
 Zegs ) 
 
 Seg | , , 
 
 o-° • ' urine. 
 
 Sig J 
 
 Scaggy, 'shaggy,' V. of Glos. ; H. of 
 
 Berkley. 
 Snag, 'tooth standing alone.' 
 Stag, ' young ox.' 
 
 Swag l , , , 
 
 c ° i \ ' to sway. 
 S waggle ) 
 
 rp.£ t ' one-year-old sheep.' 
 
 to Trig, ' to wedge up.' 
 Wag, ' to move.' 
 
 Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. 
 
 Daggle, 'to trail in the mud.' 
 
 Fligged, ' fledged.' 
 
 Juggle, 'a snail's shell.' 
 
 (H)aggle, ' to harass one's self with 
 
 work.' 
 Ligster, ' a lie, a liar.' 
 Maggled, 'tired out' (Blackburn). 
 Waggn, ' waggon.' 
 
 Berks., Lowsley, 1888. 
 Haggas, ' fruit of hawthorn.' 
 
 W. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. 
 
 Ag, 'to scold, provoke.' 
 
 Bag, measure of weight. 
 
 ' bumptious.' 
 
 Cloggy, 'thick, sticky.' 
 
 Dag (to set a dag = to have somebody). 
 
 Drug, 'to drag.' 
 
 bugged, ' dagged.' 
 
 Egg (ag) of a bird. 
 
 Fog-grass. 
 
 Higgler, ' poultry-dealer.' 
 
 Hag, ' old woman.' 
 
 Lie-abed, 'sluggard.' 
 
 Mugget, ' outer stomach of calf.' 
 
 Nag, 'log, block.' 
 
 Nug, ' rough mass of any substance.' 
 
 Pig. 
 
 l'u//, ' to poke, thrust.' 
 
 Rag, ' to scold.' 
 
 Rig, 'lark, joke, wanton woman.' 
 
 Sig, ' urine.' 
 
 Slug. 
 
 Snug. 
 
 Swig, ' drink hastily. ' 
 
 Scrag, ' neck.' 
 
 Teg, ' yearling sheep.' 
 
 Trig, ' neat, tidy.' 
 
 Ugly- 
 
 Zog, ' a bog, morass. ' 
 
 Dorset, Barnes, 1886. 
 
 Cag-mag, ' bad meat.' 
 Cag, ' to surfeit.' 
 
 Wilts., Bartnell and Goddard, 1893. 
 
 Agg, vb., ' hack.' 
 
 Agalds, • hawthorn-berries.' (In 
 
 Devon, Aggies.) 
 Bag, ' bent pens with a hook.' 
 Barley-big. 
 Daggled. 
 Diggled. 
 
 Flag, ' blade of wheat. 
 Eggs, ' haws.' 
 Drug : to drag timber. 
 Drag, ' a harrow.' 
 Freglam, ' odds and ends of food 
 
 fried up.' 
 Nog? 
 
 Muggle, ' muddle.' 
 Maggots, ' tricks.' 
 Lug, ' hole or perch.' 
 Jag, ' beard of oats.' 
 Haggle, ' cut clumsily.' 
 Peggy, -fair,' obs., N.W. 
 Pig. ' 
 Quag, ' a shake, trembling,' S.W. 
 
 Rig, • half-gelded horse.' 
 
 Rig, vb., ' climb on, bestride anything.' 
 
 |? g 1 'urine,' S.W. 
 &ig \
 
 IDS 
 
 Skug, ' squirrel.' 
 Smug. 
 
 Snag, N/W., ' decayed tooth ' ; S.W., 
 
   a sloe.' 
 Snig, ' small eel,' S.W. 
 Sniggle, S.W. 
 Sog, 'boggy ground.' 
 Teg-man, ' shepherd,' S.W. 
 Tig, ' little pig,' N.W. occasionally. 
 Trig, 'fasten, make firm ' N.W. ; adj., 
 
 ' in good health,' S.W. 
 Vag, ' to reap with broad hook.' 
 Wag. 
 Waggon. 
 
 Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1896. 
 
 Sag, ' to bend.' 
 
 Teg, ' a year- old sheep.' 
 
 Trug, ' gardener's wooden basket.' 
 
 Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. 
 
 Bag, ' to cut with hook.' 
 
 Dag on sheep. 
 
 Draggle-tailed. 
 
 Flig, ' strands of grass. ' 
 
 Fog, ' aftermath.' 
 
 Heg, 'hag, fairy.' 
 
 Higgler. 
 
 Hog. 
 
 Keg-meg, ' a gossip.' 
 
 Lug -worm. 
 
 Maggoty, 'whimsical.' 
 
 Megpy. 
 
 Pig. 
 
 Plog, ' block of wood at end of halter.' 
 
 Pug, ' soft ground.' 
 
 Eig ? 
 
 Sag, 'to sink, bend.' 
 
 Sig, ' urine.' 
 
 Smug, ' to steal.' 
 
 Tag, ' a yearly sheep.' 
 
 Wig, 'to overreach, cheat.' 
 
 W. Corn., Courtney, 1880. 
 
 Clig, ' to cling to.' 
 
 digged together. 
 
 Drug, ' a drag for a wheel.' 
 
 Trug, ' trudge.' 
 
 Aglet, ' berry of hawthorn.' Garland, 
 W. Corn., Journ. of Roy. Inst, of 
 Corn., 1864. (Perhaps French.) 
 
 E. Cornw., Couch, 1880. 
 
 Dogberry, ' wild gooseberry.' 
 Drug, ' to drag.' 
 Sneg, 'small snail.' 
 (Eglet, fruit of whitethorn. Couch, 
 Journal of Roy. Inst, of Corn., 1864.) 
 
 Hants, Cope, 1883. 
 
 Doglets, ' icicles.' 
 
 Hag, ' haw ' (the berry). 
 
 Haggils, ' haws of whitethorn.' 
 
 Leg, 'long narrow meadow (= 'leah ' ?). 
 
 Strig, 'stalk of a plant.' 
 
 Swig, ' to suck.' 
 
 Scug, ' squirrel.' 
 
 I. of W., Smith, 1881. 
 
 Igg, ' egg.' 
 
 Drug shoe, ' drag for a cart.' 
 
 Sussex, Parish, 1879. 
 
 Bug, ' any winged insect.' 
 Drugged, 'halt-dried.' 
 Egg, ' to incite.' 
 Grig, 'merry, happy.' 
 
 ' ° | 'long, narrow marshy meadow.' 
 
 Sag, ' to hang down.' 
 Snag, ' a snail.'
 
 109 
 
 VI. 
 
 Words in -dge. 
 
 Northumb., Eeslop, 1893-4. 
 
 Cadgy, 'hearty, cheerful,' especially 
 after food ; cf. cag-mag, cf. also 
 kedge. 
 
 Dredge. 
 
 Edge, sh. 
 
 Fadge, ' small loaf of bread. 
 
 Fadge, 'bundle of sticks.' 
 
 Fledger, ' a fledgeling.' 
 
 Kedge, 'to fill oneself with meat.' 
 
 Kidgel, ' cudgel.' 
 
 Midgy, ' midge.' 
 
 Midge-grass. 
 
 Mudge, 'stir, shift.' 
 
 Radgy, 'lewd, wanton.' 
 
 Badge, ' push about.' 
 
 Sludge, 'soft, wet mud.' 
 
 Smudge, 'to laugh quietly.' 
 
 Snudge \ ' a fillet or ribbon worn 
 
 (and Snood) j by girls.' 
 
 Spadger and Spag, ' a sparrow.' 
 
 "Wadge, 
 
 slice of bread, wedge.' 
 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 1889. 
 
 Badger. 
 Edge. 
 
 Fadge, ' a slow trot.' 
 
 Frudge, ' to brush roughly past.' 
 
 Hedge. 
 
 Kuidgel, ' to castrate by ligature.' 
 
 Marshall, E. Yorks., 1788. 
 
 Fridge, ' to chafe.' 
 Midge, but, lig, flig, rig. 
 
 Swaledale [N.E. Yorks.), Harland, 
 1873. 
 
 Midge. 
 
 Smudge, 'to smoulder.' 
 
 Windhill, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 
 1892. 
 
 The transcription is l'rofessor Wright's. 
 
 Edz, ' edge.' 
 Ed/, • hedge.' 
 
 Whitby {N.E. Yorks), Robinson, 187G. 
 
 Hedge-dike-side. 
 Hoose-midges, ' common flies.' 
 to Nudge with the elbow. 
 
 Sheffield, S. W. Yorks., Addy, 1888-90. 
 
 \ dge- o'- dark, ' twilight.' 
 Hedge and bind, ' in and out.' 
 Midge. 
 Midgeon-fat. 
 
 Huddersfield, W. Yorks., Easther, 1881. 
 Midge, ' a small gnat.' 
 
 Lanes., Modal and Milner, 187-3. 
 
 Badger, ' small retail dealer.' 
 
 Drage, ' damp.' 
 
 Edge o' dark. 
 
 Henridge I Ormskirk, ' outlet for 
 
 Hainridge j cattle.' 
 
 Midge, ' anything very small.' 
 
 <S. Cheshire, Darlington, 1887. 
 
 Badge, ' to cut a hedge.' 
 Hodge, ' to botch.' 
 Drudge-box, ' flour-dredger.' 
 Edge, ' border.' 
 
 Ell l% ''eager for.' 
 (and Egg) t 8 
 
 (H)edge. 
 
 ( H)odge, ' paunch of a pig.' 
 
 Ledger, 'to warp wooden vessels in 
 
 water. ' 
 
 Mod S e \ ' to o-n ' 
 (and Mog) S & 
 
 Mudge-hole, ' soft, boggy place.' 
 
 Ridge. 
 
 Wedged, ' swelled.' 
 
 Derbysh., Pegge-Skeat, 1896. 
 
 Edge in place-names = ' rocks.' 
 Eedge. 
 Midge. 
 
 Sludge, ' mud.' 
 
 Snudge, ' to go unasked to an euter- 
 i linment.'
 
 110 
 
 N.J':. Hues., Feacock, 1889. 
 
 Cradge, ' small bank to keep out 
 
 water.' 
 Dredge, ' a harrow of bushy thorns.' 
 Ettidge = eddish, ' aftermath.' 
 Fridge, ' to graze, chafe,' and in 
 
 S.W. Lines., which has Bodge, 'to 
 
 mend, patch.' 
 Kedge, ' belly, stomach.' 
 Nudge, ' to follow closely.' 
 Sludge, ' stiff mud.' 
 In North Liucoln, Sutton, 1881, 
 
 Kedge = ' stoppage of the bowels 
 
 from green food.' 
 
 Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. 
 
 Edge, ' ridge of a hill.' 
 
 Hedge. 
 
 Ledgen, ' to close seams of a wooden 
 
 vessel by warpiug ' (cf . ' the lags ' of 
 
 a tub). 
 Midgen, ' omentum of a pig.' 
 .Sludge, ' wet mud.' 
 
 t. ? I 'space of ploughed land.' 
 
 Wadge, ' a wedge, lump.' 
 
 Staffs., Poole, 1880. 
 
 Tadgel, ' to tie.' 
 
 ? Le/^er, ' under millstone. ' 
 
 Leicestersh., Evans, 1881. 
 
 Badge, ' cut, and tie up beans in shocks. ' 
 
 Edgy, 'keen, forward.' 
 
 Edge, ' to incite, egg on.' 
 
 ™ j ( 1. 'to srull a person.' 
 
 Fad §' e U 'to toady.' 
 
 Fridge, sb., ' chafe.' 
 
 Hidgeler, 'higgler.' 
 
 Midgeram-fat. 
 
 Mudgings, ' fat about the intestines.' 
 
 Nudging, ' nesting of birds.' 
 
 Padge, ' barn-owl.' 
 
 Pedgel, ' to pick over, examine.' 
 
 Sludge, ' mire.' 
 
 Wadge, ' lump, bundle.' 
 
 E. Angl., Rye, 1895. 
 
 Bodge, 'patch, botch.' 
 Fadge, ' a bundle or parcel.' 
 Hedge-pig, ' hedgehog.' 
 Kedge, ' brisk, active.' 
 
 to Nudge with the elbow. 
 
 Sedge-marine, ' sedge-warbler.' 
 
 • i \ ' to drain off, swill ' ; in 
 
 Swidge f ... , ,. ,, , , 
 
 , , ■. , • , > Dialect ot E. An"'l., 
 
 ( an( lfcwig) i Nall>1866! 
 
 Ledger, ' a thatcher's tool.' 
 
 Herefordsh., Havergal, 1887- 
 
 Flidgeter : ' going a flidgeter ' = ' taking 
 
 a flying leap.' 
 Hedge, 'bill.' 
 Rudge of ploughed field. 
 
 Upton- on- Severn, Worcs., Lawson, 
 1884. 
 
 Mudgin, ' fatfrom chitterlings of a pig.' 
 
 r> Fi • 'a half-<reldin°;.' 
 Rudgel I p ° 
 
 Snudge, ' a kiss, to kiss,' and W. 
 
 Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. 
 
 S.E. Worcs., Salcsbiu-i/, 1893. 
 
 Edge-o-night. 
 
 Hedger. 
 
 Mudgin. 
 
 Kidgel. 
 
 Sludge, ' liquid mud.' 
 
 Snudge. 
 
 Stodgy. 
 
 Warwcsh., Northall, 1896. 
 
 Badger, ' jobbing dealer.' 
 
 Bodge, ' prod with a pointed stick.' 
 
 Fridge, ' to fray out.' 
 
 Hudge, ' a heap, mass.' 
 
 Hodge, ' stomach.' 
 
 Modge, ' to muddle, confuse.' 
 
 Mudgin, ' fat on pig's chitterlings.' 
 
 Podgel, 'to trirle, dally.' 
 
 Sludge-guts, ' person with prominent 
 
 abdomen.' 
 Spadger. 
 Stodge, ' stuff and cram.' 
 
 Northamptonsh., Baker, 1854. 
 Birgc, ' bridge ' (nearly obs. in 1854). 
 
 Suff., Moor, 1823. 
 
 a Ridge of ploughed land. 
 
 Swidge I said of a leak from a tap, 
 
 (and Swig) j ' all of a swig.'
 
 Ill 
 
 Glos., Robertson, 1890. 
 
 to Badge, ' to hawk.' 
 
 Cludgv, ' thick, stout.' 
 
 Edge." 
 
 Edge on, adj . . ' eager for. ' 
 
 Fadge, ' small bundle.' 
 
 Mudgin, ' fat of pig's chitterlings.' 
 
 Rudgel, ' an imperfect gelding.' 
 
 Ridge \ 
 
 Rudge / 
 
 Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. 
 
 Mudgerum. 
 
 W. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. 
 
 Begurge. 
 
 Cadge, ' tramping.' 
 
 Bulge, ' batter out of shape. ' 
 
 Burge, ' bridge.' 
 
 Dredge, 'to sprinkle.' 
 
 Edge, ' to egg on.' 
 
 Edgment, ' incitement.' 
 
 Fodfe}' sacko f wooL ' 
 
 Hedge-trow, ' ditch at side of hedge.' 
 
 Kedge, ' boat's anchor.' 
 
 Hare-ridged. 
 
 Smudge, 'to smear.' 
 
 Stodge, ' thick, doughy matter.' 
 
 Urge, ' retch.' 
 
 Wexford, Poole- Barnes, 1867. 
 
 Bidge, ' to buy.' 
 
 (This dialect is W. Southern type, but 
 the glossary is very unreliable.) 
 
 Wilts., Dartnell and Goddard, 1893. 
 
 Badge, 'to deal in corn' (obs.). 
 
 Kdge. 
 
 Dudge, ' bundle of anything used to 
 
 stop a hole.' 
 Dredge i ' barley and oats grown 
 Drodge } together.' 
 Fodge, ' small package of wool.' 
 
 Rudge, • space between furrows of 
 
 ploughed laud.' 
 Spudgel, ' wooden scoop.' 
 
 Surrey, Leveson-Gorcer, 1896. 
 
 Bodge, ' gardener's wooden basket.' 
 
 Cledgy, ' wet, sticky ' (of the ground). 
 
 Dredge, ' a brush-harrow.' 
 
 Fdget, ' kind of rake.' 
 
 Snudge, ' to move about pensively.' 
 
 Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. 
 
 Bodge, ' gardener's wooden basket.' 
 Cledge, ' clay, stiff loam.' 
 Dredge, ' a brush-harrow.' 
 
 W. Cornw., Courtney, 1880. 
 
 Clidgy, 'sticky.' 
 
 Cock-hedge, ' trimmed thorn hedge.' 
 
 Dorset, Barnes, 1886. 
 
 Ledgers, ' rods used to keep thatch in 
 its place.' 
 
 Ridger 
 
 (also Ri 
 
 ig)J 
 
 an uncut horse.' 
 
 Hants., Cope, 1883. 
 
 Hedge picks, ' fruit of blackthorn.' 
 
 Hudgy, ' clumsy.' 
 
 Rudge-bone, ' weather - boarding of 
 
 wooden houses.' 
 Sid<je ' sedo-e.' 
 
 /. of W., Smith, 1881. 
 
 Hedge-houn, 'a plant.' 
 Ledgers, wood fastenings for thatch 
 ' layers.' 
 
 Sussex, Parish, 1879. 
 
 Dredge, ' mixture of oats and barley.' 
 Hedge-pick, ' hedge-sparrow.' 
 Midge, ' any kind of gnat.' 
 Ridge band," ' part of harness.'
 
 112 
 
 VII. 
 
 Non-initial O.E. g and // = w, f, etc. 
 
 Northumh., Heslop, 1893-4. 
 
 Braffam j 
 
 horse-collar. 
 
 tree. 
 
 i 
 
 of river. 
 
 Briffam 
 
 Barfam ) 
 
 Brough, ' moon-halo.' 
 
 Couh, ' cough.' 
 
 Daw, 'thrive.' 
 
 Draa, ' to thrive.' 
 
 Draft-net. 
 
 Duff. 
 
 Flaa, ' turf for fuel.' 
 
 Flaughter, ' thin layer of turf. 
 
 Haa- i 
 
 Haw- ) 
 
 Haugh \ ' low-lving ground by 
 
 Haaf J 
 
 Heronsheugh 
 
 Heronseugh 
 
 Heronshuff ) 
 
 Doff 
 
 Hough 
 
 Hough 
 
 Hou 
 
 Hough 
 
 Laigh, 'low.' 
 
 Low, 'flame.' 
 
 Ti r > ' stomach.' 
 Maw | 
 
 ]\1 arrow, 'fried,' etc. 
 
 Pegh, ' to puff, pant.' 
 
 Pleught ) , ,,,. ,. , 
 j ' watthng-stick 
 
 side 
 
 j ' to throw a hall below the 
 J 
 
 hough.' 
 
 ) 
 
 hollow. 
 
 X. 
 
 Ploute 
 Ploo \ 
 Plew i 
 Pluf \ 
 Pleuf } 
 Raa, ' row 
 Ho ) 
 Eoa 
 Eow 
 Euf 
 Rough 
 Saugh \ 
 Saf 
 
 Sauf ) 
 Seuch i 
 Sheugh I 
 Sough ) 
 Sough \ , 
 Sour' i 
 Teuf, 'tough.' 
 
 1. 
 
 .. 
 
 raw. 
 
 willow. 
 
 plough.' 
 
 small stream draining 
 through the land.' 
 
 sound of wind. 
 
 Through j ' a stone going through 
 
 Thruff-stveu ' entire thickness of 
 
 Thiowf ' ) wall.' 
 
 Thruff, originally a stone coffin, now 
 
 stone laid on a grave = ' trough' ? 
 
 Tocher \ 
 
 Togher [ ' dowry.' 
 
 Towcher ' 
 
 Trow ) , . , , 
 n , ' trough. 
 
 I nm | 
 
 Wallow. 
 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. 
 
 Aneuff J 
 
 Aueugh > 
 
 Anoo ) 
 
 Braffam. 
 
 Cleub, ' claw, hoof.' 
 
 Coff, ' to cough.' 
 
 Huff. 
 
 Hugh. 
 
 Safftree. 
 
 Saughtree, ' willow.' 
 
 Troff, 'trough.' 
 
 Thruff-stan, ' tombstone.' 
 
 Thruff, 'through.' 
 
 Teuff, 'tough.' 
 
 Heugh, ' dry dell.' 
 
 Bew, ' bough.' 
 
 Haugh, ' flat land near river.' 
 
 Haw, ' fruit of hawthorn.' 
 
 Leugh, 'laughed.' 
 
 I.aghter, 'brood of chickens.' 
 
 PI ugh. 
 
 Plu. 
 
 Laa, ' law.' 
 
 Durham, Palgrave, 1896. 
 
 Doo, 'cake.' 
 
 Eneugh =onjuuf. 
 
 Marra, ' mate.' 
 
 Nuwt, ' nothing.' 
 
 Fluff, ' plough ' (very seldom) . 
 
 Sivaledale, N. Yorks., Harland, 1873. 
 
 Dow, ' to thrive.' 
 
 (H)awe, ' a meadow by a river.' 
 
 Oawz, ' the hocks of a beast.' 
 
 Barffam \ 
 
 Barfam )
 
 113 
 
 Whitby, X.E. Forks., Robinson, 1876. 
 Forms with -/'. 
 
 Barfon, 'horse-collar.' 
 Thruff, 'through.' 
 Plufe, ' plough.' 
 Sluffs, ' skins of fruit.' 
 c-fr \ ' to draw breath through the 
 e /r , teeth ' (col;', with Sigh ? or = 
 SuS ) Fr. Siffler?). 
 Wilf, ' willow ' (also in Marshall's 
 E. Yorks., 1771). 
 
 Forms with -w. 
 
 Awn, ' to own.' 
 
 Barrow-pips. 
 
 Farrow, said of a barren cow. 
 
 Marrows, sb. pi. 
 
 Sew, ' a sow.' 
 
 Sou, of the wind = ' to culm down.' 
 
 Windhill, X. Central Yorks., Wright. 
 
 The transcription is Professor Wright's. 
 
 Words with -/. 
 
 Dwaf, 'dwarf.' 
 Duaf, ' dough.' 
 Draft. 
 
 Inif (sing.), 'enough.' 
 Laf, ' laugh.' 
 Sluf, 'slough.' 
 Buf, ' rough.' 
 Trof, ' trough.' 
 
 Words with no final consonant. 
 
 Ba, ' to bow.' 
 Biu, ' bough.' 
 Droa, ' draw.' 
 Fal, 'fowl.' 
 Fald, 'fellow.' 
 Iniu (pi.), ' enough.' 
 Loo, ' law.' 
 Mara, ' marrow.' 
 Pliu, ' plough.' 
 Sa, ' a drain.' 
 
 Sliu, '.slew.' 
 
 Wife, ' willow.' 
 poo, ' though.' 
 
 Mid Yorks., Robinson, 1870. 
 
 Boo ) . , , , 
 Beaf} b0 "- h - 
 Dow, ' to prosper.' 
 Ewe, pret. of ' to owe.' 
 
 Fellow, ' fallow.' 
 Low, ' flame.' 
 
 Slaffened 
 (and Slockned) 
 
 Marrow, ' match, fellow.' 
 
 Maw, ' sb.' 
 
 Meat' | . „ , 
 
 ^■- ,. a mow of com, etc. 
 
 Pleaf - 
 
 Pluf 
 
 Pleuf v 
 
 1>r > ' plough. 
 
 Pliw 
 
 Plea 
 
 flaw 
 
 Sough, vb. (=saow), of the wind. 
 
 Hndderxfield, W. Yorks., Easther, 1881. 
 Words with -./'. 
 
 ('lough, ' ravine ' (fluff). 
 
 Dougb (dofe . 
 
 Drut ty, ' dry, droughty.' 
 
 Fauf | ' to clean ground for 
 
 (and Faigh t building.' 
 
 ' saturated, soaked.' 
 / (An old man was 
 [ heard to pronounce 
 this word with a 
 'guttural,' by 
 
 which Mr. Easther 
 f presumably means 
 \^ a back- open con- 
 sonant.) 
 Suff, 'to tire of.' 
 Soaf, ' willow.' 
 
 Words with consonant dropped. 
 Moo of barley, etc. 
 
 Marr7}; tomatcl1 -' 
 
 Marrow, similar, ' the marrow glove.' 
 Soo, ' a sow.' 
 Ploo , 
 
 (and Pleugh) I 
 
 Sheffield, S.W. Yorks., Addy, 
 1888-90. 
 
 Enew, ' enough.' 
 
 Haw, ' berry of hawthorn.' 
 
 Mannw. ' fellow, mate,' etc. 
 
 Hay-mow. 
 
 Plew, ' plough.' 
 
 Soo of w ind in trees, etc. 
 Trow, ' a trough.' 
 Sail', ' a drain.' 
 Sauf, ' sallow, willow.' 
 
 Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1 S 7 • 3 . 
 
 Aan, adj., ' own.' 
 Barrow-pig, ' male swine.' 
 
 8
 
 114 
 
 Marrow, ' a match, mate.' 
 Il;i\ -moo, ' stack nl hay.' 
 
 ., !• ' h:iv mow. 
 Mn. it I 
 
 ■5 ' to laugh, 
 l.aith ) ° 
 
 Sawgh, ' willow.' 
 
 S. Chesh., Burlington, 1887. 
 Bow. 
 
 \l.iw . 
 
 Sim of the wind. 
 Suff, 'to drain.' 
 Fief and Fleth, ' a flea ' (Holland). 
 
 Derbysh., Tegge — Skeat, 189G. 
 
 Barrow, ' a gelt pig ' (obs.). 
 
 Duwter, 'daughter.' 
 
 Slou?/* =? ' miry place.' 
 
 Coff, ' cough.' " 
 
 Draft, ' team or cart.' 
 
 Kmiff. 
 
 (H)offle, ' hough of a horse.' Dimin. 
 
 N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. 
 
 Anifi, ' enough.' 
 
 Biff, 'bough.' 
 
 Enif, ' enough.' 
 
 Shift, ' skin of a fruit.' 
 
 Toff, 'tough.' 
 
 Thrif 1 ' through ' ; also in S.W. 
 
 Thruf ) Lines. 
 
 Tiffen, ' make touch.' 
 
 S.W. Lines., Cole, 1886, has Daffy, 
 
 ' doughy ' ; Suff., ' underground 
 
 drain.' 
 Awe, ' to owe.' 
 
 Beu \ ' bough ' ; back-open cons. 
 Bevrgh J usually heard in this word. 
 Bow, ' to bend.' 
 Draw, ' to drain.' 
 Haw, ' fruit of hawthorn.' 
 Hollow. 
 
 Maw, 'to mow.' 
 Mow (rhymes with 'now'), 'pile of 
 
 hay, etc., in a barn.' 
 Pleugh l gh still heard, but 
 Ploo j disappearing. 
 
 Baw, adj. 
 
 Bough = ? (in sound). 
 
 Scew ?, ' to sow.' 
 Souing of the wind. 
 Saugh (sau), ' goat willow.' 
 Tallow. 
 
 Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. 
 
 Hathorn, ' hawthorn.' 
 Haw, ' fruit of same.' 
 Lawter, ' complement of eggs for a 
 sitting hen.' 
 
 Leices., Evans, 1881. 
 Haw. in place-names. 
 
 Euew, ' enough.' 
 
 o , } ' a covered drain.' 
 Soot I 
 
 W. Wores., Chamberlain, 1882. 
 
 Ah -thorn, ' hawthorn.' 
 
 Enew ) , , , 
 
 -r, 'enough. 
 
 Enow ) ° 
 
 Plow. 
 
 Suff, ' a drain.' 
 
 S.E. Wore*., Salesbury, 1893. 
 
 Burru, ' sheltered place ' (also in Upton- 
 on-Severn, Lawson, 1884). 
 
 Enow. 
 
 Mow, ' part of barn filled with straw.' 
 
 Loff, 'laugh.' 
 
 Buff, ' hilly ground with trees growing 
 on it.' 
 
 Saw, ' the tool.' 
 
 Throw (rhymes with cow) ' through.' 
 
 Warwcsh., Northall., 1896. 
 
 Anew, ' enough.' 
 
 Bough (ruff). 
 
 Suff, ' mouth of drain with grating.' 
 
 Truff 
 
 Tro ) 
 
 ' a trough.' 
 
 Northamptonsh., Baker, 1854. 
 
 Cuff, ' cough.' 
 
 Sueing ) c   , 
 o ta of wind. 
 
 Surhng j 
 
 Glos., Robertson, 1890. 
 
 Burrow, ' shelter or lee side.' 
 
 Droo, ' through.' 
 
 Ebows, ' shoulder-joints of cattle.' 
 
 Fallow. 
 
 Slough, ' part of quick of a cow's horn.' 
 
 Trough ( = trow) for drinking.
 
 115 
 
 Oxf., Parker, 1870-81. 
 
 Fuuwt, ' fought.' 
 Pluuwin, 'ploughing.' 
 
 Berks., Lowsley, 1888. 
 
 Haw, ' dwelling enclosed by woods.' 
 Zaa, ' a saw.' 
 
 IV. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. 
 
 Barrow-pig, ' gelt pig.' 
 
 Bow (buw), ' a twig.' 
 
 Bow (buw), ' to bend.' 
 
 Dough (doa). 
 
 to Draw. 
 
 Draft, ' bar to which plough-horses are 
 
 attached. ' 
 Drough (drue) ' through.' 
 Drow (Druw) , ' to dry. ' 
 Enow, ' enough.' 
 Laugh (laa*of). 
 Maw : mouth in men, stomach in 
 
 cattle. 
 Mow (maew), 'rick.' 
 Ought = au.t or au.f. 
 Plough (plaew). 
 Eaught (raut), 'reached.' 
 Baw. 
 Bew, ' row or ridge of grass made 
 
 in scything.' 
 Bough (hruuf). 
 
 Bow (ruw), ' to roughen cloth.' 
 Sife, 'to sigh.' 
 Thawy, 'to thaw.' 
 Thoff," ' though.' 
 
 Dorset, Barnes, 1886. 
 
 Sify, ' a sob, catch the breath in 
 sighing. ' 
 
 Wilts, Dartnell and Goddard, 1893. 
 
 Draw, ' a squirrel's nest.' 
 
 Drawn, ' large drain.' 
 
 Pig-haw. 
 
 Mow, ' part of barn for heaping up 
 
 corn.' 
 Bou^A =/? 
 Spawe, ' splinter of stone.' 
 
 Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1896. 
 Farrow, ' litter of pigs.' 
 
 Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. 
 
 Draaffc, ' bar on plough to which 
 
 traces are fixed.' 
 Dwarfs-money, 'ancient coins.' 
 Huffed, p.p. (also ' very great'), 
 to Huff (spelt hough), ' to hough.' 
 Ruff, ' any rough place.' 
 Thoft, ' thought.' 
 Draw-well. 
 Draw-hook. 
 Enow. 
 
 Flaw, 'to flay, strip off bark.' 
 Haw, ' small ' ? 
 Raw. 
 
 TV. Corn., Courtney, 1880. 
 
 ? Belve, ' to bellow.' 
 Laff, ' laugh.' 
 
 Budget of C. Poems. 
 
 Broft, ' brought,' 45. 
 Thoft, ' thought,' 16. 
 
 E. Cornw., Couch, 1880. 
 
 Maa, ' maw.' 
 Bow, ' rough. 
 Siff, 'to sigh.' 
 
 Hants., Cope, 1883. 
 
 Huf, ' to breathe hard.' 
 
 Mow (maw), ' stack in a barn.' 
 
 Bowen | ' winter grass ' ; cf. ruffen, 
 
 Bowet i other dialects. 
 
 Trow (troa), ' a trough.' 
 
 /. of TV. 
 
 Maa, ' maw.' 
 
 Sussex, Parish, 1879. 
 
 Flaw, ' to flag, to strip bark. 
 Haffar, 'heifer.'
 
 116 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Non-initial O.E. -g and -h fronted and lost or = -y. 
 
 Northumb., HesJop, 1893-94. 
 
 Ee, ' eye.' 
 
 Flee, '"to fly.' 
 
 Flee, 'a fly.' 
 
 Feid' 'feud' (O.E. fiehj-e). 
 
 Wully, 'willow.' 
 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. 
 
 Ee, 'eye.' 
 Een, ' eyes.' 
 Hee, 'high.' 
 Ley, ' arable land.' 
 Lee, ' to tell lies.' 
 
 Stey j bladder.' 
 
 Swally, ' to swallow.' 
 Willy, ' willow.' 
 
 Swaledale, N. Forks., Harland, 1873. 
 
 Ee, ' eye. ' 
 
 Felly. 
 
 Lee, ' a lie.' 
 
 Whitby, N.E. Tories., Robinson, 1876. 
 Eee \ ' eye.' 
 
 Eeen j P L 
 
 Flee, ' a fly, to fly.' 
 
 Stee, ' sriiall ladder.' 
 
 Wind hill, N. Central Yorks., 
 Wright, 1892. 
 
 The transcription is that of Prof. Wright. 
 
 Drai, ' dry.' 
 Dri, ' dreary.' 
 Ei, 'high.' 
 FIT, « a fly, to fly.' 
 Led, ' lay.' 
 2s T ei, ' to neigh.' 
 Sti, 'ladder.' 
 
 ILuldersfield, W. Yrks., Easther, 1881. 
 
 Ee, 'eye.' 
 Fain, 'glad.' 
 Stee, 'a ladder.' 
 
 Sheffield, S.W. Yrks, Addy, 1888-90. 
 
 Flee, 'a fly.' 
 Lee, 'a falsehood.' 
 
 S. Chesh., Darlington, 1887. 
 
 Flev, ' flay.' 
 
 Fly'. 
 
 (H')igh. 
 
 Lee, vb. act., 'lay down.' 
 
 Swey, ' to swing. 
 
 Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1875. 
 
 Ee-bree, 'eyebrow.' 
 
 Ley, ' pasture or grass land. ' 
 
 Stee, ' a ladder.' 
 
 N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. 
 
 Belly. 
 
 Dee, 'to die.' 
 
 Dry, ' thirsty.' 
 
 Eye. 
 
 Flee, ' a fly.* 
 
 Lay, 'to lie.' 
 
 Lee, sb. and vb., ' lie.' 
 
 Ley, ' unenclosed grass laud.' 
 
 Stays, ' stairs.' 
 
 Stee, ' ladder.' 
 
 Thee, 'thigh.' 
 
 Wee, ' to weigh.' 
 
 S.W. Lines., Cole, 1886. 
 Dree, ' wearisome, long-continued.'
 
 117 
 
 Vpton-on-Severn (Wores.), Law ton, 
 
 1884. 
 
 Eye, 'to glance at.' 
 Lie in, 'to cost': " that will lie you 
 in a matter of 16s.,'' etc. 
 
 W. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. 
 Sallies, ' willows.' 
 
 S.E. Worcs., Salesbury, 1893. 
 
 Belly-full. 
 
 Dry', ' thirsty.' 
 Furry, ' to farrow.' 
 Sallies, ' willows.' 
 
 Warwcsh., Northall., 1896. 
 
 j" 1 ^ ' laud laid down for pasture.' 
 
 Pig-ste, -sty. 
 Sigh = sai. 
 Sty, 'a pimple.' 
 
 Glos., Robertson, 1890. 
 
 F.ye, 'to glance.' 
 
 Layers, pieces of wood cut and laid in 
 
 a hedge when ' laying ' it. 
 Lay, ' pasture.' 
 Sally-tree 
 
 Sallv 
 
 i 
 
 willow.' 
 
 IX. 
 
 Final -k, voiced. 
 
 Nor thumb., Salop, 1893-4. 
 
 Ag, ' to hack, cut iu pieces.' 
 
 Flag, ' flake of sandstone, also a snow- 
 flake.' 
 
 Ligly, 'likely.' 
 
 Nog, 'knob,' etc., like the stump of 
 a branch. 
 
 Pag, ' to pack tightly, to stop up, 
 choke.' 
 
 Iceshoggle (O.E. jycel). 
 
 Cumberland, Dickinson, 18-59. 
 
 Hug, 'to pull.' 
 Hag, ' chop with an axe.' 
 Huggaback, 'climbing vetch.' 
 Nog, ' block of wood ' ; cf. nick, 
 nitch, etc. 
 
 Windfall, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 
 
 1892. 
 
 BL gs, ' blackberries.' 
 
 Whitby. N.E. Yorks., Robinson, 1876. 
 Flags, ' Hakes.' 
 
 Huddersjield, Yorks., Easther, 1881. 
 
 Pings, ' black berri s.' 
 Wiggen, ' mountain ash.' Cf. Wicken, 
 Lines, etc. 
 
 Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1875. 
 Snig, ' to snatch' (cf. Snack, etc.) ? 
 
 S. Chesh., Darlington, 1887. 
 Plug, ' to pluck the hair.' 
 
 Derbysh., Pegge — Skeat, 1896. 
 Wiggin, ' mountain-ash.' 
 
 N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. 
 
 Staggarth = ' stackyard.' 
 Niggle, ' to hack, notch.' 
 
 Shropsh., Jackson. 1879. 
 
 Plug = ' to pluck, pull. ' 
 Smeg, ' a bit,' cf. 'smack ' ? 
 Rig, ' to rick the back,' etc. 
 
 Leices., Evans, 1881. 
 
 [ggle = ' icicle.' 
 Piggle, ' to pick.' 
 
 tFv lM I 'to prog, poke.' 
 (and Prockle) ) r e>» * 
 
 Snags = snacks, which also occurs.' 
 
 Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. 
 Piggle, 'to pick' (frequentative form).
 
 118 
 
 Upton-on-Severn, TTorcs., Lawson, 
 
 1884. 
 
 Rig, 'to sprain, rick' (used chiefly of 
 the hack, and perhaps influenced by 
 substantive). 
 
 Glos., Robertson, 1890. 
 
 Dog, ' the duck.' 
 
 i .Nile's, ' handles of a scythe pole.' 
 
 Sug, ' to soak.' 
 
 Soggy, 'soaky.' 
 
 Berks, Lowsley, 1888. 
 Agg, ' to cut unskilfully. 
 
 Emits, Cope, 1883. 
 Agg, ' to hack.' 
 
 JF. Somers., Ehvorthy, 1886. 
 
 Hue:, 'to itch'=^iccan. Cf. Heuk, 
 
 'the itch,' in Whitby Dial. (O.E. 
 
 jiffSa). 
 Lig, ' like ' (in rapid speech when 
 
 followed by a vowel). 
 Nog, 'log, block.' Cf. nitch in same 
 
 dial, and in Wilts. 
 I'og, ' thrust, poke with fist.'
 
 119 
 
 A proposed Explanation of many apparent Anomalies in the 
 Development of O.E. -c, -cz, -Z and -h. 
 
 I now propose to deal, as briefly as is compatible with thorough- 
 ness, with the above four classes of words. We may take as types 
 of the forms under discussion Mod. Eng. seek, think ; O.E. secean, 
 J?yncean ; Eng. Dial, brig, segg ; O.E. bryc3, sees; Eng. Dial, 
 hag, to lig ; O.E. hasu, a haw ; lic?an, 3rd sing, lis]?, from which 
 the standard Eng. verb ' to lie ' has been formed, and also the above 
 'irregular' form. Of difficult -h words, Eng. hock (hough), elk; 
 O.E. hoh, eolh are examples. 
 
 We have to explain bow c and c'z have become unfronted, and 
 how -Z and -h have been stopped, instead of becoming -iv, -f if 
 back, being opened to a front vowel if front, or being lost altogether 
 after /. 
 
 The explanation which I desire to offer of these two groups of 
 phenomena may be diagrammatically stated as follows: — 
 
 O.E. 6 -\-f, s, b, w, I, etc. = k. 
 O.E. cz +/, *, \, w, I, etc. = k, g. 
 O.E. z +/, *, b, w, A etc. = k, g. 
 O.E. h -f-/, s, b, w, /, etc. = k. 
 
 That is to say, that before an Open Consonant O.E. c and cz are 
 unfronted, and that in the same position O.E. z and h are stopped. 
 This principle applies not only to the combinations -h)>, i\>, etc., in 
 the middle of words, but also to the same combinations occurring 
 in primitive compounds such as hoesborn, standard English haw- 
 thorn, Dial, hagthorn. See also my article " Apparent Irregularities 
 in English Guttural Sounds" : Notes and Queries, January 14, 1899. 
 
 Date of above Changes. 
 
 The stopping of h and z before open consonants certainly began 
 in O.E. There were apparently two periods of stopping, the first 
 in which Germ, hs became x = ks (see remarks ante on O.E. x) and 
 a later period which followed the apocopation of the vowel in 
 W.S. siext (vb.), nexte, etc. To this later period belongs also
 
 L20 
 
 probably the unfronting of O.E. 6 and cz before b, s, etc. At any 
 rate the whole process is apparently complete by the early M.E. 
 period, and we find thenceforth only fossilized remains of the 
 process itself, although the effects produced by it are numerous and 
 widespread. 
 
 Analogous to the first process which stopped h before *, is the 
 stopping of / to p before -s, in O.E. wasps from earlier waefs. 
 Forms like awec : S = awihb, _331fric, Cambridge MS., first sermon, 
 p. 8, ed. Thorpe ; where MS. Reg. has aweh^, (Dr. Sweet called 
 my attention to this form), and adryc'S, Cockayne's Leechdoms, 
 vol. iii, p. 190 = adry^b show that z also underwent this change in 
 the O.E. period. It must be noted that z before a voiceless open 
 consonant was unvoiced as well as stopped, the former process 
 being the earlier. 
 
 It is, however, in M.E. that we find the best graphic evidence of 
 these unfronting and stopping processes. Both Sweet, H.E.S., 
 § 741, and, following him, Kluge, Grundr., p. 839, have called 
 attention to the forms 6ekb, tekb, etc., in M.E., and explained 
 seek, etc., as formed by analogy from them. The unfronting 
 process is attributed by both Sweet and Kluge to a following 
 consonant. In this explanation, however, the real point is missed, 
 as we shall see: O.E. c is unfronted only before Open Consonants, 
 but becomes -ch quite regularly before stops. 
 
 Again, on p. 848 of Grundr., Kluge says : " Beachtenswert ist 
 nordl. hekfer fur haifare, ae. keahfore, wozu vereinzelt wrikb, likb 
 fur wrihb, lihb." Of these forms, however, no explanation is 
 given at all, and neither here nor on p. 839 is there any hint 
 as to which texts the forms occur in. Hekfer, we may here 
 remark, is certainly not a Northern form, as far as the testimony 
 of the modern dialects goes. Following is a list of these forms so 
 far as I have found them. 
 
 Hali Meidenhed, AY. Midi., 1225, has sec^e, sb., 9. On the other 
 hand this text has also h unstopped in buhsom, 3, hehschip, 5, 
 SilrSe, 45, sight. The ouly other Midland texts in which they 
 occur are Promptorium, which has hekfore, thakstare, £ykbe 
 (pruritus) ; and Wills and Inventories, which has heckforde in 
 the Will of Richard Kanan of Ishain, 1570. 
 
 Ancren Ruvle, Dorset, 1225, has heixte, hexte, highest. 
 
 Owl and Nightingale, Dorset, 1240-50, has recb, 491 (otherwise 
 recche) ; me bincb, passim; binkb, 1694; fli^st, 405, which 
 rhymes to niswicst in the following line, and therefore = ^fiikst.
 
 121 
 
 St. Juliana (metrical), Glos., 1300, hext, highest, 13. 
 Robt. of Gloucester, 1300: adrenctbe, hecst, hext; isucb = 
 seeth ; seep, seeketh, slexb, 3rd pi. ; sucst, sueb, suxt, seest ; 
 bincb, binkb, bingb ; ofbincb, ofbinkb. 
 
 P. Plowman, 1362-93: lickth, 3rd sing.; bu lixt, 'thou 
 tellest lies'; likb, ' tells lies.' Kentish Gospels, 1150: secst bu, 
 Joh. iv, 27; for serine^, Mk. ix, 18. MS. Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 
 1200: sesec^e (sb.), 'sight' p. 239, Morris' ed. Vices and 
 Virtues, Kent, 1200: mebincb, 47. 3 and 47. 20; sesikst, 'seest,' 
 49. 22; isikb 'sees,' 49. 23; isecb, 87. 17; bebencst, wercst, 
 65. 7 ; besekb, 81. 18 ; jesikb, 139. 11 ; bebeincS, 133. 17. 
 Will, of Shoreham, Kent, 1308: benkb. Ayenbite, Kent, 1340: 
 aquencb, 207, and kuencb, 62; tekb occurs constantly, p. 57, 
 etc.; wrikb, 128; zekb, 'seeks,' 159. 116, 241 ; awrecb, 115. 2; 
 yzicb, 'sees,' 143; zikb, 'sight,' 123; bingb and bincb, 164; 
 adraynkb bengb, 18; bengst, 214. Libeaus Desconus, Kent, 1350: 
 schincb, 93y. 
 
 The chief examples in the Modern dialects of old compounds 
 in which the process occurred are : hagthoru in W. Somerset 
 and Devon ; hagworm in Cumberland and Lancashire ; heckth 
 or eckth = ' height ' in Oxfordshire, "Worcestershire, Warwickshire, 
 Wilts, and Hants ; heckfer in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hants ; 
 ligster, ' liar ' in Oxfordshire. 
 
 In Standard English eg is unfronted before -to in mugwort, 
 (it must also be said that this word also exists in Northern 
 dialects, and Scotch has muggart), and nl before b in ' length' and 
 ' strength ' = ^strongrSu, ^longrSu. 
 
 We have seen that -is was sometimes written, even when it 
 was clearly pronounced -ks (above, Owl and Nightingale) ; it is 
 therefore probable that in those dialects where we find evidence 
 of the change at all, we should be justified in assuming ks lc\, etc., 
 on all occasions, even when -gs, -v&, lis, etc., are written. 
 
 A glance at the lists of -nch words from St. Katherine, and 
 St. Juliana (Prose), will show that before a stop, c became ch, 
 giving forms like cwenchte, blenchte, schrenchten, etc. We have 
 also seen that the tendency was rather to open a front stop before 
 a second stop, giving such forms as pright, pight, etc., from 
 *pricchen and *picchen. 
 
 From the evidence of the M.E. texts, it is clear that the pro- 
 cesses we have been describing were essentially characteristic 
 of the W.S. and Kentish dialects. There is very little evidence
 
 122 
 
 that the stopping and unfronting principle obtained, even in 
 Midland dialects. It must, however, bo borne in mind that Orm 
 has enmrjell and not enngell, which Mr. Napier has explained 
 as due to the oblique cases, engle, etc., and euiralissh, lenu-qre 
 also owe their xr to the following open consonant. Again, we 
 have hekfore and Syk]?e in Promptorium. In West Midland, 
 Hali Meidenhed has sec^e, so that it is possible that the principle 
 was once active also in the Lower Midland dialects ; on the other 
 hand, these forms may have spread thither from the South. As 
 for the North, there can be little doubt that the tendency did 
 not exist there at all. On the contrary, the combination hs 
 produced by vowel syncope was simplified to s in Anglian, though 
 retained in W. Saxon and Kentish (H.E.S., § 504), in which 
 dialects, as we have seen, it later on became -ks, x. An interesting 
 point is raised as to whether even the Germ, combination -hs 
 became -ks universally in all Northern dialects, for in the Hudders- 
 field dialect such forms as ouse = ox, saycece = six have only 
 recently become extinct, while aise = axe still survives. (See 
 Kasther's Dialect of Almondsbury and Huddersfield, E.D.S., 1881.) 
 It is interesting and important to note that Sir Gawaine, a 
 Northern text, 1366, has the form Haj-thorne, with j the open 
 consonant, instead of j the stop. (See Word-List ante). 
 
 But a principle which holds for the middle of words, and for 
 primitive compounds, may without undue rashness be assumed 
 also for the sentence or breath-group. (Cf. H.E.S., §§ 39 and 40; 
 and Siever's Phonetik, §§ 573-590.) If people made secst into 
 sekst, they would also make ic ssesde into ik ssezde. That such 
 a system of Satz-phonetik really did obtain is almost impossible 
 to prove, because in O.E., when the principle was a living one, 
 the orthography did not consistently distinguish between c and c, 
 etc. ; while by the M.E. period, when graphical distinctions of 
 sounds were more definite, the principle had ceased to be active. 
 Hoping to find some indications that such a system of sentence 
 sandhi had once existed, I carefully counted all examples, both 
 of ic and ich, in MS. Hatton 38, and in the printed edition of 
 Vices and Virtues, to see whether the forms were used according 
 to any law. There is no doubt that the normal form for the 
 dialect of the Hatton Gospels was ich, therefore it is ic which 
 has to be explained. It may be said that this spelling is due 
 to the earlier original upon which this copy of the Gospels is 
 based, and this may be the case to a great extent ; still, it is
 
 123 
 
 a curious fact that of 108 examples of this form which I counted, 
 63 occur before open consonants, only 20 before stops, and 25 before 
 vowels and h. For ich there seems to be no rule, this being 
 evidently the normal form, and it is used indifferently before 
 stops, open consonants, and vowels. The results from Vices and 
 Virtues were practically the same. Ich seems to be used 
 indiscrimately, but ic occurs chiefly before open consonants. I 
 give these facts for what they are worth, without attaching any 
 very great importance to them ; they may not absolutely prove, but 
 in any case they rather confirm than contradict, the theory that 
 doublets could be produced in the sentence itself by the influence 
 of initial sounds upon the final consonant of preceding words. In 
 the face of the curious mixture of back and front forms iu all 
 dialects, it appears to me that the only satisfactory explanation 
 will be one which will account for double forms of each word, 
 one form with -k or -g, another with -6 or -cZ. My theory, even 
 if it be only admitted for single words and primitive compounds, 
 will do this for a great many words, as far as the Southern dialects 
 are concerned, and may perhaps also be extended to the South 
 Midland. In some cases a -Tc or -g may be developed in compounds, 
 and survive in the simple form. But with regard to lig, thack, 
 brig, etc., iu the North, a strange dilemma arises. 
 
 The theory of Scandinavian origin may explain some of these 
 forms, but cannot explain them all ; in fact, if it were assumed for 
 all ' irregular' words, there need be no further discussion. Kluge's 
 view that the -k and -g forms are due to a regular unfronting in the 
 North of O.E. c and c'z (by a process, by the way, the details of 
 which are not stated), is hardly supported by much evidence. The 
 existence of so many -ch and -dge words at all in the North would 
 need to be explained in this case. Besides, we have shown in the 
 word-lists that many -k and -g words are not typically Northern, 
 but occur also in the South. And yet we cannot regard these 
 forms as produced independently in the North by the same process 
 which we have seen could, and did, produce them in the South. 
 There is nothing left, therefore, but to suppose that the 
 ' anomalous ' forms were produced iu the South, under the 
 conditions already stated, and that they slowly spread to the 
 Northern dialects, where they eventually became the chief forms, 
 the fronted varieties being eliminated. I can but admit that this 
 seems improbable at first sight, for it will be said that such 
 wholesale borrowing cannot be accounted for. But, after all, the
 
 124 
 
 old theory which assumed that all the fronted forms in the North 
 Mere borrowed from the South, and that all the -k and -g forms in 
 Southern dialects were borrowed from the North, is in reality quite 
 as improbable ; iu fact, such a theory is disproved, I think, by the 
 evidence I have already adduced of the existence of back and front 
 forms side by side iu the same dialects, both North and South. 
 
 Again, there is no difficulty in assuming that forms produced 
 in the South and South Midlands should go northwards — in the 
 West up the valley of the Severn, in the East from Norfolk and 
 Lincolnshire. Then, it may be asked how it is that the South got 
 rid of most of these forms, in answer to which I again appeal 
 to the word-lists, to show rather how many of them were kept. It 
 is admitted that even if we take all these arguments into con- 
 sideration, this theory of extensive borrowings from the South 
 is unsatisfactory ; but all I can say is, that in spite of all its defects, 
 it seems to me to present fewer difficulties than any view hitherto 
 advanced. This theory may be improbable, but the others are 
 manifestly impossible. 
 
 We have certain phenomena, commoner in some dialects, it is 
 true, than in others, but still existing in all. I have endeavoured 
 to show that these phenomena were originally produced by factors 
 (word and sentence sandhi) which it is not disputed have produced 
 sound-changes in other cases; I have attempted to explain the 
 wide distribution of the phenomena so produced by the simple 
 process of borrowing from one dialect into another, a principle 
 which is certainly not a new one. The question of why the 
 Southern dialects should have (on the whole) preferred the -dge 
 and -ch forms, and why the Northern dialects should (on the 
 whole) have eliminated them, and preferred the -g and -h forms, 
 belongs to a different order of curious inquiry. 
 
 Notes on some Doubtful or Difficult Words. 
 
 Standard Engl., brittle. I identify this word with the dialectal 
 brichel, brickie, bruckle, etc. M.E. has brucchel (in Hali 
 Meidenhed for instance), this would = O.E. brycel ; brickie, on 
 the other hand, would = O.E. brycle, etc., in oblique cases. Such 
 doublets as mickle and muchel are also to be explained in this 
 way. In O.E. brycle, etc., c would in the South be unfronted 
 before I, but in the North Midland and North would remain
 
 125 
 
 a front- stop; the difference in sound between this and the point- 
 teeth consonant is not great, and the combination -c'l is an awkward 
 one. Or brittle may have been derived in the South from brycle 
 (where -cl = -Id) by the not uncommon change of h to t. (See 
 list of examples of this change.) For other views see brittle in 
 KE.D. 
 
 To M<jf, etc. Piers Plowman has lick]?, lixt, and from this would 
 be derived stem lie-. This form still survives in West Somerset 
 (Elwortby), lie-abed, ' a sluggard.' Cursor Mundi also has 
 likand by the side of ligand = ' lying.' But in West Somerset there 
 are several examples of -k becoming -g, of. hug, ' to itch,' stem ik- 
 (ikj?e, etc.); pog, 'to poke' (which shows that the change is 
 M.E. at all events) ; lig = ' like ' ; nog = ' log of wood,' cf. nitch. 
 Thus lik- would quite naturally become lig in the Southern 
 dialects, and this explanation accounts for lig, and rather tends 
 to show that it is not 'Northern' in origin. For other examples 
 of -k becoming -g, see list : " Voicing of final -k." 
 
 Elk. Mr. Bradley will not have it that this word is historically 
 connected with O.E. eolh, but says that it must be borrowed from 
 some Continental form at a comparatively late date (see Elk in 
 N.E.D.). On the other hand in the Co. Down a seal is called a selk, 
 O.E. seolh. This is the pronunciation of the word at Kilkeel, 
 where I heard it often, and paid particular attention to the sounds. 
 (The k is the front variety of the back stop, and the I is also 
 pronounced clear, with arched tongue as in French.) 
 
 In the glossary for Down and Antrim (E.D.S., Patterson, 1880), 
 the word is written ' selch.' I would suggest that both of these 
 words represent the O.E. forms, and that the k in both cases arose 
 before an open consonant, either in a compound, or in the sentence. 
 The O.E. form eolhx sees (Hickes, Thes., p. 135) does not inspire 
 confidence, especially as the MS. (Cott., Otho, B. x) is lost 
 (see Kemble, Archgeologia, p. 339). In the Bibl. d. A.-S. Poesie 
 (Grein Wiilcker, 1881, Bd. i, p. 334) the Runic poem is re- 
 printed and the form discussed. Wiilcker prints eolh sees simply, 
 and says that the x was probably added by Hickes himself, and 
 has nothing to do with eolh. 
 
 He regards it as rather an explanatary note on the value of the 
 rune y . On the other hand, this plausible explanation is rather 
 upset by the fact that eolx segc occurs in a glossary of the tenth or 
 eleventh century (Wright-Wulcker, p. 271, 21). Therefore I think 
 we may regard the x as genuine. I should explain this as = ks,
 
 120 
 
 and should prefer to regard the form as a nominative. In this case 
 the s of segc is a redundancy. In the same way selk may be due 
 to such an old compound as seolhwaed, where h -\- to would = lew-. 
 I do not, of course, assert that selk and elk cannot be explained 
 in any other way than above, but up to the present none has been 
 suggested which would account for the k. My explanation, at any 
 rate, does this. I am compelled by want of space to reserve until 
 another occasion, publishing some remarks I have put together on 
 several other difficult words.
 
 127 
 
 Lists showing Distribution- of Sixty-three Words in the 
 
 Modern Dialects. 
 
 Brickie 
 Bruckle 
 Brockle 
 Brackly 
 
 brittle.' 
 
 Northumb., Lanes., N.E. Lines., 
 Shropsh., E. Angl., Suff. Worcs., 
 Northamptonsh., Beds., Somers., 
 Berks., Kent, Dorset, Hants., I of "W. 
 
 Dike. 
 
 Northumb. ,Cumb.,Durh.,Derbysh., 
 N.E. Lines., S.W. Lines., Leices., 
 Rutl., E. Angl. 
 
 Muckle N i 
 Mickle ) 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Durh., Lanes., 
 Wilts., Berks. 
 
 Cleek x 
 
 Click > 'to clutch, snatch.' 
 
 Cluck, etc. ' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Durh., Lanes., 
 N.E. Lines., S.W. Lines. 
 
 Sic )'such.' 
 Sec) 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., N. Yrks., N.E. 
 Yrks., W. Yrks. 
 
 Cleek \ ' clutch ' or ' brood ' of 
 Cluck ) chickens. 
 
 <leek )' flitch.' 
 
 Flick 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Westm., Durh., 
 Derbysh., N.E. Lines., S.W. Lines., 
 Leices., E. Angl., Suff., Northampt., 
 Somers., Wilts., Hants., I. of W. 
 
 Smack, ' taste.' 
 
 Northumb., Derbysh., Glouces. 
 
 Dic M 'ditch.' 
 
 Deeki 
 
 E. Angl., N.E. Lines., Somers., 
 Surrey, Kent, Hants., Sussex. 
 
 Pik, 'pitch,' 'tar.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Derbysh., N.E. 
 Lines., S.W. Lines., Leices. 
 
 Snack, ' hasty meal,' ' share/ etc. 
 
 Cumb., Durh., Derbysh., N.E. 
 Lines., Herefordsh., Somers., Berks. 
 
 Reek = ' smoke,' sb. and vb. 
 
 Northumb., N.E. Lines. 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Westm., Durh., 
 Derbysh., N.E. Lines., Rutl., Suff., 
 Northampt., Surrey. 
 
 Reek 
 Reik 
 
 ek I ' to 
 ik i 
 
 reach.' 
 
 Windhill, S. Yrks.
 
 128 
 
 Steek, • a gtitch." 
 Stik. 
 
 Northumb. 
 
 Beseek. 
 
 Northumb. 
 
 Streek ) ' to stretch,' 
 Straik i ' a stretch.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., N. Yrks., Mid 
 Yrks., E. Angl. 
 
 Yeke \ 
 
 Yeuk ' to itch.' 
 
 Yuck ) 
 
 Ukey, ' itching.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Durh., N.E. 
 Yrks., Mid Yrks., S. Yrks. (eek, 'to 
 itch'), S.W. Lines. (Somers. has hug 
 'to itch,' which = *uk; see remarks 
 above on voicing of final k.) 
 
 Thak \ ' thatch,* 
 TheakJ 'to thatch.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Yrks. generally, 
 Derbysb., N.E. Lines., S.W. Lines., 
 Leices., Rutl., E. Angl., W. Worcs., 
 Warwcs., Northampt., Beds. 
 
 Tweak I ' twitch,' etc. 
 Twike ) 
 
 Northumb., S. Cheshire, Shropsh., 
 Leices. 
 
 Birk. 
 
 Northumb , Cumb., Lanes., Yrks. 
 generally, Derbysb.., N.E. Lines., 
 S.W. Lines. 
 
 Clink, 'to clinch.' 
 Clinker, ' clincher. 1 
 
 Northumb., Yorks., S. Chesh., 
 S.W. Lines., Shropsh., E. Angl. 
 
 Kirk. 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Yrks. generally, 
 Derbysb., N.E. Lines. 
 
 Kink, ' a twist,' etc. 
 
 Cumb., Yrks., Chesh., N.E. Lines , 
 Leices., E. Angl., W. Somers., Kent, 
 Sussex, I. of W. 
 
 Benk 
 Bink 
 
 bench.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Westm., Yrks., 
 Lanes., I. of Man, Staff., N.E. Lines., 
 Northampt. 
 
 Belk, ' belch.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Durh, Yrks., 
 Lanes., N.E. Lines., W. Somers., 
 E. Corn., W. Corn. 
 
 Wink, ' winch.' 
 
 W. Somers., Dorset. 
 
 Criuk ^ small apple, anything very 
 Crinkets J small. 
 
 Westm. , Chesh. , Warwcs. , Shropsh. , 
 
 Glos. 
 
 Cletch, \ , , , . , 
 
 ^,. . , !• a brood of chickens. 
 
 Clutch, etc. ) 
 
 Northum., Durh., Lanes., N. Yorks., 
 N.E. Yorks., Mid Yorks., S.W. 
 Lines., E. Angl., Suff., Herefordsb., 
 Sussex.
 
 129 
 
 Keach, ' to heave up.' 
 
 Northumb. only. 
 
 But keck, ' to be sick, ' in 
 Herefordsb., Glos., Wilts. ; Berks. 
 ( = to make cboky noise in tbroat) ; 
 Hants. = 'to retch,' I. of W. 'to 
 choke.' 
 
 Seech, ' to seek.' 
 
 Lanes., Chesh. 
 
 Does not appear to exist in any 
 Southern dialects. 
 
 Nicher, 'to neigh.' 
 
 Northumb. 
 
 But nicker in Kent and Sussex, 
 nucker in Surrey. 
 
 Reecky, 'smoky,' etc. 
 Eeech, ' steam,' etc. 
 
 S. Yorks., Lanes., S. Chesh., 
 Shropsh., Warwcs. 
 
 Smatch, ' flavour.' 
 
 Mid Yorks., S. Yorks. (Lanes, has 
 smouch, 'a kiss'), S. Chesh., Derby., 
 Leices., Warwcs., Oxf., Hauts. 
 
 Aitch, ' ache.' 
 
 Chesh., Shropsh. 
 
 Pritch, 
 Pritchel. 
 
 Shropsh., E. Angl., Worcs., 
 Northampt., Glos., Kent, Dev., S.W. 
 of Ireland. 
 
 Snatch, ' hasty meal, small piece,' etc. 
 
 Leices., Glos. (= nasty flavour, con- 
 fused with smatch?), Berks. 
 
 Blatch | = the black grease in 
 Bletch ) wheels, etc. 
 
 Chesh., Shropsh., Staffs., Glos.. 
 Wilts., Dors., Hants. 
 
 Britcbel | t , . . , 
 Britcha j 
 
 Lanes., Yorks., S. Chesh., Derby^h., 
 Shropsh. 
 
 Kench = kink, ' to twist, sprain,' etc. 
 
 Lanes., S. Chesh., Shropsh., Staffs., 
 Suff., Warwcs. 
 
 Linch = ' link,' a field, a wooded 
 bank, etc. 
 
 Glos., W. Somers., Dors., Wilts. 
 Berks., Kent. 
 
 Worch 
 Warch 
 
 [• vb. 8 
 
 and sb. 
 
 Lanes., Chesh., Shropsh. 
 
 Skinch = ' to help to, to stint.' 
 
 Durh. ( = ' shut up ! '), N.E. Lines. 
 S.W. Lines., E. Angl. 
 
 Scrinch "i ' a morsel, anything very 
 Crinchlin^s J small.' 
 
 S. Chesh., E. Angl., Warwcs., 
 Oxf. 
 
 Brig, ' bridge.' 
 
 Northumb., Ciimb., Yrks. generally, 
 Lanes. (North and Mid), Derbysb.., 
 N.E. and S.W. Lines., Leices., Rutl., 
 E. Angl., Northamptonsh., Beds.
 
 130 
 
 Segg, etc., ' sedge.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Durh., N.E. 
 Lines., Sbropsb., Leices., E. Angl., 
 Suffolk, Eerefordsh , Worcs., Upton- 
 on-Sevcrn nnd S.W. Worcs., Warwcs., 
 Northamptonsh., Glouces. 
 
 Hig, etc. = O.E. byje. 
 
 Northumb., Laucs., Yrks. generally, 
 Derbysh., N.E. and S.W. Lines. 
 
 Egg = edge, 'to urge,' 'incite.' 
 
 Cumb., Lanes., S. Chesb., Sbropsb., 
 Warwcs., Beds., Sussex. 
 
 Migg, ' midge.' 
 
 Windliill. 
 
 Li ff i 'tell lies,' 
 8 I 'alio.' 
 
 Westm., W. Yorks., S. Chesh., 
 Sbropsh., Leices., Warwcs., Nortb- 
 amptousb., Beds., Oxfordsb. (ligster, 
 'liar'). 
 
 Flig, fleg, etc., 'fledge.' 
 
 Northumb., Durh., Chesh. ,Derbysh., 
 N.E. and S.W. Lines., Sbropsh., 
 Leices., E. Angl., Warwcs., North- 
 amptonsh., Beds., Oxfd. 
 
 Clag, cleg, claggy, etc. = ' to stick, 
 sticky ' ; also = ' sticky mass.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Durh., Lanes., 
 Yorks., Chesh., S.W. Lines., Leices., 
 E. Angl., Warwcs., W. Somers., 
 W. Com. (dig, vb., and digged). 
 
 Whig, ' whey.' 
 
 Northumb., S. Chesh., Derbysh., 
 S. W. Lines., Sbropsh. , Northamptonsh. 
 
 Big = ridge, ' back.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Durh., Lanes., 
 Yorks., Derbysh., N.E. Lines., Leices., 
 Rutl., E. Angl., Northamptonsh., 
 
 Wilts. (?). 
 
 T • ( 'to lie down,' 
 
 to lay.' 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., N. Yorks., Mid 
 Yorks., S. Yorks, Lanes., Derbysh., 
 N.E. Lines., S.W. Lines., Shropsh., 
 Leices., E. Angl., Somers. (lic-a-bed). 
 
 Snig 
 
 Snag } 'snail, small eel.' 
 
 Snejj 
 
 Lanes., S. Chesh., Shropsh., Leices., 
 Wilts., E. Corn., Sussex. 
 
 ■ag \ < 
 
 gg, etc. / 
 
 Has: 
 E 
 
 haw-berries,' etc. 
 
 Lanes., Derbysh., Wilts., Berks, 
 (haggas), W. Corn, (aglet), E. Com. 
 (eglet), Hants. 
 
 (G)nag, 'to gnaw.' 
 
 N.E. and S.W. Lines., Leices. 
 Sag, ' to saw.' 
 
 Yorks. : Huddersfield, Windhill. 
 
 Meg ) , 
 ° \ ' maw. 
 
 off ' 
 
 M 
 
 W. Somers. (mugget = outer stomach 
 of calf). 
 
 Midge, etc. 
 
 Northumb., Cumb., Westm., Durh., 
 E. Yorks (Marshall), Lanes., Chesh., 
 Derbysh., Sussex, etc.
 
 131 
 
 Cledge, 
 Cledgy, etc. 
 
 Glos., Surrey, Kent, W. Corn., Derb. 
 
 To ed°:e on. 
 
 Leices., W. Somers. 
 
 Fledger, ' fledgeling.' 
 Northumb. 
 
 Bidge, ' to buy.' 
 
 Occurs only in "Wexford (Poole, 
 1867). This is a very unreliable 
 glossary, based on collections made 
 many years before. Therefore many 
 words were already obsolete by 1867- 
 
 The following are the chief anomalous words in Standard English 
 
 in k and g. 
 
 "Words with h where we should expect ch ; h formed by analogy. 
 
 Ache. 
 
 
 
 O.E. h=k. 
 
 Cluck (of hens). 
 Prick, sb. and vb. 
 
 
 
 Elk (kind of deer). 
 Fleck, ' a spot.' 
 
 Reck, vb., 'to care.' 
 
 
 
 Hock. 
 
 Reek, sb. and vb. 
 
 Seek. 
 
 
 
 Hickwall ) 
 
 Hickel r wood P ecker -' 
 
 Shriek 
 
 
 
 
 Smack, 'taste.' 
 
 
 
 O.E. z, i, and cj = g 
 
 Snack, sb. 
 Stick, vb. 
 Tweak. 
 
 
 
 Drag, vb. (Scandinavian?). 
 Egg, sb. (Scandinavian?). 
 Mugwort. 
 
 Wake. 
 Bishop-rick. 
 
 
 
 Sag, ' to droop.' 
 
 Slug. 
 
 Twi? 
 
 O.E. z = ck. 
 
 Warlock. 
 , re. 
 
 L Wig. 
 
 O.E. tie 
 
 
 Links = ' fields' : cf. 
 
 linch 
 
 in Glos., 
 
 
 Somers., etc. 
 
 
 
 
 Think, vb. 
 
 
 
 
 Work, vb. 
 
 

 
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