s< 1 R THE GIFT OF WILLIAM G. KERCKHOFF TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE LIBRARY OF FRIEDRICH KLUGE tJNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH GUTTURALS. BY BENRY CECIL WYLD, B.Litt., Corp '' llegt , ' * ford. 119991 PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, HERTFORD. 1899. 81 PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. COUNCIL, 1897-98. President. LORD ALDENHAM, M.A. Vice-Presidents. WHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L., LED. HENRY SWEET. M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. JAMES A. H. MURRAY, LL.D., M.A. THE REY PROF. W. W. SKRAT, Litt.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D. THE REV. PROF. A. H. SAYCE, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D. HENRY BRADLEY, M.A. PROF. A. S. NAPIER, M.A., Ph.D. Ordinary Members of Council '. J. AMOURS, ESQ. E. L. BRANDRETH, ESQ. TALFOURD ELY, M.A. PROF. G. FOSTER, Ph.D. P. GILES, M.A. I. GOLLANOZ, M.A. F. HEATH, Ph.D. PROF. W. S. McCORMICK, M.A. W. R. MORF1LL, M.A. J. PEILE. M.A., Litt.D. PROF. J. P. POSTGATE, M.A. PROF. W. RIDGEWAY, M.A. PROE. C. RIEU, Ph.D. J. H. STAPLES, ESQ. SHADWORTH HODGSON, LL.D. W. II. STEVENSON, M.A. PROF. W. P. KER, M.A. PROF. J. STRACHAN, M.A. i R. MARTINEAU, M.A. Treasurer. BENJAMIN DAWSON, B.A., The Mount, Hampstead, London, N.W. Hon. Secretary. F. J. FURNIVALL, M.A., Ph.D., 3, St. George's Square, Primrose Hill, N.W. The Philological Society is formed to investigate, and to promote the study and knowledge of, the Structure, the Affinities, and the History of Languages. Each Member pays two guineas on his election, one guinea as entrance fee, and one guinea for his first year's subscription. The Annual Subscription becomes due on the 1st of January in each year. Any Member may compound for his subscription by the payment of Ten Guineas, exclusive of his entrance-fee. The Society's Transactions are published yearly. Occasional volumes are also issued, as the Funds allow. The Society's New English Dictionary is in course of publication, under the Editorship of two of its former Presidents, Dr. J. A. 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Furnivall, 3, St. George's Square, Primrose Hill, Loudon, N.W. < V * I I -! 1 I IS* CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. I am indebted to Professor Napier for several valuable corrections and suggestions connected with ray paper, and I take this opportunity of expi'essing my gratitude to him for the time and trouble he has bestowed upon my work while in proof. In the subjoined list of emendations I have added (N.) after each remark which Mr. Napier suggested. For all other slips or errors throughout the work which are left uncorrected, I alone am responsible. July, 1899. H. C. W. Page 9. " These forms (in -einte) are not particularly early," etc. Adreintum, suffocate-, and acweinte, compressit ; occur in a gloss of eleventh century, shortly to be published by Mr. Napier. (N.) „ 9. After words " Kuthwell Cross, circ. 680," add (?). (N.) ,, 10 (bottom of page). " cu often appears as ciu " ; read 'sometimes.' (N.) *G ,, 12. Domesday spellings do not yield much evidence one way or the other, jj as they are those of foreign scribes. (N.) . ,, 13, line 12. For seccan read secean. , 13, line 31. The spelling bisch op is noted by Keimann in his dissertation on the Hatton Gospels. , 14, line 14. " k apparently is not used at all." This is an error. (N.) & k is rare in Vespas, A. 22, but occurs occasionally, e.g. iu the word 'king' several times, on pp. 231, 233, and 235, etc. (Morris, " O.E. Homilies," 1st series). ®. ,, 16. Delete ' workinde,' Hue 15, and ' swinken,' line 17. V« 77 7 7 7 ,, 19, line 20. " before O.E. m = Germ, a" etc. ; for a read a. "A ,, 22. The form hiniongee cannot be explained as due to a scribal error. The fronted form occurs in Durham Book. (N.) Cf. Cook's Glossary, p. 92. The fronting awaits explanation. ,, 23, line 22. For ' doubtless ' read ' possibly.' ,, 24. " Pronunciation of M.E. g, 3." g had disappeared (in pronunciation at least) already in O.E. after front vowels, and even when written often does not imply a cousonantal sound. Cf. O.E. swejn = O.N. svein. (N.) I have already pointed out that even Epinal has snel (p. 20, 1. 38). ,, 26, last line. Eead Lady Margaret Hall. ,, 35. Another example of h 4- open consonant becoming <■ in O.E. is weocsteall = weohsteall, for which form see Napier, " Engl. Stud.," xi, p. 04. (N.) ,, 35, etc. It should bo distinctly understood that in the lists which follow two distinct- phenomena are illustrated: (1) The stopping of g and li I re "pen consonants; (2) the unfronting of £ and ej, before open consonants. ,, 56. Werchte has been by a slip included in the Kentish Gospels li-l oi -rch words, ch in this word represeuts of coi open consonant. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH. By Henry Cecil AVyld, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. [Read at the Meeting of the Philological Society on Friday, April 14, 1899.] Peefatoht Remarks. The following is a study and history of four classes of English sounds : — 1. Old Engl. c. Back (guttural) and front (palatal). 2. Old Engl. j. Back and front. 3. Old Engl. ci. 4. Old Engl. h. Back and front. *&■■ All these sounds are here considered only as occurring medially and finally. My remarks are based upon an extensive collection of forms which I have culled with no little labour from O.E. and M.E. texts, and from modern dialect glossaries. My collections of Literary English words are from Professor Skeat's larger Etymological Dictionary. I shall discuss the pronunciation of the sounds which I have mentioned in O.E., and it will be seen that in several points I venture to differ from the commonly received views of Messieurs Kluge, Sievers, and Bulbring. I 6hall then investigate the M.E. forms of O.E. c, j, c%, etc., as they appear in the most important texts of M.E. For this purpose the word-lists are arranged chronologically and geographically, so as to show at once the historical development of the sounds, and their distribution in the various M.E. dialects. With regard to the modern dialects, the arrangement is chiefly geographical, beginning with the North and working down to the extreme South of England. The order of the lists is as far as possible from west to east. I have also added other lists which show at a glance in which dialects of Modern English many of the most important words of the above-mentioned four classes occur. A special feature of the 1 2 paper is the explanation which I venture to offer of the so-called 'irregular' or 'Northern' forms, such as 'seek,' 'think,' 'hagthora,' ' heckfer,' 'to lig = to lie,' etc, etc. (Seep. 119.) I cannot but think that in the main the law here formulated must be accepted, though it is of course inevitable that many of my applications of it will be disputed, and that opinions will differ as to the exact geographical area over which it obtained. In conclusion, I have to thank Professors Napier and Wright for their kindness and courtesy at all times in giving me valuable advice and suggestions. To Dr. Sweet I owe far more than I can adequately set down here; not only have I had the privilege of a training in practical phonetics from him, but I have also enjoyed the advantage of frequent private discussion with him of every part of my work in the course of its carrying out. Oxford, April, 1899. LIST OF MIDDLE ENGLISH TEXTS USED IN THE FOLLOWING WORK. Scotch and Northern Texts. Barbour's Bruce, 1330. Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. Gavin Douglas, 1475-1522. Complaynt of Scotland, 1549. Metrical Psalter, Yrks., before 1300. Cursor Mundi, Yrks., 1300. Minot, Yrks., 1333-52. Prick of Conscience, Yrks., before 1349. Sir Gawayn, Northern, 1360. Townley Mysteries, Yrks., 1450. Northern Glossary (Wright- Wiilcker, xviii), fifteenth century. Wars of Alexander, Yrks., late fifteenth century. Catholicon, Yrks., 1483. Mauipulus, Yrks., 1570. Midland Texts. Alliterative Poems, Lancashire, 1360. Metrical Romances, Lanes., 1420. Ormulum, Lines., 1200. Havelok the Dane, N.E. Midland, 1300. Robert of Bruuue, 1338. Hali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. William of Palerne, W. Midi., 1350. Earliest Prose Psalter, W. Midi., 1375. Myrc, Shropshire, 1400. MS. Harl. 2253 (Boddeker's Altenglische Dichtungen), Herefordshire, 1310. A Worcester Glossary (Wright- Wiilcker, xiii), twelfth century. Lajamon, Worcs , 1205. Guy of Warwick, thirteenth century. Songs and Carols (Wright. Warton Club, 1856), Warwickshire, 1400. Palladius on Husbondrie, Essex, 1420. Peterborough Chronicle, 1122-1154. Bestiary, E. Midi., before 1250. Genesis and Exodus, E. Midi., 1250. Returns of Norfolk Guilds, 1389. Wills and Inventories, Norfolk, fifteenth century. Promptorium, Norfolk, 1440. Bokenham's Poems, Suffolk, before 1447. Wicliffe. E.E.T.S., 1880. Chaucer. Skeat's ed., six vols. Political Songs. Wright, Bolls Series, 1859-61 ; 2 vols. Southern Texts. St. Katherine, Gloucestershire, 1200. Robt. of Gloucester, 1300. St. Juliana (Metrical Life), Gloucestershire, 1300. Piers Plowman, 1363-93. Sir Ferumbras, Devon, 1380. St. Editha, Wilts, 1400. St. Juliana (Prose Life), Dorset, 1200. Sawles Warde, Dorset, 1210. Wooing of our Lord, Dorset, 1210. Ancren Riwle, Dorset, 1225. Owle and Nightingale, Dorset, 1246-50. Sir Beves of Hamtoun, Hants, 1327. Usages of Winchester, Hants, 1360. Kenti-ii I to pels, 1150. Kentish Homilies (Vespas, A. 22), 1200. Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. Moral Ode (MS. Digby, 4), Kent, early thirteenth century. Kentish Sermons, 1200-50. William of Shoreham, Kent, 1307-27. Ayciiliilc hi lnwyt, Kent, 1340. Libeaux Desconus, Kent, 1350. LIST OF MODERN DIALECTS, AVITH AUTHORS OF GLOSSARIES HERE USED. Northumberland, Heslop, 1892-4. Cumberland, Dickinson, 1878-81. Westmoreland, Wheeler, 1802 ; Westmoreland and Cumberland, 1839. Durham (Hetton-le-Hole), Palgrave, 1896; Teesdale Glossary, 1849. fW. Yrks (Cleveland), Atkinson, 1869-76. N. Yrks. (Swaledale), Harland, 1873. N.E. Yrks. (Whitby), Robinson, 1876. Yorkshire / N.Mid. Yrks. (Windhill), Wright, 1893. Mid. Yorka , Robinson, 1S76. W. Yrks. (Almondsbury and Huddersfield), Easther, 1883. k S.W. Yrks. (Sheffield), Addy, 1888-90. Lancashire, Nodall and Milner, 1875-82. Cheshire, Holland, 1884-6 ; South Cheshire, Darlington, 1887. Derbyshire, Pegge, Skeat, Hallam. ( N. Lines., Sutton, 1881. Lincolnshire { N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. ( S.W. Lines., Cole, 1886. Shropshire, Jackson, 1879; Salopia Antiqua, Hartshorne, 1841. Staffordshire, Poole, 1880. Leicestershire, Evans, 1881. Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. Norfolk, Rye (East Auglia, 1895); Spurdens, 1879; Cosens-Hardy, 1893; Nail, 1866. Herefordshire, Havergal, 1887. ( Upton-on-Severn, Lawson, 1884. Worcestershire | W. Wrcs., Chamb'erlaine, 1882. ( S.E. Wrcs., Salisbury, 1894. Warwickshire, Northall, 1896. Northamptonshire, Baker, 1854. Bedfordshire, Batchelor, 1809 (Glossary at end of " An Orthoe'pical Analysis of the English Language "). Suffolk, Moore, 1823. Gloucestershire, Robertson, 1890. Oxfordshire, Parker, 1876-81. Berkshire, Lowsley, 1888. Essex, Charnock, 1880 ; Clarke, Tales in Essex Dialect. W. Somersetshire, Elworthy, 1886. Wiltshire, Dartnell and Goddard, 1893; Akerman, 1842. Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1876-93. Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. !W. Cornwall, Courtney. E. Cornwall, Couch. Cornish Glossary, Monthly Mag., 1809. „ ,, Journ. of Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1864, Garland ; another in same place by Couch ; Cornish Tales, Tregelles. Devon, Hewett, 1892 ; (Harland) Chope, 1891 ; Exmoor Scolding. Dorset, Barnes, 1886. Hampshire, Cope, 1883. Isle of Wight, Smith, 1881 ; Long, 1886. Sussex, Cooper, 1853 ; Parish, 1879. OTHER DICTIONARIES, GLOSSARIES, AND CHIEF WORKS USED. English Dialect Dictionary, A to Dinner, Wright. Grose, Provincial Glossary, 1811. Ray, Collection of North Country Words (1691) : Pt. iii, Reprinted Glossaries, ed. Skeat, E.D.S., 1874. White Kennet (Bp.), Parochial Antiquities (with Glossary at end), Oxford, 1695. Skeat' 1 s Reprinted Glossaries — Thanet by Lewes. Norfolk, Marshall. Yorks, Willon. Glos'ter by Marshall. Yorks, Marshall. W. Devon, Marshall. Thoresby's Letter to Ray. Glossary to Burns' Works, Henley, 1897. (In Vol. IV.) Bp. Percy's Folio MS., 1867-68, Hales and Furnivall (Gloss in Vol. IV). HalliiveW s Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, 3rd ed., 1855. Wares' Glossary, ed. Halliwell, 1859. Dictionary of English Plant-Names, Britten and Holland, E D.S., 1878-86. Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Bosworth- Toller. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Middle English Dictionary, Stratman-Bradley, 1891. The New English Dictionary, Murray. Johnson's Dictionary, 1st folio ed., 1755. Skeat' s Etymological Dictionary, 1888. Florio, Worlde of Wordes, 1598. Cotgrave-Howell, 1673. Minsheu, Guide iuto Tongues (Emendatio, 2nd ed.). Bailey, 2nd ed., 1724. Kluge, Etymologisches Worterbuch d. deutschen Sprache. Wrigkt-Wulcker, Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies, 1884. Skeat' s Maeso-Gothic Glossary. Uhlenbeck, Kurz gefasstes etymologisches Worterbuch der Gotischen Sprache. ( Letter in Academy, Feb. 22, 1890. Napier \ Notes on Orthography of the Ormulum, Oxford, 1893 ; also in History ( of the Holy Rood-tree, ed. Napier, E.E.T.S., 1894. ~ . , f Gotisches Elementarbuch, 1897. istremerg | rj rgermanische Grammatik, 1896. (Urgerm. Gr.) ~. ( Phonetik, 4 Autk, 1893. severs ( ^^^[^^^ Grammatik, 3 Aufl., 1898. (A.S. Gr.) Morsbach, Mittelenglische Grammatik, 1st part, 1896. (M.E. Gr.) ! History of English Sounds, 1888. (II.E.S.) Oldesl English Texts : Facsimile of Epinal Glossary. Anglo-Saxon Reader, 7th ed., 1894. (A.S. Reader.) Primer of Phonetics. Paid, Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, Bd. i, 1891. (Grundr.) Paul and Braime, Beitrage zur Geschichte der duutschen Sprache und Litteratur. (P.B.B.) Cook, A Glossary of the Old Northumbrian Gospels, 1894. 6 Lindelof, Glossar zur altnorth. Evangelieniibersetzung in der Rushworth- handschrift, 1897. Ten Brink, Chaucer's Sprache and Verskunst, 2 Aufl., Kluge, 1899. (Chaucer's Spr.) Brate, Nordische Lehirworter in Ormulum (in P.B.B.. x). Ehtge, Geschichte der Englischen Sprache (in Grundr., pp. 781-90), cited by page. Biilbring, Beihlatt zur Anglia: July-August, 1898, and February, 1899. t, List of Books illustrating English Dialects, 1873-75. (E.D.S.) Wright, Englische Mundarten, Grundr., Bd. i, p. 975. (These last two works are invaluable as bibliographical guides.) Brandl, M.E. Literaturgeschichte, in Grundr., ii, pp. 609-718. O.E. c. O.E. c corresponds to Germanic *k, Indo-Germanic *g. O.E. ceosan, Goth, kiusan, Gk. ^eww; O.E. ^tec, O.Icel. bak, Lat. tego ; O.E. cyn, Goth, kuni, Gk. 761/0$, etc. O.E. c occurs initially, medially, and finally ; it may stand before all vowels, and before I, n, r. c in O.E. is the symbol both of a back (guttural) and of a front (palatal) sound. Before a primitive back vowel c was a back stop consonant in O.E., and also before y, e, ce, etc. = Germ. *u, -0, a, with i- umlaut ; and before consonants such as I, r, etc. On the other hand, c was fronted before original front vowels, *, e, etc., before Germ. *j, and when final, after front vowels (Sweet, H.E.S., § 589, but cf. § 74). In O.E. itself the *j lias disappeared, leaving its mark, however, by fronting a preceding back vowel. Thus hoc has dat. sing, and n. pi. bee = *boki, *bokiz (cf. Streitberg, Urgerm. Gr., p. 249). The 6 here is fronted to e through the medium of the *h, O.E. bee therefore must have had a fronted c, and that this was actually the case is proved by the M.E. forms ba3ch (Mk. i, 2), bech (Lk. iii, 4), in Kentish Gospels, MS., Hatton, 38, circ. 1150, where -ch ='O.E. fronted c. (Fronted c will henceforth be written c.) The best test of the front character of an O.E. c is its appearance as ch in Middle and Modern English. See on above, Sweet, H.E.S., p. 143, and A.S. Header (7th ed., § 110-20); Kluge, Paul's Grundr., Ed. i, pp. 836-40; Sievers, A.S. Or., §§ 206, 207. Pronunciation. With regard to c, there seems no reason for doubting that it had the character of a back-stop consonant in O.E., in all cases where that sound is found in the Modern English equivalents hoc 'book,' locian 'look,' drinkan 'drink,' smoca 'smoke,' stracian ' to stroke,' etc. The question of the pronunciation of c is much more difficult to determine, and opinion is divided on the subject. On one point everyone is agreed, namely, that 6 was clearly distinguished in sound from c ; the question which awaits settlement is, had O.E. 6 the sound of Engl, ch, i.e. a point-teeth-stop consonant followed by a blade-point-open consonant, or had it some sound intermediate between this and the back stop ? Kluge's view is clearly expressed in Grrundr., p. 839, where he says : — " Im Siiden ist 6 seit dem 10 Jahrh. in der Palatisierung (ts) [that is our ch sound] vorangeschritten. Zunachst ist gewiss kj, tj, fur c eingetreten." He cites cases of the spelling eg for t-g, e.g.: orcseard, Cur.-Past., 487, for ortgeard; muncgiu, Wulfstan, ed. Napier, p. 152 = muntjuw, etc. ; feccan from fetian (Piatt, Angl. 6, 177). From these spellings Kluge infers the pro- nunciation 'tj' for O.E. c. The pronunciation ts for M.E. ch must, he thinks, have arisen early, in support of which view he adduces M.E. etch = O.E. edisc, and Mod. Engl. French for frencisc, M.E. worchip = O.E. wur]?scipe, etc. No less categorical is the statement of Sievers, Angls. Or., § 206 (4): — "Die palatalen verschlusslaute c und (c) j sind offenbar bereits ziemlich friihe zu palatalen affricaten d. h. lauten von dem Klange der neuengl. ch und dg (also annahernd ts und di geworden). Dies ergiebt sich aus den formen wie orceard, feccean (neuengl. orchard, fetch), etc." Biilbring, in a most valuable article which just appeared (in " Beiblatt zur Anglia," February, 1899), " Was lasst sich aus dem gebrauch der buchstaben k und c im Mattaus - Evangelium des Rushworth-Manuscripts folgern?", expresses his views as follows : " Die thatsache, dass Farman seinen gebrauch des c und k im anlaut nach dem Lateinischen geregelt hat, ist nicht ohne wert fur die bestimmung des lautwertes des ae. c zu seiner Zeit und in seiner Mundart. jS'icht nur sieht man, dass er sich deutlich eines Unterschcides zwischen dem anlaut z.b. von ciken und kiuing bewusst war; sondern es muss cine gewisse ahnlichkeit der 8 aussprache des c. z.b. in ae. cerdem und lat certum gewesen sein, die ihn zu der oben dargelegten \interseheidung brachte. Da er das lat c vor palatalen vokalen wie {ts) spracb, so muss er das ae. 6 ebenfals dental gesprochen baben, d.b. ganz oder ungefahr we ne. {U)." > (See, however, Biilbring's remarks in Anglia Beiblatt, July- August, 1898, at bottom of p. 74, where the distinction is very clearly drawn between "palatalization and subsequent dentali- zation," etc., with which I largely agree.) As against above views, Sweet has always maintained that O.E. c was a front-stop consonant (see H.E.S., § 496, and A.S. Header, Introduction, § 120). This view, which I believe to be the only sound one, has hardly been stated by Sweet himself with sufficient cogency, and has perhaps on this account been pretty generally ignored by other scholars. By a front stop is simply meant a stop formed with that part of the tongue which is used in forming the (German) /-sound. This latter sound is in fact the front-open- voice consonant, the voiceless form of it being the final sound in German ' ich.' In forming the front stops the middle or ' front ' part of the tongue is pressed against the hard palate just behind the aiveolars, the effect being that of a kind of t or d, according to whether there is voice or not. "When the stop is opened a j'-like off-glide is heard, and it is this off-glide that gives the sound its very characteristic ' colour.' These stops are heard in Sw. kyssa, kenua ; Russ. ^fl^fi, 'uncle,' and mutp., 'mother.' I submit the following reasons for con- sidering the several contentions (which, indeed, vary slightly) of Messrs. Kluge, Sievers, and Biilbring untenable : — Firstly. The process of passing from a back or even perhaps a root-stop consonant to a point-teeth stop + a blade-point-open (which is practically what the above scholars mean by such symbols as ts, etc.), must of necessity be a very long one. Secoudly. O.E. c is constantly doubled, and there would be no reason for doubling what is already a complex sound. Tlius, if O.E. c'=U, O.E. 66 must = either tsts or ttts, which are unpronounceable combinations. c must therefore have been a single, simple sound. Thirdly. If O.E. 6 had really become a double sound it could not possibly have become k, as we know it did in certain com- binations, cf. M.E. sekJ> = O.E. sec]'. To suppose that c had got over all the stages from k to point-teeth t, had also developed the sh sound after it, and could then suddenly go right back to k again, is surely unreasonable. Fourthly. M.E. forms like bleinte, queinte, seinte = O.E. blencte, cwenete, sencte, could only have been produced by the influence of a front stop. These forms are not particularly early (I have fouud more in R. of Glos., 1300, than in any other text), and they seem to show that 6 remained a front stop pure and simple until well into the M.E. period. Had O.E. 6 already = ts, it seems to me inconceivable that the -eint forms could ever have arisen at all. This diphthongizing process will be discussed later on in considering the fate of c in M.E. The well-worn arguments based on orceard, feccan, etc., which appear regularly in all discussions of this question, are surely entirely without cogency, and the spellings tell quite as much in favour of the front-stop theory as of the other. Putting aside the fact that the identity of fetian and feccan is doubtful, it would be quite sound to suppose that the combination tj or ti of fetian had been assimilated to a simple consonant, and that a front stop. This process is a common one, and Russian, for instance, has many examples of it. nana, 'nurse,' is not pronounced nia nia or nja nja, but with a front nasal followed by -a; unfrl, 'uncle,' does not=dia dia or dja dja, but front- stop voice followed by -a. I have insisted thus strongly on the nature of O.E. c, because the phenomena which meet us in inquiring into the subsequent history of this sound are to me unintelligible on any other assumption than the one I have endeavoured to justify. Graphical Distinction between O.E. c and c. The earliest linguistic monuments of O.E. are the Runic inscriptions. Of these the most important are the Bewcastle inscription (Cumberland), circ 670, and the Ruth well Cross (Dumfriesshire), circ. 680. There are three different Runic symbols for the c, c sounds, which represent perhaps the front 6, the front variety of the back stop, and the back-stop normal position. The following list gives all the examples of each variety that occur in Vietor's " Die Northumbrischen Runensteine," 1895. Victor transliterates the Ruuic symbols by c, c\ and k, c being front and 10 c' back, but in the present list I shall use c for the front stop, as throughout this paper, c for the back stop, and k for the modification of the so-called gar rune. Words with c — Alcfripu, Bew. Bccun, Leeds. Cubbereht, Lane. Cynibalb, Lane. Kyniqe, Ru. Lices, gen. sing., Ru. Rieoes, gen. sing., adj., Bew. Ricnse, ac. sing., Ru. Sigbecuu, Bew. 16, Ru. On the 6 in these words see also Biilbring, Anglia Beiblatt, July-August, 1898, p. 74. Words with c — Becun, Thornhill. Crist, Ru. Cristtus, Bew. Cwomu, Ru. Cyniburug, Bew. Words with k — Ivyniq, Bew., ace. sing. Kynigc, Ru. Uqket, pron. dual ace, Ru. c and c in the MS. The early glossaries do not distinguish between c and c in any consistent manner. In the Corpus Gloss (Sweet, Oldest E.T.) I can only find that k occurs twice: kylle, 231, kaeli^, 1119. This gloss is early eighth century. The Epinal does not seem to have any example of k at all in English words, c is used in these glossaries both for the back and front sound, before all vowels. Ep. and Erfurt occasionally write -ci for the latter sound, as birciae, 'birch,' Ep. 792 and Erf. 1609; Erf. also has ciae 240, ' a chough ' ; Ep. at same place writes chyae. In West Saxon there is a pretty regular diphthongization of primitive front vowels after c in the later texts, and before a and o an e is written, while etc often appears as cut — drencium, ecium, etc. (See Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 206, p. 103.) In Kentish 11 and Mercian 6 does not diphthongize. Kt., Merc, e = W.S. «, but Northumbrian (Rushw. and Lindisfarne) hesitates between a and ea. (Sievers, A.S. Gr., § 157, 3.) In Beoivulf kyning occurs four times with k, in lines 619, 665, 2,335, and 3,170; these are the only cases of k in the whole poem. In Cur a Pastor alts k is used in both MSS., but by far the greater number of the words in which it occurs appear in other parts of the text, often on the same page, with c. The following is a list of all the cases I have found of It in this text as printed by Mr. Sweet (E.E.T.S., xlv and 1.) The numbers refer to the page in Mr. Sweet's edition. I have not always thought it worth while to say whether a word which occurs several times on a page is always in the same case; thus, on p. 2 we have kyning and kynings, but the reference is simply 'kyning 2 (twice).' Cotton MS. has k (initially) in the following words : kyning 2 (twice), 8, 32 (twice), 36, 38 (twice), 84, 90, 110, 112, 120, 144, 182, 186, 196, -252, 374; kySan 2; ky^de 146, (gekySde) 150; ky^onne 300, 310; angelkynne 2, 6 (twice); kynn 84; kynelic 84 (five times); akolige 150; kraeft 152; karcernu 204; kyclum (darts) 296; koka (Cooks' gen. pi.) 310 (three times) ; koiossensum 310. Medially k appears but rarely ; the cases are : gioke 196, 200 ; koka (see above) ; ascoke (shake) 310. The Hatton MS. has the following examples of k initially : kyning 3 (twice), 9, 37, 39, 85, 91, 111, 113, 121, 145, 183, 197, 253, 375, 393 (twice) ; kynerices 6 ; ky^a^ 21 ; ky^anne 306, 363 ; geky^ 359 ; keled 57 (Cott. aled) ; kynelicne 85 (three times) ; kynn 85, 353 ; kenning 97 ; kystig 149, 327 kristes 213, 317, 323; kelnesse 309; koka 311 (three times) akenned 313 ; kynrena, kycglum 297 ; kokke, kokkum 459 kok 459, 461 ; kylle 469 (twice). Of medial k I have found the following examples: geoke 197; gioke 201; koka 311; ascoke 311; ^icke 329; fordikige 361, 383; seker 411; kokke and kukkuni 459 ; murkien 467. I have only found two examples of final -k: kok 459, 461. Professor Biilhring (Anglia Beiblatt, February, 1899) has given an exhaustive account of the use of k in llushworth 1 . I disagree to a great extent with Mr. Bulbring's views on the degree of 'palatalization' which took place in the North, so far as I understand his remarks on this subject in the above article, and in Anglia Beiblatt, July-August, 1898, p. 74, etc.; but as this subject will he discussed in another part of the present paper, 12 I will do no more here than say that he seems to me, on this particular point, to reason in a circle. It is assumed that iu words like so^h'ce, cujdice, swilce, etc., there was a it-sound in the Northern dialects. But Farinan, the writer of MS. Bushworth 1 , never writes one, " not even sometimes," therefore, says Mr. Biilbring, he could not have been a Northerner. Now, as the arguments in favour of the statement that Northern dialects had the back sound in above words are of the slightest possible kiud (see Biilbring, pp. 75 and 291), it would be rather more reasonable to assume that k does not appear in these words in this Northern MS. for the simple reason that c and not c was pro- nounced in the North. In the work known as Bushworth 2 , k is not used at all. For this sound ch is occasionally written, as folches, wlonches (see Bulbring, pp. 75 and 291, and Lindelof). Michil, etc., which occurs in the Durham Book (see Cook's Glossary), seems also to be an example of ch for k. At any rate, ch was a not uncommon symbol for k in the latest O.E. and earliest M.E. period, and we find spellings like Chingestone = Kingston, Chemere = Keymer in the Sussex Doomsday Book (ed. Parish, 1886). The spelling in Doomsday Book is, however, very irregular, and ch is not infrequently written for c, as in Berchlie = Birch, Berches ; Beche = Beech ; Bechingtone = Bechington. Chetel, a tenant's name, may be either Norse Kettil with c, or Engl. Chettle with c. On the other hand, we find Calvingtone = Chalvington ; Cerlestone = Charlston ; and Cicestre = Chichester (see lists of Place and Tenant's Names, in Parish's edition). In the Peterborough Chronicle (MS. Laud, 636, ed. Thorpe, and recently Earle) there seems to be hardly any trace of k, except in foreign words, before the year 1122. Under Ann. 1091 we find, however, Kiseresburh = Cherbourg, and under Ann. 1098 utwikiujan (but gemakian 1102). Otherwise, so far as I can see, we find for both back and front sounds in this part of the text. "With Ann. 1122, however, the handwriting changes and we now get kyng, king, etc., hut c still is used for both sounds ; thus we get circe, cinnesmen (Ann. 1129). After 1135 h is used much more frequently, but by no means exclusively for the back sound, and we find cursede (1137); and, on the other hand, makede, swikes (1135), smoked, snakes (1137). The spelling Kiaeresburh is curious, and seems to point to the fact that the French front sound of ch, whatever it was, differed from that 13 of English c, otherwise we should not find the rather strange combination kite- in a text where k is practically not used at all. It should be mentioned, however, that a little earlier in the same text (1096) Campeine occurs for ' Champagne.' To sum up, then, we can never be absolutely certain that any given c in O.E. is front unless it occur in a Runic form, accom- panied by diphthongization of a following vowel, or after a vowel which shows /-umlaut. We cannot be absolutely certain that O.E. c is back except (1) from etymological considerations; (2) if it be written with a guttural rune, or with a k. But there are many cases when we have absolutely no evidence in O.E. at all. Thus, for instance, we know that seccan and sece had c, but we cannot affirm with equal certainty that the front sound occurred in 3rd sing. sec]?. We may now pass to c and c in Middle English, and here we are on much firmer ground. O.E. c mid c in M.E. In the early transition texts of twelfth century a certain confusion still prevails with regard to the spelling for O.E. c and c ; but on the whole we may say that the use of ch for c is well established, and the deviations from this rule may generally be explained by the fact that many of these early texts are copied from older MSS. in which c is used indiscriminately. Thus, for example, in the Kentish Gospels (MS. Hatton, 38, circ. 1150), the influence of the old spelling is everywhere obvious. In this text we have c = O.E. 6 in secan, Lk. xix, 10 ; rice, Lk. xix, 14; micelen, Lk. xi, 4; ceastre, passim; cyldre, Lk. xviii, 15; wyrce, Lk. xxii, 11. 6 written ch: chyld, Mk. x, 24; gechure, Joh. xv, 16; cheapia^, Lk. xix, 13; chyrcan, Mat. xvi, 18 ; chikene, Mat. xxiii, 37 ; chalf, Lk. xv, 27 ; cheastre, Mat. iv, 13. The combination sc is always written sc in this text, and to this there is but one exception, in the word bischop, Joh. xi, 54. This is, so far as I can see after a careful search, the only example of this spelling in the MS., and, I believe, the earliest example yet pointed out. Hatton, 38, has four ways of expressing back c : first, k ; second, c or cc ; third, ch; fourth, ck. On the whole, it is correct to say that k and ck are generally written before front vowels, c before consonants and back vowels. Akenned, Joh. ix, 20; 14 taken, sb., Job. ix, 16; sprseken, pret. pi., Job. ix, 22; drinke, Mat. vi, 32; kyng, Lk. xix, 38; but lockan, dat. pi., Job. x, 2; lickeres, Mat. xxii, 18. Examples of c are : werees, sb., Joh. iv, 34 ; co, Lk. xix, 38; bocc, Job. xx, 30; clypeden, Mat. xxi, 19, etc. Ch = k is not of frequent occurrence, and occurs principally in foreign words, as cbanan, fichtre. In the forms siccbelse (sic), Mat. xxvii, 28, siccbele, Mat. xxviii, 31, setsoch, Lk. xxii, 57, we have also apparently ch = k. The collection of Homilies in MS. Vespas, A. 22, is also Kentish, but about fifty years later than the Hatton Gospels. The spelling of the Homilies is prac- tically that of the Gospels, and here again the O.E. version, from which they are copied, makes its influence felt. Ch is used for c, but c is quite as common ; ch also occurs for c in dierchin ; k apparently i8 not used at all. The so-called Kentish Sermons (Laud, 471), circ. 1200-50, do not present the same curious uncertainty in the use of c and ch, and the latter spelling is by this time assured for the front sound, and k or ck are almost exclusively used for the back sound, though c is retained before /, etc. Examples: child (Epiph., etc.), chold = cold (second sermon ; the same word is also written schald in same sermon), speche (Epiph.), kinkriche (second sermon), seches (Epiph.); of k and ck : werkes (Epiph.), betockne]? (fifth sermon), besekej? (second sermon), akelb = chilleth (second sermon). Ch is also used in this text for the front open consonant, as almichti (Epiph.), bricht (Epiph.), Jmrch, through (second sermon). In another Kentish text of the same period or a little earlier (Vices and Virtues) the same distinction between back and front c is regularly made. In the three Dorsetshire texts of this period — St. Juliana (prose version), 1200; Sawles "Warde, 1210; and Ancren Eiwle, 1225— ch is regularly written for the front sound, and c, k, or ck for the back. "We may therefore say, that from the beginning of the thirteenth century onwards, there is no further doubt in most texts, as to whether, in any given case, we are dealing with the front or back sound. Distribution of c(k) and ch in M.E. In O.E. Germanic k is fronted in all dialects, in all cases where the circumstances admit of the fronting process — that is, 15 before original front vowels ; and when it is the medium of the j'-umlaut, probably also finally after front vowels. Under ordinary conditions this fronted c should become ch in M.E. But in M.E. we are met with the fact that whereas in the South, fronting of this consonant takes place in nearly all cases where we should expect it to occur, in North Midland aud Northern texts there are many apparent anomalies, and we find forms like sekeu instead of sechen, thenken instead of thenchen, etc. Now, if these k forms occurred regularly in Northern and North Midland texts, if they were the only forms in these texts, and if the ch forms alone occurred in Southern texts, we should be justified in assuming that the ch forms were the characteristic representatives of O.E. c in the South, but that in North Midland and in the North, O.E. c was with equal regularity unfronted and made into k. Then we should also be justified in explaining those k forms which occur in Modern Standard English as Northern loan forms ; the whole question would resolve itself into a question of geography, and there would be, so far as I can see, no further difficulties in connection with these k forms. But, unfortunately for this view, it turns out upon closer examination of the evidence, that not only are there plenty of ch forms in Northern texts, from a very early date in M.E., but that there are perhaps quite as many k forms in the South. The evidence of the Mod. Engl, dialects is quite as striking. Certainly there are far more k forms in the North than in the South, but there are too many k forms in the latter group of dialects, and too many ch forms in the former, to be accounted for merely by a theory of extensive borrowing. The theory for which I hope in the following pages to establish, at least, a very strong probability, is that the fronted and non- fronted forms existed side by side, in the same dialects, at a certain period of O.E. I shall endeavour to show what were the special conditions under which 6 became k. Having shown that these doublets could and did occur extensively in O.E., I shall hope to prove that there is abundant reason to believe that for a certain time both forms were retained in the Southern dialects, and that later on the Northern dialects showed a special pre- dilection for the -k forms, although they retained many -ch forms ; while in the South, although most of the -k forms were gradually eliminated, many survived, and still survive, alongside of the more frequent -ch forms. L6 1 shall delay formulating the law for the origin of the -k forms, and a discussion of its application and scope, until we have passed in review all the evidence 1 have collected for the development of the gutturals in M.E. and the modern dialects. This final discussion will also include that of the so-called irregular develop- ments of O.E. cj, g, and h, as I believe these are due to similar phonetic conditions. I shall not discuss here the irregular development of initial O.E. c in kirk, kaif (= chaff), etc., as we are dealing only with medial and final c, etc. I give here a few illustrations of the strange dialectal distribution of the ch and k forms in M.E., which the lists which follow exemplify more fully. K forms in Southern texts : Kentish Gospels has svvinked ; ilken. Vices and Virtues: beseke'S, besekb, beiukinde. Ayenbite : awreke, vb., smec, and smac, ' taste,' waki, sb., ' watch,' azenkte, ilke, workinde. Libeau Desconus : hiukh, pricked. Wohunge : pik, sb. Ancr. Riwle : prikke, sb., swuc (='such'), tuke^ ' chastiseth,' stenk sb. Owle and Nightingale : tukest, ' twitchest.' Sir Ferumbras (Devon, 1380): deke 'ditch,' prykie sb., reke ' rich.' Ch forms in Northern texts : Cursor Mundi : rich, adj. ; wreche, sb. and adj.; speche sb., spech vb. ; jicche sb. Minot : feched, ' wretche,' sb. Allit. Poems : biseche vb., aliche ' alike ' ; dych sb. ; pich sb., seche vb., wrech ' vengeance.' Catholicon : bechtre fagus, a leche medicus, riche copiosus, to teche, etc. Levins (Yorks, 1570) : ache, sb. and vb. (rhymes to spinache), blache, bletche, rich, pich, ditch, itche. Dunbar: siche 'such,' streiche adj. 'stiff,' teich vb. "Wars of Alexander : liche ' a body,' reche vb. (reach). Seche vb., siche 'such.' Havelok (N.E. Midi.): lich 'like,' ich 'I,' swich ' 6uch.' The forms in -einte, etc. These forms of the p.p. and pret. do not appear to be very numerous, widely spread, or to have survived much beyond the fifteenth century. I have noted only one, adreinte, in Minot ; in Brunne, dreynt ; in Mire, i-queynt ; in Chaucer, queynt, dreynte, and bleynte ; in St. Juliana (metrical), adreynte. Most of my examples are from Kob. of Glos., who has adreint, adreynt, aseint, blenyte (= bleynte), dreinte, and dreynt. In this text occur also the forms adreincte, aseincte, and bleincte. The Leominster MS. (Harl. 2253) has dreynt, seint (sunk), wreint, from # wrenchcn. Gavin Douglas has two examples in his poems, 17 drint and quent, which are perhaps the latest examples. These forms could, so far as I can imagine, only arise while O.E. 6 was still a front-stop consonant. They appear only before t. The process must have been as follows: front stop + point-teeth stop became by assimilation double, or long front stop ; the preceding nasal had already been fronted, probably by the original single front stop. This heavy combination of front consonants developed a parasitic vowel after the e which went before it, giving *bleihcce, etc. Such a form as this might either become *bleiuche or, by advancing the long-front stop to a point-teeth stop, bleihte, with subsequent pointing of the front nasal. As the ending -te was required by analogy, for the termination of preterites and past participles, these latter changes were those which occurred. Forms like adreynct are obviously new formations, with the vowel combination of ' dreynte,' and the consonantal peculiarity of forms like adrenk]?, etc. But in several texts the combination -net becomes -nclit without diphthongizing the preceding vowels, giving cwenchte, etc. ; in this case c must have early become a blade stop, with a strong glide after it, without fronting the n. M.E. -ght, etc. = O.E. ct. Chaucer has twight, pret. of twicchen, streight from strecchen, prighte from *pricchen. Kob. of GHos., schrigte from *schricchen, pijt from *picchen, etc. These forms are apparently due to a desire to avoid the combination -ct. The front stop is opened, to a front open consonant before a following point-teeth stop. It is possible that ' blight ' in Mod. Engl, may be explained in this way. We are quite justified in assuming an O.E. vb., *bliccan, *bleccan ; for the form ' blichenyng ' = ' mildew, blight ' occurs in Palladius on Husbondrie, while blechest and bleche}> occur in Ayenbite in the sense of 'to hurt, injure.' The form blectha 'vitiligo' occurs in the Corpus Gloss., Sweet. O.E.T., 1069, p. 107, and Wright- Wiilcker, 53. 28, which form, from *bleccan, is analogous to O.E. jic^a, from giccan. Had blectha survived in M.E. we should have got blek)?e, just as we get jyh^e in Promptorium. But before the -t suffix O.E. c has been opened, as in pight, plight, etc. This explanation seems more satisfactory than the negative results obtained by Murray in N.E.D., who, by the way, ignores the Corpus form, though he doubtfully quotes ' blichenyng ' from Palladius. 2 18 Pronunciation of M.E. ch, cch, etc. The date at which O.K. c acquired its present sound of point- teeth + blade -point -open consonant, cannot be determined with precision. Most German scholars, as we have seen, attribute this pronunciation to 6 already in the O.E. period, and reasons against such a view have been advanced above. For Mr. Sweet's views on the question see H.E.S., pp. 193 and 291. He denies the existence of the sound in early M.E., but assumes it for late M.E., his earliest example of the spelling -tch being stretche, from Wicliffe. For a long time I practically agreed with this view, as the only earlier example of -tch which I knew was from Minot, who has wretche. I therefore assumed that the middle of the fourteenth century was the earliest period at which the existence of the present sound could be proved. I have now, however, found two examples of tch about a century earlier. Both are from E. Midi, texts; Genesis and Exodus (arc. 1250) has fetchden (line 2,889), and the Bestiary of same date has witches, sb. pi., 542. This reading, which is that of the MS., is, curiously enough, relegated to a footnote by Morris, who has restored wicches in the text. Another early case of -tch is in the Metrical Psalter (before 1300), which has wretchednes, Ps. 106, verse 10. From these examples it would perhaps seem that we ought to admit that ch had practically its present pronunciation, at least as early as the middle of the thirteenth century. But Mr. Sweet tells me that he attaches no importance to the sporadic early spellings with -tch quoted above, so that the question is still an open one. I record the facts, and leave scholars to draw their own conclusions. The -tch spellings are in any case extremely rare, and the Promptorium is the earliest text in which they are fairly common. Here we have latchyn, watche, wetche, etc. Dunbar has wretchis, and the Complaint of Scotland has numerous spellings of the kind. From what has been said in the foregoing section regarding the dialectal distribution of the -ch and -k forms, it follows that Kluge's remarks (Grundriss, p. 844) to the effect that O.E. c'j, and by implication O.E. c, never readied the assibilated stage of -dye and -tch in the North of England, require some modification. 19 O.E. -6 was fully ultimately assibilated in the North as well as in the South, under similar conditions. There were factors, however, which in some dialects unfronted O.E. 6 before it got beyond the stage of front stop. These factors most certainly obtained in the South, so that there, at any rate, there were some c's which never reached the assibilated stage. II. O.E. 5 . O.E. 5 represents a front and a back consonant. The front variety we shall write 5. O.E. 5 has a double origin; it = (1) Germanic *j, Indo-Germanic **" or *j; (2) Germanic *g, Indo-Germ. *gh. The back form of O.E. 5 = Germanic *g, Indo-Germ. % gh. Examples of the, O.E. 5 = Germ, g are O.E. 50s, O.H.G. kans, Lat. (h)anser, Gk. xv v '■> c ^- a ^ so 0- Bulg. gasi, etc., O.E. jat, 'a goat,' Goth, gaits, Lat. hsedus. Examples of O.E. 5 = *J are O.E. jeoc, Goth, juk, Lat. jugum, 0. Bulg. igo, O.E. jeonj;, Goth, juggs, Lat. juvencus. O.E. 5 = Germ. *g represents a back sound, before all original back vowels and their mutations ; before O.E. ce = Germ, a before nasals ; and before the consonants I, r, and n. It always repre- sents the front sound when it = Germ. *J; and when = *g before original front vow r els, and all O.E. diphthongs whatever their origin, and the mutations of these ; diphthongization is a sure sign that the 5 which immediately precedes it is a front 5. The geminated 5 nearly always = Germ, gj, and this in E. is always front. There are only a few words (such as do^sa, frojga, etc.) in which the double 5 is not of the above origin, and then it represents a back sound. Medially after vowels, and after I, r, 5 may be either back or front, according to the nature of the preceding vowel. (See on above questions Sweet, H.E.S., pp. 146-149; A.S. Reader, xliii— xlvii ; Kluge, Grundriss, pp. 841-844; Sievers, Angls. Gr., §§ 211-216.) Pronunciation of O.E. j and 5 and c'-g. As to the pronunciation of initial g, most scholars are agreed that it was that of an open voice consonant, back or front according to the conditious stated above. For statement of this view, see 20 Braune, Beitrage, Bd. i, p. 514, note; Ten Brink, Anglia, Bd. i, p. 515; Sievers, Anglia, i, p. 575; Sievers, O.E. Gr., §§ 211, 212; Paul, P.B.B., i, pp. 173-183; Kluge, Grundriss, p. 841; Napier, Academy, February 22, 1890, p. 123; Wright, Dialect of Windhill, §315; Streitberg, TJrgerm. Gr., p. 120, etc., etc. Against this formidable array of authorities, however, we have the weighty opinion of Mr. Sweet, who holds directly the contrary view ; see Proceedings of Phil. Soc, February, 1883; H.E.S., pp. 145, 146; A.S. Reader, pp. xlv, xlvi. Zupitza also, formerly expressed the opinion that initial 5 was a stop (see Vorrede, p. vii, to his edition of Cynewulf's Elene, 1877), but I learn from Professor Napier that he afterwards recanted this opinion. Mr. Sweet's view is that O.E. initial g was a back-voice stop, initial g a front-voice stop whether it = Germ. *g or Germ. *J. As we are, on the present occasion, only discussing non-initial j, we need not weigh the arguments in favour of either view on the question of initial 5, but may merely note iu passing that Mr. Sweet has advanced some grave arguments in favour of his view, which have never been met or even properly discussed by the other side, but at the same time it must be admitted that there are great difficulties in the way of the stop theory. Mr. Sweet admits, however, that 5 probably was a front open consonant in unstressed syllables. (A.S. Header, § 123, p. xlvi.) AVith regard to non-initial g, opinion seems to be unanimous that medially, between back vowels, e.g. in such words as saga, lagu, niagu, etc., and finally after back vowels, it represents the back open voice consonant. This is supposed to be proved by the fact that in later texts g in this position is unvoiced, and becomes A after long back vowels, and after I and r (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 214) : jenoh, beah, stah, bealh, from older genog, beag, stag, heal j, and the same applies to front 5 when, through syncope, it is brought into contact with a voiceless consonant : stihst, yrh^o, for stfest, yrj^o, etc. g readily disappears finally as a consonant after front vowels, and becomes -i, and even in Epinal we find jrei, bodei. Also, before original syllabic n, 5 disappears, and produces waen, ren, from waeju, regn. In this connection, Sievers (§ 214. 3) says that snrel for smegl is not found until later on, but I have found snel in Epinal 611 (O.E.T.), or folio 14, line 9, of the facsimile edition. The combination wg was unquestionably a nasal stop, front or back as the case might be (Sievers, § 215). 21 Geminated g is usually written cj, when it = Germ, gj, and in this case is invariably front, and a stop in O.E., bycgan, Goth, bugjan. According to Kluge (Gr. 844) this combination (eg) expressed the modern assibilated pronunciation ' bald nach 900 ' ; Sievers does not fix the date beyond saying that the O.E. eg was " bereits ziemlich friihe zu palatalen affricaten . . . geworden." The chief argument for this assumption seems to be the spelling micgern, which, however, as Sievers admits, is " erst ziemlich spat belegt." Professor ]N~apier pointed out that midirnan occurs in Lorica, Gloss. 26, and it thus became evident that micjern =a O.H.G. mittigarni. Hence it is argued that since eg here = dg the pronunciation of eg as ' di ' is proved. I cannot regard this as more convincing than is the orceard, etc., 'proof of the assibilated pronunciation of O.E. c. These spellings merely prove that d% and eg on one hand, tg and c on the other, were pronounced alike, but there is no reason at all for assuming that that common pronunciation was tch, or dge ; to my mind these spellings rather tend to confirm the view that c and eg were front stops. As has been already mentioned, the cases where geminated g is not Germ. *gj are rare. In frogga, dogga, etc., it seems probable that there was a back-stop consonant. The combination -tig seems to have been a back nasal followed by a back-stop consonant ; it is often written -nc. Graphic distinction between g, 5, eg, gg. The Runic inscriptions distinguish between g and 5. The following are from Vietor's " Nordhumbrische Runensteine." The llune for g (transcribed g) occurs in the following words : aetgad(r)e, adv., Ruthw. ; bigotten, p.p., Ruthw. ; buga, vb., Ruthw. ; cyniburug, Bewc. ; galgu, sb., Ruthw. ; gistiga, vb., Ruthw. ; giwundad, p.p., Ruthw. ; God, Ruthw. ; hnag, 1st sing, pret., Ruthw.; modig, adj., Paithw. ; sorgan, dat. pi. sb., Ruthw. The following words have the symbols for 7, (g) : — Sigbecun, sb., Bewc. ; alegdun, 3rd pi. pret., Ruthw. ; ber^i, Bb., Thornh. ; geredaj, 3rd sing, pret., Ruthw. ; Gessus, Jesus, Bewc; gidrsefid, p.p., Ruthw.; gistiga, inf., Ruthw. ; gistoddun, 3rd pi. pret., Ruthw. ; Hilddigy]?, Hartlepool ; Igilsuip, Thornh. ; Limwperignoe, adj., Ruthw.; Dsegiogsef, Ruthw. 22 As in the case of c, c, the manuscripts do not distinguish between 5 and 5 with perfect consistency, so that often the sound has to be inferred from the kind of vowels before or after it, and from the subsequent history of the word in the later language. In West JSaxoii initial 7, and 5 are very generally distinguished by writing an e after the latter. In late texts the z- is often dropped altogether before ea and eo, but on the other hand a Z is often written before ea, eo, stkrSe = ea^e ; seornest = ' earnest,' etc , in late Kentish. (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 212, Anm. 2.) Medially after I and r 5 is frequently written 35 ; byrig, myrij^, fyligan, etc. ; occasionally, though rarely, u% is written after r and I for g, burug (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 213, Anm.). Medially and finally j is occasionally written j/« : bdgh, huag, slog, deajhian, totoghen, etc. (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 214, Anm. 5 ; Sweet, Reader, p. xlvii, § 128.) The front stop is usually written rj : secg, hrycg, etc. Medially this combination is often followed by e or i, before a back vowel : secgea, secgium, etc. (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 216.) The back stop is generally written gg, frojja, dogga, etc., but occasionally also Cga, earwicga (Sievers, Angls. Gr., § 216, 2). But the trout or back sound is revealed by that of the following vowel, or, if the eg, etc., is final, by the preceding vowel (Sweet, A.S. Reader, p. xliv, § 113). The spelling hiniongse for hingongse in Bede's Death Song can only be explained as being due to some analogy, perhaps with eode, unless it be a mistake of the foreign scribe. (Sweet, A.S. Reader, pp. 176 and 224.) 5, eg, etc., in M.E. In M.E. texts of the thirteenth century and onwards, back and front 5 are clearly distinguished, and in many instances the stop is also distinguished from the open consonant. The front stop is usually written gg, the back stop g, the front open consonant 5, and the back open consonant gh. This exactitude is, however, only attained by degrees, nor do all MSS., even of a fairly late date, show unanimity in the employment of the symbols. For an elaborate account of the use of g and 5 in early M.E. MSS. see Professor Napier's letter in The Academy, February 22, 1890. Out of the twenty MSS. here examined (all of the twelfth 23 century) nine retain the O.E. z in all cases, four have g in all cases or use 5 only occasionally without any fixed rule, seven use both g and 5 to distinguish between O.E. 5 and 5. To this last class must now be added MS. Cott., Vespas, A. 22, a Kentish MS. of the latter part of the twelfth century. Mr. Napier mentions this text as one of those which he had not had an opportunity of examining. I made a careful examination of it with the following results : g occurs sixty times ; in the majority of these cases it = a back sound, sometimes, however, a stop, some- times an open consonant ; there are, however, a few cases in which it is apparently written for a front sound. 5 is written fifty times, generally for a front open consonant, but occasionally, perhaps by error, for a back consonant. I only found three cases of g doubled ; in two of these it = O.E. eg, in the other it = a back open consonant — aggenne. Z does not occur doubled. g appears initially in such words as be-gan, god, gastes, golde, gylt, grate, etc. ;' medially in fugel, halege, laglice, nigon, bugon, dagum, halgode ; after n in anglene, strange, kiugene, king, fengon, unglenges, hungre. Spellings like bigeten, gif, gilt, nigon are probably scribal slips. The back open consonant is several times written ch, as heretoche (O.E. heretoga), burch (O.E. burj), burch (O.E. ]?urh), and doubtless this spelling implies the voiceless sound. ch and h are both written for the front open voiceless consonant, michti, lichte, mihti. g, on the other hand, occurs in giaf, gef, gief, -ongean, agen, forgiaf, gearnunge (the second g here is doubtless a scribal error), gife, sb., twegen, deige, dege (dat. sing.), upstige, segS, sorige, etc., in all of which words it = the front open sound. g represents the back sound in dagen (dat. pi.), oge];, lage, niuge, magi, etc. In the Kentish Gospels (Hatton MS., 38), as Mr. Napier has pointed out, (see letter in Academy above quoted), g and g are used with very fair regularity for back stop and front or back open sounds respectively. The word cage = ' eye, as Mr. Napier says, never occurs with i inserted before the g. This, he thinks, rather tends to show that the original back sound (cf. Goth, augo) was not yet fronted. On the other hand, those g's which were front in O.E. often have ei, at before them, as in saigdc, ineigden, etc. The MS. 15. 14. 52, in Trinity Coll., Cambridge (before 1200), and MS. of Genesis and Exodus in Corpus Christi Coll. 24 Cambridge, do not distinguish between stop and open, buck and trout consonant, but write g throughout. For this information 1 am Indebted to Mr. Henry Bradley, who asked Professor Skeat to examine the MSS. to decide the question. MS. Land, 471, Kentish Sermons (see Morris, O.E. Misc., p. 21), has g for back stop, gg for front stop, gh, w, for back open consonant, and y for front open. But of all the ME. MSS. the Ormulum (Junius, 1) is the most carefully and phonetically written, and Professor Napier has brought to light some important facts for our present purpose. (See "Notes on the Orthography of the Ormulum," Oxford, 1893, also Academy, 1890, p. 188.) The discovery of Mr. Napier was, that Orm uses a new symbol, xr, a kind of compromise between the English and the Continental g and g, to express the back stop voice consonant. This symbol is used regularly in Orm's MS. in such words as a odd, bixrinnen, t'TJTT inn-g-, etc. It may be mentioned, in passing, that Kluge (Gr., 844) states on the strength of Napier's paper that Orm bad a special symbol for the sound in seggen, liggen, etc., while of course the whole point is that Orm retains the ordinary Continental g for this sound, but uses his new symbol for the back stop. For the front open voice consonant Orm writes g, drijje, rejjn, etc., and for the back open sound jA, laghe, halljhenn, ajhenn, etc. The fact that lie uses this symbol in the word eghe='eye,' shows that the original back sound of this word had not yet been fronted, and confirms Mr. Napier's suggestion with regard to it in the Kentish Gospels. Pronunciation of M.E. g, z. The main facts of pronunciation are clear enough and are practically contained in the above remarks, but there are one or two points which need a little further discussion. O.E. medial and final z after front vowels disappears in M.E., having previously diphthongized the vowel, e.g. O.E. saesde, M.E. seide ; imese, M.E. meie, mei, etc. This z appears in the Orm. as 33, and O.E. cb before it as a ; nasslenn 'to nail,' cf. O.E. nsejl ; wassn, O.E. Tvsesn daS3, O.E. dse3, etc. The question is how soon did this z lose its consonantal quality and become a mere vowel, presumably the high front wide (I). The answer seems to be that Orm had already lost the consonantal sound, for he writes for O.N. reisa, 25 rej^senn, where presumably -ess = [j\ It seems therefore reason- able to assume that the combination ass = ]r, fyi, or even perhaps XX. The Kentish Homilies (Yespas, A. 22) write dses, daeis, and dsei, and Lasamon has the same word spelt with and without the z, in several cases : 'dai, deie, daase, 'daije, etc. ; twei^e, "tweie ; aeie, eie, eise, etc. = awe. A Worcester glossary of the twelfth century has already nseilsex, novaculum (cf . also remarks on O.E. z). St. Juliana (Prose version, Dorset, 1200) has meiden, deis, etc. ; Cursor Mundi (Yorks, 1300) has lies and lighes, so that it seems clear that we may safely regard Z, or sh, etc., in this position after a front vowel as having ceased to be a consonant before the end of the twelfth century, perhaps in all dialects. E. j between back vowels had, as we have seen, the sound of the back open consonant, and in the M.E. period shows evidence of lip modification in many dialects, being written often -wgh, etc., and at last only w. O.E. laju, M.E. lawe, etc. This is a very early process, for in the AVorcs. Gloss, we find elbowe and heretowa (Wright-Wiileker, 536. 16 and 538. 20), and in Kentish Sermons (Laud MS., 471) 1200-50, we find 'we mowe,' but also the traditional spelling -gh in daghen (dat. pi.), laghe, 'law,' etc. In Owle and Nightingale, Dorset, 1240-50, the Jesus MS. generally spells with iv, the Cotton MS. with g or h : thus Cott. morejening, Jesus morewening ; Cott. f uheles, Jesus foweles ; Cott hasel, Jesus hawel ; Cott. hahe, Jesus hawe, etc. ; but there are examples of Z in Jesus and of w in Cotton. In most thirteenth- century MSS. both spellings are found. Will, of Shoreham rhymes both ifaje and inase, to lawe. In Orm, however, this sound appears to be always written zh. In some cases, however, this z is stopped, e.g., Catholicon, fagynge, blandica, to fage, O.E. fazenian. In those dialects where final z was unvoiced, the h thus produced shares the fate of primitive h. Final /* was also very early lip-modified, and then changed to a pure lip-teeth vuiceless consonant, so that we get throf = O.E. Jnirh, already in Will, of Shoreham. The word-lists which follow, will illustrate the development of the whole process, and its spread in the various dialects. In the modern dialects these O.E. s's appear as back open voiceless consonants, as lip-teeth voiceless (i.e. /), as lip-open voice consonants with back modification (i.e. w), or are often lost altogether, as in Standard English, where such a word as ' plough ' has a pure diphthong finally in the pronunciation of most 26 educated speakers. It seems almost impossible to formulate any rule for the development of O.E. medial and final Z in M.E. and Mod. Engl., as all possible forms of it are often found in the same texts and dialects. It is difficult to determine at what date O.E. eg developed from the front stop into the assibilated sound. The earliest example I have found of the introduction of a d occurs in Robt. of Brunne, L337, who has ' sedgeing ' = saying. The next examples are a century Liter in Promptorium, 1440, where the spellings wedge, vb., alongside of wegge, sb. ; hedge sb., hedgyn vb., are found; and the spellings coksudge, cok sedgy s, occur in a Norfolk will of 1467. But the usual spelling in all of these texts is certainly -gge, and this spelling seems to have continued, even in English words, far into the sixteenth century (see article "Bridge" in New Engl. Diet.). On the whole, both from the evidence of spelling, and from the fact that words of the rig and brig type have a rather different distribution in the Mod. dialects from those of the flick, dick type, it is possible that c and , I, r, n ; it also occurs medially and finally. 29 Pronunciation of h in O.E. Initially, before vowels, h was a mere breath glide in O.E. (Sweet, H.E.S., § 497 ; Sievers, A.S. Gr., § 217). Before I, n, r, to, it probably in the oldest English period preserved an independent sound, whether as mere breath or as a weak open consonant. This stage is proved by such a metathesis as hors for hros (Sweet, H.E.S., § 501). Later on, in this position h probably ceased to have an independent sound, and merely unvoiced the following I, r, etc. (Sievers, A.S. Gr., § 217 ; Sweet, H.E.S., § 501). Medial h, between vowels, was mere breath, and in later texts is dropped altogether, though still preserved in Epinal in suehoras, "W.S. sweoras, 'fathers-in-law,' etc. (H.E.S., § 498). H was originally, undoubtedly a back open consonant when doubled, and before s, b, /; in the combination lit it must have had the sound of a front open consonant in later W.S., for it fronts the preceding vowel, as in nicht, cnicht. In Epinal h is written c, ch, hch when it = an open consonant, whether back or front ; for -ht Epinal generally has ct. (For above statement, with the exception of remarks on h before «, /, b, see H.E.S., § 502.) When h stands by the apocopation of a vowel, before an open consonant, it is dropped in the Anglian dialects, but preserved in W.S. and Kt. ; W.S., siehst, siehb, niehst, but in the Mercian Psalter, gesis, gesib, nest (Sweet, H.E.S., § 504.) The combination hs is frequently written x, (1) whether it be already Germ., as oxa, Goth, auhsa ; or (2) whether it arises in O.E. itself, as siehst, written commonly syxt, etc. (Sievers, A.S. Gr., § 221, Anm. 3 and 4). Sievers believes that the pronunciation of this 1 iter x was that of back open consonant + s. The evidence against such a view appears to me overwhelming. I believe that the combination hs was pronounced ks, whatever its origin, from a very early period, i.e., that the back open consonant became a back stop before a following open consonant. The spelling with x seems to prove this, for there is no evidence that x was ever pronounced otherwise than ks. No one doubts, presumably, that in axian, where it = ks, by methesis from *-sk, the x was pronounced ks (see also Kluge, Grundr., p. 850). Now this word is sometimes written ahsian, ahxian, which shows that hs could be used to represent the sound of ks ; when, therefore, we nud *hs and *ks both written alike, whether as hs or x, it is 30 surely reasonable to conclude that they were pronounced alike. That common pronunciation must have been ks, and not open consonant + s, for we have no reason to helieve that in axian x ever could have been 11ms pronounced, h + / lir >d )> = k will be discussed later on. Sweet thinks that O.E. x, whether = Germ. *hs or ks, was pronounced -ks. (A.S. Reader, § 159.) H in M.E. (See Sweet, H.E.S., §§ 720-727 ; Kluge, Grundr., pp. 847-50.) Mr. Sweet shortly sums up the matter of uninitial h in M.E. by saying that O.E. /* was split into two sounds ; the back and the front open breath consonants, the former of which was rounded (or lip-modified) in M.E. This class has already been mentioned above as sharing the fortunes of O.E. unvoiced 3. Fronted h in most dialects seems to have been voiced at an early period, and opened to a front vowel. The O.E. combination -ht appears in Early M.E. texts as -cht, ht, zt. Thus Vespas, A. 22, has -cht in dochtren, michte, echt ('possessions'), lit in almihtis. The Laud MS. of the Kentish Sermons writes -cht, licht, bricht, etc. Lasamon has dohter (both MSS.) ; douter, doster, dochter, and docter in MS. Caligr. A, ix. ; brofte, brohte, in MS. Otho, cxiii ; briht in both MSS. Orm has ht, hht, lihht, wahht, etc. Libeaus Deseonus (middle of fourteenth century) has -zt, knvst, sost, wist, etc. In Piers Plowman we generally find -zt, but occasionally also -ght. Genesis and Exodus have -ct and gt, Bestiary gt; but the later East Midland texts, English Guilds, R. of Brunne, Promptorium, and Bokenham on the whole prefer -ght, but occasionally write -cht, etc. The Yorkshire texts all seem to prefer -ght, and the Scotch texts, which of course are later, generally write -cht. It is not easy to decide at what date the back consonant in this combination was dropped. In Scotland and the extreme North of England it still survives. In the South, however, and in the standard language it seems to have disappeared fairly early. Sweet (H.E.S., §§ 889-895) gives the somewhat contradictory statements of English writers on pronunciation from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, but does not express any opinion as to the period at which -gh ceased to be pronounced. He says, however (§ 727), that the fact that Lasamon sometimes writes almiten, broute, " can hardly indicate an actual loss of the consonants themselves, but is rather a part of the general looseness 31 in the writing of h, and also of that unwillingness to use it in a strong consonantal value which afterwards leads to the general use of gh." If z or h were only left out in places where one would expect to find it, as in the cases quoted by Mr. Sweet, it might be possible to say that the symbol was left out through carelessness, though the sound was still retained, although this does not seem very probable in this case, as the omission is fairly frequent, from a very early date. But when we find that z is also occasionally introduced before t in words where it does not belong, then I think we must conclude that in the dialect, and at the period in which this occurs, the O.E. combination -ht had ceased to be pronounced even when written according to tradition, and that most certainly it was not pronounced in words where it had never existed. Besides the cases in Lasatnon, already quoted, I have found the following of h, gh, etc., omitted : Hali Meidenhed (1225), nawt = O.E. nawiht ; Will, of Shoreham (1315), wyth-thoute, which rhymes to nouste (but Conrath reads wij> thoute = ' thought,' here); Will, of Palerne (1350), brit, rit (and rist). In Songs and Carols (1400) occur dowter, nyte, and bryte. Ten Brink (Chaucer's Sprache, 2 te AufL, Kluge, 1899), § 121, Anm., p. 83, refers to the Six-text edition, 473/2335, where plit = ' plight ' rhymes with appetit. I am unable to find this passage in Mr. Skeat's six-volume edition of Chaucer. A striking example of an intrusive Z occurs in Will, of Shoreham, p. 6 (Percy Soc, 1849), where foste is written for fote, and in St. Editha (1400) out is spelt owxt twice. In spite of the ambiguous statements of Salesbury and his contemporaries, there can be little doubt that all trace of the h had disappeared in the time of Surrey and Wyat, who constantly write delight, spight, spright. etc. (I gave a complete list of these spellings in Notes and Queries, Feb. 27, 1897.) For a list of spellings like bight, quight, etc., in Spenser, see Ellis, E.E.P., pt. iii, p. 863. For an account of Tusser's spellings (waight = ' wait,' etc.) see Payne and Heritage's edition of the "Five Hundred Pointes," E.D.S., 1878. 32 IV. WORD - LISTS. M.E. Word-lists. The following M.E. word-lists are all from texts which have heen edited, although in some instances I have taken my forms from the MS. itself. To save space, I have refrained from giving references in the case of those texts for which more or less copious glossaries exist, and the reader is referred to the glossary itself to verify a form. But I have in such cases generally mentioned the MS. from which the form comes, if the glossary from which it is taken is based upon several versions. In the case of those word-lists which are taken from the body of a printed text, or from a MS. for which no glossary exists, I have referred to the page, chapter, or line of the printed edition as was most convenient. Most of the references explain themselves, but it is perhaps as well to say that in the case of Lagamon, words without any mark occur in MS. Cott. Calix., A. ix ; those which have * in front of them occur in both MSS. ; those in brackets, only in MS. Otho, c. xiii. The order of the word-lists, which corresponds to that of the list of texts, as will be seen, is chronological so far as possible within each dialect or group of dialects. The geographical order is from North to South and from West to East. The Northern (Eng.) texts are all from Yorkshire. The Midland section begins with North-west Midland, and works, as far as possible, straight across to East Midland, then goes back to Mid- West Midland, and straight across again to the East Midland, and so on. This plan seemed to me the simplest after careful consideration, and, after all, any system of arrangement which is consistent, will fulfil its purpose of giving a picture of the organic interrelations of the dialects. The Modern Dialect Word-lists. In the word-lists of the Modern English Dialects I have endeavoured to give every form in each dialect that is interesting or 'irregular' among the different classes. The system of classification of the forms themselves is in one sense not a perfect 33 one, but I have adopted it to save space, and too numerous subdivisions. I refer to the fact that I have often grouped together words which originally belonged to different categories, but which in the Modern language have been levelled under one group. Thus, taking the dialects as they are, I have, for example, put into one class all words with final or medial k, which includes: (1) words which have c in O.E. and which we should expect to have the back stop now ; (2) which have e in O.E. and which we should expect to have -ch, but which have -k in this or that dialect. The M.E. forms are grouped on the same principle. Some of the lists may not be thought copious enough, others are perhaps too full. In the case of ordinary forms it does not follow that because they occur in one list and not in another, that they therefore do not exist in that dialect, but in the case of ' irregular ' words like lig, brig, flick, and so on, I have endeavoured to mention them in each dialect where they exist ; therefore, if such a word is not found in a word-list it may be assumed that it does not occur in that dialect. At the same time, though great pains have been taken in this matter, it would be absurd to pretend that no word of importance has been overlooked. In dealing with so large a body of material it is inevitable that one man should make an occasional slip. In making the lists which show the distribution through the modern dialects of upwards of sixty words I have, in those cases where it was possible, checked my results by Professor Wright's Dictionary. I. Non-initial k, c, clc in M.E. vb. Barbour. Abak, 'backwards.' Brak, 'broke.' Crykkis, ' creeks.' Dik, ' a trench.' Ec, ' eke' (conj.). [c, Ik, and 1 = 'I.' Sekir, ' sure.' Sek Seik Seik. Sik, 'such.' Slak, ' a hollow place.' Slyk, 'slime.' Spek, ' speech.' Spek, vb. Stakkar, vb., 'stagger.' Stekand. Strak, ' straight.' Strekvt, ' stricken.' Strekit, ' stretched.' Strikand, ' striking.' Swak, ' a blow.' Sykes, ' trenches.' Takyn, ' a token.' Thik, adj. Thak. sb. Reik, ' reek.' Eeik, 'to reach.' Rec, 'I reck.' Saik, ' sake.' Oulk = owk, ' week.' Pikkis, ' pickaxes.' Pik, ' pitch.' si* Lik, vb., 'please.' Lik, ' likely.' Luk, vb. Meckle \ Mekill ) Ik, ' also.' Vikkid, ' poor, sorry.' "Wouk, ' kept watch.' Kinrik, 'kingdom.' Dunbar, E. Lothian, HGO-1520. Beswik, vb., ' deceive.' Beseik, vb. Blek, ' blocking.' Breik, ' breeches.' Clek, sb., 'hatch.' Cleik, vb., ' seize.' Kinryk. Leik, ' dead body.' Reke, vb. Sic, ' such.' Seik, ' to seek.' Smowk, sb. Skryke, vb. juke, 'itching.' Gav. Douglas, 1475-1522. Beik, ' a beak.' Beseik, vb. Bike, ' a hive.' Brak, adj., 'salt.' Brakill, ' unsettled, brittle.' Clukis, 'claws, clutches.' Elbok, ' elbow.' Elyke, ' alike ' (=selic with 3- lost). Faik, 'to grasp ' | CaQ thig fee ^ Fakand, _ part., with ' fetch ' ? ' grasping ; Nokkis, 'notches.' Tick, sb., 'pitch.' Preik. vb., ' gallop.' Rakkis, ' (he) recks.' Rakles, ' reckless.' Reik, sb., ' smoke.' Rekand, part. pres. Reik, vb., ' reach.' Rekand, ' stretching.' ^ ik }sb.,' shriek.' Scnke ) Siclik, ' such.' Slekit, adj. Slike, ' nmd, slime.' Snak, sb., ' snatch, short time.' Stakkir, vb. Swyk, vb., ' assuage.' ;jj;;:$ } p.p.,' thatched.' "Wreikis, 1 pres. pi. Compl. of Scotl., 1549. Acquorns, 'acorns.' Baik, vb. 35 Bekkis, 'bows, curtsies.' Blac, adj. Dikes, 'dikes.' Reik, ' smoke.' Seik, vb. Smeuk. Thak, sb. Quyk, adj. Metrical Psalter, Yorks., before 1300. Bi-sekiug, 38. 13, passim. Dyke, sb. , 7. 16. (he) Ekes, 40. 9. Griking, 45. 6 and 77. 34 (at the latter place MS. Egerton has griging). to fam Like, 48. 21. Mikel, 34. 18. Mikel-hede, 58. Pricked, p.p., 31. 4. Reke, sb., 36. 20. ior to Reek, 109. 4. ' Ike = ? " Till aghe-fulle and ai ike At kinges of erthe Jiat rike." 75. 12. 140. 2. 44. 7. Rekles, ' incense, Rike, 'kingdom/ hon Sekes, 7. 5. Sekand. 9. 10. Seked, p.p., 16. Snth-like, 2G. 10. Slike, 'such,' 84. 8. Stiked, 3rd pi. pret., Wiccand, 'witching, Egerton, other MSS. Wreker, 'avenger,' 8. 3 37. 3. charming,' MS. wicchand.' Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. Beseke Freck, ' a man.' Ilik, iulv. Lican:, ' corpse.' Mak, ' a mate.' Mikel | Mikil ) Pik. sb., 'pitch.' Reck, vb., ' care.' Prick, sb. Prik (Fairf.). Rik, adj. 8ek, vb., ' seek.' Spek, sb. (also Spcche). Spek, vb., aud Spech. Minot, Yorks., 1333-52. Dik, 'bank.' Kynrik. Priked, p.p. Prk. of Gome., Yorks., before 1349. Breke, vb. Puk, 'a buck.' Cloke, ' a claw.' Eke ) , Heke i vb " increase - Fickle, adj. Layk, 'to play.' Like, ' to please.' Loke, vb. Mikel, adj. Nek, sb. Prike, vb. Pyk, sb. Reke, sb., ' smoke.' Reke, ' care. ' Sake, ' fault.' Siker, adj. Skrike, vb. Slake, vb., 'quench, mitigate. SlekLH' ' t0 6lake -' Snuke, ' to suck.' Strykly, adv., ' direct. Wayk, adj., ' weak.' Wyk, ' horrid,' ' bad.' Sir Gam., North., 1366. Eke, 'else.' Fyked, 'shrank,' ' was troubled.' Layk, 'sport.' Layke, vb. Rak, sb., ' vapour.' Townl. Myst., Yorks., 1460. Cleke, vb., ' seize.' Pik, ' pitch.' Slirvke, ' to shriek.' Twyk, ' to twitch.' Wrt.-Wlkr., xviii, Northern, Early Fifteenth Century. Hekylle. Mawke, ' maggot.' Moke, ' moth.' Syke, 'gutter.' Thekare. Flvk (of bacon). Reke, ' fumes.' 3G Wars of Alex., York*., Late Fifteenth Century. Akis. pres. sing., ' (it) aches.' Beseke, 1>. and A. Beseche, D. and A. Cleke, vb., ' clutch. Breke, ' breeks.' S?* 8 'ditch.' Hike I Freke, ' a man.' Kokel, 'shaky, unsteadfast.' Laike, sb., ' sport,' etc. Leke, si).. ' hek.' Licken, vb. Mekill, • great.' Pik, sb. Reke, ' smoke.' Eekils, ' odour.' Sike I 'such ' Slikef suca - Strekis, ' it stretches.' Seke, vb. Skrike, sb. Schrikis, pres. pi. vb. Wreke, vb., wreak. Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. a Theker, ' tector.' Thakke \ ' culraus ' Thake (A) | c,Umus - Ake, quercus. to Ake. a Bakbone. a Bek, ' torrens.' Blak, adj. to Breke, 'frangare.' to Dike. to Eke. ubi ' to helpe,' (note, cf. Jetch Palsgrave). a Flyke of bacon. Wicked, Austerus. a Wyke, of ye eghe (Whyte, 4) . a Leke, ' porrum.' Mikill, adj. a Wake, ' vigilia.' a Nyke, ' a nick, notch.' Pike e (A)}' piX,biiUmen -' to Pryke, 'pungere.' a Pryk. to Seryke. Syker, ' securus.' Slyke. a Smoke. Eeke, sb. and vb. Rekynge. to Speke. a Strykylle, ' hostorium.' to Take away. a Taket, 'claviculus.' Etekels | , • , Rckyls(A)| mcensura - Of. Rechles, Ancr. Riw. Levins., Yorks., 1570. Blacke, adj. tn Bleck (and bletch) ' nigrare.' Flick (and flitch) of bacon. Prick, vh. Screake. Whake= < quake.' Bishopricke. to Seeke. Seeke, adj. Reek, sb , 'smoke.' Cheke. tn Wreck, ' vindicare.' Eke, vb. Meeke, adj. Cleake, vb., 'snatch.' to Breake. Sinacke, sb. and vb., ' taste.' Snacke, sb. and vb., 'bite.' Heck, sb., 'a hatch.' Heckfare, sb., 'heifer.' (Heckfar, Huloet.) Allit P., Lanes., 1360. Bispeke. Blake, adj. Blayke, ' pale in colour.' Bvswyke, ' to defraud.' Fykel, ' fickle.' Heke, ' also.' Likke, 'to sip, drink.' Make I ' mate ' Mak | mate - Makeles, 'matchless.' Sykande, 'sighing.' Wreke, p.p., ' avenged.' ^ k t ' winkpfl ' AVykke J wlckecl - Melr., Rom., Lanes., 1420. Bake, ' back.' Beken, vb., ' command.' Blake, vb., ' blacken.' Makelest (' most matchless ' ? ). Makeles, ' matchless.' Mekel \ , , , tii- i i > much. Mykyl I Preke, ' gallop away.' Rekes ' (he) smokes.' Scryken, vb., 'shriek.' 37 (he) Sekes, 'seeks.' Seke, ' sick.' (he) Sikes, 'sighs.' Siking, ' sighing.' Slikes, 'slides.' Spekes, inf. to Wake, 'watch.' Worlyke, 'worthy.' Worthelik. Wrake, ' destruction.' R. of Brunne, Lutes., 1338. Breke, p.p. Brek, sb. Dedlyk, adj. Dik, ' ditch.' Lak, vb., ' play.' Prykel. Pryked, p.p. Steke, vb., ' stick.' Sykes, ' furrows, watercourses.' pakkes, sb. pi. pikke, adj. Wycke, adj. Orm., Lines., 1200. Bakesst. Becnenn. Bilokenn, 'consider.' Biswikenn, ' betray.' Bitcecnenn, 'betoken.' Biwokenn, ' watched.' Bokes. Bruknenn, ' enjoy.' Fakenn, ' exile.' Forrsakeh]'. Huccesteress. Ekenn, ' to increase.' Mikell. Makenn. Likenn, 'to like.' Sicnedd. Sake, ' strife.' Sikenn. Tacnenn. Takenn. Swikedom. Stake. Stikkes, pi. Stukenn, ' to shut.' Spekenn. Sikenn, 'to sigh.' Siker. Stracinn, perf. Wuke, 'week.' Wikken, ' duty, office.' "Wakemenn, 'watchmen.' Wicke, Wikke, 'mean, wicked.' Wrekenn, vb., ' avenge.' Final c in Orm. Ace, ' but.' Bac j Bacc | ' back.' Bacch I Bucc, 'goat.' Boc, ' book.' Brace, ' broke.' Ec, 'also.' Flocc. Ice, 'I.' Lsec. Lac, 'gift.' 52" }'-*■• £T }•-*■■ Smec, sb. Wic, 'dwelling.' Smacc, ' taste.' Wac, 'weak.' Eor);lic. Lie (and lich), 'body.' Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. Swike, ' deceiver.' Swikel, ' deceitful.' Biseken, vb. Bitaken, ' deliver over.' Bleike, ' pale, wan.' Breken, vb. Dike, ' ditch.' Ek, ' also.' Fikel, adj. Hie, ' I.' Mike ) , . , Mikel ) much - Rike, sb. Seckes, ' sacks.' Seken, vb. Speke, 'speech.' Waken, ' watch.' Wicke \ Wike } 'wicked.' Wikke ) Wreken, vb., 'avenge.' Halt Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1226. Pricunges, 3rd. 1'iikieu, vb. 3rd pi. Licke'S, 3rd sing. Cwike, adj. Sikeu, inf. 27, 'to sigh.' Ake}i, vb. pi., 31. Louke, ' side,' dat. sing. Schucke, ' devil,' 41. 119991 38 Will, of Pal., W. Midi., 1350. Biker, 'a fight.' Diked, ' dug out.' Freke, ' a man.' Eakernes, ' acorns.' Layke, vb., ' play.' Prike, vb. Siken, ' sigh.' Silked, j). p. Wake, vb., ' watch.' Wicke 1 Wic I evil. Mire., Salop, 1400. I. ych wake, sb. Quyke, ' alive.' Stoke, ' stuck.' Yeke, ' also.' MS. Earl., 2253; Here/., 1310. Aken, vb. Byswiken, p.p. Blykeb. Blak, adj., 'black.' Blac, ' pale.' Eke, 'also.' Make, ' mate.' Mukel, adj. Prikyares, sb. pi. Rykene, vb. Sike, 1 sing. pres. Smok, ' a garment.' Spekest. Swyke, sb., ' traitor.' AVicke, adj. Wore, Gloss., Twelfth Century. Bakern, ' pistrionum. ' Siker, ' tutus.' •Sticke, ' regula.' Were, ' opus.' Slac, ' piger.' Oc, ' quercus.' laz-, Worct., 1205. Abake. Abac. JEke, sec, eek, etc., etc., 'also.' -'Kreudwreke, ' messenger. 1 Asvvike, ' we cease.' At. -sake, ' forsake.' Awakien, ' to awake.' Blikien, vb., ' shine.' Blakien. Blakede. (1. blaecched, p.p., \ . , , both MSS.) J t0 " lHCken - sbs Blac, adj. Boc. [Bock]. Brookes, ' badgers.' Buken, ' bellies,' d. pi. Crakeden. Die, 'ditch.' Drake, ' dragon.' Floe, 'host.' Flocke, d. Hoker, ' contempt.' Ic and ich, 'I.' Pic-foreken, d. pi. Smokien, vb., ' to smoke. Spaecken), k , bpei Dik ) Dickers = ' ditchers. ' Frek I t T7 -i l i man. Fraik, etc.) Ik and y, pronoun. Likam | , , , , Licam 1 Col 'I ,se > bod y- Piikkyth. Prikej>. S\ kede, ' seighed.' Wieke) ,. WikkeJ atl J" Ilyke, adj. Sir Per., Devon, 1380. Crake, 'crack.' Freke, ' man.' Make, ' mate.' Bespeken. Be-swyke, ' deceive.' Deke, 'ditch.' Prykie, ' ride.' Beke, ' rich.' Wikke \ ' violent.' Wycke ) ' hard, painful.' Quyke, adj. Sykynge, 'sighing.' St. Editha, Wilts., 1440. ?;eke, vb., 'itch,' 3,388. Scrykede, 1,671. St. Jul. (Prose), Dorset, 1200. Slakien, inf., 20. llikenen, inf., 80. Eke, 'also,' 4. Stewtna&et, 10. Sikede, ' sighed,' 20. Cvvike, adj., 22. Wike, ' office,' 24. Ancren Riwle, Dorset, 1225. to-breakeft. Prikke, 'point,' jxt. Speckes, ' specks.' Speken, inf. Strik, imp. of strecchen. Swike, ' traitor.' 41 picke, adj. Wikke, ' foul, bad.' 30c, ' yoke.' K^ele j.. a cha tterer.' Chakele I Swuc, ' such.' Teke'Se, MS. Titus and MS. Nero, Morton's ed., p. 50. Morton translates teke'Se ' teach - eth,' but Matzner (Spr. Proben, p. 9) rejects this, aud regards teke'Se as = teke, ' to eken,' + Se, and as meaning ' moreover.' In support of Matzner's view it may be urged that, on p. 106, MS. Nero has teke pet = ' moreover,' and MS. Cleopatra here has ' to eken ' ; p. 180, Nero also has techen pe, etc., which Morton, again, trans- lates ' teach tbose who,' etc., but Matzner's explanation certainly makes better sense here. On the other hand, on p. 50 Morton's translation makes good sense, and MS. Cleo- patra has techen pe. In any case teken, teke'S, etc., may be formed from tekp, just as seken from sekp. Tuke'S, ' chastiseth.' 0. and N., Dorset, Hants., 1246-50. Tukest, ' twitchest,' 63. Swikel-hede, 162. Bi-swike, 158. Swikedone, 167. Mislikep, 344. Kentish Gospels (ATS. Eattou, 38) , 1 1 50. k and ck used for the stop, instead of c. Akenned, Job.., ix, 20. Kaigen, Mat., xvi, 19. Taken, sb., Job., ix, 16. Spraeken, imp. pi., Job., ix, 22. pape swinke'S, Mat., x, 28. liken, Lk., x, 7. JEkeres, Mat., vi, 28. Kyirg, Lk., xix, 38. Drinke, Mat., vi, 32. I irot'el-seoke, Mat..viii, 16. Chikene, Mat., xxiii, 37. (>l-karf, Lk., xxii. Kynne. ck. Lickeres, Mat., xxii, 18. Hyre lockan, dat. pi., Joh., x, 2. eh = k. Chana, Joh. ii. 1. Fich-treowe, Job. i, 50. M.S. Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. piece, 237. Siceruesse, 239. Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. Siker, 25, 31. BesekeS, 109. 18. Besekeu, 147. 28. Moral Ode (Digby MS.), Kent. Early Thirteenth Century. Ecnesse, sb. ic = 'I,' only form used in this MS. Likede, 13. Quike, 79. (Euel) Smak. (ic) Speke, 17. Siker, adj., 39. Bisweke'5, 14. Kentish Sermons (Laud, 471), 1200-50. Betocknep, Fifth Sermon. Werkes, sb. , Epiph. Aienbite, Kent, 1340. Awreke, vb., 'punish, avenge.' Awrekiuge, ' vengeance. ' Boc. Breke, vb., brecp. Icing=' itching.' like, ' serve.' Licnesse. Liknesse. Loke, ' to look.' Make, ' mate.' Markes, ' bounds.' Brikyinde, particip. ^ mek | taste. Smec ) Speke, ' to speak.' Waki, 'to watch.' Y-bake, 'baked.' Zik, ' sick.' Smackep, vb. Will, of Shoreham, Knit. 1307-27. Siker, 13. By-swikep, 22. 42 Bi-fenke^e (Courath, eh). Dryke>, 23. Wyckerede, 09. Melke, dat., 133. penk>e | n3 ClenkeJ>e I Lib. Desc, Kent, 1350. to Speke, 47. MeJ>inkeJ\ like, 353. Awreke, p.p., 441. Pricked, 496. II. Non-initial c, ch in M.E. Barbour. Beteche, 'to commit.' Fechand, part. I ,( ichis, ' doctors.' Vach, 'watch' (sb. and vb.). Vrechidly. Yrechit, adj. Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. Fecbe, vb. Siche, ' such.' Smocli, 'mouldy, stinking.' Speiche \ gb _ bpeche ) Streiche, adj., 'stiff, affected.' Teich, vb. "Wreche ^ , M'retchis J Gav. Douglas, 1475-1522. Awach, vb., ' watch.' About-speche, ' circumlocution.' Brechins, stuffing to prevent hames from galling horse's neck. Cuchill, 'forest or grove' (cf. 'queech' in Mod. Suffolk dialect). Fet, ' to prepare.' Feche, vb., 'fetch,' etc. Hachis, ' hatches.' lch, 'each.' Lech, ' a doctor.' Mich, 'much.' Sichand, ' sighing ' (but perbaps ch here = front open consonant ?) . |S2 }"""**' A\ ache, 'watchman.' Wrache, ' a wretch.' "Wrechis, pi. Compl. of Scotl., 1549. Reche, adj. Skrech, ' shriek.' Tech, vb. Vytches, ' witches.' Metrical Psalter, Yorks., before 1300. Drecchand (in MSS. Harl. and Egerton), 108. 10. Riche, adj., 33. 11. Speches, sb., 18. 4. Teche, inf., 93. 12. Wichaud I 'witching, charming,' 58. 6. Wicchandf MS. Egerton has wiccand. Wrecches, 136. 3. Wrecchedhede, 11. 6. Wretchednes, 106. 10. Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. Rich, adj. Wreche, sb. and adj. Speche, sb. Spech, vb. pcche, sb., ' gout.' Minot, Yorks., 1333-52. Feched. Wietche, sb. Prk. of Consc, Yorks., before 1349. Leche, ' physician.' Reche, ' to reach. Wiche, ' a witch.' Sir Gaw., North., 1366. Brachez, ' hounds.' Drechch, ' hurt.' 43 Foch, vb., 'fetch.' Iche, ' each.' Lach, vb., ' take.' Riche, vb., ' reach.' Ryched, p.p., 'enriched.' Seech, vb. Townl. My st., Forks., 1450. Drecche, 'to afflict.' Ich = 'I,' an imitation of Southern. ' Take out that Sothern tothe ' is said to the person who uses the word 'ich.' Ich = ' each.' Wars of Alex., Yorks., Late Fifteenth Century. Biche. Drechet, p.p., 'vexed, spoilt.' Feche, vb. Liche, 'body.' Macchis, ' mates.' Meclie, ' great.' Riche, adj. Reche, vb., ' to reach.' Seche (and Seke). Siche, • such.' Wriche, sb. Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. a Bechetre, ' fagus.' a Bych, ' licista.' a Fiche, ' vicia.' a Leche, ' medicus.' Riche, ' copiosus.' a Speche, 'colloquium.' to Teche. a Weche, ' veneficus.' Kychyu, 'coquiua.' Levins, Yorks., 1570. Ache, sb. and vb. (rhymes to Spinaehe). Bitch. Blache i , BletcheJ SD - Rich. Pich, ' corbiculus.' to Mych. a Ditch. [tche, sb. Stitch, sb. Pitch, 'pix.' a Wrytch, ' miser.' Flitch. Witche. to Fetch. to Reche, ' distendi. to Stretch. Speach, 'sermo.' Beach. to Bleach, 'candidare.' to Teache. Horseleache. Allit. P. Lanes., 1360. Aliche, ' alike.' Biseche, vb. Biteche, vb. Brych, ' filth ' ? Cleche, ' to receive, take.' Dych, 'ditch.' Feche, subj. of vb. Hacche j ' hatch ' of a ship. Lachche } ^., 'to take.' Lache, vb., 'bitch' (cf. Dial, to hitch). Machche } ' make ' fellow -' Pich, 'pitch.' Racchclie, 'to go.' Rych, sb. Rich, adj. Seche, vb. Smach, ' scent, smell.' Streche, vb. "vVhiehche, ' ask.' Wrache ) , , Wrech j' ^ngeance. Wreche, 'wretched.' Wrechche) wretch - Wyche-crafte. Metr. Rom., Lanes., 1420. Burliche, ' hurl.' (be) Clechis, ' seizes. Foche, imperat. Haches, ' hay-racks.' Ich, 'each.' Machet, 'matched.' Muche. Quyche, ' which.' Rechs, ' reeks,' vb. Richest, adj. Seche \ Siche > 'such.' Suche ) Suche, vb., ' seek.' Wurlych, ' worthy. ' Wrechut, adj. II OriH., Lines., 1200. Eche, adj., 'eternal.' I'\ i vlienn, vb. [cchenn. I.inlieuu, ' cure.' Lseche, bd. Lacchenn, vb., ' catch.' EUche, ' kingdom.' Riche, adj. Racchess, sb. pi. Tsechenn, vb. Spseche, sb. Macche, sb., ' mate.' Wraeche, ' vengeance.' Wreccbe, adj. and sb. AVicche-cneftess. AVecche, sb. Mavelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. Swich. Cunricbe, ' kingdom.' Lecbe, ' physician.' Licb, 'like"' Ich, y, and I. Ihc. R. of B name, Lines., 1338. Feche ) vb. Fette J perf. Leches, ' physicians.' Liche, adj. Ficched, p.p. (perf. is pight). Reehe, vb. Teche, vb. AYicche-craft. Wreche, vb., ' vindicate.' Hali Maidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. Richedom, 3. into Drecchunge, 7. Bisechen, 11. Bruche, 'breach,' 11. Bruchele, 'brittle,' 13. Smecchunge, ' tasting,' 13. Ich. AVicchen, 33. Stiches, ' pains,' 35. Fliehe, 37. Wlecche, adj. or adv., 43. "Wrecch, sb., 47. Iliche, 'like,' 19. Will, of Pal., W. Midi., 1350. Areche, ' to reacb.' Dreche, ' disturb ' (Alis) . Ecbc. Erliche. Ilacbc. Hacches ^ , Eaches ) pi " Ich. Ich, ' each.' Lacben, ' rob, catch.' Leche, 'physician.' Liche, ' like.' Miche, ' great.' Michel. Muchel. Ueh, ' each.' Wreche, ' revenge.' Wreche, ' to revenge.' Reching, 'explanation.' Riche, ' kingdom.' Seche, ' to seek.' Swiche, ' such.' Misse-spech, ' evil report.' Werche i , Wirch ( VD - Miswerche, vb. Kichen. Marche, 'boundary' (Alis). Earliest Eng.Pr. Ps., W. Midi, 1375. Michel, 91. 5. Teche}?, 93. 10. Sechef, 4. 3. Whiche, 13. 6. Bisechen, 26. 7. Liche to, 27. 1. Ich, passim (commonest form of pr., but i and y occur). Chirche, 21. 26. Mire, Salop, 1400. Myche, ' much.' Dedlyche. Onlyche. Seche, ' to seek.' Sych, 'such.' Uche, ' each.' Lych-wake. Worche, vb. Worchynge, sb. MS. Earl., 2,253, Heref, 1310. Areche, p.p. i Byseche. Bysechinge. Bysechen, vb. 45 Bruche, ' breech.' Drecche)', vb. Echen, ' to increase.' Ich. Kyneriche. Leche, ' medicus.' Liche, adj. Muchele. Muche. Eecche, vb. Riche, adj. Eiche, sb. Seche, vb. Speche, sb. Such. Suche. T echen, sb. Wyeche, ' witch.' Wrecche, sb. and adj. Wore. Glost., Twelfth Century. Imsecca, ' conjunx.' Wicche, ' phitonissa.' Sticels, ' aculeus.' Misliches, ' bless, discolor.' Ticchen, ' haedus.' Blacern, ' lichinus.' Stucche, 'frustruin.' Ic bore. Lie, ' corpus.' Ilches. Lajpman, Worcs., 1205. iEchen, vb., 'increase.' Areccheu, ' interpret.' •Areche, vb., 'touch.' Atsechen. Bsch, ' valley.' Bisechen ) Bisecchen \ I;-.* j,b.,..i.iiv„, g ,vo.' Bi-wncched. Crucche, ' crutch.' i luchene. •Kuchene. •Dich. •Diches. Ftechen. " ec , che 1'each.' hrhne, ace. J •Ich (and -ic) ) 4 T . ■Hich $ lm Laeche. ! ; ". 1,os }' hooks.' Leches ) •J -ich. Lie (botkMSS.). •Iliche, 'like.' Muchele, 'gnat.' •Riche, ' realm.' Ricche, adj. Rehchen| itorecL , [Reche] j Rsecchen, ' tell, explain.' Quecchen, 'move, escape,' etc. Srechen. •Sechen. |P ffi ° he ) S b. fepeche I Stucchen ) , • , [Sticches]) P ieces - I-toechen, vb., 'give.' Wraecche 1 , , [AVrecche, wrech] j " Prucche, 'to thrust.' Awachede, ' arose.' Songs and Carols, Wane, 1400. Dyche, 58. Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. Qwyche, 31. Morn speches, 45. Mechil. Fecche, 76. Prompt., Norf., 1440. Bycche (Bycke, P.), 'bitch.' Byschypryche (bysshoperike, P.). Hytchyn, ' moveo.' Iche (or Yeke). Latchyu, ' catch.' Leche, ' medicus.' Lyche, ' dede body.' Match (or Make), compar. l lecll >'i 1'attingo.' A-retchyn ) b Watclie, or Wakyng. Wyteh, 'maga,' etc. Wretch \ Wretchyd f Pyche, or Pyk. Ichyn, or Ykyn. Hetche (and Hek) of a door. Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. Bridie, adj., 879. Dreccheft, L03. Eche, 'eternal,' 176, 177. Feche'S, 242. Fecchen, inf., 352. 46 Heuenriche, 378. Mecbe, ' mate,' 716. Reche, vb., reck. 711. b, sb. 28. "Witches, sb. pi. (Morris writes wicches in text, but studs in a footnote that the MS. has form with -tch.) Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. Breehede, ' delayed.' Drechen, ' to delay.' Fecben, ' to fetcb. 1 Fetchdcn. 'fetched' (2,889). [Very early example of -tch.) Gruching, ' murmuring.' Kinge-riches, ' kingdoms.' !&}■>»*•■ Licbles, ' corpseless.' Michil \ Michel > 'great.' (and Mikel) ) Rechede, ' interpreted.' Rechen, inf. Speche, sb. Techen, ' to teach.' AViches, ' magicians.' Wrecbe \ , ven£reance » Wrech ) ven g eance " Wrecches, sb. pi. Bokenham. Before 1447. Suffolk. Seche, St. A?n., 32. etc. (and Seke), St. Agn., 33. Swvche, passim. Feche, inf., 799, Katb. (and to fette), 679, St. Cycyle. I Beseche, Prol., 69. Lych, 'like,' Mary, 631. Lyche to lyche, St. Anne, 239. Wycliffe. Wbicbe, 'hutch,' X. Holiliche, X. Licby, adj., MM. Rechelenes, LL. Sacchis, ' sacks,' X. Smacchen, vb., 'smack, taste,' CC. Chancer. Bechen, adj. Birch. Bleche, vb., 'bleach.' Boch, sb. Breech, sb. Dichen, vb. Dicb. Dreccbe, vb. Ecb, adj. Eche, vb. Everich. Feccben. Fecche, ' vetches.' Meobel. Mocbel. Mucbel. Overmaccbe. Rich. Reccbe, ' reck, care.' Recche, ' interpret.' Reche, ' to reach.' Riche, adj. Seche, vb. Speche, sb. Strecche, vb. Teche, vb. Wreccbe, sub. and adj. "Wreche, ' vengeance.' Hacches, sb. Leche, ' physician.' Liche, adj., ' like.' Lich-wake. Wacche, sb., 'a sentinel.' Polit. S., Middle of Fifteenth Century. Wrecbe, ' wreak.' "1 vol. ii, fr. Cotton Seche, 'seek.' f Rolls, 11.23. Smacchith, vol. ii, p. 64. MS. Digby, 41. St. Eath., Glot., 1200. Beseche, 1 sing. Brnche, sing., 'wound.' Cwich, 3 sing. pres. (1254). Eche, ' eternal.' Lich, ' body.' Stucchen, sb. pi. Rich, ' kingdom.' Smeche'S, 'tasteth.' Wecchen, sb., pi. Wreccbe, adj. R. of Glos., 1300. Breche, sb. Dich, sb. Eche, vb , ' increase.' Fecche, vb. Ich, 'I.' Kyneriche. Recche, vb., ' reck.' Reche, vb. 47 Seche, vb. Suiche, ' such.' Syche, vb., ' sigb.' Veccbe, ' fetcb.' Vrecbe, sb., 'wreak, vengeance.' "Wrecche, adj. "Wrecbe, sb., ' revenge.' St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. Ich. Muche, 59. "Wrecbe, adj., 225. Wiche, sb., 169. I ne recbe, ' I reck not,' 19. P. Plow., Glos., 1363-93. Biterliche, adv. Bisecben (and Biseke). Cliccbe \ cHr "•••—•• Clucche ' Diche, sb. Dicben, vb. Feccben, vb., 'take \ away.' f Note difference (and Fette), ' fetcb, j of meaning. bring.' / Fliccbe. Fluccben. Icham Ich i Laccben, vb., 'catch.' Liche, vb., ' like.' Licb, ' a body.' Macche, ' a mate.' Reccheles, adj. Reccbe, vb., 'care, reck.' Becben, vb. , 'reach.' (Ryke) , ,. Riche I aclJ - Ryccbe, sb. Thecche, vb. pecchynge. Tot -aches, pi. sb. Wecchis, sb. pi., 'wakes.' Wicche, ' sorcerer.' Wythe, ' which.' Sir Fer., Devon, 1380. Miche, ' much.' Pych, sb. Syche, ' seek, follow.' Wreche, 'vengeance.' Drecche, ' to delay.' Hwych. Leches, ' physicians. ' etc. Vacche, vb., ' fetch.' "Wyche, ' which.' Quvchch, adv. Ych, I, Chille, etc. St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. Whvche, 2,680. Rechelesse, 2,680. Sodenlyche, 2,161 or 2,661 (?). Ache, sb., 3,713 and 3,726. Ich, 'each' (?), 3,957. I Besecbe, 49, 46. Ych | 235 1. I 245 | Y-leyche, 399. Ichan, 541. Fullyche, 219. Spousebreche, 743. St. Jul. (Prose) Dorset, 1200. Specche, sb., 24. Sechen, vb. inf., 50. Feche, imperat., 66. Feccben, inf., 68. Pich, sb., 68. "Wlech, adj, ' lukewarm,' 70. Strecchen, 12. ich Biseche, 74. Eche, adj., 'eternal,' 2. Muchel, 4. Riche, 4. Freolicbe, adj., 6. Lechnunge, sb., 6. Euch, 6. Biteachen, vb., 'give up,' 10. Ich, passim. Swucche, 22. Wrecches, 20. of Heouenriches, 24. Saivles Warde, Dorset, 1210. TeacheS, 245. Hwuch, 245. Muchel, 245. Rechelese, adj., 245. Smechunge, 245. Wearliche, adj., 245. (he) Seche, 249. Ich, 249. Wrecchedom, 251. Smeche, gen. pi., 251. Drecche'5, 251. Swuch, 251. Echen, inf., 'increase,' 251. Eechelunge, ' gnashing of teeth,' 251. Pich, 251. 48 Krhnosst', ' eternity,' 251. Muche, 255. Riche, adj., 257. Bisecb.eS, 259. Awecchen, inf., ' arouse,' 267. Ancr. Riw., Dorset, 1225. hen. i-Bleched, ' bleached.' Breehe, ' drawers.' I'.i lie, 'to ache' (and oeke, once). Dich, sb. Ileouenriche. Keache-cuppe, ' drunkard ' (cf. ceac, JFM. Voc. W.-W., 123. 35, etc.). Brioches, sb. Reche'5. Recche'8, ' recks.' Sechen. Sinech, ' taste.' Smecchen, ' to taste.' Speches (and speckes), 'specks.' Speche, ' speech.' Strecche'5. Stucchenes, ' pieces.' Swuche. Techen (tekefte, MS. Titus), penchen, ' think.' pinchen. Vechchen, ' fetch.' Unrechleas, ' indifferent.' Warche, ' pain, ache.' Weccben, ' to watch.' Wicchecraftes. Wrecche, adj. Wreche, 'revenge.' Wurchen, ' to work.' pchunge, 'itching.' Sticche, ' a stitch.' Kuchene, ' kitchen.' Rechless. ' odour, incense.' 0. and N., Dorset, 1246-50. Ic, Ich, and I, pas. Ich, 1220, Cott. Ic, Jesus. Recche, ' I reck,' 58. Evrich, C. ) 195 Euriche, J. / Iliche, 316. Riche, ' kingdom.' Secheb, 380. Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants., 1327. Barlyche, ' barley.' Kentish Gospels {MS. Ilatton, 38), 1150. O.E. c' written -ch. SirrAelse (sic), Mat., xxvii, 28. Sirchele (sic), Mat., xxvii, 30 = O.E. sciivelse. Fecchen (inf.), Joh., iv, 15. Jvhed, O.E. 'eced,' Lk., xxiii, 36. On eche lyf, Joh., vi, 27. Echenysse, Joh., vi, 51. Opeuliche, Joh., vii, 10. Spr;uche, sb., Joh., vii, 40. (ic)ncche, Job., xiii, 26. Ba3ch, dat. sing., Mk., i, 2. Swahlich, Mat., v, 31. Awecche'8, Mat., x, 8. Ich and Ic, passim. Tichchenan, Mat., xxv, 32. Bech, dat. sing., Lk., iii, 4. ?;e-swinchen, Lk., xxii, 28. Riche, sb., Lk., xxiii, 51. Michele, Lk., xi, 11. c' written c. Secan, Lk., xix, 10. Rice, Lk., xix, 14. Micelen, Lk., xi, 4. Receji, Lk., xxiv, 17. Recce)>, Lk., xxiv, 17. Ic, passim. Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. Riche, sb., 214. Rice, adj., 219. Moche, 235. Wercen, inf., 225. Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. Sechen, vb., 3. 17. Wurchende, 3. 10. Michel, 5 14. Biseche'5, 4. 13. Speches, sb., 15. 21. Iliche, 15. 23. Wrecche, 15. 31. Ta3ch>, 27. 29. Besieche, 21. 30. Ech, ' also,' 129. 27. Moral Ode (Digby MS.), Kent. • Thirteenth Century. Liches, sb. pi., 41. Heueriche, 42. Michel, 60, 62, etc. ic Recche, ' I reck,' 135. Early 49 Smeche, sb , 18. Stecche, sb., 'piece,' 191. Swich, 80. Vonderlicheste, 68. Kentish Sermons (MS. Land, 471), 1200-50. Medial and final c' = ch. Speche, Epiph. Seches, Epiph.., but beseke>, Second Sermon. Kinkriche, Epiph. Deadlich, Epiph. Smecch, Epiph, sb. "Wych, Second Sermon. But in purch, Second Sermon = O.E. )mrh, ch = front open consonant. Ayenbite, Kent, 1340. Beches, ' beach -trees.' Bezeche, ' to beseech.' Bezechinge, ' petition.' Blechest, 'hurtest.' Bleche, ' pale.' Bodiliche, pi. adj. Dich, 'ditch.' Ech, ' each.' Eurich. Iliche, 'like.' Leche, ' surgeon.' Moche. Mochel. Sinech, sb., ' smoke.' Speche, sb. Riche, sb. Stech, stechche, O.E. sticce. Strechche, vb. Techches, ' bad habits.' Teche, vb., ' to teach.' "Wychche, ' a witch.' Wreche, 'vengeance.' Zeche, ' sack.' Zeche, ' to seek.' Zuech, 'such.' Lib. Desc, Kent, 1350. Ech, 96. Swich, 197. Lo>lich, 619. Pich, 620. Ich, 'I,' 1123 (also I, pas.). Will, of Shoreham, Kent, 1315. Sechen, 136. Aschrencheth, 17. Sonderliche, 1. Ich, 8. Lien and lycbe, 'bodv,' 20. Ilych, sb., 20. That thou — werche, 23. Adrenche, 3rd sb., 30. To the che, 49. Areche, vb., 49. Opsechemby, 57. Speche, 59. Bi-wiched, 71. By-reche, 96. In \e smeche, 96. III. Xon-initiul -nk, -Ik, and -rk in M.E. Barbour. ££}■»-*•• Blenkyt, 'looked aside.' llrunkyu. Vencle, 'wench.' Stark. Byrkie, b. -trees. Merk, adj. Virk, vb. Kirk \ Kvrk J Bwilk. Ilka, ' each.' Ilk, ' same.' Walk, ' watch,' sb. aud vb. Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. Binkis, ' banks ' of earth. Schrenk, ' to shrink.' Spynk, ' chaffinch..' Birkis (trees). Kirk. Wark, sb. Wirk, inf. Schalk, ' rogue,' etc. 50 Gav. Douglas, H75-1522. Benk. Benkis, pi. Blenke, sb., ' view, glimpse.' Schrenkis, vb., 'sbrinks.' Skinkis, ' pours out.' Balk, 'beam.' Eolkis, 3 sing. pres. \ Holkit, p.p. J ' to hollow out.' Holkand, part. ) Thilk=tbe ilke. Birkis, pi., ' birch-trees.' II «dwerk. Compl. of Scot!., 1549. Berk, ' to bark.' Mirknes. Virk. Finkil, ' fennel.' Tliyuk, vb. Goldspink. Ilk, ' eacb.' Mi triced Psalter, Yorks., before 1300. Drenkenand, 22. 5. Strenkil, inf., • sprinkle,' 50. 9. Swink, sb., 9. 28 \ , Swynk, sb., 108. 11 f ew " Tbinkand, 34. 4. Kirke, 34. 18, passim. Werkes, sb. pi., passim. AVirkes, 3 pi., 5. 7. Wirkand, 35. 13. Ilk-on, 72. 28. Whilk, 34. 27. Whilke, 7. 3. Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. Kirk. Were \ Werck I Wark Ware Warckes. Wirk, vb. Euerilk. Suinc. Wrenk, vb., 'wrench.' Wrenkes, sb. pi. (also wrenches). Minot, Yorkt., 1333-52. Ilk, 'eacb.' Wliilk. Swink. Kirk. sb. Prk. of Consc, Yorks., before 1349. Blenk, ' fault.' Rouncle. Swynk, ' labour.' Think, ' to seem.' Wrenk, ' a trick,' etc. Ilk, ' each.' Welk, vb., 'wither.' Sculke, vb. (i " ilk I ' which ' Whilk) WU1C ' Yholke, ' yolk.' Irk, 'to weary of.' Kirk. Kyrk. Merk, ' a mark.' Wirk, vb. Sir Gaw., North., 1366. Blenk, vb., 'shine.' Dronken, ' drunk.' Thinkes, ' seems.' Kirk. Townl. Myst., 1450. Belk, vb. Ilk, ' each ' Kynke, ' to draw the breath audibly.' Wark, vb., 'to ache.' W. W., xviii, Early Fifteenth Century, North. Spynke, ' rostellus.' By'nke, ' scamnum.' Byrketre. Kyrgarth. Kyrk. Wars of Alex., Yorks., Late Fifteenth Century. Benke. (Ashm. Dubl. MS. only ch forms.) Drenke, sb., ' drink.' Brenke, ' brink.' Warke. ) , , • , b Wark, Dubl. I acile » P am > 9,) - Derke. Derknes (MS. Dreknes). Milke-quite. Schalk, sb. 51 Catholicon, Torks., 1483. Final nk in Catholicon. Benke, ' scammira.' Drynke, ' biber.' Dronkyn. Spynke. to Stynke. a Stynke. Derke. Myrke. a Warke, ' opus. ' a Styyrke, ' procuculus.' to Wyrke. a Kvrke. Milke, ' lac.' a Wilke ) . , ., , Welke ponchile. Ilkane. Levins, Yorki., 1570. Hirk, or Irk, ' taedium.' a Kirk. Mirke. Lurke. Worke, sb. and vb. Brink. Drinke, sb. and vb. Chincke, sb. Linke, ' torch.' Sinke, ' cloaca,' and vb. Stinke, sb. and vb. Inke. Shrinke, vb Swinke, vb. Thinke. Milk, sb and vb. Allit. P., Lanes., 1360. Bi)>enke, vb. Benke, 'man.' penkande, ' thinking.' Ferke up, vb. Derk. Merk, ' dark,' adj. and sb. Ilk. Metr. Rom., Lanes., 1420. Blenked, ' glanced.' Drinkes, sb. pi. Stinke, sb. (I) Thenke. Thinke, inf. Wlonkest, adj. like, ' same. Welke, ' walked.' Wt-rkes, sb. pi. Orm., Lines., 1200. Bannkess. Bisennkenn. Drinnkenn. Dnmncneun, ' drown.' Bisennkenn. Strennkenn, 'sprinkle.' Swennkenn, ' vex.' Swinnkenn, 'labour.' paunkenn. Stinnken. Staunc. Stunnkenn. Sinnke]'}'. Swinnc, sb. Unnc (dual ace). Muncclif. Merrke, ' merk.' "Wirrkenn, ' work,' vb. Werrkeda^hess. Weorrc, sb. Werrc. Werrkess. Starrc. Folic. Illc, 'each.' Hike, 'same.' Whillc, 'which.' Millc. Swillc. Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. Arke. Herkne, imperat. Serk. Stark. Bleukes, sb. pi. Swink, sb. Swinkeu, vb. Swilk. R. of Brunne, Lines., 1338. Blenk, 'trick.' Brynke, sb. Bybenke, vb. penke. Derk, adj. Wryke, inf. Swylk. Bali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. puncke'8, 3rd sing., p. 3. Stinkinde, 9. Swinken, 3rd pi., 29. fco Werke, dat. of sb., 15. like, 45. 52 Will, of Pal., II'. Midi., 1350. Bonke, 'bank.' Dronked, ' drowned, drenched.' penke, 'thick.' Derk. Ferke, vb. Eerken, vb. Park. Ilk. Talke. Walken. Mtre., Salop, 1400. Dronken. Swinke, vb. Thilk, 'that same.' Werkeday. MS. Marl. 2,253, Here/., 1310. Clynken, 'to resound.' Dronke, adj., ' drunk.' SEffif }*.'***•• Stynken, vb. Swynke, vb. Swynk, vb. ich penke. penken, inf. me punkej>. like. Lai., Worcs., 1205. Boncke (dat.). Drinc. Drsenc. Driugke. [Dronke.] Rinkas, pi. pankie. Scene, 'draught.' Swinke)) ) Swonc > vb. Swunke J Dorcke, adj. pirkede, ' darkened.' Weorc, were, wserc, sb. Chiric-lond (cf. chuc = chirc. O.E. Hon., 1st series, pt. i, p. 9). Mile, sb. Swilc ) Swulke ) Talkie, vb. Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. Drinkeft, 142. Drinken, inf., 138. Sinken, 538. Swiukeft, 235. Bihenken, 94. Senkeft, 449. Ilk, 'each,' 97. Swilk, 440. Swilc, 336. Wile, ' which,' 5. Kirke, 93. WerkeS, vb., 498. Werk, sb., 442. Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. Drinc, sb. Drinken, vb. Forsanc, ' sank entirely.' Hinke, 'fear, dread.' Senkede ( = Schenkede) . Stinc. Stinken, ' stinking.' Swine, sb., 'toil.' Swinken, vb. Forhirked, ' tired of.' Merke, ' boundary.' Werken ' (they) work.' Folc. ) Folckes ) Ilk|' each -' Quilc, ' what, which.' Quilke (pi.), ' which.' Swilc, ' such.' Walkene, ' welkin.' Welkede, ' withered.' Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. Qwilk, 37. Euere-ilk, 56. Werkys, sb. pi. Kyi'k, 87, and passim. Prompt., Norf., 1440. Menkte, ' mixtus.' Werk, ' opus.' Werke, ' operor.' Werkyn, or ' heed akyn.' gelke of egge. Bokenham, Suffolk, 1447. Thylk, Mary, 947. Chaucer. Dirk I ,. Dark } a,1 -l- Stork. 53 Stark, 'strong.' Werk Werkes, vb. Stinke, vb. Stink. Brink. Thanke. Tbonke. Thank. Thenke, ' think, seen.' Swinke, vb. Swink, sb. Sinke. Inke, sb. Drinke, sb. Drinke vb. Drank Dronken Drunken "Winke, vb. Milk, sb. Welken, sb. Welken, vb. Walken. Stalke, vb. like, adj. Balke. ' a beam.' Talke,' vb. Stalke, ' a stalk.' Wycliffe. "Werk-bestis, ' plough-oxen,' x. St. Eath., Glos., 1200. Smirkinde, participle. Swinkes, gen. sing. St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. pulke, 104. R. of Glos., 1300. Biswinke, vb. Blenkte ) Blencte J like. Melc, sb. Stinkinde. ^ ,iinl i o jvb. Swinke ) pdke, 'that.' penke, 'to think.' P. Plowm., Glos., 13G2-93. Bolke, ' eructation.' penken, vb. Sir Fer., Devon, 1380. like, ' same.' Forjiynk, 2 pi. pr. Sterk, 'stiff.' St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. Werkus, sb., passim. I thenk, 3,764. powe )>enk, 540. St. Jul. (Prose), Dorset, 1200. ponckes, 'thoughts,' 42. ponken, inf., 'thank,' 58. Suncken, p.p., 78. Sinken, inf., 28. Cwenct. Starcke, 78. Sawles Warde, Dorset, 1210. Swiuc, 263. Ancr. Riw., Dorset, 1225. Stinken. SteuA, sb. Swinken. Swiuc, sb. "Were, sb. Skulken, ' sliuk along.' Wohinge of ure lauerd (by author of above). penke, imperat., 279. to penken, 287. Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants, 1327. Wark-man, A. Worke, vb., printed copy. Wyrke, vb., Manchester MS. Brink (printed copy has breuche). Usages of Winchester, circ. 1360. Wark ) sb - 351 - me Worke>, 350. pulke i ' those,' 354. E£ ! »•■ pt ylke stat, 362. 54 Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. Wurc, sb., 223. Vices and Virtues, Kentish, 1200. Workes, sb., 3. 14. Wolkne, 103. 23. Drinken, vb. iuf. Moral Ode {Digby MS.), Kent, Early Thirteenth Century. Swingke, vb. i Suinc. iiic piujh (*pinkji). a Worke, dat., 11. Werkes ) Workes j S eu - Ayenbite, Kent, 1310. Azenkte, ' sauk,' trans, vb. Drinke, sb. Drinkeres. Stinkinde. pank, sb. like. ' same.' Milk, sb. Workinde, ' working.' "Workes, sb. IV. Non-initial -nch, -Ich, -rch in M.E. Gov. Douglas, 1475-1522. Clynschis, vb., ' rivets.' Drinchit, p.p., 'enveloped.' Quenschit, p.p. Belch, ' a swelled, fat fellow ' Pilchis, sb. pi., kind of garment. Marchis, ' boundaries.' Metrical Psalter, YorJcs., before 1300. Wenches, sb. pi., 67. 26. Prk. of Consc, Yorks., before 1349. Wryncliand, ' wriggling.' Wars of Alex., Late Fifteenth Century. Bencbe (Dub.). Drenchid, p.p., ' drowned.' Hanchyd, ' gnawed, eaten.' Worclie, vb. Cursor Mundi, 1300. Wrenches, sb. pi. Levins, Yorks., 1570. Lurch, vb., ' lie hid.' Milch, sb. and vb. Belche, sb. and vb. Stiuch, sb. and vb. Linche, sb. and vb. Kintch (of wood). Goldfinch. Bench i Binch j Allit P., Lanes., 1360. Blenche, 'stratagem.' Quenche. Wrenche, ' device.' Worche, vb. Wordier, sb. Metr. Pom., Lanes., 1420. Wenche, ' girl. ' Wurche, vb. Orm., Lines., 1200. Bennche. Swennchen, vb. Swiuncheu, vb. Stiuncb, sb. Wennchell, ' child.' Drinuch, ' drink, draught.' Kali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. pencheu, 3. punche'S, 15. pu sweuchest, 35. Wurchen. ,55 Earliest Engl. Pr. Ps., W. Midi., 1375. Wirchen, inf., 5. 6. penchand, 8. 5. MS. Sari, 2253, Here/., 1310. Adrenche, vb. Freynsshe ) French Frenshe |* renca - Schencheu, vb., ' give to drink.' p enchen, inf. pench, imperat. puuche. punched . Ohirche. Worche, 2 sing. subj. Z m °l e l ! 3 sing. Worcheb ) ° each.' Laj,., Worcs., 1205. ^lch. alcb 1 ( Elches ) Ilwulcbe, 'sucb.' Bench. Drinchen ) , and Drinken / Drunchen, p.p. Drench, sb. Drinches | , , Drenchen \ • P •> Swenche'S, pi. Swinkeb.] JuncheS ) , th , pinche)] } seemetn - Senche], 'draught.' Scenchen, vb., 'pour out.' Chirche. Churchen. cf. Chucgong = Chirc- jong, Morris' O.E. Horn., First Series, pt. i, p. 9. | Werche, weorche, wirche] ) Worch], sb., also weorc, etc. Chiric-lond "Wurche Urchen vb. Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. Drink, vb. Chirche-gong. Clnirches. Werchen, ' to work.' Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. Quenching, 207. Prompt., Nbrf., 1440. Benche, sb. Wrenche (idem quod slythe). Byrchetre. Marche. Mylche or Mylke of a cowe. (Under Mylke stands ' idem quod mylche,' as if this were the usual form.) Bokenham, before 1447, Suffolk, has Cherche. Eng. Guilds, Norf., 1389, has Chyrche, Chirche. Chaucer. Monche, vb. Thenche, vb. Wenche, sb. Quenche. Inche, sb. Wrenches, ' frauds.' Worcheth, vb. Worcher, sb. Wirche l yb Werche j Finch. Drenchen, vb. Bench, sb. Benched, p.p. Wyeliffe. Dryucching, ' drowning,' X. Werchynge, sb., 'influence,' X. Worche \ e -v Worsche J lnf " X " Warche, inf., CC. St. Kath., Glos., 1200. penchen, 'to think.' punchen, ' to seem.' Wrenchen, ' to entice.' Kenchen, ' to laugh.' Shrenchten, ' cheated.' Wurchen, vb. R. of Glos., 1300. Abenche. Bleuche, inf. Drench, sb. Drenche, vb I lfj?enchej) < )fthiuche> Stenche, vh. , ' drown." ' repeuteth.' 56 Suench ) , i . sb. I >S\\ inch. Schenche, vb., ' pour out.' penche, vb. pench.es. penchest. Wurche, sb. and vb. Wourche, vb. St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. pench, inf., 52. Drenche, inf., 91. penche, inf , 92. pench, imperat. P. Plowm., Glos., 1362-93. Iienche, sb. Quenche \ Quenchejj ) penche, 2 pres. sb., 'think.' Worchen | Werche vb. Sir Fer., Devon, 1380. Blenche, vb., 'turn aside.' Drench, ' a drink.' Werche, vb. St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. bou Worchest, 2686. Wyrche, inf., 2926. St. Jul. (Prose), Dorset, 1200. Senchtest, 32. Schrenchen, 34, inf., ' shrink.' Schunchen, 34, ' to he terrified.' liij'i 'liche'o', 42, 'considers.' him punched, 42, ' seems good.' Wrenchen, 42. Cwenchte, pret., 68. Blench te, 72. Senchte, ' sank,' 78. Adrenchten, ' drowned,' 78. For punche'S, 'grieves,' 16. Bibench, 20, imperat. For senchtest, 60. Wurchen, inf. Wurch, imperat, 16. Sauies Warde, Dorset, 1210. Wernches = wrenches, 'devices,' 245. Stench, sb. pent-he's, imperat., 251. j niicliciS, ' it seems,' 257. a Pilche clut, 253. Aner. Riw., 1225, Dorset. Bi-senchen, ' bank.' CTnwrench, ' wicked artifice.' Wenchel, ' a maid.' Stunch, ' a stench.' Ilchere, ' every.' Kelche-cuffe. Woihunge of ure Lawerd (by autlior of above). Drinch, 283 (twice), sb. Dunchen, 3rd pi., 283. O. and A r ., Dorset, 1246-1250. Hit bincheb, 225. Bibenche, 471. Blenches, 378, sb. Goldfinch, J. | . ,„ n Goldfinc, Cot. f Unwrenche, sb., 169. Me bunch>, 1651. 1672. Wurchen, vb., 408. Wirche, inf., 722. Chirche, 721. But Me jumcji, Sir P. ofllampt., South Hants., 1327. Werche, inf., A. Brenche (printed copy), MS. has brink. Clenche, vb., -cling to.' Sutherland MS., end of fourteenth century. Usages of Winchester, circ. 1360. AVerche, inf. Kentish Gospels (MS.Hatton, 38), 1150. iElchen, Lk., xix, 36. Swilce, Lk., xxiii, 14 and 17. ic Werche, J oh., iv, 34. ic Wyrce, Lk., xxii, xi. Cnyrcan, Mat , xvi, 18. Aweuchen, Joh., xi, 11. Itebeucheh, Lk. , xxxiv, 6. ge-swinchen, Lk., xxii, 28. Werchte, Lk., x, 7, sb., 'labourer.' Vespas, A. 22. Kent, 1200. Adrenche, 215. penche, 217. geswince, 219. Lie, 231. 57 O.E. nc, Ic, re. Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. pinche, sb., 3. 31. Drenkch, sb., 87. 29. Swilch, 3. 28. Wurehende, 3. 10. Moral Ode {Big by MS.). Kent. Early Thirteenth Century. Adrenche, vb. Bihenche, 6. Ofyencheb, 10. Quenche, inf., 152. Iswiuch, vb., 36. Iswincb, sb., 57. pencken, inf , 62. Ayenbite, Kent, 1340. Adrenche, vb. Bench. Behenche, 'to remind.' Be)>encheh, 3 sing. Blench. Drenche, vb. Drench, sb. Stencil, sb. penchinges. penche, vb. Wrench, ' craft.' Znynche, vb. Zuynch, sb. Kuenche, vb. Cherche. V. The O.E. -net = -nt in M.E. with Gavin Douglas, 1475-1522. Drint, ' drowned.' Quent, p.p., ' quenched.' MS. Earl. 2,253, Sere/., 1310. Dreynt, p.p., 'drowned.' Seint, p.p., sunk. Wreint, p.p., ' tormented.' Minot, Tories., 1333-52. Adreinte, p.p. Mire., Salop, 1400. I-queynt, 'quenched.' Layimon, Worcs., 1205. Ad rente [ Adn-int I / . Udreinte] P ret - •Adreingte / [Aseiril |, pret. Aseingde, pret. Blcintc, pret. ■einte forms. diphthongization of preceding vowel. Chaucer. Queynt, pret. Dreynte, pret. Bleynte, pret. St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. Adreynte, pret., 224. It. of Brunne, Lines., 1338. Dreynte, pret. Bleynt. R. of Glos., 1300. Adreynt \ Adreint j pret. Adreincte ) ^ sei, f e |'sunk.' Aseint ) Blenyte = Bleynte. Bleincte, 3 sing. pret. Dreinte, 3 sing. Dreynt, p p. P. Plow., Glos., 1362-93. Qneynte, p.p. 58 O.E. -ct (id) (i, iv. Douglas, 1475-1522. Picht, p.p., ' pitched.' Metr. Bom., Lanes., 1420. Piyte, p.p., ' pitched.' B. of Glot., 1300. Pi^t, 'poet.' Pi^te, p.p. Schrijte, 3 pret. s. Plijte, p.p. VI. -clit ; -ght in M.E. Ply^te, 3 sing. Ypligt, ' pledged.' Mire, Salop, 1400. White (' strong, active ') = wight = *wicht =*quiccd ? Chaucer. Twight, p. of twicchen. Streighte, pt. s. of strecchen. Reighte, rechen. Prighte, pret. of prikken = *pricchen. VII. Non-initial O.E. g non-fronted, and = gh, iv, etc., in M.E. Barbour. Low, ' a flame.' Law, adj., ' low.' Lownyt, ' sheltered. ' Aw, ' thou oughtest. ' Bow-draucht, 'a bow-shot.' Dawit ) Dawned j p.p. Dawyn ) Dawis (and Dayis). to Draw. Enew. Fallow, ' to follow.' Fallow, ' a fellow.' Saw, sb., 'a saying.' Slew, ' struck.' Sla, 'to slay.' All-thouch. Borwch, ' a pledge.' Burch, ' borough.' Dreuch, ' drew ' Eneuch (and Enew). Holche (cf. Chaucer, halke), ' lurking-place.' Heych, ' high.' Sleuch, ' slew.' Laigh. Lauchand, 'laughing.' Lawch and law, 'low.' Mawch, ' kinsman.' Thiouch, 'through.' Pleuch, ' a plough.' a corner, Dunbar, E. Lothian, 146U-1520. Bow (for shooting). Fowll. Beuche, ' bough.' Dearch, ' dwarf.' Lauchis, ' laughs.' Pleuch. Teuch, adj., 'tough.' Heich Hecher ) 'hi ' Innowe ) enough.' Lawe, ' mouut.' Lajed ) Latter J Illic- it } * | aw )• saying.' Saje I J ° Swoghe, ' silence.' Thaj, 'though.' |^| j 'borough, city.' Since both spellings, ' saje, sawe,' occur, it looks as if ' saje ' were the traditional spelling, and ' sawe ' the real pronunciation. Toicnley Mysteries, Yorks., 1480. Holgh, 'hollow.' Lagh, 'law.' Leghe, ' a lie.' Saghe, ' a saying.' Saghe, ' saw.' &*.)■■-•• Steghe, ' a ladder.' Swoghe, ' sound of waves.' Thrughe, 'flat gravestone.' Wawghes, ' waves.' 1 Note spelling, shows these words all had C. GO W.-W., xviii, North., Fifteenth Century. Dagh, ' pasta.' Maw, sb. Belbow. Trogh. l'logh, ' aratruni.' Wars of Alex., Yorks., late Fifteenth Century. Balgh, adj., 'swelling out.' Boghe, ' bough.' Burgh ) 'city.' Burghis } pi. Drawes ) Drakes j Dwaje, ' feeble creature.' Enoge Enogh Enowe (Dub. only) Ho;z;es, ' houghs.' ^ a 8' he l 'low.' Lawe ) Lawe, ' mountain.' Lo;z;e, sb., ' lake.' Bogh, adj. Sagh, 'saw' (Dub.). 1*^ } ' I saw.' Saghe ) Sighes, pres. sing. pot', ' though.' Toghid, p.p., 'tugged.' Warlow (Dub.), 'deceiver' = warlock. Lajand i Latter j laughing.' Trowghe, A. Thrughe Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. Coghe, ' ubi hoste.' j Aucus. } 'a coffin.' a Slughe, ' scama.' to Saghe a tre. a Saghe. Kughe, ' hirsutus.' Salghe, ' salix.' Falghe \ yb Falnwe, A. ) a Dwarghe, 'tantulus' (note). Borgh, ' fridcursor.' Borgham, ' epiphium.' Arghe, 'pusillanimus.' a I'lughe wryghte. to l'lowghe. a Ploghe, ' aratrum.' Plugh, A., vb. a Mughe. to Mughe, 'hay.' to Mughe, ' posse.' Marghe, 'medulla.' to Laghe, ' ridere.' an Hawghe, 'circum.' Enoghe. Dseghe, ' pasta.' Medial and Final O.E. i = w in Catholicon. to Sawe, ' severe.' n , , ) 'scucula,' Outelawry j , llalowe, A. ) an Elbowe, ' lacertus.' to Draw up. Dewe, ' ros.' to Daw, ' diescere.' to Awe, ' debere.' to Bowe downe. a Bowe, ' archus.' to be Slawe. Rowe, ' crudus.' Levins, Yorks., 1570. Bough. Chough. Cough. Plough. Slough. Trough. Boughe. Tough. All these words are said by L. to rhyme. Daw (or Daugh) = ' dough.' Hawe. Lawe. Mawe. to Sawe wood. Strawe. Daugh to Laugh j ' rhyme. AIM. P., Lanes., 1360. Bor^, ' city.' Bo^e, ' bough. Dagter. 01 I' low.' Laghe Log Iimoghe, inno^e, ' enough. Laje, ' to laugh.' Sorj, 'sorrow.' prych, ' through.' The spelling schajede, 'showed,' implies that 5 had become w in this dialect. Metr. Rom., Lanes., 1420. Awen, ' own.' Boes, ' boughs.' ^ ro ^ 1'draw.' Drojghe I I^iughe, ' enough.' Lauchet, ' laughs.' Ploes, ' ploughs,' sb. Pluje, sb. sing. Orm., Zincs., 1200. Ajhe, 'awe.' Ajhenn, ' to own.' Berrjhenn, ' to save.' Borr^henn, p.p. Bollghenn, ' displeased. ' Bojhess, ' boughs.' Bujhenn, ' to bow.' Feh, ' property.' Forrhoghenn, ' to neglect.' Folljhenn, ' to follow.' Foribu^henn, ' avoid.' Flu^heun, perf. of ' fleon.' Flejhenn, 'to fly.' Hejheb^, ' exalts.' Heh, adj. Hajherr, ' dexterous.' Halljhenn, sb. pi. Halljhenn, vb. Lajhenn, ' to lower.' La^he | ?? he 1 1 ' eye-' Ebne, gen. pi. ) J Leghenn, ' tell lies.' Le^he, ' daily pay.' Mejhe, ' female relation.' Lo^he, ' fire.' Sse^henn, pi. perf., 'saw.' Serrjhe, ' sorrow.' Ni^hen. Neh. Mujhenn. Ploh. Swolljhenn. Suhhjhenn. Stijhenn, ' to go, pass.' Slojhenu, p.p., 'slain.' Sinn;z;he}>j\ ' he sins.' Wrejhenu, ' accuse.' Wnjhe, ' woes.' "SVajhe, 'wall.' prajhe, ' time, while.' pohh. purrh. Burrh, ' city.' Daghess (also Da^^ess). Deah, ' is worth.' Drejhenn, ' to suffer.' Drajhenn, ' draw.' Drjhellnesse, ' secresy.' Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. Dawes, ' days.' Felowes, ' fellows.' ^ awe j 'low.' Lowe I Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. Herborowed, 'lodged.' poru. Boru. R. of Br untie, Lines., 1338. Awe, 'fear.' Sawe, sb. Drawe, p.p. Lawes, sb. Mowe, ' I may.' Borewe, sub. powh. Slough ) , , , Sloo j Draught. Saugh, 3 pert., ' sow.' Borough. Drough, ' drew.' LLali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 122.5. Idrahen, p.p., 5. FolheS, ' follows,' 15. Lahe, ' law.' Sahe, sb., 39, ' a tale.' Will. ofPalerne, W. Midi., 1350. Alwes, 'saints.' Bowes, ' boughs.' Bowes, ' inclines.' Burw, ' town.' l>:i\ve. Dawes. Drou3, ' drew.' 62 l>\wr]\ ' dwarf ' l'Yhuve. Felaschibe. Dawe, vli. Morwe, ' morning." Mow, ' I may.' Sawe, ' saying.' Awght, ' owned." pough. Earliest Engl. Pr. Ps., W. Midi., 1375. Bow = ' incline,' imperat., 101.2. he Sloje, 'slew,' 104. 27. Lawe, 104.43. >at Draweb, 148. 14. >at he Drawe, 9. 32. Felawes, 44. 9. Ilalwen, dat. pi., 82. 3. Mire., Salop, 1400. Sloghe, 'slew.' Ajte, ' ought.' pagh. porg, 'through.' Folghth, 'baptism.' Slegh, ' slay.' Stegh, ' ascended.' Negh, ' nigh.' Eghpe, ' eighth.' MS. Earl., 2253, Here/., 1310. hit Dawes. Hawe (and Heye), ' high.' Lawe, sh. Mawe. Wore, Glos., Twelfth Century. Beah, ' arrailla.' Dwseruh, ' nanus.' Elhowe, ' ulna.' Heretowa, ' dux.' Layimon, Worcs., 1205. Age, Ahne ~1 [Owe, Owene, J- adj. Ojene] J ™ ZB d t 1 ' retreat,' etc. [Bouwe, Boujen] ) Dragen Drawe Idrawen Idrajen Folrgel-cunne. Fusel, Fosel) , bird- [Fowel] ) [Lawe] I BD - [llahve.] Ilalhjen, dat. pi. Sorhge Sorge Sorhe Seorwa To-flojen, p.p. To-drsejen. Lu^en, vb., 'tell lies.' Dawede. Da^ede. [Dawes.] Daswen, Dawen sb. pi. [Dawe, Dawes, Dajes] j Dahjen 1 I)a;z;e J- sing. dat. ■Dawe Buruwe [borwe, borhwe]. Loh, adj., ' low.' Songs and C 1 s, Warw., 1400. Morwe ] „, Sorwe Slawyn,' 66. Bestiary, E. Midi., 1250. DragtfS, 311. Lage, sb., 784. Engl. Guilds, Norf, 1389. Felas, 'fellows,' 30. pei awe, 39. Lawes, 52 and passim. Morwe speche, 55. Prompt., Norf., 1440. Bowe of tre. Bowe, ' arcus.' Fowle, 'bird.' Lawe, 'jus,' etc. Herberwyn. Sorow Swelwhe of a water or of a grownde. Cowhyn, H. } Cowghen V vb. Cowyn, K. J Coghe, sb. Lawhyn, 'rideo.' Throwhe, 'through.' >3 Bokenham, Suffolk, before 1447. Lawhe, inf., St. Cecilia, 821. Sawe, St. Elizabeth, 987. Drawe 211 j gt A Lawe, 212 j ° Morwe, St. Dorothy, 106. porch, 20, 11,000 Virg. porgh, 183, St. Magdalene. In this text we have such spellings as — Malyhs, 215. Nyhs, 206 \ g . Wyhs, 205 | bt - A ^ nes - = 'malys,' ' nys,' ' wys,' etc., and these spellings occur constantly throughout the text, showing that h had no consonantal sound in this position. Wycliffe. Halwen, sb. pi., X. O.E. = w in Chaucer. Sorwe. Mowen, vb. Mawe, ' stomach.' Lowe, adj. Sawe, 'saying, speech.' Fawe, ' fain, glad.' Bowe, vb. Dawe, vb. Dawes, ' days.' Dawing, 'dawning.' Dewe. Drawe, vb. Adawe, vb. Awe, sb. Awen, ' own.' Fowel \ Foul. Foules \ ' bird.' Fowl J Hawe, ' yard.' Hawe (fruit of rose). Horowe, ' foul, scandalous, ' O.E. horij (?). Halwen, vb. Halwes, sb. Herberowe ) , Herberow ) Herberwe, vb. Sowe, 'a sow.' O.E. -j,, -h = ffh in Chaucer. R °g ]l I a di Rough ) J * Slough. low noise.' ; though.' Swogh Swough Swuw Thogh. Towh \ Tough \ Tow J Thorgh ) Thurgh I Trogh i Trough ) Choogh. Cough. Flough, ' didst fly.' Bough. Drough, vb. Slough \ , Slowh j pt Saugh Saw of ' sleen.' vb. St. Kath., Glot., 1200. Burh, ' city.' La he, ' law.' Plahen, ' they play.' Sorh, ' sorrow.' R. o/Glos., 1300. Ajte, 3 sing. Dawe, pi. Drawe, p.p. Draweji, 2 pi. Droirg, ' drew.' Fawe, ' pain.' Ilalwe 1 , Halwy j Ilalwe, adj. Hawe, ' had.' Kouhe, ' cough.' Lew 5 \ Louj V ' laughed.' Lowe I Mawe, ' stomach.' Owe, vb. Rowe, 'rough.' Slawe ) Slaje } P-P- Sorwe, sb. Wawes, ' waves.' Tou, 'tough.' Thof, 'though.' St. Jul. (Metrical), Glos., 1300. Foweles, 226. ^e Mowe, 183. of Dawe, 193. Mitnv, 146. Hut fronted in Maide, 27. <;-i O.E. -hi = p- po*t, 31. nijt, 21. dijte, vh., 22. r. rtoinn., Glus., 1362-93. !r^ h ) -bin.' berwe I Borghe, b. Borw. Felawe. Laugen Lauhen Laughwhen V 'laugh.' Laugh e, b Lawgbe, b Lowe ) 2 pt. sing., ' didst tell lies.' Lowen (p.p. Lowe, ' flame.' Low' } ' meek >' etc - Ploub. Plow, b. Plough, b. Plouj, a. Sorwe. Morwe. Swowe, vb., ' faint.' O.E. swogan. Thanh. Pauj. Sir Fer., Devon., 1380. Awe, ' respect, worship.' Galwetre. For-gnage, 'devour.' Folghede. Fawe (and Fayn), ' pleased, happy.' Herburges, 'resting-place, camp.' Sawe, ' tale, account.' Forw, 'furrow.' St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. Sorwe, 3216. Slawe, p.p., 320. St. Jul. (Prose), Dorset, 1200. SellvSe, ' happiness,' 10. Heh, hehest, 8. Seh, 'saw,' 16. Drehe, 'I suffer,' 16. Fehere, 'fairer,' 18. of Dahene, 30. Isahet, p.p., 'sawn,' 38. Droh, pert'., 4. DuheSe, sb., 4. Felah.es, ' fellows,' 4. Ahne, ' own,' 10. Fuheles, 12. NowSer, ' neither,' 14. Ye ne llialle, ' may net,' 16. Lahen, ' customs, laws,' 22. liurh, 4. purh, 6. Ancr. Iiiw., Dorset, 1225. Ageliche, ' awfully.' Bouh | . , , , ■n > ' bough. Lowe ) ° Coue, ' chough.' Dawes, ' days.' Hajer } ' clever -' Inouh. Sage ) . , Sa « e } 'a saying.' Sahe. O. (ntd if., Dorset, 1240-50. Sorge, J. 1 Sorewe, C. / Fuheles, C. ) Foweles, J. ( Laje ('law,' 103). Hagel, C. 1 Hawel, J. ] 10 ' 002 - Hahe, Cot.) . „.„ Hawe, J. J 1 ' 612 - Moregenning, Cot. j , ... Morewening, J. / i >' 10. Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants, 1327. Dawe, ' to dawn,' A. Fawe, 'glad,' A. Kentish Gospels [MS. Hatton, 38), 1150. O.E. z (back) = z . Eagen, J., ix, 11, passim. Eage, Joh., x, 34 (dat. sing.). he geseahge, Mk., v, 32. geseagen, Mk., vi, 49. on Dizlen, Mat., vi, 4. Twrgan, J., xv, 5. Twig, J., xv, 6. Twiggan, Joh., xii, 13. Examples of misuse of g and g in Kentish Gospels. 9 for 5, Halgen, Mat., iii, 11. slog, Mk., xiv, 47. 65 g for g and gg for gg. gast, Mat., iii, 11 ; Joh., iv, 24. Gang (imperat.), Mat., viii, 9. Segge, Joh., ii, 5. Finder, Joh., xx, 27. pingen, Mat., v, 32. Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200. Eagen, ' eyes,' 223. Oge, 'own,' 23-3. Agen, 241. gesawen, 242. Xlees and Virtues, Kent, 1200. i-Slge, p.p., 5. 22. lage, sh., 99. 13. Moral Ode (Bigby MS.), Kent, Early Tit irteenth Cen fury. Draghen, 47. 49. Eghte, 'property,' 55. Eagen, 'eyes,' 379. Fogeles, 83. Lage, ' law.' Mugte, 15. Oghte, 2. Regh, 135 = (RekfP). pegh, 4. Kentish Sermons (Laud, 471), 1200-50. "We niowe, Epipli. LegheJ>, ' lies,' Fifth Sermon, 5. Daghen, dat. pi., Fifth Sermon, 5. I-seghe, ' seen,' Fourth Sermon. Moreghen, Fifth Sermon. Laghe, ace, Epiph. Oghe, 'own,' adj., Second Sermon. Lib. Besc, 1350, Kent. Lawe, 216. Awjt, 298. Owene, 441. Drouge, ' drew,' 1499. Dwerg, 'dwarf,' 119. . porwg, 291. Will, of Shoreham, Kent, 1307- Lawe, 62. To slage, 66 (rhymes with lawe). Y-fage, 67 (rhymes with lawe). Drage> (sing.), 68. Y-nage, 68 (rhymes with lawe). prof, ' through.' Ogen, 52. pag, 'though,' 102. Holwye, 3. A-ymbile, Kent, 1340. Adrage, vb., p.p. Alpag, ' although.' Agt, ' ought.' Beag, ' he bowed.' Bogsam, adj. Bog, ' bough.' Brogte, ' brought.' Bouge, ' to obey.' Dog, ' dough.' Draf, ' dregs.' Drag, ' to draw.' Lage, 'law.' Log, ' low.' M;i we, 'to mow.' Moge, 'may.' Oge, ' own' (adj.). Slage, ' to slay.' Uogel, ' bird.' Ynoge, ' enough.' 27. VIII. Non-initial O.E. g and h fronted in M.E. Barbour. Bery, vb., ' bury.' By, 'to buy.' Dreg ) Vb - ' endurc -' Ey J e y e - Eyn, ' eyes.' Fe, ' cattle.' Fie, 'to flee.' Forly, 'to violate.' Hergit, ' harried.' Rerberg, ' lodging.' He J Hey I adj. Sle, 'sly. Liand, ' lying.' GG Gav. Douglas, 1475-1522. Die, 'to suffer.' Eine, ' eyes.' Lev, ' a lea.' Compl. of Scot!., 1549. Day. Ee \ 'eye.' Een I pi. I lie, adj. I.v \ Lyis J- vb. Lyand J Herberye, ' harbour.' Metrical Psalter, Forks., before 1300. Eghen, 33. 16. Filigh, iniperat., 'follow,' 33. 15. For-segh, p.p., 21. 25. Negh, adj., 39. 13. Neghburgh, 14. 3. Slighen, 3 pi., 21. 30. Stihes, sb. pi., 118. 105. Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. Ei Eie, pi. ? iD6U ) 'eye.' Eigen ' Een Hei Leis, sb., ' lies.' Lei, vb. Lies, 2 sing. Ligh.es. Liges. Minot., Yorks., 1333-52. Lye, ' falsehood.' Mai. Main. Townley Mysteries, Yorks., 1480. "Wey = O.E. wija, ' a man.' Prk. of Consc, Yorks., before 1849. Bighing, ' redemption.' ^&l , J' to die.' Deygn, etc. ) JWM' to suffer.' Dn»-he ) Kghe, ' eye.' Eghteld, 'to endeavour.' Flegh, ' to flee.' F, " v;:h ! met Flogh .! P ret ' Heyghe. W^Madj. Hegne ) J Highen, vb. Neghe, adj. Sleghe ) , • , .,, , ' wise. Slyghe S Stey, vb., ' ascend.' Stegh, 'ladder.' .Sir Gem., North., 13G6. Ber S , ' hill.' Dege, vb. Dryjten, ' lord.' May, ' maid.' Seghe, ' saw.' P* \ ' saw.' Yje, ' eye.' Wars of Alex., Yorks., Late Fifteenth Century. Daies Dayes Dais Eje, sing \ Eghen \ \ ' eye.' Eeyn ) P L J Dreje, vb., 'dree.' E 3 e „ 1 'fear.' and Lgen j Fey, ' fated and die.' Levins, Yorks., 1570. Flee, 'a flv.' Eye. to Dree. to Flee. to See. Haifare, 'heifer.' Allit. P., Lanes., 1360. Adrej, ' aback, aside,' = ? Hyje, 'to lie.' D173, adj. May, ' maid.' Metr. Rom., Lanes., 1420. Hejer, ' higher.' S 4heh aW ' Orm., Lines., 1200. Bilessd. Frij^enn, ' calumniate. 67 Fru^nen, ' ask.' Forrle^enu, ' guilty of adultery. Fa^gerr, ' fair.' Fayjre, adv. Fewest, ' joinest.' Innsegjless, 'seals.' E^lenn, ' ail.' Ejj^err, ' either.' E^^whasr, ' everywhere.' E^e, ' fear.' Twiggess, ' twice.' Twegjenn, ' twain.' Pez3 r e 1 < their . Te^re ] their ' Srje, 'victory.' pri^jess, ' thrice.' Dri^e. iEddniodlejge. Eejjn, 'rain.' Najglenn, ' to nail.' Wa33ne>h. w "33 n > ' waggon. Waj3, 'woe.' Dajs, 'day.' Ma^, 'maid.' Mazz, ' may.' Note spelling, re^senn, ' to raise ' (= 0. Icel. reisaP). This seems to prove that 33 in above words = (i> or I, which would imply dipbthongi- zation of the a. n^Z = J-f • Saveloh, N.E. Midi, 1300. 'eye.' Eie Eyen Eyn Eyne Ageyn, Fleye, 'tolly. against.' R. of Br untie, Zincs., 1338. Eey, 'hay.' Reyn, ' rain.' Eyen, ' eyes.' Eye, ' awe.' May den. Abreyde, p.p. Weye. Sties, ' by-roads.' Lye, ' deceit.' Ly, inf., ' to lie down.' Pleyes, sl>. Dreye, vb., ' dree.' hi igh, adv. Ferlij, adv. Fee, ' cattle,' etc. Ney, ' near.' Fle'ye, 'flew.' Feightit, perf. Fleyghe, 'fled.' Sleigbe, ' cunning.' Will, of Pal., W. Midi., 1350. Ai, ' eye.' Aie, ' awe.' Daies. Fain ) , , , , Fayn } ^ Deie, vb., ' die.' Five (Alis), adj. Hige, ' hasten.' Drie, ' to dree.' Heie Hei-5 Heijh ) 'high.' Heye Hrje /' Heijing, 'hurrying.' Nefh} I 'lies.' Ligs J Layimon, Wores., 1205. Sing.: Dad, -dai ['day']. Dseies, daiges, -daies, daeges [daises], daeie, dseigen, daege, doeie, 'daige, deie [dai]. PI.: Dseies, daeiges, daeges, -daises. Gen. : Daegen [daigene], daige, daiges, dages. Daegen, vb., daigen. Deigen degen [deie, deige], 'to die.' Digelen, ' secretly.' Ege, 'eye.' Feie, ' fated to die.' Frein, ' fain, glad.' Lige [lege]. Maei, mai, maeie [maij. Plaege, pleige [pleag, pleoi]. •Tweie, -tweige. Tweine, tweige [twei, tweye]. .iEh-senen, ' eyesight.' iEie, eie, eige, ege [eage, eye], awe. •Saei, sajige, saie, imperat., 'say.' Lsei, dai, pret., of liggen. -Laeide, ' laid.' ! :,ih ! adj. Ley I J pash "j paih \ •peh J •Hehte Heihte Haihte ; thought.' was called. Feilit •Feht j 'fight." Bestiary, E. Midi, 1250. £ aies j nom. pi., 744. Dages ) L Egen, passim. FlegeS, 707. Hege, ' high,' 68.5. Leigeft, 'lays,' 359. Meiden, 37. Seide, 261. Bokenham, Suffolk, before 1447. Sege, vb., ' saw,' St. Agatha, 144 ? Eyne, St. Mary, 456. Eyghte, St. Mary, 935. Yhe, St. Agatha, 345 (rhymes to aspye, seye, leye). Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. Leefully, 51. Heye, adj., 39. Prompt., Norf., 1440. Eye, ' oculus.' Neyhbore. Neyborede. Wycliffe. Eien, X. Eig Yge, LL. Leie, ' tell lies ' Lei}> Leigede Byge, vb., CC. X. Chaucer. Lye, vh., ' to lie (down).' Lye, ' a lie,' also vb. May den. Playen. Pleyen, ' to ply.' Reye (' rye ') . Reyn. Stye, ' to mount.' Sty ward. Tweyne. Tweye. Wey. Abeye, vb., 'pay for.' A-breyde, ' to make.' Alwey. Bi seye, p.p. Dayes. Dayeseye. Deyen. Drye, ' to endure.' Drye, adj. Eye, pi. eyen, ' eyes.' Fair, adj. Fayn, ' glad.' Flye, ' a fly.' 69 Frye, vb. Hye, vb., 'to hasten.' Leyt, ' flame.' Saye, ' to say.' Neigh, adv. (also negh). Eighte. Heigh, ' high.' Heigh te, sb. Sey, pi. seyen, ' time.' Hy, adj., 'high.' St. Kath., Glos., 1200. Hevien, vb., 'glorify.' Ehe, ' eye.' Ehnen, pi. B. of Glos., 1300. Leighje, ' flame.' I.ighe, ' to laugh '? Fhjeu, ' flies.' Eyjte, 'eighth.' Eyghe| er. Egene, ' eyes.' Feye, ' accused, cowardly.' May, ' maid.' Lye, ' flame.' Ne^ene, 9. Fol;$yea)>, pres. pi. Sy3 in g» ' sighing,' sb. St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. hi >er leje, 3,385. y-sev^e, 'seen,' 3,535. Sey^'e, ' he saw,' 3,846 and 460. Ey 3 e, 'eye,' 4,297. Eyther, 713. Heyjede, 1278. Seyen, 3 pi. vb , ' saw,' 1,423. Twey, 'two,' 2,337. St. Jul. (Prote), Dorset, 1200. Meiden, 2 pres. Deis, gen., 6. Meari, 'marrow,' 20. Alter. Eiio., Dorset, 1225. Hei ) . i • , , u •, \ ' hum. Heih J ° Heihte, 8. Leie, ' flame.' Rein, ' rain.' Lijen, ' to lie.' Werge'S, 'wearieth.' "Wijeles, ' wiles.' Yleslipes, 'hedgehogs' skins.' 0. and JST., Dorset, 1240-50. Even, J. )«_... E S en, Cott. / ^ e3 - Plei, 213, vb. inf. Weie, 214, sb. Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants, 1327. Untrge, vb., A. Eige, 'fear,' S. A. Kentish Gospels {MS. Hatton, 38), 1150. Drejes, Mat., xx, 2. Felje (imperat.), Mat., ix, 9. Arghwile, Mat., vi, 34. Mayj, Mat., vi, 24. Dayjtiwamlicc, Mat., vi, 11. 8338} "*,*.«• Eije, ' fear,' Mk., ix, 6. Forleip-e, Mk., vii. 21. Mergdene (dat.), Mk., vii, 22. S:iix, ' buys.' Heje, 'high.' Uly, ' to fly.' Lib. Desc, Kent, 1350. ijen, ' eyes,' 943. Ejje, ' fear,' 2,026. Street, 942. IX. ISTon-initial O.E. -eg = -gg (front stop, etc.) in M E. Gav. Douglas, 1475-1622. Eige, ' ridge of a hill, edge.' ( ye here = dz ?) Sir Gaw., 1366, North. Esige, 'edge.' Hegges, ' hedges.' Rygge, ' back.' W.-W., xviii, North., Early Fifteenth Century. Segge, ' carex.' Egge (of knife). "Wegge, < euneus.' ? Bryg = dz ? Wars of Alexander, Forks, Late Fifteenth Century. Einng & ng \ 'inciting '(front or back?). Egg j "a Esrjris ( ' hedges.' Hegges ) ° Egge, 'edge.' Levins, Yurks., 1570. Bridge. Midge. Ridge. 71 Alltt. P., Lanes., 1360. }' man. Brugge, ' bridge.' Dungen, ' to beat.' Egge, ' edge,' sb. Eggynge, 'instigation.' Lygge, ' to lie.' Orm., Lines., 1200. Abiggenn, ' pay for.' Biggen, ' bury.' Egge, 'edge.' Leggenn, 'lay,' le^esst, le^ej>>. Seggenn, ' say, tell.' Havelok, N.E. Mull, 1300. Brigge. Riff. R. of Brunne, Lines., 1338. Brygges. Brugges. Egge, ' edge,' sb. Sedgeing, 'saying.' (Note early use of -dge.) Halt Meidenhed, W. Midi, 1225. to Seggen, 3. Buggen, 9. EggeS, 3. Notice Hug, 'back,' 17. Will, of Pal., TV. Midi, 1350. Biggen. Brug. (g here perhaps = Q.) Brugge. Egged, p.p., ' incited.' Egge-tol. Ligge, vb., 'lie, dwell.' Rigge, ' back. ' Segging, 'saying' (A). Swinge, ' they strike.' Seg Segges, pi. !• a man. Earliest Engl. Pr.Ps., W. Midi, 1375. O^ain siggeing, 30. 26. IiiL^e, 43. 28. Rygge, 49. 18. MS. Harl, 2253. Heref, 1310. Aleggen, 'to overthrow.' Bry gge. Bugging. Leggen, 'to lay.' Liggen, ' to lie.' Tubrugge, ' a drawbridge.' Rug, ' back.' Worcs., Glos., Twelfth Century. Seg, ' carex.' Wees'. Lai., Worcs., 1205. Abiggen, ' buy.' Brugge, 'bridge.' Bugge (Bigge). •Legge, 'to lay.' •Liggen, ' to lie down.' "Seggen. Siggen. (ich) Sugge. Egge, 'edge.' Ru S \ < back ' (Rugge) } back " Rigge, dat. Saeg, seg, ' man.' Prompt., Xorf, 1440. Lyggynge, sb. Rygge, -bone.' Segge, ' sedge.' Brygge, ' pons. Vegge \\\' Z e \ u ^ Segge ) Ligge, 209. Bug, ' back,' 56. P. Plowm., Glos., 1362-93. Brigge. Brygge. Bigge, vb. Biggere, ' a buyer.' Bugge, B. Buggers, A. Leggen. Liggen. Bigge. Rygge (and Ryg). Segge (and Seg). St. Jul. (Prose), Dorse/, 1200. Eggin, inf., 4-1. Si ggen, int., 8. Sir Per., Devon, 1380. Briggeward. Dyngen, ' dash, hound.' Bigges. Slegge, 'sledbammer.' Eged, ' edged.' Ligge, 'lie.' Pynge, ' to tingle.' 1-iigge (and Big). Sigge, ' say, tell.' St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. Lyge, inf., 3,155. Leygyng, 3,6'29. Leyge, inf., 452. Lyging, 2,474. Ancr. Rival., Dorset, 1225. Kuggel, 'cudgel.' Bugging, 'buying.' Eggen, ' edge on.' Leggen, ' to lay.' Liggen, ' lie down.' gainsay.' Wi'Sseggen Sir B. of Hampt., South Hants, 1327. Bigge-bone, Manchester MS., Fifteenth Century. Moral Ode (Dighj MS.), Kent. Early Thirteenth Cent wry. Beggen, inf., 65. SiggVb, 114. Aijenbite, Kent, 1340. Besenge, ' to singe.' Begginge, ' to buy.' Beggej>, ' buyeth.' Legge, ' to lay.' Ligge, ' to lie.' Ziggen, ' to say.' Reg, ' back.' Heg, ' hedge.' Lib. Desc., Kent, 1350. Begge, 1,018. Brigge, 1,330. Legge, ( to lay,' 1331. Ligge, 'to lie,' 1535. 73 X. Non-initial g and tg = back stop in M.E. Barbour. Byg, vb. Biggit, ' built. Brig i Bryg J Bnggit, 'bridged.' Egging, 'urging.' Ryg, 'ridge.' Tyg, ' to toucb lightly.' Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. Brigge. Dreg, ' to dredge.' Lig, ' to lie.' Rigbane. Big,' Briar. Compl. of Scotl., 1549. build.' Drug, vb. Eg, 8b. Leye rig. Scroggis, ' low stunted bushes.' Gav. Douglas, 1475-1522. Buge, ' a bow ' (g here must be a stop ; it is never used to express an open consonant in this text). Eggis, ' incites.' Bigbone. Byg, ' back.' Thig, ' to beg ' (O.E. Jnc^ean). Metrical Psalter, Torks., before 1300. Fen of Dreg (fecis), 39. 3. Ligging, ' lying down,' 6. 7. Ligging-sted, 35. 5 (MS. Egerton). Thiggaud, ' begging,' 39. 18. Twigges, 79. 11. Cursor Mundi, Yorks., 1300. 3rd sing. Brig. Ligus Liggus Ligand \ Liggand , Likaud ) Minot, Yorks., 1332-52. Brig. Lig, ' lie, remain.' Rie, ' back.' Prk. of Consc., Yorks., before 1347. Big, 'to build.' Byggyn, sb. Egg, vb., ' incite.' Li£g ) Ligge V vb., 'lie.' Byg J Lygyn, ' lain.' Lyggys, ' lies.' Townley Mysteries, Yorks., 1450. Lig, ' to lie down,' but lyys, 3rd sing., also occurs, line 104. Wars of Alex., Yorks., Late Fifteenth Century. Brig Brigg ( Egg, sb. Grig (Dub. Grege Lig Bigg ? Ligge \ 'bridge.' | ' cricket, grig.' Dub. Ashm. Claggid, p.p., 'sticky.' Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. Myge, ' culex.' to Lyg(e), 'under, succumber.' to Beg. to Byge, ' fundare, condere.' to Bygge, ' again, re-edificare.' a Bryge, ' pons.' a Drag, ' arpax.' an Hogge. an E , Flicht } fli e ht Slawchter. Wicht, ' strong. ' Compl. of Seotl., 1549. Brycht, adj. Eycht, 'eight, eighth.' Dochtir. Foucht, pret. Hight, ' height.' Laucht, ' laughed.' M aucht ) , . ,, , Mycht }' mi g ht - Rycht. Thocht. Vrocht. Minot, Yorks., 1333-52. Doghty, etc. Prk. of Come., Yorks., before 1349. Agbt, pret. Aghtend, ' eighth.' 75 Dight, ' decked. Drighten, ' lord.' Heght, sb. Sleght, ' wisdom.' Slaghter. Soght, p.p. Bytaght, p.p. pought. Wars of Alex., Yorks., late Fifteenth Century. Feght, sb., etc., etc. C'atholicon, Yorks., 1483. a Thoghte. Tawght, ' doetus.' a Sleght, ' lamina.' a Slaghter, ' cedes.' a Nighte, ' nox.' Lyghte, sb. an Hegbte, ' apex,' etc. Gulsohte, ' aurugo ' (note). Fraglvte of a schippe. SlX" )•"— (— )■ a Flaghte de terra, a Draghte, ' haustus.' Aghte, ' octo.' "Wryghte. Havelok, N.E. Midi., 1300. Kuicth Knith Knictes Kniht Lict ) , Liht J 8b - Plith, 'haven.' Rith, sb. Auchte \ Aucte | 'possessions.' Authe ) Broucte, ' brought.' Doubter. Douther. Doutres, pi. Orm., Linos., 1200. Awihht, ' aught.' Bribhte, adj. Ehhte, ' eight.' Hihht. Lihtat. Wrihbt, 'make.' Brohhte. Forr-rahht, ' prevented.' Duhhtrg. Fullubht. Nahht. Wehhte, ' weight.' Wahht, 'might.' Uhhtenn, ' early morning.' R. of Brutme, Lines., 1338. Lyght, sb. Liught, perf. of lacche, ' to catch.' Aught, vb. perf. Faught, perf. Hali Meidenhed, W. Midi., 1225. Nawt, ' nought,' 9. Will, of Pal., W. Midi., 1350. Brit, 'bright.' Lijtere, ' lighter.' Rit. Ri 3 t. Soujt, p.p. Doirgti. Doujter. Earliest Engl. Pr. Ps., W. Midi., 1375. fistful, 91. 15. Bro^test, 87. 7. Mire., Salop, 1400. Dryjt. Dryjte, 'dispose.' Fyjte, 'fight.' Plyjte, 'plight.' Ryjt. Syjt, ' sight.' Laj,., Wares., 1205. •Briht. Faht. •Dohter. D outer. Dojter. Dochter (dohter). •Cniht (cniVt). JEhte (eahte). Bobte, part, of ' biggen.' Fsette and fsehte, from ' fsecheu.' Quehte, from ' quecchen.' 70 Songs and C.'», Warw., 1400. Dowtir. Nyte, ' night.' Bryte, ' bright.' Genesis and Exodus, Suffolk, 1250. Brigt, 'bright.' Brocte, ' brought, ' pret. Bogte, 'bought,' pret. Fogt, 'fought.' Bestiary, W. Midi., 1250. Brigt, 70. Drigten, 40. Fligt, 69. Nigt, 63. This text writes g for back aud front, open, and stop consonants. Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. Lyght. Noght, also nowt passim. Prompt., Norf., 1440. Bryghte, 'clarus.' Lyght. M'yhth. Mighthy. Nyghte. Nyth (II.). Bokenham, Suffolk, before 1447. Hycht, St. Dorothy, 10. Doughtir, 11,000 Virgins, 104. Dowtrys, St. Dorothy, 23. My% | P assim - Dowghter, St. Anne, 375. Chancer. Straughte, p. pi. Straught, p.p. and pr. sing. (N.B. Streighte, p. pi.) Taughte, pret. Raughte, pret. Thoght. adv. Soghte. Noht Nought Aboghte, p.p. of abye. Doghter. Doughty. Doghty. Droughte \ , ... , , Droghte J tlur8t - Bright. Plighte, vb. Night. Bight. Wight. Wight, adj. 'active.' Fighten. St. Kath., Glos., 1200. Fehten, vb. puhte, ' seemed.' pohte, ' thought.' Bisohte. P. Plowm., 1362-93. Brigt, adj. Hougt, ' ought, anything.' Ryst. Rijt. Wroughten, p.p. Wroghte, pret. pougte, pret. Sir Fer., Devon, 1380. Dojty. Folloht. Follo^t. St. Editha, Wilts., 1400. Almygty, 1. j^jt} passim. Mvght, 530. pow^t, 1738. N.B.— SpeUing owgt = 'out,' 1670, 1676, shows that the 3 cannot have been pronounced. St. Jul. (Prose) Dorset, 1200. Unduhti, ' unworthy,' 4. Mahte, sb., 12. Brihtre, comp., 18. Ancr. Riwle, Dorset, 1225. Biht, 'judgement.' Vesp. A., 22, Kent, 1200. Richtwisen, 217. Almihtij. Dochtren, pi., 225. Michte, 229. Echte, 'possessions,' 233. 77 Kentish Sermons (MS. Laud, 471), 1200-50. manslechte, 2nd Serm. licht, Epiph. bricht, Epiph. Lib. Desc, Kent, 1350. Knrgt. Bost Sigt, etc., etc. unsawrt. MODERN DIALECT WORD-LISTS. Non-initial k in the Modern Dialects. Northumb., Hcslop, 1893-4. Bike, ' bees' nest.' Blake, 'golden yellow,' as butter or cheese. Brake, ' kind of harrow.' Breck, ' portion of a field cultivated by itself.' B reeks. Brockle ) ,-■.,„ Bruclde ) bnttle - ('leak, ' to snatch.' anT(Cletch)}' br00d0f y° im " cllickens -' Cleck, ' a crook.' Click, 'a rent, tear.' Click-clack, ' idle gossip.' ? lil } e n •* v.N I ' to complain.' (and Craitcn) ) l Diker, ' hedger, ditcher, hedge- sparrow.' Dike ' fence, ditch, hedge, stone wall.' Dockan, ' dock-leaf.' SS "I »"*•»'" d ™ k - I'""* '" I 'drench with water.' Urouk I Ecky, ' sorry.' Eke, an addition to a building. Feckful, ' remorseful.' Feck, ' quantity, abuudance.' Feak | Fike j Flaik \ Fleak j Fleet i Flick I Flicker | Flacker } Frecken, 'to frighten.' to be restless.' ' wattled hurdle.' flitch.' flatter.' Hick, 'to hesitate.' Hike, ' to swing or sway.' Kebbuck, ' cheese.' Larick, ' lark.' Klick, a peg for hanging. t r di , > ' match, pair, equal, mate. Mickle \ Muckle J Nicker ) , -,. , , j xt , \ I sb. ana vb. (and jNicher) J Nick, ' notch, nick,' etc. Perrick, 'park.' Pick, a tool. Pick, 'pitch.' Pick, 'dark.' Pick, ' to pitch, throw.' Pickle, ' grain of corn.' Pike, pointed bill. Pluke ) pim P le - Pock, ' mark.' Preek, vb., ' adorn.' Prick. Pack, ' seaweed.' Rack ) ' streak of colour, drifting (Batch) / clouds. ' Kackle, ' rash,' etc. Rack, ' reach of water.' Recklin I , , , , , „. ,,. } ' last-bom. Ricklin I Reek, ' smoke ' Rick, ' a pile.' Roak, ' t'tiL, r , mist.' Rock, 'distaff.' Ruck, ' rick.' £ ) •-*■■ Seek, ' to bring or carry anything.' Beseek, vb. 78 Seek, 'sick.' Sicket, ' small rivulet.' . • Mich.' Sike, 'small stream or drain.' Skrike, ' shriek." Slack, ' idle talk.' Slake, 'to smear.' Sleek, ' river mud.' Sleckit, ' smooth-skinned.' Slick, ' smoothly.' Smack. Smock. Snock, 'snap of the jaws.' Snook, 'projecting headland.' Snoak, ' sniff as a dog.' Sneck of gate. Sook, ' such.' Stacker, ' stagger.' Stick ! ' a Iabour ^ nte -' Steck ) Steak > ' a stich in sewing.' Stik J Stook of corn. Straik \ ' a streak or stretch of any- Strake ) thing.' Strike. Teakers, running of watery matter from a sore. moor-Teek, ' a tick.' Theck. Theak. Thake. Thock, ' to breathe heavily, pant.' Twike, ' a pointed stick.' Ukey, ' itchy.' "Wick, in place-names. Teuk Yuck | 'to itch.' Dickinson, Cumberland, 1859. Ac, 'to heed.' Akkern, ' acorn.' Dikey 'hedge-sparrow.' Dyke, 'hedge.' Dook, 'to dive.' Drakt, 'wet.' Drookt, ' very w r et.' Drukkeu, ' drunken.' Breekin, space between udders of a sheep. Breeks. Brek, ' badger.' Brok \ « broken ' Brokken ) Droken - Buckle, ' healthy condition.' Black. Boke, ridge of land left for division of ownership. Beak, ' a beam.' Beakk, 'to hake.' Heck, ' a brook. Beek, 'to bask by fire. Boke, ' to hinder.' cS } 'to snatch.' I\ ikless. Feck, ' to be uneasy.' Flacker, 'laugh heartily.' ilackt, ' chapped with cold.' Lek, ' a leak.' Like. Larrick, ' lark.' Lake, ' to play.' Mak, ' to make.' Miekle \ Muckle ) Mislikken, 'to neglect.' Nicker, ' laugh softly.' Pick dark. Pick, 'pitch.' Pickle, 'corn-grain.' Plook, ' pimple.' Prickers. Reek. Roke, ' to scratch glass with a point. ' S? k J'such.' Sik ) Skrike, ' to scream.' Slek, ' to slake.' Snek, ' a latch.' Snack, ' hasty meal.' Stakker, ' to stagger.' Streek, ' to stretch.' Strickle, for sharpening scythes. Swyke, 'thin-made animal.' Svke, ' small wet hollow.' T'heek, ' to thatch.' Thak ) . Theak J sb ' Tokker, ' dowry.' Whick, ' alive, quick.' Yucks, ' itches.' Yik, ' ache.' Palgrave, Durham, 1896. Beck, ' stream. ' Bleck, ' dirty grease on coal- waggons.' Brock, ' badger.' Bracken. Click, ' to catch one in the side.' Dyke, ' a hedge ' (never ' ditch '). Heek, ' call for a horse.' Hack, ' heavy pick.' Iffiwk, ' to dig, throw out.' Miekle, (not common). Pike, ' large haycock.' Reek, ' smoke,' sb. or vb. ? 79 Rook, ' thick fog, damp.' Sneck, ' door latch.' Stook, ' bundle of sheaves.' Skrike, 'shriek.' Keeker, ' an overlooker.' Swaledale (X. Yorks.), Rarland, 1873. Blake, 'sallow.' Click, 'to snatch.' (H)ewkand, h M , \ ewk ) l Mickle. Reek, 'smoke.' Koke, ' flying mist.' Sike, ' such.' Skrike. Streaked, ' stretched.' Thack, sb. Theck, vb. Whitby (N.E. Yorks.), Robinson, 1876. Beaks, pi. J Breeks, 'breeches.' Brock, ' badger.' Bruckle. Clack, 'twaddle.' Click (and Clitch, Dike, ' ditch.' Eking, ' enlarging. ' Feak, 'to fetch.' (Fetch used in different sense.) Fick, ' to struggle, as a child in cradle.' Flecked, 'speckled.' Bacon-Hick. Heck, ' hav-rack.' Heuk, ' the itch.' Hicker, ' higher.' Hike, ' to toss up.' Kick, 'to half choke.' Keckenhearted, ' squeamish at sight of food.' Keek, ' to peep.' Likly, ' likely.' Mickle, adj. Pick, ' to pitch.' Pickfork. j;'^' j 'to smoke' (of a fog). I;, ck, 'to care ' Reek, ' Bmoke,' sb. and vb. ? Scrike, ' a shriek.' Sic I M ""- Sleek, ' drink of all kinds.' Smi eal . ' smoke.' 1 ' brood,' etc. Snickle, ' to snare game.' Steck, 'to fasten the door.' Strickle, tool for sharpening scythe. Svke, ' rill of water.' Thack, sb. Theak, vb. Wick, ' alive.' WindhiU, X. Central Yorks., Wright, 1892. The transcription is that of Prof. Wright. Biak, 'beak.' Brok, 'badger.' Daik, 'ditch.' Druky, ' drunken.' Fikl, adj. Flik (of bacon). Flika(r), vb. Flok. Ik, 'to hitch.' Laik. Leak, 'to play.' Lik. Pik, ' pickaxe.' Pluk. Prik. Prikl. Reik, 'to reach.' lllk, 'reek.' Sik. 'to seek.' Skrik, ' to shriek. Slek, ' small coal to slake a fire.' Suiuk, ' to smoke.' Snik, 'to cut.' Snikit, ' small passage.' Speik, vb., ' speak.' Straik, vb. Striok, ' a streak, stripe.' Strikn, 'stricken.' Stukrj, ' stunk.' Sukg, 'sunk.' Srukrj, 'shrunk.' Taik, 'a low fellow.' pak, 'thatch.' Robinson, Mid. Yorks., 1876. Bleak, ' to talk emptily.' Bleck, 'black grease in machinery,' (cf . ' bletch ' in many dialects) . Breeks. Brekly, ' brittle.' Clake, ' to claw.' Clik, vb., ' snatch.' Clock, kind of beetle. Dawk, ' to idle.' 1 1. ml., ' to drink.' broke, ' to drip with moisture' 80 Feck, • large number.' Flack, ' to pulsate heavilj ' ; not in common use, but still heard. Fleak, 'a wattle.' Fluke, ' large kiud of maggot.' Heck, 'a latch.' Lnik, ' to play.' Mickle, adj. Muckle, si). Nicker, ' to neigh.' Tick, 'to pitch.' Rick, 'rich.' Roke, ' to perspire heavily. ' Scrike, ' to scream.' Slek, 'to slake.' Snickle, 'to snare with a draw-loop.' Snack, ' small portion.' Streck, ' straight.' Streek, ' to stretch.' Strickle, 'a scythe-sharpener. ' ThS } ' to reach out.' and (Reich) ) / 1C i o-x i \ ' a ditch, ravine.' (aud Sitch) j Speak, vb., 'speech, saying.' Strickle. Syke, ' a sigh.' Set ! ' thatch -' Wake, 'to watch with a sick person.' Wicks, 'quicks, thorns.' Lanes., 1875, Nodal and Milner. Acker, 'to falter, hesitate, cough.' Bakster, ' baker.' Beck, ' stream.' Brickie, 'brittle.' Bullock. Brock, 'badger.' Buck, kind of stake. Clack, ' to clutch. ' Clack, ' to chatter.' Clewkin, ' twine, string.' Click. Cleek, ' a small catch.' Crack, 'to boast.' Crick, ' local pain.' Clock, ' a beetle.' Coak, E. and Mid. L. \ ' to strain, Cowk, S.L. / vomit.' Backer, ' unsettled.' Dawk (Fylde) ) ' to stoop, Deawk, S. and E. Lanes. ) plunge.' Deck, ' a pack of cards ' ; obs. since 17SS. Daffock, 'slattern.' Brade-ilci^h Brade- flake }' bread -rack.' 81 Fleck, 'flea.' Gowk, ' cuckoo.' Hack, 'pickaxe.' Heak, N.L., 'halt-door, hatch ' ; obs.? Hattock, ' sheaf of coin.' Lake, ' to play.' Layrock, ' lark.' Leawk, 'to beat, thrash.' Like, adv. Lick, 'beat.' Lowk, Fylde and X.L., 'to weed.' Lock, N.L., ' quantity.' Mack, ' maggot.' Mak, ' sort, kind.' Make. Mickle, 'size, bulk.' Muck, sb., 'manure.' Neck(Fylde), 'tobeat,asa w, itch does.' Pike, ' to choose.' Pike -fork. Pleek, 'place.' Pikel, 'pitchfork.' . Pcawk} ' icicle, woodpecker.' Keck, ' to be sick.' Sicking, ' sighing.' Upton-07i- Severn (TForcs.), Lawson, 1884. Nicker, ' to snigger.' Peck, ' to pitch, fall forward. W. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. Eacle, ' woodpecker. ' Ickle, ' to long for.' Peckled, ' speckled.' Peck, ' pitch forward.' Sike, 'to sigh.' Thack, sb. and vb. Wicker, small basket for packing suit. S.E. TForcs., Salisbury, 1893. Backen, 'to keep back.' Black-bat, 'black-beetles.' Belluck, 'to roar.' Deck, ' pack of cards.' Douk, ' duel the bead.' to Dock a horse. Eckle, ' woodpecker.' Hockle, ' to sliuihV along.' Nicker, ' to laugh rudely.' Mawkin, ' scarecrow.' Pick, ' pickaxe.' 84 Tuck. ' stye in the eye.' Quirk, 'young hawthorn plants.' Ruck, ' fold or crease.' Skreek-owl, ' the swift.' Wake, • village least.' Wick, ' week.' Warwicksh., Northall., 1896. Bellock, ' to roar.' Blackie, 'blackbird.' Flicket, ' to flutter, flicker.' Hacker, ' kind of axe.' 1 tickle, • woodpecker ' Hike, 'to toss, to haul.' Hockle, 'hobble.' Make. Mawks, 'slatternly woman.' Muck. Nicker, ' to jeer, snigger.' Peck, ' a pick for coals,' etc. Peek, ' to peep, pry.' Pikel, 'pitchfork.' Pleck, ' a small enclosure.' Sick. Slack, ' small coal.' Sueak. Sock, ' filth, mire.' Stock, ' to grub up.' Strike. to Suck. Svke, 'bacon.' Thack, vl). Thick. Wik, ' a week.' Nbrthamptomh., Baker, 1854. Bleak, ' pale, sickly.' Brickie, 'brittle.' , i , ,. \ ' to add to.' (and -eh form) J Flick, ' flitch.' Hackle, ' to put the hay in rows in raking.' Quick, ' young hawthorn plants.' Reck, ' steam,' sb. and vb. Skreek 1 ' to shrieL ' Thack (ohs. ?). Whicks, 'plants of white-thorn.' Beds., Batchelor, 1809. Broked, ' liable to split, brittle.' Sknek. ' screech.' Tick, 'thatch. Suf., Moor, 1823. Chicked, 'sprouted' (of corn). to Eke out. Flick of bacon. Que;ik ) 'to squeak' (said of i;md Queeeh) )' a hare). Keek, ' steam.' Glos., Robertson, 1890. Ackern, ' acorn.' Blackthorn. Brake, 'a corpse.' Break, ' to tear.' Brickut, of a cat, on heat. Chackle. ' to cackle.' Cock-band, ' stickleback.' Craiky, 'weak, infirm.' Crick, ' corner.' (and Cl Druff)}' acovereddraiu -' Eckle, ' green woodpecker. ' Flake, ' wattled hurdle.' Flickets, 'little pieces.' Flick, ' snap of a dog.' Gluck, ' to swallow with difficulty ' (S. Glos.). Keck, 'to retch.' Laiking, 'idling,' etc. Like, adverbial termination. Mike, ' to loaf, to mitch.' Moke. Naeker, 'to tremble with passion.' Peck, 'pickaxe.' Peck, ' to pitch forward, to pitch.' Pick, ' a hayfork . ' Pick-pike, ' pitchfork.' p, c , portion of a field. Puck, small stock of sheaves. Screek, ' shriek.' Skrike, ' shriek.' Slick, 'smooth.' Smack. Snack, kind of fungus on trees. Specks ) ' pieces of wood for keeping Spicks ) thatch in place.' o, • i I ' instrument for levelling Strick '. .-, , , , , ° ( corn in the bushel. Stuck, "sheaf of corn.' (and Tach) } ' an un P leasant flavour -' Thick, 'this.' Thuck, 'that.' Week, ' to whimper.' Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. Clack, ' talk, noise.' 85 Berks., Loicshy, 18S8. Bellock. 'bellow.' Brukkle, 'brittle.' Ekkern, ' acorn.' Hike! 'move off!' Keck, 'make a choky noise infhe throat.' Mickle, used in proverb — "Every little makes, etc." Snack ) . „ . , (and Snatch) J a smaU P iece - Vleck, hare or rabbit fur. W bicker, ' to neigh.' Somas., Elworthy, 1886. Crick, ' to strain some part of body.' Crook. Cuckold, 'duck.' Aleek, ' alike.' Back. Bakin, quantity of dough kneaded at one time. Black, adj. Bicker, ' a vessel.' Bicky, ' hide and seek.' Brack, ' fat covering intestines of edible animals.' Break, ' upland.' Brickie, 'brittle.' Broc, ' badger.' Brocket, young male deer. Buck. Dik, ' ditch. ' Dock, ' crupper.' Facket, ' faggot.' Flick, ' fat round kidneys of pig.' Hack, vb. Hackly, 'to haggle.' Hick, ' to hop.' Hike out, ' turn out.' Hurdock, 'robin.' Hoke, 'gore with horns.' Hook. Leat, 'to leak.' Leek, 'plant.' Lick. Look. Mack, ' magpie.' Make. Muck. NitcU ' abundle -' Parrick, ' paddock.' Pick, ' a hayfork.' Prick, ' to track a hare.' Rack, ' frame.' to Rake. Beeked, ' sought.' Shackle, 'to litter.' Slack, adj. Smock. Snack, ' hasty meal.' Spicket, ' spigot. ' Suck, vb. Take. Take forward. Thick, 'that.' Thack. Tookt, 'taken.' Truckle, ' small cheese.' Twick, 'to tweak, jerk.' Wack, 'to overcome.' Wake, 'to watch by a corpse.' "Wicked days, 'weekdays' (always). Vrick, 'to wrench, sprain.' Yuckle, ' woodpecker.' Devon, Hewett, 1892. Nickies, ' small faggots.' (Cf. Mitch, ' bundle of wood.') Wilts., Dartnell and Goddard, 1893. •d' i I 'break up land with mattock.' Back. Blackberry. Bleat =' bleak.' Bellock, ' cry like frightened child.' Blieker, 'to glimmer,' S.W. Brack, ' fracture.' Break, N.W. Dicky, ' deranged, weaklv.' Dicker, 'to bedeck,' N.W. Drock, ' short drain.' Druck, ' crowd,' S.W. Drucked, ' rilled to overflowing.' (andVlitch) }perf.,N.W.,obs. p, 1 , | ' internal fat of a pig.' Bruckle, vb. Prickle, ' to potter.' Stickle. Truckle. ' to roll,' N.W. Hackle, ' covering for beehive.' Mickle. Mnckle. Hike, 'to hook or catch.' Keck, ' to be sick.' Muck. Tick, ' a pitchfork.' Peck, ' a pickaxe.' Hack, ' animal's track.' Koke, ' smoke,' S.W, Rimmick, ' smallest pig of a litterJ Rick. 86 Blicket, ' thin lath of wood.' | ;- aUl1 ( 'slippery,' N.W. Slack. • impudence,' S.W. Sraicket, ' smock.' Snake. Sprack, ' lively.' Spick, S.W., ' peg for thatching.' Strick, 'strike.' Stink. ' a spike.' Ticking-pig, ' sucking-pig.' Thick here = ' this ' | N w Thick='that' J-«-w. lik, ' to shove.' Wake, ' raked-up hay,' N.W. Wicker, ' to neigh, bleat.' Wrick ) „ Kick J ; to twist, wrench.' Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1896. Akering, ' picking- up acorns.' Bannick, ' to thrash.' Broke, 'a fall of timber.' ('nick, ' earthen pot.' Dik, ' a ditch.' Flick, ' down of hares and rabbits.' -Like, ' comfortable-like,' etc. Nucker, 'to neigh.' 1 'caked, 'unwell.' Picksome, ' dainty.' Picky, 'gipsy.' Keck, ' steam, smoke.' Squacket, ' to quack like a duck,' 'I issick, ' a cough.' Tussock, ' tuft of rank, coarse grass. Kent, Parish and Shear, 1887. Blackie, 'blackbird.' Black. Bruckle. Dick, 'ditch.' Dickers, 'ditchers.' Deek, 'ditch.' Drake-weed. Ecker, ' to stammer. ' Fack, ' stomach of a ruminant. ' Fakement. ' pain, ' etc. Fleck, ' rabbits, ground game.' Fleeky, 'flaky.' Flicking, tooth-comb for horse's mnne. Hicket. Hike, 'turn out.' Hocken-headed, ' passionate.' Huck, 'pod of peas,' etc. Like. Lucking-mill. Moke, ' mesh of a net.' Muck, vb. Muck, sb., ' a busy person.' Peek, ' to stare.' Lick. Trick up ears. Pucker, ' state of excitement.' Ruddock, ' robin.' Ruck, ' an uneven heap or lump.' Ruckle, ' struggle.' Slick, ' slippery.' Sucker. Strike. Strickle, ' a striker.' Tack, ' an unpleasant taste.' Wik, 'week.' W. Corn., Courtney, 1880. Clack, ' noise.' Swike, ' a twig of heath.' Veak (and veach), 'whitlow.' E. Comic. , Couch, 1880. Breck, ' a rent or hole in a garment.' Thckkv ) . ,, , , ThekkaJ that0Ue - Hants., Cope, 1883. Bellock, ' to bellow.' J:''" 1 , 1 ^' ! ' brittle.' Brickie ) Dik, 'ditch.' Fleck ) ' part of a pig before boiling Flick j down into lard.' Keck, 'to retch.' Lick, ' hayfork.' Lock, ' to reck, steam.' Roak, ' steam,' sb. gjj*} 'lavender.' Thic, ' this.' Thuck, 'that.' Vlick, ' to comb out the hair.' /. of W., Smith, 1881. Bruckle, 'brittle.' y.'V ' lard of inside of a pig.' Vlick o' bacon, ' flitch,' etc. Skieak, ' to creak.' Strick, ' to strike.' Thic and theck. Yleck, ' comb out hair.' Whicker, ' to neigh.' Hocks, 'the feet' (Long, 1886). 87 Sussex, Parish, 1879. ' to tire.' ' a mattock.' ' nauseate.' , 'to fry.' Cluck of a hen who wants to sit. Dick, ' a ditch.' Flake, 'cleft wood.' Ache, Beck, Boke, Coke of rabbits.' Fleck ) . , Flick } tm Hack, 'to cough, faintly and fre- quently.' Hike, ' to call roughly.' Hocklands, ' hock - shaped pieces of meadow land.' Knicker, ' to whinny.' Roke, ' steam,' etc. Non-initial nk, Ik, rk. Northumb., Heslop, 1893-4. Bink i ' shell', flat slab fixed to a wall Benk ) as seat or shelf.' U|' m u I ' to glance with pleasure. Clink, ' to clench.' Clunk, ' hiccup.' Denk \ ' squeamish, dainty, (and Dench) ) rare.' ^ ukl y\ 1 ' last-born.' \\ renkel ) Scrankit, ' shrunk.' Bog-spink, 'cuckoo-flower.' Kin-cough = Kink-cough. Fenkle, 'bend or corner of street or river. ' Spenk, ' spark, match,' also ' pluck.' l'rinklin, ' stinging sensation felt when body goes to sleep.' Birk ) Brick [ 'birch.' Briker ) Dark, 'blind.' Kirk. Kirkeet, ' churchyard.' Kirk-yerd. f 0r !\ i-s \ ' to lurk, lie in wait.' (and Lorch) J Spark, ' small spot of mud.' Btarken, ' become stiff. 1 |£*}< young heifer.' Wark. B.Ik. Dka }•—>■■' Kelk, vb. and sb., 'severe blow.' Ki Ik, 'roe of a fish.' Pulke, 'a petition.' Spj Ik, ' small splinter.' Whilk, 'which.' Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. ledsre of rock.' Henk \ t Bink } Brank, ' to hold the head affectedly.' Brenkt, ' of colour of a white sheep with black legs and belly. Drunk. Hank, ' to fasten with a hoop.' Spink, ' chaffinch.' Strinkle, 'to sprinkle.' Clink. Kink, ' twist in rope, sound of whooping-cough.' Birk tree. Kirk. Mirk, 'dark.' Wark. Belk, 'to belch.' Ilk, ' every.' Milkin, 'hill.' Belk, 'to beat,' Spelk, 'splint, rib of a basket.' Whilkan, ' which one.' Whilk, 'which.' Wilk, ' bark of a young dog in close pursuit.' Durham, Valgrave, 1896. Sark, 'shirt' Stirkin, 'to cool and stiffen as gravy dors.' Wa i k, ' to ache.' Spelk, • lli"i - splinter in the flesh '; cf. Spelch in Warwcs., etc. ss Swakdale (X. Torts.), Harland, 1873. Bink, • stone bench.' Kink- I I ... cough. King- I ° Bull-spink. Birk. Kirk. "\Vark, ' to ache.' Belt, vb. Kelk, ' violent blow.' Whilk, 'which.' Whitby, (X. K. Tories.), Robinson, 1876. Bink, ' bench.' Blenk, ' a blemish.' Bull-spink, ' chaffinch.' Kink, ' cough.' Birk. Kirk. Snoork 1 . • a , , Suork } smff ' snore ' S runt - Stark, 'stiff.' Wark. Belk, vb. llka)' ea, ' h -' Milkhus, 'dairy.' Spelks, 'small sticks.' Whilk, ' which.' Windhill, X. Central Tories., Wright, 1892. The transcription is Prof. Wright's. Beijk, ' bench.' l)rerjk, 'drank.' Drink, ' to drink.' Fink, 'to think.' Kink, ' cough.' Sleijk, ' slunk.' Slink, ' to slink.' Stirjk, ' stink.' Twirjkl, ' twinkle.' Wink, ' wink.' Baku, 'horse-collar.' Wak, sh., ' work.' W"k, vli., 'work.' Wak, ' pain, ache.' Mid. Tories., Robinson, 1876. Bink, ' bench.' (Bench also heard occasionally.) Blink, ' to wink.' Bullspink, ' chaffinch.' Crinkle, ' to bend tortuously.' Glink, 'a short watchful glance.' Kincough, ' hooping-cough.' Belk i , . , , , , Bilk J ' toMl1 '- Belk, ' condition of body or temper.' Kelk i . , , , ,. -I, 'a blow. Kilk j Swilk, ' splash of water in a cask.' Welk, 'a sounding thwack.' AV ilk, 'which ' (occasional in Mid and N. Yorks). Barkam, 'horse-collar.' Birk. Kirk. Wark, ' to ache.' Iluddersfield, W. Tories., Easther, 1881. Bank ) ., , , Benk j bench - Glink } 'glimpse' (also glent, glint). Kink, ' to choke.' Kinkcough (and Chincough). Bullspink, ' bullfinch.' Felks, pieces of wood from which form the circumference of a wheel. Cf. O.E. feig. felga, the felly or felloe of a wheel. Cf. also tellicks in Lanes, (see Halliwell), and below, Sheffield. Spelk, ' splint of wood.' Birk. Ballywark, 'stomach-ache.' Wark, ' work.' E. Tories., Marshall, 1788. Spelk, ' splinter, thin piece of wood.' Whilk, ' which.' N. of Engl., J. II., 1781. Kelk, ' to kick.' Sheffield, S. W.Tories., Addy, 1888-90. Benk, ' a bench.' Kink, ' choke, sob.' Kincough. a Sink for water. Spink, ' a finch.' Strinkle. Wark ' ache ' Felk ' y felloe of awheel.' (Cf. (and Felly)) above, Iluddersf.) 89 Lanes., Nodal and Miltitr, 1875. Blinket, ' a person blind in one eye.' Bonk, ' a bank.' Cank, 'to talk, chatter.' Dank, ' to depress, damp.' Hanke, ' to twist.' Kink i ' to lose the breath with Chink ) coughing, etc' Kin -cough. Mank, 'a sportive trick.' Penk, ' to strike a small blow.' Spink, ' chaffinch.' Bethink, ' call to mind.' Ark, ' chest.' a Birk tree. Dark, ' blind ' Hurkle, ' to stoop, squat.' Querk, N. J,., ' to cheat.' Sark, 'shirt.' Stark, 'stiff.' Kelk, N. L., 'to strike.' Spelk, ' chip of wood.' S. Chesh., Darlington, 18S7. Bonk, ' bank.' Clink. Kink. Slinkaz, 'to loiter.' Wrinkle. Milken, 'to milk.' Swilk I of liquids in a vessel, ' to Swilkerj sway and spill.' Derbysh., Teyge — Skeat, 1896. Crank, 'brisk, lively.' Kincough and Chincough. Spink, ' chaffinch.' Birk (the tree). Dark, 'blind.' Kirk, ' church.' Stark. St irk, 'young bullock.' Walk, '"to throb.' Wilk, 'to bark.' N.E. Lanes., Peacock, 1889. Bank, ' to heap up.' Bink, ' workman's bench.' Bunk, ' run away.' Blink, ' to wink, or wince.' Chunk, ' a lump.' Drink, sb. Dunkv | , , , . • Dunk" j breed 0l 1"- ' to sprinkle.' adj., ' wicked.' Hank, ' skein.' Hank, ' to clear the throat.' Hunk, ' a chunk.' Kink, ' a hoist, or hitch.' Pink, 'chaffinch.' Bank, ' strong.' Sink, ' a drain.' Sprink (and Sprint) tj u \ vb , ' to belch.' de ( sb., ' force, violence.' Bulk, ' a beam.' (and Kelch) j Milk-beast, ' cow.' Ark. Birk (the tree). Dark, ' a secret' - Furk, 'a fork.' Kerk, ' a cork.' Kirk, perhaps obsolete here (in Wap- entakes of Manby and Corsingham), but still current in N.E. Lanes. Stark, ' stiff. ' St irk, ' young bullock.' Wark, sb. and vb. S. W. Lines., Cole, 1886. Brink, ' brim.' Clinker, ' clincher.' 5™^ I ' short, thick-set.' Dunky I Bink, ' chaffinch.' Birk, ' birch -tree.' Perk, ' perch.' Stark. Bulk, 'a coward.' Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. Chink-chink, ' chaffinch.' Clinker, ' cinder of iron dross.' Crink, ' very small apple.' Drink, sb., 'ale.' Spink, 'chaffinch.' Sliuk, ' to draw back, as a horse about to bite.' (Sal. Ant. Hartshorne, 1841, has Skelk, 'to shrink,' applied to coffin-wood. Clinker = clincher, large nails which turn up over toe of boot.) Staff*., Poole, 1880. Stirk, young calf.' 90 Leicester sh., Evans, 1881. Brink, ' brim.' Kink, ' to twist awry.' Swank, 'to swagger.' Firk, ' stir up.' Perk, 'to bridle up.' Stirk, ' cow-calf.' Bilk. Swelking, ' sultry, hot.' (Swelter, ' to H'ct over hot.') Swilker i ' noise of liquid iuside a Squilker ) barrel or boots, etc' Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. Striukling, ' a sprinkling.' Firk, ' commotion, fuss.' Work, ' to manage, go on.' E. Angl., Rye, 1895. Bluuk, 'tempestuous.' Brank, ' buckwheat.' ,,,. , I 'bricks used for paving Clmkers { stables.' * Crinkle, ' to rumple.' Funk, 'touchwood.' Kink, 'to be entangled' (of thread). Link-pin, 'linch-pin.' Scriukled, 'shrivelled.' Skiuk, ' to serve to drink.' Slink, (of a cow) ' to slip her calf.' Dilk, ' a small cavity in a surface.' Kelks, ' the testes.' "Work, 'to ache.' Herefordsh., Havergal, 1887. Lonck, ' the groin.' Pink, 'chaffinch.' Srink, ' to shrink.' Chark, ' coal burnt on top of kilns.' Charky, ' dry in mouth.' Peerk, ' perch of land.' Warwcs., Northall., 1896. Bunk, 'to bolt off.' Dink. Pink, ' chaffinch.' Ronk, ' rank, strong.' Tank, ' to strike, knock.' IVirker, ' something difficult to over- come.' Balks, 'ridge of land between two fields.' Bilk, 'to cheat.' refuse apples.' Korthamptonsh., Baker, 1864. Bink, ' a bench.' Chin-cough. and Chink-cough. Hunk of bread and cheese. Glos. Robertson, 1890. Blink, ' spark of fire.' Chin-cough. Crank, 'dead branch of tree.' Crinks | Criukets \ Chink, 'chaffinch.' Dink, ' to dandle a baby.' Drink. I ink, ' chaffinch.' Sink, 'sunken gutter.' Slcuks, ' to slink.' Thunk, 'thorny' fobs.). Twink, ' chaffinch.' Charky, ' very dry.' Chnrk, ' cow's udder.' Starky, ' shrivelled up.' Gulkiu, ' a hollow hole with water.' Yolk up, 'to cough up.' Berks., Lowsley, 1888. Blink, ' spark of fire.' Sterk, 'stiff.' Virkin, ' scratching of a dog for fleas.' W. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. Banker, ' bench for dressing stones.' Drink, sb. and vb. Hank, ' skein. ' Hunk, ' hunch.' Kink, ' twist in a rope. ' Prink, 'deck out.' Sprank and sprinkle. Stink. Wink, ' well from which water is drawn by a winch, chain, and bucket. ' Berk, ' bark of dog.' Hark, vb. 4 Wuurk,' sb. and vb. Quirk, ' to die.' Balk, ' beam.' Belle = Buulk, 'to belch.' Hulk, 'grain mixed with chaff.' Milk. Yelk of egg. Devonsh., Hewett, 1892. Flink, ' to sprinkle.' Twink, ' to chastise.' 91 Dorset, Barnes, 1886. Wink, ' a winch or crank.' Wilts., Bartnell and Goddard. Blink, ' spark, ray.' Crink, ' crevice.' Flunk, ' spark of fire.' Hank, 'dialings with,' S.W. n i j I 'overpowered with fatigue ' yuan tea ( = , quenclled . ? Rank \ . , . v, , audacious. Bonk ) Barken, ' enclosed yard near farm- house.' Flirk, 'to flick.' Firk, ' to worry.' Fork. Nurk, ' worst pig of litter.' Hurkle, ' form of hurdle.' Quirk, ' to complain.' Starkv, ' stiff, drv ' Stark, ' to dry up,' N.W. Baulk, ' bare space missed by sower.' Milkmaids. Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. Clinkers, ' hard cinders from forge.' Chunk. Hink, ' hook used in cutting peas.' Kink in a rope. Kinkle, ' wild mustard.' Twink, ' a sharp, shrewish woman.' Perk, 'to fidget about.' Snirk, ' to dry, wither.' Kilk, ' wild mustard.' Bwelked, 'overcome by excessive heat.' Whilk, 'to complain, mutter.' E. Cornwall, Couch, 1880. Belk, 'to belch.' Wilk j Wulk ' a ridgy lump or tumour.' Wili! ) Wilky, ' toad or frog.' Quilkius and toads: Budget of C. Poems, 25. Wilky, ' young toad or frog ' : Couch, E. Corn., Journ. of Roy. Inst, of Corn., 1864. W. Com., Courtney, 1880. Blink, ' a spark.' Crunk, ' croak like a raven.' Flink, ' to fling.' ? U ^\r i x 1 ' large piece.' (ami Hunch) J 8 v Belk, ' belch ' (also in Garland, W. Corn., Journal of Roy. Inst, of Corn., 1864). Bulk, ' toss with the horns.' ™j 'stye in the eye.' Quilkin, ' young toad or frog,' ibid. Hants., Cape, 1883. Chink, ' chaffinch.' Conk, ' to croak.' Whilk = Wilk, ' howl like a dog.' I. of W., Smith, 1881. Carky, ' amazed.' Querk, ' a sigh, to fret.' Long, 1886. Clink, ' a smart blow.' Kink, ' in a rope,' etc. Sussex, Parish, 1879. Clinkers, ' small bricks burnt very hard for paving.' Drink, ' medicine for cattle.' Kink in a rope. Link, ' green, wooded bank on side of a bill.' Kilk, ' charlock.' Whilk, 'to howl, to mutter.' 92 III. Non-initial eh in the Modern Dialects. Northumb., Heslop, 1893-94. Bleach, ' act of rain falling in a strong wind.' Bleach, ' a black shale found near a coal-seam.' Bloacher, ' any large animal.' Britchin, ' part of harness.' Clatch, 'mess, slops.' P le j C ni i \ ) ' brood of young birds.' (and Cleck) ) Olotch, ' awkward person.' ? m A C n i » }' to complain.' (and Crake) t r Fetch, vb., Fitch, ' to shift.' Hatch, ' a gate.' Hitch, vb. Hotch, ' to shake with laughter.' Keach, ' to heave up.' Kitchen. Letch ' long narrow swamp with water among rushes, etc' £ C dMcker)}' tonei ^' sb - andvb - Platcky-footed, ' flat-footed.' ? at i d i n \ ' reach of water.' (and Back) I Roach, ' to make uneven.' Sloach, ' to drink in a greedy way. ' Spatchel » , t rf d { beddi t » Spetchel I ° Stech, ' to fill to repletion. Stitch, ' an acute pain.' Swatch, ' a sample.' Switch, ' to go quickly.' Twitch, ' for horse's nose.' Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. Batch. Botch. Fitch, 'vetch.' Flaith, 'flatter.' Fratch, 'noisy quarrel.' Mitch, 'much.' Slitch, ' fine mud on shores of an estuary.' Slotch, ' walk heavily.' Stritch, 'to strut.' Switcher, 'any fast-going thing.' Skaitch, ' to beat, thrash.' Durham, Talgrave, 1896. Fetch up, ' bring up, rear.' Cletching, ' a brood of chickens.' Swaledale (N. Yorks.), Harland, 1873. Clctch, ' brood of chickens.' (H itch, ' to hop on one leg.' Mich, 'much.' Whitby {N.E. Yorks.), Robinson, 1876. Airmstritch, ' arm-stretch.' Batch. Clitch and Click, 'a brood.' (Clitch is also in Ray's N. Country Words, 1691.) to Fetch the breath. Hetch, 'a hatch.' Mitch, ' much.' Smatch, ' flavour.' Smitches, ' small stains.' Snitch, ' a noose or loop ' (but Snickle, ' to snare birds,' etc., in same dialect). Twichbell, 'earwig.' Windhill, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 1892. The transcription is Prof. Wright's. Bits, 'bitch.' Bleits, 'bleach.' Breits, ' breach.' Brits-oz, ' breeches.' Brits, 'breach.' Ets, 'hatch.' Fots, 'fetch.' LeitJ, 'leach.' Nots. Rets, ' wretch.' Sits, 'such.' Spcits, ' speech.' Stits, 'stitch.' Strets. Wits, 'which.' Wots, 'to watch.' 93 Mid Yorks., Robinson, 1876. Batch, ' a set, company.' Cletch, ' brood of chickens.' Fetch, ' said of breathing with a painful effort.' Meech, ' to loiter about.' Mistetch, ' to misteach. ' Smatch, ' a flavour ' (often called smat). Twitchbell, 'earwig.' Rudder sfield, W. Yorks., East her, 1881. Blotch Fotch or Fot !• fetch.' Mich, ' much ' Witch (applied to both sexes). Sheffield, S. W. Yorks., Addy, 1888-90. Dvehe Lane (street in Norton). Fetch, ' to give.' Fitches, ' vetches.' Mich, 'much.' Pitch and toss. Beech, ' to be sick.' Reechy 1 , , , (and Reeky) / Sm - Sitch )'a ditch,' especially in (and Sick) \ place-names. Sich, ' such.' Smatch, ' taste, flavour.' Snitch, 'to reveal a secret' (cf. 'to sneak'?). Snatch and (and Snack) . Spetches, ' odds and ends of leather.' Twitchel, ' a stout stick.' Twitch, ' to pinch, bind tightly.' „ T . ,. ) 'mountain ash.' (Cf. /,,','•"■ n Wicken in other (and \\ iggen) ) dMects) Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1875. Ilatchhorn \ Hatchorn , ' acorn.' (and Akran) ) Batch-cake. Britchell, ' brittle.' Clatch | ,, Clutch j Creechy, 'sickly, ailing.' Crutch, ' to crowd.' Doych-back, ' rampart above a ditch,' L750, obs. ; a bit of food.' brood of chickens.' Fratch, 'quarrelsome.' and vb. Mychin, ' out of humour.' Gobolotch, ' a o-lutton.' Lutch, 'to pulsate.' Hutch, ' to hoard, to sit close ' (Fylde). Lotchiu' ' limping.' Latch, ' a take, catch.' Leech, ' pond in hollow of a road.' Pitch-and-toss. Pytch, 'hire of bees.' Batch, ' space in loom betwixt yarn- beams and healds. ' Batch, ' to stretch ' Beech, 'smoke, reck ' (sb. and vb. ?). Seech, 'to seek.' Sich-like. Slutch, ' mud. ' Slotch, 'drunkard, disgusting fellow.' Smouch, 'a kiss.' Oytch, 'each.' Thrutch, 'to push, press.' Twitchel, ' implement for holding a restive horse.' S. Chesh., Darlington, 1887. Aitch, 'sudden access of pain, ache.' Achernin, ' acorn.' A i chern, 'gathering acorns.' Betch. Hitch. Bleaching, ' hot, very hot.' Hlatch, ' black mess in wheels.' Blotch, 'blot.' Breech. Britcha, ' brittle. ' Patch, 'to fetch.' (H)atch, ' garden gate.' Natch, ' cog on a wheel.' Pitch, ' tar.' Beechy, ' smoky.' Betch, ' to stretch.' Sleach, ' to scoop out liquids.' Slutch, ' slush.' Smetch, ' to give a bad flavour to.' Smouch, ' to kiss.' Snaitch, 'sharp, of heat or cold.' Squitch, 'couch-grass.' Thatch. Twitch for holding horses. Witch, vb., 'bewitch.' Derbysh., Pcgge — Skeat, 189G. Bricha, ' brittle.' Cratch, ' sort of rough shed ; now used id a rack in a stable.' Bitch, mov( a little.' 94 .ive, stir.' I tell 1 . Qtch } " un Pitch, ' a small Iidx to keep salt iu.' Pleaching, ' a hedge.' Liatchel, ' poor land with a quantity of small stones.' Sloutch. Teach. Thrutch, ' to thrust.' Twitch-grass. ' a small candle, to make weight.' Witch }i- N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. Blotch, sb. and vb., 'blot.' Breechbaud, the ' brichin.' Ditch-water. Clutch, 'a handful.' ( 'rutch. Fetch, 'to give.' Fratch, ' petty theft.' Hitch, ' to move.' Itching. Loitch, 'cunning, clever' (of dogs). Mich, ' much.' Hatch, ' to stretch, exaggerate.' Reach, ' to vomit, to help to.' Sich, ' such.' Switch, ' a twig.' Twitch, ' stick for holding horses.' S.W. Lines., Cole, 1886. Breach, ' misbehaviour.' Cletch, ' brood of chickens.' Much, ' to grudge.' Hatch, ' to stretch.' Hetch, ' to reach.' Speech, ' to speak.' Spretch, of eggs, ' to crack before hatching.' Twitch, ' couch-grass.' Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. Achern Acherning Aitch, ' fit of suffering.' Batch. £! e1 l c k ) 'black grease in wheels.' Blutch ) Britchy, 'brittle.' Cleach, ' to clutch.' Diche (daitch), 'ditch.' Fatch, ' to fetch.' Flitchen, ' flitch of bacon.' Keech, ' cake of hard fat, wax,' etc. Pitcher, 'man who pitches hay.' Pitching pikel. Pritch, • stall' with iron point.' Reechy, ' dirty and smoky.' Sitch, 'swamp, boggy place.' Sneach (obs.), ' to scorch, nip.' Squitch, ' couch-grass.' Stlche, ' to set up sheaves,' etc. Thetch, sb. and vb., 'thatch.' Thetcher. Thetching-peg. Thrutch (and Thrush), ' to thrust.' Schrich, ' to scream.' Sal. Ant. Hartshorue, 184 1. Staffs., Poole, 1880. Atchorn, ' acorn. ' Bletch, ' grease of cart-wheels.' Thratcheled, ' draggled.' Leices., Evans, 1881. Batch-cake. Ditch, ' dirt grained into the hands.' Dratchell, dim. of ' drudge.' Fetchel, ' to tease.' Fitch, ' vetch.' Keach, 'choice or pick of anything.' Much. Pitchfork. Pleach, ' a hedge.' Sich, ' such.' Smatch, ' a taste,' etc. Smouch, ' kiss grossly.' Smutch = smudge, ' mud.' Snatch, 'hasty meal.' Swish, ' switch.' Twitch, ' couch-grass.' Queechy, ' sickly, ailing.' Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. Pitch, ' to load hay with a fork.' Squitch, ' couch-grass.' E. Angl., Rye, 1895. Bitch. Bleach, ' a drying-ground.' Clutch, ' brood of chickens.' Eachon, ' each one.' Pleaches, ' sawn portions of timber.' Hitch, ' to change place.' 1 i XT- i i\ !■ 'a hemp-dresser's comb.' (and Hickel) ) r H itchier \ , hemn . dresser . and Hickler) ) a hemp aresser - Hatch (gate) (and Hack). 95 Pritch | ' a sharp ^ pointed iron (and Prick) I instrument.' Queach, ' plot of ground adjoining arable land.' Nail's Gloss., 1866, has this word = an untilled plot full of quicks. See also Moor's Surf. Gloss, below. Herefordsh., Havergal, 1887. Clutch, ' a brood of chickens.' Fatch, 'thatch.' Scoutch j Coutch >' couch-grass.' Scutch ) Upton-on- Severn (TForcs.), Lawson, 1884. Glutch, 'to swell with effort.' Cow-leech, ' a vat.' Meeching, 'melancholy.' Prichell, 'to goad, prick.' Scutch, 'couch-grass.' W. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. Pole -pitching, ' setting up poles in rows in hop-yard.' Squitch, ' couch-grass.' S.E. Worcs., Salesbury, 1893. Fntehes, ' vetches.' Fitcher, ' polecat.' Fritch, ' conceited.' Mouch, ' play about.' Hotchel (and Ilockle), 'to shuffle along.' Pitcher, ' one who throws up corn, etc., to the loader.' Pitchfull, sb., 'the quantity of hay, etc., that can be taken up with a pitchfork.' Putchen, ' eel-trap.' Sich, ' such.' Stretch. Screech-owl, ' the swift.' H'arivcsh., NorthalL, 1896. Batch-cake. Ditched, 'begrimed with dirt.' Dratchell 1 , latte _ » Drotchell ]' a Mattern - Fatch, ' to fetch.' Itching-berries, ' dog-rose berries.' Mooch, ' to loiter about,' etc. Much. Potch, ' to thrust, push.' Kerch v, " smoky.' Retch, ' to stretch.' Sich, ' such.' Smatch, 'smack, flavour.' Swatchell, ' fat, untidy female.' Twitchel, Wratch, ' wretch.' for holding a horse. Northamptonsh., Baker, 1854. Etch \ Eche [ 'to add to.' (and Eke) ) Fleech, 'to wheedle, flatter.' Hatchel, ' to rake hay into rows.' Pritchel. Queach, ' ground overgrown with bushes,' etc. Squeech, ' wet, boggy place.' Twitch-grass. Beds., Batchelor, 1809. Eetch, ' eke ' (Batchelor writes ' iyty '). Hitchuk, • hiccough ' (' hityuk '). Suff., Moor, 1823. Clutch, ' covey of partridges.' ? Drouched, 'drenched.' Fleeches, ' portions into which a piece of timber is cut with a saw.' (Cf. Fleak in other dials. P) Grutch, 'to grudge.' Tweetch or , , ... | ' squeech or spear-grass. Queech \ ' an untilled, rough, busby and corner, or irregular portion Squeech ) of a field.' (Xares refers to Bacon, Essay 40, ubi queaching) . Moor (under Perk) has a collection of words showing interchange of -k, -ch, but he does not say in which dialects the forms occur. Among others he has quick = queech. Tins latter form is unknown to me e in this dialect (see above) and Northamptonshire, where it has another meaning apparently, and in li eon's Essay, 39 (Of Custom and Education), not 40 as Moor says. (Nares is quite accurate us to Bacon. Be quotes also Todd's Johnson.) lien- the word means, apparently, 96 'squeaking.' "The lads of Sparta of ini.it nt time were wont to be scourged upon the altar of Diana without so much a queching." Johnson, 1st folio, 1756, quotes this passage, but writes ' quecking.' — H. C. W. Glos., Robertson, 1890. A " l"?i n \ ' a hedge-sparrow.' (and Akee) ) ° Beech. Blatch, 'soot, dirt'; vb., 'to cover with black ' Blatchy, ' black, dirty.' Batcher, ' salmon trout.' Briched, ' rich.' Cleacher, ' layers of a hedge.' Cooch grass. £ n ' tcb ; ' tool used in thatching.' Cratch Fatch, ' Vicia sativa.' to Fetch (p.p. fot). Glutch, 'to swallow with difficulty.' (Vale of Glos ; Gluck in S. Glos.) Keech, ' fat congealed after melting.' Leech, 'cow doctor.' £&}'!■**—•■ Nitch, ' burden of bay.' Pitcher. Pitch, ' quantity taken at a time on a pitchfork.' Pleach, ' to lay a hedge.' Pritch, ' to prick.' Pritchel. ' a goad.' Putcbin, 'eel-basket.' Rooch, pret. of ' to reach.' Screech, 'the swift.' Snatch, ' a nasty flavour.' Squitch, 'squash.' Stitch. Stretch, ' missel thrush.' Swicb, ' such.' Tach, 'bad flavour.' Twitch, ' to touch.' Vatch, 'thatch.' Vetch. Vlitchen, ' flitch of bacon.' Witchify, vb. Wretch," ' to stretch.' Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. Begrutcb, ' give unwillingly.' Cutch, 'couch-grass' (atGarnton). Fet, 'to fetch.' Boacht, ' reached.' Slouch, ' a sun-bonnet.' Smatch ' a flavour. ' Squitch-fire, ' made of couch-grass.' Thetch, 'thatch.' Berks. , Lowshy, 1888. Touch-grass. Glutch, 'to swallow with effort.' Hatch, 'gate.' Hootcher, ' kind of crook, used to pull down branches when gathering fruit.' Snatch and | < a sma ji piece.' buack I W. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. Batch of bread. Beechen, ' made of beech.' Bitch-fox. Breach, ' laud prepared for a seed-bed. Breeching = ' Buurcheen,' ' britcbin.' Couch = Keoch. Patches, ' vetches.' Datcb, 'thatch.' Fuch, 'polecat.' Fretcbety, ' fidgety.' Hawchy, ' make a noise in eating. Hitch, ' strike against an obstacle.' Hutch, 'trap for fish.' Hatch, ' a half-door.' Keech, ' fat from intestines of slaughtered animals.' Kitch, ' to congeal.' Kitchen. Match it, 'contrive.' Meecber, ' a sneak. Much, adj. Pitch, 'rod of alder, etc., planted to take root.' Queechy, ' sickly.' Quitch," 'to twitch.' Quitch-grass. Ratcby, ' stretch on waking.' Scratch. Screech. Sich, ' such.' Smeech, 'smoke, dust, smell.' Smoacky, ' snore, speak through nose.' Stitch, ' a shock or sloak of corn.' Stretch, 'to cover something.' Tatch, 'habit, gait.' Tlitch, 'to clutch.' to Twitch, 'seize with sudden pain.' Urch. ' rich.' Vatcbes, ' vetches.' Wichy, ' which.' Witch-tree, ' witch-elm.' 97 Wexford, Poole — Barnes, 1867. 'Cham, ' I am.' 'Cha, 'I have' (etc.). Ich, 'I.' This is a most uncritical com- pilation, and contains obsolete words without any note to that effect. Wilts , Dartnell and Goddard. \ adj., ' black, sooty ' ; sb., Blatch, etc. J ' smut, soot ' ; vb., 'to I blacken,' N.W. Bleachy, 'brackish,' Somers. border. Cooch, 'couch-grass.' Clitch, 'grain.' Eel-stifcher. J it eh, 'such,' N.W. Moutch, vb., 'shuffle.' Mnmher, ' truant.' Much. Nitch, ' block of wood.' Iehila-pea, ' missel thrush ' (only heard from one person) ? Hitchland | , , A ,-,, , , (Horkland) | ' land tilled every year. Hatch, ' a half-door, line of raked hay.' Screech, vb. Smeech, 'dust,' N.W. Sploach, 'to splutter,' S.W. Stutch, 'crutch, a stilt ' (obs.). Thatches Thetches Witch-hazel. Stritch vetches,' N.W. (and Strickle) } a corn -striker.' Surrey, Leveson-Gincer, 1896. Hatch, ' to dress bark for the tanner.' Stoach, ' to trample into holes.' Kent, Parish and Shaiv, 1887. Cooch -grass. Echo, sh. and vb., ' to eke, an addition.' Foldpitcher, ' implement for making holes in ground.' Hatch, ' a gate in the road.' Hotch, 'to move awkwardly.' Hutch, ' upper part of waggon.' Itch, ' to creep, be anxious.' Letch, 'vessel used for holding ashes in making lye.' Meach, ' creep softly about.' Much, ' to fondle.' Mooch, 'to dandle.' Notch, 'to count.' Prichel, ' implement lor making holes in ground.' Putch, ' puddle of water.' Reach, ' a creek.' Scutchel, ' rubbish. ' Strooch, ' to drag the feet in walking.' Swatch, ' a wand.' W. Com., Courtney, 1880. Breachy water, ' brackish water.' Smeech | 'smell of smoke from any- Smitch ) thing burnt in frying.' Squitch, ' to twitch, jerk.' Veach | . , -,, , i J -ir l , Whitlow. (and \ eak) ) (Scrootch, ' a crutch.' Garland, W. Corn., Journ. of Rov. lust, of Corn., 1864.) 'Chell. 'Cham (Melles MS.), Monthly Mag., January, 1809. E. Cornw., Couch, 1880. Datch, 'thatch.' Miche, ' to play truant.' Devon, Hewatt, 1892. Fitch, 'a stoat.' Kootch, ' couch-grass.' Kitches, ' roll of offal fat.' Leechway, 'graveyard path.' to Pritch = purch, 'to prick holes in' (Exmoor, Scolding, 1778). Smeech, ' smoke and dust. ' ich, ' ,' in chare | , j ^^ etc _ chell chain 1 (Exm.) Dorset, Barnes, 1886. Blatch, ' soot, black stuff.' C jh-grass. Keech, ' to cut grass, etc. , below water. ' hatch, ' to stretch.' Slatch, ' to slake, of lime and water.' Smatch, ' smack, taste.' Smeech, ' cloud of dust.' Streech, ' space taken in stone-striking of the rake.' Wants, Cope, 1883. Beech mast. Blatch, ' black, sooty.' (Black also exists, in compounds.) 98 Black-bob, ' cock-roacb.' Breacby, ' brackish.' Fotch, 'to fetch.' ,,, , , J 1. 'to stifle a sob.' Glutch \-l. -to swallow.' Hatch, 'half-door, pate.' Eatcb-hook, 'a bill-hook.' Mitih, 'shirk work.' Screech, ' bull -thrush ' (not iu N. Hants). Smatch, ' bad taste, smack.' /. of W., Smith, 1881. Clutch, ' to cluck.' II etch, 'hook.' Pitchun-prog. Screech-owl, ' swift.' ? Reaches, ' ridges of a field' ? Stretch, ' a strike for corn.' Thetch. Ztch, ' such.' I. of W., Long, 1886. Pritchel, 'a small hedge stake.' Sletch, -to slake lime/ Glutch, ' to swallow.' Sussex, ravish, 1879. a Beach. Hatch. Brachy, 'brackish.' ditch", 'a cluster.' Clutch, adv., ' tightly ' (' hold it, clutch'). Clutch, ' a brood of chickens.' Cooch-grass. Fitches, ' vetches.' Hatch, ' a gate ' (in place-names, Plaw- hatch, etc.). Haitch, ' a passing shower.' Pitcher, ' man who throws corn up on to a cart.' Smeech ^ ' dirty, black smoke or Smutch I vapour.' Ratch, ' to reach.' IV. Non-initial nch, left, rch. Northumb., Heslop, 1893-4. o^Denk) } ' s q ueamish - daint y ( rare )-' Donch, ' fastidious.' Danch, ' to knock against.' Flinch, ' a pinch.' Munch. Pinch, ' iron crowbar.' Scunch, ' aperture in a wall for window- frame. ' Winch, ' to start or wince.' Belch. Stitching, ' narrow-minded, mean.' wSS ) •-"*>•' Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. Bunch. Binsh, ' bench.' Clunch, ' stupid person.' Dunch, ' butt with the elbow.' Bunch, ' a hardy, thick-set person.' Durham, Palgra/ve, 1896. Skincb = 'I'm not playing,' said in games. Whitby (N.E. Tories.), Robinson, 1876. Squench, ' to quench.' Windfall, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 1881. The transcription is Prof. Wright's. Dreus, ' drench.' Mid Yorks., Robinson, 1876. Clinch, 'to clutch.' Densh, ' fastidious.' (H)anch, ' to snatch.' 99 Huddersfield, W. Yorks.,Easther, 1881. Melsh, ' moist.' Churchmaster, ' churchwarden.' Sheffield, S. IV. York*., Addy, 1888-90. Lurch, 'to lurk, lie in wait.' "Warsch ) , , • , Worch }Bb.,«pam. Melch-cow. Squench, ' quench.' Lanes., Nodal and Miluer, 1875. Chinch, ' a clodhopper." Cranch, ' to grind with the teeth.' Hanch, ' to snap at.' Kench, ' to sprain.' Golch, ' to swallow ravenously.' Halch, ' a noose.' Kelch (Ormskirk), ' a sprain.' Welch, 'moist, warm.' Solch ) ' noise made by treading in Solsh i damp ground.' Lurcher, sh. Perch, ' pole.' Smirch, ' to snort, snigger in a smothered way.' Warch, ' to ache' Tooth- warche. Worch, 'to work.' S. Chesh., Darlington, 1887. Clench. ('luncheon, ' a cudgel.' Kench, ' a kink.' Si! inch, ' small pieces or quantity.' Wench, 'girl.' by Hulsh or by Stulch, ' by hook or by crook.' Easy-melched, of a cow that yields milk easily. S welch, ' a heavy fall.' Lurch, ' to lurk.' Warcher, ' term of contempt for an insignificant person.' Warch, ' an ache or pain.' Derbysh., Pegge—Skeat, 1896. Spelch, 'to bruise beans in a mill ' (obs.). Melch, 'soft, of weather.' N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. Binch, ' a bench.' Blench, ' to change colour.' Bunch, ' bundle, also to kick savagely.' Cranch, ' crunch.' Drench-hom, ' drink-horn.' Lansh, ' to lance, cut into.' Linch, ' balk in a field' (obs.). T L , ' lar^e slice of bread.' Luncheon ) ° Rench, ' to rince.' Skinch, ' to stint.' Wench, 'a winch, a girl.' Belch, ' obscene talk.' Kelch ) , ,, , (andKelk)) ablow - Squelch, 'to crush.' Stairch, 'starch.' S. Jr. Lines., Cole, 1886. Binch, ' bench.' Skiuch, ' to stint.' Kelch, ' a thump.' Melch, 'soft, warm.' Shropsli., Jackson, 1879. Drench, ' a draught for cattle.' Duuched, 'knocked, bruised.' Hed-fiuch, ' chaffinch.' Kench, 'a twist, sprain.' W( ach, ' girl.' Melch, 'soft.' Melch-cow. Stelch, 'stealth.' Warch, 'to throb.' Warchiug, adj. Staffs., Poole, 1880. Blench, 'to betray, impeach.' Kench, ' to sprain.' Munching, ' idling or loafing about.' Leices., Evans, 1881. Bunch, 'to make anything.' Bull-finch. CHncb ! -clench ' (and Cling)) Clemlu Balchin, 'unfledged bird.' Dunch, 'suet dumpling.' Hunch, ' lump of bread,' etc. Kench, ' to bank.' Nuncheon. Squench. Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. Hunch, ' a lump.' Stench-pipes, ' ventilation shafts.' 100 Squench, ' to quench.' Belching. Spelch, • to Bplinter.' Chorch, ' church.' E. Anglia, Bye, 1895. i ' a trench ; a turn at a job ; Canch small quantity of corn put I aside.' Church. Crinchlings I c 8maU apples.' (and Cringehngs) ( Ll Kinch 'that part of the haystack Kench which is being cut down.' Skinch, 'to stint, pinch.' Nail, E. Angl. Dialect, 1866, has Stinch, ' to stink.' Church. Norfolk, Harergal, 1887. Kinchin, ' a little child.' I.unchy, ' stiff.' Upton-on- Severn (Worcs.), Lawson, 1884. Squencb, ' quench.' Melch-hearted, ' milk-hearted.' !' jiost to which cows are tied ' (• variant stalk skat'). Also //'. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. S.E. Worcs., Salesbwy, 1893. Bunch. Dunch, ' give a blow with elbow.' Nunch ^ Nun chin j Squencb. Wench, 'girl.' Bobbin, ' unfledged bird.' luncheon.' Warivcsh., North., 1896. Blench, ' a glimpse.' Drench (or Drink), ' draught for cattle.' Drencbing-hnrn. Dunch, ' a blow.' Kench, ' to twist or wrench ' = kink. Munch, 'to ill-treat.' Sevinch, ' a little morsel.' Baulch, 'to fall heavily.' Spelch, ' a small splinter.' Cf. ' spelk,' Northumb., Yorks., etc. Stelch, 'laver or row of auything above the other parts ; as much as a man can thatch without moving bis ladder.' Northamptomh., Baker, 1854. Bench, a quarry term = a shelf of rock. <: m, ' h ) 'division.' Kench I Hunch of bread and cheese. Stelch, ' as much as a man can thatch without moving ladder.' Stiff., Moor, 1823. V™ ns \ } ' to squeeze.' Skruush ) n Drench, ' drink for a sick horse.' Kench, ' a turn (of work),' etc. Squench, 'quench.' Milch-cow. Glos., Bobertson, 1890. Clinching-net. Clinch, ' a small bit.' a Crunch of bread and cheese.' Dinchfork, ' a dung-fork.' Drench, ' a bad cold.' Drunch, 'drench.' Dunch, ' a poke or thrust.' Inch. Kinch, ' fry of young fish.' Linch, 'narrow steep bank usually covered with grass.' Vlinch, 'a finch,' H. of Berkley. Gulch, 'to gulp down.' Stelch, 'still,' H. of B. Stilch, 'upright post for fastening cows,' V. of Glos. (uncommon). Stulch, ' series of helms for thatching ' (Cotswolds). Starch, ' heron, stroud.' Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. Scrinch, ' a very small piece. Cf. Criuks, e.g. in Glos., etc. Sciunch, 'to bite quickly.' Squinch, ' to quench.' Berks., Lowsley, 1888. Lynches, green banks, or divisions between ' lands.' Squench, ' quench.' lot ' food between meals.' W. Somers., El worthy, 1886. Blanch, ' head back a deer from its course.' Bunch, ' spot, mark.' Dinsh, 'stupid.' Drunch, ' a dose of medicine for horse, etc' Horch, ' gore with the horns.' Linch, ' ledge in wall or bank.' Nunch \ Nunehin ) Wench, ' girl.' Scrunch, ' to crush.' Birchen, adj. Vulch, 'shove, nudge.' Dorset, Barnes, 1886. Linch, ' ledge of ground on the side of a hill' ( = link). Wilts., Dartnell and Goddard, 1893. Densher, ' to prepare down land for cultivation.' Dunch, ' deaf ' (rare now). Hanch, ' to thrust with the horns ' (of cow, etc.). Hunch about, ' push or shove.' Kintch, ' burden of wood, straw, or hay.' Linch Linchet Lanchet Linchard Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1896. Bunch, ' a swelling.' Densher, ' to skim turf off, burn a field.' Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. Chinch, to ' point ' buildings. Dencher-pont, ' a pile of stubble, etc., for burning.' Linch, ' little strip of boundary land.' Scrunch. Culch, ' rags, bits of thread,' etc. Pilch, ' child's garment.' Milch-hearted. Sculch, 'rubbish, trash.' E. Com., Couch, 1880. Blinsh, ' to catch a glimpse of.' Hants., Cope, 1883. Dunch, 'stupid.' Scrunch, 'to bite in pieces.' /. of W., Smith, 1881. Squench, ' to quench.' Sussex, Parish, 1879. Bench, ' widow's portion.' Bench, ' a swelling.' Densher plough, ' instrument for turf- cutting.' Dunch, ' deaf, dull.' Squench, 'to quench.' Non-initial -g. Northumb., Heshp, 1893-4. Blig, ' blackguard.' Bog-stucker, 'goblin.' Brig. liull-seg, 'imperfectly castrated ox.' Cag-mag, 'bad food. - ' Chefglel ' *<> chew, champ.' Cleg, ' gad-fly.' Clag, ' to stick, make adhere.' Clog, ' log of wood.' Duggar (barley-), * kind of cake.' Dag, ' to rain, drizzle.' Drag. Fag, 'loach' (fish). Fleg, ' to be furnished with feathers.' Flag, ' a turf for fuel.' Fli^ged. Flu"-, ' work with hammer and chisel.' Fog, • aftermath.' 102 Gleg, ' quick, smart.' Bag-berry, ' fruit of bird-cherry.' Heg. Hag, ' division of timber to be cut down.' Hag, 'the belly.' Hag, ' to wane.' Eeg, • to rue, repent.' Hug, ' to carry with effort.' Hog-reek, ' light, fleecy mist.' Laggin, ' projecting staves at bottom oi cask.' Lig-abed, 'sluggard.' Lig-ma last, ' loiterer.' Lug, ' a lug-worm.' Nag, ' a smir taste.' Nat;-, ' to worry.' Preg, 'to cheapen, in bargaining.' Pro?, ' to prick.' Rag, vb. Rig, ' ridge ' ; 173 place-names in -rig in .North umb. Riggin, ' clotbiug.' Riggin of a house. Reggie, 'shake, jumble.' Rug, 'tug, pull.' Seg, ' sedge.' Slag, ' thin bed of coal, mixed with lime, etc' Slairg, ' soft, wet.' Slog, 'strike with great force.' Slughorne and Slogan Smairg, * to smear. ' Snag, ' to hew roughly.' Spa? | . , of sparrow. Sprug ) v Stag, ' young male animal.' Steg, 'garden.' Swiggy, ' a swing.' Tig, ' sharp blow.' Tug, ' to rot, destroy. ' Ug, ' feeling of nausea.' Wag. Whig, ' preparation of whey.' Wig, ' a tea-cake.' Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. Bag. Bog. Big, 'to build.' Brag, ' twig or straw worn in hat. ' Brig, ' bridge. ' Cheg, ' to chew.' tw ' *° ooze > now slowly.' Daggy, 'wet, musty weather.' Eg on. Fag-end. Fog, ' aftermath.' Gleg? Greg? Hog, ' weaned lamb.' Laggan, 'end of stave outside cask.' Lig, 'to lie' Liggy, ' loach ' (fish). Liggan upon, ' urgent, keen upon.' Lug, ' ear. ' to Pig in. Hig, ' ridge.' Riggelt, ' animal with testicle in the loins.' Rug, ' to pull rudely. ' Seg, ' a corn on hand or foot.' Seag, 'sedge.' Snig, ' to drag timber.' Steg, ' gander.' Swagt, • bent downwards in centre.' Cleg, 'kind of fly.' Clag, ' to stick to.' Claggy, ' sticky.' Durham, Palgrave, 1896. Riggv, ' ridgey.' Sag, ' to bend down in the middle.' Waggon. Swaledale {N. Yrkt.), Harland, 1873. Brig. Clag, ' to cling.' Claggy. lig, ' to lie down.' Rig, ' ridge.' Riggin-tree. Steg, ' gander. ' Whitby, N.E. Forks., Robinson, 1876. Brig. Brog, 'to bump,' as cattle do with the horns.' Claggy, 'sticky, like pitch.' q ° ' to sprinkle.' Egg on. Fleag'd, ' infested with fleas.' Flig, 'to fly.' Fligg'd, ' fledged.' Lig, ' to lie, lay.' Lug, ' ear.' Mawg, ' a whim.' Mi?, 'liquid manure.' Rig, ' ridge.' Segge, ' sedges.' Steg, ' a gander.' 103 Windhill, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 1892. The transcription is that of I'rof. Wright. Brig. Deg, ' to sprinkle with water.' Dreag, ' drawl.' Dreg, 'drag.' Eg, 'egg on.' Eg, ' egg.' Eag, ' a haw.' Flig, 'fledge.' Flog. Fog, ' aftergrass.' Frig, ' coire. ' Ig, 'mood, temper.' Lig, ' lie down.' Mig, 'midge.' Neag, ' gnaw.' Prog, ' collect firewood.' Rig, ' back.' Rigin, ' ridge of a house.' SniL r , ' take hastily.' Seag, ' a saw.' Seg, ' sedge.' Twig, sb. Ug, ' to carry.' Weg, ' wag.' Mid Yorks., Robinson, 1876. Ag, 'to complain.' Brig. Brog, of cattle, ' to browse about.' BulJseg, 'castrated bull.' Clag, 'to adhere.' Dag, ' to sprinkle linen,' etc. Egg, 'to incite.' Flig. 'to fledge.' Fligged. (Hjig, ' state of petulance.' Lig, ' to lie, to lay. ' Rig, 'ridge.' Sag, 'to bulge with own weight.' Scag, 'squirrel.' Seg, 'sedge.' Sug, ' a sow.' IhuUersfield, W. Yorks., Easther, 1881 . Brig. Deg, ' to wet.' Fligged Flegged Hig, ' a huff or quarrel.' T . C 1. 'to lie down.' U Z I 2. 'to tell lies.' Rig, ' ridge.' Sag, ' a saw.' Slug, 'to beat.' Snig, ' to suatch.' (Perhaps related to 'sneak, snack,' etc., with voicing of final k.) Twags, ' twigs.' C™^!' <^aw of a bird.' Craigh ) Gnaarhe \ ., , „ P , \ ' to gnaw. Gnaigh j ° Haigh, ' the haw.' (There is nothing to show whether -gh here = the back stop, but it seems probable.) Thoresby to Rag, 1703. Rig, ' tree.' Ray's North Country Words, 1691. Dag, ' dew on the grass.' Feg, ' fair, clean.' Fliggens, 'young birds that can fly.' Marshalls, E. Yorks., 1788. Lig ) Flig \ but Midge, ' small gnat.' Kig ) N. of England, J.M., 1781. Chig, ' to chew.' Sheffield, S. W. Yorks., Addy, 1888-90. Brig. Bugth, 'bulk, size.' to Egg on. Flig, 'to flag.' Fligged, ' fledged.' Gnaggle, ' to gnaw.' Grig, ' cricket.' Haighs, ' hips and haws.' Hig, ' huff, fit of temper.' Huggins, ' hip-bones of a cow.' Keg, 'belly.' Lig, ' to lie down.' Nog, ' an unshaped bit of wood.' Rig, ' ridge.' Saig, ' to saw.' Seg, 'castrated bull, etc' Snag, ' to snarl.' tJ°S{'tobeat.' Slug \ Sog, 'to sow.' Sprig, ' a copse.' :;;rswav)i uff, ' to go Cag-mag, ' carrion.' Dag, 'to get petticoats or ends of trousers wet.' Daggly, 'dewy.' dag, 'snow in a hard mass in the hoots.' Fa i' wig. to Egg on. Egg, ' ovum.' Egg, ' eager for.' Feg, * coarse grass.' Fliggy, 'hay, etc., tangled through wind and rain.' Fog. Frig, ' coi're.' Gleg, ' to look furtively.' Frog, Griggy, 'rotten' (of grass). (H)ag, 'a task.' (H)og, ' heap of potatoes covered up with straw and soil.' Up-kegged, ' upset.' Lag, ' upright plank in a tub.' Lig, sb. and vb., 'fib.' Lig own, ' very own.' Lug, ' to pull.' Moggin, ' to clog.' Mog, * to go ' (commoner form Modge). Miggle, ' to trot slowly.' Nog, ' piece of wood built into brick wall.' Peg. Plug, ' to pluck the hair.' Prog, ' to pilfer.' Seg, ' to castrate a full-grown animal.' Seg, ' hard piece of skin inside hand.' Slug. Snag, ' a snap, a bite.' Snig, ' eel.' Sog, ' to sway up and down. ' Spriggs, ' small nails.' Swag, ' force or impetus of a descending body.' Swig, ' spiced ale and toast.' Throg, ' a thrush ' (used by boys chiefly). Trig, 'to trot.' Whigged, ' curdled.' Derby sh., Peyye—Skeat, 1896. Brig. Daggled, ' draggled.' Fligged, ' Hedged.' Grig: in " merry as a grig." (H)aigs, ' haws ' (Peak district). (H)ig 'heat, passion.' (H)uggon, ' hip of a man.' Lig, ' to lie.' Lug, ' to pull.' 105 Biggins of a house. Rig, ' ridge. ' Seg, 'gelded bull.' Sig, ' old urine.' Tag, ' sheep of first year. N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. Bag, 'udder, womb, etc., of animals.' Big, ' strong.' Brig, ' bridge.' Brog, ' to push with a pointed instru- ment. ' Bug, ' proud, officious.' Cleg, ' gadfly.' Drag, ' kind of harrow,' cf. Dredge. Fligd, 'fledged.' „, f 1. ' a dance.' Gle o{ 2 . 'shy.' Hag, ' a bog.' Hug, ' to cut, chop awkwardly.' Hig : to put someone in a Hig = ' to offend him.' Higgler, ' pedlar. ' Hog, ' an unshorn lamb, castrated pig.' Keg-meg, ' bad food.' Lag, ' to tire.' Lig, ' to he, lay.' Lig-abed, ' sluggard.' Lug, ' the ear. ' Maggot, ' whim.' Meggie, ' moth.' Mog, 'to move on.' Muggy, ' damp, close.' Nag, ' to gnaw.' Niggle, ' to hack, notch.' Biggin, ' ridge of a building.' Rig, ' ridge.' Sag, ' bend, warp.' Beg, ' boar castrated when full-grown.' Seg, 'sedge.' Shig, ' to shirk.' Steg, ' a gander.' Sugg, ' to deceive.' Twig, ' understand.' Swig, ' to drink.' Wag, ' to beckon.' S. TV. Lines., Cole, 1886. Brijr, ' bridge.' Clag, ' to daub with sticky clay.' Drag, 'to harrow laud.' Drug, ' waggon for carrying timber.' Fligged, 'fledged.' filial ) . , ,. > to gnaw. Knag \ h Bag, ' marshy place.' Hag, ' cut, hew.' Higs, ' to be in one's higs.' Lig, ' to lie. Pog, ' to carry on one's back. ' Seg, ' castrated boar.' Whiff, 'buttermilk.' Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. A gg ) Eag \ ' to urge, incite.' Heg ) Dag, ' to sprinkle clothes with water.' Drag, ' a bar used for drawing timber.' Fliggy, of birds whose down is changiug to feathers. Lig, ' to tell lies.' Ligger, ' liar. ' Seg, ' any kind of iris.' Seg-bottomed, ' rush-bottomed.' Smeg, ' a bit.' Sniggle, ' an eel.' Stag, ' young turkey-cock.' Swig, ' a drink ' (especially spiced ale). Whig, ' whey.' Whigged, ' curdled.' Leices., Evans, 1881. T °, \ ' icicle.' Iggle j Cag, 'to crawl about.' Back and egg = ' edge with might and main.' Brag, ' a boast.' Bri^ and Bridge. Claggy. Dag, ' trail in dirt.' S e - ed 1' fledged.' Fhg J ° Fog, ' coarse, rank grass.' Gnag, ' gnaw.' Hog, ' yearling sheep.' Lag, ' crack, split.' Lig, ' to lie ' (jacere and mentire). Maggot, ' whim.' Proggle. Piggle. I.'iii^ct, ' small surface drain.' Rig, ridge.' Sagg, 'to sway, bend with weight.' Segg, 'bull castrated before maturity.' Segg, ' Bedge, etc' Snig, 'little eel.' Snags, ' shams.' Sog, ' mass of earth.' Swiggle, ' to drink freely.' Teg, 'a lamb, from first Michaelmas alter birth.' 106 F legged Fligged Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. Brig. Drugs, ' ;i timber waggon.' 1 1;: . ' stiff clump of coarse grass.' Eaghog, ' hedgehog.' Eiggler. Rig. Rug, 'tree.' K Angl., Rye, 1895. Arriwiggle, ' earwig.' Bigg, kind of barley. Brig, ' a bridge.' Claggy, 'clogged with moisture.' Crag, ' the craw or crop. ' Dag, ' dew.' Drug, ' strong cart for timber.' | ' fledged.' Higgle, ' to chaffer.' Lig, ' to lie ' (jacere). Rig, ' ridge in a field. ' Sagging, ' soughing of wind in reeds. ' Scug, ' squirrel.' Seg, ' sedge.' Seggen, ' made of sedges.' Slug-horn, ' short, stunted horn of an animal.' Snag, ' rough knob of a tree.' Hercfordsh . , Havergal, 1887. Segs, ' rushes.' TJpton-on- Severn (TForcs.), Laioson, 1884. Driggle, ' small-meshed draw-net.' Fan', ' fog-grass.' Rig, ' to sprain ' (of back). Sag, ' sedge. ' Sag -seated chair. Swag, 'to sway, balance.' W. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. Dag, ' to draggle.' Swig, ' to sway.' S.E. Worcs., Salesbury, 1893. Bag, ' cut wheat with a hook.' Dag, ' to draggle in the mud.' Dri f n , | 'harrow.' (and Dray) j Lug, ' to pull.' Mag, ' a scold.' Nag, 'to scold incessantly.' Pug, ' to pull.' Sags, ' rushes I'm- chair-making.' Sag-bottomed chairs. Scog, ' to scold. Snuggle, ' lie close.' Swag of a line or beam, ' to sag.' Swig, ' to drink.' Tas game of touch. Teg, ' yearling sheep.' Warwcsh., NorthalL, 1S96. A°'°" ) ¥ :z ' to e ?s ° n - Dag, ' dew.' Fligged, 'fledged.' Fog, ' rough grass.' Geg, ' to swing. ' Hag, 'to cut' (woodman's term). Higgler. Lagger, 'litter, mess.' Lig, ' to tell a lie. ' Seg, ' sedge.' Lugs, ' slender rods to fasten thatch do an.' Piggin. Skag, ' to tear or split. ' Slug, ' to throw stones, etc' Snug, ' a pig.' Spug, ' sparrow.' Teg, ' yearling sheep. ' Trig, ' a narrow path. ' Northamptonsh., Baker, 1854. Brig. Dag, ' to bemire, soak with dirt.' Fligged, 'fledged.' Fligger, ' to flutter.' Fliggers, ' young birds ready to fly.' Lig, ' a lie.' Ligger, ' a liar.' Rig, ' ridge.' Segs, ' sedges.' Seggy, adj. Sprig, ' rose of watering-can.' Whig, ' whey.' Beds., Batchelor, 1807. Brig. to Egg on. Flig, 'fledged.' Lig, 'an untruth.' (flatchelor calls this word ' old-fashioned,' so it was probably obsolescent in Beds, in 1809.) 107 Stiff., Moor, 1823. c° I ' sedge.' Segs J ° Swig ) said of a leak in a tap, (and Swidge) j ' all of a swig.' Glos., Robertson, 1890. Cag-mag, ' bad meat.' Deg, ' to dig.' Egg. Fog, ' grass growing on boggy ground.' Frog. Guggle, 'small snail.' ? Layger, ' narrow strip of land or copse.' r Lug, ' piece of laud.' Moggy, ' a calf.' Nag, ' to worry.' Niggle, ' to tease.' Niggut, ' small faggot.' Sag-seated chair, V. of Glos. Sags i Segs > 'sedges.' Zegs ) Seg | , , o-° • ' urine. Sig J Scaggy, 'shaggy,' V. of Glos. ; H. of Berkley. Snag, 'tooth standing alone.' Stag, ' young ox.' Swag l , , , c ° i \ ' to sway. S waggle ) rp.£ t ' one-year-old sheep.' to Trig, ' to wedge up.' Wag, ' to move.' Ox/., Parker, 1876-81. Daggle, 'to trail in the mud.' Fligged, ' fledged.' Juggle, 'a snail's shell.' (H)aggle, ' to harass one's self with work.' Ligster, ' a lie, a liar.' Maggled, 'tired out' (Blackburn). Waggn, ' waggon.' Berks., Lowsley, 1888. Haggas, ' fruit of hawthorn.' W. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. Ag, 'to scold, provoke.' Bag, measure of weight. ' bumptious.' Cloggy, 'thick, sticky.' Dag (to set a dag = to have somebody). Drug, 'to drag.' bugged, ' dagged.' Egg (ag) of a bird. Fog-grass. Higgler, ' poultry-dealer.' Hag, ' old woman.' Lie-abed, 'sluggard.' Mugget, ' outer stomach of calf.' Nag, 'log, block.' Nug, ' rough mass of any substance.' Pig. l'u//, ' to poke, thrust.' Rag, ' to scold.' Rig, 'lark, joke, wanton woman.' Sig, ' urine.' Slug. Snug. Swig, ' drink hastily. ' Scrag, ' neck.' Teg, ' yearling sheep.' Trig, ' neat, tidy.' Ugly- Zog, ' a bog, morass. ' Dorset, Barnes, 1886. Cag-mag, ' bad meat.' Cag, ' to surfeit.' Wilts., Bartnell and Goddard, 1893. Agg, vb., ' hack.' Agalds, • hawthorn-berries.' (In Devon, Aggies.) Bag, ' bent pens with a hook.' Barley-big. Daggled. Diggled. Flag, ' blade of wheat. Eggs, ' haws.' Drug : to drag timber. Drag, ' a harrow.' Freglam, ' odds and ends of food fried up.' Nog? Muggle, ' muddle.' Maggots, ' tricks.' Lug, ' hole or perch.' Jag, ' beard of oats.' Haggle, ' cut clumsily.' Peggy, -fair,' obs., N.W. Pig. ' Quag, ' a shake, trembling,' S.W. Rig, • half-gelded horse.' Rig, vb., ' climb on, bestride anything.' |? g 1 'urine,' S.W. &ig \ IDS Skug, ' squirrel.' Smug. Snag, N/W., ' decayed tooth ' ; S.W., a sloe.' Snig, ' small eel,' S.W. Sniggle, S.W. Sog, 'boggy ground.' Teg-man, ' shepherd,' S.W. Tig, ' little pig,' N.W. occasionally. Trig, 'fasten, make firm ' N.W. ; adj., ' in good health,' S.W. Vag, ' to reap with broad hook.' Wag. Waggon. Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1896. Sag, ' to bend.' Teg, ' a year- old sheep.' Trug, ' gardener's wooden basket.' Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. Bag, ' to cut with hook.' Dag on sheep. Draggle-tailed. Flig, ' strands of grass. ' Fog, ' aftermath.' Heg, 'hag, fairy.' Higgler. Hog. Keg-meg, ' a gossip.' Lug -worm. Maggoty, 'whimsical.' Megpy. Pig. Plog, ' block of wood at end of halter.' Pug, ' soft ground.' Eig ? Sag, 'to sink, bend.' Sig, ' urine.' Smug, ' to steal.' Tag, ' a yearly sheep.' Wig, 'to overreach, cheat.' W. Corn., Courtney, 1880. Clig, ' to cling to.' digged together. Drug, ' a drag for a wheel.' Trug, ' trudge.' Aglet, ' berry of hawthorn.' Garland, W. Corn., Journ. of Roy. Inst, of Corn., 1864. (Perhaps French.) E. Cornw., Couch, 1880. Dogberry, ' wild gooseberry.' Drug, ' to drag.' Sneg, 'small snail.' (Eglet, fruit of whitethorn. Couch, Journal of Roy. Inst, of Corn., 1864.) Hants, Cope, 1883. Doglets, ' icicles.' Hag, ' haw ' (the berry). Haggils, ' haws of whitethorn.' Leg, 'long narrow meadow (= 'leah ' ?). Strig, 'stalk of a plant.' Swig, ' to suck.' Scug, ' squirrel.' I. of W., Smith, 1881. Igg, ' egg.' Drug shoe, ' drag for a cart.' Sussex, Parish, 1879. Bug, ' any winged insect.' Drugged, 'halt-dried.' Egg, ' to incite.' Grig, 'merry, happy.' ' ° | 'long, narrow marshy meadow.' Sag, ' to hang down.' Snag, ' a snail.' 109 VI. Words in -dge. Northumb., Eeslop, 1893-4. Cadgy, 'hearty, cheerful,' especially after food ; cf. cag-mag, cf. also kedge. Dredge. Edge, sh. Fadge, ' small loaf of bread. Fadge, 'bundle of sticks.' Fledger, ' a fledgeling.' Kedge, 'to fill oneself with meat.' Kidgel, ' cudgel.' Midgy, ' midge.' Midge-grass. Mudge, 'stir, shift.' Radgy, 'lewd, wanton.' Badge, ' push about.' Sludge, 'soft, wet mud.' Smudge, 'to laugh quietly.' Snudge \ ' a fillet or ribbon worn (and Snood) j by girls.' Spadger and Spag, ' a sparrow.' "Wadge, slice of bread, wedge.' Cumberland, Dickinson, 1889. Badger. Edge. Fadge, ' a slow trot.' Frudge, ' to brush roughly past.' Hedge. Kuidgel, ' to castrate by ligature.' Marshall, E. Yorks., 1788. Fridge, ' to chafe.' Midge, but, lig, flig, rig. Swaledale [N.E. Yorks.), Harland, 1873. Midge. Smudge, 'to smoulder.' Windhill, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 1892. The transcription is l'rofessor Wright's. Edz, ' edge.' Ed/, • hedge.' Whitby {N.E. Yorks), Robinson, 187G. Hedge-dike-side. Hoose-midges, ' common flies.' to Nudge with the elbow. Sheffield, S. W. Yorks., Addy, 1888-90. \ dge- o'- dark, ' twilight.' Hedge and bind, ' in and out.' Midge. Midgeon-fat. Huddersfield, W. Yorks., Easther, 1881. Midge, ' a small gnat.' Lanes., Modal and Milner, 187-3. Badger, ' small retail dealer.' Drage, ' damp.' Edge o' dark. Henridge I Ormskirk, ' outlet for Hainridge j cattle.' Midge, ' anything very small.' Dialect ot E. An"'l., ( an( lfcwig) i Nall>1866! Ledger, ' a thatcher's tool.' Herefordsh., Havergal, 1887- Flidgeter : ' going a flidgeter ' = ' taking a flying leap.' Hedge, 'bill.' Rudge of ploughed field. Upton- on- Severn, Worcs., Lawson, 1884. Mudgin, ' fatfrom chitterlings of a pig.' r> Fi • 'a half- ' stomach.' Maw | ]\1 arrow, 'fried,' etc. Pegh, ' to puff, pant.' Pleught ) , ,,,. ,. , j ' watthng-stick side j ' to throw a hall below the J hough.' ) hollow. X. Ploute Ploo \ Plew i Pluf \ Pleuf } Raa, ' row Ho ) Eoa Eow Euf Rough Saugh \ Saf Sauf ) Seuch i Sheugh I Sough ) Sough \ , Sour' i Teuf, 'tough.' 1. .. raw. willow. plough.' small stream draining through the land.' sound of wind. Through j ' a stone going through Thruff-stveu ' entire thickness of Thiowf ' ) wall.' Thruff, originally a stone coffin, now stone laid on a grave = ' trough' ? Tocher \ Togher [ ' dowry.' Towcher ' Trow ) , . , , n , ' trough. I nm | Wallow. Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. Aneuff J Aueugh > Anoo ) Braffam. Cleub, ' claw, hoof.' Coff, ' to cough.' Huff. Hugh. Safftree. Saughtree, ' willow.' Troff, 'trough.' Thruff-stan, ' tombstone.' Thruff, 'through.' Teuff, 'tough.' Heugh, ' dry dell.' Bew, ' bough.' Haugh, ' flat land near river.' Haw, ' fruit of hawthorn.' Leugh, 'laughed.' I.aghter, 'brood of chickens.' PI ugh. Plu. Laa, ' law.' Durham, Palgrave, 1896. Doo, 'cake.' Eneugh =onjuuf. Marra, ' mate.' Nuwt, ' nothing.' Fluff, ' plough ' (very seldom) . Sivaledale, N. Yorks., Harland, 1873. Dow, ' to thrive.' (H)awe, ' a meadow by a river.' Oawz, ' the hocks of a beast.' Barffam \ Barfam ) 113 Whitby, X.E. Forks., Robinson, 1876. Forms with -/'. Barfon, 'horse-collar.' Thruff, 'through.' Plufe, ' plough.' Sluffs, ' skins of fruit.' c-fr \ ' to draw breath through the e /r , teeth ' (col;', with Sigh ? or = SuS ) Fr. Siffler?). Wilf, ' willow ' (also in Marshall's E. Yorks., 1771). Forms with -w. Awn, ' to own.' Barrow-pips. Farrow, said of a barren cow. Marrows, sb. pi. Sew, ' a sow.' Sou, of the wind = ' to culm down.' Windhill, X. Central Yorks., Wright. The transcription is Professor Wright's. Words with -/. Dwaf, 'dwarf.' Duaf, ' dough.' Draft. Inif (sing.), 'enough.' Laf, ' laugh.' Sluf, 'slough.' Buf, ' rough.' Trof, ' trough.' Words with no final consonant. Ba, ' to bow.' Biu, ' bough.' Droa, ' draw.' Fal, 'fowl.' Fald, 'fellow.' Iniu (pi.), ' enough.' Loo, ' law.' Mara, ' marrow.' Pliu, ' plough.' Sa, ' a drain.' Sliu, '.slew.' Wife, ' willow.' poo, ' though.' Mid Yorks., Robinson, 1870. Boo ) . , , , Beaf} b0 "- h - Dow, ' to prosper.' Ewe, pret. of ' to owe.' Fellow, ' fallow.' Low, ' flame.' Slaffened (and Slockned) Marrow, ' match, fellow.' Maw, ' sb.' Meat' | . „ , ^■- ,. a mow of com, etc. Pleaf - Pluf Pleuf v 1>r > ' plough. Pliw Plea flaw Sough, vb. (=saow), of the wind. Hndderxfield, W. Yorks., Easther, 1881. Words with -./'. ('lough, ' ravine ' (fluff). Dougb (dofe . Drut ty, ' dry, droughty.' Fauf | ' to clean ground for (and Faigh t building.' ' saturated, soaked.' / (An old man was [ heard to pronounce this word with a 'guttural,' by which Mr. Easther f presumably means \^ a back- open con- sonant.) Suff, 'to tire of.' Soaf, ' willow.' Words with consonant dropped. Moo of barley, etc. Marr7}; tomatcl1 -' Marrow, similar, ' the marrow glove.' Soo, ' a sow.' Ploo , (and Pleugh) I Sheffield, S.W. Yorks., Addy, 1888-90. Enew, ' enough.' Haw, ' berry of hawthorn.' Mannw. ' fellow, mate,' etc. Hay-mow. Plew, ' plough.' Soo of w ind in trees, etc. Trow, ' a trough.' Sail', ' a drain.' Sauf, ' sallow, willow.' Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1 S 7 • 3 . Aan, adj., ' own.' Barrow-pig, ' male swine.' 8 114 Marrow, ' a match, mate.' Il;i\ -moo, ' stack nl hay.' ., !• ' h:iv mow. Mn. it I ■5 ' to laugh, l.aith ) ° Sawgh, ' willow.' S. Chesh., Burlington, 1887. Bow. \l.iw . Sim of the wind. Suff, 'to drain.' Fief and Fleth, ' a flea ' (Holland). Derbysh., Tegge — Skeat, 189G. Barrow, ' a gelt pig ' (obs.). Duwter, 'daughter.' Slou?/* =? ' miry place.' Coff, ' cough.' " Draft, ' team or cart.' Kmiff. (H)offle, ' hough of a horse.' Dimin. N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. Anifi, ' enough.' Biff, 'bough.' Enif, ' enough.' Shift, ' skin of a fruit.' Toff, 'tough.' Thrif 1 ' through ' ; also in S.W. Thruf ) Lines. Tiffen, ' make touch.' S.W. Lines., Cole, 1886, has Daffy, ' doughy ' ; Suff., ' underground drain.' Awe, ' to owe.' Beu \ ' bough ' ; back-open cons. Bevrgh J usually heard in this word. Bow, ' to bend.' Draw, ' to drain.' Haw, ' fruit of hawthorn.' Hollow. Maw, 'to mow.' Mow (rhymes with 'now'), 'pile of hay, etc., in a barn.' Pleugh l gh still heard, but Ploo j disappearing. Baw, adj. Bough = ? (in sound). Scew ?, ' to sow.' Souing of the wind. Saugh (sau), ' goat willow.' Tallow. Shropsh., Jackson, 1879. Hathorn, ' hawthorn.' Haw, ' fruit of same.' Lawter, ' complement of eggs for a sitting hen.' Leices., Evans, 1881. Haw. in place-names. Euew, ' enough.' o , } ' a covered drain.' Soot I W. Wores., Chamberlain, 1882. Ah -thorn, ' hawthorn.' Enew ) , , , -r, 'enough. Enow ) ° Plow. Suff, ' a drain.' S.E. Wore*., Salesbury, 1893. Burru, ' sheltered place ' (also in Upton- on-Severn, Lawson, 1884). Enow. Mow, ' part of barn filled with straw.' Loff, 'laugh.' Buff, ' hilly ground with trees growing on it.' Saw, ' the tool.' Throw (rhymes with cow) ' through.' Warwcsh., Northall., 1896. Anew, ' enough.' Bough (ruff). Suff, ' mouth of drain with grating.' Truff Tro ) ' a trough.' Northamptonsh., Baker, 1854. Cuff, ' cough.' Sueing ) c , o ta of wind. Surhng j Glos., Robertson, 1890. Burrow, ' shelter or lee side.' Droo, ' through.' Ebows, ' shoulder-joints of cattle.' Fallow. Slough, ' part of quick of a cow's horn.' Trough ( = trow) for drinking. 115 Oxf., Parker, 1870-81. Fuuwt, ' fought.' Pluuwin, 'ploughing.' Berks., Lowsley, 1888. Haw, ' dwelling enclosed by woods.' Zaa, ' a saw.' IV. Somers., Elworthy, 1886. Barrow-pig, ' gelt pig.' Bow (buw), ' a twig.' Bow (buw), ' to bend.' Dough (doa). to Draw. Draft, ' bar to which plough-horses are attached. ' Drough (drue) ' through.' Drow (Druw) , ' to dry. ' Enow, ' enough.' Laugh (laa*of). Maw : mouth in men, stomach in cattle. Mow (maew), 'rick.' Ought = au.t or au.f. Plough (plaew). Eaught (raut), 'reached.' Baw. Bew, ' row or ridge of grass made in scything.' Bough (hruuf). Bow (ruw), ' to roughen cloth.' Sife, 'to sigh.' Thawy, 'to thaw.' Thoff," ' though.' Dorset, Barnes, 1886. Sify, ' a sob, catch the breath in sighing. ' Wilts, Dartnell and Goddard, 1893. Draw, ' a squirrel's nest.' Drawn, ' large drain.' Pig-haw. Mow, ' part of barn for heaping up corn.' Bou^A =/? Spawe, ' splinter of stone.' Surrey, Leveson-Gower, 1896. Farrow, ' litter of pigs.' Kent, Parish and Shaw, 1887. Draaffc, ' bar on plough to which traces are fixed.' Dwarfs-money, 'ancient coins.' Huffed, p.p. (also ' very great'), to Huff (spelt hough), ' to hough.' Ruff, ' any rough place.' Thoft, ' thought.' Draw-well. Draw-hook. Enow. Flaw, 'to flay, strip off bark.' Haw, ' small ' ? Raw. TV. Corn., Courtney, 1880. ? Belve, ' to bellow.' Laff, ' laugh.' Budget of C. Poems. Broft, ' brought,' 45. Thoft, ' thought,' 16. E. Cornw., Couch, 1880. Maa, ' maw.' Bow, ' rough. Siff, 'to sigh.' Hants., Cope, 1883. Huf, ' to breathe hard.' Mow (maw), ' stack in a barn.' Bowen | ' winter grass ' ; cf. ruffen, Bowet i other dialects. Trow (troa), ' a trough.' /. of TV. Maa, ' maw.' Sussex, Parish, 1879. Flaw, ' to flag, to strip bark. Haffar, 'heifer.' 116 VIII. Non-initial O.E. -g and -h fronted and lost or = -y. Northumb., HesJop, 1893-94. Ee, ' eye.' Flee, '"to fly.' Flee, 'a fly.' Feid' 'feud' (O.E. fiehj-e). Wully, 'willow.' Cumberland, Dickinson, 1859. Ee, 'eye.' Een, ' eyes.' Hee, 'high.' Ley, ' arable land.' Lee, ' to tell lies.' Stey j bladder.' Swally, ' to swallow.' Willy, ' willow.' Swaledale, N. Forks., Harland, 1873. Ee, ' eye. ' Felly. Lee, ' a lie.' Whitby, N.E. Tories., Robinson, 1876. Eee \ ' eye.' Eeen j P L Flee, ' a fly, to fly.' Stee, ' sriiall ladder.' Wind hill, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 1892. The transcription is that of Prof. Wright. Drai, ' dry.' Dri, ' dreary.' Ei, 'high.' FIT, « a fly, to fly.' Led, ' lay.' 2s T ei, ' to neigh.' Sti, 'ladder.' ILuldersfield, W. Yrks., Easther, 1881. Ee, 'eye.' Fain, 'glad.' Stee, 'a ladder.' Sheffield, S.W. Yrks, Addy, 1888-90. Flee, 'a fly.' Lee, 'a falsehood.' S. Chesh., Darlington, 1887. Flev, ' flay.' Fly'. (H')igh. Lee, vb. act., 'lay down.' Swey, ' to swing. Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1875. Ee-bree, 'eyebrow.' Ley, ' pasture or grass land. ' Stee, ' a ladder.' N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. Belly. Dee, 'to die.' Dry, ' thirsty.' Eye. Flee, ' a fly.* Lay, 'to lie.' Lee, sb. and vb., ' lie.' Ley, ' unenclosed grass laud.' Stays, ' stairs.' Stee, ' ladder.' Thee, 'thigh.' Wee, ' to weigh.' S.W. Lines., Cole, 1886. Dree, ' wearisome, long-continued.' 117 Vpton-on-Severn (Wores.), Law ton, 1884. Eye, 'to glance at.' Lie in, 'to cost': " that will lie you in a matter of 16s.,'' etc. W. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. Sallies, ' willows.' S.E. Worcs., Salesbury, 1893. Belly-full. Dry', ' thirsty.' Furry, ' to farrow.' Sallies, ' willows.' Warwcsh., Northall., 1896. j" 1 ^ ' laud laid down for pasture.' Pig-ste, -sty. Sigh = sai. Sty, 'a pimple.' Glos., Robertson, 1890. F.ye, 'to glance.' Layers, pieces of wood cut and laid in a hedge when ' laying ' it. Lay, ' pasture.' Sally-tree Sallv i willow.' IX. Final -k, voiced. Nor thumb., Salop, 1893-4. Ag, ' to hack, cut iu pieces.' Flag, ' flake of sandstone, also a snow- flake.' Ligly, 'likely.' Nog, 'knob,' etc., like the stump of a branch. Pag, ' to pack tightly, to stop up, choke.' Iceshoggle (O.E. jycel). Cumberland, Dickinson, 18-59. Hug, 'to pull.' Hag, ' chop with an axe.' Huggaback, 'climbing vetch.' Nog, ' block of wood ' ; cf. nick, nitch, etc. Windfall, N. Central Yorks., Wright, 1892. BL gs, ' blackberries.' Whitby. N.E. Yorks., Robinson, 1876. Flags, ' Hakes.' Huddersjield, Yorks., Easther, 1881. Pings, ' black berri s.' Wiggen, ' mountain ash.' Cf. Wicken, Lines, etc. Lanes., Nodal and Milner, 1875. Snig, ' to snatch' (cf. Snack, etc.) ? S. Chesh., Darlington, 1887. Plug, ' to pluck the hair.' Derbysh., Pegge — Skeat, 1896. Wiggin, ' mountain-ash.' N.E. Lines., Peacock, 1889. Staggarth = ' stackyard.' Niggle, ' to hack, notch.' Shropsh., Jackson. 1879. Plug = ' to pluck, pull. ' Smeg, ' a bit,' cf. 'smack ' ? Rig, ' to rick the back,' etc. Leices., Evans, 1881. [ggle = ' icicle.' Piggle, ' to pick.' tFv lM I 'to prog, poke.' (and Prockle) ) r e>» * Snags = snacks, which also occurs.' Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. Piggle, 'to pick' (frequentative form). 118 Upton-on-Severn, TTorcs., Lawson, 1884. Rig, 'to sprain, rick' (used chiefly of the hack, and perhaps influenced by substantive). Glos., Robertson, 1890. Dog, ' the duck.' i .Nile's, ' handles of a scythe pole.' Sug, ' to soak.' Soggy, 'soaky.' Berks, Lowsley, 1888. Agg, ' to cut unskilfully. Emits, Cope, 1883. Agg, ' to hack.' JF. Somers., Ehvorthy, 1886. Hue:, 'to itch'=^iccan. Cf. Heuk, 'the itch,' in Whitby Dial. (O.E. jiffSa). Lig, ' like ' (in rapid speech when followed by a vowel). Nog, 'log, block.' Cf. nitch in same dial, and in Wilts. I'og, ' thrust, poke with fist.' 119 A proposed Explanation of many apparent Anomalies in the Development of O.E. -c, -cz, -Z and -h. I now propose to deal, as briefly as is compatible with thorough- ness, with the above four classes of words. We may take as types of the forms under discussion Mod. Eng. seek, think ; O.E. secean, J?yncean ; Eng. Dial, brig, segg ; O.E. bryc3, sees; Eng. Dial, hag, to lig ; O.E. hasu, a haw ; lic?an, 3rd sing, lis]?, from which the standard Eng. verb ' to lie ' has been formed, and also the above 'irregular' form. Of difficult -h words, Eng. hock (hough), elk; O.E. hoh, eolh are examples. We have to explain bow c and c'z have become unfronted, and how -Z and -h have been stopped, instead of becoming -iv, -f if back, being opened to a front vowel if front, or being lost altogether after /. The explanation which I desire to offer of these two groups of phenomena may be diagrammatically stated as follows: — O.E. 6 -\-f, s, b, w, I, etc. = k. O.E. cz +/, *, \, w, I, etc. = k, g. O.E. z +/, *, b, w, A etc. = k, g. O.E. h -f-/, s, b, w, /, etc. = k. That is to say, that before an Open Consonant O.E. c and cz are unfronted, and that in the same position O.E. z and h are stopped. This principle applies not only to the combinations -h)>, i\>, etc., in the middle of words, but also to the same combinations occurring in primitive compounds such as hoesborn, standard English haw- thorn, Dial, hagthorn. See also my article " Apparent Irregularities in English Guttural Sounds" : Notes and Queries, January 14, 1899. Date of above Changes. The stopping of h and z before open consonants certainly began in O.E. There were apparently two periods of stopping, the first in which Germ, hs became x = ks (see remarks ante on O.E. x) and a later period which followed the apocopation of the vowel in W.S. siext (vb.), nexte, etc. To this later period belongs also L20 probably the unfronting of O.E. 6 and cz before b, s, etc. At any rate the whole process is apparently complete by the early M.E. period, and we find thenceforth only fossilized remains of the process itself, although the effects produced by it are numerous and widespread. Analogous to the first process which stopped h before *, is the stopping of / to p before -s, in O.E. wasps from earlier waefs. Forms like awec : S = awihb, _331fric, Cambridge MS., first sermon, p. 8, ed. Thorpe ; where MS. Reg. has aweh^, (Dr. Sweet called my attention to this form), and adryc'S, Cockayne's Leechdoms, vol. iii, p. 190 = adry^b show that z also underwent this change in the O.E. period. It must be noted that z before a voiceless open consonant was unvoiced as well as stopped, the former process being the earlier. It is, however, in M.E. that we find the best graphic evidence of these unfronting and stopping processes. Both Sweet, H.E.S., § 741, and, following him, Kluge, Grundr., p. 839, have called attention to the forms 6ekb, tekb, etc., in M.E., and explained seek, etc., as formed by analogy from them. The unfronting process is attributed by both Sweet and Kluge to a following consonant. In this explanation, however, the real point is missed, as we shall see: O.E. c is unfronted only before Open Consonants, but becomes -ch quite regularly before stops. Again, on p. 848 of Grundr., Kluge says : " Beachtenswert ist nordl. hekfer fur haifare, ae. keahfore, wozu vereinzelt wrikb, likb fur wrihb, lihb." Of these forms, however, no explanation is given at all, and neither here nor on p. 839 is there any hint as to which texts the forms occur in. Hekfer, we may here remark, is certainly not a Northern form, as far as the testimony of the modern dialects goes. Following is a list of these forms so far as I have found them. Hali Meidenhed, AY. Midi., 1225, has sec^e, sb., 9. On the other hand this text has also h unstopped in buhsom, 3, hehschip, 5, SilrSe, 45, sight. The ouly other Midland texts in which they occur are Promptorium, which has hekfore, thakstare, £ykbe (pruritus) ; and Wills and Inventories, which has heckforde in the Will of Richard Kanan of Ishain, 1570. Ancren Ruvle, Dorset, 1225, has heixte, hexte, highest. Owl and Nightingale, Dorset, 1240-50, has recb, 491 (otherwise recche) ; me bincb, passim; binkb, 1694; fli^st, 405, which rhymes to niswicst in the following line, and therefore = ^fiikst. 121 St. Juliana (metrical), Glos., 1300, hext, highest, 13. Robt. of Gloucester, 1300: adrenctbe, hecst, hext; isucb = seeth ; seep, seeketh, slexb, 3rd pi. ; sucst, sueb, suxt, seest ; bincb, binkb, bingb ; ofbincb, ofbinkb. P. Plowman, 1362-93: lickth, 3rd sing.; bu lixt, 'thou tellest lies'; likb, ' tells lies.' Kentish Gospels, 1150: secst bu, Joh. iv, 27; for serine^, Mk. ix, 18. MS. Vespas, A. 22, Kent, 1200: sesec^e (sb.), 'sight' p. 239, Morris' ed. Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200: mebincb, 47. 3 and 47. 20; sesikst, 'seest,' 49. 22; isikb 'sees,' 49. 23; isecb, 87. 17; bebencst, wercst, 65. 7 ; besekb, 81. 18 ; jesikb, 139. 11 ; bebeincS, 133. 17. Will, of Shoreham, Kent, 1308: benkb. Ayenbite, Kent, 1340: aquencb, 207, and kuencb, 62; tekb occurs constantly, p. 57, etc.; wrikb, 128; zekb, 'seeks,' 159. 116, 241 ; awrecb, 115. 2; yzicb, 'sees,' 143; zikb, 'sight,' 123; bingb and bincb, 164; adraynkb bengb, 18; bengst, 214. Libeaus Desconus, Kent, 1350: schincb, 93y. The chief examples in the Modern dialects of old compounds in which the process occurred are : hagthoru in W. Somerset and Devon ; hagworm in Cumberland and Lancashire ; heckth or eckth = ' height ' in Oxfordshire, "Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Wilts, and Hants ; heckfer in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hants ; ligster, ' liar ' in Oxfordshire. In Standard English eg is unfronted before -to in mugwort, (it must also be said that this word also exists in Northern dialects, and Scotch has muggart), and nl before b in ' length' and ' strength ' = ^strongrSu, ^longrSu. We have seen that -is was sometimes written, even when it was clearly pronounced -ks (above, Owl and Nightingale) ; it is therefore probable that in those dialects where we find evidence of the change at all, we should be justified in assuming ks lc\, etc., on all occasions, even when -gs, -v&, lis, etc., are written. A glance at the lists of -nch words from St. Katherine, and St. Juliana (Prose), will show that before a stop, c became ch, giving forms like cwenchte, blenchte, schrenchten, etc. We have also seen that the tendency was rather to open a front stop before a second stop, giving such forms as pright, pight, etc., from *pricchen and *picchen. From the evidence of the M.E. texts, it is clear that the pro- cesses we have been describing were essentially characteristic of the W.S. and Kentish dialects. There is very little evidence 122 that the stopping and unfronting principle obtained, even in Midland dialects. It must, however, bo borne in mind that Orm has enmrjell and not enngell, which Mr. Napier has explained as due to the oblique cases, engle, etc., and euiralissh, lenu-qre also owe their xr to the following open consonant. Again, we have hekfore and Syk]?e in Promptorium. In West Midland, Hali Meidenhed has sec^e, so that it is possible that the principle was once active also in the Lower Midland dialects ; on the other hand, these forms may have spread thither from the South. As for the North, there can be little doubt that the tendency did not exist there at all. On the contrary, the combination hs produced by vowel syncope was simplified to s in Anglian, though retained in W. Saxon and Kentish (H.E.S., § 504), in which dialects, as we have seen, it later on became -ks, x. An interesting point is raised as to whether even the Germ, combination -hs became -ks universally in all Northern dialects, for in the Hudders- field dialect such forms as ouse = ox, saycece = six have only recently become extinct, while aise = axe still survives. (See Kasther's Dialect of Almondsbury and Huddersfield, E.D.S., 1881.) It is interesting and important to note that Sir Gawaine, a Northern text, 1366, has the form Haj-thorne, with j the open consonant, instead of j the stop. (See Word-List ante). But a principle which holds for the middle of words, and for primitive compounds, may without undue rashness be assumed also for the sentence or breath-group. (Cf. H.E.S., §§ 39 and 40; and Siever's Phonetik, §§ 573-590.) If people made secst into sekst, they would also make ic ssesde into ik ssezde. That such a system of Satz-phonetik really did obtain is almost impossible to prove, because in O.E., when the principle was a living one, the orthography did not consistently distinguish between c and c, etc. ; while by the M.E. period, when graphical distinctions of sounds were more definite, the principle had ceased to be active. Hoping to find some indications that such a system of sentence sandhi had once existed, I carefully counted all examples, both of ic and ich, in MS. Hatton 38, and in the printed edition of Vices and Virtues, to see whether the forms were used according to any law. There is no doubt that the normal form for the dialect of the Hatton Gospels was ich, therefore it is ic which has to be explained. It may be said that this spelling is due to the earlier original upon which this copy of the Gospels is based, and this may be the case to a great extent ; still, it is 123 a curious fact that of 108 examples of this form which I counted, 63 occur before open consonants, only 20 before stops, and 25 before vowels and h. For ich there seems to be no rule, this being evidently the normal form, and it is used indifferently before stops, open consonants, and vowels. The results from Vices and Virtues were practically the same. Ich seems to be used indiscrimately, but ic occurs chiefly before open consonants. I give these facts for what they are worth, without attaching any very great importance to them ; they may not absolutely prove, but in any case they rather confirm than contradict, the theory that doublets could be produced in the sentence itself by the influence of initial sounds upon the final consonant of preceding words. In the face of the curious mixture of back and front forms iu all dialects, it appears to me that the only satisfactory explanation will be one which will account for double forms of each word, one form with -k or -g, another with -6 or -cZ. My theory, even if it be only admitted for single words and primitive compounds, will do this for a great many words, as far as the Southern dialects are concerned, and may perhaps also be extended to the South Midland. In some cases a -Tc or -g may be developed in compounds, and survive in the simple form. But with regard to lig, thack, brig, etc., iu the North, a strange dilemma arises. The theory of Scandinavian origin may explain some of these forms, but cannot explain them all ; in fact, if it were assumed for all ' irregular' words, there need be no further discussion. Kluge's view that the -k and -g forms are due to a regular unfronting in the North of O.E. c and c'z (by a process, by the way, the details of which are not stated), is hardly supported by much evidence. The existence of so many -ch and -dge words at all in the North would need to be explained in this case. Besides, we have shown in the word-lists that many -k and -g words are not typically Northern, but occur also in the South. And yet we cannot regard these forms as produced independently in the North by the same process which we have seen could, and did, produce them in the South. There is nothing left, therefore, but to suppose that the ' anomalous ' forms were produced iu the South, under the conditions already stated, and that they slowly spread to the Northern dialects, where they eventually became the chief forms, the fronted varieties being eliminated. I can but admit that this seems improbable at first sight, for it will be said that such wholesale borrowing cannot be accounted for. But, after all, the 124 old theory which assumed that all the fronted forms in the North Mere borrowed from the South, and that all the -k and -g forms in Southern dialects were borrowed from the North, is in reality quite as improbable ; iu fact, such a theory is disproved, I think, by the evidence I have already adduced of the existence of back and front forms side by side iu the same dialects, both North and South. Again, there is no difficulty in assuming that forms produced in the South and South Midlands should go northwards — in the West up the valley of the Severn, in the East from Norfolk and Lincolnshire. Then, it may be asked how it is that the South got rid of most of these forms, in answer to which I again appeal to the word-lists, to show rather how many of them were kept. It is admitted that even if we take all these arguments into con- sideration, this theory of extensive borrowings from the South is unsatisfactory ; but all I can say is, that in spite of all its defects, it seems to me to present fewer difficulties than any view hitherto advanced. This theory may be improbable, but the others are manifestly impossible. We have certain phenomena, commoner in some dialects, it is true, than in others, but still existing in all. I have endeavoured to show that these phenomena were originally produced by factors (word and sentence sandhi) which it is not disputed have produced sound-changes in other cases; I have attempted to explain the wide distribution of the phenomena so produced by the simple process of borrowing from one dialect into another, a principle which is certainly not a new one. The question of why the Southern dialects should have (on the whole) preferred the -dge and -ch forms, and why the Northern dialects should (on the whole) have eliminated them, and preferred the -g and -h forms, belongs to a different order of curious inquiry. Notes on some Doubtful or Difficult Words. Standard Engl., brittle. I identify this word with the dialectal brichel, brickie, bruckle, etc. M.E. has brucchel (in Hali Meidenhed for instance), this would = O.E. brycel ; brickie, on the other hand, would = O.E. brycle, etc., in oblique cases. Such doublets as mickle and muchel are also to be explained in this way. In O.E. brycle, etc., c would in the South be unfronted before I, but in the North Midland and North would remain 125 a front- stop; the difference in sound between this and the point- teeth consonant is not great, and the combination -c'l is an awkward one. Or brittle may have been derived in the South from brycle (where -cl = -Id) by the not uncommon change of h to t. (See list of examples of this change.) For other views see brittle in KE.D. To M 'to clutch, snatch.' Cluck, etc. ' Northumb., Cumb., Durh., Lanes., N.E. Lines., S.W. Lines. Sic )'such.' Sec) Northumb., Cumb., N. Yrks., N.E. Yrks., W. Yrks. Cleek \ ' clutch ' or ' brood ' of Cluck ) chickens. .) ; ed. by Dr. R. F. Weymouth. L"\ i 1 1 > ' s Manipulus Vocabulorum, the earliest English Rhyming Dictionary, 1 .0 7 • j . Foolscap 4to. 16*. The Old-Irish Glosses at Wiirzburg and Carlsruhe, edited by Whitlej Stokes, D.C.L. 1't. I. Glosses & Translation. On Early English Pronunciation, with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer, by A.J.Elli F.K.S., 4 Parta, 1 Us. each ; Pi \ MEDIAEVAL GREEK TEXTS: A Collection of the Earliest Compositions in Vulgar Greek, prior to ah. 1500. With Prolegomena and Critical Notes by W. Wagner, Ph.D. Part f. Seven Poems, three of which appear for the first time. London, 1870. 8vo. 10s. 6d. LIBER CURE COCOKUM. Copied and Edited from the Sloane MS. L986, by the Rev. Dr. IIichaed Moeris. 8vo. 3s. THE PRICKE OF CONSCIENCE (STIMULUS CONSCIENTIAE). A Northumbrian Poem, by Richard Rolle de IIampole. Copied and Edited from Manuscripts in the British Museum, with an Introduction, Notes and Glossarial Index, by the Rev. Dr. Richard Moeuis. 8vo. cloth. L2s. CVSTEL OFF LOUE (Chateau d'amour or Carmen de Creatione Mundi). An Early English Translation of an Old French Poem, by Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. Copied and Edited from the MRS. with Notes and Glossary, by Dr. "R. F. "Weymouth, M. 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