||iiiPPiiWk:s.iiii^.'v ■: ■"% i"^"^ "^aiAiNiiwv^ '^dojiivjio'f^ %Oiiivjjo^ '"■^(?A«vaaii# ^ ^mKmv ,\mmor^ ^Amimo/-^ ^^M^umvEK//^^ _^.K•mANCE^fc»^ '•/'/i ^v> .^OfCAIIFOff^v^ ^,OFfAllF0P<^^^ ^-V)i>>■" ''>aojiroio'^' .1^^^ 'vym\jwii\:i" "-♦aoiuvj jo>' '-''. >urri f/- . At rAfirnc. .ii^vioi^' v/iai,\i{i,i-ik^:i.'' vo^^uvaaui'i"^^ /CAavaaiii'^^ '% :^ '■% '^/Sa3AINn-3ftV '6 '^tfOJIWJJO'^ ^i. i? -f^r ^OAavaan-# ^ ^^y\f.ijNIWR% ^jv:\nSAVCflff,,, ^QFTAIIFO/? -^/^a. \\\f IIMVFR.f//. .vinVA>jr.Fi;r. .wMIRftAR^Y^A .aMIBRARY^-- , \\\E I'MNTRJ/. ''-"immw- 'JilJD'-Y-^UV-^ ^\\f I'M' 1^ 0^ «J ^AaMiNn-3ftv^ '% ^ %a3AiNn3WV^ '^^:inSANCflf,r>. ^MIBRARYi9/-^ J^^^•llBRARY(?/■ , ^-^V^FUNIVFRf^ BUNGALOWS BUNGALOWS THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND FURNISHING, WITH SUGGESTIONS ALSO FOR CAMPS, SUMMER HOMES AND COTTAGES OF SIMILAR CHARACTER Illustrated by photographs and plans HENRY H. SAYLOR NEW YORK McBRlDE, WINSTON & COMPANY IQTI C O P V K I G II T , 1 ■ ■ . n Y McBRIDE. WINSTON' & CO. Fi rst Edit Printed April. stack Annex To R. M. Ale's., in grateful reeognition of an unfailing source of energy and enthusiasm, the author dedi- cates this book CONTENTS PAGE "]iu.\GAL-Oi>E," by Burgess Johnson 2 Chapter I IxTUonucTinx 5 Chapter 11 RrxcALow Types 19 Chaptek 111 lU'NCALow.s EUH THE Seacoast, AVooDs AND Hills... 47 Chapter IV The Pla\ 63 Chapter "\" Foundations 87 Chapter VI Wall .Materials 95 Chapter Vll Roofixc; Mateui.\ls 109 Chapter A'IU Inteuiok I'lxisii 117 Chai>ter IX The I'Ikeplace 135 Chaiter X FuRxniRE axd 1"i;rxisiiixo 149 ChaITER XI I.KiHTIXG SYSTEMS 159 Chaiter XII \\'ater 81TPPLY 164 Chapter XIII Se\vac:e Dl-^po-^al 169 Ch.mter X1\" J'laxtixi; 173 IXDEX 1S9 A List of the Bungalows Illustrated Tlie home of Mr. (). W. Rol)ertson, Xordhoff, C'al Frontispiece PAGE The bungalow of Mr. J. Acker Hays, architect. Fort Montgomery, X. Y. The bungalow of Mr. Milton Wilson, Ilavinia, 111 S A shingled bungalow at liurlingame, Cal 9 The Haynes House, on the Massachusetts coast 11 The Lindsay bimgalow at Altadena, Cal 12 An Adirondack lodge on Lake Wilbert, Franklin County, X. Y 13 The Fitzgerald bungalow- at Duarte, Cal 18 The bungalow community of St. I-"rancis Court, Pasadena, Cal 20 The bungalow of Mrs. J. .\. Hobert, South Pasadena, Cal 26 The patio bungalow of Mis. James M. Codman. "\^'areham., Ma.ss 27 The bungalow of .Mr. Francis W. Wilson, architect, Santa liarbara, Cal. . . 29 Tlie liome of .Mr. .1. H. Strongman. A\'estboro, Mass 32 A tent-hou,se 33 A type of vacation home in the Catskills 34 A small Southern California bungalow 35 A tent-house of Southern California 35 The Lodge, Compton, near Philadclpliia, Pa 36 A .summer bungalow at liright waters. Hay Shore, L. 1 37 A .small tent-hou.se in California 38 A small temjiorary home in California 39 The Innigalow of Mrs. Aitkcn. M.iywood, 111 40 The home of Mr. F. I.. Milliken. Kenbenua, .Mass 42 PAGE The h(imc nf Mr. \V. B. Walker, Hamilton. Mass 43 A two-story log shack 44 A two-story house of the " Chicago School " ~ 45 A New England seacoast bungalow 48 Porch of the T. C. Holiander l)ungalow. Misery Island, Mass 48 A bungalow at Brightwaters, Bayshorc, L. 1 49 A two-stor\' Massachusetts coast home built along l:)ungaIow lines 49 Cement bungalows in Santa Domingo 50 The bungalow of Mr. H. M. Stewart. Ravonah Park. X. Y.. .' 51 A camp at Blue Mountain Lake, X. Y 52 A shingled liungalow at Belle Terre, L.I 55 The summer camp of Mr. William P. Hubon, near Salem, Mass 56 The winter home of Mr. W. A. (."hilds. Riverside, Cal 57 The summer home of Mr. Harry Gillett, Gates Mill, Ohio 59 The ranch house of Mr. C. L. Frost, Hollywood, Cal 59 A bungalow at Belle Terre, L. I., overlooking the Sound 60 A bungalow of Japanese inspiration 60 Typical plan of a bungalow by Edward King, architect 64 The Estabrook bungalow. Oak Park, 111 66 .\ brick and stucco bungalow at Belle Terre, L. 1 68 The bungalow of Mr. i:dwin C. Hart. San Marino. Cal 69 Plan for a bungalow on a narrow lot, by W. E. Allen, architect 73 A stucco bimgalow in Xew England 74 The home of Mr. W. H. Camp, Cranford, X . .1 76 The Putnam bungalow at Ormond Bc.-ich. Fla 78 The porch of Mr. lamest Thomp.son Scton's home, Coscob, Conn 79 The ranch house of Mr. .John T. Allen. Hollywood, Cal 82 PAGE The porch of Mr. Charles Pon-y Austin's liomo, Santa Barbara, Cal 84 A dining-porch 85 The bungalow of Mr. D. D. A\'alkcr, Santa Barbara, Cal 86 The l)ungalo\v of .Mr. Lee .\. .McConnell. near Pasadena, Cal 88 A five-room California bungalow 90 A thousand-dollar bungalow in California 91 A new England summer liome of weathered shingles 92 A shingled summer home on brick piers 92 The bungalow of Mr. S. P. Austin, .\spinwall, Pa 90 A bungalow of rough boards, at Brightwaters. Bayshore, I.. 1 97 The bungalow of .Mr. W. B. Littell. Denville, X. J 97 The bungalow of .Mr. .\i'turo Baiuliui, Pasadena, Cal 98 A shingled bungalow at Brightwaters. Bayshore, L. T 99 A summer home of logs at Metuchen, X.J 101 A bunaglow of rough lioards at Brightwaters, Bayshore, L. 1 102 A seven-hundred-ilollar California Inmgalow 102 The .studio of Mr. Edward I^. Fes.ser, Kensico, X. Y 104 A stucco bungalow at Brightwaters, Bayshore, L.I 105 A hollow terra cotta tile bungalow 106 The bungalow of Count (lustaf ().\ensti(>rna. Huntinuton Terrace, L. L. . . 108 An example of t he .s([ua re-plan roof 110 The bungalow of Mr. K. F. W . Sadler, Fort Montgomery, X. Y 112 The living-room in .Mr. 11. P. I5enson's bungalow, Danvers, .Mass 134 Fireplace in the home of .Mr. IL .\'. Saxton, .Ti-., Knowille, Tenn 140 Fireplace in the bungalow of .Mr. .\. H. N'easey, near Haverhill. .Mass. . . . 140 A summer home and its windmill I55 The bimgalow of Mrs. D. II. Cirouanl. .Mtadena, Cal 172 A simple claiiboarded bungalow behind its ro.se hedge 188 BUNGALOWS Bun^al-Ode l;v lirijcliss .Idiixsox There's a jingle in the jungle, 'Neath the juniper and pine, They are mangling the tangle Of the underbrush and vine, And my blood is all a-tingle At the sound of blow on blow, As I count each single shingle On my bosky bungalow. There's a jingle in the jungle, I am counting every nail, And my mind is bungaloaded, Bungaloping down a trail ; And I dream of every ingle Where I angle at my ease, Naught to set my nerves a -jingle, I may bungle all I please. I'rofn Good Housekrcpinfi Maf^azint, Sy permission (2) For I oft get bungalonely In the mingled human drove, And 1 long for bungaloaflng In some bungalotus grove, In a cooling bung' location Where no troubling trails intrude, 'Neath some bungalowly rooftree In east bungalongitude. Oh, 1 think with bungaloathing Of the strangling social swim. Where they wrangle after bangles Or for some new-fangled whim; And 1 know by bungalogic That is all my bungalown That a little bungalotion Mendeth every mortal moan I Oh, a man that's bungalonging For the dingle and the loam is a very bungalobster if he dangles on at home. Catch the bungalocomotive; If you cannot face the fee. Why, a bungaloan '11 do it — You can borrow it of me I (3) Chapter I In traduction THE term "Bungalow" provides a curious example of how we Americans overwork a word that is euphonious and the meaning of which, because of the word's com- paratively recent assimilation into the language, is somewhat uncertain. One hears nearly every type of country or suhurljan home called a bungalow, provided only that the house is some- what informal or picturesque in its lines. Someone has face- tiously remarked that in the new dictionaries a bungalow should be defined as " a house that looks as if it had been built for less money than it actually cost." It seems worth while, in view of tlie popular niisconception of the word's actual significance, to look into its derivation with the purpose of finding out just when it may properly be applied and when it is a misnomer. According to the authorities, a bungalow is a " Bengalese house," but it is not the typical native's home in India. These are of an entirely different type from our conception of the word. The only bungalows to be seen in India are the " Rest Houses," erected by the EngUsh government along the main roads of travel. These are inns or hotels, consisting of a large central building divided in the middle by a hall separating large rooms, with a kitchen in a separate Iniilding that is reached through a (■V BUNGALOWS Plan on fage 7; interior belou',- f.rcflace on page 7 J. Acker Hays, architect Mr. Hays has used rough boards, battened on the outside, in the walls of his bung- alow. The roof is covered with a rubber-like preparation obtainable in rolls and he has turned this down over the edges of the roof to soften the lines covered passageway. In these Rest Houses the bedrooms are in still another adjoining structure, always a long low building with the bed-chambers opening upon a straight corridor. A low, rambUng mass, with wide verandas, overhanging eaves, floors of stone or concrete and single-story con- struction, are the character- istics of the true Indian l)unga- liiw. There is never a second story, never dor- mer windows to break the long •:n.l firrpUlce cm fast r; exterior above r. 'w.-r ti r.!, ar.htteit ■ 1 e In the living-room the studding of the walls is left un- Simple root covered. Mr. Hays has made the main window of his nlaiies tll'lt 'U)- living-room an interesting feature by the use of rectangular ' ' ' leading with a single panel of colored glass pear to COme IXTRODUCTIOX Exterior jnd interior oil page 6; fireplace below The Hays bungalow is limited to the mere essentials in plan. The gallery porch is used whenever possible as the outdoor dining-room down, particularly at the ends or corners, nearly to the ground. In adapting this type of building to our own needs, we realize at the very outset that there are two forces working against the adoption of the true bungalow char- acteristics. One of these is the element of cost; a building with all its rooms upon the ground floor is the most expen- sive kind to build. There is more wall surface and roof area in proportion to the enclosed space than in a building of two or more stories. Then, too, there is a common prejudice against having our bedrooms on the ground level, particularly since we do not have to contend with the burning heat of India. There the deep air space enclosed in the roof above low ceilings is a necessary protection against the sun. With us the air space above even the second-story rooms is sufficient for protective purposes, this being about six or eight feet high in a bungalow that is t w e n t y - fi v:e or thirty feet wide. When we meet the pn)!)lem of light- ing and ventilating these bedrooms, however, the main difficulty of adapt- ing; the bungalow Mr. Hays' bungalow takes its name "Barsden" from the curious keystone of the fireplace arch, closely resembhng a bear's head IXTRODUCTIOX type becomes apparent. AVith the addition of dormer win- dows the attractive simphcity of the roof is at once spoiled. To secure head-room in the licdrooms the whole roof must be raised, and with this change the building loses at once its similar- ity to the real bungalow. So if we are to be free to call our summer home a bungalow it should have all of its rooms on the ground floor. Granting, then, that our bungalow shall be a one- story affair — or at least that any space on an up- per floor shall be of minor importance, without the necessity for much outside light, let us look into the matter of planning the main floor. Simple as a bungalow appears out- wardly, an economical arrangement of living- rooin, dining-room, service and liedroonis, with moans of ready intercommunica- tion, is not easily accom- phshed. The first rough draft of our floor plan will probably reveal the fact that we are wasting twenty-five per cent, of the whole area in hall space. As . has been said above, the true Indian bungalow usually has its bedrooms strung along a long straight corridor. While that is to be ex- ■^." -'^„ - £.v.\. "dBU Myron Hunt cT" ElmCT Grty, archiucts The characteristic ornament of the Swiss ch^et type — sawed-out eaves boards and balcony railing 10 BUNGALOWS pected in a hotel, it is assuredly not desirable in a private dwell- ing. It is a difficult matter to lay down any hard-and-fast rules for bungalow planning, but I think it will usually be found that .'^C^ J'lui: below: porch on /"jcc yo Sylvain ScUnailtaclwr . arckitccl A shingled bungalow at Burlins;anie, Cal., which cost, with barn and out- buildings, Sio,5oo an arrangement providing for a large living-room or hall extend- ing through the mitldle of the building from front to rear, from which open at both sides the bedrooms and dining-room, with the kitchen and service portion extending out l)oyond the latter, will form an excellent basis upon which to develop the final layout. With this scheme the bathroom, or bathrooms, may offer some difficulty, though these may probably be planned to come between two adjacent bedrooms, opening into e;icti. Tliis matter, An excellent example of the central living-room type where the sleeping quarters are reached by a single door from the living-room I \ T K D r (' T I () X 11 however, will be discussed in greater detail in the chapter on planning. The piazza, of course, is one of the essentials, but it will be well to provide for this so that it will not darken too much of the interior. Usually there is no great objection in having it cross the l)edrooni windows, since these rooms are not rec^uired to be so bright. In the typical arrangement that has been sug- gested, the piazza could be carried across the entire front or rear, as the exigencies of the land may require, its roof being broken, in the space adjoining the living-room, by a section of imcovered rafters in a sort of pergola motive, upon which not-too-enthusias- tic vines may be allowed to climb. As to the materials of which the bungalow shall be built, there is a fairly wide choice — shingles, cement, field-stone, logs, slabs on an ordinary stud frame, or even common rough boards, overlapping if nailed horizontally to the framework, or that will licit tilt nil li^l't from the iiuisl nnportaiit looms ol the ho framework may be covered by a roll awning when desired ilihim The iS ii I X T R O D T^ C T I O X 13 battened with narrow strips if put on vortically from sill to roof- plate. Logs, while undoubtedly picturesque and harmonious with the informal character of the building, are usually unsatisfactory. Their use requires skilled and experienced lal)or and, even when Itxlerlors ff- !0..j I. lOo. 111. ;,;; mUriors ff<. /;i, ;.;■?. /;c). /■..;. iJjlts, McGralli & Sliepdr.: arc! The typical Adirondack lodge, this particular example being on Lake Wilbert, Frank- lin County, N. Y. The structure is of smooth logs with plastered chinks 14 B U X C. A I. () W S One of the interesting buildings in the bungalow community called St. Francis Court, Pasadena, Cal. Here again the open-roof porch is cleverly introduced well put together, they are apt to give troul)le after a year or so, through the visitation of borers that get under the bark and start decay. Slabs, which are the first cuts from the four sides of a log, are usually obtainable at a very low cost if there is a saw- mill within convenient rciicli. These are nailed to the outside of a common stud frame, horizontally, the width of the " chinks" between adjacent slabs being kept fairly narrow by alternating the butt ends. If the studding is to be sheathed on the inside there need be no attempt to caulk these chinks tightly, but if no inside finish is planned, the wall can be made reasonably tight by putting the slabs on a preliminary outside sheathing of the roughest sort of unplaned lioards. These, of course, should run at right angles to the length of the slabs. Still another method of making tight a slab wall is described in the following pages, in which instance strips of wire mesh were tacked over the backs of the joints to support a caulking of cement-aiid- hair mortar. The inside of the studding was then covered with a slab wainscot of birch with a rough fabric, such as l)urlap, al)Ove it. Shingles, siding or rough boarding offer no special difhculties in construction, and these materials may either l)e left to weather INTPvODUCTION 15 The walls are finished with a perfectly plain wainscoting of cypress, above which bur- lap is used between the upright strips under the boxed ceiling beams to a silvery gray or .stained with one of tlie readily obtainable shiniile stains. When we come to the matter of the inside finish, there is opened up a great field for the expression of individuality. Even though the bungalow must be kept down to the bare essentials, with no covering at all for the stud frame, there is an opportunity for avoiding the commonplace merely in the carefully studied spacing of the studs or upright members. Do not be content to have these appear just as the carpenter finds it convenient to place them; have them symmetrically spaced on either side of center openings, with the horizontal member forming the win- dow-sills carried all the way around. Then, too, if the slight additional expense l)o j)ormitted, the studding may be covered with pulp-board or compo-l)oard, a comparatively thin but rigid material that may i)e painted or, better still, covered with a rough fal)ric in cool gray, apple green or a pleasing shade of brown. If the bungalow walls are built of one of the more substantial IG \i V X (\ A L O W S Large cobblestones have been used in this fireplace facina; and scattered through the cement hearth. The hob, constructed of one large projecting stone, is noteworthy. The door at the left harmonizes particularly well with the rough battened walls materials, such as cement, there are iireat possihihties in working out interesting surface textures for the interior, with llie use of inset tiles to gain the desired spots of color. But more of all this in the following chapters. Xo bungalow is worllix nf the ii;iiiic wilhtnil at least one big IXTRODUCTIOX 17 firoplat-e for the living-room, and if additional ones may be built in tlio bedrooms, so much the better — these will be fully appre- ciated in early spring and late fall. Stonework seems to har- monize best with wooden walls for the chimneys and In'easts, and rough brick, tile or cement, if the latter material is employed throughovit the building. In any case make sure that the fire- place and its flue are built along scientihcally correct lines — a fireplace that smokes is of less real practical \aluc than a gas-log. Just a word regarding foundations, ^^'ith walls of concrete, stone or brick, the foundation underpinning will, of course, have to be of concrete or stone, carried to bedrock or to a solid footing below the frost-line. With bungalows of wooden construction considerable expense may be saved by building on piers of masonry or even on locust posts that are set well into the ground, resting u])on a l)road flat stone footing. If this form of foundation is chosen be siu'e that the sill girders, set on the posts for the support of uprights and floor joists, are as near the ground as convenient. The space between the posts should be latticed. In other words, keep the building low down on the ground if it is to merit the title of bunc;alow. Chapter II 'Bu/i (T/i low Types F()I\ the purpose of our present discussion we ma}' divide American bungalows into ten types A clear-cut classi- fication of any sort of buildings is difficult and fiable to misinterpretation, particularly in America, where the number of types will almost equal the number of examples. There is so much borrowing and l)lending of important characteristics between the main classes that any attempt at a separation must necessaril}' be open to criticism. For the sake of a clearer understanding of the bungalow, however, as it is found in the West, the East, in the mountains and by the seacoasts, the rough division into types that follows, seems worth attempting. Let us mention first the type of bungalow that is found in great numbers throughout Southern California, particularly in Pasadena and Los Angeles. It is used chiefly as a permanent home, but on account of the ideal climate of that section of the country the permanent home does not have to be so snugly built as the permanent home of the East. This type may be recognized at once b\' a characteristic use of materials. Redwood shingles or redwood siding, stained dark brown, is practically always found in conjunction with piers, porch posts, under- pinning and chimneys of lirick. Another earmark is foimd in 20 BUNGALOWS Plait oil page 77; individual biingahrvs on pages i.i, 31-3;, Ijo, J42 Sylvatius Marsion, architect The footpath entrance to St. Francis Court, Pasadena — a striking instance of the very common use throughout Southern Cahfornia of rough clinker brick in con- junction with stone work the use of clinker brick, and sometimes of field-stone, interspersed through the brickwork surface for the sake of variety. While the use of stone in conjunction with brickwork is probably open to criticism on the ground that it is mere affectation, the practice is so common in that section of the country that it must be inseparably linked with the bungalow of this type. It will be generall}' admitted, I believe, that the bungalow as a distinct type of architecture is far better suited to employment for the temporary home, the shooting-lodge and the week-end retreat in the woods or along the shore, than it is to use for per- manent homes in suburl)an conununities. There is at least a suggestion of following after a mere fad in the building of row upon row of l)inig;ilows along a suburban stre(^t. In all proba- bility this fad, liki' others, will die out. .\t the .same finic this TYPES 21 criticism cannot be applied directly to the Pasadena and Los Angeles community bungalow in such a pronounced fashion. The chmate necessarily has brought about a somewhat different All the bungalows in St. Francis Court are backed up close to the boundary line, along which runs this path by which the tradesmen make their deliveries of supplies mode of life — a life of which the bungalow is in a manner a true expression. In so far as it is that, it can never Ije called a fad. In the East this same practice would undoubtedly be more open to criticism. The climate is not one for wliich the one- T Y P E S 23 At the near end of the Court the driveway turns around a fountain which is a very popular gathering place in the late afternoons story house is ideally fitted, for it must always I)e borne in niind that the bansi;alow, with its raml)lin,i!; one-story plan, is diffi- cult to heat. In connection with this first type it is interesting to stud)'' the successful community that is illustrated herewith — an attractive group of liungalows in the outskirts of Pasadena. Owing to its location the land was too valuable to be divided up in the ordinary way into building plots for bungalows. In order to take advantage of its nearness to the business section of Pasa- dena, the plot, which is but 176 x 305 ft. in total area, has been so divided that eleven bungalows are built upon it. By grouping these around a central open space into which the main entrance driveway runs, with a narrow passageway along the rear side for the butcher and baker, an unusual effect of spaciousness has been obtained for each bungalow home. It will be noticed that the bungalows are all different, not only in exterior appearance but in plan as well, so that there is no lack of individuality. The fountain and shelter at the far end, enclosed l^y the turn-around of the drive is, I believe, a very popular gathering place in the late afternoon. T Y P 1': s 25 To those who are considoring the bungalow in the Ught of an investment, it may be interesting to know that the real estate company which built and operates this particular group of bunga- lows has no ilifhculty in securing a rental by the year of from $1000 to .$loO(), or, for the winter season from NovemJjer first to ^lay first, §900 to $1200. The l^ungalowsare rented furnished, equipped with good furniture, Oriental rugs, hangings, silver, linen, kitchen utensils and such things. There can jje no question that the Pasadena and Los Angeles community Ijungalow is an interesting and distinctive develop- ment. Moreover, it is sure to be of value in suggestion to the man who is about to build a bungalow of any kind. For our second type let us name the patio bungalow that also is found in Southern California. It, of course, is a perfecth^ natural development from the patio house, where the inner court, made cheerful and cool \\'ith growing things and water, was the only available retreat from the hot and dusty plains round- about. In the original patio house the open court was either Fl^n or. fai'y r," ^-V.\ i : ); ;r.-r.: : 2. u . 1: /"-.:'■ ' t >.i .: ,ii:.'(s M,irs!oit. arcinlcct Rough split shingles or shakes are used in several of the bungalows. The white columns add just the necessary touch to brighten the fagade ^ MO) ^ ,, c8 — ca ^ O Ji M ■: u 5 « •« >^ S = « u i" I'" „ s Si a 3 >^ S ^ S "''c -o __ > •o or3 — 5> g — 3 2 S bu O O J3 t o C S- • *" J S 3 c « -' o u5 c -^ '2 £^ u O. ■• 0, 3 »- J 0) ja v- ?. 1) ji =.♦- ^"S 0;-= « <-> i M E ,:: -3 • - ,„ M •« - t: c ^ c - - s ? ° - u.>% - XI I. a. i. o ■ iS go J3 3 28 BUNGALOWS completely encircled by the building, or a wall achieved the same end. With the necessity for such complete isolation of the out-door room removed, the bungalow type with its patio is -A.J From the entrance porch shown at the lower part of the plan, one enters the patio at once through a brick-paved hall, finally reaching the living- room at the far end of the building. The porch at the upper left-hand corner is used as an outdoor dining-room probat)ly more frcnucntiy found with one side of the rectan- gular court open. A.s the illustrations of patio bungalows show (pages 10, 29, GS, 70, 79), the patio may be on the front TYPES 29 of the plan or in the roar, depending upon the exigencies of site and exposure. Anotlier cUstinct t.vpe of the Ijungalow is an adaptation of the Plan below J-raiu-is If. iVi!s<'ii. archiuxt Mr. Wilson's bungalow is doubly enjoyable in that it has, in addition to the patio in the rear, a still larger space in the front sheltered by the vine-covered pergola motive Swiss chalet. Most frequently is it to be found on the mountain sides and in the foothills of the West, although the illustration that is shown on page 32 is a New England example. The char- acteristics are, perhaps, too well known to need mention — the extremely wide overhang of the flat- pitched, two-plane roof, the frequent presence of a balcony in the gable ends, and the use of sawed-out openings between adjacent boards as a means of decoration. The chalet as found in Switzerland is ^ . ,, by no means confined to hxtcrtor above •■' Another excellent example of the centralliving- one floor, SO that it is not room type of plan, to which is added a walled-in . . . j. . i , i patio at the back Surprising t I 1 n d t ll e 30 13 U N G A L W S ■»4fer ■\^: The broad overhang of the roof gives a deep shadow that is essential in a summer home not protected by large shade trees Plan on pace iJ; other virus u.'. , ,.-.-,. Oii.v l.fuell, urihiteet The main entrance is through a brick-paved hall leading directly into the patio TYPES 31 American development of this building making more of the attic than in the true bungalow type. Still in California, we come to the fourth i}T>e in our rather arbitrary classification — the small shack intended only for temporary use. With this group we must include the tent- houses, small portabl(> bungalows and many small camps such as are found more frequently in the East. There is Uttle to learn from the examples shown or, in fact, from any building of this extremel}' small size and character. There is hardly any serious attempt at real planning — often there are but two rooms, one a hving-room, kitchen and dining-room combined, and the other a bedroom. Similar to these temporary shacks in purpose and general character are the tent-hou.sos of Southern California, where the side walls are made of canvas stretched on frames. Plan ot: ,'>j,-:t- j:S: other views on pat;cs j^ . ;> (^11,/-,;^, / r The real heart of the Codman home is the patio — at any hour of the day offering cool shade and the refreshing music of the fountain in the lily-pool' TYPES 33 ■r^ ■■M^»»g |jy.m ■ ' ■ — ■ > y jr** The tent-house of S .iithi- canvas stretched on frame (':)lii:irnii li, i - ; lie in i i ii ]ii m ii iii of its side walls built of Ilitif may bj propped upeii, yu'ing shade and ventilation These are usually hinged so that the whole building may be thoroughly and quickly ventilated. Xeedless to say, the tent- house makes an ideal outdoor sleeping-room when arranged for that purpose, but its application to homes intended for other than merely occasional use is necessarily hmited. FIAZZA UVIMG-ROOM '-[ JO^r ^ JL hxl.-n.r ,.)i ,.-.!,:.- ;-'; I'i.'.n.r ,.ii r^-.^c i iS fli:is. Mungalow. There is no hint of the Japanese flavor in mass or detail as we find in the West. Rather will the Xew I^nglaiid bungalow suggest the logical TYPES 39 Olbcr exterior vicivs on pages / ?, q^, too, hi, lyj ■ hitects Interiors on pages IlS, r^-V. l>o, 75* An excellent example of the elaborate Adirondack lodge with its covered passage- way connecting the various buildings of the establishment one-story developnieut of the Colonial seaport dwellings that have given a distinctive character to the Northeastern United States. ,>^ •^s ^ ml ^^ B^K^-jisSfc^^^ JM Mi jj^^flB^^^^ I^^B^ ^flPSj HHI ^^^^Zi^-' ** A typical example of the small temporary home in California. The cost was about $800 From the New England coast type it is a far cry to the type of bvuigalovv that is represented by the Maywood example sho-mi herewith. It may stand as a certain typo of permanent home TYPES 41 for the Middle West, de- veloped along the lines of the one-story plan. There is a great deal of character and originahty of motive to be found in the work of what has come to be called the "Chicago School" of architects. Their use of the strong horizontal line, as being most in keeping with the flat plains of the Central West, has brought about almost a new style in the arcliitectural types of the world. There is no copjdng of the bungalow from India in this type. It is the result merely of working out in the most straightforward and rational way the practical necessities of plan where the rooms are to be all on one floor. In other words, this type may be given the name bungalow not because of its descent but simply because it is a one-story house. To be classed with this Chicago t}-pe, if it may be called by (hat name, there are other local variations of the bungalow intended for use as a permanent home. Usually in these too, the dominating fact is that of the one-story plan rather than the traditional bungalow mass, although this naturally follows to a more or lees pronounced extent. In this class as a whole, then, there will be found a perfectly natm-al tendency towards more elaborate finish, plastering throughout, the use of better woods, better or at least more stable materials for the outside walls and roof, provision for heating, and all the other essentials that belong to the house that is to be used the vear round. Exterior on page 40 It is interesting to note how the hall, although of very small area, is the junction of the ser- vice department, sleeping-quarters, living-room and porch. An excellent plan for a compara- tively narrow lot 42 BUNG A L O W S Plan below A two-Story house built along bungalow liiu^. ilu uii|ji: ; . i ... j.: a- un i iui- sive as possible by bringing the roof down low and roundin;; utt the large durmer group of windows ;3CCOND rtooK. rUN . ExurioT above Davis. McGralh & KUssling, architnU In a house built along bungalow lines there is necessarily somewhat contracted head- room in the second story. It is surprising in this example to find how much space has been obtained upstairs TYPES 43 Close!}' associated with this last-mentioned type, and like it in one way, is the house that is not a bungalow, though built along bungalow lines. Built for permanent use throughout the whole twelve months, it aljandons the one-story plan while striving to hold fast to the low, snug, earth-hugging mass of the bungalow. Perhaps it should not be included either in our classification or in these pages at all, for the reason that it is in reaUty not a bungalow at all. With the purpose, however, of making clearer the distinction between a bungalow and a house that is built along l^ungalow hues, several illustrations of the latter are in- cluded in these pages. The plan, of course, will be radically different. None of the principles outUned in the chapter on Plan will apply, for the reason that there is no longer the necessity for keeping distinctly separate on one floor level the sleeping- quarters and the living quarters. The distinction between the true l)ungalow and this t}-pe of structure is rather hard to make. The roof of the house type is frequently brought down close over the tops of the first-story windows and the dormers are subdued William C. Kanloul. archilcci The Walker hujn li , i! n. Ma , i^ anitlui example of the two-story house built along bungalow lines. hrin<;ing down the roof at the corners and cutting off tiie gable ends help to keep down the apparent height TYPES 45 b}' every device known to tlie tlesi,>.r.j C /■•iisniumti. anlnlctU One of the most interesting features of the first floor plan is the large play-room opening off the living-room. The built-in cold-closet at the rear, adjoining the ice- house, is also worthy of note. On the second floor the bedrooms open upon a gallery which looks down upon the living-room WOODS 53 give will be lost if the trees are so thick and so near to the build- ing that they bring continuous dampness. In her excellent work, The Landscape Gardening Book, Miss Tabor has laid down a principle in this regard that is obviously the one to follow. Trees planted about any home should be far enough away to shade the space between them and the house rather than the house itself. It is the sight of shaded surfaces in contrast to ^ f^ .V , -TTJlsr-hljOOB- D1.AI1- - CLfl VDNAM - PfiRl^-tl-Y- ^\^-^0~ Exteruns on fJi;,-s if atij ;j FrcJ W. lVct:::iOrtl: , architect Mr. Stewart's bungalow has a porch area equal to that of the interior. Where space permits it is better not to have the bath- room opening from the living-room sunlit ones tliat is pleasing to our summer senses, not the total absence of sunlight. On the north side of our bungalow, therefore, let the trees stand as close to the structure as they will, but on the three remaining sides keep them cleared away far enough to let in the sunUght, and incidentally what breezes may be available as well. More- over such an arrangement ^^^ll permit the border of shrubs and flowers around the base of the house in the woods, where too often there is nothing but the accumulation of matted leaves. 54 B I' X (; A L O \\ S Here will our house of logs or slabs be in its proper environ- ment, blending with the grays and greens and browns of the surrounding trees. If shingles or siding or rough boards are used for the walls, stain them in one of these quiet somber tones rather than in contrast to the surroundings. When \ye take up our al)ode by choice in Nature's own domain we should have the •rood taste to conform to her general color scheme for the whole I'hr. on /■ problem of designing a really successful bungalow is fully deserving of the utm.ost skill of a trained architect. For the bungalow on the hillside or crowning the crest of a 56 B r X c; A L o w s ridiie tlie rcquiremoDts of plan and general mass are not unlike those that have been mentioned in connection with the coast type. Long and flat in general form, hugging its high and sometimes rocky site, with a plan that gives to most of the rooms the ad\'antages of the view, the successful bungalow on the Plan on fai;<- ,--; i.:.-. ri, rs ,•:: '■"■■•■' '''". Sr. ;,7^ iri:7i.i,i: /'. Ihihcn, archiiccl Mr. Hubon's camp near Salem, is said to have been built at a cost of $1100, of shingles that have been allowed to weather mountain top will diffor from its seacoast brother chielly in the rounfling off of the roof ends, instead of the straight horizontal roof ridge. It will often be found a help to locate the porch or porches at the ends of the long rectangular plan, so that the roof over these may Ije hipped to l)ring it down as nearly as may be to the ground. There will be no need, probably, of the open-frame jxucli roof here — the unobstructed light on the mountain top will find its way into the rooms in sufficient quantities even underneath porch roof and vridc overhang of the eaves. /Vs has been suggested, the Swiss chalet ofTers an admirable HILLS 57 prototA'pe for assimilation with the true bungalow characteristics of design, chief among which will be the bringing down of the roof ends to tie the building more firmly to its site. L..,o3 fr H rr — —a The living-room of the Hubon home opens up to the roof with a gallery around three sides The Childs ranch house is built of split redwood shakes, given a very thin stain of bronze green. The shakes sell in the West for about $20 a thousand and it take§ about 150, laid 16 ins. to weather, to the square of 100 ft. 58 B U X G A L O W S Where the site chosen is the side of a hill rather than its ridge the difficulties of planning will necessarily be increased. The long rectangular plan will still be found most convenient, in order to keep as unnoticeable as possible the difference in level between floor and ground at the front and at the rear. It may hv found necessary to excavate or blast out a ledge of rock on the upper side in order that the front may not be too stilted. Piers will probably not serve as foutulations along the lower side, for this same reason — a contin- uous wall of rock, as near hke the naUu'al conformation of the site as possible being preferable. That is, a batter wall, sloping back to- wartls the building, and without a marked base line where it joins the earth, will aitl in making the building seem at home in its site. The Allen house at Hollywood, California (page 82j, is an admiral)le example of this treatment. Exterior f. ,-0 H". SlilltHat! Pulkm. archihct The Gillette home is notable particu- larly for the large area of sleeping- porch that it contains on two sides of the house Exterior on page 30 Arthur R. Kelly, architect In the Frost ranch house at Hollywood, Cal., the service wing has been turned at an angle to fit in more economically with a diScuU hillside site HILLS 59 ™ =iS^l E:.SS^?£-« - 'i^-"-"^"" HnUvWMod, eal., whuh ncslk l,,r the ranch house of Mr. C. L. Frost, uiufortably into its steep hillside 60 B I' X ( ; A L () W S As regards materials, the fuudampiital principles of consist- ency that have been at least inferred in the preceding pages A bungalow overlooking Long Island Sound at Belle Terre. The entrance is at this side but the broad porch extends across the other side, com- manding the view A Western Coast bun ' displays a remarkably daring utilization of modified Japanese muiives. The roof, it will be noticed, is almost fiat. The walls are made up of whole timbers should li(' allowed to govern the choice. On ;i site hare of trees it woukl !)(' folly to build the wall.s of logs or slabs. Where stones ami rock>- ledges abound, a stone wall or at least an under- HILLS 61 pinning and chimney of stone will be the obvious choice, in combination with rougli boards, shakes or shingles. In color, the mountain I)unry cleverly avoided by ^Ir. King in the plan shown, and he has pi'ovid(Ml a porch off the dining-room that would undou1)tedly be used frequently in the serving of meals. It ma}' be objected that the other porch is too small, and it is undoubtedly a fS,ct that we should have too much porch space rather than too little in a home where the great ma- jority of the day- light hours are spent outdoors. It will be readily seen, however, that the porch in the plan mentioned could be prolonged, either to the front or the side, without affecting the plan, and, in t'.ie hands of a skilled •ui . . A .u , ■ designer, without It would be readily possible to extend the sleeping- .'^. ' quarters of Mr. King^s plan shown on the preceding- spoiling the appear- page without interfering with its essentials. It might - , . be well also to make the kitchen larger aUCe 01 the CXteriOr. 66 BUNGALOWS Another type is shown in the plan of a somewhat larger bunga- low designed by Mr. Schnaittacher fpage 10). Here the living- room is in the center, witli the kitchen, pantry, .servant's l)edrooni, lavindrv, porch, etc., on one side, and the four beth'oonis, each adjoining a bath, oj^ening ui)on the hall that runs along the other A mid-western type of one-story house that typifies the "Chicago School." It would be difficult to trace any connection between this and the bungalow of India side. Here again the plan shows l)ut one door leading from the living-room into the sleeping quarters — a most desirable feature of the bungalow interior. This plan is more expensive to build, even in proportion to its added area, for tlio reason that there are numerous angles in the outline, ni:iii\ of wiiich could be omitted, however, if it were neces.sarv. \ plan by 'ralliuadge & Wat.son that is .somewlinl similar in its essential features to the one just discu.ssed is illustrated herewith. Tt has several particularly distinctive points, how- ever, and is well worthy of our study. I'tic ;irchitects have appreciated the value of long vistas and have .secured tiiese in a verv clever manner, without .sacrificing any of the e.s.sentials of PLAN 67 Exterior on pafic 66; interior on pat^c tjS The Estabrook plan shows a remarkable development of vistas, without any sacri- fice of convenient arrangement economical planning- This particular hunsalow is intended for pprnianont occu- pancy and is therefore finished accordini^Iy. Another example of the cen- tral liviiiii-room flanked l)y two wiiiiis, one containing the dining and ser\'ice quarters and the other the bedrooms and baths, is showai in Mr. F. W. Wilson's design for his own bungalow (page 29). There is a difference here, however, in that two doors open from the living-room, each into one of the main bed- rooms, which have the l)atli between them. Mr. Wilson has added another feature to this plan in the patio, reached through the French window in the lixdng-room and having but one additional exit — a gate in the five-foot brick enclosing wall that extends across the back. The plan of .Mr. Cole's bungalow, it will be no- ticed, is very much like the Wilson one in gen- eral type. It has no patio, how- ever, and the arran"'ement ^'^^ '-•"'^ bungalow is an excellent example of the central living- '^ . room type, with the sleeping-quarters reached through a single of the service opening from the living-room 68 BT^XOALOWS ^ Fl ki — 1 • 1 Another excellent example of the central living-room type, with the bedrooms opening from a hall. The maid's room adjoins the kitchen depart iiiont is difToroiit. Hero too, there is the siniile opening between the livinjr-rooni and sleepinsi-tjuarters. An l''astern oxaiiiplc of the central li\ inii-rnoni type is shown in .Mr. Knil)ury's phin. Here a:., r :,„'■:.■ An interesting combination of brick piers and stucco walls on a ' The patio type is now usually found with one side open • It is hut a sliort step from this plan to the patio type illustrated in Mr. Moore's plan. In this the architect has used his materials in a wa\- that suiiirests very pleas- antly tiic Spani.sh .Mission tyjx" of liuildinj!;, with its cool plastered walls and ovcrhamrini: dark cor- nice. \'ery similar in plan, hut re- versed, is Mr. Moore's second plan PLAN 69 shown on paj^e 70. The materials, however, are far different — redwood shingles insteatl of the adobe for the walls. M ore- over, the bedroom winj;-, as will be seen in the illustration on page 71, is a two-story one, providing three more bedrooms. The Hart bungalow at San Marino, Cal., has adobe walls strongly sug- gestive of the old Spanish Missions The photograph is unfortunate in showing comparatively bare surroundings for the Hart bungalow. A front hedge would work wonders in the appearance of the building 70 Br.\(; AL0W8 The patio plan usually has a liv- ing-room in the center across the front. There are additional bed- rooms here in the second story over the bedroom wing of the newer sul)url);ui adaptations of the l)un,i; space, and too fre(iuen .Mrs. ( lirouards l)un,i;alo\v sliow.s another adaptation of the central Iivinptli. The result is an extnniiely long bungalow, that is easily nidfcd and particularly j)leasing in its exterior. .Vnother type of plan will be re- (juired if the bungalow is to be restricted in its site. A great niany cornniunifies are being built up with ;alow, usually with some second-story tly these have to be placed on a An ell of the porch secures all the available breezes and encloses a sort of patio in this California bungalow. Wherever the general plan permits, it is advisable to have this sort of a free-standing porch P L A X 71 comparatively narrow lot. Iho plan illustrated at the top of pa.sje 72 sliows a successful solution of this proljlcni. It will be The high two-story rear wing robs the Hobert California home of the title of bungalow Exteriors en paecs 172. 1S6 In the Girouard bungalow the bedroom and service quarters respectively are drawn out horizontally from either side of the living-room to make a long, narrow building noticed tiiat here, as in the other plan, the kitchen is in imme- diate touch with the dining-room, but well isolated from the BUXC A l.oWS K,-,T.M .> A'.itV.-.v. .irchit.r:- A bungalow plan for a narrow lot, with the entrance directly into the living- room ]<<•.< / ,i;;iii.i.jV> ^'^ ir,i/j,>«. The plan of the Wilson bungalow at Ravinia, 111., is one easily adaptable to the narrow lot by having the porch end at the front bedrooms — there is l)iit the one necessary door from the kitchen into the hall. Here a; the illus- trations, even at the risk of 1)ein.i!; thou<;"ht inconsistent. Another plan that is shown (paj-e 79) is interestiu"; chiefly because of its unusual size, there beinj:; twenty-seven rooms a n d f on r baths in it, and also because of the fact that it represents the portal)le type of buniialow. This {)ailicular example was built in sec- tions nea r X e w York Ci t y a n d erected at Ormond Beach, Florida. The plan l)y .Mr. End)ury that is shown herewi t h cannot be classified under any of tlie types that have been menliiuied. It is a law unto i t self , and i s a .1 viiKir Ewbiiry. II . anhilccl Only one chimney is needed here, yet the service wing and sleeping quarters are both isolated trom the living-room Exterior on /"iVi- 76 Hc}lliiti:s-Morih & Brat^don, arcitilccls' The long vista through living-room and dining-room across the front is an excellent feature; indeed the whole plan is extremely well studied 78 B U X G A L W S Frequently even in tlu- ..n,--i nv li-m-;. n- i . ; , h.mcc fnr making an arcliitectural feature of storage space in the attic 1^211 1 "-""^iM ^ a li^ ^ • J, JJLUl ^ . ^-p- ' i'Tv''' ^^ n.m ,11 ,"■,:,■ -^ /;. /■,. i- //. /.. n :rt ,.::. ,,r>„i:.c/j The Putnam bungalow was built in sections in New York City and shipped to Ormond Beach, Fla., where it was erected |);irticiil;irly in.iicnious solulioii of the prolilcin of usiiiu; l)ut oiio cliiiiiticv. It was necessary, (licrcfort', lo lniiiL!: tlu' kilclicii .miuI PLAN 79 Ernest Thompson Seton's porch at t i ili, Cnn., lu.s an excellent suggestion for avoiding a dark pnrch in the midst of the woods -^y.' r^ m rcnH iiJ-^L ) lixlerior cm raf.c 7S H. IC. & H. F. Harliucll, architects Twenty-seven rooms and four baths are found in this patio bungalow at Ormond Beach. The walls are of yellow pine and asbestos cement livinji-rooni close together, and it is intorestini; to see how tliis has been done without disturbing the bedroom group. 80 B U X C: A L O W 8 The plan for (he Allen ranch home (.pa^e 83) at Hollywood, California, is another one that refuses to be classified Xor is it any wonder that this is so when one considers that the structure is built oji the side of a hill so steep that the second story does not come over the first, but is pushed up on a hijjher ledj^e of rock. One of the problems in planninjj; is to j)rovide abundant porch space without darkening any of the rooms. This is not always possil)le when the most economical building is necessary, but the plans that are showai herewith will suggest a number of ways in which the porch may join the living-room without darkening it to any extent. It is surprising that many bungalow builders do not l)reak away from the porch roof and work out some such arrangement as is illustrated on pages 79 and 84, or in the Ilaynes home in Massachusetts (page 11) Here a frameworkof rough. The " dormitory " of the Hubon summer home is an excellent suggestion for emergency bedroom space P L A N 81 uncovered timbers rests on the porch posts. This may be covered with vines alone or with an awning that could be rolled up after the sun has gone down. Some such arrangement as this, /■w.i ...I f'>y '.Villim: P. Ihilu'it. jrchiica The open gallt-ry .xiemi^ arnnni thri>- siilc^ nf the Hubon living-room. giving access to the bedrooms and dormitory together with at least a portion of the porch space entirely uncovei-ed, would be a good thing to strive for in {)lanning. Then too, do not forget the sleeping-porch. It would be a very easy matter indeed to arrange for a sleeping-porch in con- junction with almost any of the bedroom wings shown among these illustrations of plans. Unfortunately few of the examples illustrated show this, but some of them do show another feature that is a product of the West and which we of the East might well borrow in planning our bungalow. I refer to the screened porch, without whidi no Southern California home is con.sidered livable. On it most of the kitchen work is carried out, in the comfort that a well ventilated, vine-shaded outdoor room alone can bring. Tliere is one other consideration tliat must be kept constantly PLAN 83 in the designer's mind when working out a floor phin, and that is (he necessity for keeping tlie flooi- area as a whole one that permits of a simple and inexpensive roof. Keep the plan within the boundaries of either one long rectangle — for a roof of two fl/fCWT£CT Exterior on page S2 Arthur R. Kelly, architect The Allen ranch house is located on such a steep slope that the second story does not come over the first-story walls, but is pushed back up the hill at one corner planes^ or of several well connecttHl minor rectangles where gabled roofs may be employed. A careful study of the plans here shown, in conjunction with the roofing systems that the respective architects have worked out; as shown in the exterior photographs, will indicate some of the possibilities. Excepting in the case of a plan that approaches the square, where the roof may be of four planes terminating in a central point, it will be well to strive for one main rectangle, that is considerably P L A X 85 loiiiicr than wide, with smaller acljuininV.:.','i.. archt:,-<: An exceptionally instructive example of the stone foundation that grows directly from its environment more often be fouiul the limit. Always start a fomulalion pier of concrete, or indeed of any other material, on an imdisturbed bed; otherwise there is sure to be at least a little settling of the support, ^^'ith concrete piers it will be well to lay at the bottom of the excavation a few of the largest stones available, filling in between with smaller ones. On this dump a wheelbarrow load of the concrete, wliiih has been ihoroughly mixed by turning over and over, with the gra(hial additioti of water, the following ingredients: cement 1 part, satid '_' pails, ci-ushed stone (to pass through a 22-inch ring) 4 parts. Use only enough water to unite the materials thoroughly. Tamp the concrete into the excavation and then dump in anotlier wheelbarrow lo.ad Ix^fore the i)()rtion in place has become dry. If the pier is to project above the surface of the ground, as FOUNDATIONS 89 will probably be the case, it will be neces- sary to Ijuild a scjuare form of heavy j)lanks to confine it until it has set, and the tanip- injj; will have to be more carefully done in order to secure a smooth surface. The foUowini; table, which is taken from Kidder's excellent work, Building Con- struction and Superin- tendence, will show the quantities of cement, sand and stone recjuiretl for each cubic yard of rammed concrete in the various proportions in which this is mixed for various purposes: Exterior on p,jgc SS From the balcony and a screened porch on which the meals are served, there is a view over the San Gabriel, Cahuenga and La Crescenta Canada Val- leys, with the Pacific Ocean and picturepque Santa Catalina twenty-five miles away Proportions Quantities required per cu. yd. op co.nxrete Cement , sack Sand, 1 Stone, cu. ft. cu. ft. Cement, 1 Sand, bbls j yds. Stone, yds. 1 1 li 2 2 2i 3 3 4 5 5 6 t 1.9 0.42 1.4.5 0.45 1.3 38 1.2 0.45 1. 0.40 0.85 0.86 0.95 0.90 0.92 Thus, if in your locality cement costs $2 per l)arrel, sand 50 cents a yard and coarse gravel GO cents a yard, a cubic 3-ard of the 1:2:4 concrete will l)e $3.04. The cost of mixing and putting into the forms should not exceed $1.50 per yard, with wages at 17§ cents per hour. A small saving in cost might l)e effected by carrying the con- crete up just to grade and then building the remainder of the pier of brick or stone. 90 B V X c; A L O W S It may be found advisal)lctou.so j^loiu* throughout for the piers, particularly if there is a quantity of it availal)le on the site, as frecjuently happens. Then too, if the ehinineys are to l)e of stone it would l)e well to have at least the visible parts of the piers showiuii the same material. If the bottom of the pier excavations is rock or hard-pan the stone piers may be started directlv on it, usins; broad flat stones for the footinsr course. If ^ ^HH 1 m \ B^^ WF The side walls of shakes are carried directly down to the grnun 1 .i rather unusual form of foundation excepting in cheap construction. I lu^ whole bungalow cost but $1200. It consists of five rooms and a bath uncertain or yieldiiiii soil is found there, however, a footinj^ cour.se of concrete, as before, about eiiiht inches deep, would be a wi.se precaution alhcrwi.-^e they are almost sure to be split when the shrinkiTig of th(> wide boards tends to open up the joints. If nailed to but one of the boards the batten will follow this and remain intact, still covering the oj>ening forming a sort of slip-joint. WALLS 97 \?f^"- Uuu^ii li^.iii,;., l.i.-^ h. .;i.:wiU.Ul> uVi; :!k ..: lul.. .:; ^ u^t-d m ihis Iiuiil; > 1 '- i l^i',,!!' waters, Bay Shore, L. I. The plan consists of living-room, kitchen, live bedrooms and bath Tlie iii.side finish of tliis simplest type of wall construction will be taken up in the chapter on Interior Finish. It is usually more in keepinsj; with the low and horizontal feeling of the buniralow to have the boards, when these are used for the Rough hemlock boards, nailed vertically from sill to plate, with battens on the out- side, are used for the walls. The cost of the bungalow complete was $1500 98 BUNGALOWS '■ pafies 16. no. In the Bandini bungalow at Pasadena the same use of rough boards, battened, is found. It is perhaps the most inexpensive form of building wall covering, show horizontal lines instead of vertical ones, and there is a very simple way of acconiplishinii; this end without the use of battens. The lowest l)oard is nailed flat auainst the studs and sill, or wedged to flare out. The second one is allowed to overlap it an inch or two, very much in the way that clapboards are laid. The only difllculty in tliis method is the liability of the boards to crack when they cannot be nailed flat against the studs. Although I have never seen it done, it woiiki seem to be feasil)le to cut a quantity of wedge-shaped pieces, from two-inch stock, which would be nailed to the studs first, with the broad end of the wedge fitting down close over the top of each board. This would give a flat nailing for the overlapping l)oard. Walls of this kind as well as those where the boards are run vertically will usually be finished at the corners against a post that will project just far enough to cover the edges of the boards. In many localities, however, the most economical wall covering will pro])ably be one of the finished materials, such as drop- siding, clapboards or shingles. Any one of these materials will WALLS In many localities side walls of shingles will be found practically as inexpensive for a good wall as any other material. This building cost about $2500 make a tighter wall and one which will not need repairs so fre- quently — a wall of rough hemlock l)oards is sure to need atten- tion from time to time on account of the splitting of the boards and the opening up of joints. The manner in which these materials are used is too well known to need any discussion. It is a common misapprehension that log houses are among the cheapest kinds to l)uild. In any settled locality where lumber mills are within convenient reach, log construction will cost, decidedly more than a wall made of any of the materials mentioned alwvc. Even in a thickly wooded country, where the logs are to be cut as needed for use, it is difficult to find a sufficient number of logs having approximately the same diam- eter. Then too, there is the work of notching the ends so that alternate logs from two walls will interlock tightly at a coi-iier. Where logs are chosen as the wall material on account of their picturesque appearance or for sentimental reasons, the building must be planned so that there is no wall surface too long to be covered bv the available length of timber. It will WALLS 101 In this log structure the logs project one over another at the right-hand end to form a support for a balcony %m *e> UBKW^ mfr:m^'^^^ im V,la«^~ w In the lodge at "Compton" the logs are dressed to a flat surface on top and bottom so that the chinks do not have to be caulked 102 BUNGALOWS ■: s- L. Hurley, archil,;: Another instance .1 i; . - ugh boards laid hori- ntilly to overlap. It is possible, as this Brightwaters bungalow proves, to secure au effect in this way that is not lacking in finish Clapboards differ but slightly in appearance from the overlapped boards, but they are narrower. The cost was $700 lie well also in |»laniiiii^ to have n.s few aii,u;l(>s a.s possiMc, in order to avoiil tho necessity for so much notchinii. It will l)e seen, therefore, th;it the use of logs restricts the size of the bungalow, W ALLS 103 unless extraordinary measures are taken, and it also restricts the form of the structure — if it is to come witliin a reasonable cost — to a mere box. There are many log houses, some of them repre- sented among the illustrations of this l)ook, that have apparently not been very noticeably dwarfed by these restrictions. Suffice it to say that the large house of logs actualh^ costs more per square foot of floor space than the house built of JDrick. The best way to secure the effect of a log structure inexpensively is to nail slabs — the outside slices of a log—directly to a stud frame When logs are used, the butts and small ends are, of course, alternated in laying them up, in order to keep the joints as nearly as possible horizontal. At the corners each log must be notched almost half way through in order to allow the log from the ad- joining wall to project through in the characteristic way. The logs are also planed to a narrow level surface occasionally, so that the joints \vill not need caulking. For clieaper construction, however, it would probably be advisable^ to use the logs as they come, caulking the inside and outside of the joints. Another difHculty that is fairly sure to confront tli(> man who builds witli whole logs is the appeanuice, after a year or more, of borers and other enemies that will work havoc under the bark. •o 3 o5 c:2 ^Ij S ^^' A T. L s 105 For this reason the logs are sometimes stripped of their bark, beiui!; laid up and then given a coat of protecting creosote. Occasionally, I am sorry to say, the logs are even varnished though it would be difTicult to imagine any less appropriate finish for such an informal type of wall. Fortunately there is a way of securing the effect of a log structure without using whole logs, and the method has almost none of the drawbacks that the time-honored method possesses. I refer to the use of slal)s, nailed directly to the ordinary stud frame such as is used in a house that is to be covered with Ijoards, shingles, or clapboards. These slabs, which are most frequently available in chestnut, are the first cuts from two sides of a log when it is lieing sawed into boards. This material is ordinarily looked upon as waste in the saw-mill, and for that reason may be had at a very low price. Usually the best way to secure it is to go to a saw-mill and ask them the price per load, you to do the hauling. One of the illustrations herewith shows a summer home in btucio is not so frequently seen in the temporary home or bungalow as in the per- manent home. The lattice posts in this example are particularly interesting and will be more so when partly covered with vines lOG BUNGALOWS Terra cotta tile was used for the walls of this bungalow, being left uncovered both outside and in. The building is, of course, fireproof whicli slalxs have been used with excellent effect. Aside from the panels between the first-story windows, which will be de- scribed later, the walls were made by nailing chestnut slabs directly to the studding, with a space of from half an inch to an inch between each pair. The builder then cut some half-inch wire mesh into strips wide enough to cover these open joints, affording a nailing on the two adjacent slaljs. Th(> strips were fastened over these joints on the inside, being secured with half- inch wre staples. The next step was to mix some brown-hair mortar, using a generous amount of hair and about one part Portland cement to three parts of santl. This was laid in the joints between the slabs from the outside, being pressed firmly in so that it formed a clinch over the wire mesh. The joints were then gone over in the same way from the inside. Of course the joints opened up to some extent after a year or so, due to the slirinkiiig of the slabs, Init with cement and a pointing trowel the wall was readily made tight again. It may be interesting to know how this same Ituildcr, who was an amateur, .secured the lialf-timl>er elTect in the panels between WALLS 107 the windows. He first nailed ront;h Ijoards to the stud frame, then beveled two sides of ordinary lath and nailed these three or four inches apart on the wooden base, so that an undercut groove was formed along both sides of each strip, to hold the plaster in place The whole surface was then plastered with the same mixture of mortar, hair and cement, as that used in caulk- ing (he joints between the slabs. Wire mesh nailed over the whole surface, on strips that would hold it a half-inch or so away from the board, would have served the same purpose. After the plaster was thoroughly set the panels were tinted red, in this instance, with ordinary shingle stain. Another way of using the slabs is to sheathe the stud frame first with ordinary rough boards, naihng the slabs on top of these. This of cuurse obviates the necessity for caulking the joints and makes a tighter wall. It would be well to run the sheathing The terra cotta blocks are used not only for the walls but for the terrace as well, laid up just as bricks are laid 108 B U X G A L W S boards at right angles to the slabs, or, for the sake of stiffening the structure, the sheathing boards are sometimes put on PlanbclcKu Jmttcs S. Coitklin^. archtu-c: The walls of this Huntington, L. I., bungalow are of stucco on metal lath -T- l-tJ-^J f I>VH,lj.vs llS. /.;.V. l_io. I iJ ' In this Adirondack lodge a particularly pleasing under-surface of the roof has been obtained by laying the shingles on a framework of saplings 112 BUNGALOWS In choosing a material for the roof it will be v • U i : ji in mind the inside appear- ance as well as the outside, and also the possibilities fur decorative cross-bracings 3 .'.^ w Plan OTi paee iij; anolher exterior on ,'1 J. Acker Hays, iiri.hiucl One of the prepared roof coverings that is obtainable in rolls is used on the Sadler bungalow at Fort Montgomery, N. Y. ROOFING 113 protection or preservative coating, in the thought that they will more rapidly attain that very effective silvery gray tone in weath- ering. Such practice was all very well with the old hand-riven shingles of Colonial days. In these the surface followed the fil)re of the wood and therefore was very much slower in showing the effect of alternate sun and rain. With the modern shingle, however, it is real economy to protect the wood in some way from the weather. The best J ACKtR HAYS ■ vm^HD^ PLAN crncrr JEry Exteriors belou< and on page 112 The Sadler bungalow is limited to the essen- tials in the matter of equipment. The water is carried from a nearby spring Another extcrjor oil p:t<^c ti:, pUn above J. .\cker Hays, arc'iUcct The joints of the prepared roofing are covered with a rubber preparation. From this side of the Sadler bungalow there is a magnificent view over the valley with the Hudson River in the distance 114 BUNGALOWS i i....iini;s treatment is with a creosote stain, as the creosote penetrates the pores of the wood and acts as an effective i)reservative. While it is much easier to jjive the roof a brush coat of the stain after the shinsjles are laid, a far more efficacious protection is f^iven l)y dippinii; the shinirles in a IkhtcI of the stain, after which they are dried and then laid. In dip])inir tlicni the stain should cover all hut about the last six inches. There are many ready-made shinirle stains on the market, most of which are thoroughly reliable, and amoni; which may l)e foimd a silvery d shingle acquires. In localities where these are not available, an acceptable substitute may be made by mixing paint with an c<\\u\\ amount, or even more, of creosote oil. The ])aint should be of the ordinary consistency and, of course, ill tlic color der.ired. If it is found necessary to cdIIccI r.iiii wnlcr from :\ sliiimlc roof creosote must not be u.sed. In tli.it cisc it would be The roofing is turned over a rounded edge at the eaves in a way that gives it the ap- pearance of a solid lead roof. The roof rafters inside are sheathed, the spaces between them being filled with sawdust to keep out the heat 116 BUXCIALOWS necessary either to allow the shiuffles to fjo unprotected or to cover each course of shiniiles, as laid, with paint. Needless to say, this is a slow and not jxirticularly pleasant task. While on the subject of roofing it may he well lo include a word on roof gutters. If the water is to be collected from the roof there is no better gutter than that cut from a solid stick of cypress. These are readily obtainable throughout New England but are prol)al)ly not so often seen in the West. Although the majority of summer homes pr()l)ably are built without gutters along the eaves, it would be well to include this very slight additional expenditure for the sake of preventing the disheartening results to lawn or (lower lx)rder that a drijiping roof is sure to bring. Chapter Fill Interior Fitiish IT seems always more fittiiii;' to a\oi(l plastered interior walls in favor of some less formal treatment where the bunoalow is used merely as a sunmier home. For the permanent home, whether ])unfialow or not, plastered walls will remain, to many people at least, the choice, and some of the illustrations shown herewith indicate how bungalows of this more enduring type have been finished as regards the interior wall surfaces. It will be noticed, however, that even in these there is a sug- gestion that the house itself is not of the ordinary three-story sort. For example, in the Estabrook l)ungalow the ceiling (p. 128), instead of being flat, rises to a ridge in the middle, suggesting the low-pitched roof that is seen on the outside. Again, in the dining-room (p. 129) of the Hobert bungalow at South Pasa- dena, th(^ treatment in white-painted wood wainscoting, built- in side-board and beamed ceihng is suggestive of the Innigalow type again rather than of the three-story house. The simplest treatment of all, where the exterior is covered with rough boards, is to leave the studding uncovered in the interior. In order to avoid a commonplace and makesliift appearance, however, it will be necessary where this is done to spend some time and thought in the arrangement of a svnnnetri- cal and suitable spacing of the studs themselves; that is, they (117) INTERIOR F I X I S H 119 should not Ijg allowed to come just where the builder would naturally put them, but should be equal!}- spaced between The simplest finish of all is to leave the studs uncovered and unplaned staining them and the inside of the boarding /■i.vri'.T or. p.igcs l6. ».?; ollwr inlcri.T ,<<: f.u:- / ;; The walls are covered with battened twelve-inch boards nailed vertically corners and between openings. This is no simple matter, by the way, particularly where the side of ti room is broken up with windows that are not centered. 120 B U X G A L O W S I IP '■::.>■ -! In :iij „-t back so as tu leave the studding frame sliglilly projecting It will help the appoaraiK-e of the studdin.ii- also if the sill that provides a support for the window-frames is carried entirely around the room between the studs, instead of just under the windows, us is sometimes done. It may be worth while, also, to carry the two-by-four-inch piece that forms the top of the window-frames around in the same manner, forminsi; a sort of frieze. If the studding is exposed, do not have it planed; it will harmonize much better with the rouirh surface of the out- side l)oardin;r if it is all()wc(l to icniaiii uiilinislKMl. llic stain that is then :i|i|ilicil will afTccl the fi-aincwork ami ihc pant>ls alike. It will be necessary, however, to case the window-frames and door-frames in the interests of a neat and orderly a|)pearance for the interior. This has l)een very well done in the living-room that is illustrated at the top of the precedinir pa.iic althou.u;h the appearance would have been less harsh in contrast if the casing IXTKK lOH FINISH 121 and window-frames had been stained like the walls, instead of bein.ii painted white. \Miile we are considering this jtarticular ilhistralion it may he well to call attention to the faet that the windows themselves are casements, hiny .Mr. Fesscr in luiilding his studio which has already Ixcn mentioned in connection with slab exterior walls. He found it possible to ol)tain from almost any of the wholesale coffee-roasting houses Java mats of straw. These are of double thickness, ;ind, when the bindings have been cut, measure about twelve feet in length by thirty inches wide. They may be lacked directly on the studs or held in |)lace with strips of moldiic,:. Owitii: to (he fact that the INTERIOR FINISH 125 straw used is botli roiiiih and smooth, the stain which Mr. Fesser apphed dried in irregular strips, niakini; a very interesting texture which he further eniheUished with stencils, using some of the symbols employed by the American Indian in his pottery and basket-weaving. Another treatment of the interior, which is particularly in keeping with the house built of logs or slabs, consists in nailing slabs from the smaller sticks of timber between floor and wnndow-sill line to form a wainscoting. The space above this might be finished in one of the ways suggested above — covering it with burlap or plaster-board, for example. An inside finish of twelve-inch boards with joints covered vertically by three-inch battens and with the addition of horizontal members dividing the wall into paneling. There are great opportunities for individual expression in this method 128 B U X G A L O yv S The schomo followed by one huiitialow Iniilder was to cover the studs with rou-rh hemlock hoards from floor to plate, and tluMi to ili\i(lc the wall surfaces uj) iiUo panels liy nailin.ii strips of hireh tlireclly to the l)oards. The latter were stained before the bireh was put on. One of the illustrations herewith i pa,i;(> 125) shows the dining- room in the Hollander bun,<;alow, Misery Island, where a most In the living-room of the Estabrook bungalow, looking towards the dining- room and den. The form of the ceiling indicates the one-story house effective wall surface has been secured by coverini;- the studs with twelve-inch boards of a distinct ,<;rain, such as .shush oak or express, and working out a series of panels by battens and cross battens. One of the most ingenious schemes, however, is illustrated on jiage I'M, where a corner of a l)edroom is .shown. Advan- tage has l)een taken of the fact that panelful stock doors, of Oregon hr, redwood or gum, are (ibi.iiunble ;it a cost very much below that of the same area nf buill-to-order p.ineiing. A number of lhe.se doors were punliased .md used jjoth as interior partitions and as a covering fur the inside of the main IXTERIOR FINISH 129 walls. They are very easily put in place, the joints between them being covered by batten strips which terminate in a base- board. It is, of course, important that the spacing of doors and windows Ije arranged in advance as far as possible so that the doors will not have to be sawed in half. In this particular illustration it is worth noting that the door itself has been made very much heavier and of a different character, so that it would riifi o,t f,i,- I'l'i; , , ; Lfster S. Moorr, archilrcl The white enameled wainscoting, the unusual type of built-in sideboard and the ceiling give a suggestion, in a very subtle way, of the informal character of the building not lose its individuality among so many of its transformed fellows. Many other treatments of the interior wall surface will suggest themselves. The main thing to keep in mind is that the material used should be in keeping with the informal type of the building itself, and that it should not attract too much attention to itself. Ill oilier words, a satisfying wall covci-ini;- for the bungalow shoukl stand the same test that a decorator once gave as a suitable one for wall papers. So long as one is not conscious of a wall covering, when visiting a bungalow for the first time, it is in good taste. I X T E 11 1 O II V 1 X I S M 131 So much for the side walls. Where there is no flat ceihng and the roof rafters themselves are exposed, it will seldom be found advisable to cover these at all. If the roof itself is of shingles on shingle-lath, however, the inside will have a rather unsatisfactory and imfinishcd appearance. This may be improved by nailing roof boards in between the rafters, close up against the shingle-lath. It would be far better, of course, where the under side of the roof is to be visible, to use boarding in the first place on top of the rafters, before the shingles are put on, as was done in the case of the Hubon camp illustrated on page 136. Another treatment is shown in the illustration of the Bandini bungalow (p. 133). Rough Ijoards have been nailed across the face of the rafters, with the joints covered l)y battens. The point to keep in mind, then, is that the roof itself should hxlcrwr on P'^gts lo6, to'; filter interiors /.;?. 167 Cumminf:s & Howard, architects One of the most ingenious schemes for building interior partitions or wainscoting is to buy stock doors of Oregon fir or redwood and batten the joints when they are set up in a line 132 B U N G A I. O W S be huilt so that its under side makes an attractive coverinjr for the rooms below without further treatment. On the subject of floors there is very little to be said. One lie flour joists uncovered to form ipported on these floor joists as w.Miils ;i i^ood door wlicllicr it is for ;i buiiunlow or for a city residence, ;dthou.iih it is of course uiinecess;iry to use malerinls like polished o;ik, paniuetry or hard ma|)l(^ in a temporary summer homtv It is hard to improve upon comb- uraiii (leorj^ia pine for a (lural)le and not unpleasinji floor in any room. North Carolina j)ine is cheaper but is more liable to sliver. The matter of floorini:, however, may well be left to be governed larj^ely l>y what materials ar(> available in the local markets. Where ijood floorin.u; is not readily obtainable, a way out of the difficulty is to lay linoleum over common boards, IXTERIOR FIXISII 133 with a generous layer of newspapers between to take up inequali- ties of surface. For the kitchen, pantry, service closets and such places, there is no better floor covering than this. A view in the )ian(lini liviug-room looking towards the dining-room. It will be noticed that the roof rafters are covered horizontally with wide boards, battened, as in the side walls 7cll» I' ;;.-iji.'.i. .irchlUcI In Mr. H. P. Benson's bungalow at Danvers, the living-room is carried up to the roof, giving a splendid chance for the architectural treatment of the brick fireplace, gallery and the ingle seats Chapter IX The Fireplace A BUNGALOW without a fireplace would be almost as much of an anomaly as a garden without flowers — and as cheerless. Perhaps you have heard of the man whose definition of a home was, "a fireplace, l)oxcd in." It is even more fitting as applied to a bungalow. Even though the bunga- low be used only as a sunmier home, there are alwaj^s a great many nights when a fire is a real necessity. And many a time, when it is not that, it is a great comfort, particularly when a rainy spell drives tis indoors for a time. The living-room is the place for it, of course, but if the addi- tional expense be permitted, it will ])e a wise thing to provide for another and smaller fireplace in the dining-room as well. In many plans it will be found that two chimneys are necessary, and usually the one serving the kitchen may be given an extra flue for the dining-room fireplace. Where but one chimney is planned, the living-room and kitchen will need to be both adjacent to it. An informal type of fireplace will almost always be in keeping with the general character of the building itself, so that the chinmey facing of ijrick or stone will need little or no eniljellish- ment in the way of a mantel facing. A heavy oak sh(>lf, sup- ported by " corbeling" — stepped-out stones or brickwork, will (13.5) 13G B U X G A L O W S often 1)C the most appropriate treatment. A mimljcr of tlie ac('ompanyin<; illustrations show this type. Occasionally tlu' stonework itself is made to form the .'^helf over the opening, or the brickwork is l)uilt out in the same way. One of the most effective mantels I have ever seen in a l)uni;aIow consisted merely of an old railroad tie, support eel on live or six great Willuim p. Union, archiu-ct Mr. Hubon has made a more effective feature of his stone fireplace by running the stairway to the attic up around its front wrought-iron s|)ikes driven into tln' (■cincnl juint^ of the stone- work facing Ix'fore it had heconic JKnd. Of greater importance tlian [\\v outward appearance, however, is the construction of opening and flue. Back in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries our ancestors built their wood fires on the stone floor of the great halls atid let the smoke find its way out as best it might. The experience of many a new liotuc- owner to-day. coaxing along the first fire on his hearth, prompts the thouirht that we might suffer less from the smoke if we did it tliat wa\ now. FIREPLACE 137 It is a curious thinf fire- place is too powerful a ventilator for the lionu^ living-room; it needs air — a great ciuantity of it. .ind llic lire will draw it into the room through every crack .iiid cicx ice n( doors arid windows to feed the flames. \\n\ llial means diaughts. In your winter home be content with a fireplace about three feet in wiilth and two and a half feet high. You can construct such a fireplace along scieiitificallv correct lines so that it will not smoke. .Moreover, you will get the maximum amount of heat from it into the room instead of up the chinmcy. For the liungalow or siiiniiicr shack, however, the inaiii desideratum is the cliccr of a roaring fire —the fascinating crackle of coidwood. We must have a big fire, even if it does bring draughts and a waste of wood. .\fter looking into the matter of flues and openings, and their mutual relat ioiiship we <-aii take iiji in detail this matter of jiisl how big the buni;aluw lireplace should be. There are two great essentials in a good fire- place. ( )ne is the relation between the opening into the room and the Hue area 3c3)e in feel* The whole principle of the scientifically correct fireplace is shown by this vertical section through the center. Down-draught and hot air column are indicated by arrows FIREPLACE 139 — the lattor should Ijc one-tenth of the former area; the other is what is called the " smoke chamber," a part that corre- sponds to the dome on a fire-enjjjine, which is designed to take up and equalize the force of the stream that is pumped inter- mittently through it. In much the same way the smoke chamber takes up the inecjualities of draujiht and down-drauiiht, and keeps the smoke jioinjj; steadily up the chimney. A lilance at the dia<:;n\in will make this clear. The brickwork at the top of a fireplace, just above the opening!;, is drawn forward to form the " throat ". — an opening into the smoke chamber three or four inches deep and the full width of the fire- place openinji. This throat contains a cast-iron damper, with a hinged lid as shown. The nar- rowing of the nat- ural exit passage for the smoke and gases causes these latter to pass through under some pressure and there- fore with a distinct force. When the fire is first lighted the column of warm air rises at the front of the flue, causing naturally the down- draught of the cold air at the back. If the way were open to it this descend- ing coliunn would For the fireplace built entirely of stone, heavier walls will of course be necessary, as shown. The iron throat damper is here indicated at the top of an arched opening 140 BUNGALOWS A rather unusual type where very rough A very good piece of arch work with large stone is used throughout the chimney stones and raked-out joints. Notice the breast, and the mantel is omitted entirely shelf of a half-log supported on log pins reach tho fire on the hearth and force the smoke and ^ases into the room. The " smoke shelf" prevents this, and l)v its form swirls the cold air around until it is carried into the palli of the rapidly ascendin<^ warm column aiul on up the chiniiicy. It is the simplest and most loj^ical thinj;; in the world, yet if you bhndly entrust the buildinu; of your fireplace to the villa; '■■:;■ -- (Xr ,-) Syhimiis Mtlrslcn, architrcl One of the living-rooms in the St. Francis Court hungalow community shows an odd form of fireplace. There is a narrow window through the brickwork at the left of the arch opening center of the fireplace, in ordtu- to insure ecjual draught through- out the fire chaml)er. From this central point the flue may swerve to either side to take its place beside another flue in the same chimney. It is by no means essential that it rise verti- cally throughout its extent, but the inside surface of the flue must be smooth and unobstructed. Let the brick heart li extend .sixteen or eighteen inches beyond the opening — the t)rick\v()rk pattern is a matter of taste. It is supported on a " trimmer arch" or " rnwldck aicli," as shown in the diagram, spruni:: between a pair of floni' joists .■nid llie chini- nev foundation. See to it thai no wooden limbers i-nn throuLrli the brick masomy under the hearth or close to the sides of the fire chamber. The heat will eventually set these on fire. The chimney itself should run a foot or so above any nearby ridge, and it shoul that has especial fitness for the bungalow is the sort that is made of hickory — the young saplings themselves forming the framework, the seats and backs being woven from strips of the tough inside l)ark. How infinitely better this furniture is than the happily disappearing rustic sorts of the past generation, may be judged from the illustration of the former on this page. .\nd its advantages are found on the side of comfort and dural)ility as well as on the score of appearances. It is possil)le, and not only that but most appropriate, to build in as permanent fixtures many of those things that are ordinarily BUNGALOWS Porch furniture of the willow or wicker type is also pleasiriK. and may be stained to carry out any color scheme. The Gloucester hammock at the end of the porch is a modern and welcome innovation portable, such as the sidehoanl, bookcases and seats. It will frequently l)e found far cheaper to have the carpenter build some of these things and also a few tables, while he is at work on the buildinij, than to buy them and pay the freight from a distance. It is surprising what results can l)e gotten out of some good oak, a few tools, some alcohol stain and wax. ICven the merest novice can add not only useful but appropriate pieces of furniture to the bungalow's equipment if he is so dis- j)()sed. The iiiau who once makes a start in honu^ craftsman- ship, particularly along the line of carpentry, will probably never stop. There is a real joy in the smell of the newly cut wood and its gradual transforni.it ion inider the tools, th.if never palls. The addition merely of a few shelves between the studs, with perhaps a hinged lid to make of thes{> ;i desk, is such an easy matter and at the same time such an aid in furnishing — a drop- leaf table against a side wall of I lie living-room, a broad .shelf to serve as a drcssing-taljle in a bedroom, book-shelves above or F U K X I S H I X G 155 back of the inglenook seats, a hiniied lid in ono of these same seats affording' a phice for firewood. Floor coverings need not Ijother us very nuich. Cool mattings are always acceptable, in the liedroonis particidarly, and they are to l)e found on the market each year in an increasingly large nunilter of new materials, new weaves, and better design through- out. Among the less expensive domestic rugs, it is perhaps unn('ces.sarv to urge the selection of solid colors and two-toned designs in preference to the designs in greater elaboration and fu.ssine.ss. The carpet pr()bal)ly will never find a place in the bungalow. I have felt it necessary to speak a word of warning against the disfigurement of the summer home with cast-off furniture. I must utter the same warning in connection with bric-a-brac and so-called ornaments. If there is one place more than another A rug of woven grass or some similiar material is a very welcome and durable addi- tion to the porch furnishing; and have a table, by all means, a magazine-rack and chairs that are really "easy" loG BUNGALOWS The low seat at the top of the porch steps is an ingenious piece of porch furniture that is well worthy of emulation where hni;ht,-colorcd or wliite-and-iiold vases or jiilt clocks and such thiiifis are unfitting, it is in the liungalovv Uving-rooni. Thei'c will always be needed plenty of treated as a room I'atlier than as a front step. Its charactei' will demand a certain inl'orinality. even more |)ronounce(l tli;in that which governs the furniture of the intei'ior. I'loor co\-crinii- it must have, as well as furniture, .and surely a mimber of pott(>d pL-nits or window-boxes set around on the porch rail. I-'or the porch a domestic rug of coarse but substantial weave wcjuld do nicely, or one of the type that is woven from grass FURNISHING 157 would be eminently serviceable — Orientals are never ovit of place, but the tracking in of dust and mud upon them is not particularly conducive to their usually long life. Furniture of the willow or wicker t}-pe, or of hickory an men- tioned al)ove, always looks well on the porch, provided the design itself is good, and happily the monstrosities in woven furniture are becoming less common every year. Stain it as you like, pi'cfcrnbly to iii;itcii the color of outside woodwork rather than in contrast with it. Have at least one table on tlie porch, and more if the size will permit -bearing a few good books, the current magazines and cut flowers from the garden. And do not make the mistake of having the chairs all stiff and straight. The bungalow porch is just as much a place for the genuinely easy chair as the living- room or dcii. A s(>tll(> or two. with cushions that one does not have to handl(> tenderly, will complete the ecpiipiuent. Chapter XI /> i (^ h t i n o- Sy s t e in s IF the bungalow is to Ijc used as an all-yoar-roinul home the probabihties arc that it will be located near enough to a service main of electricity or gas to draw therefrom its supply of light without further thought. When, on the other hand, the building is isolated, even though it is intended to be occupied only during the lighter months, some special provision must be mtide for the lighting. For the small shack in the woods, used merely for vacations and week-end visits, it may be thought advisable to put up with the inconvenience of oil lamps. Or, if the bungalow happens to be located on Long Island, there is a more satisfactory source of illumination in a gas that is sold in portable tanks. Com- pressed to the extent of liquefaction, it becomes readily portable in its special receptacles, which are connected up to a piping system as for ordinary illuminating gas. \Miere the former of these possibilities is not acceptable, and the latter not available, recourse for lighting must be had to one of several thoroughly practical systems whereby an inde- pendent lighting plant is provided. In selecting a system there are several important considera- tions to be kept in mind. In the first place, the cost of installa- tion must not be given too much weight. The initial cost of (150) 160 BUNGALOWS in.stallint;; a thorouuhly roliahlo EXE Gar Acetylene gas is coming to lie more widely and favorably known through its use in automol)ile head-lights as well as for lighting the isolated country home. It has the distinction of being the whitest illuminant in general use, more nearly approxi- mating sunlight. The gas is made from calcium carbide, a prod- uct resembling cru.shed granite in appearance and made by melting together in an electric furnace ordinary lime and coke. Until brought into contact with water the carbide is non-com- bustil)le and actionless. \n acetylene generator takes the place of the ordinary gas nietcr that would be had in districts supplied with connnon illuminating gas through street mains. In this generator the carbide and the water are brought into contact to j)roduce acetylene gas. In some forms the carbide is dropped into the water, in others the water drips upon a pile of carbide, but in all types there are three parts to the generator — the carbide recep- tacle, the water tank and the gas tank. And in each type there is an automatic device for bringing the carbide and the LIGHTING SYSTEMS 161 water together just fast enou,si;h to make the needed amount of gas. From the generator, which is usually set in the cellar if there is one, or in a small outl:)uilding if there is not, wrought-iron pipes lead the gas to the various rooms, and the gas is delivered through a special form of burner which consumes about one-half cubic foot per hour — about one-tenth the amount burned at a common illuminating gas outlet. Calcium carbide costs, dehvered, al)out $4 per 100 Ihs., and this amount should make from 400 to 500 cubic feet of gas. A generator of reliable make, with piping, brass fixtures, globes and burners for 35 lights, costs from $200 up, and the cost of producing a 24-candlepower light — the equivalent of one and a half ordinary 16-candlepower electric lamps — is al)out four- tenths of a cent per hour. West of the Rocky ^Mountains the increased freight charges on the carbide bring the cost up about 25 per cent. Electricity There is no doui)t that electricity has a strong hold upon popular favor for ligliting purposes. Where a public service supply is not obtainable a plant may be installed in the cellar or an outhouse. It consists of a dynamo, a switchboard and some form of engine to run the former. A combination consisting of dynamo, gasoline engine, switch- l)oard and all equipment except wiring and installation, costs, iti the five-horsepower size, about $850; a ten-horsepower plant about $1100; and a 20-horsepower plant about $1750. A ten- horsepower plant will operate 100 lights, and for (>very horse- I)ower added, ten more 16-candlepower lamps can be lighted. losing what is known as 6S-degree gasoline, which is even better for the purpose than a more refined grade, and which costs from eight to ten cents a gallon in barr(>ls, the cost per 16-candlepower hght pen- hour is about one-tenth of a cent. This means that every seven to ten old-style carbon incan- descent lamps can be operated for an hour for one cent, or it 102 B UN (I A LOWS means that an individual power plant operatinij; one hundred Ki-candlepower hghts costs ten cents an hour (fiiiurini; the gasoHne at eijjht cents per iialloni. It is rlninicd that the Tunjisten lamp, which is rapidly replacinii tlic old-style caihon incandescent lamp, is about fort>- per vvn\. cheaper in optM-ation. One advantaije of the electric e luii for as long as needed to charge these for a day's supply of current. then shut down. For small bungalows there are on tlie market el(>ct ric generator plants as low as two-horsepower, with switchboard; storage batteries (with a capacity of l)urning eight Kl-candlepower Tungsten lamps -27 volts —for eiglil liours. or eleven lamps for five hours); fifteen Tungsten lamps, wire and Hxtures for a building of, say, 40x40 ft. in size, all at a luni}) sum of S.'ioO. With or(liiini\- use this system would need recharging by rumiing its engine and dynamo but once a week through the sumnuu- months. A similar plant of doul)le the capacity costs $425. G.VSOLIXK \'.VI'()ll Perhaps you have been accustomed to using ordinary illumi- natintr gas in a city home and would prefer to continu(> to use a similar illuminant, even tliough th(>re are no public service mains available near your l)ungalow. Tlie solution of your problem is to install a miniature gas plant in \()ur cellai-. Such a j)lant consists of an air-pump actuated by water pressure, a tank for the storage of air under a fi\e(! pressure, a supply tank of gasohne located underground at a distance from the house, and a carbureter in which the air is forced through an absorbent material holding gasoline, vaporizing the l.itlcr ;ind carrving it into the pipe system to be burned at the regular f^as outlets. The gas is generated only as it is retjuired, LlCiini \fJ SYSTEMS 163 automatically, and as soon as tlie fixtures are turned off the surplus gasoline runs back into the supply tank underground. It is claimed that with this vaporized gasoline system of Ughting, a flame of 25-candlepower can be kept burning forty hours at a cost of five cents. A house containing from ten to fifteen rooms would require, say, twenty-five lights, which could l)e adequately supplied by a plant costing about $200 to install. Chapter XII Water Supply THE relative position of this chapter among its fellows in the book is in no sense an indication of the relative im- portance of the subject-matter contained herein. If that were the test wo should put Water Supj)ly first, for where there is not an unfailing supply of good water there can be no bungalow. If your bungalow site is not near enough to a city or town water-main to tap it, there are three other ways of securing your supply. If there is a l)rook nearby but below you, the source and previous course of which is al)ove suspicion, you can insert a water-ram in the current and have it pump, automatically, a supply into a tank, using the power in the flow of a large quan- tity of water to hft a comparatively small {Xjrtion of it. Or, you may dig a well, forcing a 4-inch or (J-inch pipe into the ground by an apparatus resembling pile-driving machinery. A plunger takes out the sand, gravel or mud as the pipe goes deeper and deeper into the earth. Of course it is impo.ssible to foretell the depth at which water will be found, or whether the expense of well-digging may not turn out to be greater than the cost of the site itself. A fairly definite assurance of success or failure may be had in the results of other well-digging in the neighborhood. Even that is not a dependable basis for close estimating, for the (1G4) WATER SUPPLY 105 The windmill is usuall , y^-..^ ,. uver as a possibility for water supply un accuiint of its unsigbtliness. In this example, however, the designer has incorporated it rather ingeniously with the design of the whole building watcr-boariufi" stratum may not he horizontal. For this reason it woiikl he a mistake to ask a well-cH^'^er to give a lump-sum hid for securing an adequate supply of water; to cover the uncertainty of his task he is sure to hid high. Instead of de- manding a definite lump-sum hid, have him give a l)id per foot of depth, with a necessarily higher rate for drilling through any rock strata that may he encountered. The procedure in well-digging consists in dri\ing the pipe down until a water-l)earing stratum is reached. A test is then made for quantity. A barrel of, say, fift}- gallons capacity, is filled by a power pump, the speed of the latter and the time required to fill the barrel being recorded. The pump is then kept running for twenty-four hours, after which the barrel-filling test is repeated, with the pump set at the same speed. If there is no appreciable falling off in the supply, it is considered adequate; if the supply has failed in the operation, the pipe is driven deeper. If the quantity test has been met, a (juality test by a chemist will be advisable before the prolilcm may be considered solved. The third way in which you may secure a supply is to depend for tlie main hulk of the water used for washing on a cistern IGG BUNGALOWS suppliod ram water from llic ronf. It must lie rcmcmlicrcd in that case that a sliin.iilc roof must not lie croosotod. This iiso of raiti wator would 1)(' advisalil(> only iBTB ■ I when th('i'(> isaii unfairuint, for the reason that in th(> driest weather the winds are usually least active; or one of the many forms of power punijjs may lie used, dri\(Mi by a gasoline engine, elect lic niotoi'. hoi air eimiue, etc.: or by means of a hand-pump. It will be a matt(>r of economy, where provision has to be made for both lighting and pumping w;it(>r, to use the same engine for both purposes, coimcitinu it up with the dynamo for electric current and with the pump foi- the water supply. Hy rumiing each for .a short time excry d.ay the attention recjuired is very small. Simpler than a power pump, as well as less exjiensive to inst.all, is the double-acting h;ind-pum|) th.at m.ay be inst.alled in (he kitchen itself, as indicated in the accompanying ilIus(ra(ion. The kitchen boiler in this little luint;al'Av u^is placed on the other side of the kitchen partition, bringing it into the bathroom, which room it serves to heat WATER SUPPLY 167 An equipment of this kind, which costs but about ten dollars, has a cut-off valve, by means of which water may be pumped direct!}- through the sink faucet, for drinkino- purposes, or into a gravity tank in the attic to supply the system under ordinary conditions. It will be necessary to have seme sort of tank for the water supply: either a gravity tank in the attic, for which, l)y the way, the floor beams must be made additionally strong, or one of the modern pressure tanks in the cellar or in an out- building. The principle of th(> latter is tliis: the water lield in tlie tank is under air pressure, sc'cured usually by pinnping air in, although occasif)nally l)y pumping the water into the tank, compressing what air th(»re is in it. There are several manufacturers who Lxteriors ott pa^es lo6, 107; other : .-5 7 ;r, /j? Cximminf^s & Howard, architects The simplest of all lype^ of ■.■..iiLi -^upjily where a well has been driven is the hand- pump beside the kitchen sink. A cut-off valve permits the pumping of drinking water without sending it through the tank 1G8 B U N G A T. O W R make complete equipments for the water supply, includin(>; the well-pump, the gasoline engine to run it and the pressure tank. There is just one word of eaution that riiight he added, ^^^lere the bungalow is occupied the year around, an electric motor un- doubtedly makes a more dependable source of power for the pimip, for the reason that there will be no trouble with it, such as occasionally occurs with an internal combustion engine, due to the freezing of water in the cooling-jacket. Without an electric service main, however, there is no choice; and if the bungalow is occupied only in the summer this trouble will not present itself. There is no need to go into the subject of plumbing fixtures for the bungalow, for these need vary in no way from those for the permanent home. Chapter XIII Sewage Disposal 4 LMOST of equal importance with the ^vvater supply will be y\ the problem of sewage disposal for the bungalow where it is not possiljle to secure entrance to a community drain. Until very recently the difficulties of this problem were such as to deter a great many people who had a desire to live in the country from getting out of touch with city con- veniences. At the present time, however, there is no difficulty whatever in constructing a sewage disposal plant for the individual bungalow that will not only be effective in doing the work for which it is intended, but which will do this automatically for an indefinite time without any attention whatever. The system requires the construction of an underground tank of masonry — pr('feral)ly of concrete. The tank should be located on the side of a hill, where possible, in order that the water which comes from it will flow in a direction away from the house. The diagram will indicate just how this modern type of sewage disposal tank, known as a septic tank, should be constructed. There are a number of patterns of the septic tank, most of which depend upon some patented gate-valve, siphon or other device for operation. The diagram shows a tank that will provide the essential requirements without any of the (169) 170 BUNGALOWS '■ /,On$(tudina/ Sc.ctio. Cro^s Jzcf/oo ^ftm yYT//- SoA The whole problem of sewage disposal for the isolated country home of anv kind is very easily solved by the construction of a septic tank a short distance away from and below the house delicate mechanism of this kind, which is nhiiosl certain to get nut of nrdor and render the tank u -eh'ss. Tlie action accomplished hy th;' tank consists in the con- version of sewaij:;e, both solids and licjuids, into pure water through self-dostruction— a l)acterial action that is carried on in an air-tight and light-proof enclosure. Being lighter than water, the sewage rises to the surface as it enters the tank through the main tile drain from the l)imgalow. In the absence of air and light in tlie upper portion of the first chamber, the bacteria increase at an enormous rate and accom- plish the complete decomposition of the sewage into liquid form within twenty-four hours. From the bottom of the first tank the Hquid is siphoned over into what is calUnl the weir box, designed mainly to prevent the agitation of the water during its transformation. From tlienc(Mt is re-sipliinicd into a filter bed of sand and charcoal, fmni wliicli it finall\- flows as pure as spring water. It is essential that the first tank, or septic tank proper, should be built large enoutjh to contain the accumiilated draina.ge covering a period of forty-eii;ht houis. in addition to enough water at the start to cover the inlet. A tank four fetM deep, six feet wide and eight feet long, or containing approximately two hundred cubic feet, will l)e sullicieiilly large under ordinary circumstances for a family of eiglil or ten persons, provided the lialh water and that from (he kilcheti sink is not run into it. SEWAGE DISPOSAL 171 Divertinji tlio l>atli and kitchon sink water will save expense in the construction of a lar may be left in the top. In either case the top of the whole system may be covered with earth, so that to all appearances the final outlet is merely an outlet for surplus water from the hillside al)ove. It should need no further argument to convince the bungalow builder that dependence upon any one of the old sewage disposal methods, in common use until recent years, would be mere folly. At best they were germ breeders of the worst type, not to mention the contiinious expense^ involved in cleaning them and keeping them in working order. r 1 w Kw^^gi^^gggH^^H B o _ Chapter XIV P I (1 n fifJg' TOO often the bungalow or temporary summer home is never given a setting of flowers, vines and shrul)s that would make it seem at home in its site The owner excuses his neglect of planting by reason of the fact that he goes out to the summer home as late as June, when it seems hardly worth while planting anything, even if that were not too late to get things well started. The solution of this problem lies in fall planting — the best sea- son of the }'ear to set out most of the hardy perennials, shrubs and bulbs. Once planted, the majority of these need no further attention, with the exception of dividing the clumps when these grow too large. Following that plan alone would mean plenty of liloom next year, but it would not help the appearance of the bungalow this summer. The latter problem may be easily solved also, and it may be well to take that up first. First and most important among the elements which will give the desired effects in the shortest possible time is the gladiolus. The bulbs are tender; that is, they must be set each spring — at any time from Ma}- first to July first By making several plantings, say two weeks apart, beginning May fifteenth or June first, a continuous bloom ma} be had from earl}' in July until late in September. The bulbs must be taken up aftei the foliage (173) P L A X T I N G 175 has lurucd yollow, aiul dried for phuitin O W S ^'i^os arc prul)al)ly the most readily available of all the prow- iiiii; thiniiis to serve in hleiulint: harnioiiiously touether the work of man and that of Nature. 'J'hey may lie piu'chased from a The Kudzu vine is a remarkably rapid grower from Japan, often attain- ing a height of fifty feet in a single season florist or nurseryman, in pots, and planlcd at any lime from spriiiij; until fall. It will he found advisalde, then, to start at once the ones that will he the permantMit features of the place — English ivy for th(> .shady side of tlic l)uilding, and Boston ivy, PLANTING 17: lot us say, for the sunny side. While these are making their comparatively slow growth, a temporary covering for the trellises or walls may be started — the common but never commonplace morning-glory, the Vir- ginia Creeper and perhaps that marvclously rapid grower from Japan — the Kudzu vine As to the problem of next year's bloom — as well as that for the years to come, I am going to assume that the owner of a bungalow wants to secure a maximum of effect with a minimum of labor. No doubt there will l)e many exceptions to this indiscriminate characterization, but the man who is a garden enthusiast or a specialist along some particular gardening line will not be likely to look for suggestions here. It sounds decidedly paradoxical, does it not, to affirm that the man who has the least amount of spare time to spend upon (he appearance of his l)ungalow surroundings may have the very best that the horticultural world offers? It really sounds too good to be true; yet that is what I am going to try to vshow. I shall never forget the fec^ling of utter, hopeless ignorance that swept over me when my eyes were first opened to the beauty, my understanding to the joy, that a garden offers. As I pored over book and magazine, seedmen's catalogues and planting tables, there gradually came a realization of the inmiensity — the real awe-ins])iring depth, of the subject. The terms, "annual," "perennial," 'herbaceous shrub," "mulch" and "scale," ( At 1 .^\ • ... '4 •• • 1 0^' 4 «».v • .1,' 0^ Plant snowdrops for March — the tirst sign of life about the bungalow in the spring BUXC; ALOWS For April's bloom you should have for- sythia or golden bells — one of the first shrubs to bloom For May nothing is more effective than the German iris, if planted in generous masses meant as little to me as did the portcntious Latin names of i:;enera and variety. At the mere thought that any mind eould ever f^rasp all the details of nomenclature, the manner of plants' m :\rv only different from, not better than, the thor- oughly fixed varieties. For July I would sug- gest hollyhocks — a stately row of tliein nodchng in at the windows, preferably along the sunny sid(> of th(> hou.se. Do not neglect the old-fa.shioned single-flowered \arieties — in pale pink, yellow and red — in favor of the newer double sorts, though some of the latter will add to the interest of the showing. Hollyhocks are supposed to be bien- nials — that is, the plants from seed sown one fall will bloom only in the second summer to follow. As a matter of fact though, the plants continue to bloom usually for several years after that, and as the seeds sow themselves you will never lack for thrifty young bloomers, provided only that the soil in which they grow is really deep —three feet of loose loam if possilile. .Vnd with S[» iioMiin lilic , may well form the background of the garden display in August, with a few Auratums, the beautiful lily of Japan 184 BUXOALOWS (he hollyhock, to add to my iiiconsisteiicy, and at the same time throw a sop to the man who refuses to live without some sort of a rose, I would brighten July with one of the hardy climhing roses — by preference a hybrid of the good old Memorial or Rosa Wichiirnidud. There are plenty from which to choose - Hiawatha (see illustration \ a chaniiiim- coinliination of ruby- Let the phloxes rule October the later-flowering sorts, wiili white masses to set off the pinks and reds . . J t-lllV of crimson and white with yellow anthers; the well known Dorothy Perkins, a pink double; Oardenia, a yellowish white double; Tausendschcui. pink double; Lady (lay, shell-i>ink double in clust(M-s, and others. And there is another reason for adding a climbing rose to our list: it will help to blend the bungalow with its site more satisfactorily than shrubs alone or border flowers alone, or the two together. For August the Hly would be my choice. It brings to the hst a new note in its stateline.ss and purity. And Lilium specio- swn, it seems to me, should form the backbone of the di.splay. The Aural Kill lily, from Japan, blooms at about the .same time, and is consid(>red by many to be the most beautiful of all the famil\ , but it is ;ipt to die out after about three years, so it is well to plant only a few bulbs of it with the speciosums. With the lily will come into lilooni one of the finest shrubs that we have —the hanl\- hydnini^ea, and it must lie added to our list P L A X T I N G 185 to carry on into the fall the burden of bloom. The great heads of white turn pink with the cool weather and if cut off after the first severe frosts, they will hold their color throughout the winter indoors. Put a large bunch of them in a brass l)owl on some high shelf or other out-of-the way place. Severe pruning in the late fall or winter is all that the hy- drangea needs; the bloom is borne on the new wood each season. The dahlia is the reign- ing star of the September garden, and if you have not recently seen the amazing variety of form and color in which it is now obtainable, there is a rare treat in store for you. It alone of the list will need annual planting; each fall, late, the bulbs will have to be taken up, hung in a dry place in- doors to ripen, and set out again in May. The best way to choose the varieties you want is to visit a dahlia exhibition in the fall, or note the ones that appeal to you in some other garden. In Octol)er the late varieties of phlox are fully able to keep up the high standartl of attractions that your all-star garden has set. Avoid the pale purple shades in favor of pinks, cherry reds and plenty of white. Jeanne d'Arc is one of the best white late- flowering varieties. In choosing other colors take the late- flowering ones in order that the showing may not rival that of the July and August stars. Late in Octol)er and during tlio first half of November the choice of attractions is decidedly hmited, but the hardy The dahlia is unquestionably the reigning flower of September PLAN T.I N G 187 chrysanthemum fortu- nately gives us a variety and beauty of l)loom that needs no apolofiios what- ever. Here again I would advise a choice from the wealth of varie- ties shown each year at one of the fall exhil)i- tions. The names alone mean little or nothing. Order plants to he dehv- ered May first. Once set in place they will need no further attention. With the suggestion that the bungalow owner plant a few shrubs for winter cheer — the sumach and the barberry, for instance, I will leave him to his exceedingly Ught labors and his most abundant rewards. He may be planning to use his bungalow home for but a few months in the year; in that case he may feel that some of the early spring and winter attrac- tions may be omitted. Keeping in mind our obhgations to ncighljors and even to the casual passer-by, and incident- ally the occasional The many varieties of the hardy chrysanthe- mum will brighten the garden in October and early November For the temporary home you can have, at least, flowering plants in boxes set around the porch railing 188 Brx(; A [.ows week-end visits to the bungalow at odd times, the chances are that the carrying out of our whole planting scheme, as outlined, will not result in an alarming waste of beauty. A very simple clapboarded bungalow in its typically luxuriant California setting. We cannot all have rose hedges but we can do at least some- thing towards blending our summer homes with their surroundings INDEX Acetylene gas, 160 Adirondack lodge type, 37 Andirons, 146 Anemone, Japanese, 175 Architect, need for, 55 Asbestos shingles, 109 Ash-drop, 145 Battens for outside walls, 95 Battened l:)oards for exterior walls, 95 Battened boards for interior finish, 122, 123 Barberry, 187 Bedrooms, 118, 131 Bedrooms, interior finish for, 122 Bedstead, cedar, 151 Bookcases, built-in, 144 Boston Ivy, 17(5 Brick piers, 90 Built-in furniture, 153 Bungalow, meaning of the term, 5 Burlap, 121, 123 Calcium carbide, 161 Camps, 35, 73 Casement windows, 121 Caulking slab walls, 107 Ceilings, 129 Central living-room type, 66 "Chicago School" type, 41 Chimney, 137 Chinmey, height of, 142 Chrj'santhemums, hardy, 187 Cistern for rain water, 166 Clapboards for walls, 103 giinker brick, 20 Community of bungalows, 23, 77 Compo-board, 15 Concrete, cost of, S9 Concrete, formula; for mixing, 89 Concrete piers, 88 Cost, in general, 7, 63 Cost of log walls, 103 Creosote stains 114 Dahlia, 185 Design of mountain bimgalow, 55 Design of seacoast bimgalow, t58, 47 Design of woods liungalow, 54 Dining-porch, 85 Dining-rooms, 125, 129, 133, 151 Door-frames, 120 Doors, stock, for interior walls, 128 Dormitory in second story, 73, SO, 81 Drainage, 169 Drop-siding for walls, 98 Electricity, 161 Enclosed porch, 122 English Ivy, 176 Environment, harmony with, 62 Expense of the one-.story plan, 7, 63 Fad, bungalow as a, 20 Fireplace, the, 135 Firei^lace, diagram for brick, 138 Fireplace, diagram for stone, 139 Fireplace flue, 136 Fireplaces, 7, 16, 134, 136, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147 Fireplaces, remedying faulty, 145 Fire-tools, 147 Floor hoards, 132 Floor coverings, 154 Floor coverings for porch, 15G Floor joists, ventilation of, 93 Forsythia, 178, 181 Foundations, 17, 58, 87 Foundations in clay, 87 Foundations in sand, 49 Foundation jiiei-s, concrete, 88 Furniture and furnishing, 149 Furniture, built-in, 153 Furniture, home-made, 154 Furniture of hickory, 153 Furniture of willow, wicker, etc., 1 19, 157 Gas in portable tanks, 159 Gasoline vai)or for lighting, 1(J2 German Iris, 17S, LSI Gladiohis, 173, 174 Gravity tank for water sui)ply, 1(17 Guttei-s, roof, IIG Hearth, constniction of, 142 Hemlock boards for walls, 95 Hollyhocks, 180, 183 Homc-maile furniture, 154 Horizontal boards for exterior walls, 98 House along bungalow lines, 43 Hydrangea, 182, 1,S4 Kitchen, 167 Kud/.u vine, 176, 177 Latticework between piers, 93 Lighting, ])lanning for, 51, 56, 65, 79, 80, 84 1 lighting .systems, 159 Lilies, auratum, 184 Lilies, speciosum, 183, 184 Living-rooms, 6, 112, 119, 120, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152, 158 T-ocust posts for foundation piers, 90 Log walls, trouble from borers, 103 Logs for walls, 11, 99 .Mantels, 135 Materials for hillside l)ungalow, (iO Materials for interior walls, 117 Materials for roof, 109 Materials for walls, 11, 95 Materials for woods bimgalow, 54 Mattings, 154 Morning-glory, 177 Mountain btmgalows, 55 Mountain bungalows, color, 61 Mountain l)ungal(>ws, general form, 56 North Carolina pine ceiling, 122 Oak ]iaiieling for walls, 12S Ornaments, 155 Indian bungalow, 5 Inside linisli, 1 I Interior (ini>li, 1 17 Iris, German, 17S, isi Ivy, Boston, 176 Ivy, English, 17() Japanese .\nemone, 175 Java mats for waM coverings, 124 I'atio bungalow, 25, 6S, 69, 70 Peonies, 179, 1S2 Permanent home tyjic, 41 Petunias, 175 Phlox, 184, 185 Piazza, 10 Plan for n;inow lot, 7n, 72, 73, 74 Planning, 9, 63 Planting, 173 Pliistcr-l)oard for interior llni^h, 12:5 riuiabing fixtures, 168 Porch, enclosed, 122 Porch, furnishinji the, 150 Porches, 153, 15-1, 15(1, 1,S7 Portable bungalows, ;>;5, 75, 7S, 711. Pressure tank for water sup])l\", 107 Puinjis, 160, 107 Ruin water, colleclini;-, 114 Rentals, 25 Rest Houses, 5 Roof, necessity for simi)lc, SI Roofing materials, lOU Ro.se, climbing, Hiawatha, I SI Roses, 179, 182 Roses, dimbmg, 18-1 Rugs, 155 Rugs for porch, 15() Screened porch, SI Screens for windows, 121 Seacoast bungalow type, oS, -17 Septic tank, 169 Septic tank, diagram of, 170 Service cjuarters, isolation of, 61 Sewage disjiosal, 169 Shinglc-laths, 110 Shingle roofing, 1 1 Siiingle roof, life of a. 111 Shingle roofs, inside appearance, \'M Shingle stains, 113 Shingles for walls, 98 Slabs for interior finish, 125 Slalis for walls, 13, 105 Slate roofing, 109 Sleejiing-porch, 81 Snapdragon, 175 Snowdrojjs, 177, ISO Spanish Mission type, 68, 69 Si)irea, Van Houtte's, 179, 182 St[uare plan inexpensive, (55 Stenciling furniture, 150 Stone piers, 90 Storage Ijatteries for lighting, 162 Sumach, 187 Summer-house, 37 Swiss chalet type, 29, 56 Tent-houses, 31 Test for bungalow classification, 45 Tm roofing, 109 Trees, 51 Types of bungalows, 19 Ventilation, air sjkic(> for, 7 Verbena, 175 \'irginia Creeper, 177 \'istas in ]ilanning, 66 V-joiuted ceiling boards, 122 Wain.scoting, 122 Wall coverings, 121, 123, 124, 128 129 Wall materials, exterior, 95 Water sui)ply, 160, 164 Weil-digging, 164 Windmill, 165, 100 Window-frames, 120 ;-^ ^xMUBRARYQ<^ ^snmm'^' '^^/smm^ mMmRi^^ ^OFCA!IFO% % ^OFCAl[fOR^ University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Return this material to tfie library from which it was borrowed. 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