THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ill AFBICA WAITING OR problem of Hfrica's evangelisation M. THORNTON IUINITV COLLEGE AND RIDLET HALL, CAMBRIDGE, UTE EDL'CATIOXAL SECRETARY OF THE Ml'l-ESI VOLUNTEER MISSIONARY UNION* THIRD AND REVISED EDITION LONDON GtuOcnt Uotuutccr /llMssionan: Union '.':;. ALUEKSGATE STREET, E.C. 1898 IRemembcr 3Btebop Gucfcer's ^Telegram, "Bfrica THEY arc waiting ev'rywhere, "Where the fields of eartli are fair, "Where the rivers nobly run, Where the blossoms seek the sun, Where the hills rise, high and grand Looking proudly o'er the land- Waiting ! Waiting ! They are waiting in the wild, Sick and weary and defiled, And the Saviour's healing word They have never, never heard ; Ever hungry and unfed, Left without the living Bread Waiting ! Waiting ! For the happy beam of day That shall chase their gloom away, For the news, so glad and blest, That shall set their heart at rest, For the peace wo know and prize, And the hope beyond the skies Waiting ! Waiting ! Yet not voiceless or alone, For their cry to licav'n hath flown, And the Master waitetli too, Waiteth, ransomed souls, for you, Till the life devotion sweet He outpoured at His feet Waiting ! Waiting ! S. G. STOCK. 35-Do PREFACE. . THE solo object in preparing this little book is to call the attention of Christians generally, and students in particular, to the problem of Africa's evangelization. Issuing as it does from the British Student Volunteer Missionary Union, as a missionary text-book upon Africa, its scope naturally includes all Protestant missionary effort. Nothing, however, but lack of opportunity for further study has caused the omission of the consideration of modern Roman Missions in Africa. Though intended primarily for the use of members of Missionary Bands, Lay Workers' and Helpers' Unions, Watchers' Bands, Christian Endeavourers, &c., it is hoped that it will also prove of value to the Christian public and to African Missionaries. Nothing of the kind, so far as we know, is to be found in print. There is an abundance; of general works upon Africa, hut none that we, have seen solely from a missionary standpoint. Excellent works, of permanent value, have been written dealing with one or more topics and parts of Africa, but no attempt, we believe, has yet been made to face the problem of Africa's evangelization in this generation. To illustrate our meaning by topics, the works of Messrs, lleawood, Keane, Keltic, and Silva White upon the Geography, Partition, and Development of Africa, are exceedingly useful from geographical, political, and commercial points of view. In the same way, Messrs. Keane, Dr. Tylor, Dr. Gust and "Mr. Jevons are undoubted authorities upon ethno- logical, philological, and religious problems. An enormous list of writers on various African fields should have been mentioned, only a few of whom are referred to in the bibliography to follow. It was found quite impossible any further to condense the list. On the Missionary question we are very grateful for such books as Carlyle's .So///// Africa and /.s Minx/on Field* (1S7S), Tin- Church Missionary Atlnx (Part I. Africa) (1S<)(5), and The Histori/ of the, Universities' Mixm'on to Cent nil Africa (1SD7). Of A '2 1223J29O IV PREFACE general works, the R.T.S. Handbook of Foreign Missions (1888) ought soon to pass through a revised edition, while Lteon&rd's Hundred Years of Missions has a good deal of information. But there is still quite a small collection of African books written on Missions. The time has, however, come for a broader horizon to our view of Africa, and the facts as to the relative need of Northern and Southern Africa wil prove, we believe, quite new to many. If, therefore, the reading of this short review of " The Problem of Africa's Evangelization," leads to a move general accuracy in the scale of thought, prayer, and operation on the part of Christians generally, and all Missionary Societies and Boards in particular, this work will not have been in vain. The plan of the book is twofold. First, to frame a complete picture of-the continent as a whole, and then to fill in the details. Thus the first two chapters are devoted to geography and exploration, then to the native races, languages, and religions of Africa. For most of this material, personal thanks are due to Mr. E. Heawood for his admirable Geography of Africa (1897). Views on African Paganism and Mohamme- danism are gathered from very various sources. The next four chapters deal with the continent as four mission-fields Northern Africa, the Sudan, Central and Southern Africa. The dividing lines between the same have been somewhat arbitrarily chosen, but they approximately mark the great racial divisions of Africa into Caucasian, Negro, and Bantu, while Southern Africa is now the domain of the European. Lastly, two chapters are devoted to a study of two of Africa's great open sores, and a general appeal. Appendix A deals with West African Mission statistics somewhat more in detail than was possible at the end of chapter IV. Appendices B and C are taken from Surgeon-Major Parke's standard work on Health in the Tropics, and from Mr. Watt's specially prepared list of Bible Versions, that he has for private use in the British and Foreign Bible House. PR El-' A CE V Iii conclusion, it is a pleasant duty to acknowledge the great assistance received from Messrs. Arnot, Battersby, Glenny, Ploste, King, Taylor, and Bishops Tucker and Tngwell, men who are personally acquainted with missionary problems in many different parts of Africa. Thanks are also due to Pastor Richttr (of Germany), Mr. Eugene Stock, and others, for their kind help and criticisms. And we are indebted to many British, French, German, and American mis- sionary societies for sending in their reports. It is hoped that figures given will he found accurate and useful. In cases, however, where mistakes are de- tected, we shall he glad to have them pointed out. The accompanying map has been specially designed by Stanford A: Co. to enable readers to follow the places mentioned in each chapter. Especial attention is called to the spheres of influence, the religious divisions, the Mission centres and stations, and the Slave Trade and Liquor Traffic Zones of Prohibition. 1). M. T. ,////, ISiiT. PI IE FACE TO THI1U) EDITION. A si;roNi> edition of this hook was called for in America at the close of this year. And now the British public, who are interested in missions, demand a third edition, within five months of the original issue. We are very grateful for the cordial way in which the book has been received, and still more for the kindly criticisms which have been sent in. May we again venture to ask for any help which may tend to make 1 the work of more permanent use? It is hoped that by this means several errors have already been removed. Attention is called to the summary of Bible translations in Chapter VI 1 1., and Appendix C. as having been com- pletely revised. 93. AMrrspitr Street. K.C. Jn;ni,-i/. IS 1 . IS. CONTEXTS. CHAPTEE PAG* AN AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . vii xii I. THE GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA .... 1 II. NATIVE RACES, LANGUAGES, AND RELIGIONS . 12 III. NORTH AFRICA, EGYPT, AND ABYSSINIA . . 29 IV NEGRO-LAND : THE GREAT SUDAN ... 47 V. BANTU-LAND : CENTRAL AFRICA ... 72 VI. SOUTH AFRICA AND BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA 97 VII. THE SLAVE TRADE AND THE DRINK TRAFFIC. 121 VIII. THE EVANGELIZATION OF AFRICA . . . 135 APPENDICES : A. "West African Missionary Statistics . . . 144 B. Rules for the Preservation of Health in the Tropics . . . . . . . . 14-> C. Bible Translations (1SOO 1897) . 146 AX AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. THE GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA. Arrowsniit h (.1.) : Tin' Lomlon Atlas of Universal Geography (1832-7). ! r<-l, Visionary Aflas : Part I. Africa (1896), pp. 11, 12,*15, 16. Driiimiiond (11.) : Tropical Africa, Third Ethi. (1889), eh. vi.-viii., x. Encvclopunlias : Sec articles on " Africa." Grundeniann : XHH r Missions- Atlas (Stuttgart, 1896). llcawood (Iv): Tin- tieo,jra)>lnj of Africa ( L897), ch. i., ii., iii., iv. Keith .lolniston : .'l/rira"(l884), oli. i. Keltic (.!. S.) -. Tin' Matt-.- man' a Y,ar 'Jlook (1897). Tin- I'd Hit ion of Africa (1895), ch. i.-iv., xxiii. Ln-/ro Xacc (1868), p]i. 298-:- Cwinipln.l "f Africa. (1897), ch. ii. Kciuie (A. l\.):Ethnaio,jii (1896), i')].. 153, 242-280, 37-1-393. Lane (K. \V.) : Mo!< ln)>i,,ent f Africa (18b2), ch. iv. Tylor (H. I!.) :- -- -Anlkrojmli'i/i/ (1881), ch. iii. AFKICAX LANGUAGES. Cli-nrd, Vi**i<,>i<,r>i Allax:Vi\rt F. Africa (1896). pp. 16-17. Cust (K. N.) : .\li,- (1890), pp. 69-73, 96-99. Miiller (F.) -.AllricmeiiH' Ktlnx.tjraplnc (1873), pj). 73-94, 111-108. Silva While (A.) : Th,- Development of Africa (1892), ch. iv. PAGANISM ix AFRICA. JJiMtanv ((!. T.): 1'riiiiilir,' lleliinowtt (1891), Introduction and ch. iii. Ellis (A. 15.): Tin- T*lii-#i>ealtiiig 7'coji/rs of the (,'olji/<>-, A'r. (189-1). ch. ii.-vii. .lovons (F. H.) : Ixf.-oihtction f,, fit,- Hi., ,,f /'//- African* (1877), ch. i.-v. Tylor (E. H.) :.4/i//i/-o/'. /,,././ (1881). ch. xiv. Vlll AN AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY IST,AM IN .AFRICA. Blyden (E. W.) : Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (1838), pp. 1-29, 199-216. Bosworth Smith (R.) : Mohammed and Mohammedanism, Second Edition (1839), ch. i., iii. Church Missionary Intelligencer: Dec., 18S7, pp. 713-737; Feb., 1888, pp. 65-83; April, 1883, pp. 209-213; April, 1894, pp. 241-9. Ellimvood -.Oriental Reli/ions and Christianity (1892), pp. 199-221. Gibbon -.Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. li., pp. 31-2-353. Haiiics -.Islam as a Missionary Relijion (1888), pp. 102-118, 173-189. lessup (H. H.) : '/Vie Mohammedan Missionary Problem (1879), ch. i. Keltie (J. S.) : The Partition of Africa (189')),' pp. 25-31. Lane (E. W.) Modern Egyptians (1890), ch. iii. Lloyd (J.) -.North African Church (1880), ch. xix.. xx. Muir (W.) -.Rise and Decline of Islam (P.D.T., 1837), pp. 39-50. Pool (J. J.) : Studies in Mohammedanism (1392), ch. ii.-iv., xiv., xvi.-xvii., xxix., xxxiii., xxxvi.-xxxvii. Robinson (C. H.) : Hansaland (1896). pp. 184-195. Silva White (A.) -. The Development of Afrits (1392), pp. 101, 115-143. C. NORTH AFRICA, EGYPT, AND ABYSSINIA. GENERAL WORKS. Hoawood (E.) -. Tl\e Geojraphy of Africa (1897), ch. v., vi., viii., ix. Keane (A. H.) -.Africa (1895), Vol. L, ch. ii.-iv., vii.., viii. Keith Johnston : Africa (1834), ch. ii.-viii.. xiv.. xviii. Silva White (A.) : The Development of Africa (1892), pp. 100-1, 198-204, 226-9, 274. SPECIAL WORKS. Brown (R.): T/ic Story of Africa and its Explorers (1893), Vol. II., ch. i., ii. ; Vol. IV., ch. iv., v., xv. Gobat (S.) : Journal in Abyssinia (1847), pp. v.-xxxvi., ch. v., and appendix by Prof. Samuel Lee, " A brief History of Abyssinia." Gordon (C. G.) : The Journals of Major 'General C. G. Gordon at Karto'tui (1885). cf. Introduction and pp. 317-352. Hake (A. E.) : Gordon in China and the Sudan (1896), ch. x.-xv., xx.-xxviii. Lane (E. W.) : Modern Egyptians (1890), pp. 1-51, 120-188, 473-488; on the Copts, pp. 489-511 ; on the Jews, pp. 512-5. Playfair (Sir R. F.) : Handbook to Aljcria and Tunis (1895), pp. 1-92. Rohlfs (G.) : Adventures in Morocco (1874), ch. ii.-v. Slatin Pasha (R. C.) : Fire and Su-ord in the Sudan (1836), ch. xx. Thiersch (H. W J.) : Abyssinia (1885), pp. 5-120. Winpate ( F. R.): Ten Years' Captivity if, the Mahdi'sCainp, [from the MSS. of Father Ohrwalder] (1893), ch. ii., iii., vii.-x., xviii. -xx., xxv. NORTH AFRICAN Missions: Church Missionary Atlas (1896), pp. 70-73. Gidney (W. T.)-. Missions to Jen-s (1897), pp. 98-100. Hsiif,' (F. T.) : Daybreak in North Africa (1890), ch. i.-x. Leonard (U. L.):A Hundred Yezrs of Missions (1895). pp. 232-6. AN AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY Lovc'tt (R.) \A Primer of Modern Missions (18l>i of Africa (1897). rli. vii. Keane (A. H.):- Africa (1895), Vol.' 1 . cli. v.. vi. ; Vol. II.. ch. i. Keith .lolinston : Africa (1881), ch. ix.-xiii. Keltic I.I. S.): Thf I'artition of Africa (1895), ch. xvi. Lucas 1C. \\}-. Historical Geography of the British Colonies (1891), Vol. 111.. \Vcst Africa, ch. ii.. iv.-xi. Silva White (A.) :Tlie I >crei"j,ieiit of Africa (1892), pp. 80-93, 107-111. TRAVELS; Harth ( II.) : Y'/vn-f/.v /;* North and Central Africa (1875). 5 vols. ; 'I'inilmct u. Ixv.-lxviii. ; Sontrhray. Ixxviii. ; Sokoto and Gando, Ivii.. h'iii., Ixxxii. ; Katsena, xxiii., xxiv., Iv. ; Kano. xxv., Ixxxiii. ; liornu. xxvii.-xxx., xxxii.. xxxviii.. xlv.. liii. ; Adainawa, xxxiv.-xxxvi. ; BaLnrnii. xlviii.-li. ; The N'i^-er. lix.. Ixiii., Ixiv., Ixx., Ixxvii.; The Hemie. xxxv., xliv. : Lake Chad, xxxi. Forhes (A. C.i -.Africa: etc. (1874), ch. viii. Kingston (\V.) : Grat< African Tra.cell>. ,:- (1890). ch. iii.-vi. Si'K.i IAL \VoKKs: I'.lvden ( K. \V.): C/i ;/.-/ ia nitij. Isiain and flic A'egro line,- ilv8S). p]). 30-81, 217-27G. M8:{-123. Ellis I A. I!.): VAr T.i:i,m-;/ of Liberia (1891). ch. ii.. iii., v., vi. Mock ler- Ferryman : Up tin 1 Ni;, r d /,, f/,,- .S 1 ,',/^-,, ( IS'JG). ch. ii.-iv.. ix., x. WKST .\KIMC.\\ M I>SIONS : -Clna-rli M i.^iona,-ii Atlaa (lN!Ki). j.ji. 27- 1 k /)fV Ei-ini'ji-liin-hrn Mi.^ionen 'in den d,-ii Koloiti>-n. A'c. (ISL'G). I)i,je*i f S.I'.fr. Hccnrd* (Fifth Kdition. 1895). ],]>. 251-2(58. Fox ( W. ) : \\'r*l,>iit of Africa ( l.S.Yl ). llindereri A.) : Sereittei',1 Yeiir.t in tlie Yort'ha Coi'ntrii (1877), ch. ii.-iv.. \'i.. vii. Leonard ll>. I..): .1 //ox/m/ years of Missions (1895). ]>p. 21:i-222. Loveit (I'.c Primer of Modern Missions (189G), ]>p. 90-!i2. iMilnni (.1. ! : l-'rcenKin, Missionary I'ionm- to Askanti, ,\ c. (18!);{). Pau-f (!) : ^aiinn-l Crowthcr. the slave hoy. *c. (188S).' Kaniseyer ami Kiihne: Four Years in Ashanti (1885). p]i. l-2i)9. K. l?.\NTr;. . \.\n : CKNTKAI. AKHICA. GKNKKAI. WORKS : lleawood ( ]].): Gentjra^lnj of Africa (1897). ch. x., xiii. Keith Johnson : Africa (1S&1), ch. xix.-xxii., xxvii . xx\'iii. Keltic (.1. S.): Tin- 'l ''art it i (tin! thr African (1891). ch. iii.. iv.. x. Stevenson (.\.): Wat>r C,ica1ion in Central Africa (1S8I5). A.V AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY Si va vvnite (A..): The Development cf Africa (1892), pp. 85-94, 100-7, 176-9, 181-6, 207-213, 238, 248-250. WORKS ox TRAVELS : Brown (R.): The Story of Africa and its Explorers (18H3), Vol. II., ch. ii.-vii., xii.-xiv. ; Vol. III., ch. i'., v., vi., x.-xiii.; Vol. IV., ch. i., ii., x.-xiii., xv. Cameron (V. L.) : Across Africa (1885), ch. ix., x , xiv.-xviii., xx., xxvii., xxviii., xxx.-xxxii., xxxiv.-xxxviii. Forbes (A. G.): Africa, fyc. (1874), ch. xi.-xvii. Kingston (W.) : Great African Travellers (1890), ch. vii.-ix., xii.-xix. Livingstone : Missionary Travels in 8. Africa (1861), ch. xx.-xxxii. Stanley (H. M.) : Throuyhthe Dark Continent (187H), Vol. I. ch. vi.-ix., xii.-xv., xvii ; Vol. II., ch. i.-xi., xiv.-xvi. ; and In Darkest Africa (1890), ch. i., vii.-xi., xii., xiv., xxiii., xxviii. -xxxi., xxxiii., xxxiv. LOCAL WORKS : Arnot (F. S.) -.(larenganze (Third Edn., 1889), ch. ii.-vi., and Bihe and Garenqanze (1893), ch. ii., iv.-vii., x., xi., xiv., xv. Asho (R. P.) : Two Kings of Uganda (1&8J), ch. xvi.-xviii., xxiii., xxiv. Baker (Sir S.): The Albert Ni/anza (1886), also translated into French and German; and Ismailia (1874), ch. iv., v. Burton (R. F.): Zanzibar (1872). Vol. I., the city and the island, pp. 66-255; Vol. II., the coast and the interior, pp. 46, 77-103. Guinness (F. E.) iTlic New World of Central Africa (18GO), pp. 1-113, 155-171, 489-518. Hinde (S. L.): The Fall of the Congo Arabs (1896), pp. 21-5, 31-7, 62-9, 75-85, 169-177, 199-20', and esp. pp. 282-5. Hore (E. C.) : Tanganyika (18y2), ch. vi. Johnston (H. R.) -.British Central Africa (1897). Krapf (J. L.) : Travels and Misgi-rnary Lah> urs 171 East Africa (1860), pp. 107-187, 223-410, 515-540, and app. I. and map. Lu^ard (F. I).) : The Rise of our East Afri'dii Umpire (1893), Vol. I., ch. xv.-xviii; Vol. II., ch. xl.-xliii., -esp. app. IV. Myers (F. B.) -.The Congo for Christ (1896), ch. i., iii., v.-x. Schweinfurth (G.):Thc Heart of Africa (Third Edition, 1878), 2 vols., cli. ii.-iv., viii.-x., xi. Speke (.1. 11.): Journal of the discovery of the Source of the Kile (1863), esp. ch. v., ix.-xiv., xvii., xviii. Stanley (H. M.) : }{ou> I found Livingstone (1874). Thomson (J.): Through Masai-land (Revised Edn., 1887), ch. iii.-v., vii. xi. Wilson mid Felkin : Uganda and the Egyptian Sudan (1882), Vol. T., ch. v., vii.-ix.; Vol. II., ch. xi., xii. BIOGRAPHIES : Dawson (E. C.) : James Hannington (1887). Goodwin (H.) : Memoir ot Bishop Mackenzie (Second Edition, 1865). Heanley (R. M.) : Memoir of Edward Steerc (Second Edition, 1890). J. W. H. : A. M. Mcickoy (tenth thousand, 1894). Mission Heroes (S.l'.C.K.) : Bishofts Steerc and Mackenzie. Myers (J. H.) : Thomas J. Comber (Third Edition, 1893). MISSIONS : Arnot (F. R.) : Bihe and Garcnganse. Church Missionary Alias (1896), pp. 45-63. AX AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY XI Gust (11. N.) --.Africa Uediriva (1891), pp. 28-30, 50-07. Die Evatnjelischen Missionen in den dentachen Kolonien, S'c. (185)0). Guinness (F. E.) -.The New World of Central Africa (1890), II. -III. Histii-nj of tin- Universities' Mission in 0. Africa (1897), pp. 1-371. Leonard (D. L.) :A Hundred Years of Missions (1805), pp. 222-230. Lovett (11.) -.Primer of Modern Missions (1890), pp. !)2-l(H). Myers (,}. \i.):The Congo for Christ (18PG), cli. iv.-vi., viii.-xiii. rruen (S. T.) : The Arab and the African (1891), cJi. xi., xii. Htoek (S. G.) -.Tie Story of Uganda (1892). Pa>n-i>lil''ts, Kitch us : The Gospel in Uganda, Central Africa for Christ, To help to heal, &c., &c. F. Soi'Tii AFRICA AMI BRITISH CK.XTRAI, AFRICA. GENERAL \\'ORKS : Ileawood (E.) : The Geograph // of Africa (1897), Hi. xii. Kcane (A. II .) : Africa (1895), Vol. II., Hi. v.-viii. Keitli Johnston : Africa (Fourth Edition, 1881), .Hi. xxiii.-xxvi. Keltic (J. S.) -.The Partition of Africa (1S95), Hi', xx. Lucas (C. P.) : Jlist^rical Geography of the British Colonies (Vol. IV'., 181)7), 1'arl I., Hi. iv., ix. Mackenzie (J.) -.Anstral Africa (1887), pp. 403-117. Silva White (A.) : The Decdopnient of Africa (1892), pp. 179-181, 187, 210-211, 213-210, 212-7, 208-273. Thcal (G. M.):-o,'^/ ( Africa (1891), Vol. II., Hi. i.-vii., xiv.-xvi., xx\ iii.-xxix. TRAVKI.S: iirown (It.) -.--The Story of Africa and il.t Explort-K ( 18SJ3), Vol. II., Hi. ix.-xi. Forhes (A. G.) : Africa, $'c. (187-1), Hi. v., viii., ix., x. Johnston (11. II.) :- I.iriiKjxione, ^'c. (1891), Hi xii.-xiii. Kingston (\V.): --Great African Trari-Uers (IM.'O), Hi. x., xi. Li\ -iiigMone : Misi.iionarij Traceln in S. Africa (1801), Hi. i.-xxxii. liiociiAi'iiiK.s : A dams (II. G.): ]>ari/l Liriny^tiine. Hlaikic (\\. G.) : -/Y/-MXHI/ Life of Ikicid Liringttone (1880). llodder (K.): <'>,nicsts oflhcCrox* (18'KI), Vol. I., ]ij>. OS-ISO, 31()-UI."> (Schmidt, Vanderkemp, (,'am])l)Hl, Moffat, Livingstone). Mission Heroes (S. I'.C. K. ) : liixhop j. MolVat (.1. S.) : .'y/.c Li res of Holed an, I Mary Mffat (188!)). Walsh (W. P.) : M>.d,rn Uerot-s of the Mission Field (1892), Hi. xi. Vonge (C. M.) -.I'inneers ami /',.-!, nde;:-! (189O), pp. 250-i.O!). Soi-ni AFIJICAN MISSIONS; JJarrv (A.): -Ecclesiastical E*i ansion of Eii:tl. 37-"0, 55-7. /(', Kca,i(/clisclien Missioncn in tlen ilciifsdicn Kohinini, S'c. (ISJKi). llodder (E.): 1','Mivcsts of the Cros.v (1.890), Vol. II.. pp. 9S-I35; Vol. III., pp. 1-18, ;>9-72, 499-502. Home (C. S.): Tlictd.njofthe L.J/.A'., 1795-18J5, Hi. iii., ix. AN AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY Macdonald (J.) : -Light in Africa (1890), ch. ii.-iv. Merensky (H.) : Evanyeliscken Mission in Siidafrika (1891), pp. 5-63. Moffat (R.) -.Rivers of Water in a Dry PUce (N T ew Edition, 1892). Pascoe (C. F.): Digest of the S.P.G. Records (1895), ch. xxxvi.-lir. Hobertson (W.) : The Martyrs of Blantyre (1892), ch. i.-vi. Stevenson (\V. F.): Praying and Working (1886), pp. i>25-ill. Stewart (J.) : Lovedale, South Africa (1894), pp. 1-39. G. THE SLAVE TRADE AND THE DRINK TRAFFIC. THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE : Brown (R.) : Story of Africa and its Explorers (18^2), Vol. I., ch. iii. Lucas (C. P.) -.British Colonies (Vol. III., 1304), ch. iii. THE ARAB SLAVE TRADE: Clarke (R. F.): Cardinal Lavigerie and the African Slave Trade (1889), Part II., ch. i.-iv. hurch Missionary Atlas .-Part I., Africa (1 K 96), pp. 20-22. Baker (Sir S.) : Ismiilia (1874), ch. viii., xviii.-xix. Drummond (H.) -. Tropical Africa (Third Edition, 1889), ch. iv. Guinness (F. E.) -.The New World of Central Africa (1890), ch. vi.-vii. Hake (A. E.) -.The Journals of Major-General C. G. Gordon at Kartoum (1885), pp. 37, 95-6, 265, 296-7. Livingstone (D.) : The Zambesi a:id its Tributaries (1865), pp. 43-50, 354, 64, 420-1, esp. 591-7. Lucas(C. P.): British Colonies (IM7), Vol. IV., Part II., pp. 118-121. Lugard (F. J.) -. The Rise i>f our East African Empire (1593), Vol. I., ch. iii., vii., viii., and app. B. Pruen (S. T.) -.The Arab and the African (1891), ch. viii., ix. Silva White (A.) : The Development of Africa (1892), ch. vi. Smitli (C. S.) : The History of the U.M.C.A. (1897), ch. xviii. Spoilt (A.) : LaTraiteAfricaine(Revu.edeGeogra.phie, 1889),pp.81-94. Stevenson (J.) : The Arab in Central Africa (18b8), pp. 3-16. Waller (H.): Living stone's Last Journals (1874), Vol. I., pp. 56-65, 306; Vol. II., pp. 11, 212. THE DRIXK TRAFFIC : Blue Book : Liquor Trade in W. Africa, May, 1897. Reports of the " Xativo Races and Liquor Traffic United Committee." H. THE EVANGELIZATION OF AFRICA. Blaikie (W. G.) : Personal Life of Livingstone (1880), ch. xxii., xxiii. Bliss (E. M.) -. Encyclopedia of Missions (1891). C.M.S. Intelligencer, Jan., 1890, pp. 1-16, 40-47 ; Sept., 1891. pp. 673-5. Dennis (J. S.): Christian Missions and Social Progress, (1897). Guinness (L. E.) -.Which House? (1896). pp. 20-23, 35-37, 76-81. Leonard (D. L.) : .-1 Hundred Years of Missions (1895), pp. Zf.G-8. Missy. Review of the Wrld, Aug.,1893,pp.569-577 ; June, 1894, pp. 456-8. Stevenson '(W. F.) : Praying and Working (1886), pp. 325-411. Young (R.) -.Success of Christian Missions (1890), pp. 176-216. Centenary Conference on Fiireiyn Missions (1888), pp. 261-310. Make Jesus Km.i : (1896), pp. 206-210. Missionary Conference of the Anglican Communion (1894), pp. 231-256. The Stn.d-:nt Missionary Enterprise (1594), pp. 284-295. AFRICA WAITING. CIIAPTEE I. THE GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA. Position of Africa. Although Africa has be- come an island since the cutting of the Suez Canal, yet physically it stands in a closer relation to Asia than to Europe. The Red Sea, which divides Africa from Asia on the north-east, is both narrower and shallower than the Mediterranean. Moreover, as regards climate, it has much more in common with Asia than \vith Europe, owing to the similar latitude of Northern Africa and Southern Asia. Since also the equator cuts Africa at an almost equal distance from its northern and southern extremities, it is the most tropical continent in the world. Form and Surface. Outline. The continent may be said to consist of two regularly-shaped sections joined at light angles a northern one stretching from east to west, and a southern one stretching from north to south. The Gulf of Guinea on the west coast merely occupies the angle between these sections, while the Red Sea does not break the regularity of the outline of either Africa or Asia. As there are no deep bays, there are of course no large peninsulas ; the nearest approach to one is what B AFRICA WAITING has been called the Eastern " Horn " of Africa, which lies to the south of the Gulf of Aden. Bold capes and promontories are not, however, wanting such as the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas in the south, Cape Guardafui in the east, Capes Bon, Spartel, and Verd on the north and west. The regularity of out- line is further noticeable in the absence of large islands lying near the coasts. From the neighbour- hood of the equator on the west coast to the Mozambique Channel on the east, there is not a single island of any importance in a distance of 4000 miles. Africa thus forms a very compact mass. In area it is only exceeded among the continents by Asia, w r hich contains (with its islands) over 17,000,000 square miles, as compared with the 11,500,000 of Africa. Relief. Africa maintains, as a continent, a uni- formly high level. Its average height, which is second only to that of Asia, has been calculated to be about 2000 feet. Nowhere do \ve see extensive plains raised only slightly above the level of the sea, such as the vast low plains of Northern Asia or of the Amazon Valley in South America. Almost everywhere, on penetrating inland from the coast, a steep ascent is soon reached, leading either over mountain ranges parallel to the coast, or up a series of terraced escarpments to a high plateau which fills up the greater part of the interior. It is only where rivers have worn channels for themselves through the higher ground that the lowlands stretch any distance inland. On this account Africa has been likened to an inverted saucer, though this comparison holds good rather for the southern half than for the continent as a whole. River Systems. The rivers of Africa may be broadly divided into two classes, on the one hand those which rise on the outer edge of the main mass of high ground and run directly down to the sea, and on the other those which rise on the inner side of the ranges by which the plateau is bounded, and either find their way by a long and devious course to the sea (which THE GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA they often reach on the opposite side of the continent), or empty themselves into inland lakes. The second class are naturally the more important, and their combined basins cover the greater part of the con- tinent. There are four principal river-basins to the continent, and mention here will he made of seven. Beginning with the Nile (the largest river of the continent, which rolls through a greater extent of country from source to mouth than any other river in the world), we see that it traverses 30 of latitude from south to north. The broadest part of its basin occurs in the upper half, its width there being over 1100 miles. West of the Nile basin occurs that of Lake Chad, enclosed on all sides by higher ground, so that none of its waters ever reach the sea. When in flood there is, however, an out-flow to the north-east. Still farther west we come to the basin of the Nii/cr. The principal stream starts close to the west coast in a northern direction, and after describing an enormous curve, nearly a semicircle, readies the sea by a southerly course. From the east comes the largest tributary, the Benue, which has its source on the high tableland of the southern section of the continent. The iirst river basin of this high southern table- land, which we approach from the north, is that of the Coni/o. It occupies a vast and nearly circular area in West Central Africa, and in every respect, except its mere length, is the most important of all. Its general slope is from east to west, touching on the north each of the three basins already mentioned. In the upper part of its course, however, most of its tributaries flow into what appears to be the drying- up bed of an ancient inland sea. The combined waters of this vast area iinally break through the western rim of the continent by a narrow passage, in which the stream is constantly broken by rapids and cataracts, to become placid once more when only a short distance from the sea. South of the Congo basin we come to that of the B 2 AFRICA WA1T1XG Zambesi, which stretches almost across the whole width of the continent, but in exactly the reverse direction to the Congo, flowing as it does from west to east. The water-partings on the side of the Congo, though at a considerable elevation, are hardly dis- tinguishable, so level is the country ; while on the south its streams actually interlace with those con- nected with Lake Ngami, the direction of some of them varying with the time of year. This river has, like the Congo, to break through the rim of the continent before reaching the sea, and there receives, close to the east coast, a most important tributary, the Shir6, which flows from the great Lake Nyasa. The two remaining rivers that occupy South Africa are of much smaller size, and need only a passing mention. The Limpopo and the Orange rivers have courses exactly opposite to each other, and flow into the sea in an easterly and westerly direction respec- tively, and they both form natural boundaries to the countries between which they flow. A description of the great lakes of East Africa has been reserved for a later place. Climate, Flora, and Fauna. Climate depends chiefly on tempei'ature, prevailing winds, and rainfall. These in their turn determine vegetation, and the distribution of animal life, on which, together with climate, depends in a great measure the distribution of populations. 1. Temperature. Though Africa is the most tropical continent, it has a great variety of tempera- tures. In general, a clear distinction must be drawn between those of Northern and Southern Africa ; for from its position and shape the northern half is much more subject to continental heat than the southern section. In particular, along the coast of the Mediterranean and in the greater part of South Africa the actual mean temperature ranges from 72 to under 64 Fahrenheit ; while within the tropics the temperature of Africa south of the northern THE GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA deserts is low considering the latitude, this being principally due to the great average elevation. On the higher plateau, in fact, the climate is often really cold ; hut along the coasts of East Africa and the Gulf of Guinea, including vast regions in West and East Sudan, the mean annual temperature exceeds 80 Fahrenheit. 2. Prevailing Winds. We can only speak approxi- mately of winds in regions other than North and South Africa and on the Red Sea coast, for of those in the interior next to nothing is known. In the southern hemisphere the S.E. trade winds prevail off the west and south-east coasts ; hut in the northern hemisphere the N.E. trades are only constant off the Atlantic shores. Besides these the Gulf of Guinea enjoys the S.W. monsoon most of the year, except during the calms ; and the East Coast, affected hy Asia, receives southerly to north-easterly winds according to the timo of year. Along the Red Sea, however, the wind blows almost always from the north. .']. Rainfall. The distribution of rain is due princi- pally to the prevailing winds, and these again are very largely influenced by the distribution of land and water, and the general configuration of the country. Now as Northern Africa and South-West Asia form part of one climatic region, the fornr..T loses much of tlu, 1 influence of sea-breezes, and has a correspondingly small rainfall; hence its desert character. But as soon as the eastern " horn " is passed, we find almost everywhere a rainfall of over ten inches a year. The equatorial regions receive the greatest rainfall, varying generally from 25 to 100 inches a year. Among these, Sierra Leone and the Niger Delta seem to bi> the most humid regions of all, for even an average of 100 inches is exceeded there ; this is mainly the cause of their great unhcalthiness. \. The Seasons and their effect on Health. Near the equator there are two rainy seasons, extend- ing from April to November, separated by a short dry one, but as the distance from the equator increases, AFRICA WAITING only one rainy season is found, the remainder of the year being continuously dry. The worst times of the year for health are the beginning and end of the rainy seasons. The Mediterranean seaboard and the coasts of South Africa, which belong to the temperate zone, receive all their rain in the winter months, while snowfalls may occur in the most elevated regions of both. Even at the equator snow falls above a certain altitude ; ?nd it has been ascertained that Mounts Kilima-Njaro, Kenia and Ruwenzori, at any rate, thrust their crests above the line of perennial snow. Types of Vegetation. In this respect also we naturally find great contrasts in Africa. Thus the tem- perate regions possess special flora quite different from that of the tropical portion of the continent. The flora of the south consists largely of shrubs and bushes, the most characteristic order of plants being a variety of heaths. In the desert regions, especially in the north, the growth of plants is limited, but species of mimosa and acacia are particularly abundant in all the dry parts of the continent. Great varieties of vegetation are to be observed also \vithin the tropics. 1. There are the true tropical forests, so graphically described to us by Stanley, matted together with creepers and choked with dense undergrowth ; these forest regions are found principally on or near the equator, where there is no lengthened dry season, and in general on the western side of the continent. It is in regions like the Congo basin and the coast land of the Gulf of Guinea, that we find the most extensive and unbroken forests, which, though hardly attaining to the rich luxuriance of those of South America, still cover very large areas. This western region is also the chief home of the oil and wine palm, wiiich are of con- siderable value. 2. Then come the wide grassy expanses, either with or without trees ; this grass often attains a height unknown in temperate climates. THE GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA 3. Most characteristic perhaps, of Africa as a whole, are the tree savannahs, in which grassy expanses are dotted over with trees, either singly or in small patches, giving the country a park-like appearance. The grass here is, as a rule, burnt down annually by the natives, in order that a fresh and tender crop may spring up in its place. These annual grass-burnings have doubtless done much in the past to limit the extent of forests. 4. Also f/w.s.s'// steppes extend in East Africa for miles, forming grazing ground for cattle and for vast herds of wild animals. 0. Other types of vegetation are those of the moun- tain regions in East Africa and Abyssinia, which are very similar, and the swampy regions of lake margins and streams, such as the Upper Nile. Some of the most useful plants found in Africa in a wild state; may here be enumerated. The chief of them are in the dry regions of the north, the date- palm, esparto grass, or alfa (used for making paper), and various gum-acacias and aromatic plants ; in the moist forest regions, the oil-palm, orchilla weed (used as a dye) , and numerous creepers yielding india-rubber ; in other pails of Tropical Africa, the cotton plant and coffee shrub, the kola nut and gum copal tree. Some of the plants which are regularly cultivated will be noticed in speaking of the occupations of the people. African Fauna. Animals are mostly migratory, and in Equatorial Africa this movement seems to have been from north to south. The most ancient faunal types, which exist nowhere else, are the hippopotamus and the giraffe. Among the larger animals are the elephant, found almost everywhere south of the desert regions, and the antelope, of which there is an extraordinary number of species. Other characteristic animals are the lion, and leopard (though not the tiger), hya?na, jackal, Arc. ; the Cape buffalo, the zebra, and the wild ass of Abys- sinia; the fierce gorilla and the chimpanzee in western regions, and monkeys throughout the continent. The 8 AFRICA WAITING camel, imported from Asia, and now found all over the Sahara, must not be forgotten. There are many kinds of reptiles, such as the crocodile, viper, and puff-adder ; while the ostrich, the largest of existing birds, roams over the more arid regions. Of insect life there is an extraordinary abundance. Amongst these locusts are seriously dreaded in the north, while the tsetse-fly is a deadly enemy in Southern Africa ; its bite causes the death of horses, oxen, camels, sheep, and dogs ; but, curiously enough, it is innocuous to man, as also to buffaloes, zebras, goats, jackals, hyaenas, and several other wild animals. Periods of Exploration. Relation with other Continents. Very little is known of Africa's history in the remote past, but within historic times it has been modified by contact with peoples from without. The strip of country lying along the northern coast of Africa has always been in touch with Europe and ^Yestern Asia, but we see at once that the great desert of Sahara formed an obstacle to the extension of outside influence. It is only since the Arab introduction of the camel that this insuperable barrier to progress has been crossed. On turning eastward, how- ever, we find that Eastern Africa was long ago closely connected with the Arab power, which had its centre in South-\Yest Arabia, where Aden now stands, and an extensive trade was carried on with most of the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. Evidence of this remains in ancient buildings on the east coast, and of commerce still older in a gold-mining district of South-East Africa. A similar political connexion in later times was that between Zanzibar and the Sultans of Muscat (for the last two centuries), until in our own day the trade has fallen increasingly into the hands of natives of India, from amongst whom also the police forces of British Tropical Africa are now largely recruited. Isolation of Central Africa. The fact remains THE GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA that the whole centre of the continent had, until the nine- teenth century, hardly any dealings with the outside world as known to history. Several causes have brought about this isolation. The roundness of outline, the want of access from the sea by navigable rivers, the unhealthi- ness of the coast-lands, and the want of political status of Africa all these causes have not been favourable to intercourse with outsiders. And even when reached, the only staple products of the continent have consisted in gold, ivory, and slaves, none of them, when brought to the coast, being of so much importance as the spices, silks, and muslins of the Far East, or the precious metals and plantation products of America. Epochs of Discovery. We may fairly lay down six epochs as marking stages in the history and development of Africa. 1. The Knowledge of the Ancients, so far as ancient Egypt was concerned, probably extended to the lower Nile valley, and the coasts of the Red Sea. They may have reached the shores of the Indian Ocean beyond ; in fact, a Phenician vessel is mentioned by Herodotus as having circumnavigated Africa, and it may be true. Carthaginians not only settled along the Mediterranean coast, but probably reached the ( I ult' of (iiiinea. Greeks and Romans show by their writings some knowledge of the interior and its races ; while an expedition sent by Nero seems to have reached a point very far up the Nile. Later on mention is made of the Nile lakes and the famous Mountains of the Moon, now identified with the equatorial snow mountains ; they certainly figured on most of the maps of olden days. 2. A nih Discoveries, due to extension of Aral) in- lluence over most of Northern Africa, (while a hindrance to European intercourse with the central regions) enlarged the bounds of knowledge. Trade also was promoted witli the countries south of the Sahara. The writings of Arab historians and geographers, between the tenth and sixteenth centuries, were the first to supply us with any definite information. 10 AFRICA WAIT IXC, 3. Portuguese Voyages of the fifteenth century, as directed by Prince Henry of Portugal, have led to all modern discovery. His is a name that will stand high among those who have done good work for the world. Intent on opening up a sea-route round Africa to the East, Prince Henry despatched expedition after expe- dition with admirable method and stedfastness, each extending by a little the bounds of knowledge on the West Coast. His death in 1460 did not damp the ardour of his followers in the work begun, for Bartholomew Diaz doubled the Cape in 1487, and Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498. Meanwhile, the kingdom of Congo came under Portuguese influence, and the successors of Da Gama established forts and settlements along the whole East Coast of Africa. 4. European Coast Settlements. It was not long before other European nations the British, French, Dutch, and Danes began to frequent the coasts of Guinea in quest of gold and slaves. Besides this, many attempts were made by way of the Senegal and Gambia to reach the city of Timbuctu, of which the Arab writers had said so much. This part of the coast was preferred to others as a starting point, from a belief that the Niger flowed westwards to the sea. And further the site of Cape Town, off Table Bay, which was discovered by Saldanha in 1507, was per- manently occupied by the Dutch in 1652. This little settlement expanded into a small agricultural colony, and, when reinforced by French Huguenots and other Protestant refugees after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, it became the centre from which the explora- tion of Southern Africa was to begin. 5. Exploration of the Interior will be treated of successively in later chapters. The opening of the heart of Africa has been the work of the last hundred years, till now the Niger and Sudan, the Nile and the Great Lakes, the Zambesi and the Congo, are all ex- plored. Only in the present day has the whole conti- nent been laid bare to our view, and none have helped to open it so widely as David Livingstone. Previous THE GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA to his time our knowledge of this vast region has heen quaintly thus described by Dean Swift : " Geographers in Afric's maps Put savago beasts to fill up gaps, And o'er inhabitable downs Put elephants for want of towns." 6. Modern Partition of Africa. The Brussels Con- ference of 1884, between the Powers of Europe, authorized various European nations to assume pro- tection over nearly all the continent. During the past few years annexations have proceeded apace in all directions, until, with the doubtful exception of Abys- sinia, the only native dominions of any importance are those of the Mahdists in the Eastern, and of Wadai in the Central Sudan. If, therefore, Europe gives her best to Africa, the day of Africa's redemption is already dawning. CHAPTEE II. NATIVE RACES, LANGUAGES, AND RELIGIONS. DR. Frederick Max Miiller has said: "My three favourite studies are the Science of Language, the Science of Thought, and the Science of Religion." No continent, except Asia, possesses a more varied field of observation for the study of race and language and religion than Africa. For hither the ethnologist can trace the wanderings of the sons of Shem and Ham and Japheth. The- widest scope for research can be given to the linguist, while Paganism, Mohammedanism, and Christianity in many of their forms are represented. African Races. The contrast between North and South Africa, as observed in our last chapter, is still very marked, w r hen we look at the various races which people the continent ; and the boundary line between the two corresponds very well with the climatic line of division. The Northern and the Southern Africans belong respectively to two out of the three main groups into which the human race has been divided, the North Africans forming part of the so-called White, Caucasian, or Mediterranean type, while the latter belong to what has been styled the Ethiopic or Black type. In other respects, they may be briefly described as follows : the Northern have broad skulls, straight noses with a high bridge, thinnish lips, and somewhat curly hair ; while the Southern have narrow skulls (long in comparison from front to back), NATIVE RACES, LANGUAGES, AND RELIGIONS 13 broad, flat noses, thick lips, woolly hair, high cheek- hones and, in particular, projecting jaws. There are exceptions, of course, especially where an admixture has taken place in the past. When further divided, the Northern races fall under two main divisions of the Mediterranean race, generally known as Semitic and Hamitic. But except for certain broad differences of feature and forms of speech, the two races are much mixed up. 1 The Southern races consist mainly of two branches of the black or Negro race, commonly known nowadays as Sudan Negroes and Bantu tribes. In various parts of the Bantu domain, scattered tribes of small stature (called dwarfs or pygmies) have been recently met with, while in the south-west of the continent we find other tribes totally distinct from the Bantus, which are classed as Hottentots and Bushmans. And yet a sixth division is given by Dr. F. Mailer of Vienna, called the Fulah-Nuba race, but more will be said under languages of this interesting group. Their Manners and Customs. The occupations of these races are threefold. The Semitic and Ha- mitic races dwell principally in regions of the north and north-east, which just afford pasturage for flocks or for cattle. They are mainly pastoral, possessing nomadic habits due to wandering in search of pasture. Their flocks, too, vary in different regions according to the dryness of the climate, the camel alone being able to subsist in the most arid regions of all. The Negro race generally practises agriculture, often to the entire exclusion of cattle-rearing, especially in the moist and warm regions of West Africa ; the Negroes therefore, as a rule, are more stationary in their habits. In the south of their domain, however, the nature of the country gives more importance again to cattle-rearing. In many parts where the Northern races have encroached on the domain of the Negro, the ruling (Hamitic) race is devoted to cattle-rearing, i Cf. Chapter III. 14 AFRICA WAITING and the subject Negroes to agriculture. The mode of life of the races of small stature differs from both of the above types. These tribes are of nomadic habits, wandering about in search of game, which they kill with poisoned arrows. Trade has been carried on for many centuries in North Africa across the desert, for the interchange of the products of the countries to the north and south of that region, and for the export of its main products, dates, salt, and indigo dye. Goods are carried by long strings of camels, known as caravans, by the help of which alone the desert can be crossed. In the Negro domain, commerce has been in a very backward state until recent years, although it is supposed by some that ivory has been exported from Central Africa to the east coast since early times. Means of inter-communication have been almost entirely wanting, as there are no roads, but only narrow, wind- ing foot-paths, connecting the villages, and forming, in parts, frequented routes for longer distances, along which goods can only be transported on men's heads. Industries are few, and hardly supply any articles of commerce. In Northern Africa, goat's hair is woven into cloth, both for clothing and for tents. In the southern half of the continent, iron is worked where- ever present, and iron implements often form objects of barter. The Negro, however, is not inventive, though he readily imitates. He shows a great deal of skill in the simpler handicrafts, such as basket-work, weaving, and the making of wooden utensils. Political, Social, and Religious Life. In no continent is there less tendency to the formation of states than in Africa. This is chiefly due to the nature of the Negro race, which shows, perhaps, less aptitude for political combination than any other people. The Northern races, who undoubtedly stand on a higher level of culture than the Negro, show a much greater disposition to the formation of states, v/hich are therefore found on both sides of the desert zone, where the possibility of cultivation gives a greater NATIVE RACES, LANGUAGES, AM) RELIGIONS 15 fixity to the population. In the desert itself the pastoral life of the inhabitants, with the nomadic habits which it induces, tends rather to the formation of numerous family groups or clans under patriarchal rule, these being occasionally combined over a large area to form a sort of political confederation. In the southern half of Africa there hardly exists a really important kingdom, and where such has been formed it has never been of long duration. Instead of power- ful kings, we find only innumerable petty chiefs, whcse authority, in many cases, is restricted to a single village ; a general state of mutual distrust is the result, and feuds are perpetually kept up between neighbouring tribes and villages. This state of things is one of the greatest obstacles to progress and civilization. It has been largely encouraged by the slave trade, which has been the scourge of Africa for centuries. The domestic life of the Negroes is primitive, and the bonds of family relationship are very strong. There is great affection shown between parents and children, but the prevalence of polygamy, especially among the chiefs, leads to endless discords and other evils. Cannibalism is still prevalent in certain parts, having been originally connected in most cases with religious rites. The Northern races, with hardly an exception, profess the religion of Mohammed, and many tribes have the name of being religious fanatics. But the re- ligious ideas of the Negroes are very primitive. 1 Where they have come in contact with Northern races, they have to a large extent become nominally converted to Islam, which has of late years rapidly extended its influence southwards ; little, however, is understood of the doctrines of that religion by the so-called converts. Much more is being done towards elevating the Negroes by the missionaries of the various Christian communions, who of late years have met with con- siderable success in their work. Population. Estimates given by recent writers 1 Cf. pp. 18 28. 1 6 AFRICA WAITING and statisticians differ enormously as to the total number of the inhabitants of Africa. One considers the number as low as 127 millions, and others reckon the population to be about 200 millions, but numbers given for the Sudan and for Central Africa are little more than guesses, and even in better known parts there is great uncertainty. It can only be generally stated that the Sudan is the most thickly populated part, and the Sahara has fewest inhabitants. Approximate tables are, however, given at the end of Chapters III., IV., V., VI. African Languages. There have been so few philologists at work among African languages that the classification of languages and of dialects has only just begun. 1. The Hamitic Family of languages probably consists of thi'ee groups : (a) Egyptian, the ancient language of Egypt and of Moses, with records on stone that date as far back as 4000 years before the Christian era. Under Greco- Christian influences this passed into Coptic, which has survived in ecclesiastical use in the Coptic Church. (b) Libyan, or Berber, comprises the indigenous vernaculars of North Africa prior to the Arab invasion, and is still used by the Berbers and Tuaregs. This group undoubtedly represents the ancient language of Mauretania and Numidia, and later on it was used by Augustine in preaching. It ranks, therefore, among the most venerable of human tongues. (c) Ethiopic is strangely intermixed with other dialects in and around Abyssinia. In this group are found the languages of the Somali and Galla nations in the Eastern Horn, also of the Bisharin, Falashas, and Agau. 2. The Semitic Family has two branches in Africa : (a) The languages of Abyssinia, especially Amharic and Tigr6, are derived from the ancient Geez of Southern Arabia, which is still the NATIVE RACES, LANGUAGES, AND RELIGIONS 17 liturgical language of the Abyssinian Christians ; (1)) Arabic, rightly called one of the conquering lan- guages of the world, " is the vehicle of thought over the greater part of Africa, and the instrument of the spread of Islam throughout Northern Africa." Kabyle, Kafir, and Swahili are Arab names in north and south and east, which will long be remembered. 3. The Fulah and Nuba Groups occupy a posi- tion midway between the Hamite and the Negro. As Arabic is the language of religion, so Fid ah has been the language of empire. Pure Nubians now inhabit the Nile valley, having most likely immigrated from the 1 west between the time of Herodotus and that of Eratosthenes. Both these nations are dominant races, superior in power and culture to lower Pagan peoples. They are also bigoted Moslems. 4. The Negro Systems. The Negro and the Bushman probably share the honour of being the ori- ginal inhabitants of Africa. Certainly the Negro type appears distinctly on the monuments of Egypt dated 5000 years ago. There are three great Negro dwelling places : (d) the western coast, (b~) the basin of the Chad, (<) tin' TppiT Nile. The pure Negro lives, however, in the western half of the Sudan. Their population is estimated at from sixty to a hundred millions, and their distinct languages amount to about 200, in addition to innumerable dialects. Among the number of isolated languages, H) Those worshipped by the inhabitants of certain towns, localities, or districts. These are the Local Deitit'x, the spirits of the neighbouring rivers, forests, hills and sea. They are very numerous, every locality having several. Their general name is 7?o//.vf<;. (<) Those worshipped by smaller sections of the community, such as by special families or town companies. Kach family or town company has its own deity of tin's class, who gives protection in return for worship and sacrifice. (<1) Those worshipped by one individual. These are the Tiiti'ldri/ Dcilics of individuals. Their general name is Siiliwan. The deities of class (/>) are believed to have been appointed by those of class (), through the agency of the priesthood ; while those of class (d) are obtained by individuals for themselves in a varietv of ways. The last two classes are clearly the product and result of priestcraft. 22 AFRICA WAITING " The method by which the Negro of Western Africa obtains a Suliman is an exact copy of the legitimate ritual by which a family obtains a family god ; the Negro who requires a tutelary deity for his family applies to the priest." Very different is it when an individual privately resorts to one of the spirits (for this is a case of a direct relapse into animism). This leads us on to explain the real nature of fetishism. Fetishism. It is a pity that the word " fetish " has been applied to almost every form of African super- stition. The word comes from the Portuguese " feitico," an amulet or charm, and is properly restricted to inanimate objects. It is a mistake to use it to designate local nature spirits or animals held in reverence. If the above forms of worship have been carefully studied, it will be clearly seen that "fetishism, the worship of tangible and inanimate objects, is not at all characteristic of primitive peoples. It is only arrived at after considerable progress has been made in religious ideas, and owes its existence to gradual loss of belief in the indwelling god, until the power, originally believed to belong to the god, is finally attributed to the tangible or inanimate object itself." It will l)e well here to notice the functions of African Pagan priests. The Priesthood. It appears that the Negroes of the Gold Coast have an order of priests, chosen for life, who have become quite indispensable. In Egypt, it will be remembered, the chief rulers used to be high-priest and king in one, and this is still the case in several parts of Africa. These king-priests are liable, however, to lie put to death for several causes, and the executioner may be the destined successor of the king. It is still more remarkable that among the Damaras the chiefs have a kind of sacerdotal authority more so than a military one. Funeral Rites show that a general belief in a ghost world has always existed, and a Yoruba proverb runs : " A corner in this world is better than a corner in the NATIVE RACES, LANGUAGES, AND RELIGIONS 23 world of spirits." It is very doubtful how far there is a belief in any future life among the East Africans, for in many places their wail of sorrow cannot rise above " Amekwisha " or " he is finished ;" while " All is done for ever " is the song of the West Africans. Ancestral worship, too, springs from a belief in departed spirits. These spirits are supposed to have the power of in- flicting storms, floods, lightning, diseases, &c. They need therefore to be appeased, or exorcised, whence come witchcraft, sorcery, divination, and all their attendant horrors. Jilnldtr//. " Only one people in East Africa," says Burton, " possess idols, and these come from the West." But in Congo-land they are to be found everywhere, and the Gaboon Pagans have a curious plan of lodging their idols in dwarf huts. There is, however, nothing in Africa like; the elaborate image-worship in India. 4. Monotheism. A belief in monotheism is also prevalent in Africa to-day, and, though by no means- confined to followers of Mohammed, yet Islam has been undoubtedly the greatest means for reviving and intensifying such a belief. We therefore propose to make some study of Islam in Africa. Of the three missionary religions, as Prof. Max Miiller calls Buddhism, Mohammedanism, and Christianity, none has in so marked a degree overstepped the limits of race as the religion of Mohammed. True, Christianity, like Islam, took its rise among Semitic peoples. But, ever since Christianity left the place of its birth, it has really only taken possession of whole; races among the European branch of the human family. And though Christianity to-day surrounds the lands of Islam, in so doing it still followed the migration and settlements of the Aryan race. Let us here take four aspects of Mohammedanism in Africa to-day its extent and present state, its strength and evils. Islam in Africa. Islam among Semitic and semg Semitic races is quite different from Islam amoni- Mongolian and Indo-European races, as in Turkey, Persia, and India. It is too generallv taken for granted 24 AFRICA WAITING that it is a rigidly uniform system, and that the Turk is the type and representative of the whole Moslem world. Therefore, in dealing with this large subject there must be no mistake at the outset on this point. The propagation of Islam in Africa has been carried on by successive Arab immigrations. Since Mo- hammed's death at the lowest estimate 250,000 Arabs have passed into Africa from Asia. They have followed three different directions and three separate methods of proselytizing commerce, persuasion, and the sword. The Field. 1. Xortli Africa and Western Sudan. Within seventy years of their prophet's death, the Arabs had become masters of North Africa, and its richest states had been taken away from the influences of Christendom, leaving North African Christianity to linger on for centuries in isolation. Literary and commercial capitals were founded at Fez, Kairouan, and Morocco, and industries were encouraged. Arab rule at that time was really beneficial, and culture was as high as anywhere in Europe, save Byzantium. The position of women, too, was higher than it is to-day. By A.D. 1000, not only had the Berbers submitted to Islam and adopted Arabic as their language, but even Timbuctu was reached. From here Mohammedanism found an entrance into the countries of the Jalofs, Mandingos, andFulahs. Then, turning east, it reached Lake Chad by the thirteenth century, to be stopped there for a time by opposition in the empire of Kanem on the north-east of the lake. 2. Upj)cr Eyijpt and Eastern Sudan. Lane tells us that the Nubians were quite early converted from Christianity in wholesale fashion. Schweinfurth dubs them as about " as unscrupulous rascals as any in the world." Kordofan has Arab traces by the fourteenth century. Sennaar was organized into a kingdom in the sixteenth century. Wadai, Darfur, and Bagirmi were .probably not converted to Islam till a hundred years later. Generally speaking, therefore, the influence of Islam between the eleventh and seventeenth centuries, ex- NATIVE RACES, LANGUAGES, AND RELlGfOXS 25 tended over all the Sudan, and many of these peoples are now bigoted Moslems. 3. Eaxt Africa. The Zeila empire on the Somali coast, with its sacred capital, Harrar, was founded as early as A.D, 740, and the heathen Gallas were partially converted. Two hundred years later the states of Magadosha and Kilwa, on the East Coast, were started, the better known Melinde and Mombasa rising later still. A regular trade between the Persian Gulf and East Africa was firmly established by the time the Portuguese arrived off these coasts. But the lack of military organization, and the solely trading propen- sities of the Arabs, caused a general failure to win over these peoples to Islam. The Present Century. Several remarkable revivals of proselytizing zeal have taken place during this century. The first was due to the rise of Othman dan Fodio. This man, a Fulah by birth, returned from Mecca infected by "Wahabee notions, received a vision of Mohammed commissioning him to be an apostle of Islam, and to mark the place, founded the city of Sokoto. Then he proclaimed the Jehad, or holy war, against the infidels in 1802, resulting in the empire of Sokoto. Puritan Islam was established, and only checked from spreading further eastwards near to Lake Chad. On the death of Othman this great kingdom was divided, into Sokoto and Gando on the east and the empire of Massina on the west. Among its later apostles Samadu must be mentioned, as having become in our day " the scourge of all the peaceable states on the right bank of tbe "Upper Niger." The second movement was led by old Sanusi of Tripoli, who formed a strong Mohammedan brother- hood all over North Africa, full of bigotry and intolerance, and only lately died of a great age at Jaghbub. The third and best known attempt at con- tinental rule was that of the Mahdists' insurrection in 1882, when all the Eastern Sudan rose up in arms. This will ever be connected with General Gordon's name and martyrdom. A fourth and final effort to establish Arab sway in Central Africa was checked by 26 AFRICA WAITING the Belgians (1892-4), during which war Nyangwe, long the central source of the Arab slave trade in Central Africa, was captured. East Africa has seen a vast increase of Arab trade during this century. Livingstone's travels opened up the interior, and at once the Arabs followed in his track. Elsewhere the horrors of the Arab slave trade are alluded to. The best known effort to convert an East African nation was that of Arab traders in Uganda. But King Mtesa chose the Christian's Book instead of the Koran. The Strength of Islam. Nothing is gained by minimizing the great political, social and religious strength of Islam in Africa. The following are some of the causes of strength, as borne witness to by several travellers. They must, however, be taken with some reservation until more complete knowledge is to hand. Socially, a kind of freemasonry is set up wherever Islam goes. A general moral elevation is observable, at any rate in parts of the Sudan. For instance, natives begin to dress more neatly ; they become cleaner, and more industrious. And even supposing the indigo dye trade in Hausaland to be nearly 1000 years old, yet works in metals and other goods have been introduced by Moslems. Large towns, such as Kano, Sokoto, Timbuctu, Sego, have been founded, and are now governed by Moslem laws. Their markets are filled with commerce and thronged with vendors. Education of a primitive kind is universal. Boys are kept under instruction for years. Before a student is admitted to the ranks of the learned, he must pass an examination, in some places of seven days, conducted by a board of imams and ulemas. If he is successful, he is presented with a sash or scarf, usually of fine white cloth and native manufacture, to w r ind round his cap and form an Oriental turban, a sort of M.A. hood. Those who are allowed to wear these turbans have read through and recited the Koran many hundred times, whether they understand it or not. In all thriving communities, in West and Central Africa, NATIVE RACES, LANGUAGES, AND RELIGIONS 2 7 there has heen a healthy amalgamation of the Mo- hammedan Negro and Arab, so that it is contended by some that the longer the tribes have been converted the greater the superiority of the race. Lastly, Islam demands total abstinence from intoxi- cants of all its followers. Do they abstain ? Testi- monies from Captains Binger and Lugard, the late Mr. Joseph Thomson, and Mr. C. H. Robinson are all to the contrary. They say the Fulah peoples are a drunken race. But why ? It is no fault of the precepts of Islam, but a lack of power to put them into practice. Islam as a system is a solid protest against the drink. Politictilli/, the spread of Arabic is a unifying factor. It is the language of reverence, and of covenant, the bond between the nations. The conversion of whole tribes to Islam, as in the case of the Nubians and Moslems of the Eastern Sudan, have dangerous effects when they are stirred up to rebellion, as are the Mahdists at present. The pilgrimage to Mecca has as stimulating an influence on them as conferences on us. On their return home, leaders, poets, and charm-writers arise in numbers. Thus every year, for good or evil, Islam advances nearer to the equator, and closer to the (luinea Coast. There is scarcely a town along the West and East Coast now without its mosque. IteliyioHxly, Islam brings the belief in one God. Except in countries such as Yortiba, where a belief in a Creator already exists, this marks a great advance ; it means the banishment of polytheism, the gradual removal of sorcery and human sacrifice. Secondly, Jslam is i-ontiniiiilly making converts, some even from among nominal Christians. This is doubtless due to its number of native African missionaries. The Evils of Islam. On the other hand, the evils of Mohammedanism are undeniable. Several gross evils must be mentioned here. Sir William Muir, who has studied the question so fully, says very clearly that " polygamy, divorce, and slavery are perpetrated and maintained by that religion," ' striking at the root of 1 Cf. Chapters I IT.. IV.. VII. 28 AFRICA WAITING public morals, poisoning domestic life, and disorganizing society. Freedom of thought is almost unknown among its adherents, for to abandon Islam is death ; therefore it has afforded one of the most complete barriers against Christianity. The sword of Mohammed is the most stubborn enemy of liberty, civilization and truth that the world has ever known. Moreover, the spread of Mohammedanism and the spread of Christianity cannot be compared ; for the spread of the former is a social rather than a religious question. There is no demand made for a change of heart or life. The Problem of Islam. What then is the Mohammedan missionary problem in Africa to-day? Briefly, how to reach sixty million souls scattered over an area half again as large as Europe. Between the sources of the Niger and the valley of the Nile there is no Christian witness whatever, except a few copies of the Arabic Bible and Testament. All the intervening kingdoms are abandoned to die in ignorance of Christ, and there is no other mission-field in such a case. Surely a chain of Christian stations should be started without further delay across the great Sudan's 3000 miles. CHAPTER III. NOKTH AFHICA, EGYPT, AND ABYSSINIA. NORTHERN Africa, as already defined, means that part of the continent -which has been peopled by the two so called Mediterranean races. This great region con- tains an area somewhat larger than that of Europe and a Mohammedan population of about 25,000,000. It falls naturally into three main divisions the North African States of Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, the great Sahara desert stretching from the Atlantic on the west to the Nile on the east, and the Nile regions of Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. North AJfrican History is full of interest. Ancient Druid mounds are to be found in Morocco. Ruins iind monuments of ancient Carthage and other rhenici.m cities remind us of their past commercial greatness. We remember, too, the Greek colony of Cyrene, and Home's fairest province of "Africa," the granary of her Empire. Lastly, Egypt's ancient river has claimed to keep along its hanks witnesses to the world's earliest civilization. In Christian times Africa has been adorned bv names like Tertullian, Cyprian, Athanasius, and Augustine. But when controversies arose, the Arian Vandals found a footing there, and sorely persecuted the Christians. A still greater judgment fell upon the Church when Moslem Akbar led his 10,000 horsemen into Africa, and, within seventy years of the death of Mohammed, all North Africa fell a prey to the Arabs, and a death-blov\ had been dealt to African Christianity. "We must not stop to speak of Arab rule and literature, of Turkish conquests in the Fifteenth century ; nor to 30 AFKfCA WAITING compare the rival claims (to the Caliphate) of Sultans of Morocco with those of Turkey. We merely allude to the " Barbary Corsairs," or the Moorish pirates of Algeria, who were once " the scourge of Christendom," and a universal terror to Europe and even to Amei'ica. Within our own day European policy has left Morocco governed by a youthful Sultan, whose name is Abdul Aziz. France has renovated Algeria into a beautiful and healthy colony and taken Tunis prac- tically under her rule. Tripoli still remains a province of the Turkish Empire, and Egypt tributary to Turkey, but protected and supervised by the British Govern- ment. Abyssinia under King Menelik of Shoa acknowledges " the mutual protection " of Italy, while France and Britain both have small protectorates off the Gulf of Aden. North African States. Speaking generally, the climate of North Africa re- sembles that of Southern Europe, and especially that of Spain and Portugal. The northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains are clothed with forests of European trees, while the extensive plateaux of Tripoli are covered with alfa grass, out of which paper is made. Further east the land of Barca is full of evergreens. The earliest inhabitants of North Africa were the Hamite Berbers, who still form a large element in the population. Of subsequent settlers and invaders the Arabs alone have left many representatives, and these have become much intermingled with the Berbers. In the northern coast- lands the Arab element is to be found chiefly in the east, though in the Sahara the reverse is the case. The Berbers are more inclined to settle down as cul- tivators than the Arabs, who prefer to remain a nomadic pastoral people. The states founded after the Moslem invasions have left their mark in North Africa to-day, and we now proceed to look at them separately. Morocco, with Fez, Mequinez, and Marakesh as its capital towns, is three times the size of the United Kingdom. It is only six days' journey from England. NORTH AFRICA, EGYPT, AND ABYSSINIA 31 There are very great differences of opinion as to the population, but it is probably somewhere about six millions, and is only increasing in the oases of Tafilet and Tuat, the latter of which is now laid claim toby the French. This is due to the comparative safety of these dwelling-places. Among its peoples are found the ancient Berber stock, the Moors, pure Arabs, Jews, and Negroes. The Moors predominate in the towns, and the Berbers in the villages and the hills. The Negroes are either captured slaves or their liberated descendants. The Jews, 300,000 in number, are all refugees from Europe or emigrants from Palestine. There is no aristocracy, but people of the highest class are called " shereefs " or "descendants of the prophet," and to this class the young Sultan belongs. The people in the West of Morocco are the most degraded and enslaved. Their condition is, perhaps, a little better than in most Moslem countries, especially among the Berbers ; for with them married women have some domestic influence ; some even have rights of inheritance, a custom which is older than Moslem times. In South Morocco, Piohlfs speaks of religious orders with women as leaders. It is the custom to have only one wife, but divorces are frequent, with attendant evil consequences. Fella- heen, or village-women, go about unveiled, except in the towns ; but Belladeen, or towns-women, are always veiled. They have beautiful figures and features, and love-marriages are common. Domestic life is patriarchal, and Arab men and women are given Bible or Koran names, while Berbers choose Pagan names. The people are noted for their hospitality, but harvest time is a time for universal drinking, and the people get sadly drunk. The poor live on milk, butter, eggs, and a kind of porridge. Only the richer folk eat meat. Education is at a very low ebb, and less than ten per cent, of the people can read. Women are positively not allowed to learn. There are schools in every village, where boys are taught to repeat portions of the Koran and the Hadeeth. The Moors follow the 32 APR 1C A WAITING Moslem sect of Malekites, but are very ignorant. Their service in assemblies consists often only in shouting " Allah ! ", or the Shehad, thousands of times. The name of God is always on their lips, and a belief in predestination is of course part of their system. Industry is paralyzed by the covetousness of the Court. Whatever commerce exists is due to England and France. There are no railways whatever. Ce- reals and fruit, leather-work, rugs and carpets, are exported, but with prohibitive tariffs. Ignorance of medicine is profound, and only the elements of surgery are understood. The chief diseases in Morocco are syphilis, sinall-pox, several forms of eye-disease and cataract, ringworm almost without exception among the boys, and leprosy in the South. The need of medical missions is great, and three Missionary Societies have made a noble start. There seems more promise of early results to mission work among the Berber race than among the Moors and Arabs. Algeria and Tunis. These two countries w r ere long nominally vassal states of the Turkish empire, though under powerful rulers of their own, known as Deys of Algiers and Beys of Tunis. Since 1830 Algeria has belonged to the French and become a costly colony, and since 1881 the Bey has accepted French protection for Tunis. Algeria is within fifty-five hours' journey of London, and has a population of 4,000,000, in a country twice the size of France. The French have made an enormous outlay on its roads and railways, irrigation works, and port of Philippeville, at the rate, it is said, of 160 per colonist. This beautiful country has become a home for the unemployed, and 8000 families from Alsace and Lorraine have emigrated here. Every European fruit, vegetable, and grain is grown ; figs, oranges, vines, and olives among the number, besides dates and tobacco. Mineral stores of marble, iron, lead, salt, and copper have been discovered. Hither the birds of Europe, such as the thrush, the starling, r,nd the nightingale, come to spend the winter. Here VORTH AFRICA, EGYPT, AND ABYSS Iff 1 A 33 are found the stork, pelican, partridge, quail, and various kinds of ducks. Year by year the French are extending their authority southwards, and now lay claim to the oases of Tuat, which used to belong to Morocco. Cultivation (and with it population) has of late years been much extended in this part of Algeria by the boring of artesian wells, which now irrigate many districts formerly arid. In time it is intended to form a chain of oases in this way, right across the Sahara desert to Lake Chad, and so to make a trans- Saharan railway possible. Til n / a has a population of I 1 , millions, the foreign element being much smaller than in Algeria. Italians and Jews form the most numerous sections. Maltese are the shop-keepers, cafe-holders, cattle- dealers, boatmen, and fishermen. During the last sixteen years wonderful progress has been made. drapes and wheat are now grown in abundance. Farms have been stalled, canals constructed, schools, colleges, and libraries have been founded. Order pre- vails, and even religious toleration, for the sacred city and temple of Kairouan can be entered by a Christian for a fee. Tripoli, a province of the Turkish Empire, extends from Tunis to Kgypt, and south into the desert so as to occupy a space nearly four times as large as Great Britain. Its sandy coasts are backed by a waterless and this in turn by the oasis of Fexxan. Its are chiefly Arab tribes, with a few Berbers The negro Tibbus border Fe/xan to the south. Not much has to be said about the country, except that Tripoli and Benghazi are the outlets for Sudan trade, which is chiefly in ostrich feathers. The powerful Moslem sect of Sanusi is a great obstacle to the progress of the Gospel in Eastern Tripoli. Missions to Morocco, Alycrin, T/nt/x, and Tripoli. Ever since the "non-missionary" North African Church was swept away and gave place to Islam, there have been noble followers of St. D 34 AFRICA WAITING Francis and St. Dominic, who have gladly died by the hundred that the light might dawn again over the land where once Augustine preached. There ie abun- dant testimony also to the high example set by Roman and French Missions within this century. But it was only sixteen years ago that the first permanently successful Protestant Mission w r as started. The North African Mission deserves our first atten- tion. Originally started in 1881 by Mr. George Pearse and then called the " Mission to the Kabyles" of Algeria, it has now grown until its sphere includes every Mediterranean state. Its mission staff in the field, which will soon have reached 100 workers, is responsible for almost all the interest lately aroused in this long neglected field. The Arabs and Berbers have been found not altogether unapproachable, and hospital and dispensaiy work has opened many a closed door. The work is now earned on among Jews as well as Mohammedans, and it is hoped that some will soon come forward and offer to penetrate into the Sahara with the Gospel. Among other agencies at work, the work of the British and Foreign Bible Society must be mentioned. Last year 15,000 portions of the Scriptures were circu- lated in Algeria and Tunis in nineteen languages. The London Jews Society has some good schools for Jews in Tunis, supervised by Mr. Flad, who was formerly so successful among the Falasha Jews of Abyssinia, and as intermediary between England and King Theodore in the Magdala campaign. Good work is being done by the South Morocco Mission, the World's Gospel Mission of Kansas in North Morocco, the Open Brethren in Kabylia, and several individual men and women of faith and prayer. TJte Sahara. South of these Mediterranean states, and stretching from the Atlantic to the Nile, lies the great desert of Sahara. It has an area twice as large as India, but with a population, it is thought, of not more than two tJORTIl A I- RICA, EGYPT, AND ABYSSf.VfA 35 millions and a half. It must not be supposed that all is sandy desert. There certainly are the " Ergs " or dreaded sandhills, from 70 to "lOOO feet high, but these mostly lie to the south of the Atlas Mountains. Then come the " Hamada," or stony waterless plateaux, often 2000 feet high. These too are always barren and uninhabited except where wells exist, and mostly lie between Morocco and Timbuctu. But the " Ahaggar " plateau is quite different, for it averages 4000 feet high, and is covered with snow for three months in the year. Between its lofty heights heavy rains and melting snow have hollowed out deep " wadys," and rivers flow into inland " shotts " or lakes. All these valleys are inhabited, for wells can easily be sunk. Xachtigal says that the Tibbu hills rise even to of this chapter is gradually to bring the vast fields within the populous and tropical Sudan before our notice. We shall begin by confining our attention to the coast regions and study their history and de- velopment. Then it is proposed to follow some Sudan explorers into the interior, and to hear from them lice-omits of many native states. And finally the efforts to bring the (lospel to West Africa will be reviewed. As soon as the deserts of Sahara are crossed, a more fertile zone is reached. Like the desert to the norlii.it stretches from the Senegal to the Nile, and reache-; southwards to the Gulf of Guinea, in the west and to the high table-land of Central Africa in the east. The inhabitants change with the country, and the Semitic and llamitic races, belonging to the white division of mankind, give place to the black, or Negro race. On account of the dark colour of the people, this region became known to the dwellers in North Africa as " r>il;ul-es-Sudan," or, the country of the .Blacks, which in turn has been shortened to "Sudan." The Sudan falls naturally into two main divisions, the West and the Kast Sudan. The West Sudan includes all the unhealthy countries bordering the Guinea Coast, as far south as the Kquator, and behind them the vast interior lands bordering the course of the Niger and its tributaries. The Kast Sudan 48 AFRICA WAITING stretches from Lake Chad up to the Eiver Nile, in- cluding part of the regions of the Bahr-el-Ghazal and its tributaries. Mention has already been made of Portuguese voyages along the west coast of Africa. Step by step they made their way into the unknown south to find a new route to the East by sea. They passed Cape Verd in 1445, Sierra Leone in 1461, and the Equator in 1470. But the antiquity of their early settlements must be fully appreciated. The fort of Elmina was built by them in 1481, almost exactly a hundred years before Sir Humphrey Gilbert annexed Newfoundland, which is commonly regarded as the oldest British colony. And it was more than 300 years before any European settlement w r as planted in Australia. West Africa. When the New World was dis- covered, West Africa was sacrificed to America. At the outset we would like, therefore, to point out some points of contrast and connexion between the two. Firstly, the celebrated papal Bull of 1493 marked off the eastern world for the Portuguese and the western world for the Spaniards, so that at first each nation ran a different course. Next, while the West Indian islands have comparatively a healthy climate, the West African coast is notoriously unhealthy for white men, and even its native inhabitants suffer constantly from malaria. Hence, while the West Indies became a sphere of European settlement, and one of the very few tropical parts of the world where colonists from Great Britain have made a home, the west coast of Africa from first to last has been hardly suitable even for temporary residence. Again, West Indian colonies have always been colo- nies of produce. Sugar has become almost a universal product, and the result of slavery was to extend, though at the same time to stereotype the cultivation of the ground. West Africa, on the contrary, though produc- ing gold, palm oil, and jungle products, has, as a whole, no definite system of cultivation, no regular agricul- tural settlements and no mining centres. NEGRO-LAND : THE GREAT SUDA\ Further, slavery in tlie West Indies promoted culti- vation within certain limits, but retarded it in West Africa. The discovery of America converted tha African coast into a great hunting ground for labour demanded by the American colonies. It was impos- sible to develop a part of the world which was per- petually being drained of its labour supply ; or to build up agricultural communities and to carry on legitimate trade at the same time that war was en- couraged in order to obtain slaves, villages were burnt, and their inhabitants either killed or transported. Once more, West Africa was more a place of passage than the West Indies. Its coasts were explored to find a way to the East. On the other hand, it was far from the East, and the more scientific navigation became, the more men passed it by, as being a little off the straight road. So in great measure its first owners neglected it, and the only permanent element in its history was the slave trade, which made it less than ever a final resting-place, and more than ever a part of the world to be raided, devastated, and left. Etirli/ Kuropt'uii Enterprise. There have been four other European nations besides the Portuguese that in times past have sought to gain a solid footing in West Africa. The Fi-cin-li claim to have been there first of all, and were always regarded as dangerous intruders by the Portuguese. When the shade of religious persecution grew darker over France, it was natural that many Norman, Breton, and Huguenot sailors should turn their eyes to foreign lands. But the French traders always confined themselves to Senegal. " In all places (they) were beloved, and as courteously entertained of the Negroes as if they had been naturally born in the country." The Eiii/lix/i next began to reconnoitre off West Africa, and it is satisfactory to find that slave-catching was not a feature of those early voyages. Guinea pepper, ivory, and gold were sought for, and the year E 50 AFRICA WAITING of the Spanish Armada marks the date of incorporation of the first English company to trade with this coast. The expeditions of Thompson and Jobson up the Gambia are interesting reading, as being the first attempts by Europeans to reach the Niger and the far- famed Timbuctu. In this they were a hundred years in advance of the Frenchmen, Andre Briie and Compagnon. No sooner had the Dutch become united and pro- claimed their independence, than they followed suit. They were welcomed by the natives, as the bearers of better and cheaper goods than those of the Portu- guese. Having shrewdly formed themselves into one Dutch West India Company to trade with America and West Africa, they first came into conflict with the Portuguese in Brazil, then drove them out of the Gold Coast, and took their place. The last comers of any importance were the Danes. Their strongholds of Christiansborg and Fredericksborg (now r known as Danish Mount) still witness to the influence they exercised over the eastern half of the present Gold Coast Colony. But in 1850 they sold their possessions to Great Britain. The 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries have been spent in a fight for supremacy among the nations. North of the Gulf of Guinea competition has been from first to last between France and Great Britain. On the Guinea Coast itself, the Dutch were rivals to Britain till twenty years ago. Development of West Africa. Before the eighteenth century had quite passed away, two events occurred in West Africa, which were signs of a growing desire for Africa's redemption. In 1787, the same year in which the first British colonists were sent to Australia, a beginning was made of a settlement at Sierra Leone. As far back as 1773, Samuel Hopkins in America had originated a scheme for the re- patriation of Africans. This was followed up by the philanthropic efforts of Clarkson, Wilberforce, and Granville Sharp, in England, who formed a voluntary NEGRO-LAXD : THE GREAT SUDAN Park, who reached the Upper Niger from the Senegal (17%) after thrilling adventures, and proved its easterly direction by actual observation. On a second journey (1800) lie descended the stream yet farther into the interior, and passed close to Timbuctu. But his canoe ran upon a rock at Pmssa in the presence of hostile natives, lie and four European companions 1 ('. p. 1:M. - I']). 51 til an- taken almost entirely from Heawood's "Geography of Africa.'' E '2 52 A FR 1C A WA I TING were drowned, and the problem as to the termination of the Niger remained unsolved. In 1822-4 the great expedition of Dcnham, Oudney, and Clapperton crossed the Sahara and discovered Lake Chad and the mouth of its main feeder, the Shari. In 1825 Major Laing succeeded in reaching Timbuctu from the north, and gained the credit of being the first European of whose visit anything is known, but he w r as shortly afterwards murdered in revenge for natives whom Park had killed. Three years later the Frenchman Caille reached the same town from the south-west, and successfully returned, after crossing the desert and the Atlas range to Tangiers, to publish the news all over Europe. These journeys paved the w r ay for a final solution of the Niger problem. For Captain Clapperton went back to the Sudan in 1825-7, by way of the Gulf of Guinea ; and though he died without actually tracing the river to the sea, his servant, Richard Lander, returned in 1830 and verified its connexion with the streams on the Benin coast, as suggested, even in 1802, by a German savant named Reichard. No sooner had this problem been solved and these parts of the Sahara and Sudan been explored, than the African Association was merged into the newly-formed Royal Geographical Society in 1831. The only Other Sudan Explorations made before 1850 were those of Mehemet Ali's expeditions up the White Nile in 1840-1, the second of which reached 4. 42'. N. latitude. In March, 1850, however, Richardson, accompanied by two German volunteers, Barth and Overwcy, set out from Tripoli via the Murzuk and Air route to the Sudan. He died, however, in Bornu, leaving Barth, the antiquarian, and Overweg, the astronomer, to pursue their instruc- tions. But Overweg also died by the shores of Lake Chad, which he was the first to navigate ; thus Barth was left single-handed for four years, during which time he traversed the Central Sudan in all directions, studying the physical, political, and social aspects of the country. These he described on his return, in one of the best books, even to-day, in African NEGRO-LAND: THE GREAT SUDAN 53 literature. During this period he reached from the north the Benue", the great eastern tributary of the Niger (shortly after ascended from the sea by Dr. Baikie) ; crossed the Shari and visited the capital of Bagirmi, and finally made his way to Timbuctu, returning along the Middle Niger. This region was not visited by any othei traveller for forty years. To complete the list, Votjcl followed Ileinrich Barth across the Sahara (1854), but died in \Vaclai. In 1866 (io'iinl liolilfx, who wrote so attractively on Morocco, made his way across the Sudan to Lagos ; while three years later (1869-74) Nuclit'ujal explored the Tibesti highlands and the depression north of Lake Chad, then travelled to the south of the lake, and returned by an easterly route through "Wadai, thus supplying the connecting link between the Central Sudan and the Nile basin. The next to cross the desert was LCII.Z, who in 1SSO reached Timbuctu from Morocco, while MdntciKri and 3[ ciety. : 17,*107 ; Native Church. j 5 , | i United Methodists. *d > i [ American United lire- I thren. ? \ ? j Several American Missions. f" linwes,eyan Mission. ( 1" M 4 ,,', ( Hasle Missions. 1!) (li;ii 800,000 i '-' ' (.1 -7 > liremen ilission. *!-<) ((iermaii Methodists Pahomey and Ivory Coast . 7s,r,tin i ,:>.io,ooo 1 .Inn liHi^tnn I k t-iar ! \\esleyanMission.s. inooooo I L ' 4i! C.M.S. I ( *"('> Native Church. s .,'- J United Presliyteriai:>. I fame, ..... ns . . [(,,,570 1,570, ..... ( .^ J Xj r.:ikt> I 'had . . ^ii.nno | \Vndai and KIIIKMII IIHMNIII ^,73(>,IKH Mo>i and oilier \Vf.-tcni Sudan i irrritorirs . . ir>5,li,1O L',SOO,OOO Miihdi' Ti'rrit(iric> (up to In' N.) . iH>0,3()O .1,sOO,iHH) | Total Sudan . L', 127,1''" r>.1,!rjit,(M:n Js.i 2 7si ' } - 90(i Areas und iu)])ulaiion arc taken from Mr. K. ('.. KaveiiNlcin's estimates, .! iimary, lsii.1, toirether with Missionary Statistics from Society Heports (]s!N>). ' * These numbers in all cases refer to coloured missionaries, anil in the cnsfl of Wesleyans they are all local preachers, paid unil unpaid teacheis. t Exclusive of American missionaries. CHAPTER V. BANTU-LAND : CENTRAL AFRICA. Portuguese West and East Africa. The history of the Portuguese, and Romish, Missions in Central Africa form a natural beginning to this chapter. No sooner had Diego Cam discovered the Congo (1485), than the native chief of the country south of the Congo became a nominal convert to Christianity, and the head- quarters of his dominion, under the name of San Sal- vador, rose to be a flourishing town with churches and other buildings. Soon, however, St. Paul de Loanda took its place as the centre of Portuguese influence. Other settlements, such as Benguela, were also formed, the farthest being the village of Kasange, about 300 miles inland. The name Angola is now r given to the whole region of Portuguese influence which includes five provinces. In East Africa, as early as 1505, Sofala was taken from the Arabs ; while the ports of Mozambique and Kilimani soon followed. Sena, Tete, and Zumbo still mark their route into the interior along the lower course of the Zambesi, but no footing was obtained in the highland plateaux. Romish Missions in Central Africa. No missionaries were ever more zealous than the Jesiiit and other priests who poured into Central Africa in the 16th century ; and no outward and tempoi'ary success was ever more remarkable. But hardly any parts of Africa are so degraded to-day. Not even nominal Christianity remains among the natives of the Congo, or of Loango, while the Christians in BANTU-LAND : CENTRAL AFRICA 73 Loiinda are as heathenish as the Heathen. Mr. H. Tiowley, late of the Universities' Mission, gives a sad picture, as an eye-witness, of the Mozambique and Zambesi districts, and says : " I fear they are a shame to humanity to say nothing of Christianity." He attributes the " utter relapse of the Christians into heathenism " and the "melancholy deterioration of the Europeans," to the wholesale administration of haptism, the unholy accommodation of Christian truth and observances to heathenish superstitions and customs, the neglect of education for the young, the attempts to prop up waning influence by a pretended exercise of miracles, the cruel punishment inflicted for the slightest deviation from the prescribed rules of the Church, and lastly, the close connexion that Romanism in Central Africa has had with the slave- trade, as illustrated by the marble chair to be seen until lately 011 the pier at Loanda, from which the Bishop used to bless the slave-ships. TJic Work of Krapf and Livingstone. On the other hand, no brighter page in the history of modern progress can be found than that entitled " Central Africa." T\vo missionaries, above all others, have given us a vision of these regions as one mission- field ; men who simultaneously opened Africa from different sides. It is impossible not to notice here, in brief, their aims and lifework. Krn/t/' had meant to penetrate the continent from the north from Abyssinia. Foiled in this, he sought to open Africa from Mombasa on the east. Landing in Mombasa (1S44), he seems to have seen a vision of Africa's conversion, for he speaks propheti- c-ally, at the lonely grave of his wife and child : " This is a sign that you have commenced the struggle ; the hour is at hand when you are summoned to the con- version of Africa from its eastern shore." Again hut six years later he wrote triumphantly : " The idea of a chain of missions will yet be taken up by succeeding 74 AFRICA WAITING generations, and carried out. This idea I bequeath to every missionary coming to East Africa." Livingstone's overmastering thoughts began to grow upon him in 1845. We find him saying : " Who will penetrate through Africa?" And only four years afterwards he was led himself across the Kalahari desert by Chief Sechele to see the great Sebituan6 in the unknown regions beyond. After- wards when "the spectre of the slave-trade had en- larged his horizon, and shown him the necessity of a commercial revolution for the whole of Africa," we find him writing home in confidence to the L.M.S. : " I will go, no matter who opposes." So David Livingstone lived to see the eyes of Christendom begin to turn upon Africa "to help to heal" its open sores. We shall see how Krapf's suggestion of a mission chain is being realized at several points across the continent, also how Livingstone prepared the way for Africa's redemption from social sins. But every library should contain the treasured volumes of Krapf's and Livingstone's " Missionary Travels." East African History. " East Africa," which ordinarily means only the middle section of the east coast, from Cape Guardafui to the mouth of the Zambesi, stretches inland to 30 E. longitude, and includes the highest mountains and the largest lakes in the whole continent, and gives rise to three out of the four great African rivers. The East Coast has enjoyed for many ages frequent intercourse and active trade with Arabia and India. The Portuguese navigators of the 16th century found there fairly civilized and stable Arab governments. Under Portuguese rule piracy and the slave-trade de- stroyed everything else ; but within this century their influence has greatly waned. In their stead sprang up another maritime power, with its centre at Muscat on the Persian Gulf. This was the independent and enter- BANTU-LAND : CENTRAL AFRICA 75 prising Mohammedan state of Oman in Eastern Arabia. Seyyid Sai'd, one of their Imams, or leaders (1804-56), extended his power over the East African Coast, and transferred the seat of his government from Muscat to Zanzibar. At his death his two sons quarrelled over their inheritance, so that their power was divided, and consequently weakened. Lately events have happened rapidly, so that since the Berlin Conference l the Seyyid (or Sultan) has been relieved of all his possessions on the mainland and the adjacent islands, except Zanzibar and Pemba. Lastly, the Sultanate itself, reduced to a total area of less than 1000 square miles, was declared a British Protectorate in July, 1S90; and the rest of East Africa was divided between Germany, England, and Italy, the Portuguese retaining the coast regions south of the Rovuma river. Central African Exploration. Although many travellers had explored the Dark Continent from the north, south and west coasts, in >nc. except the two C.M.S. missionaries, Krapf and ]!t'liia<:e KG. 76 AFRICA WAITING' grave near to where Frere Town stands to-day. After being joined by Rebmann, he decided to make annual journeys into the interior. First, Rebmann discovered Mount Kilima-Njaro (1848), then Krapf Mount Kenia (1849), both mountains over 18,000 feet high, and perpetually topped with snow. Meanwhile, among many other discoveries, Krapf heard tell from the natives of " a great lake in the country of Unia- mesi." " Three different reports being given, which spoke of it as the Ukerewe to the north, the Tanganika or Uniamwesi in the centre, and the Nianja or Niassa in the south," led Rebmann and Erhardt to sketch one gigantic inland sea, 800 miles in length. A copy of the map can be seen in the library of the Royal Geo- graphical Society. This astounding revelation led to the expedition of Burton and Spclce (1858), who discovered this sea to consist of at least two parts Lake Tanganyika in the centre of the continent, and a northern lake called Ukerewe, which Speke visited on the return march. The latter he named Victoria Nyanza, and pronounced to be the principal source of the Nile. A second expedition was therefore under- taken by Speke and Grant (1861) to verify this asser- tion. It was then that the western shores of Lake Victoria were skirted, and the Nile was proved to flow cub of it towards the north. Rumanika, king of Karagwe, and the greater Mtesa, king of Uganda, now received their first visit from white men, and were anxious to further their acquaintance. But it was twelve years before another European stood on the shores of Lake Victoria. Meanwhile Mr. (afterwards Sir Samuel) Baker had advanced to meet the travellers from the north. Having met them, and heard from them of a second Nile lake unvisited, he and his wife continued their journey southwards, and were rewarded by the discovery of the Muta Nzige, now known as the Albert Nyanza. Thus the main facts about the sources of the Nile were made known, after over 2000 years of inquiry and conjecture. The Congo Basin. The western half of Equa- BANTU-LA AY? : CENTRA L A FR 1C A torial Africa, however still remained almost a blank on the map. "Livingstone, therefore set out again on what proved to he his last journey. Unfortunately he clung to the belief that the ultimate sources of the Nile were to be found west and south of Lake Tangan- yika. So from 1(S()G till his deatli in 1873 he was endeavouring to find a connexion between the rivers in this region, which all flowed northward, and the river Nile. The furthest point north which he dis- covered on the stream Lualaba, was the Arab market of Xyangwe, then their chief slave depot in Central Africa ; for to the north of this was an exceedingly dense forest region, into which he felt unable to pene- trate before death overtook him. Latterly doubts had sprung up in his mind whether he had not struck the head-waters of the Congo, the great size of which had long before been remarked on. This view was adopted by Cii/in'mn, who was chosen in 1873 to carry aid to Livingstone. Thus when he had met Susi, Chuma, and Jacob YYainwright bearing Livingstone's embalmed remains to the East Coast, he pursued his journey with the help of Livingstone's instruments, and discovered an outlet to the lake Tanganyika among the wall of mountains on its western shore. Like Livingstone, he was advised at Nyangwe not to penetrate the northern forests, and so made his way in a south-westerly direction to Benguela on the west coast, striking the Congo watershed on the way. Then followed Htnl('t/'x journeys first toUjiji (1871) to relieve Livingstone, who had for some years been lost sight of; next, in ]S7o, to solve the remaining problems of Central African geography. In the course of his travels he circumnavigated the Victoria Nyan/a, presented King Mtesa of Uganda with a Swahili New Testament, discovered what eleven years afterwards he called Lake Albert Edward, re-examined Lake Tanganyika and its outlet, reached Nyangwe, and determined at all costs to follow the river Lualaba northward through the forests. "With only a few of his faithful followers, he therefore journeyed through 78 AFRICA WAITING the trackless forests, past cataracts and warlike cannibals, and traced the Lualaba round its great northern bend until it brought him at last to the known part of the Congo close to the Atlantic Ocean. By this journey, of 1000 days save one, across the last really important unknown area on the surface of the globe (excepting only the polar regions), he made known 1600 miles of the course of Africa's greatest river, and disclosed the second greatest fluvial system in the world. Among the host of other travellers in the Congo regions, Du Chaillu, an American, w y as the first man in modern times to set eyes on the man-gorillas and the pigmy dwarfs. His travels were confined to the Gaboon and (French) Congo-land. A few years later (1869-71) Schu-einfurth also saw some Akka pigmies, studied the lie of the Nile-Congo water-parting, and discovered the river Welle. Junker's travels in the Bahr-el-Ghazal and Nyam-Nyam countries were of equal value, but the Mahdist rising in 1884 closed the upper Nile region to him, and he only just managed to escape vid Uganda to the East Coast. Grenfell, the Baptist missionary, however, navigated the Mobangi (1884-5), and Van Gele finally showed that it and the Welle (of Schweinfurth) were one and the same (1887) ; while Stanley traced the Aruwimi from the Congo to the highlands west of the Albert Nyanza (1887-8). Turn- ing next to the south of the basin, we note the dis- coveries of the magnificent Kassai-Sankuru system of rivers, especially those by Wissmann, Von Francois, and Grenfell, while Arnot succeeded in opening a west and east route from the Garenganze highlands to the coast. Of Other East African explorers the late Joseph Thomson \vas undoubtedly the ablest, for on his first journey he was able to supplement the work of Living- stone, by discovering the countries to the north of Nyasa and the south of Tanganyika (1878-80). In 1883-1 he mapped out the country lying between Mombasa and the north-east corner of the Victoria Nyanza, including the northern slopes of 1>A .V TU- LA \1) : CENTR A L A ! K1CA "]t) Kilima-Njaro, the plateaux of Kikuyu, and the lakes Naivasha, Nakuro, and Baringo. Thus he holds the honour of having opened the north road to Lake Victoria, which is now heing covered by the new railway. Water Communication in Central Africa. As a result of the above explorations, Mr. James Stevenson tells us that for "6,000,000 square miles of Central Africa, there are three main lines of water communi- cation actually available, each reaching directly into the centre of the continent." And these water high- ways and byways extend at least to 10,000 miles as follows : In the first route, starting at Chindc and the mouth of the Zambesi, there are over 200 miles of navigable river up the Zambesi and the Shire. Then 65 miles by road from Katunga to Matopc, and thence over 300 miles on Lake Nyasa to Karonga. Finally 210 miles by road to Lake Tanganyika, which itself is 400 miles long. In all, 1000 miles by water and 275 by road are open for trade and missionary enter- prise. An alternative route inland is that via the Zambesi and Kafue rivers to Kayinga in the Barotse country. In the second, by starting at Suakin, we reach Berber by camel in ten to thirteen days (about 280 miles). Thence steamers can travel for 1200 miles to Lado, where we are within 5 of the equator. Now however that the railway has been extended from Wady Haifa to Berber, a direct means of communication has been opened up with Egypt and the Mediterranean. In the third, navigation up the Congo can be carried on by ocean steamers for 110 miles to Matadi. Then come '200 miles of cataracts, now being overcome by a railway as far as Stanley Pool. From here the main stream is navigable for 1100 miles alone, besides thousands of miles of tributaries, among winch the Lomami and the Mobangi are the longest. Each of these main lines of waterway has now been bridged by steamers, and each of them is being kept open to all nations by international agreement. 80 AFRICA WAITING The Partition of Central Africa. Livingstone's travels awakened such a lively and universal interest in Africa, that the International African Association was established in 1876, and the King of Belgium, its founder, became its chosen head. Stanley's great journey down the Congo re- sulted still further in riveting the attention of Europe upon " the Dark Continent." In Germany, also, an African Association was formed to find new outlets to the growing trade and emigration from Germany. This led to the annexation of Damara-land, the Cameroon country, and Togo-land (1884). Because of this Great Britain hastened to secure control, without delay, over the Lower Niger and the Guinea coast, where British traders had long been settled. France also, began to press towards the Congo from the Gaboon, to which Portugal objected. Therefore, an International Conference at Berlin was called (1884) to regulate rules for the " Partition of Africa." A "Free-trade area" was denned, embracing a zone of the continent from sea to sea, 1 and including the Congo basin, with the adjacent parts of the Nile and the Zambesi. At this time also the Congo Free State was formed, but it has since completely lost its inter- national character, and practically become a Belgian dependency under the rule of King Leopold. So too in East Africa British and German spheres of influence were mapped out, which are now known as Imperial British and German East Africa. East Africa has two most important centres to- day in Zanzibar and Mombasa. Each name stands for an island and a town. Zanzibar Island is the largest on the whole coast, 50 miles by 27, with a population of about 100,000. The town of Zanzibar- faces the mainland to the west, distant about thirty miles, and now enjoys a British protectorate. Mom- basa Island is less than three miles aci-oss, and close to the coast. It has lately become the depot of British East Africa and the starting point of the Uganda rail- 1 Cf. enclosed map. KAXTU-LAND : CENTRAL AFRICA Si way ; hence it is already growing in importance, and at present contains about 40,000 people. Like Zan- zibar, Mombasa is peopled mainly by Waswahili, Arabs, Hindu Banian traders, and emancipated slaves. They are also both of special interest, because Zanzibar is the headquarters of the Universities' Mission, and [Mombasa of the C.M.S. Mission. In both German and British spheres active and costly efforts have been made to develop the country. A (rcrniait Jvf.s-;! Africa Company has established a chain of stations, along one of the great trade routes into the interior, from Bagamoyo to the Aral) mart of Tabora in Unyanyembe. Here the path forks, south- west to Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, and north-west round the west shore of Lake Victoria to Uganda. But the recent decline in the slave and ivory trade has made this route less important, whereas Dar-es-Salaam lias come to the front, and will soon be the chief port of German territory. The Imperial British Ecixt Africa Company, in 1888-9, opened up a new route from Mombasa to the north of Lake Victoria the same route by which Bishop Ilannington travelled (1885), when he was put to death. Forts have now been erected as far as the slopes of Mount Ruwenzori, and treaties made with interior tribes. The railway which has been surveyed and begun at Mombasa, is to extend as far as the lake, and the effect of these extensions of British and German influence have already done much to arrest tiie Last African slave trade (ride ch. vii.). Native, Life in Central Africa. The Sparseness of Population. Nothing is more striking in such fertile lands as Central Africa contains, than the small population. It suggests an endless catalogue of evils as prevalent. Mr. Hoste, after twelve years on the Congo, thinks that " the whole Congo Free State a territory thirty times the size, of England contains only double as many in- habitants as London. But it is easy to under-estimate G 82 AFRICA W 'A 17 V 'KG the population of vast forest regions. , The climate, also, deadly alike to foreigner and to native, presents a problem so great and difficult as almost to defy solu- tion. Draining and cultivation is needed on so vast a, scale, and so great a revolution in manner and habits, of living is demanded, that any decided improvement can only be viewed as the distant result of a spiritual, moral, and mental renovation." Cannibalism. There can be no doubt that canni- balism is generally abhorred by the Africans, and nearly a whole tribe has been known to die of hunger, without a single instance of cannibalism occurring. But there are also very many tribes in West Central Africa that are out-and-out cannibals. In the west we find that the Fangs of the Gaboon country are addicted to this habit, and Livingstone describes the Manyema of the Lualaba as cannibals also. Many tribes up the Mobangi refuse to trade in any other article except human flesh, while a little further north Schweinfurth found the practice terribly prevalent among the Nyam- Nyams. This is all the more remarkable since this race is such an exceedingly fine one, and great affec- tion exists between husband and wife. Another tribe, called the Batetlas, near the Welle River, habitually devour their parents on the first sign of decrepitude. Wars are constantly undertaken on purpose to obtain meat. While in the recent struggle between the Congo Free State and the Arabs a war practically for the mastery of the interior l the native auxiliaries on each side, numbering many thousands, fed almost entirely upon the killed and wounded. Superstition devastates the land. A cardinal point of the native creed is that sickness and death are seldom, if ever, due to natural causes; thei~efore, pro- tracted sickness or the death of any one of the smallest importance generally involves the death of one or more victims, who are accused by the fetish man of using magic arts for the invalid's destruction. Forms of fetishism are to be found everywhere, which are Cf. Hiiidc Fall of the Congo Arabs (1886). BANTU-LANJ : CENTRAL AFRICA used either to propitiate the spirits, or to enlist their protection, even their aid in designs against the wel- fare of others. Polygamy, youthful marriages, and so on, also militate against an increase in population. The marriage bond is merely a financial affair, to be broken as soon as a husband wearies of his wife. He then returns her to her relatives with a demand for repay- ment, with interest, of the presents customarily given on the occasion of marriage. Tribal Political Organization. The form of government indigenous to Africa is certainly patri- archal, the chief being the lineal descendant of the great ancestor of the tribe, whose spirit is worshipped. The chief is also high priest. Central African chiefs have a few civil officials, who are honoured with such titles as " the king's mat," " the king's food taster," or " the king's pipe lighter." But most of his officials are military sub-chiefs, and the country is divided between them. Until comparatively recent times these small states were; all able to keep one another within reasonable hounds. All being equally armed with spears and clubs, the balance of power was maintained. But when some, by means of their position near the coast, or by their enterprise and intelligence in entering into friendly relations with the' European or Arab trader, were able to secure a monopoly of the gun and powder trade, they carved out for themselves large empires. Muata-Yamvo, king of the Ltmda empire, and Msidi, of the Garenganze country, were men of this kind. The latter appointed many sub-chiefs, who were all related to him by marriage, and they in turn were looked sifter by Msidi's Kalamas (district officers). Meanwhile the female relative of the district chief, who was married to Msidi, was supposed to represent him and bis district at court. Ingenious semi-Arabic or semi-Portuguese organizations were also brought into existence by some of these mush- room empires. G 2 8'4' AFRICA WA7TIXG Absence of Caste in most parts of Central Africa is very marked. A slave, though liable to be sold at any time, suffers no personal degradation by the fact of being a slave. The domestic slavery of Central Africa, in spite of its attendant evils, has much in it to commend it as a useful institution in an uncivilized Pagan community ; the element of protection for the weak by the strong is quite the salient feature of the system. Slaves born in the house have a firm standing in the family, and it is not the custom to sell such except under very pressing circumstances of need or debt. The bought slave is less secure, liable to be sold at convenience and often to be substituted for punishment in the event of his owner committing a capital crime. The recognition of a slave's right to desert and seek a new master if ill-treated protects slaves from ill-usage. The above remarks are, how- ever, exactly the reverse of the truth where Islam and Arab slavery pi^evail. The Position of Women in Central Africa is quite enviable compared with the lives of drudgery from morning till night of hundreds of thousands in Europe and America. They labour in the field as a rule from choice, not compulsion. Their influence in the home over their children, and often over their husbands also, is very great. It is not uncommon to find women chiefs of tribes and villages, and the succession always runs through the sister to the king's nephew rather than to his son. Cliildi'en are members of their mother's family, and when old enough to shift for themselves are handed over to their maternal relations. Africans are also very hospitable. They will share the last morsel with their friends, and often provide for the entertainment of travellers as long as they are in their country. They are also exceedingly fond of play, and full of spirits. They have their tops, balls, kites, slings, and rattles ; they race and wrestle and are born mimics. Love of dancing is universal, and is invariably BANTU-LAND: CENTRAL AFRICA 85 connected with an affection for music. Musical instruments are certainly of a rough order, and the sense of harmony may be crude, hut their sense of time is accurate, even to performing upon drums and thumping away by day and hour. In a dance a hundred feet will move invariably at the same instant. Dances are of two kinds those playfully religious and those seriously religious. But the tendency of both is bad. Africans also find simple delight in all the creatures and insects of the universe in a way unknown among the peasantry of England. In many places, however, they have as yet no words to express delicate shades' of colour. Central African Mix* ion?. i. East. Early C. M.S. Efforts (1844-74). Krapf and Rebmann, like Livingstone, were pioneers. Like him they saw little direct fruit of their labours, though Rebmann remained in East Africa for twenty-nine years (' IS 4(1-74) without once coining home. The latter was found by Sir Bartle Frere in 1S73 at Kisuhitini, quite blind, but immersed in his diction- aries and translations, and surrounded by a few faithful \Yanil\a. The indirect results, however, of their work have been immense, for they have led, as we have seen, to all Central African exploration. Both retired to live at Kornthal (in (lermany); Rebmann living long enough to hear of Stanley's "appeal to Christen- dom " written from I'ganda, Krapf even witnessing the occupation of Uganda and the Congo river by missionaries. The C.M.S. Frere Town Settlement. The yeiir 1S7;{ marks the date of the death of Livingstone, and the request from Sir Bartle Frere to the C.M.S. to found a settlement for liberated slaves upon the coast. The scheme was heartily taken up during the next year, as soon as the news of Livingstone's death had reached the world, and had given an impetus to all missionary enterprise. An experienced Indian i:iissionarv, Mr. Price, formerlv in charge of the 86 AFRICA WAITING " Nasik Boys," was sent out to found a settlement near Mombasa. Some 150 African Christians were collected to form the nucleus of an industrial colony ; and close to the grave of Mrs. Krapf on the main- land, a spot \vas chosen, purchased, and named Frere Town. At different times this colony has been in- creased by the introduction of slaves rescued by H.M. cruisers. Several colonists have now moved on to the more fertile district of Rabai (Kisulutini), and on the whole remarkable progress is being made. Since then the work has extended from Mombasa with varying fortunes into the Giriama country to the north, and as far as the Sabaki River ; also to Taita, and to Taveta on the southern slopes of Kilima-Njaro. The C.M.S. Uganda Mission. On November 15th, 1875, appeared Stanley's famous letter to the Daily Telegraph, describing his intercourse with King Mtesa, and challenging Christendom to send mission- aries to Uganda. The C.M.S. at once responded, and a well-equipped mission party went forth in the spring of 1876. Nobody thought of any route into the interior but that followed by Burton, Speke, Grant and Stanley. It was therefore planned that the highlands of Usagara should be occupied permanently, as being on the way to Lake Victoria ; so, about 180 and 220 miles inland, Mamboia and Mwapwa were chosen as stations. The first missionaries to enter Mtesa's capital in July, 1877, were Shergold Smith and Wilson, but the early and chequered history of Uganda cannot be dwelt upon, save to give a grateful tribute to Alexander Mackay for his life-work (1878-90). For ten years he laboured in Uganda (1878-87), as builder, carpenter, smith, wheelwright, sanitary engineer, farmer, gardener, printer, surgeon and physician. He also vigorously prosecuted linguistic work, and set a high standard for all future translations. There he lived till Mtesa's death in 1884, through Mwanga's persecution of the early converts in 1885, and alone from 1886-7 when not allowed to leave Uganda, by order of the king. And all the while he was laying deep the foundations BAXTU-LA\n : CENTRAL AFRICA 87 of the Uganda Mission. In 1887, he left Uganda for U sain biro on the southern shores of the lake, full of plans for future work. And during troublous times, Mohammedan conquests, Mwanga's banishment and reinstatement, he laboured on, refusing to return to England till other men came out to take his place. In 1890 he died at Usambiro, and was buried in " God's Acre " by the side of Bishop Parker and other pioneers. Three Missionary Bishops. In 1880 the diocese of Eastern Equatorial Africa was formed. It has since had three missionary bishops Hannington, Parker and Tucker. Bishop Hannington was cruelly murdered on the north road to Uganda (1885) by order of King Mwanga. Bishop Parker died at Usambiro (1887) only four months after his arrival at the south of Lake Victoria. Bishop Tucker, since his appointment (1890), has paid three visits to Uganda, and round his diocese, which takes a year to compass. The diocese has now been subdivided and lie himself lias been appointed Bishop of Uganda. Uganda as a Missionary Church. The kingdom of Uganda is the most powerful, the best organized, and most civilized state in Central Africa. Its position is doubly remarkable, as bordering the greatest lake in Africa, and forming the meeting ground of three great African races in their various migrations. The riding race in Uganda (known as Wahuma) are of Hamitic descent. The Kavirondos are certainly Negroes, while all the other tribes are members of the Bantu family of the Nejjro race. To this superior race the Divine call has come to be the chief evangelists of Central Africa. \\ith a population about the same as Wales, 1 ganda has become the greatest wonder of modern Missions. Only .twenty years after the first missionaries set foot in the country, we find that the people have built '21 large and 400 small churches, have sent forth 700 natives to hi- teachers in the country districts and missionaries in the regions beyond. They have now the whole I .Uganda Bible in the hands of the people, 120,000 of whom are learning both to read and write. 88 AFRICA WAIT I KG The Native Church since 1893 has become fully developed with church councils, native clergy, com- municants, baptized Christians and catechumenate, women's work, monthly missionary meetings, and now a hospital in Mengo. Prior to the death of Livingstone, the work on the East Coast was shared with the C.M.S. by Three Other Missions the Universities' Mission, the Sicedish Mission, and the United Methodist Free Church. The third of these began in 1861, and despatched four men, with Krapf, the German apostle, as leader. They chose the Galla country as their field, and though murder, sickness and death has visited them, their stations at Golbanti and Rib are now full of promise. The Swedish Mission (1865) was also started upon the advice of Dr. Krapf. A Medical and Industrial Mission is carried on in the neighbourhood of Lamu on the Tana river, in addition to direct evangelistic work. The Universities' Mission to Central Africa owes its origin to Livingstone's appeals to Oxford and Cambridge in 1857. The next year Bishop Gray, of Cape Town, on a visit home, kindled the growing zeal, and in 1859 a devoted leader for the Mission was found in Archdeacon Mackenzie, of Natal, a very able Cam- bridge man. Under Mackenzie, who was consecrated Bishop at Cape Town on his way out, a strong party ascended the Zambesi and Shire, accompanied by Livingstone himself, in 1860. Following his advice, the site of Magomero, on the Shire highlands, was selected, and slaves released then formed a nucleus for a Mission. Tribal wars, and the climate, however, proved very serious obstacles, so that, within two years, the Bishop and three of his companions were dead, and all but one were invalided home. The next Bishop, Dr. Tozer, abandoned the Zambesi and established the Mission at Zanzibar, as being more central (1864). He devoted ten years to the founda- tion work of training released slave-children for future usefulness. The master-builder of the Mission was BAhTU-LAKD: CENTRAL AFRICA 89 Bishop Steere. He had already worked with Tozer from the beginning, and altogether this wonderful and determined man spent nearly twenty years (1863-82) at tvanslational work. During this time he translated the whole New Testament, a large part of the Old Testament, and the Book of Common Prayer into S\vahili, besides a -primer, stories, dictionaries, the " Pilgrim's Progress," and theological books. He just completed the Prophet Isaiah on his death-bed. Steere also witnessed a transformation scene on the island of /an/ibar. It was his inspired idea to purchase the great slave-market (1873), and to build thereon the first Kast African Cathedral with its coral roof. Its clock, the Sultan's gift, strikes Eastern time. He it was that planned the extension of the Mission to the mainland. First Magila, in Usambara, was planted (ISOT), till now live other stations cluster round this Christian settlement and industrial centre for freed slaves. Second, Masasi, a half-way house to Lake Nyasa, was founded (187(5), and to-day the traveller meets with several Christian villages along the hanks of the Rovuina. The year 1SS:2 brought the death of Bishop Steere, and Cluima, one of Livingstone's pall-bearers. But lss:{ opened more brightly, for David Susi was bap- tixed ai /an/ibar at last become a Christian, more than twenty years after he first met Livingstone. Nothing, too, is more remarkable than the wisdom of the choice of Steere's successor. Bishop Smythies was just the kind of leader needed in ISM.'j. Within four years his staff of workers had doubled, and was being wisely guided to develop all the work. The very year after reaching /an/ihar, he succeeded in placing the Clnirli'x ,IHNI>II on Lake Nyasa,, and opened work there at Likoma Island. Five 1 times he visited this lake between 188;") and 1S ( ,)1. until a separate Bishop of N\asaland was appointed (1892). In 1887 he saw a Theological College; founded at Kiungani in memory of Bishop Steere, and in J891 a Mission hospital in Zanzibar. Ten natives are now in Holy Orders, all 90 AFRICA WAITING trained at this college. Work among girls is carried on by ladies in Zanzibar, while others reached Likoma Island, on Nyasa, in 1888. More recently Bishop Smythies died at sea, and was buried in the Indian Ocean on a summer's eve (1894), while Bishop Maples was drowned in Lake Nyasa (1896). In spite of all this sacrifice of lives, God has raised up more labourers. Thus nearly 300 workers have gone forth in less than forty years, and sixty-six of these have died in harness. German Missions. In recent years Germany has begun to enter East Africa, till it is now represented by four missionary societies. The Evangelical Mission (Berlin III.) started work in Dar-es-Salaam (1886). The stations have extended in two directions from two starting points on the coast. From Dar-es-Salaam advance has been made into Usaramo, where at Kisserawe a liberated slaves' station was founded. From Tanga, the coastal terminus of a short railway, the Mission has extended to the hill-country of Usambara, where several stations are founded. But disease and death have caused great losses to this nourishing Mission. In 1891 the Berlin (I.) Mission and the Moravians both began to occupy German territory, on the northern side of Lake Nyasa, in Kondeland. The former have picked an idyllic spot for their work under the guidance of their able leader, Mr. Merensky. They have now several stations and agents on the slopes of the Livingstone mountains and among Kond6 tribes with their " extensive banana-groves, well-kept roads, homely comfortable cottages, and large cow-stalls all clean and neat." The latter have settled further to the north-west of the lake, and have been most success- ful in teaching the natives to build houses and cultivate the fields. They are now also taking over Urambo, the isolated L.M.S. station in Unyamesi, on the old caravan route from Ujiji to the coast. Lastly, the Evangelical Lutheran (Leipzig) Mission have occupied the southern slopes of Kilima-Njaro BANTU-LAND: CENTRAL AFRICA Ql in the Chagga country (1893). They have three stations close to the old C.M.S. station of Mochi, \vhich was vacated by Mr. Steggall (1892), at the advice of Sir Gerald Portal, owing to some misunder- standing of German officers as to Steggall's intentions. Two young missionaries were murdered on Meru hill (1897), when trying to found a fourth station in the Arooshi. The Swahili People and Language. All along the East Coast, from Magadosha in the north to Mozambique in the south, the dominant people are a mixed race. They are called Swahili, from SaJicl, the Arabic for " coast," and are zealous Mohammedans. The Swahili language is of Bantu origin, hut has been largely modified by the influence of Arabic, Persian, and Portuguese, and holds a somewhat similar position throughout East Africa to that of Urdu in North India. It is spoken by three groups of peoples, around Lamu, Mombasa, and Zanzibar. Until quite recently the last had the greatest influence, because nearly all porters up country were Zanzibaris, and they carried the language wherever they went. Cameron found that Swahili took him almost across the con- tinent, and the Gospel was preached in it at Mtesa's court. But since the British Government have made Mombasa their headquarters in East Africa, the Mom- basa dialect acknowledged to be the most beautiful of all will probably become, in time, as widely spoken. Swahili Scripture Versions. Krapf was the first to translate, though not to publish, parts of the Scriptures into Swahili, but his work lias been largely superseded by Bishop Steere and his successors. Zanzibar 1ms now the whole Bible in a revised form of Steere's version, chiefly due to the labours of Messrs. Hodgson and Madan. This version has hitherto been used both by the C.M.S. and the German Missions in East Africa. Now, however, Mr. Taylor has found it necessary to begin to make a more idiomatic version of the Gospels, in both Koman and Arabic character, for the Mombasa 92 APRICA WAITING Mission. The Swahili language is therefore an ex- cellent example of what has been going on all over Africa. Already it seems that this language of modern date is likely to develop into two distinct types. 2. West. Gaboon Missions. In the north- west corner of Central Africa the French Evangelical Mission and the American Presbyterians are now at work. The work of the former is confined to French territory, and is small at present. That, however, of the latter is of real importance. And notwithstanding the badness of the climate, one lady, Mrs. Reutlinger, has just completed 36 years of service. Batanga, the starting point for the interior, is in- cluded in German territory. Near to this place some (pigmy) dwarfs have been visited, and an account of them has been written in " The Church at Home and Abroad." This has led Miss Maclean, of Glasgow, to give ample funds towards evangelizing them. Some promising dwarf lads are already to be found in the Batanga boarding-school. The whole N.T. and parts of the O.T. are now translated into the Benga tongue. And Mr. Marling (1880-9(5) had just given Genesis and Matthew to the powerful Fang tribe before he died. The standard of Christian life among the converts is still very low, but there are signs of a coming harvest. The Kombe king is a Christian, and has already made some better marriage laws. A converted Balingi woman has also become a winner of souls, while the inquirers at Efalen have decided to send out Christian lads by two and two into the villages preaching. Missions on the Congo. Mission work in face of indescribable difficulties has been undertaken and nobly maintained in the Congo Free State. In 1877 the English Baptist Missionary Society and the Livingstone Inland Mission, started by Mrs. Grattan Guinness, responded to the cry which came forth from this newly unveiled world. Both these Missions successfully accomplished the arduous task of throw- BANTU-LAND : CENTRAL AFRICA 93 ing lines of transport stations across the Cataract region of the Congo, and are now firmly established in the interior. We are thankful to add that these stations, in addition to fulfilling their original purpose, have hecome hright centres of Christian work. St. Salvador, Ban/a Manteka, Lukunga, and Wathen, have heen notahle as scenes of glorious works of grace. The English Baptist Mission have now a line of 8 stations reaching right away to Stanley Falls. The Livingstone Inland Mission (subsequently handed over to the America n JJaptist Missionary Union] has a line of 10 stations extending to the point where the Congo crosses the Equator on its southern course. These Missions have heen almost swept away, time and time again, hy the ravages of climate. Thirty per cent, of the missionaries sent out have succumhed, hut (Jod lias rapidly raised up fresh men, who have gladly filled the diminished ranks. The Seventh-day Baptists have one station at the mouth of the river with two missionaries. The Swedish Mission I 'nioii, originally affiliated with the Livingstone Inland Mission, have a prosperous work ahove the north hank of the river in the Cataract region. This Mission, in common with all others, has suffered severely from the climate hy death and sickness, having lost 17 workers during the last 10 years. The International Missionari/ Alliance, under the direction of A. B. Simpson, of New York, is working in the same region as the ahove, with a larger staff than any other mission. Jlislioj) Taylor's Mission is doing a small work. One station at the mouth of tin- river, among the creeks in the vicinity of Banana, has heen held single-handed for about 10 years hy a lady named Miss Kildare, and does a, flourishing little work. Ascending once more to the upper river, we find the American Southern Presby- terian Mission working on the Kassai amongst the Baluha tribe with one well-manned mission. A little higher up, just in the centre of the great horse-shoe bend of the Congo, the Con/jo Balolo Mission is 94 AFRICA WAITING working. This Mission was established in 1889, and has now several stations on the Lulanga Eiver and its tributaries. It is not confined to any one denomina- tion. Stations established and used purely as trans- port stations have been omitted from the above statement, as the railway across the Cataract region, which is rapidly advancing towards completion at Stanley Pool, will render them useless. It should be mentioned that besides smaller boats, there are four large mission steamers in the interior, two of which belong to the English Baptist Mission, one to the American Baptist Missionary Union, and one to the Congo Balolo Mission. The statistics of the above missions will tend to mis- lead, unless it is kept in view that in addition to losses by death, a large percentage of missionaries are always of necessity on sick leave, and again, that through the special exigencies of these missions, so many of the members are always new men sent out to fill up the ranks left open by the victims of the climate ; therefore out of the 212 missionaries cited above, probably never more than 100 are really effective. Quite half of these are working in the Cataract or Lower Congo region below Stanley Pool, leaving only 50 missionaries at the most, to reach all those millions inhabiting the country which we are accustomed to call the new world of Central Africa. Again, in the region beyond Stanley Falls, there is a country 400,000 square miles in area without one single Protestant missionary, and as yet no attempt is on foot to reach this country with the Gospel. We cannot close without just mentioning the African (Congo) Institute for training most promising African converts at Colwyn Bay (North Wales). It is under the leadership of Mr. Hughes, and like the Evheer Training Home in Wurtemberg (Germany) it has proved an excellent experiment. The poverty and the possibilities of Central Africa are both very great. On the one hand, it is a world going to pieces, physically, mentally, morally and spiritually, BAbTU LAND : C EXTRA I. AJ-'RICA 95 through neglect. On the other hand, though rotting hefore our eyes, it is the most fertile country in the world, and inhabited by a most prolific race. Angola Missions. Lastly, \ve turn to missions in the South-west corner of Central Africa. Here the American Hoard of Forei/jn Jl//.s.s j /o.s started work on the healthy highlands of Bailundu and Bihe in LS80. They have been especially successful in trans- lational work, as Umbundu, the language of Bihc, is understood inland both in the Luvale and Garenganze countries. The work done by a Canadian, at Chi- samba, has also been remarkable. After the Methodist Episcopal Conference of 1884 Jiixlwi) Taj/lor led out a party of forty-four men, women, and children to Angola. A few stations were opened in the interior, the idea being for the mission- aries to support themselves by some trade educational, agricultural, or medical. But the Mission has by no means proved to be a success. No Mission has been more scientifically begun than the work of Mr. Arnot and his fellow-labourers in Bihe and Garenganze. Mr. Arnot himself started from Natal, in 1SK1, into the interior, with the object, first of discovering the healthiest part of the continent, and second, of getting beyond the line of work of other missionaries. "When he reached Benguela he therefore: turned back again eastward along the water- shed dividing the Zambesi and Congo river systems, till he arrived at (larengan/e, or Katanga country. Here two stations have been started in the very heart of the continent, in the healthy highlands, with a prospect of a great ingathering of souls. The diffi- culties of transport have been overcome by training the native porters to principles of free labour. Communi- cations and supplies to Garenganze come i'iti the Zambesi and Lake Nyasa, while westerly stations in the Bihe and Luvale countries receive their supplies //(( Benguela. 9 6 AFRICA WAITING CENTRAL AFIUCA. Sphere or State. Area in Square Miles. Estimated Population. 1 Missionary Stations. Protestant Missionaries. Protestant Missionary Societies. Italian Somali- & Galla-land . 355,300 1,500,000 British East "23 79 ) Church Missionary So- Africa, So- 466* j ciety. mali Protec- torate, Zanzi- 4 36 > ^QH | Universities' Mission. bar & Pemba . 1,255,367 12,875,000 s 4 4 United Methodists. 2 p Swedish Mission. 1 '5 Scotch Free Church. 2 6 Neukirchen Mission. 8 7 Evangelical Lutheran Mission. German East Africa with (" 19 53* j Universities' Mission. Mafia . 354,000 2,500,000 ) 3i 4 Evang. Luth. Mission. ] 5 9 Berlin Mission (I.). / 7 15 Berlin Mission (III.). Portuguese East v. 5; e The Moravians. Africa . 310,000 1,500,000 i 3 Universities' Mission. French Gaboon ( 28 ) American Presbyte- and Congo 220,000 2,500,000 49* ) rians. V. 2 6 Paris Evangelical Mis- sion. 10 41 ~> American Baptist Mis- 35* / sionary Union. 8 31 Baptist Missionary So- ciety. CongoFreeState 865,400 15,600,000 1 9 58 International Missionary Alliance. 4 33 Swedish Missionary Union. I* 31 Congo Balolo Mission. x 5 15 Other small Societies. ( * 41 ) American Board of Angola 517,200 3,500,000 124* 24 } Foreign Missions. Brethren's Mission. ( 4 p Bishop Taylor's Mission. Central Africa . 3,877,267 J9,975,000 132 502 767* i * The second series of numl)ers of workers in each case refers to African workers ordained, lay, and teachers. Areas and populations are taken from Mr. E. G. Ravenstein's estimates, January, 1895, together with Missionary Statistics for 1896, gathered from Missionary Reports. Later returns give Uganda alone 679 native teachers at the end of 1896. CHAPTER VI. SOUTH AFRICA AND BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. " Tin-: story of South Africa is unique in the chronicles of colonixation. For a century and a half (14S7 K)o2) it is a barren record of a landmark the Cape. For another century and a half (!Go2 LSOo) it is little more than the story of a port of call, round which a small settlement gathered. It is now the unfinished tale of a wide dominion." l These three periods mark the duration of Portuguese, Dutch and British ascendency in these southern regions. The Portuguese did nothing further on land than to discover the Cape of (iood Hope and Sal- da nha Bay. The Dutch, considering the sixe of the Netherlands, have made a wonderfully permanent impression upon the religion, the language, the laws and the customs of this land of the South. The British have opened up the wealth and resources of the continent, and were the first to show how rightly appreciate the Native Races. They e way in exploration of the interior, and geography of South Africa are too nowadays to need space in such a book pass on therefore to notice The Native Races of South Africa. There are three native races in South Africa, the Bantu, the Hottentot, and the Bushman. The many tribes of the gre.it Ijdiittt fa in Hi/ extend from the Equator to 1 Lticn.: in*?. (;<;. of the lii-iti*li C>>1<>ni>'s. Vol. IV., I'art I., p. 1. H 98 AFRICA WAITING the south-eastern shores of the Cape Colony. The southern offshoots of their stock, commonly known as Kafirs, Zulus, Matabele, Bechuanas, Basutos, Pondos, Tembus, and others, are all now familiar to Europeans ; but in the seventeenth century they had not crossed the white man's path. They were moving down from north and east, while the Dutchmen were slowly coming in from the south, and the meeting and conflict of races had not yet come. The sphere of the Hottentots was, and is, the south- west corner of Africa, including the Cape peninsula. Between and among the Hottentots and the Kafirs, mainly in the desert regions, roamed the Bushmans, a diminutive aboriginal race, the outcasts of South Africa, untameable savages dwelling in holes and corners of the land. They lived by hunting and plunder. Hottentots and Kafirs alike sought to kill them when- ever they came within their reach, and in the eyes of the white men they were mischievous vermin that literally poisoned the soil. It was with the Hottentots that the Dutch had to deal. Though higher in the scale of humanity than the Australian aborigines, they were distinctly below the level of the North American Indians. In character, they were neither a warlike nor a working, but a thievish race, so that, by being brought into contact with such a race, the Dutch settlers of necessity deteriorated in course of time. When, however, the Hottentots resented the appropriation of their lands by an alien race, it is important to notice that two agreements were signed by which the Cape was bought from them by the Dutch. The Huguenot Immigration. The first Dutch commander to make South Africa his home was Simon Van der Stel, and the wish of his heart was to ' make the Cape a great Dutch colony. It was he who settled at the spot, now so well known as Stellenbosch. It was his representation which brought several French and Piedmontese fugitives, all of the reformed religion, only eight years later (1687). South Africa, SOUTH AFRICA AND BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA 99 as well as Protestant Europe, has gained by the French persecution of Huguenots, who were some of her best citizens that France might have kept. They brought with them better modes of husbandry and a knowledge of arts and manufactures. They taught the Dutch ex- soldiers and sailors the art of agriculture, and helped to raise the standard of the colonists. They made South Africa their home, and at the same time became rapidly absorbed with the Dutch. So that to-day French names are borne by many leading families in South Africa. Trekking has been the main feature of South African colonization, and consists in perpetual emigra- tion from settled to unsettled districts. The geography of the country has been partly responsible for this, but it has also arisen from a desire to obtain cheaper and better land, and by the yearning of the trekker for elbow room. It has been further fostered by the actions of the Government. Thus from early times men began to wander from headquarters, and a race of farmers grew up, accustomed to isolation, strong, and independent, but losing in great measure the power of cohesion for political, social and religious purposes. Contact with the Natives. The farther the colonists went afield, the more they came into collision with the Bushman on the west, and the Xosa tribes on the east. As to the Bushmans, no people, black or white, befriended them. But the Kafirs, like the Dutchmen, were constantly pressing forward, and ex- terminating the Bushmans as they went. They were hound, therefore, very soon to come into contact with the colonists, and the last twenty years of the eighteenth century saw the commencement of those border wars which, once begun, lasted for exactly a 1 uindred years. SoutJi African Missions. The missionary history of South Africa defies all efforts at condensation. It is so full that it is only H 2 100 AFRICA WAITING possible in general to give a short introduction to the work of the leading missionary societies. Christian colonization will be treated only in its relation to evangelistic work. It is necessary therefore to begin by explaining the bearing that South African Missions have had upon the history of European immigration. Protestant Missionary Enterprise. It has been exceedingly well pointed out that " South Africa is a Teuton colony and a Protestant land." As we have seen, Dutchmen, Englishmen, and to a small extent Germans, have entered and multiplied here. The only other strain of any importance has been that of the French Huguenots. Opinions may differ as to whether or not South Africa will be the better for this, but it is well to remember the fact. Again, Dutch and French Calvinism, British Evangelical Protes- tantism, and German Lutheranism have been the main creeds. The chief missionaries have been Moravians, members of the London Missionary Society, "Wes- leyans, Scotch Presbyterians. English Episcopalians, French Protestants in Basutoland, Rhenish mis- sionaries amongst the Xamaquas and Damaras, Berlin and Swedish missionaries in South-East Africa, and Norwegian missionaries amongst the Zulus. Only of late years have any Roman Catholic missionaries been in the field. "Whoever therefore wishes to study and to record the missionary efforts of Protestantism, will certainly turn his attention to South Africa. The Missionary and the Colonist. Further, whoever wishes to study and to record the share which missionaries have had in making historv, will likewise turn to Africa. Protection of the natives has been their aim ; so that, before the Dutchmen trekked into the interior, their voice was against further annexation of territory by the Government, but latterly they have felt that security for the natives would best be gained by extension of British rule. It is not for us to judge between colonist and missionary, save to deplore the fact that in the past so much bad feeling between the two has existed. \Ye SOUTH ATRICA AND BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA I OT cannot but feel great admiration for tbe long and noble line of missionaries, \vho almost without exception were able as well as enthusiastic men. They repre- sented the new spirit of philanthropy and religious xeal which had begun to be aroused in Europe. They were Bible Christians like the colonists, and so only pleaded that the preaching to the natives should be df the same type of Christianity as they found already planted in the land. On the other hand, rightly or wrongly, to the influence of the missionaries has been attributed the trekking of the Dutch Boers, principally between I.s:j4 and IS/34. These farmers felt that" they had been maligned and ill-treated in their old homes, because the Government, inspired by missionary prejudice, had dealt with them hardly. This resulted in a long-standing ill-feeling towards the missionaries. Tt is al>o questionable whether the Boer emigration was a gain or a loss. It certainly carried European settlement and influence far inland, and led to the founding of new colonies and the occupation of new territories. But it also weakened the older colony itself, and caused fresh complications with Native races. Surely considerable sacrifices should have been made to the Dutch to avoid producing a growing discontent and feeling of isolation among so ninny of t hem. The Missionary and South Africa. But the missionary movement has brought some great and good results. It has attracted attention to South Africa, >o that to-day this of all the provinces of the British Kmpire receives the greatest notice. It brought about the discovery of the present trade route to the Zambesi, through .British Bechuanaland and the Bechuanaland Protectorate. It began the move- ment by which the history of Cape Colony widened into that of South Africa; until eventually, David Livingstone passed on into Central Africa, and linked the story of the southern peninsula to the record of an opening continent. To use a well-known term, 102 AFRICA WATTING the expansion of the Cape Colony and the expansion of South Africa were in great measure the work of missionaries. Further, missionaries taught white and black men to live together, the importance of which can only now be clearly seen. Their views and their dealings may have been in some cases premature, but they w T ere at least the views and the dealings of the coming time. Once more, missionary enterprise ennobled South African history. Men to be revered have won their fame in Africa and by Africa. The record of a man like Moffat will never be forgotten, and schoolboys turn from old world romance to the heroism of later days, and dream to mould their lives on that of Livingstone. A Summary of South African Missions. The Moravians were again the first to enter South Africa, and the six years spent by George Schmidt single-handed, from 1737-44, form an undying example of industry to every future missionary. He was determined to raise the Hottentot to the same level as the European, even though it meant life-long banishment from Africa and his Hottentot flock of forty-seven. Thus he returned to Germany to earn his living as a sexton at Herrnhut, until his noble death with a prayer for Africans upon his lips. No wonder we find his successors permitted to return to where he had laboured, and still was un- forgotten fifty years after. At last they gathered around them the largest settlement outside Cape Town, and re-christened this " glen of apes," as the "valley of grace " or Gnadcntlial. But this was only the beginning, for the news of this Christian settlement spread across the Zak -river (600 miles away) and led to all future Missions in South-West Africa. Again, eastern stations were planted later among the Kafirs, and Shiloh, which was founded in 1828, grew to be the mother church in the east, just as Gnadenthal was in SOUTH AI-RICA AND BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA 103 the west. So that now we find nineteen stations instead of one, among Bushmans, Kafirs, and Hotten- tots, with the work spreading even as far as the N.W. of Lake Nyasa (vide ch. v.). The London Missionary Society was the second to enter South Africa. Above all others this Mission in South Africa is famous for great men, and notable converts. Its very first leader was a genius. Dr. Vandcrkcmp, at first a sceptic and a cavalry officer, then iin accomplished scholar at Leydeii and medical ;it Kdinlmrgh, acquired sixteen languages between his conversion and his call to go abroad. He was also the means of starting two Dutch Missionary Societies before leaving Holland. His first attempt to start a Kafir Mission (1799-1800) proving a failure, he fell back to work among the Hottentots at Graaf Eeinet, till he was given Bethelsdorp as a station by the Government. Not. less remarkable were Joint Campbell as con- Kolidator and Dr. Philip as administrator of L.M.S. Mis-ions. It was the latter who stirred up French Proie-t ants to start the Basuto Mission. He also guided the Rhenish and Berlin missionaries as to the liest centres in which to establish their missions. At the same time liohcrt MotJ'at was coming into notice. Whether teaching the recently converted Africaner, who had once been a famous border outlaw, or taming the tribes beyond e Iliver ; or translating the Bible into founding the Kuruman institution for native teachers, and thrice visiting Moselikatse (the father of Lobengula), the Matabele king this man's life of fifty years' missionary service is one long study. His story thrills the boys of every generation, and beckons them to Africa. But David LiviiKjfitouc was the greatest of them all. No one can properly understand how Central Africa has been opened within the last fifty years, without first gaining an insight into his life. He was " the incomparable missionary traveller, with 104 AFRICA WAITING amazing energy and patience, indomitable courage and great observational powers ; whose method of travel is so superior to any other by seeking to conciliate and win the poor, ignorant, wretched savage to the cause of civilization and Christianity." Of many life- like pictures, Dr. Blaikie's " Personal Life of Living- stone " is the best, while for a fuller study, his " Missionary Travels in South Africa " are a mine of information and illustration. He must be studied in every phase of life ; as the plodding South African missionary (1840-9) ; as the champion of native races ; as one divinely guided to become a missionary explorer ; as the pioneer of travel, science, and commerce in Central Africa ; as the awakener of Christendom to the horrors of the Arab slave-trade ; and last of all as the instrument used to turn all eyes on Central Africa, for its speedy evangelization and development. Among many native triumphs of the Gospel, perhaps Africaner, Scclu'le and Khama are the most well-known. Africaner has already been mentioned in connexion with Moffat. Sechele owed his conver- sion to Livingstone. Khama embraced Christian teaching from the very first. All should be acquainted with what took place, when Khama became paramount chief of the Bamangwato (1872) ; how he publicly disavowed heathen usages and superstitions, and proclaimed his belief in the Word of God. Quite recently he removed his capital to Palapye, because water was scarce in Shoshong, and built there a Christian chiirch that cost 3000. But more wonderful still have been his latest achievements, namely, the consolidation of the wandering Bakalahari into a happy pastoral people, and the resolute protection of his people from the drink. The L.M.S. holds a high place, indeed, among South African Missions. This is due, first of all, to the fact that it was the pioneer agency all over South-West Africa. It prepared the way for the Rhenish Mission in Nama- qualand, and the Berlin Mission among the Korannas. It generously bequeathed the field of Basutoland to the SOUT/f AFRICA AND BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA 105 French and Kaffruria to the Scotch. Elsewhere it was the tirst to reach the Bushman, Griqua, Bechuana, and Makololo. Secondly, as a mission, it pursues an evan- gelistic policy, and afterwards gives freedom and inde- pendence to its Native Churches. Thus the call to self-support and extension (1SG7-S) soon led to the establishment of a Congregational Union for South Africa (JSSS), to which the census of 1891 assigned 70,000 i Members. The first English \Vesleyan Methodist missionary set foot in South Africa in 1SI4. The Wesleyan doctrine was then in bad repute in Cape Town, so Barnabas Shaw, the pioneer, made his way north- wards, seeking guidance from above as to where to go. After 300 miles' journey he met a Hottentot chief who had travelled 200 miles in search of white men to teach his people. Together, therefore, they settled in Little Namaqtialand. Tlven the work spread to the Orlams, Bastards and Griquas in the west. In LS20 Cape Town and Graham stown wen; occupied, but it has been in the eastern half of the colony that Methodism has most progressed. Ever since JS20 it lias wrought amonu the British emigrants in the eastern districts. Originally these colonies were meant to act as peaceful outposts to Kafir aggression, but they have also brought about the extension of Christianity, until now the whole east of the colony owes much of its impor- tance religiously, materially and morally to Methodism. In Itssii Methodism was so widespread that a South African Conference was formed, and all the stations and societies south of the Vaal River were committed to its care. To the north of the Vaal recent extension has been rapid, so that the English Society now works in the Transvaal, Swaziland, /ululand, Stellaland, and British Bechuanaland. As lecently as JS ( J1 the Society was offered assistance by the British South African Company in starting work in Mashonaland and Rhodesia, where seven stations have; since been foimed under the guidance of Mr. Isaac Shimmin. The Anglican Church in South Africa. In. 106 AFRICA WAITING early times occasional Church of England chaplains were found in Cape Town, Henry Martyn amongst them. But it was not till the Colonization movement of 1819-20 that the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel began to minister to the Colonists. Then in 1832 Bishop Wilson, on his way to Calcutta, held the first Anglican ordination. Between 1834-7 a short and bold attempt was made by Captain Allen Gardner, R.N., to establish a mission at Dingarn among the Zulus in connexion with the Church Missionary Society. But until the year 1846 the English Church neglected these her colonists. At last in 1847 Dr. Gray was consecrated Bishop of Cape Town. His diocese was twice the size of the British Isles, and took a whole year to visit. He had to ti-avel 900 miles before he found one English church ; there were only fourteen clergymen and eleven churches altogether, not one of these being in Natal. So great was the change wrought during the twenty- five years of his episcopate, that by the year of his death (1872), " A vast Ecclesiastical Province had been created, containing five dioceses complete with Syno- dical. Parochial and Missionary organizations, ad- ministered by 127 clergymen, besides lay teachers." Another twenty years have passed away, and now, within fifty years, in the place of one Bishop there are ten, and the fourteen clergy have increased to 360. This venerable Society carries on large operations among the natives in the east of Cape Colony (around Grahamstown and in Kaffraria). Also in Natal, Zulu- land, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Griqualand West, Orange Free State, the Transvaal, Swaziland, and Mashonaland. It has over 100 stations and 16,000 communicants. Like the Methodists, "its colonial ministry is also missionary," and some of " its missionaries are also colonial ministers." The result has been that many " European members take a deep interest in Missions to the heathen." These African Churches are becom- ing more and more missionary in their spirit and SOUTH AFRICA AND BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA 107 action, while colonially they hold a position of the highest importance. On the other hand, the course pursued by L.M.S., Presbyterian, American and other European societies has undoubtedly produced greater missionary results ; while it is to be regretted that, in so wide a field, greater consideration has not always been given to societies already in occupation. Presbyterians in South Africa. The Dutch Clu/rcli of South Africa is as old as the colony itself, besides being the largest and most influential. " From the Church of Holland," writes Dr. Andrew Murray, it has its general framework, with its Confession and Liturgies, and its forms of service. . . . To the Church ( i France it owes much of its best spiritual life. The influence of Scotland may be traced in its theology, its view of the relation to the State, its pastoral work, as well as its religious life as seen in Sabbath observance, prayer meetings and missions." In 1S(>2 it commenced its battle with Liberalism introduced from Holland. In 1875 a Bill in the Cape Parliament made an end of State support, so that the Dutch Church is now disestablished, and there are now three Dutch Churches in South Africa the l>i/tclt Hffoniied Church of the. Cajte, the Reformed Free Clinrcli (or Church of the Doppers), and the licformcd ('Jinn-It <>f the Si, nth African, liepublic, which in doc- trine and government agrees with the Dutch Reformed Church. The first has eleven Missions and stations among the natives of South Africa, and the South African Dutch Missionary Society shows increasing signs of life. It seems possible that a Federation of Dutch and Anglo-Saxon Evangelical Churches will some day be made. " The Presbyterian Church of South Africa should one day include them all, and become more and more than hitherto a living Missionary Church." The seat of Scotch Presbyterian Missions is in Kaffraria. The Glasgow Missionary Society entered in 1S21 (a Scottish Society based on principles similar I O 8 AFRICA WAI TING to the L.M.S.). In 1844, due to divisions in the Church at home, the work was separated into United Presbyterian and Free Church. This has led to good results and increased resources. These Scottish Missions have aimed at a very high ideal in their plantation of Native Churches, so that they have developed an excellent native ministry. The U.P. Church works exclusively among the Kafirs, that is, among the Galekas, Gaikas, and Fingoes. Their first Native minister was the Rev. Tiyo Soga, who had great influence among the Native chiefs. Lovedale Institution (South Kaffraria) is the great educational centre of the Free Church, and holds an unique position in the Colony. Brought into existence bafore Queen Victoria's accession by Mr. Govan, and inspired by a personal visit from Dr. Duff, it has of late years been very ably developed by Dr. Stewart. It has an industrial character, for it trains and educates blacksmiths, carpenters, waggon-makers, printers, book- binders, telegraphists, and even farmers. It is for this reason that the Government gives it an annual grant-in-aid of 2000. " Nothing but Dr. Stewart's knowledge of farming and unusual capacity for super- intendence could keep it going." During 1895 the membership of the young men's institution increased to 457, and the number of candidates to 127. Blythawood (North Kaffraria) has sprung out of Lovedale at the request of the Fingoes, and is affiliated to it. It is largely supported by the Fingoes them- selves, a tribe but recently sunk in degradation and slavery. Sunday after Sunday its Boys' Missionary Society meets for prayer, and sends out ten or twelve of its members to preach the Gospel to the surrounding kraals. The recent prosperity of the Fingoes is already leading to an overcrowding of population. This is a grave problem which calls for a speedy solution. Another result of Duff's visit to South Africa has been the Free Church Zulu Mission (1867). It has three centres Maritzburg, Impolweni, and Umsinga, and is known as the Gordon Memorial Mission. SOUTH AFRICA AXD BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA 109 The French Huguenots are represented hy the French Evangelical Mission. The MifHiimi is one of the iniost concentrated and successful Missions in South Africa, and Christianity is now the predominating iniluence in the country. iio\v this has all come ahout since 1S29 is worth reading. The story of the intelligent Basuto Chief, Moshesh, with "his humanity, his mildness, his love of peace and justice, his horror of war " is splendid, lie only became a Christian three months before he died, saying on his deathhed, ' 1 have only just been horn.'' This Mission is conspicuous for its high standard of missionaries. Men like Casalis, Prochet, Dyke, and Holland would be- an ornament to any Christian Church. They have introduced some excellent Normal and Training Insti- tutes for girls and boys. The name of Aser must never be forgotten, a- Native Christian, who pioneered the wav to the Zambesi for his countrymen, and set a blight example to other Missions in South Africa. With an ardent love for souls, he made his way through the Transvaal, and across the Limpopo to the Banyai tribe on the southern banks of the Zambesi. Having made friends with tin m, he returned, and appealed to his countrymen to come forward to evangeli/e this region. Disasters befell the first two parties on the way, for the Banyai proved treacherous, and the Matabele were suspicious. .But in lN s -l the French Mission found its way at last to the river Zambesi, and the F>arotse country. Here. after ten years of sowing, a great ingathering to< k place ( 1M)0). Pastor Coillard is the brave lender if tins /jiirotxt' M/xx/on, and of all the mis-ions to South Africa, there seem to be none that come nearer to a correct ideal, in dealing with native social questions, than these French Fvangelical Missionaries. One more Presbyterian Mission, though late in the field, must be mentioned here. The .S/r/.v.v /'/n has three sta- tions in Natal. The principal feature of the work has been tlie establishment of homes for Native children. The J''nt/aiid Missionary Sacie///, of Helsingf'ors, is working in tlie little known region of Ovamholand. The country is full of corn and gardens, which are cultivated by the Ovambo, a Bantu race, which is supposed to have migrated there from the Zambesi. Halm, the Rhenish missionary, twice visited the land ( LS/J7 and ls(>(>). But being unable permanently to occupy it. he invited thither the Finns. They arrived in ls70, but only on Epiphany day (1883) had they the privilege of bapti/ing the iirst converts. Since then the Native community has grown very slowly, for Mission work is seriously hindered, both by the pernicious fevers that lurk in the swampy plains and the unceasing tribal wars of the twelve Ovambo tribes; in 1S ( .):> ilit- ({hellish Mission followed its Finnish brethren into ibis remote' country. The American Board of Foreign Missions works in Natal, and is valued alike by Government, Colonists, and Natives. The six missionaries who reached the Cape in ISM"), after many vicissitudes, settled in Natal (ls:{(>). For ten long years there were no converts, but only trouble after trouble between Zulu and P>oer. But now the Mission has a great number of Native pastors, preachers and catechists, I 1 14 AFRICA WAITING besides a normal seminary, a female boarding-school, and an excellent system of "kraal visiting." Several of the workers rank among the very first South African missionaries. To them is due the translation of the Zulu Bible. In 1883 they extended work to Inham- bane, a port to the north of the Eiver Limpopo, and between 1880-4 they succeeded in establishing another fruitful mission in the highlands of Bailundu and Bihe in Central Africa. The Primitive Methodists have been connected with South Africa since 1870, and now have missions also in West Africa, Fernando Po, and British Central Africa. The statistics of the mission give 8 stations, 24 out-stations, 9 European and 5 Native ministers, 45 Native local preachers. Their ablest worker the late Eev. H. Buckenham who had worked from the very first at Aliwal North (1870-83), then in Fernando Po (1883-8), had laboured seven years at founding stations in Mashukulumbweland (Central Africa) before his death in 1896. The South Africa General Mission was founded in 1889. It has a threefold aim to evangelize the heathen, to rouse the Christian Church to a holier life, and to aid existing Evangelical Missions and Churches. The Rev. Andrew Murray is the President of the Mission, and takes a deep and personal interest in the good work already accomplished. The scope of its work has rapidly spread among Europeans, Natives and Jews in South Africa. The S.A.G.M. has now about 100 European workers and many Native Evan- gelists. Its work is carried on in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban (amongst Natives and Indians), Swaziland, Pondoland, Bomvanaland, Majuba, Tem- buland, Zululand, Gazaland, and in connexion with the French Protestants in Basutoland. The " South African Pioneer," the official organ of the Mission, is one of the best missionary magazines ; in fact the publications of the Mission are exceptionally attractive and up to date, while persistently emphasizing the spiritual side of mission work. SOUTH AFRICA AND BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA 115 The Work of David Livingstone. The above short review of Protestant Missionary Enterprise in South Africa has led us to see nation after nation entering the field. We have seen the sphere of missionary operation extending from the Cape to the Cunene on the west, and the Zambesi on the east. Moreover, before this chapter closes we shall see how British influence has extended even beyond the Zambesi, till it includes the highlands of Xyasa and Shire and readies the southern shores of Tanganyika. David Livingstone was the great cause of this development. If the Boers were bent on closing the interior to Europeans, Livingstone was equally deter- mined to open it. He saw that the true plan for Africa's evangelixation must be broad enough to take in the whole continent and its whole future. Looked at from our present standpoint it is im- possible to separate David Livingstone's first great journey across Africa, extending from June 1852 to August is/jO, from his previous twelve years of mis- sionary labours and travels in Bechuanaland. For it was at Chonuane that he met the chief Sechele, who lain 1 on helped him to cross the Kalahari desert, to discover Lake X garni (1849), and to visit Sebituane, Kin) a second expedition brought, among others, Dr. Stewart and four Native Christian agents trained at Lovedale. The original site of Cape' Maclear, selected by E. D. Young, was now abandoned in favour of Bandawe, about the middle, of the western shore; of Lake Nyasa. We may date the beginning of the Livingstonia Mission from this time. " More recently the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa, co-operating with Livingstonia, have occupied much of south-west Nyasaland, taking over Chikusi's country, and Cape Maclear. This lias enabled the Free Church of Scotland to push away northward along the Stevenson Road to Mwen/o. There, where the great rivers rise that feed the Congo and the /ainbesi, missionaries are seeking to reach the dreaded Aweinba. This is the last of the fighting tribes to be tamed by the Christian teacher and doctor, now that I)rs. Laws and Elmslie and the lamented Dr. Steele have led those once wild Zulus, the Ngoni, to heat their assegais into ploughshares." "After twenty years the permanent centre of the Livingstonia Mission has been fixed in the north-east of Hbodcsi;] . The time of pioneering and founding seems over, when at live stations there are Christian congregations: when seven languages have been reduced to wriiing, and the Bible and a pure literature, well illustrated, are printed on the spot by the converts ; when forty schools train SOOO youths; when almost every convert is a missionary to others in some form or other; when the industrial arts have been intro- duced, and not least, the art of healing; and when slave-hunting and the poison ordeal have ceased out of the land." Again, it is just twenty vears since the steam-launch ll((la was built t,h. Price of a S/arc. The average cost price of a man would be the equivalent of four yards of calico, a WAITING flint-lock musket, a G-lb. keg of gunpowder, a 2-gallon keg of rum, with beads and brass wire. Women were a quarter cheaper than men. The selling price at Jamaica averaged 13 Is. 9c?. two hundred . years ago. 7. Decline of the Trade. The traffic did not pay, because it w r as economically unsound. A healthy trade requires peace, but the slave trade implied a state of war. No monopoly was allowed to any com- pany. Therefore, each was faced by unlimited com- petition. Worst of all, the West Indian planters demanded cheap labour. 8. Defence of the Trade. Reasons were constantly urged on its behalf. The seamen pointed out truly enough that a slave .would be killed if not sold. His absence was good for Africa, and the better for the trade. Members of Parliament showed that it found employment for several classes, alleging that it was an outlet for manufactures, and a source of income to the S.P.G., which was spent in teaching religion to the slaves ! William III. and George II. thought it necessary in their time, while Negro potentates and Bristol merchants, sea captains and sugar planters, all agreed as to its benefit. Did not the slaves like it too ? 9. Abolition of the Trade. Among the earliest English protests raised against the trade came two from Godwin, a Church of England clergyman, and Richard Baxter, the great Nonconformist divine. Montesquieu led the way in France in 1750. The Quakers and Wesleyans followed ten years later. And public opinion began to imdergo a change at last, \vhen Lord Mansfield gave his memorable judgment from the Bench in 1772, that " African slavery was decided to be illegal in England." The efforts of Granville Sharp, Clarkson, Wilberforce, and Zachary Macaulay are well known. Pitt and Fox, Burke, Lord Grey, and Lord Grenville, all pronounced against the trade. At last the 'Act -of -Abolition of the Slave Trade was passed in Ii807j: and Jthe noble; Act . of, 'J& 'mine i pat io,n.. THE SLAM: TKAD'E' WAVJ '/v/ X />AV.VA' TRAI-I-IC 123 crowning Buxton's campaign in the \Yest indies with success. But Denmark lias the honour of being 1 the first to stop tlu; trufiic. The United States of America followed hard in 1794, by forbidding the introduction of slaves. Next in order came Great Britain, Holland, France, and Portugal. Of special importance was the Ashhurton Treaty between Great Britain and the; United States (1S42), when it was decided jointly to maintain a naval force of at least eighty guns on the African Coast. Other important dates to remember are the annexation of Lagos by the .British (1S(51), the abolition of North American slavery (1862), the abolition of slavery in Brazil (1SSS). Since then this curse to Christendom has ceased, and Africans by degrees are returning to Lagos, and Liberia, and the interior. The, Arab Slave Trade. The moial code of Islam finds a place for slavery, undoubtedly, and all Mohammedan states demand forced labour. Some' have tried to show that "to associate the slave trade with the propagandism of .Islam is quite as unjust as to couple the gin traffic with the progress of Christianity." But the fact remains that wherever .Islam rules, the slave trade continues to exist . The solution to the problem cannot finally be found till Arab dominion has ceased forever. The regions or preserves from which the slaves are drawn, are, hroadlv speaking, three in number: 1. The Sudan (West and Central); 2. The Valley of the Nile and its tributaries; .'5. Last Africa. The Sudan traffic across the deserts of Sahara has largely increased during the present century, and for three reasons. Firstly, the Turkish traffic in white mm has ceased for ever. Therefore an increasing demand for Negroes has aiiseii instead. Secondly, a powerful sect of l^lnm, named after their late founder, Muhammad al-Sanusi. has arisen in Tripoli. These' Senusi are a large religious fraternitv, and AFRICA WAITING make proselytizing wars and expeditions far and wide. Their caravans bring back to Jaghbub (in Tripoli) yearly trophies of the faith. Thirdly, this century has seen the Fulah shepherds turn into warriors, and, as we have already said, Othman, their prophet, left to his followers the great empire of Sokoto. Heathen unbelievers in Islam may be en- slaved, and so the trade increased. Hitherto the region raided most for slaves has been Hausaland, while operations have extended from Lake Chad almost as far as the Guinea Coast. The chief depots have been Timbuctu in the west, and Kuka in the east. There are four different routes across the desert : that followed by Caille when he entered Tim- buctu ; another avoiding Algeria, and coming out at Ghadames ; a third from Kuka via Murzuk ; and, lastly, a secret route, known only to the Senusi, from Wadai to their capital. The ports of embarkation for Turkey are both in Tripoli, and slaves are still con- veyed to Canea, Salonica, Constantinople, and Smyrna. Never less than fifteen caravans, which bring out ten thousand captives alive to tell the tale, cross the desert every year. Mr. Spont estimates that 40,000 victims fall en route, and it is said you cannot lose your way, -the way is lined with human skulls. Cardinal Lavigerie indignantly speaks of " women tied together in lots, some with children in arms, all laden with cloth and plunder, weary, covered with weals and scars. Famine, fever, and small-pox claiming victim after victim, the fainting ruthlessly butchered ! " The Nile Valley traffic is due to different causes. The expansion of Egypt under Mehemet Ali was one, for it increased Egypt's demand for domestic servants. Moreover, Europeans successfully prepared the way for the Arab slave trade by opening up the Nile water- ways. The trade then became a commercial venture. Arabs poured in with open-handed villainy, and zaribas were founded everywhere. Tribe after tribe was instigated to tribal war, by dint of promises of slaves and ivory from the profits. Until about thirty years THE SLAVE TRADE AND THE DR1XK TRAFFIC 127 ago it was found that 30,000 slaves were being im- ported annually into Cairo. But since the Mahdi's rise in 1882, and the ruin of the East Sudan, Mecca, and not Cairo, has become the goal of every gang. For pilgrims are glad to purchase slaves in Mecca to aid them in their arduous journey home. Most of these slaves come from "Wadai, now the chief hunting-ground, for the basin of the Nile has been almost depopulated by these ravages. Darfur and Kordofan are slave centres, Dongola. Berber, and Kassala, up till recent years, have been the rallying points. From thence they find their way across the Nubian desert and the Eed Sea under cover of night, and are landed at or near to Jedda, the port of Mecca. The rest are gathered from the Galla races, this practice having been sanctioned by Menelik of Shoa, the Abys- sinian king. Here again extension of bis empire caused the trade. His victims cross the Eed Sea further south at Tajurra or Raheita, and are landed at Plodeida, notwithstanding the vigilance of British ships. I take Mi 1 . Spout's moderate estimate in 1SSS that over (50.000 have been made victims every year, making this hideous traffic larger than that of the Sudan. Schweinfurth and Baker, Gordon and Felkin, have all testified to the hopeless ruin of these lands. Where once there stood prosperous villages and plots of cultivated lands, now forest wastes remain, and only one-third of a former population. East African Traffic. The oiigin of this trade cannot be traced. We only know that the Portuguese had a considerable share in it. Linschoten. the Dutchman, just three hundred years ago, spoke of great aumbers of Caffres 1 (negroes) carried from Moxambique into India." The former existence of a great slave market at Goa is well known. Between 1S-JO and 1845 four treaties were made by the British Government with former rulers and Sultans of Zanzibar, but all these measures are shown by Sir if spelling the- Arabic " Kafir." 128 AFRICA WAITJNG: " Bai'tle Frere to have failed in effecting their object. David Livingstone was the first to rouse Britain, Europe, and America to some sense of. the awful miseries being inflicted upon -Africa. Harrowing are the sober accounts, in " The Zambesi and its Tributaries" and his "Last Journals," of the horrors of 'the capture and the march, the cruelty of the slave-stick, and the barbarous treatment by half- caste Arabs of men, women, and children while wholesale devastation, and even depopulation of large districts, by murder and slave-hunting, was taking place. But let three trans- African travellers speak for themselves. Cameron tells of " bleached skulls by the roadside, skeletons of human hands attached to poles." Stanley adds, " My eyes catch sight of that continual lifting of the hand to ease the neck in the collar. . . . Many have been months fettered, their bones stand out in bold relief in the skin, which hangs in wrinkles and puckers." And Livingstone quietly remarks, " It was wearisome to see the skulls and bones scattered about everywhere ; one would fain not notice them, but they are so striking as one trudges along the sultry path that it cannot be avoided." " Europe awoke to pity and to heal." In 1872 Sir Bartle Frere was sent on a special mission to Zanzibar. After a thorough investigation into the reasons why former treaties were inefficient, he prepared the way for Dr., now Sir John, Kirk, to make a better treaty with the Sultan in 1873. All carrying of slaves by sea was to be abolished, and all public markets for buying and selling imported slaves were to be closed. Further edicts, notably one of great stringency in 1890, forbade all traffic in slaves and allowed any slave to purchase his freedom. At the same time the Sultan accepted the protectorate of Great Britain. Latest legislation has abolished the legal status of slavery in Zanzibar and Pemba (1897), but this has by no means solved the problem. Would that all the complications to complete emancipation could be removed ! THE SLATE TRADE J.V/> TI1K DRIXK TRAl'I-'lC 12() There have ill \vuys been three 1 main routes followed by the slave-dealer, (a) From the Albert Lake rid Lake Rudolph to Magadosha ; (1>) from the tributaries of the Congo cin Nyangwe, Ljiji. and Unyanyembe to the East Coast ; (<) from the Zambesi and its tribu- taries to Kihvii. Those districts which have been most ill-treated are the Manyema, Msidi's kingdom, the Xyasa coasts, and regions round tho Victoria Nyanxa. Hut the fall of the Congo Arabs in 1S93, the establishment of tho British Colony of NyasaLind, and the British and German Protectorates in East Africa, have made the transport of slaves, in dhows, a risky undertaking. The settled destination of these slaves has been to Muscat and the "Persian Gulf, but also to Madagascar and tho Comoro Isles, where? a kind of forced labour, called Fanampoaim, is expected of them. Difficulties of Suppression. A very brief review of the sorrowful extent of African slave trade has been given. From this we have proved emphatically that shivery still thrives. What can be done to rid Dark Africa from this awful curse ? There are great difficulties in the way of an\ quick suppression. One serious obstruction we are met with at the out- set. For fifteen years the greater part of the Sudan has been closed to Europe, and the central regions are a sphere in which European influence must be insignifi- cant for many years to come. The eastern regions have been lost by insurrection and apostasy, only now to be slowly regained. The western districts seem most full of hope. For British influence has been recently established, at least as far as Lake Chad. Let us then pray for Christian statesmen and mis- sionaries to occupy these hinds. A second ditliciilty has been due in part to an unfortunate action by the German Fast African Company, resulting in an Arab rising and destruction of European influence on the East Coast. Lastly, the climate is against us. K 130 AFRICA WAITING Methods of Extirpation. There are three royal roads to the final emancipation of Africa peace, com- merce, and Christianity. The following are some of the ways that are being tried to lead to them. The blockade of the coast, firm bases of operation, treaties with native chiefs, control of importation of fire-arms, armed forces of police, improved navigation of rivers and lakes, railways where necessary to render transport cheaper. The introduction of new kinds of trade, the development of existing commerce, European settlements in high- land districts, Native Christian settlements on the coast. There are three such Native Christian settlements on the West Coast, in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Lagos, and four upon the East Coast, at Mombasa, Zanzibar, Magila and Kisserawe. These have for long been recognized as bases of operation for missions. They are exceedingly valuable centres for translational and educational work. Already numbers of evangelists have been trained up and sent back to their native lands to preach the Gospel. They need the ablest African missionaries for their development. " For Africa's redemption the Negro is the chosen instru- ment." T)ic Liquor Traffic. The facts about the drink traffic are these. With the extension of European influence in Africa, there has come an increased market for European goods. From the very first traders in spirits found ready purchasers among the natives. Often before the natives had reaped the benefits of commerce, spirit merchants had given them a taste for intoxicating liquors, and liquors which in many cases are proved to be of the most vicious kind. Such a demand has now been created that, in the Niger Delta, gin hay become the currency of the country. Testimony of Travellers. The late Joseph THE SLAVE TRADE A.\D THE DRINK TRAFFIC 131 Thomson, in a speech at Manchester ten years ago, said with reference to the gin trade : " In these facts lies the secret of the astoundingly small progress our West Coast settlements have made." Sir Richard Burton went still further in his hook on Aheokuta when he wrote : " It is my sincere helief that if the slave trade were revived with all its horrors, and Africa could get rid of the white man, with the gun- powder and rum which he has introduced, Africa would he the gainer by the exchange." Bishop Tugwell, after having travelled throughout Yoruba and the Niger Protectorate, lias recently spoken most strongly from personal knowledge, as to the mischief done to missionary work, and the demoralizing effect of the liquor traffic upon the morals of the people. It is also the testimony of British and German merchants that " the working capacity of the Negroes is paralyzed by its influence." Native Protests. Khama, paramount chief of the Bamangwato, in his speech at Grosvenor House, London, in November, iM'Jfj, said: " I do not rejoice to see drink in my town to-day. Strong drink cannot travel from a country by itself, but always takes with it a great many other tilings, things which bring a man into the lire. Strong drink knows war wherever it is. You are the people who give us missionaries to teach us, vet strong drink does and will hinder the work of missionaries." Bishop Oluwole tells us that Christians, Moham- medans, and Tagans in . \beokuta have held a great meeting in the largest church to protest against the I raffle in spirits. A similar meeting has been held at Lokoja, and a petition signed by 100 natives in Arabic and 1 lausa. Prohibition to Natives is really in force in Natal, British Bechuanaland, Transvaal, Zululand, Basuto- land, and .!;', ths of the Royal Niger Company's Terri- tory. But it is not practicable in all parts of Africa. Much more, however, might be done to restrict the liquor trallic bv heavy dues. This is heinC done with K -2 132 A FK 1C A WA I TING great success by Col. Cardew, the present Governor of Sierra Leone ; and to counteract a temporary decrease in the revenue, the trade returns have already begun to increase. The Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Committee l was founded in 1887, consisting of delegates appointed by twenty-six Missionary and Temperance Societies in the British Isles. It has collected and published a large amount of information from traders, travellers, missionaries, and others in support of its statejnents, and has from time to time called the attention of the British and other Govern- ments to the matter. It has also secured energetic action from Pastor Miiller, who has been able to form a German United Committee, and to present a petition to the German Chancellor. Legislation. At the Brussels Conference of 1890-91, the principle of International Agreement was established, and an area was legislated for, equalling one-fifth of the habitable portion of the Globe, from 20 N. latitude to 22 S. latitude. It was unani- mously agreed that it should be illegal almost every- where within this region for intoxicating liquors to be introduced. The Powers pledged themselves to assist those kings and chiefs who desired to free their peoples from the influence of such liquors, and in already infected countries a uniform minimum duty was established of fifteen francs per hectolitre (about 6|rf. per gallon). The result has been that a tariff, far from being uniform, has been instituted. The following Table, as prepared by the Colonial Office in 1896, gives the duty, per proof gallon (imperial), in each of the possessions on the West Coast. The names of the possessions have been placed in geographical order, going from north to south. It should be noted that as different standards prevail 1 President, the Duke of Westminster, K. G. ; Chairman, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Office, 139, Palace Chambers, Bridge Street, Westminster. iii the various possessions, the duties given have been reduced to a uniform scale. Name of Possession. Diitv ]>or Proof Gulloii (linpcriiil). Mother Country, 1 Senegal ... g. d. 1 2* Franco 2 Gambia ... 1 I! England :i Portuguese Guinea U O.V Portugal i French Guinea. ... '.)" Franco 5 Sierra Leone ;j o England i; Liberia ;5 o Independent 7 Ivory Coast :i '. France S C Wo M f V It, ? Gold Coast } rsM.t^oi, C Kng i an( j ^ KaM of Volta. ) !) Toaroland ... ... ... 1 Germany 10 Dahomoy, iVe. s France 11 Lau-o.s 2 Knglaiid 12 Hoyal Niger Cnmpany .. 2 Kngland i:i Niger (.'oast Proteeiorai e 2 England 11 Cameroons 1 10 Germany * Pins 12 per rent. ireiirn spirits. The Present Crisis. -\\V cannot do better than close with this the latest resolution passed at (Irosveiior House on May '2")tli. 1S!)7, by those interested in the welfare of the Xe^ro race : "That in view of the admitted evil of the Li<|tior Traffic amongst the Native liaces of Africa, and of the danger which now exists of a rapid extension of the trade into the interior owing to the development of railways in various parts of Africa, and seeing that the year IS', IS is the date that was fixed by the Powers for reconsidering the Liquor Clause of the Brussels (ieneral Act of IS'. )()-'.) I . and that the ( lovernments of (!reat. Britain and (lermany have signified their readi- ness to consider the possibility of effectually restricting the trade; this meeting feels that the time has now come for further and more effective international co- 134 AFRICA WAITING. operation in this matter, and ventures respectfully to press Her Majesty's Government to take the initiative, either by calling together a Conference of all the Powers assembled at the Brussels Conference, or by obtaining an agreement between those Powers possess- ing territory in Africa, as may seem best, in order that, wherever possible, the trade in spirits may be pro- hibited ; and where this is not deemed possible, this meeting would venture to urge on Her Majesty's Government that there should be a constantly in- creasing duty, commencing at not less than four shillings per gallon, and that the duty should be uniform in all the Colonies and Protectorates on the West Coast. This meeting would press this matter the more strongly, that Her Majesty's reign may be made even more illustrious by the removal of what has long been a blot upon the advancing civilization of Africa." CHAPTER VIII. THF. KYANdKLI/ATION OB" AFRICA. IN the foregoing chapters, some of the geographical, ethi]<>logic;il, philological, commercial, and religions prohlems that Africa presents have heen touched upon. Let us now gather up some of these facts in the form of a mnemonic, and seek to face the task of Africa's evangelization in this generation. The African Problem. From chapters iii., iv., v., vi. we .leather the following tallies : Protestant Missionaries. II Y Population. l- mil - Kuro- lAmeri- rt hern Africa I includ- n ir rhe Sahara) . . :i.9K9.(>:W 27,31 .">,OOO 1G1 49 drear Sudan ... 2.127.1HI ,";.'. ('20, 000 177 nial Africa .... y.s;7.2(>7 :i9,U75,ooO :i40 170 if hern Africa i includ- ing' I'riiish ('cniral Africa! . 1. 17^.710 7. 2f) I. IMM .|-(5* 9 11. l-r .-even years. + 'I'lii- is Mr. Unveiistein's est iniate ol' 1S!I"> ; one of t lie lowest estimates ol' the total population has ]>nrposelv heen taken. t Kxclusive of small African Islands. 136 A PR 1C A IV A 1 TING But Christendom has never dealt fairly with the Continent. Broadly speaking, there are twice as many missionaries in the south as there are in the north, notwithstanding the north having double the population of the south. This, when put another way, reveals the need of Northern Africa to be fourfold that of Southern Africa ( Field and Force. Further, the following represents Africa's maximum number of European and -American missionaries. Northern Africa has one Protestant missionary to 125,000 Mohammedans. The Sahara has one Protestant missionary to 2,500,000 Mohammedans. The Sudan States have one Protestant missionary to 45,000,000 Mohammedans and Pagans. West Africa has about one Protestant missionary to 50,000 Pagans. Central Africa has one Protestant missionary to 80,000 Pagans. Southern Africa has one Protestant missionary to 14,000 Pagans. These missionaries come from forty Protestant missionary societies. A Contrast. 1837 and 1897. There is much, however, to encourage us, on looking back. When Queen Victoria ascended the throne, Krapf had not yet set out either for Abyssinia or East Africa, nor had Townsend thought of entering Yoruba ; and Livingstone bad just completed his first session at Glasgow in the study of medicine. Now every year adds colour to the map of Africa, and all the leading features of the continent are known. Bible Translations.- An even deeper lesson is taught us by Bible translations. For before the nine- teenth century opened, only two New Testaments Koptic and Ethiopic were to be found in Africa. By 1837 one Bible version in Ambaric was nearly ready for Abyssinia. And now in sixty years a wonderful TIII-: i-:VAXC,Ei.iy.ATio\ or A !' RICA 137 change has taken ])lace. Let us see how the \vork lias hecii distributed over the Continent. 1 In ..\m -Ilia n Africti (not counting French and Italian) \ve have the Arabic Bible \vliicli is understood in many parts of North Africa, Kgypt and the great desert. Abyssinia is well supplied with the Bible in Aniharic, the New Testament printed in Tigre and translated into Tigrinja, and other versions. Where translational work is most needed is in Morocco. The Circa t Sudan has onlv twenl\ -live versions in 200 languages. Of these, seven are complete New Testaments and five are whole Bibles two for the Gold Coast, one each for Yoruba land, the Calabar country, and the Canie- roons. The New Testament in Ilausa is fast being re-translated, and when it is done will prove an iniluence through the whole Sudan. HO//I/I . I t'l'ica and llf/tixli ( 'cut nil Africa, however, give tlie best results. In Fact, the work of Bible translation there is nearly << 'tnplete. .First, there are in all twenty- six versions to 10,000,000 people. Secondly, not count- ing Ln^lish and 1 hitch versions, there are thirteen com- plete New Testaments in different tongues, and of these, six are whole Bibles. They cover almost the entire num- ber of races in Southern Africa. The Zulu Bible owes its existence to the American Bible Society and mission- aries. The Si clmana was the life-long work of Robert Moi'l'a!. the Scotchman. 1'Veiich missionaries gave the Word of Life to the l'>;isuto. (Herman missionaries have completed tin- Xama (or Khoi-khoi) Bible for the, Hottentots, and ivvisi d boi 1 1 the Suto and Kafir Bibles. Lastly, the Malagas! Scriptures are the work of the, L.M.S. in Madagascar. Turning to New Testaments, we iiiul that lite \\ords of .Jesus and the Apostles can l>e taken to the heathen from the Cape to Lake Xvasa, and from the hind of lleivros to the Matahele. It is of special interest that steps are being taken in Nyasa- land to form one Bible \rrsion and one language for the tribes around. The Nyan/a dialect has been selected, and should prove a unif\ing force' all over British Central Africa. 1 A |i|icmii\ ('. i 138 APR 1C A WA ITlNCr Lastly, in Central Africa the greatest present pro- gress is being made. Every year adds some new version to the list. There is no Bible for West Central Africa below the Equator, but Swahili for the East Coast and Luganda for the regions of Victoria Nyanza are Bible languages of great importance. Then we have , three New Testaments, for the Gallas in the East, for Congoland, and for the Gaboon in the West, while several others are nearing completion. Altogether there are thirty-four Bible versions in Central Africa. Summary. We have, then, the following im- portant results at the close of a hundred years of Bible-translation work : 12 African Bibles in use, 31 complete New Testaments, 98 Bible versions. The leading, dominant languages of the continent are shown to be Arabic, Dutch, English, French, Swahili, Hausa, Yoruba, and Zulu. In all except Hausa can be found the Bible in the native language. Closed Doors. Two regions of the continent, however, are closed to Christendom. They call for special prayers. Ever since the campaign of Magdala (1868) the land of Abyssinia and of Alexandrian Christianity has been closed to European missionaries. More recently, the insurrection of the Mahdi (1882) spread in a region five times the area of the British Isles, and Egypt only gradually regains her captured territories. At least 10,000,000 Moslems and Abyssinian Christians are closed to Christian influence. Solution of the African Problem by A. M. Mackay of Uganda. " How, then, is Africa to be Christianized? The problem to be solved and the conditions of the case were pretty much the same in Europe, once as they are now in Africa. ... In endeavouring to span the Continent of Africa, we must keep three conditions constantly in mind. (1) The nature of the founda- tion. (2) The materials at disposal. (3) The con- ditions under which the workmen will have to build." THE F.l~ ANGEL //CATION OF A 1- RICA 139 " The Pier Principle is that hitherto adopted in Africa in Mission work. Lines of stations have been planted, but too frequently in unhealthy centres, and these, like piers on a bad foundation, have frequent!}- collapsed, hence gaps arc? constantly occurring/' " Others have tried the suspension principle, but with no better success. A tower of strength has been built on each side of the mighty chasm one' at Freetown the other at Frere Town and strong links have been hung out from either side in the hope of uniting in the centre." "To span the Firth of Forth thev adopted the principle called the cantilever. At each side of the; Firth a high tower was built. Fach of these towers was like the upright stein of a balance, for from each side of the tower an arm was built outwards, one to the light and one to the left. For every foot in length that was added to the seaward arm, a similar arm was added to the landward arm, so as to make the balance even. The seaward arms on each side, however, were not continued until they met, but stopped short when their extremities were several hundred feet from each other. To fill this gap an ordinal'} girder was placed, having its ends resting on the seaward ends of the two cantilevers." " Let us adopt this principle by analog}' as our solu- tion of the African problem. Let us select particularly health} sites, on each of which we shall raise.' an institution for imparting a. thorough education, even to only a few. Let there be secured, among our friends at home, a guarantee of sufficient amount to support ever\ man added to the Matt' abroad. . . . This is the land-arm of the cantilever, and the man in the field is the seaward aim. These institutions should he placed sufficiently far apart so as not to interfere with each other. Lovedaleand Blythswood in South Africa are types already successful. . . . The agency by which, and probably by which alone, we can Chris- tiani/e Africa, is the African himself, but he must first be trained to that work by the European in Africa." 140 AFRICA WAITING Silent Appeals. " If it die, it brimjcth forth much fruit.'' " I am ready to go to Sierra Leone and die for the name of the Lord Jesus." " For my part I feel just like a bird in a cage. . . . My mind is wandering into the interior of Africa. Is this mere imagination ? Lord, hast Thou designed me to proceed from hence into other parts of Africa ? Here am I, send me." W. A. B. Johnson. " The resurrection of East Africa must be effected by our own destruction." " My spirit often urged me to go behind a large tree at a little distance from the village ... to weep and pray that the Redeemer's Kingdom might soon be established in these heights, and that His songs might be heard on these lofty hills ; and in full reliance on the promises of God I took possession of the Pagan land for the militant Church of Christ." /. L. Krapf. " In order to make any impression on the Kaffir mind there must be much self-denial." Bishop Gray. " Others will not go, so I will." Bishop Mackenzie. " He is the man in Zanzibar who prays to God for all us Africans, and tries in every way to do all the good he can." Testimony to Bishop Steerc in the far interior. " I am about to die for the Baganda, and have purchased the road to them with my life." Bisliop Hanniny ton's dying testimony. " You both have brought Jesus with you into our town, but you have left Him among us." Testimony of Ibadan Church ^Members to David and Anna Hindcrcr. " Preached Christ m this neighbourhood between July, 1889, and Feb. 1892." Epitaph of G. Wilmot-Brookc. at the ijate of Ilausaland. " The people . . . are too many for me." G. W. B. THE F.I'AXC.EI.IZATIOX (>/<' AFRICA 141 " Africa seems to have been invented to teach one patience. . . . Our Saviour has said, ' Let your light so shine,' Ax 1 . Where is light most needed? Without question in Dark Dark Africa. Then let my light blaze out for Christ in Africa." Hixliop Hill. " Ask that young man if there is any reason why he should not take Christ as his Saviour." Bixliup Hill in ///'* '///iii't delirium pleading iritJi souls. David Livingstone's last public words in Scot- land : " Fear Cod, and wor.k hard." " Providence seems to call me to the regions beyond so powerfully convinced am I that it is the will of the Lord that I should go ; 1 will go no matter who opposes." 1>.L.. JS;j'2. " Anvwhere provided it he forward." " People talk of the sacrifice 1 have made in spend- ing so much of my life in Africa. ... It is emphatically no sacrifice, say rather it is a privilege. 1 beg to direct your attention to Africa; I know that within a few years 1 shall be cut off in that country which is now open : do not let it be shut again ! 1 go back to Africa to try to make an open path for commerce and Christianity ; do you carry out the work which 1 have begun ; I leave it with you." J). L., December, 1S;")7, Semite lloi/m 1 , Cambridge. ?; " Nothing earthly will make me give up my work in despair. 1 will comfort myself in the Lord my God and go forward.' " I could forget all my cold, hunger, sufferings and toil, if I could be the means of putting a stop to the cursed traflic." " Perhaps Cod in His providence will arrest the attention of the world to this hideous tratlic by some unlooked-for means." D.L. on tin 1 Slave Trade. " You don't know w'lat you can do, until you try." D.L.,from i'jiji, 1871. In Memoriam. " Open the Abbey doors and bear him in To sleep with king and statesman, chief and sage, The missionary come of weaver kin, But great by work that brooks no lower wage. He needs no epitaph to guard a name Which men shall prize while worthy work is known ; He lived and died for good be this his fame : Let marble crumble : this is Living-stone." "Punch " on David Livingstone. Facsimile of an Epitaph in Westminster Abbey. ,_5 - ~ O BROUGHT BY FAITHFUL HANDS g : OVER LAND AND SEA ^ n HERE RESTS DAVID L I V I N G S T N E = P 2 J MISSIONARY, TRAVELLER, ^ r - 1 PHILANTHROPIST, z g Born March 19, 1813, v< & AT BLANTYUE, LANARKSHIBE. o < - 2 Died Mav 1, 1873, g j> k.^ a ^ ^ AT CHITAMBO'S VILLAGE, ULALA. | FOR THIRTY YEARS HIS LIFE WAS SPENT IN AN UNWEARIED EFFORT To EVANGELIZE THE NATIVE RACES, ~ 33 f? O To EXPLORE THE UNDISCOVERED SECRETS, 3 32 ^ Q TO ABOLISH THE DESOLATING SLAVE TRADE, ^ ^ OF CENTRAL AFRICA, ^ j| WHERE WITH HIS LAST WORDS HE WROTE, 3 ^ ac " ALL I CAN ADD IN MY SOLITUDE, IS, M g ^ " MAY HEAVEN'S RICH BLESSING COME DOWN ^ ^ ^ " ON EVERY ONE, AMERICAN, ENGLISH, OR TURK, '* >3 2 .^ WHO WILL HELP TO HEAL H D THIS OPEN SORE OF THE WORLD.' ' - s THE EVANGELIZATION OF AFRICA General Gordon's name among Sudanese women : " Father and Saviour of the Sudan." ' Warrior of God, man's friend, not laid below, Hut somewhere dead far in the waste Sudan, Thou livest in all hearts, for all men know This earth has borne no simpler, better man." Tennyson. To General Gordon's sister : " Your dear, noble, heroic Brother, who served his Country and his Queen so truly, so heroically, with a self-sacrifice so edifying to the world." V. H. 1. lluckdifx Idxf iiic.s^/iijc Irani Usfllilbiro, Liil'c Vninnii, Jan.' '2ml, is'JO : " You sons of Kngland, here is a field for your energies. l>ring with you your highest education and your greatest talents : you will find scope for the exercise of them all. \ ou men of God. who have resolved to devote your lives to the cure of the souls of men, here is the proper field for you. It is not to win numbers to a Church, hut to win men to the Saviour, and who otherwise will be lost, that I entreat you to leave your work at home to the many who are ready to undertake it, and to come forth yourselves to reap this field now white to the harvest. Home is rushing in with her salvation by sacraments, and a religion of carnal ordinances. \\ e want men who will preach .le-Mis and the Kesurrect ion. 'Cud is a Spirit,' and let him who believes l/ni( throw up every other consideration and come forth to teach these people to worship Him in spirit and in truth." (ii'til'i C ./'///. ,'//'//""'* ///"//'//// "// ///(' 1 !"(// a> . - * g '*- ~ M) (3 3 " 1 c ^* ^5 ! r> 23 .12* 1 i 498 31,272 7,664 i 95 13,069 Lagos 6 40 5 14 i 272' ... ! 85 8,254 2,382 32 2,566 Total . . . . ' 34 197 12 5 i... 52 2152 1 752 69,446 16,945 158 18,548 C.M.S. Sierra Leone C.M.S. . . ! 4 5 1 7 3 17 1 13 46 736 181 8 697 Nat. Ch. . 17 12 58 37 107 11,087 5,5T>r, 41 3,552 Yoruba C.M S 15 6 3 i - 16 3S 5 83 2,157 770 18 826 Nat. Ch. ... 6 5 56 15 76 6,787 2,530 ' 25 2,227 Niger . 9 3 4 - 2 15 15 44 886 90s i 15 filU Total .... 51 ... 14 8 .27 38 1S1 : 85 356 21,653 : 9,272 107 7,906 U. P. SCOTLAND. Old Calabar, Niger . . . ' 8 13 4 12 2 23 41 725 545 12 837 UNITED METHODIST .... ! 6 3 ' 8 *3 ... 11 4,108 2,802 13 1,595 S.P.G. Sierra Leone S.P.G. . . 2 1 o 3 2,500 130 ... German. BASLE MISSION. Gold Coast and Togoland . 10 142 43 t4 18 177 t26 264 13,036 5,867 126 3,753 Caineroons 6 70 IS 72 87 1.130 1.021 50 1.281 Total . . . . ! 16 i 212 58 1 18 249 26 351 14,166 6,888 176 5,034 BREMEN MISSION. Togoland I 33 1!) ts 1 4? 70 2,000 889 28 727 French. PARIS EVANOKLICAL MISSION. Senegal 1 1 3 We regret that complete statistics of American Missions are not to hand. * Including paid and unpaid Local Preachers, Catechists and School Teachers. t Not including wives of Missionaries and Cateehists. A PTEND1X APPENDIX B. RULES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN THE TROPICS. Taken from " dn/de to Health in Africa," pp. 151-2, by Suryeon-Major T. II. L'arke. Watfr. All drinking-water, no matter how sparkling and pure, should ho invariably hoiled, to insure its freedom from dangerous constituents. Cold weak tea, without sugar or milk, is hest for the inarch. Water should always he drawn from up-stream, and from the centre, if possible. Two grains of permanganate of potash to the quart purifies water. If muddy, use alum. Sun. No precautions can he too great for protecting the head from the direct rays of the sun. The use of a proper head-dress and umbrella, also a spinal pad for morning and evening sun, is judicious. (V////.V, draughts, sitting in damp clothes, especially when heated after violent exercise and copious per- spiration, also cooling of the body suddenly in any way, are certain to be followed by fever. Sli'Cji as far as possible off the ground, and always under mosquito curtains at night. l)/i't should be plain ; meat, fish, vegetables, well- boiled fruit, rice and cereals. A/euliol during the day is most dangerous. '/'u/> in the early morning, or at the end of a march, before cooling ; never while digestion is going on, and alwavs tepid, if possible. (.'inii/>. Select highland plateau near water supply. I)on't disturb the soil. Avoid ravines. Never to lee- ward of a swam]), unless separated by a belt of trees or a river. Site of latrine should be selected imme- diatelv on halting, and covered with a hurdle and sods so as to exclude Hies, as they convey poison, leaving only a few openings, each about one foot square. Directly tent is pitched hot: a gutter close to the walls. Clciilllincss.lIiUi' should he 1 cut short. 146 Clothing. The bodily temperature should he kept as equable as possible. Loosely fitting woollen clothes are preferable. Light kamiirband should be worn day and night. On halting after a march, put on a wrapper so as to cool gradually. Get under cover and change, if -possible. APPENDIX C. THE WORK OF THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN AND OTHER BIBLE SOCIETIES IN AFRICA, 1800 1897. By llcv. J. G. Watt, M.A. No. Language or Dialect. For what place or people primarily. What published. AFRICA NO:JTH. 1 Amharic Abyssinia . Bible. 2 Arabic Mohammedan lands . Bible. 3 Tunisian Jews . St. Luke. t Bilin, or Bogos . Abyssinia . St. Mark-. 5 Ethiopia, or Gee/ ,, ... N.T. and Pss. Falasha-Kara ... St. Mark. 7 Kabail Algeria Four Gosp. and Acts. 8 Coptic Egypt N.T. 9 Nuba St. Mark. 10 Shilha, or Rif. . North Africa St. Matt, and St. John. 11 Sus .... Morocco Parts of St. Luke. 12 Tiero .... East Abyssinia . N.T. and O.T. parts. 13 Tigrinjii >j tt N.T. and O.T. parts (translated). AFRICA WEST. 14 Acre or Ga . 1 East Gold Coast Bible. 15 Akunakuna Old Calabar St. Luke. 10 Ashanti. Fanti Near Cape Coast N.T. Castle 17 Tslii . Gold Coast . Bible. 18 Bullom Sierra Leone St. Matt. 19 Dualla. Cameroons . Bible. 20 Efik .... Calabar Bible. L] Evhe\ Anlo . ) Popo . i West Gold Coast f N.T. and O.T. parts. IN.T., Gen., and Pss. -.; Grebo .... Liberia O.T. and N.T. parts. 21 Hausa .... j On Niger and Benut5 Gen., Ex., Pss., Isa., liivers N.T. 25 Il)o, Lower (Bonny) . Lower Niger . . N.T. parts. 26 ,, Upper (Onitsha) Upper Niger 18 books of N.T. i Pss. 27 Idzo. Ijo . Estuary of the Niger . Four Gospels. 28 Igbira .... At Months of Niger St. Matt, and O.T. and licnu<> parts. 29 Isubu .... Cameroons . Four Gospels andGen. 30 Jolof .... Tribe near Dathurst, , Gambia . . St. Matt. APPENDIX For wlmt place or pcopk LtuiKUfiKC or Dialect. primarily. AFUK'A- WI.ST (eontinufil). . Mandinirns . A tribe near Sierra Leone A tribe on Ilic Xis^or . . North Caboon . A trilic in Sicrni Leone I- Cos., Acts, Romans. Four Cospels. N.T., 1'ss. and I.-; Three Gospels. N.T.. l's>., I'arts ol ().'!'. St. .Tolin and 1'ss. Hulii . CllUL'X'M Fnnt: . Calhl. SlK.il Itin . . ., liararetta . j ,, Cumin. LiiL'iindii . t'-audi \Vanika tribe in K. At'. A tribe in l\- \\itu country ('(itiBoliind . Moiuba-a. K. KM. Al'r. K. Ki|iiatorial At'ricii . Yiet'>riaNvan/.a'N.K.I l-'onr (i. ^pels. St. Mutt. Cm., St. Matt. Hil.le. St. Malt. St. John. Uible. St. Matt., Luke, Acts, and I Vs. Until,.!, nali. four Cos. linih, Jonah, three Cospel*. Four l.ospcls. St. Matt. and St..!o: ; n. N'.T. St. Matt. and St. Luke. I'art.- of Si. Matt. Four Co.-pe!.-, A. is, I'ss. ,S: ].ai-ts of K]i[). St. Matt. .-, St. Mark. St. Mark. ' St. 1, like and St.. Matt. Siikuina Suahili St. Mark. st. I. 'ike. St. Mark midst.. John. I'nrls ol Cell. ,V .N'.T. St. Matt. I Cospels and Acts. St. Liikcand St. ,|.,!,i!. liible. l''our CiL-pels. St. Murk. Bible. N.T. I N.T. \St. John and 1 Cur. 148 APPENDIX For what place or people 1 xo. language or maiect. primarily. AFRICA Sot-THEHH (continued). 77 i Herero S.W. Africa N.T. and Pss. 78 ! Kafir .... South Africa Hible. 79 Konde Lake Nyasa (N.) Four Gospels. 80 Kuanyama . Ovamboland St. Luke. 81 Malagasi Madagascar and S. Africa Bible. 82 Mambw,? . Lake Tansranyika (S.) St. Mark. 83 Mwamba . Lake Nyisa St. Mark. 84 Nama. Khoi-Khoi . Hottentot tribes . Bible. 85 Ndonga Ovamboland St. Matt. 86 Nganga Zambesi River . Four Gospels, 3 Epp. 87 Nyanja . . Lake Nyasa N.T., O.T. parts, and Pss. 83 Pedi .... North Transvaal N.T. *& Sena .... Zambesi River . St. Mark. 90 Sheetswa . Zululand Pour Gospsls & Acts. 91 Shona . ' Ma-shonaland St. Mark. 92 Suto. Sesuto . Basutoland . Bible. 93 Taliele. SintaJwJe . Matabeleland N.T. 94 Tonga .... Lake Nyasa St. Mark. 95 Yao" .... N.T. 96 Zulu .... Zululand Bible. 97 Xgoni . Like Nyasa St. Mark. 98 ,, Matabele Mdtaljeieland N.T. The Student Volunteer Organ of the STUDENT VOLUNTEER MISSIONARY UNION. The Numbers appear seven tinies during the College year, from OCTOBER to MAKCH, and in MAT. The following are some of the features : (i.) Articles on the Lending Principles of the Movement, (ii.) Short Articles on Strikinir Fea'ures in L'-c;iI Work, (iii.) Study hints on the Religions of the World, Phases of Mission Work, and Lives of Missijnaries, by the Educational Secretary, (iv.) Editorial Notes. (v.) Branch Reports, and Travelling Secretaries' Reports. (vi.) Articles by Leaders ou the Movements in other Lands, (vii.) Notices of New Books. (viii.) Messages to Volunteers from Veterans in the Field, (ix.) List of Volunteers who have sailed. A special series of Studies on AFRICA, by the Educational Secretary, were brought out in the issues for Oct., 1897, to Jan., 1898. Annual Subfcrijition, 1*., po$f free (5. 6rf. fur fl copiet, 18?. for 20) ; tingle i-opiei, 'id,, by pott, Z\d. S.V.M.U., 93, ALDKRSGATE STREET, LONDON, B.C. OILBIIKT i KIVISGTOX, LTD., ST. JOHN'S HOl'.SE, CLEUKEJi WELL, B.C. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. 01 OCT 1 4 l Hill! 1557 uc SOUTHERN; REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY