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THE EARLY HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, 
 IBERIANS, ETC. 
 
 By HYDE CLARKE, 
 
 Fellom Royal Historical Society. 
 
THE EARLY HISTORY 
 
 J iqA ,T?iB, ; 
 
 MEDITERRANESfPOPUiATIONS, fe, 
 
 IN THEIR 
 
 MIGRATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 
 BY 
 
 HYDE CLARKE, 
 
 LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. 
 
 1882. 
 

 M^MJ^ ^^^T^A^t-t^tw (^i<^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 '^ I ^HIS Paper was read before the Royal Historical 
 Society, in the Session of 1881 ; but, as stated in 
 the commencement, has been more than once written, 
 and contains many later observations. 
 
 It is here given in a separate form for distribution 
 among scholars interested in the subject. 
 
 HYDE CLARKE. 
 
 32, St. George's Square, S.W. 
 London. 
 ^th April, 1882. 
 
 P.S. — The only explanation I can suggest for the settle- 
 ment of each city, however small, being made by separate 
 tribes, is to refer it to the institution of exogamy. 
 
 697657 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofmeOOclarrich 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction — Autonomous Coins . . . ii 
 
 Symbols — Emblems. Horse, Bull, Lion . . .12 
 
 Double Emblems. Horse and Bull . . . 13 
 
 Confederacy of Tribes — of Cities — Emblems. Ephesus, Rome 13 
 Uniformity of Town names throughout the World corresponding 
 
 to those on Coins . . . . . .14 
 
 Iberians — Basques — Invasions of Semites and Aryans . 14 
 
 Historical Influence of, in Mixed Tribes . . "14 
 
 Differences of Iberian — Barbarous Languages — Macedonians — 
 
 Names of Kings . . . . . 15 
 
 Canaan, Phoenicians, Hellenes . . . . .16 
 
 Italy, Spain, Belgi, Iberians. . . . . 18 
 
 Britannia — Iberians in — Coins of Verulamium, &c. Town 
 
 Names ....... 
 
 Dumnonium, Cantium , . . . . 18 
 
 Emblems. India, America, Atlantis — classification of — 
 
 Horse, &c. . . . . . .20 
 
 Vase-Gems inscribed and uninscribed . . . 21 
 
 Plural Emblems — Cypriote, Menidi, Tarkondemos, Khita 
 
 Bilinguals . . . . . . .22 
 
 Distribution of Emblems — Baelo, Pylos, Ispalis, &c. . 23 
 
 Characters — Khita, Hebrew . . . -23 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Town Names, comparative Plulology — Meaning of— Cissa, 
 
 Chios, &c. ...... 25 
 
 Comparison of Old Tables with Coins — Indian Names — 
 
 America, Britannia . . . . .26 
 
 Table of Cities, showing Common Names and Coins . 27 
 
 Table of Cities, with their Coins and Emblems . . 28 
 
 Syria, Damascus, &c. . . . . . 28 
 
 Phoenicia — Sidon, Tyre, <Sz:c. . . . . .29 
 
 Palestine — Mesopotamia ..... 29 
 
 Africa —Cyrene, Carthage, &c. . . . • 3° 
 
 Pontus, Paphlagonia ..... 30 
 
 Bithynia — Grape and Bean (Note) . . . • 3^ 
 
 Mysia ....... 32 
 
 Troad — Iberian Forms — Tenedos . . . '33 
 
 ^olia — Lesbos ...... 34 
 
 Ionia, Ephesus, Chios, Samos . . . . -35 
 
 Caria, Cos, Rhodes . . . . • 36, 37 
 
 Lycia — Lycian Language . . . . -3^ 
 
 Pamphylia, Pisidia, Cilicia .... 39 
 
 Cyprus . . . . . . .41 
 
 Lydia — Khita, Etruscan .... .42 
 
 Phrygia, Cappadocia, Chersonesus, Colonies . . -43 
 
 Mcesia, Thrace, Thracian Language — Byzantium — Kings of 
 
 Thrace— Illjoria ..... 44 
 
 Macedonia, Tarkon — Names of Kings . . . .46 
 
 Thessaly — Horse, Epirus, Corcyra, Acarnania . . 48 
 
 ^tolia, Phocis, Boeotia . . . . -50 
 
 Attica, Athens, Pallas, Salamis . . . . 51 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 t*A<iE 
 
 Peloponnesus — Islands — Messenia, Argos, Arcadia . • 5^ 
 
 Crete 55 
 
 Euboea and Archipelago — Delos . . . • 5^ 
 
 Italy — Etruria, Samniurn, Campania, Apulia, Calabria . 59 
 
 Sicily, Malta, Lipara, Sardinia . . . . • ^5 
 
 Spain — Lusitania, Bcetica, Tarraconensis, Vascones . 70 
 
 Gaul — Aquitania, Helvetia . . . . -77 
 
 Belgica (p. 10) . . . . . 79 
 
 Britannia (p. 11). • • 
 
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE MEDITERRA- 
 NEAN POPULATIONS, &c., IN THEIR MIGRA- 
 TIONS AND SETTLEMENTS, ILLUSTRATED 
 FROM AUTONOMOUS COINS, GEMS, INSCRIP- 
 TIONS, &c. 
 
 Although the results in this paper may appear to be novel, 
 and are largely derived from sources newly opened up, in 
 reality they are only the sequence of previous investigations. 
 Long since there were published by me in the Journal of the 
 Palestine Exploration Fund, and of the Anthropological In- 
 stitute, and also in the Transactions of this Royal Historical 
 Society, a list of place names. These tables showed the 
 identity of the ancient names of cities in the Old World from 
 India to Britain, and of those in the New World in wide 
 regions. 
 
 These lists met with little attention, because the compari- 
 sons could not be understood by some persons, and were 
 looked upon by others as the mere consequences of casual 
 resemblance. There were, however, many details pointed out 
 by me, which showed the positive connection. Thus in the 
 case of some names they were found to be in a plural form 
 both in Hebrew and in Greek. Certain rules were observable 
 in double vowels, and in the change of consonants for the 
 transliteration into the various languages.* 
 
 It necessarily follows that the present investigation carries 
 the evidence very much further, and it reveals the unsuspected 
 fact that in hundreds of cases the records of extinct languages 
 are preserved on coins, to which a totally different significa- 
 tion has been assigned. Nothing is more certain than that 
 
 * Palestine Exploration Fund, New Series, iv., p. 193, &c., Khita and 
 Khita Peruvian Epoch, pp. 57 61. 
 
12 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 emblems may be transmitted through thousands of years to 
 alien races. A very sufficient example is that of Byzantium, 
 where the Moon (or Crescent) and Star, which had been in- 
 troduced by the prehistoric founders, were used by the Greeks 
 and in our day are accepted by the Turks. 
 
 The autonomous coins constitute a very large class in Asia, 
 Africa, and Europe, being those struck by cities, and many 
 small towns which even under the Roman Empire preserved 
 their privilege of local coinage. On the later coins will be 
 found Roman legends and Roman symbols. On the earlier 
 coins are found animals' heads and other objects. 
 
 By these the coins are readily recognised, as those of Athens 
 by the owl, those of Ephesus by the bee or stag, and those of 
 Byzantium by a crescent and star. On coins of later time we 
 find, besides these, images of the gods, Apollo, Diana, Pallas, 
 and others. 
 
 It is not worth while inquiring what reasons, if any, have 
 been assigned by ancients or moderns for the earlier symbols; 
 it is better worth while to try and ascertain their relations. 
 If then we sort out all the coins in a cabinet having a Horse 
 or Horse's Head (and Pegasus comes into this class) or having 
 a Bull, or having a Lion, we shall find that some of the words 
 or names are very much alike. 
 
 Thus for Horse we find Corinth, Corcyra, Corone, Cyrene, 
 Hyccara, Agyrium, Carmo, Crannon, and of the same root 
 Celenderis, Gelas, Calycadnus, Bargylia. 
 
 We have also Camarina, Cyme, Cambolectri, Himera, 
 Cavares, Andecavi, Cacaba, Panticapseum. Further we may 
 take out Cissa, Cossa, Cos, Syracusa, Cassandra, Equaesia, 
 Phocis, Osca, Ausa, Suessa. So other classes for this emblem 
 can be recognised. 
 
 In choosing coins with a Bull (or Cow or Calf) we may 
 define Bella, Pelius, Pylos, Pelinna, Baelo, Aballo, Abella, 
 Cephalaedium, Pholegandrus, Obulco, with Barea, Cibyra, 
 Sybaris, Pherx, Spirus, Perinthus, Priene, Perrhsibia, &c. 
 We should also set apart Thera, Abdera, Dardanus, Tarraco, 
 Thyatira, Dyrrhachium, Tauromenium, &c. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 13 
 
 From the Lion pieces we get Samos, Samosata, Clazomenas, 
 Smyrna, also Miletus, Milyas, Mallus, and further Coenicenses, 
 ^na, Sicyon, among others. 
 
 The emblems on the coins will be found to be in relation 
 to the forms of the names, and if we seek in vocabularies of 
 ancient and other languages we shall find corresponding 
 words, as in Akkad Kurra for Horse. 
 
 The matter, however, goes further. If more than one 
 emblem is to be found on a coin, then there will be a parallel- 
 ism of sound for these several emblems. Pella and Pelinna, 
 for instance, have each a Horse and a Bull. On the coins of 
 Pella, Aballo, Abella, we have a Sun (Apollo) and a Bull. 
 
 The coins of a class have not always throughout identical 
 emblems, but then words of the same root will be found for 
 the corresponding emblems. 
 
 It must not be assumed that Pella and Pelinna meant both 
 Horse and Bull in the same language, though it is true that all 
 the names for animals are found primarily allied.* In the case 
 cited, or in that of Pella, Aballo, and Abella, the towns must 
 have been settled by fractions of tribes, in the languages of 
 which the meanings were distributed. Pella must have meant 
 Sun, Horse, Bull, but Aballo and Abella only embraced 
 Sun and Bull, and Pelinna, Horse and Bull. Philologically 
 the evidence for these conditions is easi'y found. 
 
 The conclusion is, that although there were the same kinds 
 of tribes engaged in the colonization of each town, the dis- 
 tribution of the tribes was not identical in all cases. 
 
 That these emblems became those of the cities, we find by 
 the whole course of events. A very familiar instance is that 
 of the Crescent and Star of Byzantium, already quoted ; but 
 Byzantium had other emblems than this. 
 
 We can see that the cities were at times inhabited by 
 various populations, as in the cases of Ephesus and Rome. 
 Indeed, the quarters of Ephesus had separate names; one had 
 the remarkable name of Samorna (= Smyrna). On looking at 
 
 * See my Prehistoric Comp. Philology. 
 
14 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Ephesus over and over again in my early days of these ques- 
 tions, it was always my conception that villages had been 
 built on the several hills ranged under my eyes, and that 
 these afterwards constituted the aggregation known as 
 Ephesus. Samorna would bear the Lion. It will most hkely 
 be proved that the names of the hills of Rome likewise repre- 
 sent the tribes. The Capitoline has a most suspicious sound 
 when we think of such names as Capua and its kindred. 
 
 Whatever may be our opinions as to these facts, they show 
 that the town names throughout the Old World (and America 
 must be added) are formed on one plan, and that where we 
 have coins these town names have the sound of the names of 
 animal and other objects. 
 
 As the town names are founded on one plan, so are they met 
 with in every region. On looking at the lions, horses, bulls, we 
 find they come from coins of Asia Minor, Greece, Sicily, Italy* 
 Spain, and even from Africa, the Cimmerian Bosphorus and 
 outlying districts. The same facts existed in Palestine as in 
 x^sia Minor ; in Greece, Thrace, Macedonia, and the islands, 
 as in Asia ; in Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, as in Greece ; in 
 Spain, in the same way, but beyond Spain, in Aquitania, in 
 Gaul, in Helvetia, in Belgium, in Britannia. 
 
 Thus we have those populations almost mythical in 
 historians, who were supposed to have been in the Mediter- 
 ranean region before the coming of the Semites and Aryans. 
 These have been called Iberians, Pelasgians, Leleges, Ama- 
 zons, and also Aborigines. They are commonly held to have 
 been Turanians. 
 
 For these I have used, as others have, many terms, but for 
 unknown and undecided facts the denomination applied is of 
 small importance. It may be useful here to employ Iberian, 
 and the rather as the word Iberian is used in reference to 
 Britain for the prehistoric populations coming before the 
 Celts. We must however be careful not to define the Iberians 
 as Basques, or as Lapps, and to confine the word to the popu- 
 lations of culture, which formed organized communities, and 
 transmitted their institutions to the Semites and Aryans. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 15 
 
 The condition of the Iberian world, the aspect under which 
 we can now see it, is important for our comprehension of 
 general history. We find towns and populations composed of 
 those speaking diverse languages, and having consequently no 
 general power of aggregation. It is true that a horde of such 
 men might be brought together under a chief to invade and 
 conquer whole countries over which the leader became king 
 but it was rarely a homogeneous state or language was 
 established after many years, as in Lydia or Etruria. 
 
 The Semite and Aryan mercenaries and invaders found a 
 ready prey in these disintegrated communities, and as many 
 allies as they encountered foes. The arts were, it is true, cul- 
 tivated in the Iberian epoch, and it was long before the rude 
 new-comers reached the same condition of advancement, and 
 far longer before they surpassed it. 
 
 A great revolution in the world was produced by the 
 Semite and Aryan establishment in the Mediterranean 
 regions. It is the case that as vast empires even had existed 
 in the Iberian epoch as that of the Khita and the Akkadian, 
 and that of Egypt, but the smaller kingdoms of the later 
 comers proved more powerful and overcame even these. 
 
 It was the introduction of Assyrian, Phoenician, Greek, 
 and Latin as general languages, which ultimately fusing and 
 outgrowing the local dialects, left only the few dominating 
 languages, which became vehicles for wider oral and literal 
 communication. The Semites and Aryans possessed lan- 
 guages better defined, wherein the roots had been distinctively 
 applied to separate ideas, and thereby a better instrument 
 of communication was obtained. 
 
 In the Iberian epoch some priest or statesman could use 
 the general or sacred language, but otherwise each town 
 would have at least one dialect if not more, as we still see in 
 some parts of the East. Thus general communication was 
 restricted, for a common language under such circumstances is 
 not a household language, and is sometimes unknown to the 
 women and children, as we find on our own shores in 
 Wales. 
 
IG HISTORY OP^ MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 The best idea of the previous state of these countries can 
 be formed from the account of Canaan in the Bible, the early 
 books of Livy, and the history of the Roman invasion of 
 Britain. We have, however, to extend our notions of the 
 primitive condition of disintegration far beyond these 
 descriptions. 
 
 If we begin our continuous survey with Canaan and the 
 neighbouring countries, although the stock of medals is small, 
 it is enough to show that as in name, so in substance, the 
 towns belonged to the general class, and were not in their 
 origin Semitic. It has too this interest, that we gain in the 
 Bible special testimony, which is in some cases contemporary 
 and in others derived from contemporary records. The 
 Bible statements are confirmed that the country was settled 
 and the towns built before the entrance of the Semites, and 
 that the people were not considered by these latter to be of 
 the same race as themselves. We are also able to trace the 
 decay of the local tribes, kings, languages, and mythology, 
 and their substitution by emitic institutions. There is also 
 this circumstance distinctly recorded, that the Semites did not 
 wholly extirpate the populations, but naturalized some and 
 largely intermarried, so that a simple Semitic population was 
 not established, but a mixed population. 
 
 In examining Asia Minor and its neighbourhood we have 
 a rich mine of facts, and these are in accordance with our 
 historical knowledge We learn that the Greeks were immi- 
 grants, and gradually imposed their language and mythology 
 on the inhabitants, as the Semites did theirs in Palestine and 
 Assyria. We can correct or more clearly understand the 
 loose statements of historians. While we can acknowledge 
 '' thit Lydians and Carians were allied, and indeed that the 
 whole aboriginal populations were allied, there was no one 
 liuiguage. like the Lydian, such as we should conceive it, 
 which superseded the local dialects of the countries or of the 
 towns. Where there is a similarity in the name of a town 
 with Greece, it is not owing to Greek influences or colonization, 
 as supposed, but to the relations anteriorly established. The 
 
 J 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 17 
 
 jmblems on the medals have no relation to Greek words, but 
 to the antecedent languages. 
 
 In consequence of later historical connection we readily 
 associate Asia and Greece by Hellenic ties, and suppose the 
 intercourse between them to have originated under the 
 Herakleids or in the Hellenic epoch. This intercourse had its 
 precedent in old times, long before the Hellenes were known 
 in those regions. Before the Semitized Phoenicians, the 
 Greeks, or the Carthaginians traversed the Mediterranean 
 and visited the cities, these must have been long known to 
 each other. 
 
 The many islands of the eastern Mediterranean are rich in 
 their contributions to the numismatist. Even very small spots 
 of rock struck coins, while in larger islands each of several 
 towns had its own separate money. Thus while the collector 
 finds choice specimens, the ethnologist obtains valuable data 
 for colonizations, migrations, alliances, and also for correction 
 of fabulous statements in the Greek historians. Crete is a 
 world in itself, and so is Sicily. 
 
 When in the Greek time we find Thrace, Macedonia, and 
 Epirus marked as barbarous, we arrive by the older testimonies 
 at the fact that originally conformable, that is barbarous, 
 populations spread over Hellas, and thence to the Danube 
 and along the shores of the Euxine. The population was 
 continuous on each side of the Bosphorus. 
 
 The Hellenic immigrants made their chief seat in Hellas 
 and but small importance is to be attached ethnologically 
 to their distant colonies, or more properly conquests of 
 older Iberian colonies. In Hellas they must have been 
 largely intermingled with the natives, but they did not greatly 
 influence the northern regions. The Macedonian, we know, 
 was a barbarian, and even the Roman writers record barbarous 
 words from the Balkan peninsula. The northern populations 
 have influenced the south, continuously sending down 
 emigrants to Athens and to the southern peninsula and 
 islands, streams which flow to this day. Even in remote 
 islands the Albanian language is still to be found. 
 
18 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 On the coins and in the names of barbarous kings we trace 
 the influence of the ancient languages. 
 
 In Italy the Greek element was also restricted in its effect, 
 but the earlier occupants were all non-Aryan. Many a town 
 in Italy is identical in name and emblems with one in Asia 
 or the islands, and the system of nomenclature is the same in 
 the south as in Etruria. In Hellas, in Sicily, and in southern 
 Italy, the Greeks changed the language of the people, but 
 they left the town names as records of the past. 
 
 Beyond the Italian border to the north, the coins help 
 us but little for illustrating the extent of the occupation, and 
 we must have recourse to other methods.* 
 
 In Spain the coins are the tests, which show that Carthagi- 
 nian and Roman domination was but in succession to that of 
 the Iberians, who gave to their towns the same names as 
 in the East. 
 
 In the coin cabinet and on the map there is no breach 
 of continuity made by the Pyrenees. Aquitania, as might be 
 expected, is a land of Iberian affinity, but in the rest of Gaul 
 the town names, however modified by Celtic appendages, are 
 of the same character and endowed with the same emblems. 
 In Gaul, in Spain, and in Helvetia, and it may be so said 
 of Britain, the Celtic invasion did not displace the names 
 of the main seats of population or trade, no more than did the 
 Roman or the Germanic. 
 
 In the Belgic domain the original condition is readily traced, 
 and this shows that the shores of the North Sea were held by 
 the Iberians. Of the importance of these new facts in rela- 
 tion to the questions of the Belgians and of Britain, it is 
 not necessary here to speak more.f 
 
 For Britain itself we have but small evidence from coins, 
 and that less decided than with regard to the other regions, 
 but still sufficient to inform us that the world of Britain was 
 
 * See my paper hereafter referred to on the Ligurians, Aquitanians, and 
 Belgians. 
 
 t In the session of 1 88 1-2 I read before the Royal Historical Society a 
 paper on this subject, illustrated by the coins and by philological evidence. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 19 
 
 also an Iberian region, and that its tin and other products 
 must hav^e been known to the Iberians of Spain and Gaul 
 long before they were known to the Semitic Phoenicians. 
 
 The following are illustrations of some British coins, and 
 it is to be observed that the philological evidence is the 
 same : — 
 
 Verulamium, Cow. 
 
 Cow^ 6^r., Pherae, Perrhaebium, Pharcadon, Epirus. 
 Camulo-dunum, Ear of Corn. 
 
 Cor7i^ Camarina. 
 CuNO-BELiNus, Horsc, Ear of Corn. 
 
 Horse, Pella, Pelinna, Bellindi, Pelicania, Ispalis. 
 
 Corn, Baelo, Illipula, Hispalis. 
 Eppillus, Horse. Horse as in the last. 
 Cassi-Velaunus, Horse, Wheel. 
 
 Horse, Ceos, Cassandra, Cossa. 
 
 Wheel, Cisiambos. 
 Tascianus, Boar. 
 
 Boar^ Sequani, Abacaenum. 
 
 With regard to the town names of Britain they conform to 
 the general Iberian class. Thus : — 
 
 Eboracum (York) = Eburovices, Ephyrse, Pherae, Eburones, 
 
 Cibyra. 
 Camboritum (near Cambridge) = Cambolectri, Camarina, 
 
 Gambrium, Campania, Compulteria. 
 Mancunium (Manchester) = Mankhane, Manganur, Mekonah, 
 
 Mycenae, Acmone, Macunia, Migonion, Magnana. 
 Londinum (London) = Aluntium, Leontini. 
 Lindum (Lincoln) z= Lindus, Alinda. 
 
 Gildas calls Geraint, the King of the Damnonii, "the 
 accursed whelp of the Damnonian lioness." Philologically ' 
 this is one of the forms for lion, and on a coin we find it on 
 that of Tomarena. 
 
 Cantium (Kent) belongs, perhaps, to this list. It is to be 
 noted too that we find a horse on the coins Caena, Canusium, 
 Cyon, Vocontii, and Zacynthus. 
 
20 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 It is not my purpose to enter into a dissertation on these 
 symbols, but to point out their bearing on the early history 
 of the Mediterranean nations, and of the ancient world. As 
 in the examples before us we have found a solution for many 
 difficulties, and the way of knowing what was unknown, so 
 may we hope for th^ application of such facts to regions 
 still more obscure. Of the early history of India the con- 
 ception is most indistinct. There is, however, no historical 
 boundary between India and the countries to the west. The 
 map shows us the like river- names, the like town names. 
 We have as yet no coins to help us, as in the extension of 
 the Iberian region across the Pyrenees to Aquitania, but the 
 conditions are nevertheless sufficiently determined. With 
 the clue before us we may yet unravel Indian emblems, and 
 make our way to sources of evidence now unexpected. In 
 one respect the examination of India can be most favourably 
 conducted, because we find there living languages having 
 affinities to those of ancient epoch. 
 
 India beyond the Ganges belongs, in these respects, to the 
 domain of India, and affords us a new field of exploration. 
 
 As has been stated by me more than once,* the languages, 
 animal names, river names, and town names of America 
 belong to the same class as those of the Old World. So long 
 as the town names of either hemisphere could be relegated 
 to the category of chance coincidence or spontaneous 
 generation we might hesitate. We now have reached the 
 explanation of the process on which the town names of the 
 Old World were built up. We have sufficient proofs of the 
 intercourse and communication, and in the legends of the 
 four worlds,! and of the Atlantis, we have the historical 
 tradition of the knowledge of North and South America. 
 
 The emblems most largely found on the coins are the 
 Horse, the Bull, the Lion, the Sun, the Moon, the Fish 
 
 * " Prehistoric and Protohistoric Comparative Philology." (Triibner), 
 'Serpent and Siva Worship and Mythology." (Triibner, 1876.) 
 
 t "The Khita and Khita Peruvian Epoch," by Hyde Clarke (Triibner, 
 1877), p. 69. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 21 
 
 (Dolphin), Grapes (Bacchus), Corn (Ceres), the Hog (Boar, 
 Sow). 
 
 In the next rank come the Vase (Diota, Amphora), the 
 Spear, Club (Staff, Wand, Caduceus), Bow, Quiver, the Palm, 
 the Goat and Stag, Sheep (Ram), Dog, Owl, Eagle, Snake, 
 Ship (Rudder), Star, Lyre. 
 
 Last in importance and rarer are the Cock, the Crab, the 
 Wolf, the Pigeon, the Bee, the Griffin,* the Plow, the Wheel 
 (Cart, Biga), Triangle (Triskele), Thunder, the Tripod, the 
 Hare or Rabbit, Frog, Leaf, Flowers, &c., Olive, Acorn, &c.. 
 Anchor, Shell, Swan, Axes, Shield, Chest, Torch, Globe, 
 Arrow, the Elephant. 
 
 Almost singly are found the Lizard, Tortoise, Camel, Raven, 
 Fly, Polypus, Peacock, Grasshopper, Rat, Mule, Ass, Pome- 
 granate, Hand, Eye, Elbow, Distaff, Mask, Knife, Sword, 
 Hammer, Net. 
 
 The Vase is common on the coins of the Greek islands, but 
 no special reason suggests itself to me.t 
 
 In whatever form these objects appear on a medal, they 
 are reducible by their name relation to one condition. Thus 
 many a horse is by the die-sinker made to figure as Pegasus, 
 but his name brings him down to a horse, whatever mytho- 
 logical reference may have been at some late time invented. 
 So whether we have the Sun or Apollo (or a radiated head), 
 the name is the same ; the Moon, the Crescent or Diana; 
 Grapes, or Bacchus ; Corn, or Ceres. It remains clear that 
 the object was the original, and the god an afterthought pro- 
 vided by the priest or the artist. Such gods as Apollo, Diana, 
 Bacchus, Ceres, and Vulcan can have had no original place 
 in the primitive religion of monotheistic fetishism. 
 
 Pallas is largely found on coins, but has an evident relation 
 
 * The Griffin appears to be the lion- winged, as Pegasus is the horse- 
 winged. 
 
 t It is possible (for it has a philological connexion with Die) that the 
 application of the Vase is as a funeral urn or jar. On some appropria- 
 tions of this, Mr. Walhouse's paper before the Anthropological Institute, 
 1 88 1, will be found very interesting. 
 
22 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 to names, and perhaps represents the Sun or Moon. The 
 Sun and Moon are sometimes found conjoined in the same 
 city, and this natural representation may have been the origin 
 of Lunus and other mythical forms. 
 
 The attention of the numismatist should be called to the 
 observation of each object on a medal. Where a horseman 
 appears he will be found to signify horse, while the spear in 
 his hand also corresponds to the city name. The club singly, 
 or with the quiver and bow, does not represent Hercules, but 
 the name of the city. The emblems are much the same as 
 those of the English clans or tribes that invaded Britain. 
 (Compare names in J. P. Kemble.) 
 
 Several objects of the same name are grouped in one 
 design. This system was found by me on other compositions 
 besides coins, and was discovered in a gem from Cyprus, of 
 Major di Cesnola, with the characters for Ya-pho in Cypriote 
 and with the same in Khita. The figures represent a hunting 
 scene with a man, lance, dog, and gazelle.* 
 
 These last three are represented by Ya-pho. On a gem 
 found at Menidi in Attica is a lion attacking a deer, with the 
 Cypriote Ti, which signifies Lion and Deer. The same 
 animals are found on the coins of Ci-ti-um in Cyprus. 
 
 The type of the animal form is the head, and this too we 
 see in the Khita inscriptions from Hamath and Carchemish, 
 on the boss of Tarkondemos, and in the extraordinary Moso 
 MSS. lately brought from Western China by Captain 
 Gill, R.E., &c. 
 
 At the hands of the Greek engravers the emblems received 
 artistic treatment : the cart was made a biga, the horse a 
 Pegasus, the lion or the bull was put in a particular attitude 
 which afterwards became characteristic of the city, but which 
 have no original authority. 
 
 In order to illustrate the manner in which cities are keyed 
 in as it were by these emblems, those of the form B L (of my 
 town names) are here given : — 
 
 * There is a stag on the coins of Ephesus. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 23 
 EXAMPLE OF CONNECTION OF COINS IN A GROUP OF TOWNS. 
 
 Baelo 
 
 Bull. 
 
 B 
 
 Horse. 
 
 Lion. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 Sun. 
 
 Grapes. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 c 
 
 Number. 
 
 3 
 
 Aballo 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Abella 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Pale 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Pelius 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 Gr 
 
 
 3 
 
 Pella 
 
 B 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Pylus 
 Pelinna 
 
 B 
 
 H 
 
 
 F 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 Phallanna 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Pholegandrus 
 Bilban 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Bellindi 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Pelican ia 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Pelta 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 Gr 
 
 
 2 
 
 Ispalis 
 Obulco 
 
 B 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Populonia 
 Velia 
 
 
 
 L 
 L 
 
 
 
 Gr 
 
 c 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 Illipula 
 Cephalaedium 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 s 
 
 Gr 
 
 c 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 The Bull and Horse, with the Sun and Fish, are the chief 
 emblems, but the others (and some not above recorded) serve 
 also to establish the identity. Lion is given to illustrate the 
 small participation of the class in that emblem. 
 
 The properties of language connected with these words and 
 symbols made each sculpture, gem, and coin a kind of com- 
 parative vocabulary for the early nations, and laid the founda- 
 tion of those comparative vocabularies and phonetics which 
 have been found in the Babylonian libraries. 
 
 It can scarcely be doubted that the employment of emblems 
 for the names of kings, men, and cities greatly promoted the 
 adoption and application of the early hieroglyphics, and 
 prepared the way for phonetics, syllabaries, and alphabets. 
 
 The chief characters of the leading nations appear to have 
 been like the Khita. The hieroglyphic, the cuneiform, and 
 
24 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 the Chinese do not preserve the original forms so well as those 
 of the Khita class. In a paper which I sent to the Biblical 
 Archaeological Society in 1880, and which has not yet been 
 printed, I showed that these characters and their phonetics 
 were derived from an older philological type. I showed too 
 that the phonetics are still represented by living languages.* 
 While, since my determination of the Khita character, myself 
 and others have been looking out for the Khita language, 
 into which to transliterate the Hamath, Carchemish, and 
 Asia Minor inscriptions, it appears very doubtful whether 
 such is the true solution. That there was an official Khita 
 may be looked upon as certain, but these monuments must 
 have admitted of transliteration into more languages than 
 one. 
 
 As just stated, the Cesnola gem reads in the Khita 
 character the same as in Cypriote, Ya-pho, but then the 
 Khita is accompanied by a gloss of a spear, dog, and 
 gazelle, which read Ya-pho in several dialects. 
 
 From the coins, as from these gems, we find an established 
 practice of putting names of persons and towns in phonetics 
 in several languages simultaneously. The Tarkondemos 
 inscription, howviver, appears to have only one reading. 
 
 It may be noted that on the coins of some of the local 
 kings the names seem to be represented by symbols on the 
 same principle as the names of the cities, of Tarkondemos, 
 and as these names on gems. 
 
 Turning to coinage, the received history of the chronology 
 of coinage is very unsatisfactory, and we have just grounds 
 for expecting the discovery of data showing earlier examples 
 and a much wider diffusion of the system. Coins were not 
 necessarily developed from a monetary standard. 
 
 * The isolated observations of several scholars confirm these results. 
 A paper of mine in the AthencEiim, and one read before the British Asso- 
 ciation at York, in 1 881, on the non-Semitic origin of the Hebrew alpha- 
 bet, and on its Canaanitic relations, and on the Cypriote syllabary, give 
 detailed evidence in another direction. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 25 
 
 It must not be supposed that the name of a town really 
 means Lion, Bull, &c., although it may have such double 
 meaning in various languages. A town name appears to 
 mean King's Town in some one language," and the other 
 meanings belong to other languages. 
 
 When an expedition started under a leader, being composed 
 of ships or detachments of several tribes, it is possible that 
 the leader gave his name to the town, and his emblem became 
 that of the town ; then the other clans adapted the same name 
 or a like sound to some animal or object in their language, 
 and thus likewise furnished a local standard. 
 
 We find also one emblem extending over a large district, as 
 a horse in Macedonia, or an owl in Attica, but it had a 
 different name in each town. While such emblem may be 
 regarded as distinctive of a confederacy, it shows the presence 
 of populations of various language. 
 
 Although in showing the true meaning of the boss and 
 name of Tarkondemos, it was stated by me to signify Bull 
 and Lion, I am not sure that these were strictly totems, as 
 then supposed by me. 
 
 In the tables which are given with this paper no philological 
 evidence is shown, but they were originally framed on such 
 evidence as that I have so many times indicated (Koelle, &c.), 
 and this afforded the means for making with safety the subse- 
 quent comparisons. It is in this way alone the results could 
 have been obtained, because the words take many forms, and 
 the emblems determine the relations of the roots. 
 
 We find such a series as Cissa, Cos, Ceos, Cius, Chios, 
 Phocea, Phocis, Argesa, Cyzicus, Cossa, Ansa, Assos, Issa, los, 
 lasus, Suessa, Ossanoba, Axus, Syracusa, Cassandra, Cassope, 
 Equaesia, Osca, Naxus (2), Nicaea, Nagidus. All these are allied 
 forms, and there are many others not illustrated by coins. 
 
 In the preparation of the present list the matter has been 
 three times gone over and written, but much has yet to be done. 
 
 In my detailed lists of town names, already referred to, it 
 
 *As is natural to such languages, King = Lion and other animal names. 
 
 C 
 
26 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 was very difficult to determine what forms ought really to be 
 compared. In my tables the names will be found classified 
 by roots, as BR, KS, &c., but I knew that many of the words 
 were obscured by prefixes and foreign forms. In my papers 
 on river names,* it was pointed out how roots are varied by 
 the ancient prefixes and determinants, M, S, D. Town 
 names are compounded or varied by Hebrew, Phoenician, 
 Greek, Latin, Celtic, 8z:c., terminations. 
 
 On looking at any of my old tables and comparing them 
 with the present, it will be found that the system and general 
 results were conformable to facts. To say nothing of the 
 identity of the Megaras, of Salamis, &c., there are Miletus 
 and Melita, Methymna and Methene, Priene and Perinthus, 
 Petalia and Pautalia, Rhodus and Aradus, Eleousa and 
 Alyzia. If the important groups of Assos, &c. (p. 52, " Khita 
 and Khita Peruvian Epoch"), of Tenedos, &c. (p. 55), of 
 Aballo, &c. (p. 46), are examined, it will be found how com- 
 pletely the connection is established by the coins quoted in 
 this present paper. 
 
 Thus the fuller lists of town names in the earlier papers! 
 become in fact appendices to this paper, and under this light 
 there can be no reasonable doubt that the body of Canaanite 
 and Syrian names quoted as much belong to the general 
 series as Tyrus, Sidon, Aradus, Damascus, or any other name 
 for which illustrative coins exist. A like illustration is 
 afforded for India J and America, as already pointed out. 
 
 * Society of Antiquaries, &c. 
 
 t See Khita Epoch, in Transactions of Royal Historical Society. 
 
 X Compare such names as, Limyrica ( = Limyra), Masalia (Massilia, &c.), 
 Muziris (Mazara, Mastaura, Amastris), Pityada (Peithusa, Pitane), 
 Chalcitis (Chalcis [2], Chalcedon), Cottiara (Cotiaeum), Larici (Laricum, 
 Larinum, Larissa[3]), Barygaza (Bargasa), Bastana (Byzantium, Poestum, 
 Phaestus), Pattala (Pautalia, Petelia, Podalia), Coria, Carura (Carrhas, 
 Caura, Caronium, Carinaea, Corone, Carissa, Charisia), Caspira (Cyparissa, 
 Cybistra, Cypsela, Cassope), Calliene (Colone, Calymna, Calynda, Cales, 
 Callet; Callatia), Simylla (Simyra, Saminthus), Sora (Sora, Saralium> 
 Sarala), Sagida (Segesta, Saguntum, Sacora), Sibi (Sibaria, Sabora), 
 Ozone (^zani). 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 27 
 
 The cases of original compound words do not appear to be 
 many, the compounds chiefly depending on foreign appen- 
 dages. There can be no doubt that Syracusa and Cossoura, 
 Sicilia and Sardinia, are made to represent compounds 
 with the numeral 3. This leaves obscure the relation of 
 Sardinia, which has a great resemblance to Britannia, and 
 the river names in R D N.* Nia, there can be small doubt, is 
 country,, land, and is an appendage. The word may be 
 Sardin, and the S is a prefix to R D N. It was phonetically 
 represented by three ears, or blades of corn, Sara-din or 
 Sar-din, as Syracusa, &c., by three legs. 
 
 It will be noticed that the digamma comes out in some 
 of the words. One cause of variation in transliteration is that 
 the Greek and Latin could not represent the sh and ch 
 sounds preserved in other transliterations. 
 
 Table of Cities, of Common Names, and CoiNs.t 
 
 Tarentum 
 
 Tauromenium 
 
 Tanagra 
 
 Tencdos. 
 
 Turones 
 
 Thyrrium 
 
 Tenos 
 
 Tanos, 
 
 Abdera 
 
 Atarnea 
 
 Itanus 
 
 Teanum- 
 
 Aptera 
 
 Therse 
 
 Tyana " 
 
 
 
 
 Adana 
 
 Catana. 
 
 Eretria 
 
 Andros 
 
 Tylissus 
 
 Alyzea. 
 
 
 
 ThaJassa 
 
 AlcTcsa. 
 
 Lipara 
 
 Libera 
 
 Gelas 
 
 
 Oropus 
 
 Berytus 
 
 
 
 Compulteria 
 
 Panticapccum 
 
 Celenderis 
 
 Corcyra. 
 
 Phenicapaea 
 
 Capua 
 
 
 
 Cibyra 
 
 Cabira 
 
 
 
 Camarina 
 
 Cyme, Pergamus, Cumcc 
 
 Luceria 
 
 Cartago. 
 
 Apollonia 
 
 Abella 
 
 
 
 Aballo 
 
 Pylus 
 
 Gaulos 
 
 Egurri. 
 
 Populonia 
 
 Pelius 
 
 Macella 
 
 Megara. 
 
 Pella 
 
 Obulco 
 
 Megara 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Munda 
 
 Motna 
 
 Samos 
 
 Same. 
 
 
 
 Samosata 
 
 Samothrace. 
 
 * See my Paper on Britannia, read before the Society of Antiquaries, 
 8 June, 1871. 
 
 t See Cissa, &c., in the text. 
 
28 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Metapontum 
 
 Helmantica 
 
 Salentini 
 
 Soli-mariaca 
 
 Sollium 
 
 Salapia 
 
 Coena 
 
 Caunus 
 
 ^gina 
 
 Cyon 
 
 Athenas 
 
 Cythnus 
 
 Cydonia 
 
 Cydna 
 
 Arsinoe 
 
 Arsi 
 
 Olus 
 
 Ulia 
 
 
 Alabanda 
 
 Corinth 
 
 Caronium 
 
 Carystos 
 
 
 Croton 
 
 Crannon 
 
 
 Cranium 
 
 Cragus 
 
 Acrasus 
 
 Orra 
 
 Orippo 
 
 Cricus 
 
 
 Samnites 
 
 Clazomenae. 
 
 Chalcis 
 
 Chalcedon. 
 
 Calacte 
 
 Calatia. 
 
 
 Colophon. 
 
 Enna 
 
 Senones. 
 
 ^na 
 
 ^nia. 
 
 Pheneus 
 
 CEniane. 
 
 Melos 
 
 Malienses. 
 
 Gades 
 
 Leukadia. 
 
 Thospia 
 
 Thespias. 
 
 Rhodus 
 
 Aradus. 
 
 Phistella 
 
 Pcestum. 
 
 Byzantium 
 
 Phsestus. 
 
 Picentia 
 
 Peithesa. 
 
 Larissa 
 
 Larinum. 
 
 Damascus 
 
 Damastium 
 
 Beneventum 
 
 Panormus. 
 
 TABLE OF CITIES, with their Coins and Emblems. 
 
 Samosata, Syria. Apollo, Lion. 
 
 Sun^ Same, Samnites. 
 
 Lion, Samos, Smyrna. 
 Chalcis, Syria. Diana, Bow, Quiver. 
 
 Moon, Phygela. 
 
 Bow, Callatia. 
 
 Quiver, „ 
 Gabala, Syria. Crab, Crescent, Star. 
 
 Moon, Capua. 
 Larissa, Syria. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Larissa. 
 Rhosus, Syria. Harpa. 
 
 Harpa, Larissa. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 29 
 
 Damascus, Syria. Sun, Moon, Bacchus. 
 
 Sun, Damastium, Medama, Tomarena. 
 
 Moon, Amestratus. 
 
 Grapes, Tomi. 
 Leucas, Syria. Bee. 
 Banias, Syria, Ituraea. Apollo, Dima, Dove. 
 
 Sun, Panormus, Beneventum. 
 
 Moon, Pheneus, Avenio. 
 Berytus, Phoenicia.* Ship, Club, Star. 
 
 Ship, Libora, Barium. 
 
 Club, Berytis. 
 
 Star, Paros. 
 Marathus, Phoenicia. Apollo, Palm. 
 
 Sun, Rhodus. 
 
 Pahn, „ 
 SiDON, Phoenicia. Bull, Eagle, Bacchus, Vase. 
 
 Bull, Tyana. 
 
 Eagle, Tanos. 
 
 Grapes, Tenedos. 
 
 Vase, Etenna. 
 Tyrus, Phoenicia. Ship, Owl, Fish, Eagle. 
 
 Ship, Thera. 
 
 Fish, „ 
 
 Eagle, Tarsus. 
 
 Oivl, Thyrrium. 
 Aradus, Island, Phoenicia. Ship, Palm. 
 
 Ship, Rhodus. 
 
 Pahn, „ 
 Ace (Ptolemais), Palestine. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, ^gae. 
 Anthedon, Palestine. Ship. 
 
 Ship, Athens. 
 AsKALON, Palestine. Palm, Ship, Eagle. 
 
 Ship, Calymna, Chalcis. 
 Sechem (Neapolis), Palestine, Palm. 
 
 Pahn, Segobriga. 
 
 * The history of the colonization of the Syrian and Phoenician regions 
 will be found to come out clearly. 
 
30 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Carrhx, Mesopotamia. Sun, Moon, Star. 
 
 Su?i, Charissa, Coresia. 
 
 MooHy Caura. 
 
 Star, Coresia. 
 Cyrene, Africa. Horse, Stag, Diana, Star, Bacchus, Sun.* 
 
 Horsey Corone, Corinth. 
 
 Stagy Caulonia. 
 
 MooHy Caura, Carrhx. 
 
 Slary Coresia. 
 
 GrapeSy Corcyra. 
 
 SUfly „ 
 
 Carthage, Africa. Horse, Palm, Lion, Goat. 
 
 Horse (as for Cyrene). 
 Palmy Carystos. 
 
 Liofiy Cardia. 
 
 Goaty Agyrium. 
 Phanagoria, Bosphorus Cimmerius. Bow and Arrow. 
 Amasia, Pontus. Quiver, Helmet. 
 Amisus, Pontus. Quiver, Bow, Helmet. 
 
 Quivery Amastris. 
 
 Heltnety Tomesa, Mesembria. 
 PiMOLiSA, Pontus. Quiver. 
 Leuke, King of Pontus. Bow, Club. 
 
 Boufy Luceria. 
 
 Cluby Laced^mon. 
 Chabacta, Pontus. Apollo, Horse. 
 
 Sun, Phocis. 
 
 Horsey „ 
 Cazioura, Pontus. Helmet. 
 
 Helmety Cossura. 
 Amastris, Paphlagonia. Quiver, Helmet. 
 
 Quivery Amasia, Amisus. 
 
 Helmet y ,, „ 
 
 Mastia, Paphlagonia. Quiver, Helmet. 
 
 Qiiivery Amasia, Amisus. 
 
 Helmety „ „ 
 
 * Although an attempt is made here at a geographical arrangement, 
 such is not wholly practicable. • By accident Mesopotamia and Africa 
 are brought together. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 31 
 
 SiNOPE, Paphlagonia. Wheel, Eagle, Lyre, Bull, Fish, Bow. 
 
 JV/ieel, Synnada. 
 
 Eagle, „ 
 
 Bull, Senones, Libisona, Byzantium. 
 
 Fishy Libisona, Byzantium. 
 
 Bow, Asine. 
 Pyl/EMENES, King of Pontus. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Pylus, Pelius, &c. 
 Alyatta, Bithynia. Helmet, Lyre, 
 , Helmet, Lete. 
 
 Lyre, Melita. 
 BiTHYNiUM, Bithynia. Bacchus. 
 
 Grapes, Bisanthe. 
 Chalcedon, Bithynia. Bull, Corn, Wheel, Apollo. 
 
 Bull, Cales, Macella. 
 
 Corn, Callatia, Callet. 
 
 Wheel, Chalcis. 
 
 Sun, „ 
 
 Cius, Bithynia. Apollo, Ship, Bow, Club.* 
 
 Sun, Axus, Ucetia, Phocis. 
 
 Ship, Cissa. 
 
 Bow, „ 
 
 Club^ Cos. 
 Cratia, Bithynia. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Cardia. 
 DiA, Bithynia. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes,^ Tecs. 
 NiC/EA, Bithynia. Vase, Grapes, Caduceus. 
 
 Vase, Naxos. 
 
 Grapes, „ 
 
 Caduceus, Nysa. 
 TiUM, Bithynia. Spear. 
 
 Spear, ^taei. 
 
 * In this as in other cases the number of examples is limited in order 
 to save space in printing. Therefore the connection of a group is never 
 fully illustrated, nor its distribution. 
 
 t The philological parallel to Grape is Bean, and they are mythologi- 
 cally connected. 
 
32 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Antandrus, Mysia. Palm, Owl, Vase. 
 
 Owl^ Catana, Athens. 
 
 Vase^ Athens, Anthedon, Andros. 
 Assus, Mysia. Bull, Vase, Grapes. 
 
 Bull^ A si do. 
 
 Vase^ Ausa. 
 
 Grapes, Issa. 
 Atarnea, Mysia. Apollo, Horse. 
 
 Sun, Teronium, Aptera, Tauromenium, Turones. 
 
 Horse, Tauromenium, Turones. 
 CiSTHENA, Mysia. Ceres, Horse. 
 
 Corn, Cyzicus. 
 
 Horse, Cissa, &c. 
 Cyzicus, Mysia. Lion, Fish, Calf, Corn, Bacchus, Torch. 
 
 Lion, Cissa. 
 
 Fish, „ 
 
 Ox, Cassope. 
 
 Corn, Cisthena. 
 
 Grapes, Cassope. 
 
 Torch, Chios. 
 Gergithus, Mysia. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Corcyra, Coresia. 
 Lampsacus, Mysia. Horse, Apollo, Bacchus, Vase. 
 
 Horse, Salapia. 
 
 Sun, ,, 
 
 Grapes, Lamia. 
 
 Fase, „ 
 Parium, Mysia. Bull, Goat, Vase, Grapes, Corn. 
 
 Bull, Epirus, Barea, Pherse, Perinthus. 
 
 Goaf, Parus, Pharus. 
 
 Vase, „ „ 
 
 Grapes, Perinthus. 
 
 Corn, „ 
 Pergamus, Mysia. Bull, Cista, Vase, Bowcase. 
 
 Bu/i, Cumae. 
 
 Bow, „ 
 
 Fase, Cyme. 
 Perperene, Mysia. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes, Parium. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 33 
 
 PiONiA, Mysia. Horse. 
 
 Horse ^ Panormus. 
 PiEMANENi, Mysia. Thunderbolt. 
 Priapus, Mysia. Apollo, Bull, Corn. 
 
 Sun^ Peparethus. 
 
 Bull^ Perinthus. 
 
 Corfi, 
 Abydus, Troad. Apollo, Anchor. 
 
 Surly Bottioea. 
 
 Anchor^ Vetulonia. 
 Amaxitus, Troad. Lyre, Apollo. 
 
 Lyre^ Amastris. 
 
 Sun^ Macella. 
 Arisba, Troad. Corn. 
 
 Cortiy Rubastini. 
 Berytis, Troad. Crescent, Club. 
 
 Moon^ Sybaris. 
 
 Cluby Berytus. 
 Dardanus, Troad. Cock, Horse, Snake. 
 
 Cocky Terina. 
 
 Horse^ Tyndaris. 
 
 Snake, Epidaurus. 
 Centinus, Troad. Bee. 
 
 Bee, Cythnus. 
 Neandria, Troad. Grapes, Corn.* 
 
 Grapes, Andros. 
 
 Corn, Athens. 
 Ophrynium, Troad. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes, Perperena, Proni. 
 Scepsis, Troad. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Ipsus. 
 Sigteum, Troad. Crescent. 
 
 Moon, Segovia. 
 Teria, Troad. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Teronium, Thyrrca. 
 
 * The first syllable here may be Neos, Nea, but the Andria is illus- 
 trated by the symbols. 
 
34 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN TOPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Thebe, Troad. Horse, Ceres. 
 Horse^ Ubii. 
 
 Corii^ Ssetabis. 
 Z^LEiA, Troad. Corn.* 
 
 Corn^ Eleusis. 
 Tenedos, Island, Troad. Axe, Lyre, Owl, Grapes. 
 
 Spear ^ Tenos. 
 Lyre^ Tanagra. 
 
 Owl, Athens, Atinum. 
 
 Grapes, Tanagra. 
 vEOiE, yEolis.f Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Axus. 
 
 Goat, ^gae. 
 Cyme, yEol's. Horse, Vase (Cista). 
 
 Horse, Camerina. 
 
 Vase, Pergamus. 
 ELiEA, ^olis. Ceres. 
 
 Cor7i, Hyla, Laelia. 
 Larissa, ^olis. Grapes, Vase. 
 
 Grapes, Issa. 
 
 Vase, ,, 
 Myrhina, ^olis. Apollo. 
 
 Sun^ Amorgos. 
 Eresus, Lesbos. Ceres. 
 
 Corn, Syros. 
 Methymna, Lesbos. Boar, Lyre, Apollo, Fish, Bacchus. 
 
 Hog, Mantinea. 
 
 Lyre, Mitylene. 
 
 Sun, ,, 
 
 Fish, Munda. 
 
 Grapes, Mitylene. 
 
 * It will be noticed how rich the Troad is in these coins and forms. 
 It was the Troad first taught me that its first inhabitants were non-Hel- 
 lenic. It is in this fact, which preceded Schliemann's excavations, that 
 the real relevance of his discoveries is to be found. They are practically 
 non-Homeric, and the Iliad does not illustrate them. Pergamus is a name 
 to be included here. 
 
 t yEolis in this case does not represent a true ethnological or geo- 
 graphical territory. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 35 
 
 MiTYLENE, Lesbos. Sun, Grapes, Lyre. 
 SuHy See above. 
 
 Grapes J „ ,, 
 
 Napi, Nasi, Lesbos. Bull, Leopard, Apollo.* 
 
 Btill, Sinope. , . 
 
 Leopard, Nesus. 
 
 Sun, Anaphe. 
 CLAZOMENiE, lonia. Lion, Ram, Apollo. 
 
 Lto?i^ Samos, Samosata. 
 
 Su?if Same, Samosata. 
 
 J^a7ny Same, Samothrace. 
 Colophon, Ionia. Lyre, Apollo. 
 
 Lyre, Chalcis, Chalcedon. 
 
 Sim, Chalcis. 
 Ephesus, Ionia. Diana, Bee, Stag, Torch, Palm. 
 
 Moon, Phaestrus, Poestum, Vestini. 
 
 Bee, Anaphe. 
 
 Torch, Caphya. 
 
 Stag (see the account of the Yapho gem). 
 ErythrvE, Ionia. Owl, Bee, Bow, Quiver, Corn. 
 
 Owl, Thyrea. 
 
 Bee, Aptera. 
 
 Bow, Abdera, Eretria. 
 
 Quiver, „ „ 
 
 Corn, Eretria. 
 Gambrium, Ionia. Bull, Apollo. 
 
 Bull, Cuma, Compulteria, Ambracia. 
 
 Stm, Compulteria, Ambracia. 
 Lebedus, Ionia. Owl. 
 
 Owl, Pydna. 
 Magnesia, Ionia. Bull, Sun. 
 
 Bull, Megara. 
 
 Sim, „ 
 Miletus, Ionia. Apollo, Lion, Ship. 
 
 Sun, Mytilena. 
 
 Lion, Milyas. 
 
 Ship, Lyttus. 
 
 * This name has two philological forms, and both are illustrated. 
 
36 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Phocea, Ionia. Dog, Fish, Lion. 
 Phygela, Ionia. Bull, Diana. 
 Bull, Macella. 
 Moon^ Gaulos, Chalcis. 
 Priene, Ionia. Bull. 
 Bidl^ Perinthus. 
 Smyrna (=Samorna), Ionia. Lion.* 
 
 Lion^ Samos, Samosata, Clazomenai. 
 Teos, Ionia. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes^ Dia. 
 Chios, Island, Ionia. Lion, Vase, Ship, Bacchus, Apollo. 
 Lio7t, Cissa. 
 Vase, , , 
 Ship, 
 
 Grapes, Cassope. 
 Sun^ Cius. 
 Ikaria, Island, Ionia, Spear. 
 
 Spear, Caronium, Corinth. 
 Patmos, Island, Ionia. Vase. 
 Samos, Island, Ionia. Lion, Bull. 
 
 Lion, Samosata, Clazomenge, Smyrna. 
 Bull, Samnites, Samnogenses. 
 Aba, Caria. Thunderbolt. 
 
 Thunderbolt, Abacaenum. 
 Alabanda, Caria. Horse, Apollo. 
 Horse, Alba, ^lis. 
 Sun, Alaesa. 
 Eagle, „ 
 Alinda, Caria. Club. 
 
 Chib, Lyttus. 
 Bargasa, Caria. Bacchus. 
 
 Grapes, Cassope, Assos. 
 Bargylia, Caria. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Agyrium. 
 Calynda, Caria. Eagle. 
 Eagle, Ascalon. 
 
 * This form of name is most likely connected with Sumir, Sumerian. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 37 
 
 Caunus, Caria. Bull. 
 
 Bull^ Abac^enum, ^na. 
 Ceramus, Caria. Eagle. 
 
 Eagle J Euromus. 
 Cnidus, Caria. Lion. 
 
 Lio7i^ Acanthus. 
 Cyon, Caria. Horse. 
 
 Horse^ Vocontii, ^na. 
 Euromus, Caria. Eagle. 
 
 Eagle, Ceramus. 
 Halicarnassus, Caria. Trident. 
 
 T?'ide7if^ Cnossus. 
 Phanes,* Halicarnassus. 
 
 Stag, Enna (Goat). 
 
 Panormus (Sheep). 
 L\sus, Caria. Apollo, Fish. 
 
 Sun, Axius, .Chios. 
 
 Eish, Ossanoba, Cissa. 
 Mylasa, Caria. Horse, Partisan, Eagle. 
 
 Horse, Miletus. 
 
 Spear, Alyzea, Thalassa. 
 
 Eagle, Alaesa. 
 Nysa, Caria. Bacchus, Caduceus. 
 
 Grapes, Nicaea. 
 
 Caduceus, „ 
 Orthosia, Caria. Bacchus. 
 
 Grapes, Thasus. 
 Taba, Caria, Vase. 
 
 Vase, Thebes. 
 Telemissus, Caria. Sun. 
 
 Sun, Delos, Thelpusa, Atella, Eutella, &c. 
 Cos, Island, Caria. Crab, Snake, Wand, Apollo. 
 
 Snake, Cassope. 
 
 Wand, Cius. 
 
 Sun, „ 
 
 * It bears the inscription, " I am the sign of Phanes." 
 
38 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Rhodus, Island, Caria. Sun, Bacchus, Ship, Palm. 
 Sun^ Teronium (D.R.). 
 Grapes^ Terone. 
 
 Ship^ Aradus. 
 
 Palm, „ 
 AsTYRA, Rhodes. Sun, Vase. 
 
 Sun, Asta, Assorus. 
 Vase, Assus. 
 Ialysus, Rhodes. Boar. 
 
 Hog, Eleusis, Lytta. 
 Megiste, Rhodes. Sun.* 
 
 Sun, Magnesia, Megara (2), Macella. 
 Telos, Island, Caria. Crab. 
 
 Crab, Terina. 
 Aperl a," Lycia. Three legs. 
 
 Triangle, Berytus. 
 Apollonia, Lycia. Diana, Stag.f 
 
 Moon, Apollonia. 
 
 Stag, Peltae (Phalanna, Goat). 
 Balbura, Lycia. Apollo, Corn. 
 
 Sun, Aballo. 
 
 Corn, Baelo. 
 Cragus, Lycia. Rose. 
 
 Rose, Rhodus. 
 Cydna, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre. 
 
 Sun, Xanthus. 
 
 Lyre, „ 
 Cyanea, Lycia. Sun, Lyre. 
 
 Sun, Cydna. 
 
 Lyre, „ 
 LiMYRA, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre. 
 
 Sun, Miletus. 
 
 Lyre, Myrhina, Melita, Olympus. 
 Massicytes, Lycia. Sun, Lyre. 
 
 Lyre, Amaxitus. 
 
 * Although this word has a Greek form, the symbol decides its relation, 
 t Apollonia here appears to have nothing to do with Apollo. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 39 
 
 Olympus, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre, Thunder. 
 Sun^ Lampsacus. 
 Lyre^ Lapithae. 
 Thunder, Limyra. 
 Patara, Lycia. Sun, Lyre. 
 
 Sim, Pautalia, Podalia, Petelia. 
 PoDALiA, Lycia. Sun, Bow, Quiver. 
 Sun, Pautalia, Petelia. 
 Bow, Tlos. 
 Quiver, „ 
 Phaselis, Lycia. Boar, Apollo. 
 
 Boar, Amphissa, Vascones. 
 Rhodia, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre. 
 
 Sun, Rhodus. 
 Tlos, Lycia. Apollo, Lyre, Bow. 
 Sun, Delos. 
 Bow, Podalia. 
 Quiver, „ 
 Trabala, Lycia. Apollo, Bow, Quiver. 
 
 Sun, Aballo. 
 Xanthus, Lycia.* Apollo, Lyre, Bow. 
 Sun, Cydna. 
 
 Lyre, Acanthus, Cythnus, Cydna. 
 Bow, Lacanatis. 
 AsPENDUs, Pamphylia. Bull, Lion, Triskele, Shield. 
 Bull, Pheneus. 
 Shield, Opuntii. 
 Etenna, Pamphylia. Knife, Vase, Snake. 
 Knife, Tenedos (Hatchet). 
 Vase, Athens. 
 Snake, „ 
 IsiNDUS, Pamphylia. Diana, Coin, Quiver. 
 Moon, Sandalium, Byzantium. 
 Corn, Messana, Byzantium. 
 Quiver, Byzantium. 
 
 * As there have been many discussions about the Lycian language, it 
 is interesting to see that Lycia was colonized by the same populations as 
 the other regions. 
 
40 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Magydus, Pamphylia. Apollo. 
 
 Sun^ Megista, Amaxitus. 
 Perga, Pamphylia. Bacchus, Diana. 
 
 Grapes, Parium. 
 
 Moon, Bargasa. 
 Side, Pamphylia. Fish, Owl. 
 
 Fish, Asido. 
 
 Owl, Synnada. 
 Sandalium, Pamphylia. Crescent. 
 
 Moon, Isindus, Byzantium. 
 Termessus, Pamphylia. Horse. 
 
 Hoi'se, Amestratus, Mostene. 
 CoNANE, Pisidia. Grapes, Apollo. 
 
 Grapes, Myconos. 
 MiLYAS, Pisidia. Lion. 
 
 Lion, Miletus. 
 Saga-lassus, Pisidia. Grapes, Corn, Goat. 
 
 Corn, Lalassis. 
 
 Goat, Selge (Stag). 
 Selge, Pisidia. Thunderbolt, Stag, Lance, Bow. 
 
 Stag, Saga-lassus (Goat). 
 
 Lance, Segovia. 
 
 Bo7v, Segeste. 
 Tityassus, Pityassus, Pisidia. Boar. 
 Lalassis, Isauria. Corn. 
 
 Corn, Eieusis, Saga-lassus. 
 Adana, Cilicia. Horse. 
 
 LLorse, ^tnaei, Catana. 
 JEgm, Cilicia. Horse, Goat. 
 
 Llorse, Cissa, Ceos, Agyrium. 
 
 Goat, ^gae. 
 Celenderis, Cilicia. Apollo, Lyre, Goat, Horse, Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Chalcis. 
 
 Lyre, „ 
 
 Sun, Celenderis. 
 Issus (Alexandria ad Issum), Cilicia. Bacchus. 
 
 Grapes, Issa. 
 Lacanatis, Cilicia. Lyre, Corn. 
 
 Lyre^ Acanthus, Cythnus. 
 
 Corn, Myconos. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 41 
 
 Mallus, Cilicia. Lion, Bull, Helmet. 
 
 Lion^ Miletus, Milyas. 
 
 Helmet^ Pimolisa. 
 MoPSUESTiA, Cilicia. Sun. 
 
 Sun^ Sestus. 
 Nagidus, Cilicia. Bacchus. 
 
 Grapes^ Naxos, Nicsea. 
 Calycadnus (Seleucia ad Calycadnum), Cilicia. Apollo, Horse. 
 
 Sun^ Celenderis. 
 
 Horse ^ „ 
 Selinus, Cilicia. Diana. 
 
 Moon, Soli. 
 Soli, Cilicia. Diana. 
 
 Moon, Solinus. 
 Tarsus, Cilicia.* Apollo, Eagle, Lion, Bull, Grapes. 
 
 Sun, Patara. 
 
 Eagle, Tyrus. 
 
 Lion, Abdera. 
 
 Bull, „ 
 
 Grapes, „ 
 El^egusa, Island, Cilicia. Bee. 
 
 Bee, lalysus. 
 Paphgs, Cyprus. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Eubaea. 
 Salamis, Cyprus. Bull, Ram, Ship. 
 
 Bull, Salamis. 
 CiTiUM, Cyprus. Lion, Stag, Ram. 
 
 Lion, GEtaei. 
 Cleis, Island, Cyprus. Eagle, t 
 
 Eagle, Chalcis, Calynda. 
 Aninesium, Lydia. Horse. 
 
 Horse, ^nae. 
 Briula, Lydia. Apollo, Lion. 
 
 * As Cilicia is supposed by some to have been first peopled by Semites, 
 it is of interest to find that this was not so. 
 
 t Here is another example of a Greek form for an Iberian word. 
 Eagle was not appropriated to Cleis by Greeks. 
 
 D 
 
42 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Caystriani, Lydia. Lion, Club. 
 
 Lion^ Cissa. 
 
 Club^ Cos. 
 Nic^A (Cilbii), Lydia. Leopard, Bacchus. 
 
 Leopard, Nisus. 
 
 Grapes, Nysa. 
 CEiETi (Cilbii), Lydia. Sun. 
 
 Sun, Cotiaeum. 
 Magnesia ad Sipylum, Lydia. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Macedonia. 
 Mastaura, Lydia. Sun. 
 
 Sun, Astyra. 
 MossiNA, Lydia. Sun, Corn. 
 
 Sun, Amestratus. 
 
 Corn, Messana. 
 MosTENE, Lydia. Corn, Horse. 
 
 Corn, Messana. 
 
 Horse, Termessus, Amestratus. 
 Nacrasa, Lydia. Snake. 
 
 Snake, Agrigontum. 
 Pactolei, Lydia. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Pautalia, Pedalia, Petelia. 
 SiETTENi, Lydia. Bacchus. 
 
 Grapes, Cisthene. 
 Sard IS, Lydia. Com. 
 
 Corn, Sardinia. 
 SiLANDUS, Lydia. Lion. 
 
 Lion, Alinda. 
 Temene, Thyrae, Lydia. Lion. 
 
 Lion, Abdera. 
 Thyatira, Lydia. Bull, Diana. 
 
 Bull, Eretria. 
 
 Moon, ,, 
 Thyassus, Lydia. Lance. 
 
 Lance, Thalassa. 
 Tomarena, Lydia. Lion. 
 
 Lion, Himera. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 43 
 
 Tralles, Lydia.* Grapes. 
 
 Grapes^ Traelium. 
 AcMONiA, Phrygia. Thunder. 
 
 Thunder, Pcemaneni. 
 ^ZANis, Phrygia. Sun. 
 
 Sun^ Bisanthe. 
 Alia, Phrygia. Corn, Spear. 
 
 Corn^ Elaea, Hyla. 
 Amorum, Phrygia. Globe. 
 
 Globe^ Amorgos. 
 Ancyra, Phrygia. Bacchus. 
 
 Grapes^ Tanagra. 
 Attuda, Phrygia. Vase. 
 
 Vase, Anthedo. 
 CiBYRA, Phrygia. Horse, Bull, Lion, Helmet. 
 
 Horse^ Libora. 
 
 Bull^ Barea, Sybaris, Cephallsedium. 
 
 Lion^ Cabellio. 
 
 Hehtiet^ Cabira. 
 Clanudda, Phrygia. Apollo. 
 
 Sun^ Cleone. 
 CoLOSSiE, Phrygia. Sun, Spear. 
 
 SuHy Chalcis. 
 
 Spear, „ 
 CoTiiEUM, Phrygia. Sun. 
 
 Sun, CEtsei. 
 Epictetus, Phrygia. Apollo, Horse. 
 
 Sun, Chabacta. 
 
 Horse, „ 
 EucARPiA, Phrygia. Moon, Bull. 
 
 Moon, Caura. 
 
 Bull, Acarnania. 
 Ipsus, Phrygia. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Scepsis. 
 Nacolea, Phrygia. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Colossae. 
 
 * It is in Lydia we find Khita inscriptions and forms of dress resem- 
 bling the Etruscan, according to the ancient tradition of common origin 
 The coins confirm this philologically and historically. 
 
44 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Pelt^, Phrygia. Lion, Stag, Bacchus. 
 
 Stagy Apollonia, Populonia. 
 
 Grapes^ Pelius, Populonia. 
 Philomelium, Phrygia. Sun; Moon. 
 
 Sun, Pelius. 
 
 Moon^ Populonia. 
 Sala, Phrygia. Helmet. 
 
 Helmet, Saricha. 
 Synnada, Phrygia. Vase. 
 
 Vase, Canusium. 
 Saricha, Cappadocia. 
 
 Helmet, Sala. 
 Tyana, Cappadocia. Bull, Horse, Spear. 
 
 Bull, Catana. 
 
 Horse, Adana. 
 
 Spear, Itanus. 
 Panticap^um, Chersonesus.* Lion, Bull, Horse, Apollo. 
 
 Lio7i, Capua, Cabellio, Cibyra. 
 
 Bidl, Campania, Compulteria. 
 
 Horse, Cambolectri. 
 
 Sun, Compulteria. 
 Callatia, Moesia.t Lion, Bow, Club, Ceres, Fish. 
 
 Lion, Cselium. 
 
 Bo2ij, Calymna. 
 
 Club, Deceleia. 
 
 Corn, Callet, Chalcedon. 
 
 Fishy Caura, &c. 
 ToMi, Moesia. Grapes. 
 
 ' Grapes, Damascus. 
 Abdera, Thrace. Bull, Vase. 
 
 Bull, Tarraco, Thera, Tauromenium, Dyrrhachium, Thyalira. 
 Vase, Tauromenium, Astyra. 
 ^Nus, Thrace. Goat. 
 
 Goat, Enna. 
 
 * The form of this word suggests a Greek origin ; but the root is the 
 latter part, and the symbols are too numerous to leave any doubt. 
 
 t Like the last example we have here evidence of the wide extension of 
 the Iberian colonies. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 45 
 
 BiSANTHE, Thrace. Owl, Apollo, Corn, Bacchus. 
 
 Owl^ Azetini, «S:c. 
 
 Corn, „ 
 
 Sun, ^zani. 
 
 Grapes, Byzantium. 
 BiZYA, Thrace. Bacchus, Corn. 
 
 Grapes, Bisanthe. 
 
 Corn, „ 
 Byzantium, Thrace. Ship, Fish, Trident, Quiver, Bull, Crescent, 
 Grapes, Ceres, 
 
 Fish, Libisona, Smope. 
 
 Trident, Troezene. 
 
 Quiver, Isindus, 
 
 Bull, Buxentum, Phaestus, Poestum, Libisona, 
 
 Moon, Sandaliura, Isindus, Poestum. 
 
 Corn, Bisanthe, Isindus, Messana. 
 
 Grapes, Bisanthe, Bizya. 
 Cypsela, Thrace. Vase, Corn. 
 
 Corn, Hispalis. 
 Maronea, Thrace. Grapes, Horse, Ram. 
 
 Grapes, Merusia. 
 
 Horse, Melita. 
 Mesembria, Thrace. Helmet, Shield. 
 
 Helmet, Temesa, 
 Pautolia, Thrace. Bull, Sun. 
 
 Sun, Atella, Entella, Petelia. 
 Perinthus, Thrace."* Club,*Bull, 
 
 Club, Libora. 
 
 Bull, Barea, Sybaris. 
 ^GOS, Thracian Chersonese. Horse. 
 Cardia (Kardia), Thracian Chersonese. Vase, Lion, Corn. 
 
 Lion, Ossicerda. 
 
 Corn, Carmo. 
 Sestus, Thracian Chersonese, Sun. 
 
 Sun, Asta. 
 
 * Upon Thrace many discussions have taken place. The favoured 
 notion is that the Thracians were Aryans, but this is settled by the plain 
 facts, that they were not. 
 
46 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Samothrace, Island, near Thrace. Ram. 
 
 Ram^ Same. 
 Thasus, Island, Thrace. Bacchus, Ship, Vase, Club, Bow. 
 
 Grapes^ Assos, Issa, Naxos (s). 
 
 Ship^ Cissa. 
 
 Vase^ Cissa, Issa, Naxos. 
 
 Club^ Cos. 
 
 Boiv^ Cissa. 
 Sabias, King of Thrace. Corn. 
 Cavarus, King of Thrace. Corn. 
 
 Corn^ Capua. 
 Dyrrhachium, Illyria. Cow, Horse. 
 
 This coin must really be equivalent to those of the Adarkon, or 
 Tarkon, and Tarraco. 
 
 Horse^ Tauromenium, Tarentum, Turiaso, Turones, &c. 
 Lissos, Illyria.* Goat. 
 
 Goat^ Issa, Tylissus, Saga-lassus. 
 Issa, Island, Illyria. Vase, Star, Goat. 
 
 Vase^ Cissa, Ceos, Chios, Naxus, Ausa, Thasus. 
 
 Star^ Asido. 
 
 Grape, Assos, Naxos. 
 
 Goaf, Lissus. 
 Pharus, Island, Illyria. Goat, Vase, Corn. 
 
 Goat, Pares, Pyranthus. 
 
 Vase, Paros. 
 
 CorUf Libora. 
 Macedonia. Horse. 
 Acanthus, Macedonia. Bull, Lion, Lyre. 
 
 These are the same emblems as on the coins of the Khita Tarkon 
 of Lydia and on those of Sardis. 
 For Bull and Lion, see Tarkon. 
 For Lion, see Caenicenses. 
 
 Lyre, Xanthus. 
 MmA, Macedonia. Bull, Diana. 
 
 Bull, ^na, Caunos. 
 
 On the interesting question of the populations of these regions, we 
 have to conclude that this coast of the Adriatic was also Iberian. 
 
 \ 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 47 
 
 Cassandrea (and Cassander, King), Macedonia. Horse, Palm. 
 
 Horse^ Cossa, Cissa, Syracusa, &c. 
 
 Painty Suessa, Ausa. 
 Chalcis, Macedonia. Lyre. 
 
 Lyre, Chalcedon, Calymnos, Colophon. 
 Edessa, Macedonia. Goat. 
 
 Goat, Thessalonica.* 
 Mende, Macedonia. Grapes, Dog. 
 
 Grapes, Methymna. 
 
 Dog, Motna. 
 Orthagoria, Macedonia. Diana. 
 
 Moon, Egurri, Caura. 
 OssA, Macedonia. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Cossa, Equaesia, Cissa, &c. 
 Pella, Macedonia. Sun, Bull, Horse, Lyre. 
 
 Sun, Pylus, Pelius, Abella, Aballo, &c. 
 
 Bull, Abella, Aballo, Obulco. 
 
 Horse, Obulco. 
 Phila, Macedonia. Vase. 
 Pydna, Macedonia. Owl, Diana. 
 
 Owl, Lebedus. 
 Pythium, Macedonia. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Pautalia. 
 ScioNE, Macedonia. Pigeon. 
 
 Pigeon, Sicyon. 
 ScoTTUssA, Macedonia. Grapes, Helmet. 
 
 Grapes, Osset, Assos. 
 
 Helmet, Cossura. 
 Terone, Macedonia. Grapes, Vase. 
 
 Grapes, Orra. 
 
 Vase, Tauromenium, Abdera. 
 Thessalonica, Macedonia. Horse, Bull, Goat. 
 
 Horse, Thessali. 
 
 Goat, Edessa. 
 Tralium, Macedonia. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes, Tralles. 
 
 * The name was afterwards changed to the Greek translation of 
 iEgas or iEgae. 
 
48 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Tyrissa, Macedonia.* Apollo. 
 
 Sun^ Tauromenium, Turones. 
 Thessalia, Horse. 
 
 Horse^ Thessalonica. 
 ^NiANA, Thessaly. Vase. 
 
 Vase, Anaphe. 
 Argesa, Thessaly. Fish. 
 
 Fish, Cissa, Syracusa. 
 Atrax, Thessaly. Bull, Horse. 
 
 Bull, Dyrrhachium, Tarraco. 
 
 Horse, „ „ 
 
 Gyrton, Thessaly. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Agyrium. 
 Trachin, Thessaly. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Atrax. 
 Lamia, Thessaly. Vase. 
 Larissa, Thessaly. Horse, Bull, Harpa. 
 
 Horse, Orisia, Larissa. 
 
 Harpa, Rhosus. 
 Malienses, Thessaly. Grapes, Vase. 
 
 Grapes, Melos. 
 
 Vase, „ 
 
 Pelinna, Thessaly. Horse, Bull. 
 
 Horse, Pella, Phalanna. 
 
 Bull, Pella. 
 Perrh^bia, Thessaly. Horse, Bull. 
 
 Horse, Pherse, Ephyrae. 
 
 Bull, Pherae, Perinthus. 
 Phacium, Thessaly. Horse. 
 Phalanna, Thessalo. Horse, Bull, Fish. 
 
 Horse, Pella, Pelinna. 
 
 Bull, „ „ 
 
 Goat, Pharus. 
 
 I'ish, Pale. 
 Pharsalus, Thessaly. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Thessaly. 
 
 * About Macedonia there is as little doubt as about Thessaly. The 
 names of the early kings appear to be Iberian. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 49 
 
 PHERiE, Thessaly. Horse. 
 
 Horse^ Perrhaebia. 
 
 Bull^ „ 
 
 Proana, Thessaly. Club. 
 
 Chib^ Perinthus. 
 Tricca, Thessaly.* Ram, Horse, Bull. 
 
 Ram^ Samothrace. 
 
 Horse^ Atrax. 
 
 Bull, „ 
 Edonei, Bull. 
 
 Bull, Tyana, Toanum, Sidon. 
 Patraos, King of Edonei. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Patara. . 
 Irrh^sia, Island, Thessaly. Diana. 
 
 Moon, Alaesa. 
 Peparethus, Island, Thessaly. Ram, Apollo, Vase. 
 
 Ram, Styraphalis. 
 
 Sun, Cephallonia. 
 
 Vase, Pharus. 
 Epirus.! Bull. 
 
 Bull, Barea, Pherse, Perinthus. 
 Ambracia, Epirus. Bull, Sun. 
 Cassope, Epirus. Vase, Bull. 
 
 Vase, Cissa. 
 
 Bull, Cyzicus. 
 Damastium, Epirus. Sun. 
 
 Sun, Damascus, Medama. 
 Oricus, Epirus. Sun. 
 
 Sun, Orra. 
 PHiENiCAPEA, Epirus. Diana. 
 
 Moon, Capua. 
 
 * The emblem of the horse in Thessaly and Macedonia has nothing 
 to do with Centaurs or the capacity of the region for horse-breeding. 
 It is a simple relation of nomenclature. 
 
 t See Note on Illyria. 
 
60 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 CoRCYRA, Island, Epirus. Bull, Vase, Apollo, Horse, Grapes. 
 
 Bull^ Carystos, Megara, Egurri. 
 Vase^ Cardia. 
 
 Sun^ „ 
 
 Horse, Corinth. 
 
 GrapeSy Carthea. 
 Cassope, Corcyra. Vase, Bull, Grapes. 
 
 Vase, Cassope. 
 
 Grapes, Assos. 
 Argos, Amphilochi, Acarnania. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Rhaeucus. 
 Leucas, Leucadia, Acarnania. Ship, Diana. 
 
 Ship, Gades. 
 
 Moon, „ 
 CENiADiE, Acarnania. Bull. 
 
 Bull, ^na. 
 SoLLiUM, Acarnania. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Salapia, Soli-mariaca. 
 Thyrrium, Acarnania. Sun, Bull, Owl. 
 
 Sun, Tauromenium. 
 
 Bull, „ „ 
 
 Owl, ,, „ 
 ^TOLiA, Boar. 
 
 Boar, Atella. 
 Apollonia, ^tolia. Boar, Diana, Spear. 
 
 Boar, Populonia. 
 
 Spear, „ 
 
 Moon, Illipula. 
 Calydon, iEtolia. Lyre, Apollo. 
 
 Lyre, Chalcis, Calymna, Chalcedon. 
 
 Sun, Chalcis. 
 Amphissa, Locris. Apollo, Boar. 
 Opuntii, Locris. Spear, Vase, Shield. 
 
 Spear, Sisapona. 
 
 Vase, Hipponum. 
 
 Shield, Aspendus. 
 Teronium, Locris. Spear, Apollo, Boar. 
 
 Spear, Thurium. 
 
 Sun, Thyrrium. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 51 
 
 Phocis. Bull, Sun, Horse. 
 
 Horse, Equaesia, Phacium. 
 
 Sun, Ucetii. 
 Elatea, Phocis. Trident. 
 
 Trident, Alyzea. 
 Thebes, Boeotia. Vase, Shield. 
 
 Vase, Taba. 
 BcEOTiA, Vase, Shield. (B.T.— T.B.) 
 Anthedon, Boeotia. Vase. 
 
 Vase, Andros. 
 ERYTHRiE, Boeotia. Horse. 
 Pelicania, Bceotia. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Phalanna, Pelinna, Pella. 
 PHERiE, Boeotia. Vase. 
 
 Vase, Pharus. 
 Tanagra, Boeotia. Horse, Grapes. 
 
 Horse, Tyndaris. 
 
 Grapes, Tenedos. 
 Ther^e, Boeotia. Grapes, Vase. 
 
 Grapes, Abdera. 
 
 Vase, „ 
 
 Thespia, Boeotia. Moon. 
 
 Moon, Thospia. 
 Athens, Attica.* Owl, Sow, Snake, Bee, Olive, Ship, Crescent, 
 Ceres (Corn), Hammer. 
 
 Owl, Atinum, Tenedos, Catana, Azetini, Cythnus. 
 
 Fig, Mantinea. 
 
 Olive, Rubastini. 
 
 Moon, Cythnos. 
 
 Corn, Atinum, Azetini, Rubastini, Leontini, Methana, Sar- 
 dinia. 
 
 Hammer, Methana. 
 Deceleia, Attica. Caduceus, Helmeted Head. 
 
 Wa7id, Callatia. 
 
 Helmeted Head, Callet. 
 
 * The mythological contest between Pallas and Poseidon about the 
 olive and the horse is evidently a late invention. 
 
52 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Eleusis, Attica. Sow, Snake. 
 
 Fig^ lalysus. 
 
 Snake ^ Elis. 
 Megara, Attica. Apollo, Ship. 
 
 Sun^ Megara, Sicily. 
 
 Ship^ Cartago. 
 Oropus, Attica. Club, Spear, Fish. 
 
 Cluh^ Rhypse, Libera. 
 
 Spear, Lipara. 
 
 Fish, Libora. 
 ^GiNA, Island, Attica. Ram, Fish, Ship, Tortoise. 
 
 Ram, Coena. 
 
 Fish, Oningis. 
 
 Ship, Saguntum. 
 
 Tortoise, ^Egian. 
 Helena, Island, Attica. Ram, Vase. 
 
 Sheep, Alea, Julis. 
 Salamis, Island, Attita. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Salamis, Selinus. 
 ^gira, Achaia. Goat. 
 
 Goat, Agyrium. 
 ^GiON (Aigion), Peloponnesus. Tortoise, Eagle, Bacchus. 
 
 Tortoise, ^gina. 
 
 Eagle, Crossus. 
 
 Grapes, Acilium. 
 Corinth, Pelop. Horse, Trident. 
 
 Horse, Hyccara (Kurra, Akkad, &c.. Horse). 
 
 Trident, Carystos, Corone, Caronium, Ceraite, Cura. 
 Dyme, Pelop. Vase. 
 Pelius, Pelop.* Bull. 
 
 Bull, Aballo, Sicily ; Aballo, Gaul ; Pylos of Elis, Baelo, &c. 
 
 Grapes, Populonia. 
 Rhyp^, Pelop. Club, Bow, Quiver. 
 
 Club, Oropus, Libora. 
 SiCYON, Pelop, Pigeon, Lion. 
 
 Figeon, Scione. 
 
 Lion, Caenicenses. 
 
 * Now that we are in Arcadia, &c., we can test the conditions of the 
 population among whom the Hellenes entered. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 53 
 
 Elis. Horse, Eagle, Snake. 
 
 Horse, Velia. 
 
 Eagle, Alaesa. 
 
 Snake, Eleusis. 
 Orthia, Elis. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Othrytse. 
 Pylos, Elis. Bull, Goat, Fish. 
 
 Bull, Pelius, Abolla, Aballo, Pella, Pelinna, Baelo. 
 
 Goat, Phalanna. 
 
 Fish, Pale, lUipula. 
 Cephallenia, Island, Elis. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes, Pelius. 
 Cranium, Cephallenia, Island. Ram, Bow. 
 Nesus (Neso), Cephallenia, Island.* Panther, Fish. 
 Pale, Pallenses, Cephallenia, Island. Fish, Arrow. 
 
 Fish, Pylus, Illipula. 
 
 Arrow, Phalasarna. 
 Proni, Cephallenia, Island. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes, Orphrynium. 
 Same, Cephallenia, Island. Ram, Dog, Helmeted Head, Apollo. 
 
 Ram, Samothrace. 
 
 Hehiiet, Mesembria. 
 
 Sun, Samosata, Samnites. 
 Zacynthus (Zakuntho), Island. Snake, Moon, Vase. 
 
 Snake, Segeste. 
 
 Horse, Sacili. 
 
 Moon, Segovii. 
 Vase, Canusium. 
 Ithaca, Island. CocL 
 Messenia. Tripod. 
 
 Tripod, Messana. 
 Amphea, Messenia. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Amphissa, Ambracia. 
 CoRONE, Messenia. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Corinth, Crannon, Corcyra, Hyccara, Agyrium. 
 Pylus, Messenia. Trident. 
 Trident, Phalasarna. 
 LACEDiEMON (Lakedaimon). Diana, Caduceus. 
 
 Moony Leukadia. 
 
 * Query if this be a Greek form. 
 
54 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Argos, ArgoHs. Wolf, Helmet. 
 
 Helmet^ Caura. 
 AsiNE, Argolis. Bow, Club. 
 
 Bow^ Xanthus, 
 Epidaurus, Argolis. Cock, Goat, Wolf.* 
 
 Cock, Terina. 
 Wolf, Thyrea. 
 
 Goat, Thera. 
 Hermione, Argolis. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Minyse. 
 Methana, Argolis. Corn, Vulcan. 
 
 Corn, Atinum, Azetini, &c. 
 
 Vulcan, Athens. 
 Thyrea, Argolis. Wolf, Quiver, Helmet, Owl. 
 
 Wolf, Epidaurus. 
 
 Hehnet, Thyea. 
 
 Owl, Thyrrium. 
 Trcezene, Argolis. Trident. 
 
 Trident, Byzantium. 
 Irene, Island, Argolis. Trident. 
 
 Trident, Caronium, Corone. 
 Alea, Arcadia. Ram. 
 
 Ram, Helena, Julis. 
 Charissa, Arcadia. Apollo, Wolf. , 
 
 Stm, Corcyra. 
 
 Wolf, Argos. 
 Man-tinea, Arcadia. Sow, Trident. 
 
 Pig, Athenai, Methymne. 
 
 Trident, Tenos. 
 Pheneus, Arcadia. Bull, Horse, Diana. 
 
 Bull, ^na. 
 
 Horse, „ 
 
 Moon, „ 
 Stymphalus, Arcadia. Sheep. 
 
 Sheep, Peparethus. 
 Tegea, Arcadia. Stag. 
 Thelpusa, Arcadia. Sun. 
 
 Sun, Atella, Entella, Delos. 
 
 * In this region the Wolf occurs as an emblem. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 65 
 
 Aptera, Crete.* Apollo, Bee. 
 
 Sun^ Teronium. 
 
 Bee^ Eretrise. 
 Argos, Crete. Bow, Owl. 
 
 Otvl^ Megara. 
 Arsinoe, Crete. Fish. 
 
 Fish^ Arsi, Urso, Ursi. 
 Axus, Faxus, Crete. Apollo. 
 
 Stm^ Phocis, Ucetia. 
 Ceraite, Crete. Spear-head. 
 
 Spear, Caronium, Corinth, Carystos. 
 Cnossus, Crete. Quiver, Spear, Eagle. 
 
 Eagle, ^gion. 
 Cydonia, Crete. Bow, Diana, Owl. 
 
 Bow, Cydna. 
 
 Moo?t, Cythnus, Leukadia, Gades. 
 
 Owl, Cythnus, Catana, Leukadia. 
 Elyrus, Crete. Bee. 
 
 Bee, Elaeusa. 
 GoRTYNA, Crete. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Egurri. 
 Itanus, Crete. Fish, Spear, Trident, Eagle. 
 
 Fish, Tenos. 
 
 Trident, Tyndaris. 
 
 Eagle, Tanos. 
 Lam pa, Lappa, Crete. Corn. 
 
 Corn, Salapia. 
 Lasos, Crete. Diana. 
 
 Moon, Alaesa. 
 Lissus, Crete. Fish. 
 Lyttus (Lutto). Ship, Boar. 
 
 Hog, Eleusis, lalysus. 
 Olus, Crete. Diana. 
 
 Moon, Ulia. 
 Ph^stus, Crete. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Poestum, Phistella. 
 Phalanna, Crete. Fish. 
 
 Fish, Pylus, Populonia. 
 
 * Crete is a world in itself. 
 
56 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN TOPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Phalasarna, Crete. Trident. 
 
 Trident^ Pylus, Populonia. 
 PoLYRHiENiuM, Crete. Diana, Spear, Bull. 
 
 Moon^ Apollonia. 
 
 Spear, „ 
 
 Bull, Pylus. 
 PrvEsus, Crete. Fish, Trident. 
 
 Fish, Priansus. 
 
 Trident, „ 
 Priansus, Crete. Fish, Trident. 
 
 Fish, Praesus. 
 
 Trident, „ 
 Pyranthus, Crete. Goat. 
 
 Goat, Paros, Pharus. 
 Rhaucus (Rauku), Crete. Horse, Ship, Trident. 
 
 Horse, Corinth, &c. 
 "V Ship, Megara. 
 
 Trident, Rhithymna. 
 
 Rhithymna, Crete. Trident, Fish. 
 
 Trident, Rhaucus. 
 Sybritia, Crete. Fish. 
 Tanos, Crete. Eagle. 
 
 Eagle, Itanus. 
 Thalassa, Crete. Spear, 
 
 Speary Alyzea, Mylasa. 
 Tylissus, Crete. Goat, Stag, Bow. 
 oat^ Sag alassus, Lissus. 
 
 Bow, Alaesa. 
 EuBCEA, Greek, Island. Bull, Pigeon. 
 Carystus, Euboea. Bull, Cow, Cock, Palm, Fish, Trident. 
 
 Bull, Egurri, Corcyra, Acarnania, Cales. 
 
 Cock, Cales, Calata. 
 
 Fish, Coresia, Caura, Caronium, Callatia. 
 
 Trident, Corinth, Caronium, Corone. 
 Chalcis, Euboea. Apollo, Trident, Wheel. 
 
 Sun, Macella, Megara. 
 
 Trident, see Carystos. 
 
 Wheel, Chalcedon. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 57 
 
 Eretria, Euboea. Bull, Grapes, Bow, 
 Bidl^ Abdera, 
 Grapes^ „ 
 Bmv^ „ 
 
 HiSTi^, Euboea. Ship, Bull, Grapes. 
 Ship^ Cissa. 
 Bull^ Cassope. 
 Grapes^ „ 
 
 Amorgus, Island. Apollo, 
 Sun, Murgantium. 
 
 ^GiALE, Amorgus. Owl. 
 Owl^ Calacte. 
 
 Anaphe, Island. Bee, Vase, Apollo. 
 Vase^ ^niana. 
 Sun^ Enna. 
 
 Andros, Island. Panther, Grapes, Vase. 
 Grapes, Abdera. 
 Vase, Abdera, Anthedon. 
 
 Ceos, Cea, Island. Horse, Dog, Vase. 
 Horse, Cissa. 
 Vase, Cissa. 
 Dog, Cos. 
 
 Carthea, City of Ceos. Dog, Grape. 
 Dog, Hyccara. 
 Grape, Corcyra. 
 
 CoRESiA, City of Ceos, Island. Fish, Apollo, Dog. 
 Fish, Caura, Caronium. 
 Sun, Charissa. 
 Dog, Hyccara. 
 
 JuLis, City of Ceos, Island. Bee. 
 Bee, Elaeusa. 
 
 PoESA (Po-esa), City of Ceos, Island. Grapes. 
 Grapes, Poestum, Assos, Thassus. 
 
 CiMOLis, Island. Bee. 
 Bee, Smyrna. 
 
58 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Cythnus, Island. Bee, Owl, Crescent, Star, Lyre. 
 
 Bee, Athens. 
 
 Owly Athens, Catana, Cydonia. 
 
 Moon^ Athens. 
 
 Star, Cydonia. 
 
 Lyre, Cydna. 
 Delos, Island. Apollo.* 
 
 Sun, Telemessos, Tantalia, Atella, Petelia, Pautalia, Thel- 
 pusa, Entella. 
 Melos, Island. Grapes, Vase. 
 
 Grapes, Malienses. 
 
 Vase, Malienses. 
 Jos, Island. Palm, Bacchus. 
 
 Pahn, Ansa. 
 
 Grapes, Issa. 
 Myconos, Island. Corn, Grapes. 
 
 Corn, Acinipo. 
 
 Grapes, „ 
 Naxos, Island. Vase, Grapes. 
 
 Vase, Ceos, Cassope. 
 
 Grapes, „ 
 Pholegandrus, Island. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Pylos, Pelion, Aballo. 
 Seriphus, Island. Pigeon. 
 
 Pigeon, Siphnos. 
 SiPHNOS. Pigeon, Trident. 
 
 Pigeon, Seriphus. 
 
 Trident, Sisapona. 
 SiciNus, Island. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes, ^gion. 
 Paros, Island. Goat, Grapes. 
 
 Goat, Pyranthus. 
 
 Grapes, Pelius. 
 Syros, Island. Corn. 
 
 Corn, Searo, Eresus. 
 
 * The legend of Apollo had no more to do with Delos than with any 
 other place which had the Sun for an emblem. This is only one form of 
 word for the Sun. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 59 
 
 Thera, Island. Bull, Fish. 
 
 Bull, Tarraco, Tauromenium, Dyrrachium. 
 Fishy Thyatira, Abdera, Thurium, 
 
 Tenos, Island. Trident, Fish, 
 Trident, Mantinea. 
 Fish, Itanus. 
 
 Sena (Gallica), Italy. Horse, Apollo. 
 Horse, Senones, Santones. 
 Sun, Enna. 
 
 AciLiUM, Italia Superior. Vase with Grapes. 
 Vase, Helena. 
 
 Camars, Etruria. Boar. 
 Boar, Capua. 
 
 FiESULvE, Etruria. Fish, Trident. 
 
 Fish, Phistella, Salapia, Salacia, Salentina. 
 Trident, Phalasarna, Selge. 
 
 Falerii, Etruria. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Pylos, Pelius, Aballo, Abella, &c. 
 
 PoPULONiA, Etruria. Boar, Crescent, Grapes, Trident, Corn, Lion^ 
 Hammer. 
 Boar, Apollonia. 
 
 New Moon, Illipula, Pylos, Pale, &c. 
 Grapes, Pelius. 
 Trident, Pylos. 
 
 Corn, Baelo, Hispalis, Obuleo. 
 Lion, Cabellio. 
 
 Peithesa, Etruria. Owl and Rat. 
 Owl, Lebedus. 
 
 Vetulonia, Etruria.* Ship, Anchor. 
 Ship, Bottiaea. 
 Aftchor, Abydus. 
 
 Iguvium, Umbria. Star, Wheel. 
 Star, Aquinum. 
 Wheel, Iptuci. 
 
 * The available coins of Etruria are not numerous, but they compare 
 closely with those of Asia Minor. 
 
60 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 TuDER, Umbria. Frog, Anchor, Sow. 
 
 Anchor^ Vetulonia. 
 
 Hog^ Ostur. 
 Ancona, Picenum. Elbow and Palm. 
 Adria, Picenum. Lyre. 
 
 Lyre^ Adranum. 
 Vestini, Picenum. Moon. 
 
 Moon^ Poestum. 
 Alba, Latium. Horse. 
 
 Horse^ Alabanda. 
 Aquinum, Latium. Star, Cock. 
 
 Star^ Iguvium. 
 VoLTERRA. Wheel. 
 
 Wheels Tarentum. 
 AiSERNiA, Samnium. Bull, Apollo, Snake. 
 
 Bull, Phaselis. 
 
 Apollo, Selinus. 
 
 Snake, ,, 
 Beneventum, Samnium. Apollo, Horse. 
 
 Sun, Panormus. 
 
 Horse, ,, 
 Compulteria, Samnium. Apollo, Bull. 
 
 Sun, Panticapseum. 
 
 Bull, Campani, Cumae. 
 Frentani, Samnium. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Ferentum. 
 Larinum, Samnium. Horse, Bull, Fish. 
 
 Horse, Larissa. 
 
 Bull, „ 
 
 Fish, Hyrina. 
 Murgantia, Samnium. Apollo. 
 
 Sun, Amorgos. 
 Samnites, Italy. Bull. 
 
 On many of the Samnite coins a Bull is to be found. 
 Samos. 
 
 Also Apollo (Sun), as on coins of Same and Samosata 
 
 Campani, Campania. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Compulteria, Cumae. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 61 
 
 Atella (Adere), Campania. Elephant, Sow, Sun. 
 Hog^ ^tolia. 
 
 Stilly Delos, Island ; Telemissus, Entella, Petelia. 
 Calatia, Campania. Cock. 
 Calatia, Campania. Trident. 
 
 Trident^ Colossae. 
 Cales, Calet (Kaleno), Campania. Cock, Bull. 
 
 Cock^ Calata. 
 
 Bull^ Egurri, Macella. 
 Capua, Campania. Lion, Boar, Apollo, Diana, Corn. 
 
 Lion^ Cabellio. 
 
 Boar^ Camars. 
 
 Sun,, Compulteria, Panticapseum . 
 
 Moon,, Phaenicapaea. 
 CossA, Campania. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Cissa, Equaesi, Syracusa, Ceos. ^ 
 
 CuMiE, Campania. Palm, Frog, Crab, Bull, Shell. 
 
 Palm, Camerina. 
 
 Crab, Gabala. 
 
 Bull, Compulteria. 
 
 Shell, Cimolis. 
 Hyrina, Campania. Fish. 
 
 Fish, Aria, Boetica. 
 NoLA, Campania. Bull, Apollo. 
 
 Bull, Nerii. 
 NucERiA, Alfaterna, Campania. Eagle, Apollo, Dog, Fish, Horse. 
 
 Sun, Megara. 
 
 Dog, Agyrium, Hyccara. 
 
 Horse, „ „ 
 
 Parthenope (Nespolis), Campania. Horse, Bull, Apollo, Diana, 
 Caducens. 
 
 Horse, Perrhsebia, Ferentum, Frentani. 
 
 Bull, Perrhaebia, Perinthus. 
 
 Sun, Peparethus. 
 
 Moon, Berytis. 
 
 Caducens, Berytis, Berytus, Perinthus. 
 Phistella, Bistelia, Campania. Fish, Bull. 
 
 Fish, Poestum, Byzantium, Libisona. 
 
 BulL 
 
62 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 PiCENTiA (Piskinis), Campania. Rat. 
 
 Rat, Peithesa. 
 SuEssA, Campania. Cock, Horse, Lion, Palm, Apollo, Bull. 
 
 Cock, Cissa. 
 
 Horse, Cissa, Cossa. 
 
 Lion, Cissa, Cyzicus. 
 
 Palm, Cassandra, Ausa. 
 
 Sun, Cius. 
 
 Bull, Cassope. 
 Teanum (Tia), Campania. Bull, Cock, Star, Apollo. 
 
 Bull, Tyana, Catana, Sidon. 
 
 Cock, Dardanus. 
 
 Star, Cydonia. 
 
 Sun, Tenedos, Catana, Adana. 
 Arpi, Apulia. Corn, Horse, Bull. 
 
 Corn, Orippo. 
 
 Horse, Perrhsebia. 
 
 Bull, „ 
 
 AscuLUM, Apulia. Boar, Horse, Com. 
 
 Horse, Sacili. 
 
 Corn, Sagalassus. 
 Barium, Apulia. Ship, Fish. 
 
 Ship, Berytus, Lipara. 
 
 Fish, Libora, Lipara. 
 
 Canusium, Apulia. Vase, Horse, Lyre. 
 
 Vase, Zacynthus. 
 
 Horse, Cyon. 
 
 Lyre, Cyanese. 
 LucERiA, Apulia. Frog, Shell, Bow, Quiver, Club, Fish, Apollo, 
 Wheel, Bull. 
 
 Shell, Egurri. 
 
 Bow, Cartago. 
 
 Quiver, „ 
 
 Club, ,, 
 
 Fish, „ 
 
 Sun, Carrhse, Corcyra. 
 
 Wheel, Cyrene. 
 
 Bull, Corcyra, Egurri. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 63 
 
 RuBASTiNi. Owl, Olive, Corn. 
 
 Owl^ Azetini, Athens, Atinum, Catana, Tenedos, Bisanthe. 
 
 Olive, Athens. 
 
 Corn, Sardinia, Leontini, Azetini, Athens, Atinum. 
 
 Salapia, Apulia. Fish, Apollo, Horse, Boar. 
 Fish^ Solimariaca. 
 Sun, „ 
 Horse, „ 
 Boar, Salentini. 
 
 Venusia, Apulia. Fish, Olive, and Owl. 
 Fish, Nesus. 
 
 Azetini, Calabria. Owl, Corn. 
 
 Owl, Athens, Catana, Bisanthe, Rubastini. 
 Corn, Sardinia, Leontini, Rubastini. 
 
 Brundusium, Calabria, Fish. 
 Fish, Priansus. 
 
 BuTUNTUM, Calabria. Corn, Fish. 
 Corn, Azetini. 
 Fish, Byzantium. 
 
 CcELiUM, Calabria, Lion. 
 Lion, Callatia. 
 
 Orra, Calabria. Apollo, Grapes. 
 Sun, Oricus. 
 Grapes, Orippo. 
 
 Tarentum (Taras), Calabria, Fish, Crab, Horse, Bow, Wheel, Apollo, 
 Bacchus, Owl.* 
 Fish, Thera, Thurium, Turuptiana. 
 Crab, Terina. 
 Horse, Turiaso, Turones. 
 Bow, Abdera, Erythrae. 
 Wheel, Volterra. 
 Sun, Teria, Turones. 
 Grapes^ Terone. 
 Owl, Tauromenium. 
 Crescent, Erythrae. 
 
 * Taras, the hero of this city, was purely imaginary. 
 
64 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Atinum, Lucania. Owl,* Com. 
 
 Owl, Athens, Catana, Azetini, Bisanthe, Salentini, Tenedos. 
 
 Corn, Azetini, Leontini, Bisanthe, Rubastini. 
 BuxENTUM, Pixus, Lucania. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Byzantium. 
 Laus, Lainos, Lucania. Bull. 
 
 Horse, Larinum. 
 Metapontum (Metabo), Lucania. Corn, Fish, Horse. 
 
 Corn, Munda. 
 
 Fish, Motna. 
 
 Horse, „ 
 PcESTUM, Lucania. Fish, Boar, Bull, Diana, Two Hands, Lion. 
 
 Fish, Byzantium, Libisona. 
 
 Bull, „ „ 
 
 Moon, Byzantium. 
 
 Lion, „ 
 
 Syris, Lucania. Snake, Ship. 
 Sybaris, Lucania. Diana, Bull. 
 
 Moon, Berytus. 
 
 Bull, Barea. 
 
 Fish, Illiberis. 
 N.B. — Sybaris was afterwards called Thurium, which also signifies 
 Bull. 
 Velia, Lucania. Lion. 
 
 Lion, Phalanna. 
 Caulonia, Bruttium. Stag, Fish, Apollo. 
 
 Stag, Cyrene. 
 
 Fish, Callatia. 
 
 Sun, Calacte. 
 Croton, Bruttium. Stag, Ram, Bow, Apollo, Lion, Horse, Bull. 
 
 Stag, Cragus. 
 
 Ram, Cranium. 
 
 Bow, „ 
 
 Sun, Cratia, Cragus. 
 
 Lion, Acrasus. 
 
 Horse, Crannon. 
 
 Bull, Gortyna. 
 
 * In Lucania, as in Calabria, the Owl was a common emblem. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 65 
 
 HiPPONUM (Epione), Bruttium. Vase, Club, Owl. 
 Fase, Opuntii. 
 Oza/, Panormus. 
 
 Madama, Mesma, Bruttium. Apollo, Ceres. 
 
 Sun, Damastium, Damascus. 
 
 Cor/iy Methana. 
 NuCERiA (Noukri), Bruttium. Apollo, Lion, Horse. 
 
 Sim, Nuceria of Campania. 
 
 Zwn, Cerritani. 
 
 Horse, Corone. 
 PiTANATA, Bruttium. Lion. 
 Petelia, Bruttium. Sun, Dog. 
 
 Sti/i, Atella, Entella, Telemissus. 
 
 Rhegium, Bruttium. Lion, Lyre, Dog. 
 Zion, Ricomagus. 
 Stm, Cragus. 
 Lyre, „ 
 Z>og, Eryx. 
 
 ToMESA, Bruttium. Helmet. 
 
 Helmet, Mesembria, Amasia. 
 
 Terina, Bruttium. Swan, Crab, Vase. 
 
 Swan, Camerina. 
 
 Crab, Tarentum, Telos. 
 
 Vase, Terone. 
 SiciLiA, Sicania. Three Legs. 
 
 Three, see Syracusa. 
 
 Abaccenum, Sicily. Bull, Sow. 
 Bull, Caunus, Cyon. 
 
 Abella, Sicily. Bull, Grapes. 
 Bull, Pelius. 
 Grapes, „ 
 
 Adranus, Sicily. Apollo, Lyre, Fish. 
 Fish, Hadria. 
 
 ^TNiEi, Sicily. Horse, Apollo, Ceres. 
 Horse, Catana. 
 Sun, „ 
 
66 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Agrigentum (Akraga), Sicily. Crab, Pigeon, Snake, Fish. 
 Crab^ Eryx. 
 Pigeon, „ 
 Snake, Nacrassa. 
 Fish, Argesa. 
 
 Agyrium, Sicily. Dog, Bull, Horse, Goat, Diana. 
 Dog, Nuceria, Eryx. 
 Bull, Megara, Carystos, Egurri. 
 Horse, Corone, Hyccara, Carissa. 
 Goat, ^gera, Peloponium. 
 Moon, Egurri. 
 
 Al^sa (Alaisa), Sicily. Bow, Quiver, Moon, Eagle. 
 Bow, Tylissus. 
 Quiver, Pimolisa. 
 Eagle, Aluntium. 
 
 Aluntium (Alonti), Sicily. Bull, Eagle. 
 Bull, Selinus. 
 Eagle, Alaesa. 
 
 Amestratus, Sicily. Horse, Apollo, Diana. 
 Horse, Termessus, Mostene. 
 Sun, Mossina, Mastaura. 
 Moo7i, Massilia. 
 
 AssoRUS, Sicily. Bull, Apollo. 
 Bull, Assos. 
 Sun, ^zanis. 
 
 CiENA, Sicily. Horse, Ram, Eagle. 
 Horse, Cyon, Caunus. 
 Ram, ^gina. 
 Eagle, „ 
 
 Calacte, Sicily. Apollo, Lyre, Club, Grapes. 
 Sun, Chalcis. 
 Lyre, „ 
 Club, Callatia. 
 
 Grapes, ,, 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 67 
 
 Camarina, Sicily. Lizard, Swan, Horse, Cock, Helmet. 
 
 Lizard (this is the large red-headed Lizard in Africa). 
 
 Swan^ Terina. 
 
 Horse, Cyme. 
 
 Cock, Himera. 
 
 Palm, Cumse. 
 
 Sun, Gambrium. 
 
 Helmet, Cabira. 
 
 Catana, Sicily. Owl, Bull, Apollo, Bird, Grapes, Fish. 
 Owl, Tenedos, Athens. 
 Sufif Tenedos. 
 Grapes, „ 
 Bull, Tyana. 
 Bird, Centuripse. 
 Fish, Tenos. 
 
 Centurip^, Sicily. 
 Bird, Catana. 
 
 Cephaluedium, Sicily. Bull, Club, Apollo, Bacchus. 
 Bull, Aballo, Abella, Pylos, Pelius. 
 
 »j^^) >i >» >> >) 
 
 Grapes, Pelius. 
 
 Enna (Ettenna), Sicily. Goat, Hog, Snake, Apollo, Torch. 
 Goat, Sen ones. 
 ^og, „ 
 Snake, Etenna. 
 Sun, Anaphe. 
 Torch, Menynum. 
 
 Entella, Sicily. Sun, Bull, Horse. 
 
 Sun, Atella, Petilia, Telemissus, Delus. 
 Bull, Pautalia. 
 Horse, Toletum. 
 
 Eryx, Sicily. Dove, Crab, Dog. 
 Dove, Agrigentum. 
 Crab, 
 Dog, Rhegium. 
 
 Eubcea, Sicily. Apollo, Bull. 
 Sun, Lilyboeum. 
 
68 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Gelas, Sicily, Bull, Corn, Horse, Ram. 
 
 Bull^ Chalcedon. 
 
 Corn^ „ 
 
 Horse^ Celenderis. 
 
 Rain, Gaulos. 
 HiMERA, Sicily. Cock, Horse, Lion, Shells. 
 
 Cock, Camarina. 
 
 Horse, Camarina. 
 
 Shells, Cumae, Cimolis. 
 Hyccara (Uccara), Sicily. Dog. 
 
 jDog, Agyrium. 
 Leontini, Sicily. Corn, Sun. 
 
 Corn, Sardinia, Azetini, Rubastini. 
 LiLYBCEUM, Sicily. Snake, Sun. 
 Macella, Sicily. Bull, Sun. 
 
 Bull, Cales. 
 
 Sutiy Megara. 
 Men^num, Sicily. Club, Sun, Torch. 
 
 Sun, Enna. 
 
 Torch, Enna. 
 Merusium, Sicily. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes, Maronea. 
 Megara, Sicily. Bull, Apollo. 
 
 Bull, Macella. 
 
 Sun, Megara. 
 
 Messana, Sicily. Palm, Hare or Rabbit, Fish, Dog, Tripod, Lion, 
 
 Calf. 
 
 Lion, Massilia. 
 
 Dog, Motna. 
 
 Tripod, Temesa. 
 
 Fish, Libisona. 
 MoRGANTiA, Sicily. Lion, Stag. 
 Motna, Sicily. Horse, Dog, Fish. 
 
 Horse, Metapontum. 
 
 Dog, Messana. 
 
 Fish, Munda. 
 Nacona, Sicily. Mule. 
 
 Horse, Zacynthus. 
 
HISTORV OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 69 
 
 Naxos, Sicily. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes^ Assos, Naxos. 
 Neetum, Sicily. Bull. 
 
 Bull^ Nerii, ^na. 
 Panormus (Panormo). Palm, Owl, Dog, Sun, Ram, Lyre. 
 
 Palm^ Bilban. 
 
 Owl^ Hipponeum. 
 
 Dog^ Metapontum. 
 
 Sun^ Beneventum. 
 
 Corn^ Pheneus. 
 
 Lyre^ Sinope. 
 Segesta, Sicily. Lion, Stag, Snake, Dog, Bow. 
 
 Lion^ Segovii, Cyzicus. 
 
 Stag, Saga-lassus. 
 
 Snake, Zacynthus. 
 
 Bow, Selge. 
 Selinus, Sicily. Bull, Snake, Dog. 
 
 Bull, Salamis, Thessalonica. 
 Syracusa, Sicily. Triquetra, Fish, Horse, Apollo, Bull, Owl. 
 
 Triquetra (3 Legs), Three Sar (Sardinia) ; Zal, Etruscan ; 
 Sama, Canaanitic ; Cossura. 
 
 Fish, Cissa, 
 
 Horse, „ 
 
 Sun, Chios. 
 
 Bull, Cyzicus. 
 
 Owl, Argos. 
 Tauromenium,* Sicily. Apollo, Diana, Vase, Owl, Horse, Bull. 
 
 Sicn, Turones. 
 
 Moon, Tarentum. 
 
 Vase, Astyra. 
 
 Owl, „ 
 
 Horse, Tarentum, Turones. 
 
 Bull, Tarraco, Dyrrachium. 
 Tyndaris, Sicily. t Horse. 
 
 Horse, Tarentum, Turones. 
 Gelon, King in Sicily. Lion. 
 
 Lion, Coelium. 
 
 ,* Tauromenium is not connected with Taurus, 
 t Sicily is particularlyrich in emblems. 
 
70 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 CossuRA, Island, Sicily. Crown, Triangle. 
 
 Triangle^ Syracusa ( = Cusa-syra) 
 Gaulos, Island, Sicily. Crescent, Shell, Boar. 
 
 Moon, Egurri. 
 
 Shell, „ 
 
 Ram, Gelas. 
 LiPARA, Island. Fish, Trident, Ship, Bacchus. 
 
 Fish, Libora, Barium, Illiberis. 
 
 Trident, Pylus, Libora. 
 
 Ship, Berytus, Barium. 
 
 Grapes, Pelius. 
 Melita, Malta, Island. Horse, Tripod, Lyre. 
 
 Horse, Mylasa. 
 
 Tripod, Philomelium. 
 
 Lyre, Alyatta. 
 Sardinia,* Island. Three Ears of Corn. 
 
 Three, Syra (see Syracusa). 
 
 Corn, Atinum, Azetini, Leontini, Rubastini, &c. 
 Balsa, Spain-Lusitania. New Moon, Corn. 
 
 Moon, Baelo. 
 
 Corn, „ 
 Myrtilis, Spain-Lusitania. Fish. 
 
 Fish, Myrina. 
 OssoNOBA, Spain-Lusitania. Fish, Ship. 
 
 Fish, Asido, Sinope. 
 Salacia, Spain-Lusitania. Two Dolphins. 
 
 Fish, Solimariaca, Salentini. 
 AciNiPO, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Grape. 
 
 Corn, Onuba. 
 Aria, Cumbaria, Spain-Boetica. Dolphin. 
 
 Fish, Arevaca. 
 AscuTA, Lascuta, Spain-Boetica. Elephant. 
 AsiDO, Spain-Boetica. Bull, Two Dolphins, Star. 
 
 Bull, Asta. 
 
 Fish, Bursada. 
 
 Star, Issa. 
 
 * See Observations in the paper on this name. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 71 
 
 AsTA, Spain-Boetica. Apollo, Bull. 
 
 Sun^ Astyra, Assos. 
 
 Bull, „ 
 AsTAPA, Spain-Boetica. Woman's Head with Rays. 
 
 Moon, Poestum. 
 Baelo, Belo, Spain-Boetica. Bull, Corn, Sun. 
 
 Bull, Abella, Aballo. 
 
 Corn, Hispalis, Populonia. 
 
 Sun, Abella, Aballo. 
 Barea, Spain-Boetica. Bull. 
 
 Bull, Sybaris, Perinthus. 
 Calletii, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Helmet. 
 
 Corn, Chalcedon. 
 
 Helmet, Calata. 
 Carbula, Spain-Boetica. Snake, Lyre. 
 
 Lyre, Pella. 
 Carissa, Spain-Boetica. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Agyrium, Hyccara, Corone. 
 Carmo, Spain-Boetica. Horse, Corn. 
 
 Horse, Carissa, Corone. 
 
 Corn, Cardia. 
 Carteia, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Ship, Quiver, Club. 
 
 Fish, Caura, Coressia. 
 
 Ship, Megara. 
 
 Quiver, Luceria. 
 
 Bow, „ 
 
 Club, „ 
 
 Caura, Spain-Boetica. Helmeted Head, Fish, Moon. 
 
 Helmet, Coresia. 
 
 Fish, „ 
 
 Moon, Egurri. 
 Gades, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Corn, Ship, Moon, Trident. 
 
 Fish, Cissa, &c. 
 
 Ship, Cisthena. 
 
 Corn, Cissa, &c 
 
 Moon, Leucadia. 
 Illiberis, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Horse. 
 
 Fish, Libera. 
 
 Horse, „ 
 
72 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Illipula, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Corn, New Moon, 
 
 Fish, Pale, Pylus. 
 
 Corn^ Baelo. 
 
 Moon, „ 
 Irippo, Spain-Boetica. Bacchus. 
 
 Grapes, Orippo. 
 Ituci, Spain-Boetica. Horse, Fish, Corn. 
 
 Corn, Tucci, Lastigi. 
 L/ELiA, Spain-Boetica. Palm, Corn. 
 
 Corn, Elaea. 
 Lastigi, Spain-Boetica. Helmet, Corn. 
 
 Cor?i, Tucci, Ituci. 
 MiROBRiGA, Spain-Boetica. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Maronea. 
 MuNDA, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Fish. 
 
 Corn, Metapontum, Mathana, 
 
 Fish, Helmantica, Motna. 
 Nema, Spain-Boetica. Fish. 
 
 Fish, Oningis. 
 MuRGi, Spain-Boetica. Palm, Horse. 
 
 Obulco (Obulko), Spain-Boetica. Bull, Apollo, Horse, Stag, 
 Corn. 
 
 Bull, Aballo, Pelius. 
 
 Sun, „ „ 
 
 Horse, Pella. 
 
 Hog, Populonia. 
 
 Corn, „ 
 Oningis, Spain-Boetica. Fish, Horse. 
 
 Fish, ^gina. 
 
 Horse, Cyon. 
 Onuba, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Horse. 
 Orippo, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Grapes, Bull. 
 
 Grapes, Irippo. 
 OssET, Spain-Boetica. Grapes. 
 
 Grapes, Assos, Issa, &c. 
 Hispalis, Spain-Boetica. Corn. 
 
 Corn, Baelo, Populonia, Cypsela. 
 Sacili (Sakili), Spain-Boetica. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Segovia, Segobriga, Segisama, Zacynthus. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 73 
 
 Searo, Spain-Boetica. Corn. 
 
 Corn^ Syros. 
 SiSAPO, Spain-Boetica. A quadruped. 
 
 Horse^ 
 Tartessus, Spain-Boetica. Corn, Fish. 
 
 Corn, Thasus. 
 Tucci (Tukki), Spain-Boetica. Olive, Corn. 
 
 Corn^ Ituci. 
 Ventippo, Spain-Boetica. Helmet. 
 
 Helmet^ ^na. 
 Ulia, Spain-Boetica. Moon. 
 
 Moon^ Illipula. 
 Urso, Spain-Boetica (Ursone). Fish. 
 
 Fish^ Arsi, 
 ^NA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Bull, Lion, Helmet, 
 
 Horse, Aninsesum. 
 
 Bull, (Eniadae. 
 
 Lion, Caenicenses. 
 
 Helmet, 
 Arevaca, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish. 
 
 Fish, Ergavica. 
 Arsi, Spain-Tarraconensis (Erisi). Fish, Horse. 
 
 Fish, Urso. 
 
 Horse, „ 
 AuSA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Palm, Vase, Horse. 
 
 Palm, Suessa. 
 
 Vase, Assos. 
 
 Horse, Suessa. 
 Belon, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse. 
 
 Fish, Illipula. 
 
 Horse, Bella. 
 BiLBAN, Spain-Tarraconensis. Palm, Fish. 
 
 Palm, Panormus. 
 
 Fish, Sisapona. 
 BiLBiLis, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse. 
 BuRSADA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Plowshare. 
 Bracara, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse. 
 
 Fish, Caronium. 
 
 Horse, Corone. 
 
 E 
 
74 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Caronium (Karoni), Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Spear. 
 Fish^ Coresia. 
 Spear ^ Corone. 
 
 Cerretani (Kerre), Spain-Tarraconensis. Lion, Helmet. 
 
 Lion^ Cardia. 
 
 Helmet^ Caura. 
 CissA (Kisse), Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Lion, Fish, Cock, Vase, 
 Ship, Bow. 
 
 Borse, Cossa, Ceos, Equaesia, Syracusa. 
 
 Lion, Suessa, Cyzicus. 
 
 Ftsh, Cyzicus. 
 
 Cock, Suessa. 
 
 Ship, Ossanoba. 
 
 Vase, Ceos, Chios, Naxos. 
 
 Bow, 
 
 Egurri, Spain-Tarraconensis. Bull, Moon, Shell, 
 Bull, Megara, Carystos. 
 Moon, Caura. 
 Shell, Luceria. 
 
 EgUiESiA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse. 
 Horse, Cissa, &c. 
 
 Ergavica, Spain-Tarraconensis. Plowshare, Horse. 
 Horse, Arevaca. 
 
 Helmantica, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish. 
 Horse, Motna. 
 Fish, Motna, Munda. 
 
 Ildum, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse. 
 Horse, Elis. 
 
 IsPALENSis, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse. 
 Fish, Pale. 
 Horse, Pella. 
 Spear, Phalasarna. 
 
 Libora, Spain-Tarraconensis. Corn, Horse, Fish, Spear. 
 Corn, Pharus. 
 Horse, Ephyra, Eburones. 
 Fish, Illiberis, Lipara, Bariam. 
 Spear, Berytus, Lipara. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 75 
 
 LiBisoNA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse, Caduceus. 
 Fish, Sinope, Byzantium. 
 Horse, Sena. 
 
 IVafidy Asine. 
 Lybia, Spain-Tarraconensis. Palm, Horse. 
 
 Palm, Libisona. 
 Narbases, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse. 
 Fish, Libiona. 
 Horse, „ 
 Nerii, Spain-Tarraconensis. Bull, Horse. 
 Orisia, Spain-Tarraconensis (Oligie, legend). Horse. 
 
 Horse, Lairssa, Olisippo. 
 Olisippo (Orisippo), Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Spear. 
 
 Horse, Orisia. 
 
 Spear, Alyzea. 
 OscA (Oska, Osha), Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse. 
 
 Fish, Cissa, Cyzicus. 
 
 Horse, Ossa, Ceos. 
 Osicerda (Asekert, legend), Spain-Tarraconensis. Lion. 
 
 Lion, Cardia. 
 OsTUR, Spain-Tarraconensis. Boar. 
 
 Hog, ^tolia. 
 Pala, Palentia, Spain - Tarraconensis. Vulcan with Council 
 Cap. 
 
 Vulcan, Lipara. 
 SiETABis (Stbgs, legend). Corn. 
 
 Corn, Taba. 
 Saguntum, Spain-Tarraconensis. Ship, Helmeted Head. 
 
 Ship, ^gina. 
 
 Helmet, ^na. 
 Savia (Sbie, legend), Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Palm. 
 
 Horse, Oba. 
 Segisama, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish, Palm. 
 
 Horse, Sacili, Segovia, Segobriga. 
 
 Fish, Segobriga. 
 Segobriga, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish, Palm. 
 
 Horse, Segisama. 
 
 Fish, „ 
 
 Palm, 
 
76 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Segovia (Segb, legend). Horse, Spear. 
 
 Horse, Segisama. 
 
 Spear, „ 
 Setisacum, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Palm. 
 SiSAPONA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish, Lance. 
 
 Horse, Beneventum, Panormus. 
 
 Lance, Opuntii. 
 Tarraco, Spain-Tarraconensis. Bull, Palm, Crown. 
 
 Bulk Dyrrhachium. 
 
 Pahn, Tyrus. 
 
 Crown, Thyrea, Abdera. 
 ToLETUM, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Entella. 
 TuRiASO, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Tarentum, Tauroraenium, Turones. 
 TuRUPTiANA, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish, Spear. 
 
 Horse, Turiaso. 
 
 Fish, Thurium. 
 
 Spear, „ 
 Ursi, Spain-Tarraconensis. Horse, Fish. 
 
 Horse, Orisia. 
 
 Fish, Urso, Arsi, Arsinoe. 
 
 Vascones, Spain-Tarraconensis. Hog, Horse, Palm 
 Hog, Asculum. 
 Horse, „ 
 Palm, Askalon. 
 
 Velia, Spain-Tarraconensis. Fish, Horse. * 
 
 Fish, Phalanna. 
 
 Horse, Elis. 
 ZoiLiE. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Sollium, Solimariaca, Salapia. 
 Vesci, Spain. Bull and Tree. 
 Iptuci (Ptukki), Spain. Wheel. 
 Oba, Spain. Horse, 
 
 Horse, Ubii. 
 Bellindi, Aquitania, Gaul. Horse, Apollo. 
 
 Horse, Pelinna, Phalanna. 
 
 Sun^ Pelius. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 77 
 
 BiTURiGES (Avarico), Aquitania, Gaul. Boar. 
 
 Hog^ Eburovices. 
 Abudos, King of Bituriges. Eagle, Horse. 
 
 Eagle ^ Abydos. 
 
 Horse, Ubii. 
 CuBi, Aquitania, Gaul. Boar, Horse. 
 
 Hog, Capua. 
 
 Horse, Cacaba. 
 
 Cambolectri, Aquitania, Gaul. Horse, Sword. 
 
 Horse, Camarina. 
 
 Swordy Cimolis. 
 Santones (Santonas), Aquitania, Gaul. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Senones, Sena. 
 Massilia, Gaul. Lion, Diana, Quiver. 
 
 Lion, Messaria. 
 
 Moon, Amestratus. 
 
 Quiver y „ 
 
 Agatha, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion. 
 Lion, Acanthus. 
 
 AvENio, Gallia-Narbonensis. Hog, Bull, Apollo, Diana. 
 
 Hog, Enna. 
 
 Bull, Pheneus, ^na. 
 
 Sun, Enna, Anaphe. 
 
 Moo?i, Pheneus, Banias. 
 Cabellio, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion. 
 
 Lion, Capua, Cibyra. 
 CiENiCENSES (Kainike), Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion, Apollo. 
 
 Lion^ Sicyon. 
 
 Sun, Cyaneae, Conane. 
 Cavares, Gallia-Narbonensis. Horse. 
 
 Horse, Camarina. 
 Glanum, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion. 
 Nemausus, Gallia-Narbonensis. Serpent, Apollo, Boar. 
 
 Sun, Massicytes. 
 
 Boar, Amphissa. 
 
 OxuBii, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion. 
 Lion, Capua. 
 
78 HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 
 
 RicoMAGENSES (Rikoiii), GalUa-Narbonensis. Lion, Diana. 
 
 Lio7i, Rhegium. 
 
 Moony „ 
 Samnagenses, Samnage, Gallia-Narbonensis. Bull, Apollo, Diana. 
 
 Bully Samnites. 
 
 Suriy Samnites, Same, Samosata. 
 
 Mooriy Samos. 
 
 Segovii, Gallia-Narbonensis. Lion, Diana. 
 LioHy Segesta. 
 Mooriy Zacynthus. 
 
 Tricorii, Gallia-Narbonensis. Diana, Lion. 
 MooHy Egurri. 
 Liofiy Nuceria. 
 
 UcETiA, Gallia-Narbonensis. Apollo, Lion. 
 Sufiy Cotiaeum. 
 
 VocONTii, Gallia-Narbonensis. Horse, Apollo. 
 Horsey Cyon. 
 SuHy Cyaneae. 
 
 Aballo, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Apollo, Bull, Ass. 
 SuTiy Abella, &c. 
 Bully Abella, Obulco, Pelius, Pylos. 
 
 Andecavi (Andekom), Gallia Lugdunensis. Boar, Horseman. 
 
 Hogy Capua. 
 
 Horsey Cavares. 
 Carnutes, Carnitos, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Lion. 
 
 LioHy Cardia. 
 
 CoRiLissus, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Lion. 
 Lioriy Tricorii. 
 
 Eburovices, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Boar, Apollo, Horse. 
 Boary Avaricum. 
 Sufiy Balbura, 
 HorsCy Eburone. 
 
 Mantubini, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Apollo, Horse, Fish. 
 Sufiy Metapontum. 
 Horsey Munda. 
 
 Fishy y, 
 
HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS, ETC. 79 
 
 RoTOMAGUS, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Apollo, Horse, Bull. 
 
 Sun^ Rhodus, Rhodia. 
 
 Horse^ Erethrae. 
 
 Bull^ Eretria. 
 KisiAMBOS, King of Lixovii, Helvetii, Gaul, Wheel. 
 
 Wheels Mesembria. 
 Senones, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Horse, Boar, and Bull, 2 Goats. 
 
 Horse^ Sena (Gallia). 
 
 Boar^ Enna. 
 
 Bidl^ ^na, Libisona. 
 
 Goat, Enna. 
 Sequani, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Boar. 
 
 Boar^ Abacaenum. 
 TuRONES, TuRO, Gallia-Lugdunensis. Apollo, Horse. 
 
 Sun^ Tauromenium. 
 
 Horse, „ 
 
 Eburones, Belgica. Horse.* 
 
 Horse, Ephyrae. 
 Solimariaca (or Soli). Belgica. Horse, Fish, Apollo. 
 
 Horse, Salapia. 
 
 Fish, Salacia, Salapia, Salentini. 
 
 Sun, Salapia. 
 Tornacum, Belgica. Helmet, Spear. 
 
 Helmet, Thyrea, Abdura. 
 
 Spear, Thurium. 
 Ubii, Belgica.t Horse. 
 
 Horse, Oba. 
 
 * The Eburones are supposed to be Germans, 
 t For Britain, see the text. 
 
WILLIAM RIDER AND SON, PRINTERS, 
 BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. 
 
TRtJBNER'S 
 
 (Bxitntai $<: linguistic ^3ubltcattons* 
 
 -^ OJLTA.XjOC3-TJE 
 
 or 
 
 BOOKS, PERIODICALS, AND SERIALS, 
 
 ON THB 
 
 ^i0torp, language0, iReligions, antiquities, Hiteta* 
 ture, ano ©eogtapbg of tfte (Cast, 
 
 AND KINBEEB SUBJECTS, 
 
 PUBLISHED BT 
 
 TI^tJBl^EI^ &c OO. 
 
 LONDON: 
 TRUBNER & CO., 67 and 59, LUDGATE HILL. 
 
 1882. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Triibner's Oriental Series 3 
 
 Serials and Periodicals 6 
 
 Archaeology, Ethnography, Geography, History, Law, Literature, Numismatics 
 
 Travels 19 
 
 The Religions of the East 
 
 Comparative Philology (Polyglots) 
 
 Grammars, Dictionaries, Texts, and Translations :- 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 V 
 
 AGE 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Accad — V. Assyrian 
 
 
 Hindustani 
 
 ... 
 
 
 71 
 
 African Languages 
 
 41 
 
 Icelandic ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 72 
 
 American Languages 
 
 42 
 
 Japanese 
 
 ... 
 
 
 73 
 
 Anglo-Saxon 
 
 43 
 
 Irish — V. Keltic 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Arabic 
 
 44 
 
 Kamilaroi— see Australian Lang. 
 
 
 
 Assamese 
 
 45 
 
 Keltic(Coniish,Gaelic, Welsh, Irish) 
 
 73 
 
 Assyrian , 
 
 46 
 
 Mahratta (Marathi) 
 
 ... 
 
 
 74 
 
 Australian Languages 
 
 48 
 
 Malagasy 
 
 ... 
 
 
 74 
 
 Aztek— «^. American Lang. ... 
 
 
 Malay 
 
 ... 
 
 
 75 
 
 Babylonian — v. Assyrian 
 
 
 Malayalim 
 
 ... 
 
 
 7^ 
 
 Rengali 
 
 48 
 
 Maori 
 
 ... 
 
 
 75 
 
 Brahoe 
 
 48 
 
 Oriya — v. Uriya 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Braj Bhak&— ». Hindi 
 
 
 Pali 
 
 ... 
 
 
 75 
 
 Burmese 
 
 48 
 
 Pazand 
 
 ... 
 
 
 77 
 
 Celtic— y. Keltic 
 
 
 Peguan 
 
 ... 
 
 
 77 
 
 Chaldaic— V. Assyrian 
 
 
 Pehlvi 
 
 ... 
 
 
 77 
 
 Chinese (for books on and in 
 
 49 
 
 Pennsylvania Dutch 
 
 ... 
 
 
 78 
 
 Pidgin -English see under 
 
 
 Persian 
 
 ... 
 
 
 79 
 
 this heading) 
 
 
 Pidgin- English 
 
 ... 
 
 
 80 
 
 Choctaw — V. American Lang. 
 
 
 Prakrit 
 
 ... 
 
 
 80 
 
 Coptic— v. Egyptian 
 
 
 Pukshto (Pakkhto, Pashto) 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 Corean 
 
 53 
 
 Punjabi — v. Gurmukhi ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Cornish— V. Keltic 
 
 
 Quichua — v. American T-anguages 
 
 
 Cree — v. American Lan- 
 Creole guages 
 
 
 Russian 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 81 
 
 
 Samaritan 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 81 
 
 Cuneiform — V. Assyrian. 
 
 
 Samoan ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 81 
 
 Dutch (Pennsylvania) 
 
 78 
 
 Sanskrit 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 82 
 
 Egyptian ... 
 
 64 
 
 Shan 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 91 
 
 English— Early and Modern 
 
 55 
 
 Sindhi 
 
 ... 
 
 . 
 
 92 
 
 English and Dialects 
 
 
 Sinhalese 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 92 
 
 Frisian 
 
 67 
 
 Suahili 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 92 
 
 Gaelic— V. Keltic 
 
 
 Syriac 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 92 
 
 Gaudiau 
 
 67 
 
 Tamil 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 93 
 
 German (Old) 
 
 67 
 
 Telugu 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 93 
 
 Gipsy 
 
 Greek (Modern and Classic) .. 
 
 68 
 
 Tibetan 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 94 
 
 68 
 
 Turki 
 
 
 ... 
 
 94 
 
 Gujarati 
 
 68 
 
 Turkish 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 94 
 
 Gurmukhi 
 
 69 
 
 Umbrian 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 95 
 
 Hawaiian. 
 
 69 
 
 Urdu — V. Hindustani ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Hebrew 
 
 69 
 
 Uriya 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 95 
 
 Hidatsa— V. American Lang. 
 
 
 Welsh— V. Keltic 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Hindi 
 
 70 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
TRUBNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. 
 
 *' A knowledge of the commonplace, at least, of Oriental literature, philosophy, 
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 has heen brought within the range of accurate philology, and its invaluable ancient 
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 have been laid bare ; Egyptian, Assyrian, and other records of the remote past have 
 been deciphered, and a group of scholars speak of still more recondite Accadiau and 
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 Essays on the Saceed Language, Writings, and Religion of 
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 Second Edition, pp. xvi. and 428. 1878. ]6s. 
 
 Texts feom the Buddhist Canon, commonly known as Dhamma- 
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 A Sketch of The Modern Languages of the East Indies. By 
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 The Birth of the "War God. A Poem by KIlidIsa. Translated 
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 Buddhist Bieth Stoeies; or, Jataka Tales. The oldest collection of 
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 THE FOLLOWING WORKS ARE IN PREPARATION :— 
 
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 Buddhist Records of the Western World. Being the Si-yu-ki by 
 HwEN Thsang. Translated from the original Chinese, with Introduction, 
 Index, etc. By Samuel Beal, Trinity College, Cambridge ; Professor of 
 Chinese, University College, London. In Two Vols. 
 
 The Odes of Hafiz of Shiraz. Translated from the Persian into 
 English Verse by E. H. Palmer, M.A., Professor of Arabic in the University 
 of Cambridge. 
 
 Indian Tales from Thibetan Sources. Translated from the Thibetan 
 into German by Anton Schiefner. Itendered into English, with Notes, by 
 W. R. S. Ralston. 
 
 The Six Jewels of the Law. With Pali Texts and English Trans- 
 lation. By R. MoRKis, LL.D. 
 
6 Linguistic Publications of Triibner 8^ Co., 
 
 The Aphorisms of the Sankhta Philosophy of Kapila. "With Illus- 
 trative Extracts from the Commentaries. By the late J. R. Ballantyne. 
 Second Edition, Edited by Fitzepward Hall. 
 
 A COMPAEATIYE HiSTOEY OF THE EGYPTIAN AIH) MeSOPOTAMIAN^ RELI- 
 GIONS. By Dr. C. P. Tiele. In Two Volumes. Volume I. History of the 
 Egyptian Eeligion. Translated from the Dutch, with the assistance of the 
 Author. By James Ballingal. 
 
 Linguistic Essays. By Gael Aeel. 
 
 Contents.— Language as the expression of National Modes of Thought. — The Conception of 
 Love in some Ancient and Modern Languages. — The English Verbs of Command.— Seniariology. 
 — Philological Methods. — The Connection between Dictionary and Grammar.— The possibility of 
 a Common literary Language for all Slavs. — The Order and Position of Words in the Latin 
 Sentence. — The Coptic Language.— The Origin of Language. 
 
 The Middle Ejngdom. A Survey of the Geography, Government, 
 Education, Social Life, Arts, Religion, etc., of the Chinese Empire, and its 
 Inhabitants. By Samuel Wells Williams, LL.D. Fourth Edition. In 
 Two Volumes. 
 
 SERIALS AND PERIODICALS. 
 
 Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. — Jouenal of the 
 
 Royal Asiatic Society of Gkeat Britain and Ireland, from the Com- 
 mencement to 1863. First Series, complete in 20 Vols. 8vo., with many Plates. 
 Price £10; or, in Single Numbers, as follows:— Nos. 1 to 14, 65. each; No. 15j 
 2 Parts, 4.9. each; No. 16, 2 Parts, 4s. each; No. 17, 2 Parts, 4s. each; No. 
 18, 6s. These 18 Numbers form Vols. I. to IX.— Vol. X., Part 1, o.p.; 
 Part 2, 5s. ; Part 3, 5s.— Vol. XI., Part 1, 6s. ; Part 2 not published.— Vol. 
 XII., 2 Parts, 6s. each— Vol. XIII., 2 Parts, Ss. each.— Vol. XIV., Parti, 
 5s. ; Part 2 not published.— Vol. XV., Part 1, 6s. ; Part 2, with 3 Maps, £2 2s. 
 —Vol. XVI., 2 Parts, 6s. each.— Vol. XVII., 2 Parts, 6s. each.— Vol. XVIIL, 
 2 Parts, 6s. each.— Vol. XIX., Parts 1 to 4, 16s.— Vol. XX., Parts 1 and 2, 4s. 
 each. Part 3, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Asiatic Society. — Journal oe the Eoyal Asiatic Society of Geeat 
 Britain and Ireland. JVew Series. Vol. I. In Two Parts, pp. iv. and 
 490, sewed. 1861-5. 16s. 
 
 Contents — I. Vajra-chhedikS, the "Kin Kong King," or Diamond Sfitra. Translated from 
 the Chinese by the Rev. S. Beal, Chaplain, R.N.— II. The PdramitS-hridaya Siatra, or, in Chinese, 
 " Mo ho-po-ye-po-lo-mih-to-sin-king," i.e. "The Great Paramita Heart SQtra." Translated 
 from the Chinese by the Rev. S. Beal, Chaplain, R.N.— III. On the Preservation of National 
 Literature in the East. By Colonel F. J. Goldsmid.— IV. On the Agricultural, Commercial, 
 Financial, and Military Statistics of Ceylon. By E. R. Power, Esq.— V. Contributions to a 
 Knowledge of the Vedic Theogony and Mythology. By J. Muir, D.C.L., LL.D.— VI. A Tabular 
 List of Original Works and Translations, published by the late Dutch Government of Ceylon at 
 their Printing Press at Colombo. Compiled by Mr. Mat. P. J. Ondaatje, of Colombo.— VII 
 Assyrian and Hebrew Chronology compared, with a view of showing the extent to which the 
 Hebrew Chronology of Ussher must be modified, in conformity with the Assyrian Canon. By 
 J. W. Bosanquet, Esq.— VIII. On the existing Dictionaries of the Malay Language. By Dr. 
 H. N. van der Tuuk. — IX. Bilingual Readings : Cuneiform and Phoenician. Notes on some 
 Tablets in the British Museum, containing Bilingual Legends (Assyrian and Phoenician). By 
 Major-General Sir H. Rawlinson, K.C.B., Director R. A.S.— X. Translations of Three Copper-plate 
 Inscriptions of the Fourth Century a.d., and Notices of the Chalukya and Gurjjara Dynasties 
 By Professor J . Dowson, Staff College, Sandhurst.— XI. Yama and' the Doctrine of a Future 
 Life, according to the Rig-Yajur-, and Atharva-Vedas. By J. Muir, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D.— XII. 
 On the Jyotisha Observation of the Place of the Colures, and the Date derivable from it. By 
 "William D. Whitney, Esq., Professor of Sanskrit in Yale College, New Haven, U.S.— Note on 
 
57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, Londoiiy EX, 7 
 
 the preceding Article. By Sir Edward Colebrooke, Bart., M.P., President R.A.S.— XIII. Pro- 
 gress of the Vedic Religion towards Abstract Conceptions of the Deity. By J. Muir, Esq., 
 D.C.L., LL.D.— XIV. Brief Notes on the Age and Authenticity of the Work of Aryabhata» 
 "Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Bhattotpala, and Bhaskaracharya. By Dr. Bhau Daji, Hono- 
 rary Member R.A.S.— XV. Outlines of a Grammar of the Malagasy Language. By H. N. Van 
 der Tuuk.— XVI. On the Identity of Xandrames and Krananda. By Edward Thomas, Esq. 
 
 Vol. II. In Two Parts, pp. 522, sewed. 1866-7. I65. 
 
 Contents. — I. Contributions to a Knowledge of Vedic Theogony and Mythology. No. 2. 
 By J. Muir, Esq. —II. Miscellaneous Hymns from the Rig- and Athai'va-Vedas. By J. Muir> 
 Esq.— III. Five hundred questions on the Social Condition of the Natives of Bengal. By the 
 Rev. J. Long. — IV. Short account of the Malay Manuscripts belonging to the Royal Asiatic 
 Society. By Dr. H. N. van der Tuuk.— V. Translation of tbe Amitabha Sutra from the Chinese. 
 By the Rev. S. Beal, Chaplain Royal Navy.— VI. Tbe initial coinage of Bengal. By Edward 
 Thomas, Esq.— VII. Specimens of an Assyrian Dictionary. By Edwin Norris, Esq.— VIII. Ou 
 the Relations of the Priests to the other classes of Indian Society in the Vedic age By J. Muir, 
 Esq.— IX. On the Interpretation of the Veda. By the same.— X. An attempt to Translate 
 from the Chinese a work known as the Confessional Services of the great compassionate Kwun 
 Yin, possessing 1000 hands and 1000 eyes. By the Rev. S. Beal, Chaplain Royal Navy. 
 —XI. The Hymns of the Gaupayanas and the Legend of King Asamati. By Professor Miix 
 Miiller, M.A., Honorary Member Royal Asiatic Society.— XII. Specimen Chapters of an Assyrian 
 Grammar. By the Rev. E. Hincks, D. D., Honorary Member Royal Asiatic Society. 
 
 Vol.111. In Two Parts, pp. 516, sewed. With Photograph. 1868. 22«. 
 
 Contents. — I. Contributions towards a Glossary of the Assyrian Language. By H. F. Talbot - 
 — II. Remarks on the Indo-Chinese Alphabets. By Dr. A. Bastian.— III. The poetry of 
 Mohamed Rabadan, Arragonese. By the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley.— IV. Catalogue of the Oriental 
 Manuscripts in the Library of King's College, Cambridge. By Edward Henry Palmer, B.A , 
 Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Member of the Royal Asiatic Society ; Membre de la 
 Society Asiatique de Paris.— V. Description of the Amravati Tope in Guntur. By J. Fergussoii, 
 Esq., F.R.S.— VI. Remarks on Prof. Brockhaus' edition of the Kathasarit-sagara, Lambaka IX. 
 XVHI. By Dr. H. Kern, Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Leyden.— VII. The source 
 of Colebrooke's Essay '• On the Duties of a Faithful Hindu Widow." By Fitzedward Hall, Esq., 
 M.A., D.C.L. Oxon. Supplement: Further detail of proofs that Colebrooke's Essay, "On tiie 
 Duties of a Faithful Hindu Widow," was not indebted to the Vivadabhangarnava. By Fitz- 
 edward Hall, Esq.— VIII. The Sixth Hymn of the First Book of the Rig Veda. By Professor 
 Max Miiller, M.A. Hon. M.R.A.S.— IX. Sassanian Inscriptions. By E. Thomas, Esq.— X. Ac- 
 count of an Embassy from Morocco to Spain in 1690 and 1691. By the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley.— 
 XI. The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon. By the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley.— XII. 
 Materials for the History of Inrlia for the Six Hundred Years of Mohammadan rule, previous to 
 the Foundation of the British Indian Empire. By Major W. Nassau Lees, LL.D., Ph.D.— XIII. 
 A Few Words concerning the Hill people inhabiting the Forests of the Cochin State. By 
 Captain G. E. Fryer, Madras Staff Corps, M.R.A.S.— XIV. Notes on the Bhojpurl Dialect of 
 Hindi, spoken in Western Behar. By John Beames, Esq., B.C.S., Magistrate of Chumparun. 
 
 Vol. IV. In Two Parts, pp. 521, sewed. 1869-70. I65. 
 
 Contents.— I. Contribution towards a Glossary of the Assyrian Language, By H. F. Talbot. 
 Part II.— II. On Indian Chronology. By J. Fergusson, Esq., F.R.S.— III. The Poetry ol 
 Mohamed Rabadan of Arragon. By the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley.— IV. On the M agar Language 
 of Nepal. By John Beames, Esq., B.C.S. — V. Contributions to the Knowledge of Parsee Lite- 
 rature. By Edward Sachau, Ph.D.— VI. Illustrations of the Lamaist System in Tibet, drawn 
 from Chinese Sources. By Wm. Frederick Mayers, Esq., of H.B.M. Consular Service, China. — 
 VII. Khuddaka Pdtha, a Pdli Text, with a Translation and Notes. By R. C. Childers, late of 
 the Ceylon Civil Service. — VIII. An Endeavour to elucidate Rashiduddin's Geographical Notices 
 of India. By Col. H. Yule, C.B.— IX. Sassanian Inscriptions explained by the Pahlavi of the 
 Parsis. By E. W. West, Esq.— X. Some Account of the Senbya Pagoda at MengQn, near the 
 Burmese Capital, in a Memorandum by Capt. E. H. Sladan, Political Agent at Mandale; with 
 Remarks on the Subject by Col. Henry Yule, C.B. — XI. The Brhat-Sanhita ; or, Complete 
 System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-Mihira. Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. 
 H. Kern. -XII. The Mohammedan Law of Evidence, and its influence on the Administration of 
 Justice in India. By N. B, E. Baillie, Esq.— XIII. The Mohammedan Law of Evidence in con- 
 nection with the Administration of Justice to Foreigners. By N. B. E. Baillie, Esq.— XIV. A 
 Translation of a Bactrian Pdli Inscription. By Prof. J. Dowson.- XV. Indo-Parthian Coins 
 By E. Thomas, Esq. 
 
 Vol. V. In Two Parts, pp. 463, sewed. With 10 full-page and folding Plates. 
 1871-2. \%s.M. 
 
 Contents.— I. Two JStakas. The original Pdli Text, with an English Translation. By V» 
 Fausboll.— II. On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keu-yung kwan, in North China. By A. 
 Wylie.— III. The Brhat Sanhita ; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-Mihira 
 Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H. Kern.— IV. The Pongol Festival in Southern 
 India. By Charles E. Cover.- V. The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon. By the Right 
 Hon. Lord Stanley of Alderley.— VI. Essay on the Creed and Customs of the Jangains. By 
 Charles P. Brown.— VII. On Malabar, Coromandel, Quilon, etc. By C. P. Brown.— VIII. On 
 the Treatment of the Nexus in the Neo-Aryan Languages of India. By John Beames, B.C.S. — 
 IX. Some Remarks on the Great Tope at Sanchi. By the Rev. S. Beal.— X. Ancient Inscriptions 
 
S. Linguistic Publications of Trubner 8f Co,, 
 
 from Jlathura. Translated by Professor J. Dowson.— Note to the Mathura Inscriptions. By 
 Major-General A. Cunningham. — XI. Specimen of a Translation of the Adi Granth. By Dr. 
 Ernest Trumpp.— XII. Notes on Dbammapada, with Special Reference to the Question of Nir- 
 Tana, By K. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service,— XIII. The Brhat-Sanhita ; or. 
 Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-mihira. Translated from Sanskrit into English 
 by Dr. H. Kern. — XIV. On the Origin of the Buddhist Arthakathas. By the Mudliar L. Comrilla 
 Vijasinha, Government Interpreter to the Ratnapura Court, Ceylon. With an Introduction by 
 R. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service. — XV. The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of 
 Arragon. By the Right Hon. Lord Stanley of Alderley. — XVI, Provei'bia Communia Syriaca. 
 By Captain R. F. Burton,- -XVII. Notes on an Ancient Indian Vase, with an Account of the En- 
 ^aving thereupon. By Charles Home, M, R. A, S., late of the Bengal Civil Service, — XVIII. 
 The Bhar Tribe, By the Rev. M. A. Sherring, LL.D., Benares. Communicated by C. Home, 
 M.R.A,S,, late B,C,S.— XIX, Of Jihad in Mohammedan Law, and its application to British 
 India, By N. B. E, Baillie,— XX, Comments on Recent Pehlvi Decipherments. With an Inci- 
 dental Sketch of the Derivation of Aryan Alphabets, And Contributions to the Early History 
 and Geography of Tabaristdn. Illustrated by Coins. By E. Thomas, F.R.S. 
 
 Vol. VI., Part 1, pp. 212, sewed, with two plates and a map. 1872. 8«. 
 
 Contents. — The Ishmaelites, and the Arabic Tribes who Conquered their Country. By A. 
 Sprenger.— A Brief Account of Four Arabic Works on the History and Geography of Arabia. 
 By Captain S. B. Miles.— On the Methods of Disposing of the Dead at Llassa, Thibet, etc. By 
 Charles Home, late B.C.S. The Brhat-Sanhita; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of 
 Varaha-mihira, Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H. Kern.— Notes on Hwen 
 Thsang's Account of the Principalities of Tokharistan, in which some Previous Geographical 
 Identifications are Reconsidered. By Colonel Yule, C.B.— The Campaign of JElius Gallus in 
 Arabia. By A. Sprenger.— An Account of Jerusalem, Translated for the late Sir H.M.Elliot 
 from the Persian Text of NSsir ibn Khusrd's Safanamah by the late Major A, R. Fuller, — The 
 
 oetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon. By the Right Hon, Lord Stanley of Alderley. 
 
 Vol. VI., Part IT., pp. 213 to 400 and Ixxxiv., sewed. Illustrated with a Map. 
 Plates, and Woodcuts. 1873. 8s. 
 
 Contents, — On Hiouen-Thsang's Journey from Patna to Ballabhi. By James Fergusson, 
 D,C,L., F.R.S. —Northern Buddhism. [Note from Colonel H. Yule, addressed to the Secretary.] 
 — Hwen Thsang's Account of the Principalities of Tokharistan, etc. By Colonel H. Yule, C,B. — 
 The Brhat-Saiihita; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-mihira. Translated 
 from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H, Kern. — The Initial Coinage of Bengal, under the Early 
 Muhammadan Conquerors. Part II. Embracing the preliminary period between a.h. 614-634 
 (a.d. 1217-1236-7). By Edward Thomas, F.R.S.— The Legend of Dipankara Buddha. Translated 
 from the Chinese (and intended to illustrate Plates xxix. and l., 'Tree and Serpent Worship '). 
 By S. Beal.— Note on Art, IX., ant6 pp, 213-274, on Hiouen-Thsang's Journey from Patna to 
 Ballabhi. By James Fergusson D.C.L,, F,R,S,— Contributions towards a Glossary of the 
 Assyrian Language, By H, F. Talbot. 
 
 Vol. VII., Parti., pp. 170 and 24, sewed. With a plate. 1874. 8s. 
 
 Contents.— The Upasampadd-Katnmavacd, being the Buddhist Manual of the Form and 
 Manner of Ordering of Priests and Deacons. The Pali Text, with a Translation and Notes. 
 By J, F. Dickson, B.A., sometime Student of Christ Church, Oxford, now of the Ceylon Civil 
 Service,— Notes on the Megalithic Monuments of the Coimbatore District, Madras. By M. J. 
 Walhouse, late Madras C.S.— Notes on the Sinhalese Language. No. I. On the Formation of 
 the Plural of Neuter Nouns. By R, C. Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service.— The Pali 
 Text of the Mnhdparinibhdna Sutfa and Commentary, with a Translation. By R. C. Childers, 
 late of the Ceylon Civil Service.— The Brihat-Sanhita ; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology 
 of Varaha-mihira, Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. II, Kern, — Note on the 
 Valley of Choombi. By Dr. A. Campbell, late Superintendent of Darjeeling. — The Name of the 
 Twelfth Imdm on the Coinage of Egypt, By H. Sauvaire and Stanley Lane Poole.— Three 
 Inscriptions of Parakrama Bahu the Great from Pulastipura, Ceylon (date circa 1180 a. u.). By 
 T. W. Rhys Davids.— Of the KharSj or Muhammadan Land Tax ; its Application to British 
 India, and Effect on the Tenure of Land. By N. B, E. Baillie.— Appendix : A Specimen of a 
 Byriac Version of the Kalilah wa-Dimnah, with an English Translation. By W. Wright. 
 
 Vol. VII., Part II., pp. 191 to 394, sewed. With seven plates and a map. 1875. 8« 
 Contents.— Sigiri, the Lion Rock, near Pulastipura, Ceylon ; and the Thirty-nintb Chapter 
 of the Mahavamsa. By T. W. Rhys Davids.— The Northern Frontagers of China. Part I. 
 The Origines of the Mongols. By H. H, Howorth,— Inedited Arabic Coins. By Stanley Lan- 
 Poole.— Notice on the Dinars of the Abbasside Dynasty. By Edward Thomas Rogers.— The 
 Northern Frontagers of China. Part II. The Origines of the Manchus. By H, H, Howorth. 
 —Notes on the Old Mongolian Capital of Shangtu. By S. W. Bushell, B.Sc, M,D,— Oriental 
 Proverbs in their Relations to Folklore, History, Sociology ; with Suggestions for their Collec- 
 tion, Interpretation, Publication, By the Rev, J, Long,— Two Old Simhalese Inscriptions, The 
 Sahasa Malla Inscription, date 1200 a.d., and the Ruwanwseli Dagaba Inscription, date 1191 a,d. 
 Text, Translation, and Notes. By T, W, Rhys Davids.- Notes on a Bactrian Pali Inscription 
 and the Samvat Era. By Prof. J. Dowson.— Note on a Jade Drinking Vessel of the Emperor 
 Jahdngir. By Edward Thomas, F.R.S. 
 
 Vol. VIII., Part I., pp. 156, sewed, with three plates and a plan. 1876. 8j. 
 Contents. — Catalogue of Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Possession of the Royal 
 Asiatic Society (Hodgson Collection). By Professors E. B. Cowell and J. Eggeling.— On the 
 
57 and 59, Ludgate Hilly London^ E. C. 9 
 
 Ruins of Sigiri in Ceylon. By T. H. Blakesley, Esq., Public Works Department, Ceylon.— The 
 Patimokkha, being the Buddhist Office of the Confession of Priests. The Pali Text, with a 
 Translation, and Notes. By J. F. Dickson, M.A., sometime Student of Christ Church, Oxford, 
 now of the Ceylon Civil Service. — Notes on the Sinhalese Language. No. 2. Proofs of the 
 Sanskritic Origin of Sinhalese. By R. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service. 
 
 Vol. VIII., Part II., pp. 157-308, sewed. 1876. 8s. 
 
 CoNTKNTS.— An Account of the Island of Bali. By B,. Friederich.— The Pali Text of the Mah&- 
 parinibbana Sutta and Commentary, with a Translation. By R. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon 
 Civil Service.— The Northern Frontagers of China. Part III. The Kara Khitai. By H. H. 
 Howorth.— Inedited Arabic Coins. II. By Stanley Lane Poole.— On the Form of Government 
 under the Native Sovereigns of Ceylon. By A. de Silva Ekanayaka, Mudaliyar of the Depart- 
 ment of Public Instruction, Ceylon. 
 
 Vol. IX., Fart I., pp. 156, sewed, with a plate. 1877. 8s. 
 
 Contents.— Baetrian Coins and Indian Dates. By E. Thomas, F.R.S.— The Tenses of the 
 Assyrian Verb. By the Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A. — An Account of the Island of Bali. By R. 
 rriederich (continued from Vol. VIII. n.s. p. 218).— On Ruins in Makran. By Major Mockler. 
 —Inedited Arabic Coins. III. By Stanley Lane Poole,— Further Note on a Bactrian Pali Inscrip- 
 tion and the Samvat Era. By Prof. J. Dowson. — Notes on Persian Beluchistan. From the 
 Persian of Mirza Mehdy Kh4n. By A. H. Schindler. 
 
 Vol IX., Part II., pp. 292, sewed, with three plates. 1877. \Qs.6d. 
 
 Contents.— The Early Faith of Asoka. By E. Thomas, F.R.S.— The Northern Frontagers 
 of China. Part II. The Manchus (Supplementary Notice). Bv H. H. Howorth.— The Northern 
 Frontagers of China. Part IV. The Kin or Golden Tatars. By H. H. Howorth. -On a Treatise 
 on Weights and Measures by Eliva, Archbishop of Nislbin. By M. H. Sauvaire.— On Imperial 
 and other Titles. By Si' T. E. Colebrooke, Bart., M. P.— Affinities of the Dialects of the Chepang 
 4ind Kusundah Tribes of Nipal with those of the Hill Tribes of Arracan. By Captain C. J. F. 
 Forbes F.R.G.S , M.A.S. Bengal, etc.— Notes on Some Antiquities found in a Mound near 
 Damghan. By A. H. Schindler. 
 
 Vol. X., Part I., pp. 156, sewed, with two plates and a map. 1878. 8s. 
 
 Contents. — On the Non-Aryan Languages of India. By E. L. Brandreth, Esq.— A Dialogue 
 on the Vedantic Conception of Brahma. By Pramada Dasa Mittra, late Officiating Professor of 
 Anglo-Sanskrit, Government College, Benares.— An Account of the Island of Bali. By R. 
 Friederich (continued from Vol. IX. N. S. p. 120).— Unpublished Glass Weights and Measures. 
 By Edward Thomas Rogers.— China via Tibet. By S. C. Boulger.— Notes and Recollections on 
 Tea Cultivation in Kumaon and Garhwal. By J. H. Batten, F.R.G.S., Bengal Civil Service 
 Retired, formerly Commissioner of Kumaon, 
 
 Vol. X., Part II., pp. 146, sewed. 1878. 6s. 
 
 CosTKNTS.— Note on Pliny's Geography of the East Coast of Arabia. By Major-General 
 S. B. :Mile8, Bombay Staff Corp*. The Maldive Islands ; with a Vocabulary taken from Fran9ois 
 Pyrard de Laval, 1602— 1607. By A. Gray, late of the Ceylon Civil Service.- On Tibeto-Burman 
 Languages. By Captain C. J. F. S. Forbes, of the Burmese Civil Service Commission. — Burmese 
 Transliteration. By H. L. St. Barbe, Esq., Resident at Mandelay.— On the Connexion of the 
 Mons of Pegu with' the Koles of Central India. By Captain C. J. F. S. Forbes, of the Burmese 
 Civil Commission.— Studies on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, with 
 Special Reference to Assyrian. By Paul Haiipt. The Oldest Semitic Verb-Form.— Arab Metro- 
 logy. II. El Djabarty. By M. H. Sauvaire.— The Migrations and Early History of the White 
 Huns ; principally from Chinese Sources. By Thomas W. Kingsmill. 
 
 Vol. X., Part III., pp. 204, sewed. 1878. 8s. 
 CoNTKNTS —On the Hill Canton of SSldr,— the most Easterly Settlement of the Turk Race. 
 By Robert B. Shaw. Geological Notes on the River Indus. By Griffin W. Vyse, B.A., M.R.A.S., 
 etc.. Executive Engineer P.W.D. Panjab.— Educational Literature for Japanese Women. By 
 Basil Hall Chamberlain, Esq., M.R.A.S.— On the Natural Phenomenon Known in the East by 
 the Names Sub-hi-Kazib, etc., etc. By J. W. Redhouse, M.R.A.S., Hon. Memb. R.S.L.— On 
 a Chinese Version of the Saukhya K^rikS, etc., found among the Buddhist Books comprising 
 the Tripitaka and two other works. I^y the Rev. Samuel Beal, M.A.— The Rock-cut Phrygian 
 Inscriptions at Doganlu. By Edward Thomas, F.R.S.— Index. 
 
 Vol. XL, Part. I., pp. 128, sewed, with seven illustrations. 1879. 5s. 
 
 Co>TENTS.— On the Position of Women in the East in the Olden Time. By Edward Thomas, 
 F.R.S.— Notice of the Scholars who have Contributed to the Extension of our Knowledge of the 
 Languages of British India during the last Thirty Years. By Robert N. Cust, Hon. Librarian 
 R.A.S.- Ancient Arabic Poetry: its Genuineness and Authenticity. By Sir William Muir, K. C.S.I. , 
 LL.D.— Note on Manrique's Mission and the Catholics in the time of Shdh Jahan. By H. G. 
 Keene, Esq.— On Sandhi in Pali. By the late R. C. Childers.— On Arabic Amulets and Mottoes. 
 By E. T. Rogers, M.R.A.S. 
 
 Vol. XI., Part, II., pp. 256, sewed, with map and plate. 1879. Is.Qd. 
 
 Contents. — On the Identification of Places on the Makran Coast mentioned by Arrian, Ptolemy, 
 and Marcian. By Major E. Mockler. — On the Proper Names of the Mohanimadans. By Sir T. 
 E. Colebrooke, Bart., M. P.— Principles of Composition in Chinese, as deduced from the VVritten 
 Characters. By the Rev. Dr. Legge. On the Identification of the Portrait of Cho.sroes Il.among 
 the Paintings in the Caves at Ajanta. By .James Fergusson, Vice-President.— A Specimen of 
 the Zoongee for Zurngee) Dialect of a Tribe of Nagas, bordering on the Valley of Assam, 
 -between the Dikho and Desoi R vers, embracing over Forty Villages. By the Rev. Mr. Clark. 
 
10 Linguistic Publications of Trilbner ^ Co., 
 
 Vol. XI. Part III. pp. 104, cxxiv. 16, sewed. 1879. 8«. 
 
 Contents.— 'J he Gaurian compared with the Romance Languages. Part I. By E. L, 
 Brandreth.— Dialects of Colloquial Arabic. By E. T. Rogers.— A Comparative Study of the 
 Japanese and Korean Languages. By W, G. Aston. — Index. 
 
 Vol. XII. Part I. pp. 152, sewed, with Table. 1880. 5«. 
 
 Contents.— On " The Most Comely Names," i.e. the Laudatory Epithets, or the Titles of Praise, 
 bestowed on God in the Qur'an or by Muslim Writers. By J. W. Redhouse, M.R.A.S., Hun. Mem. 
 R.S.L., etc. — Notes on a newly-discovered Claj' Cylinder of Cyrus the Great. By Major-General 
 Sir H. C. Rawlinson, K.C.B., President and Director of the Royal Asiatic Society.- Note on 
 Hiouen-Thsang's Dhanakacheka. By Robert Sewell, M.C.S., M.R.A.S. — Remarks by Mr. 
 Fergusson on Mr. Sewell's Paper.— A Treatise on Weights and Measures. By Eliya, Archbishop 
 of Nisibin. By H. Sauvaire. (Supplement to Vol. IX.. pp. 291-313)— On the Age of the 
 Ajantd Caves. By Rajendralala Mitra Rai Bahadur, C.I.E., LL.D., and Hon. Member of the 
 Royal Asiatic Society.— Notes on Babu Rajendrala Mitra's Paper on the Age of the Caves at 
 Ajanta. By James Fergusson, V.P., D.C.L., F.R S. 
 
 Vol. XII. Part II. pp. 182, sewed, with map and plate. 1880. 8s. 
 
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57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London, E,C, 17 
 
 younff Children in Pronouncing English "Words, by Jas. M. Menzies ; 4. The 
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 4. On a Difficulty in Russian Grammar, by C. B. Cayley ; 5. The Polabes, 
 by W. R. Morfill, M.A. ; 6. Notes on the Makua Language, by Rev. Chauncy 
 Maples, M.A. ; 7. On the Distribution of English Place Names, by Walter R. 
 Browne, M.A. ; 8. Bare, "To Give"; and -[-Bere "To Put," by Prof. 
 Postgate, M.A. ; 9. On sora Differences between the Speech ov Edinboro' and 
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 12. On Gender, by E. L. Brandreth ; 13. Tenth Annual Address of the Presi- 
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 Scottish Lowlands, by W. R. Browne, M.A. ; 15. Some Latin and Greek 
 Etymologies, and the change of Z to -D in Latin, by J. P. Postgate, M.A. ; 
 Supplement; Proceedings; Appendixes, etc. Part I. 10*. Part II. 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Society^ s Extra Volumes. 
 
 Early English Volume, 1862-64, containing: 1. Liber Cure Cocorum, a.d. c. 
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 3. The Castell off Love, a.d. c. 1320. 8vo. cloth. 1865. £\. 
 
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 Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt, or Remorse of Conscience, in the Kentish 
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 2 
 
18 Linguistic Publications of Truhner ^ Co., 
 
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 Mediaeval Greek Texts: A Collection of the Earliest Compositions in Vulgar 
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 Wagner. Part I. Seven Poems, three of which appear for the first time. 
 1870. 8vo. 10s. M. 
 
 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Journal of the. Edited by S. H. Chip- 
 
 LONKAR. Published quarterly. 3s. each number. 
 
 Eoyal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom (Transactions 
 
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 II. Li Chantari di Lancellotto; a Troubadour's Poem of the XIV. Cent. 
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57 and 59, Ludgate Hilly London^ E. C, 19 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY, ETHNOGRAPHY, 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. HISTORY. LAW. 
 
 LITERATURE, NUMISMATICS, AND 
 
 TRAVELS. 
 
 Africa. — Map of South Afeica. Containing Cape Colony, Griqualand, 
 
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 Badley. — Indian Missionary Eecoed and Memorial Yolume. By 
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 Balfour. — Waifs and Strays from the Far East ; being a Series of 
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 Balfour. 1 vol. demy 8vo. cloth, pp. 224. 1876. 10s. Qd. 
 
 Beke. — The late Dr. Charles Beke's Discoveries of Sinai in Arabia 
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 ports, Plans, Map, and 13 Wood Engravings. Edited by his Widow. Koy. 8vo. 
 pp. XX. and 606, cloth. 1878. 28s. Morocco, £2 10s. 
 
 Bellew. — From the Indus to the Tigris: a Narrative of a Journey 
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 Bellew — The Eaces op Afghanistan. Being a Brief Account of 
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 Beveridge. — The District of Bazarganj ; its History and Statistics. 
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29 Linguistic Publications of Trubner 8c Co., 
 
 Blochmann. — School Geography of India and British Burmah. By 
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 Bretschneider. — Notes on Chinese Medieval Teayellers to the 
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 Bretschneider. — On the Knowledge Possessed by the Ancient 
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 Bretschneider. — Notices of the Medieval Geography and History 
 
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 Burgess. — Arch^ological Survey of "Western India. Vol. 1. Beport 
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 Eoyal 4to. pp. viii. and 45. 1875. £2 2s. 
 
 Vol. 2. Report of the Second Season's Operations. Report on the Antiquities of 
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 242. 1876. £3 3s. 
 
 Vol. 3. Report of the Third Season's Operations. 1875-76. Report on the 
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 Burgess. — The Kock Temples of Elephanta Described and Illustrated 
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 Burnell. — Elements of South Indian PALiEOGRAPHY. Erom the 
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 Carpenter. — The Last Days in England of the Rajah Eammohtjn 
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 Chamberlain. — Japanese Poetry. See ^'Triibner's Oriental Series," 
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 Cunningliain. — Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Yol. I. Inscrip- 
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 cloth, pp. xiv. 142 and vi., with 31 plate-. 1879. ^2*. 
 
 Cxmningham. — The Stupa of Bharhut. A Buddhist Monument, 
 
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 pp. viii. and 144, with 51 Photographs and Lithographic Plates. 1879. £3 3s. 
 
 Cunninghani. — The Ancient Geography of India. I. The Buddhist 
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 Cnnningham. — Arch^ological Survey of India. Reports, made 
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 Cust. — Pictures of Indian Life. Sketched with the Pen from 1852 
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 to the Royal Asiatic Society. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. x. and 346. 1881. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Cust. — East Indian Languages. See '' Triibner's Oriental Series," 
 page 3. 
 
 Cust. — Linguistic and Oriental Essays. See *' Triibner's Oriental 
 
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 Dalton. — Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. By Edward Tuite 
 
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 Da Cunha. — IsTotes on the History and Antiquities of Chaul and 
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 Davids. — Coins, etc., of Ceylon. See ''Numismata Orientala," "Vol. 
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 Dennys. — China and Japan. A complete Guide to the Open Ports of 
 those countries, together with Pekin, Yeddo, Hong Kong, and Macao ; forming 
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22 Linguistic Publications of Trubiier ^ Co.t 
 
 Duncan. — Geogkaphy of India, comprising a Descriptive Outline of 
 all India, and a Detailed Geographical, Commercial, Social, and Political Ac- 
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 Tenth Edition (Revised and Corrected to date from the latest Official Infor- 
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 1879. 325. 
 
 Contents :— Vol. I. The World's History retold— T. The Ancient World. II. The Modern 
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 of India.— The Ruins of the Old World, read as Milestones of Civilization. 
 
 Egerton. — An Illustrated Handbook or Indian Arms ; being a 
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 Elliot. — The History of India, as told by its own Historians. The 
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 Fenton. — Early Hebrew Life : a Study in Sociology. Ey John 
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 Ferguson and Burgess. — The Caye Temples of India. By James 
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 bound, pp. XX. and 536, with 98 Plates. £2 Is. 
 
 Fergusson. — Tree and Serpent Worship ; or, Illustrations of Mytho- 
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 the Sculptures of the Buddhist Topes at Sanchi and Amravati. Second 
 Edition, revised, corrected and in great part re-written. By J. Fekgusson, 
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 Fornander. — An Account of the Polynesian Race : Its Origin and 
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 Gazetteer of the Central Provinces of India. Edited by Charles 
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 156. 1880. 6«. 
 
 Goldstiicker. — On the Deficiencies in the Present Administration 
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 edition. Royal 8vo., pp. xiv, and 630. 1873. 2U. 
 
 Griffis. — The Mikado's Empire. Book I. History of Japan from 
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 Studies in Japan, 1870-74. By W. E. Griffis. Illustrated. 8vo cl., pp. 
 626. 1877. £1. 
 
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 Head. — Coinage of Lydia and Persia. See ^'Kumismata Orientalia." 
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 Hodgson. — Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion 
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 Published by Command of the Secretary of State for India. 9 vols. Svo. 
 half morocco, 1881. £3 tis. 
 
 •* A great work has been unostentatiously carried on for the last twelve years in India, the 
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 statistical survey of the entire British Empire in Hindostan. , . . We have said enough to show 
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24 Linguistic Publications of Triibner ^ Co., 
 
 Hunter. — A Statistical Account of Bengal. By W. W. Hunter, B.A., 
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 the Council of the Royal Asiatic Society ; M.R.G.S. ; and Honorary Member 
 of various Learned Societies. 
 
 VOL. ▼OL. 
 
 I, 24 Par^anas and Sundarbans. 
 II. Nadiya and Jessor. 
 III. Midnapur, Htigll and Hourah. 
 IV. Bard wan, Birbh<im and BSnkur4. 
 V. Dacca, Bdkarganj, Farldpur and Mai- 
 
 mansinh. 
 VI. Chittagong Hill Tracts, Chittagong, 
 NoakhS,li, Tipperah, and Hill Tipperah 
 State. 
 VII. Meldah, Rangpur and DinSjpur. 
 VIII. Rajshahf and BogrS. 
 IX. Murshidabad and Pabnd. 
 
 X. Darjiling, Jalpcligurl and Kucb Behar 
 XI. Patnd and S&ran. ' I State. 
 
 XII. Gaya and Shfihabad. 
 
 XIII. Tirhut and ChampAran. 
 
 XIV. BhSgalpur and Santal Pargan5,s. 
 XV. Monghyr and Purniab. 
 
 XVI. HazSribagh and Lobardaga. 
 XVII. SingbhQm, Chutia, Nagpur Tributary 
 
 States and Manbhtim. 
 XVIII. Cuttack and Balasor. 
 XIX. Puri, andOrissa Tributary States. 
 XX. Fisberies, Botany, and General Index 
 
 Published by command of the Government of India. In 20 Vols. 8vo. half- 
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 Hunter. — A Statistical Account op Assam. By W. W. Hunter, 
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 Hunter. — P amine Aspects of Bengal Districts. A System of Famine 
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 Hunter.— An Account of the British Settlement of Aden 
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 the Author by the King of Siam. Svo. cloth, pp. x. and 332. 1870 ]2«. 
 
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 Author. Post 8vo. cloth, pp. 356. 1881. 7*. Qd. 
 
57 and 59, Ludgate Hillf London^ E,C. 25 
 
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 By F. LiNDE, Surveyor, Compiler of a Map of the Tea Localities of Assam, 
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 Being a Translation of the Periplus Maris Erythraei, by an Anonymous Writer, 
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 Indus to the Head of the Persian Gulf. With Introduction, Commentary, 
 Notes, and Index. Post 8vo. cloth, pp. iv. and 238. 1879. Is. &d. 
 
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 By J. W. McCrindle, M.A., Principal of the Government College, Patna, 
 etc. With Introduction, Notes, and Map of Ancient India. Post 8vo. cloth, 
 pp. xii.-224. 1877. Is.M. 
 
 madden. — Coins of the Jews. See ''Numismata Orientalia." Yol. II. 
 
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 1876. 5*. 
 
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 Maps and Illustrations, pp. clxi. 3i4, cl. 1879. 21«. 
 
 Marsden's Numismata Orientalia. New International Edition. 
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 bulary. Svo. cloth. £111*. 6^. 
 
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 225 and xi. 1877. Cloth £2. 
 
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 Metcalfe. — The Englishman and the Scandinayian ; or, a Comparison 
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 Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford ; Translator of " Gall us " and " Charicles ; " 
 and Author of *' The Oxonian in Iceland. Post 8vo. cloth, pp. 612. 1880. 18s. 
 
 Mitra. — The Antiquities of Orissa. By Rajendealala Mitea. 
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 pp. 180. With a Map and 36 Plates. 1875. £Q 6*. Vol. II. pp. vi. and 178. 
 1880. £4 4«. 
 
 Mitra — Btjddha Gaya ; the Hermitage of Sakya Muni. By Eajen- 
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 1878. £Z. 
 
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 Demy 8vo. pp. 624, cloth. 1875. 14«. 
 
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 late Commissioner of British Burma. Eoyal 4to.,with Autotype Illustrations. 
 
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 with Maps, Plates, etc. 2 vols. 8vo. pp. xii. and 461 ; vii. and 643, cloth. 
 £2 2s. Out of print. 
 
 Vol. I.— From the Colonization of the Valley to the Visit of the Patriarch Abram. 
 
 Vol. II.— From the Visit of Abram to the Exodus. 
 
 Palmer. — Egyptian Chronicles, with a harmony of Sacred and 
 Egyptian Chronology, and an Appendix on Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities. 
 By William Palmer, M.A., and late Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. 
 2 vols.. Svo. cloth, pp. Ixxiv. and 428, and viii. and 636. 1861. 126-. 
 
 Patell. — CowASJEE Patell's Chronology, containing corresponding 
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 Mohamedans, Parsees, Chinese, Japanese, etc. By Cowasjeb Sorabjeb 
 Patell. 4to. pp. viii. and 184, cloth. 50*. 
 
67 and 59, Ludgate Hill, Londoriy E*C, 27 
 
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 IMemoirs, Oral Tradition, and Local Research. By A. A. Paton. Second 
 Edition, 2 vols, demy 8vo. cloth, pp. xii. and 395, viii. and 446. 1870. 18.y. 
 
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 Phayre. — Coins of Aeakan, etc. See " Numismata Orientalia." 
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 Piry. — Le Saint Edit, Etude de Litteeatuile Chinoise. Preparee 
 par A. Theophile Piry, du Service des Douanes Maritimes de Chine. 4to. 
 cloth, pp. XX. and 320. 1879. 21s. 
 
 Playfair. — The Cities and Towns of China. A Geographical Diction- 
 ary by G. M. H. Playfair, of Her Majesty's Consular Service in China. 8vo. 
 cloth,' pp. 506. 1879. 25s. 
 
 Poole. — Coins of the TJrtuki TTmKUMlNS. See ''ITumismata Ori- 
 entalia." Vol. I. Part II. 
 
 Poole. — A Scheme of Mohammadan Dynasties During the Khalifate. 
 By S. L. Poole, B.A. Oxon., M.R.A.S., Author of " Selections from the Koran," 
 etc. 8vo. sewed, pp. 8, with a plate. 1880. 2s. 
 
 Ram Raz. — Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus. By Ram Raz, 
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 64, sewed. London, 1834. £2 2s. 
 
 Ravenstein. — The Russians on the Amur ; its Discovery, Conquest, 
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 lers. By E. G. Ravenstein, F.R.G.S. With 4 tinted Lithographs and 3 
 Maps. 8vo. cloth, pp. 500. 1861. 15. 
 
 Raverty. — Notes on Afghanistan and Part of Baluchistan, Geo- 
 graphical, Ethnographical, and Historical. By Major H. G. Raverty, Bombay 
 Native Infantry (Retired). Fcap. folio, wrapper. Sections I. and II. pp. 98. 
 1880. 2s. Section III. pp. vi. and 218. 1881, 5s. 
 
 Rice. — Mysore Inscriptions. Translated for the Government by 
 Lewis Rice. 8vo. pp. vii. 336, and xxx. With a Frontispiece and Map. 
 Bangalore, 1879. £1 10s. 
 
 Roe and Fryer. — Travels in India in the Seventeenth Century. 
 By Sir Thomas Roe and Dr. John Fryer. Reprinted from the ** Calcutta 
 V/eekly Englishman." 8vo. cloth, pp. 474. 1873. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Rogers. — Coins of the Tuluni Dynasty. See ''JS'umismata Ori- 
 entalia." Vol. I. Part. IV. 
 
 Routledge. — English Rule and Native Opinion in India. From 
 Notes taken in the years 1870-74. By James Routledge. Post Bvo. 
 cloth, pp. 344. 1878. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Schlagintweit. — Glossary of Geographical Terms from India and 
 Tibet, with Native Transcription and Transliteration. By Hermann de 
 Schlagintweit. Forming, with a " Route Book of the Western Himalaya, 
 Tibet, and Turkistan,"the Third Volume of H., A.,andR, de Schlagintweit's 
 "Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia." With an Atlas in 
 imperial folio, of Maps, Panoramas, and Views. Royal 4to., pp. xxiv. and 
 293. 1863. £4. 
 
 Sewell. — Report on the Amaravati Tope, and Excavations on its Site 
 in 1877. By Robert Sewelt-, of the Madras C. S., etc. With four plates. 
 Royal 4to. pp. 70, boards. 1880. 3«. 
 
28 Linguistic Publications of Trubner 8f Co.y 
 
 Sherring. — Hindu Tribes and Castes as represented in Benares. By 
 the Eev. M. A. Sheering. With Illustrations. 4to. Cloth. Vol. I. pp. xsiv 
 and 408. 1872. Now £6 6*. Vol. II. pp. Ixviii. and 376. 1879. £2 8s. 
 Vol. III. pp. xii. and 336. 1881. £1 12s. 
 
 Sherring. — The Sacked City of the Hindus. An Account of 
 Benares in Ancient and Modern Times. By the Rev. M. A. Sherring, M.A., 
 LL.D. ; and Prefaced with an Introduction by Fitzedward Hall, Esq., D.C.L. 
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 Sibree. — The Gkeat African Island. Chapters on Madagascar. A 
 Popular Account of Recent Researches in the Physical Geography, Geology, 
 and Exploration of the Country, and its Natural History and Botany, and in 
 the Origin and Division, Customs and Language, Superstitions, Folk- Lore and 
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 Smith. CONTEIBUTIONS TOWAEDS THE MATERIA MeDICA AND NATURAL 
 
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 Strangford. — Original Letters and Papers of the late Yiscount 
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 Strangford. Post 8vo. cloth, pp. xxii. and 284. 1878. 12s. &d. 
 
 Thomas. — Ancient Indian Weights. See ^N'umismata Orientalia." 
 VoLI. PartL 
 
 Thomas. — Comments on Kecent Pehlvi Decipherments. With an 
 Incidental Sketch of the Derivation of Aryan Alphabets, and contributions to 
 the Early History and Geography of Tabaristkn. Illustrated by Coins. By 
 Edward Thomas, F.R.S. 8vo. pp. 5(j, and 2 plates, cloth, sewed. 1872. Zs.6d, 
 
 Thomas. — Sassanian Coins. Communicated to the Numismatic Society 
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 Thomas. — Jainism ; or, The Early Paith of Asoka. With Illustrations 
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 Thomas. — Eecords of the Gttpta Dynasty. Illustrated by Inscrip- 
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30 Linguistic Publications of Trubner ^ Co,y 
 
 TPIE RELIGIONS OF THE EAST. 
 
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32 Linguistic Puhlications of Triibner 8f Co., 
 
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 Giles — Hebrew and Christian Records. An Historical Enquiry 
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 3 
 
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36 Linguistic Publications of TrUbner 8f Co,, 
 
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57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London, E,C» 37 
 
 COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY. 
 
 POLYGLOTS. 
 
 Beames. — Outlines op Indian Philology. "With a Map, showing the 
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38; Linguistic Publications of Trubner 8f Co., 
 
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 Ellis. — Ethuscan Kumeeals. Ey Eobeet Ellis, B.D. 8vo. sewed, 
 pp. 52. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Ellis. — The Asiatic Affinities of the Old Italians. By Robeet 
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 Ellis. — On Nt7Meeals, as Signs of Primeval Unity among Mankind. 
 By Robert Ellis, B.D., Late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 Demy 8vo. cloth, pp. viii. and 94. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Ellis. — Peeuvia Sctthica. The Quichua Language of Peru : its 
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 the Lycian, and the Pre- Aryan language of Etruria. By Robert Ellis, B.D. 
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 English and Welsh Languages. — The Influence of the English and 
 
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 'Geiger. — Conteibutions to the Histoey of the Development of the 
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 pp. X. and 156. 1880. 6s. 
 
 Grammatography. — A Manual of Refeeence to the Alphabets of 
 
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 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 Afghan (or Pushto). Czechian(orBohemian) . Hebrew (current hand). Polish. 
 
 Amharic. Danish. Hebrew (Judaeo-Ger- Pushto (or Afghan). 
 
 Anglo-Saxon. Demotic. Hungarian. [man).Eomaic(ModernGreek 
 
 Arabic. Estrangelo. lUyrian. Eussian. 
 
 Arabic Ligatures. Ethiopic. Irish. Eunes. 
 
 Aramaic. Etruscan. Italian (Old). Samaritan. 
 
 Archaic Characters. Georgian. Japanese. Sanscrit. 
 
 Armenian. German. Javanese. Servian. 
 
 Assyrian Cuneiform. Glagolitic. Lettish. Slavonic (Old). 
 
 Bengali. Gothic. Mantshu. Sorbian (or Wendish). 
 
 Bohemian (Czechian). Greek. Median Cuneiform. Swedish. 
 
 BQgIs, Greek Ligatures. Modern Greek ( Eomaic) Syriac. 
 
 Burmese. Greek (Archaic). Mongolian. Tamil. 
 
 Canarese (or Carnataca). Gujerati(orGuzzeratte). Numidian. Telugu. 
 
 Chinese. Hieratic. OldSlavonic(orCyrillic). Tibetan. 
 
 Coptic. Hieroglyphics. Palmyrenian. Turkish. 
 
 Croato-Glagolitic. Hebrew. Persian. Wallachian. 
 
 Cufic. Hebrew (Archaic). Persian Cuneiform. Wendish for Sorbian), 
 
 Cyrillic(orOldSlavonic). Hebrew (Eabbinical). Phoenician. Zend. 
 
 Grey. — Handbook of Afeican, Austealian, and Polynesian Phi- 
 lology, as represented in the Library of His Excellency Sir George Grey, 
 K.C.B., Her Majesty's High Commissioner of the Cape Colony. Classed, 
 Annotated, and Edited by Sir George Grey and Dr. H. L Bleek. 
 
 Vol. I. Part 1.— South Africa. Svo. pp. 186. 20s. 
 
 Vol. I. Part 2.— Africa (North of the Tropic of Capricorn). Svo. pp. 70. 4». 
 
 Vol. I. Part 3.— Madagascar. Svo. pp. 24. 2s. 
 
 Vol. II. Part L— Australia. Svo. pp. iv. and 44. 3s. 
 
67 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London, E,C, 89 
 
 Vol. II. Part 2. — Papuan Languages of the Loyalty Islands and New Hebrides, compris- 
 ing those of the Islands of Nengone, Lifu, Aneitum, Tana, and 
 others. 8vo. p. 12. Is. 
 
 Vol. II. Part 8.— Fiji Islands and Rotuma (with Supplement to Part II., Papuan Lan- 
 guages, and Part I., Australia). 8vo. pp. 34. 2s. 
 
 Vol. II. Part 4.— New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, and Auckland Islands. 8vo. pp. 
 76. Is. 
 
 Vol.11. Part 4 (con^mMo^ton).— Polynesia and Borneo. 8vo. pp. 77-154. 7s. 
 
 Vol. III. Part 1.— Manuscripts and Incunables. 8vo. pp. viii. and 24. 2s. 
 
 Vol. IV. Part 1.— Early Printed Books. England. Svo. pp. vi. and 266. 12s. 
 
 Gubernatis. — Zoological Mythology; or, the Legends of Animals. 
 By Angelo de Gubeknatis, Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Literature 
 in the Instituto di Studii Superiori e di Perfezionamento at Florence, etc. In 
 2 vols. 8vo. pp. xxxvi. and 432, vii. and 442. 28s. 
 
 Hoernle. — A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Language, with 
 Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi. Accompanied by a Language Map, 
 and a Table of Alphabets. By A. F. R. Hoernle. Demy Svo. pp. 474. 
 1880. 18«. 
 
 Hunter. — A Comparative Dictionary of the !N"on- Aryan Languages of 
 India and High Asia. With a Dissertation, Political and Linguistic, on the 
 Aboriginal Races. By W. W. Hunter, B A., M.R.A.S., Hon. Fell. Ethnol. 
 Soc, Author of the "Annals of Rural Bengal," of H.M.'s Civil Service. 
 Being a Lexicon of 144 Languages, illustrating Turanian Speech. Compiled 
 from the Hodgson Lists, Government Archives, and Original MSS., arranged 
 with Prefaces and Indices in English, French, German, Russian, and Latin. 
 Large 4to. cloth, toned paper, pp. 230. 1869. 42s. 
 
 Kilgour. — The Hebrew or Ibeeian Eace, including the Pelasgians, 
 the Phenicians, the Jews, the British, and others. By Henry Kilgour. 8vo. 
 sewed, pp. 76'. 1872. '2s. 6d. 
 
 March. — A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language ; 
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 Gothic, Old Saxon, Old Friesic, Old Norse, and Old High-German. By 
 Francis A. March, LL.D. Demy Svo. cloth, pp. xi. and 253. 1877. 10«. 
 
 Notley. — A Comparative Grammar of the French, Italian, Spanish, 
 AND Portuguese Languages. By Edwin A. Notley. Crown oblong 8vo. 
 cloth, pp. XV. and 396. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Oppert. — On the Classification of Languages. A Contribution to Corn- 
 Comparative Philology. By G. Oppert. 8vo. pp vi. and 146. 1879. 6«. 
 
 Oriental Congress. — Report of the Proceedings of the Second Interna- 
 tional Congress of Orientalists held in London, 1874. Roy. 8vo. paper, pp. 76. 5s. 
 
 Oriental Congress. — Transactions of the Second Session of the 
 International Congress of Orientalists, held in London in September, 
 1874. Edited by Robert K. Douglas, Honorary Secretary. Demy 8vo. 
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 Pezzi. — Aryan Philology, according to the most recent Researches 
 (Glottologia Aria Recentissima), Remarks Historical and Critical. By 
 DoMENico Pezzi, Membro della Facolta de Filosofia e lettere della R. 
 Universit. di Torino. Translated by E. S, Roberts, M.A., Fellow and Tutor 
 of Gonville and Caius College. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. xvi. and 199. 6s. 
 
 Sayce. — An Assyrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes. By A. H. 
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40 Linguistic Publications of Truhner ^ Co» 
 
 Sayce. — The Peinciples of Comparative Philology. By A. H.. 
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 Schleicher. — Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo- 
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 Schleicher. Translated from the Third German Edition by Herbert 
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 75. &d. 
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 Trumpp. — Grammar of the ParTO, or Language of the Afghans, com- 
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 8vo. sewed, pp. xvi. and 412. 21s. 
 
 Weher. — Indian Literature. See "Triibner's Oriental Series," p. 3. 
 
 Wedgnsvood. — On the Origin of Language. By Hensleigh Wedgwood, 
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 Whitney. — Language and its Study, with especial reference to the 
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 GRAMMARS, DICTIOJ^^ARIES, TEXTS, 
 AND TRANSLATIONS. 
 
 AFRICAN LANGUAaES. 
 
 Bleek. — A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages. By 
 W. H. I. Bleek, Ph.D. Volume I. I. Phonology. II. The Concord. 
 Section 1. The Noun. 8vo. pp. xxxvi. and 322, cloth. 1869. £\ 16s. 
 
 Bleek. — A Brief Account of Bushman Folk Lore and other Texts. 
 By W. H. I. Bleek, Ph.D., etc., etc. Folio sd., pp. 21. 1875. 'Is. dd. 
 
 Bleek. — Eetnard the Fox in South Africa; or, Hottentot Fables. 
 Translated from the Original Manuscript in Sir George Grey's Library. 
 By Dr. W. H. I. Bleek, Librarian to the Grey Library, Cape Town, Cape 
 of Good Hope. In one volume, small Bvo., pp. xxxi. and 94, cloth. 1864. 
 3s. 6d. 
 
 Callaway. — Izinganekwane, Kensumansumane, Nezindaba, Zabantu 
 
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 with a Translation into English, and Notes. By the Rev. Henry Callaway, 
 M.D. Volume I., 8vo. pp. xiv. and 378, cloth. Natal, 1866 and 1867. i6«. 
 
 Callaway. — The Religious System of the Amazulu. 
 
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 Canon Callaway, M.D. 8vo. pp. 150, sewed. 1870. 4*. 
 Part IV. — Abatakati, or Medical Magic and Witchcraft. 8vo. pp. 40, sewed. Is. 6d, 
 
 Chfistaller. — A Dictionary, English, Tshi, (Asante), Akra ; Tshi 
 (Chwee), comprising as dialects Akan (Asante, Akem, Akuape'm, etc.) and 
 Fant^ ; Akra (Accra), connected with Adangme ; Gold Coast, West Africa. 
 Enyiresi, Twi ne' Nkran I Enlist, Otsiii ke Ga 
 
 nsem - asekyere - nhoraa. ' wiemoi - asisitsomu- wolo. 
 
 By the Rev. J. G. Chhistaller, Rev. C. W. Locheu, Rev. J. Zimmermann^ 
 16mo. 7«. 6d. 
 
 Christaller. — A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language, called 
 Tshi (Chwee, Twi) : based on the Akuapem Dialect, with reference to the 
 other (Akan and Fante) Dialects. By Rev. J. G. Christaller. 8vo. pp. 
 xxiv. and 203. 1875. 10*. 6d. 
 
42 Linguistic Publications of TrUhner 8f Co, 
 
 Dohne. — The Four Gospels in Zulu. By the Rev. J. L. Dohne, 
 Missionary to the American Board, C.F.M. 8vo. pp. 208, cloth. Pietermarita- 
 burg, 1866. 5*. 
 
 Dohne. — A Zulu-Kafie Dictionary, etymologically explained, with 
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 sewed. Cape' Town, 1857. 21s. 
 
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 76. 7s. 
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 Vol. IV. Part 1.— Early Printed Books. England. Svo. pp. vi. and 266. 125. 
 
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 Tindall. — A Grammar and Yocabulary of the ^DsTamaqua-Hottentot 
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 Byington. — Grammar of the Choctaw Language. By the Rev. Cyrus 
 Byington. Edited from the Original MSS. in Library of the American 
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 derivation from Central Asia with the American languages in general, and with 
 the Turanian and Iberian languages of the Old World, including the Basque, 
 the Lycian, and the Pre- Aryan language of Etruria. By Robert Ellis, B.D. 
 Svo. cloth, pp. xii. and 219. 1875. 6s. 
 
57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London, K C. 43 
 
 Howse. — A Grammar of the Ceee Language. With which is com- 
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 F.R.G.S. 8vo. pp. XX. and 324, cloth. 7s. 6d. 
 
 "Markham. — Ollanta: A Drama in the Quichua Language. Text, 
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 Contents: -Ethnography, Philology, Grammar, Dictionary, and English-Hidatsa Vocabulary. 
 
 ITodaL — Los Yinculos de Ollanta y Cusi-Kcuyllor. Drama en 
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 Ollanta: A Drama in the Quichua Language. See under Markham 
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 March. — A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language ; 
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 Old Saxon, Old Friesic, Old Norse, and Old High-German. By Francis A. 
 March, LL.D. Demy 8vo. cloth, pp. xi. and 253. 1877. 10s. 
 
 B.ask. — A Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue. From the Danish 
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44 Lingtdstic Publications of Triihner §• Co. 
 
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 Ahlwardt. — The DiyIns of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets, Ennabiga, 
 
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 Cotton. — Arabic Primer. Consisting of 180 Short Sentences contain- 
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 Libation Vase of Osor-ur. By P. Pierret. 
 
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 New Edition. 8vo. cloth, pp. xvi. and 342. Bombay, 1879. 18s. 
 
 Tukarama. — A Complete Collection of the Poems of Tukarama 
 (the Poet of the Mah&,rasbtra). In Marathi. Edited by Vishnu Parashu- 
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 "With a complete Index to the Poems and a Glossary of difficult Words. To 
 which is prefixed a Life of the Poet in English, by Jan§,rdan Sakh^rkm G&,dgil. 
 2 vols, in large 8vo. cloth, pp. xxxii. and 742, and pp. 728, 18 and 72. Bombay 
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 MALAGASY. 
 
 Van der Tuuk. — Outlines op a Geammae of the Malagasy Language. 
 By H. N. van der Tuuk. 8vo., pp. 28, sewed. Is. 
 
57 and 69, Ludgate Mill, LondoUy E,C, If^ 
 
 MALAY. 
 
 Dennys. — A Handbook of Malay Colloquial, as spoken in Singapore, 
 Being a Series of Introductory Lessons for Domestic and Business Purposes. 
 By N. B. Dennys, Ph.D., F.R.G.S., M.R.A.S., etc., Author of *'The 
 Folklore of China," " Handbook of Cantonese," etc., etc. 8vo. cloth, pp. 
 204. 1878. £1 U. 
 
 Maxwell. — A Maxital of the Malay Language. "With an Intro- 
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 Assistant Eesident, Perak, Malay Peninsula. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. viii- 
 182. 1881. 7«. 6d. 
 
 Van der Tuuk. — Shoet Accotint of the Malay Manuscripts belonging 
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 MALAYALIM. 
 Gundert. — A Malayalam and English Dictionaey. Ey Eev. H. 
 
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 Grey. — Maobi Mementos: being a Series of Addresses presented by 
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 Introductory Remarks and Explanatory Notes ; to which is added a small Collec- 
 tion of Laments, etc. By Ch. Oliver B. Davis. 8vo. pp. iv. and 228, cloth. 12» 
 
 Williams. — Fiest Lessons in the Maoei Language. With a Short 
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 PALI. 
 
 D'Alwis. — A Desceiptive Catalogite of Sanskrit, Pali, and Sinhalese 
 Literary Works of Ceylon. By James D'Alwis, M.R.A.S., etc.. Vol. I. (all 
 published), pp. xxxii. and 244. 1870. 8s. dd. 
 
 Buddhist Birth Stories. See Trubner's Oriental Series," page 4. 
 
 Biihler. — Teeee I^ew Edicts op Asoka. Ey G. Buhlee. 16mo. 
 sewed, with Two Facsimiles. 2s. 6d. 
 
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 The first Pali Dictionary ever published. 
 
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 72. 5s. 
 
76 Linguistic Publications of Tmbner & Co., 
 
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 FausboU. — JItaka. See under JItaza. 
 
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 Pali by V. Fausboll. Vol. I. Demy Svo. cloth, pp. 512. 1877. 28s. 
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 The " Jataka " is a collection of legends in Pali, relating the history of Buddha's trans- 
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 the last Council in 246 b.c. The collection has long been known as a storehouse of ancient 
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 I2a. 
 
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 484. 1871, 16». 
 
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 Haswell. — Grammatical T^otes and Vocabulary of the PEGUAif 
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 PEHLEWI. 
 
 Dinkard (The). — The Original Pehlwi Text, the same transliterated 
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 Ph.D, Pub. by order of Gov. of Bombay. 8vo. pp. xvi. 152, 268, sd. 1870. 28s. 
 
 Hang. — A Lecture on an Original Speech of Zoroaster (Tasna 45),. 
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 Bombay, 1865. 2s. 
 
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 and an Alphabetical Index. By Destur Hoshengji Jamaspji, High-priest of 
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 Ph.D. Publ. by order of Gov. of Bombay. 8vo. sewed, pp. Ivi. and 132. 15s. 
 
 Hang'. — The Book of Akda Vieaf. The Pahlavi text prepared by 
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 and Translations of the Gosht-i Fryano and Hadokht Nask. By Martik 
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 Minocheherji. — Pahlavi, Gtjjaeati ai^d English Dictionaey. By 
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 Cloth. 14s. each, (To be completed in 5 vols.) 
 
 Sunjana. — A Geammae of the Pahlvi Language, with Quotations 
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 with the Semitic Languages. By Peshotun Dustoor Behramjee Sunjana, 
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 Thomas. — Eaelt Sassanian- Insceiptions, Seals and Coins, illustrating 
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 Thomas. — Comments on Recent Pehlvi Decipheements. "With an 
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 Edward Thomas, F.R.S. 8vo. pp. 66, and 2 plates, cloth, sewed. 3s. 6ci. 
 
 West. — Glossaey and Index of the Pahlavi Texts of the Booe: op 
 
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 Haldeman. — Pennsylvania Dutch : a Dialect of South Germany 
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 viii. and 70, cloth. 1872. 3s. 6d. 
 
b7 and 59, Liidgate Hilly London^ E,C, 79 
 
 PERSIAN. 
 
 Ballantyne. — Principles of Persian CALiGRArHT, illustrated by- 
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 Madrasah. Svo. sewed, pp. 166. 10*. 6d. 
 
 Blochinaiiii.' — A Treatise on the IIuba'i entitled Eisalah i Taranah. 
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 Blochmaim. — The Persian Metres by Saiti, and a Treatise on Persian 
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 Catalogue of Arabic and Persian Books, Printed in the East. Con- 
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 Hafiz of Shi'raz. — Selections from his Poems. Translated from the 
 Persian by Herman Bicknell. With Preface by A. S. Bicknell. Demy 
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 Mirkhond. — The History of the AtIbeks of Syria and Persia. 
 By MuHAMMED Ben KhawendsHah Ben Mahmud, commonly called 
 MfRKHOND. Now first Edited from the Collation of Sixteen MSS., by 
 W. H. MoRLEY, Barrister-at-law, M.R.A.S. To which is added a Series 
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 1848. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Morley. — A Descriptive Catalogue of the Historical Manuscripts in 
 
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 Palmer. — The Song of the Reed; and other Pieces. By E. H. 
 Palmer, M.A., Cambridge. Crown Svo. cloth, pp. 208, 6«. 
 
 Among the Contents will be found translations from Hafiz, from Omer el Kheiydm, and from 
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 Palmer. — A Concise Dictionary of the Persian Language. By E. 
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 Square 16mo. pp. viii. and 364, cloth. 10* 6d. 
 
 Palmer. — The Poems of Hafiz of Shiraz. Translated from the 
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 Palmer. — Persian Grammar. See page 45. 
 
 Eedhouse. — The Mesnevi. See " Triibner's Oriental Series," page 4 
 
80 Linguistic Publications of Triibner 8f Co. 
 
 Rieu. — Catalogue of the Persian" IkTANUSCRiPTS nsr the British 
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 4to. cloth, pp. 432. 1879. £1 5s. Vol. II. 4to. cloth, pp. viii. and 446. 
 3881. 25i- 
 
 Whinfield. — GtrLSHAis^-i-RAz ; The Mystic Rose Garden of Sa'd iid 
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 Notes, chiefly from the Commentary of Muhammed Bin Yahya Lahiji. By 
 E. H. Whinfield, M.A., late of H.M.B.C.S. 4to. pp. xvi., 94, 60, cloth. 
 1880. 10*. 6d. 
 
 Whinfield. — The QuATRArsrs or Omar KhaytXm. Translated into 
 English Verse by E. H. "Whinfield, M.A., late of Bengal Civil Service. Post- 
 8vo. cloth, pp. 96. 1881. 5s. 
 
 PIDGIN-ENGLISH. 
 
 Leland. — Pidgii^-English Sixg-Song ; or Songs and Stories in the 
 China-English Dialect. "With a Vocabulary. By Charles G. Leland. Fcap. 
 Svo. cl., pp. viii. and 140. 1876. 5s. 
 
 PEAKEIT. 
 
 Co well. — A SHORT Introduction to the Ordinary Prakrit of the 
 Sanskrit Dramas. With a List of Common Irregular Prakrit Words. By 
 Prof. E. B. Cowell. Cr. Svo. limp cloth, pp. 40. 1875. 3*. ed. 
 
 Cowell. — Prakrita-Prakasa ; or, The Prakrit Grammar of Yararuchi, 
 with the Commentary (Manorama) of Bhamaha ; the first complete Edition of the 
 Original Text, with various Readings from a C'dlation of Six MSS. in the Bod- 
 leian Library at Oxford, and the Libraries of the Royal Asiatic Society and tlie 
 East India House ; with Copious Notes, an English Translation, and Index of 
 Prakrit Words, to which is prefixed an Easy Introduction to Prakrit Grammar. 
 By Edward Byles Cowell, of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, Professor of Sanskrit at 
 Cambridge. New Edition, with New Preface, Additions, and Corrections. Second 
 Issue. Svo. cloth, pp. xxxi. and 204. 1868. 14s. 
 
 PUKSHTO (Pakkhto, Pashto). 
 
 Bellew. — A Grammar of the Pukkhto or Pukshto Language, on a 
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 Exercises and Dialogues. By H. W. Bellew, Assistant Surgeon, Bengal Army. 
 Super-royal Svo., pp. xii. and 156, cloth. 21s. 
 
 Bellew. — A Dictionary op the Pukkhto, or Pukshto Language, on a 
 New and Improved System. With a reversed Part, or English and Pukkhto, 
 By H. W. Bellew, Assistant Surgeon, Bengal Army. Super Royal Svo. 
 up. xii. and 356, cloth. 42a. 
 
57 and 59, Ludgate Hilly LondoUy E. C, 81 
 
 Plowden. — Teanslatioi^ of the Kalid-i- Afghani, the Text Book for 
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 and Explanatory. By Trevor Chichele Plowden, Captain H.M. Bengal 
 Infantry, and Assistant Commissioner, Panjab. Small 4to. cloth, pp. xi. and 
 395 and ix. With Map. Lahore, 1^5. £2 105. 
 
 Thorburn. — BANNti ; or, Our Afghan Frontier. By S. S. Thoebuen-, 
 I.C.S., Settlement Officer of the Bannd District. 8vo. cloth, pp. x. and 480. 
 1876. 18*. 
 pp. 171 to 230: Popular Stories, Ballads and Riddles, and pp. 231 to 413: 
 Pashto Proverbs Translated into English, pp. 414 to 473 : Pashto Proverbs 
 in Pashto. 
 
 Trumpp. — Geammae of the Pasto, or Language of the Afghans, com- 
 pared with the Iranian «nd North-Indian Idioms. By Dr. Ernest Trumpp, 
 8vo. sewed, pp. xvi. and 412. 21*. 
 
 EUSSIAN. 
 
 ^iola. — A Geaduated I^ussiaj^ Beadee, with a Vocabulary of all the 
 Eussian Words contained in it. By H. Riola. Crown 8vo. pp. viii. and 314. 
 1879. lO.s. e>d. 
 
 Riola. — How to Leaen RxissiAif. A Manual for Students of Russian, 
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 self instruction. By Henry Riola, Teacher of the Russian Language. With 
 a Preface by W. R. S. Ralston, M.A. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. 576. 1878. 
 12*. 
 
 Key to the above. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. 126. 1878. 5s. 
 
 SAMARITAN. 
 Untt. — A Sketch of Samaeitan Histoey, Dogma, and Liteeattjee. 
 
 Published as an Introduction to " Fragments of a Samaritan Targum. By 
 J. W. NuTT, M.A. Demy 8vo. cloth, pp. viii. and 172. 1874. bs. 
 
 Nutt. — Feagments of a Samaeitan Taegtjm. Edited from a Bodleian 
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 SAMOAN. 
 
 Pratt. — A Geammae and Diction aet of the Samoan Language. By 
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 Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. viii. and 380. 1878. 18s. 
 
82 Linguistic Publications of Triibner & Co. 
 
 SANSKRIT. 
 
 Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rig Veda. 2 vols. See under Haug. 
 
 D'Alwis. — A Descriptive Catalogue of Sanskeit, Pali, and Siithalese 
 Literary Works of Ceylon. By James D'Alwis, M.R.A.S., Advocate of 
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 sewed. 1870. 8s. &d. 
 
 Apastambiya Dharma Sutram. — Aphorisms of the Sacred Laws of 
 THE Hindus, by Apastamba. Edited, with a Translation and Notes, by G. 
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 1868-71. £1 4s. 6d. 
 
 Arnold. — Indian Poetry. See '' Triibner's Oriental Series," page 4. 
 
 Arnold. — The Iliad and Odyssey op India. By Edwin Arnold, 
 M.A., C.S.T., F.R.G.S., etc. Fcap. 8vo. sd., pp. 24. 1«. 
 
 Atharva Veda Pratigakhya. — See under Whitney. 
 
 Auctores Sanscriti. Yol. I. The Jaiminiya-N'yaya-Mala-Vistara. 
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 1876. 4s. 6rf. Vol. in. Vaitana Sutra. The Ritual of the Atharva Veda. 
 Edited with Critical Notes and Indices, by Dii. Richard Garb*-. Svo. 
 sewed, pp. 119. 1878. 5«. Vol. IV. Vardhamana's Ganaratnamahodadhi, with 
 the Author's Commentary. Edited, with Critical Notes and Indices, by Julius 
 Eggling, Ph.D. 8vo. wrapper. Part I., pp. xii. and 240. 1879. 6s. Part II., 
 pp. 240. 1881. 6s. 
 
 Avery. — Contributions to the History of Yerb-Inflectionin Sanskrit. 
 By J. AvEKY. (Reprinted from the Journal of the American Oriental Society, 
 vol. X.) Svo. paper, pp. 106. 45. 
 
 Ballantyne. — First Lessons in Sanskrit Grammar ; together with an 
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 James R. Ballantyne, LL.D., Librarian of the India Office. Svo. pp. viii. 
 and 110, cloth. 1873. 3s. 6rf. 
 
 Benfey. — A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, for the 
 use of Early Students. By Theodor Benfey, Professor of Sanskrit in th 
 University of Gbttingen. Second, revised and enlarged, edition. Royal Svo. 
 up. viii. and 296, cloth. 10s. M. 
 
 Benfey. — A Grammar of the Language of the Yedas. jBy Dr. 
 Theodor Benfey. In 1 vol. 8vo., of about 650 pages. \^In preparation. 
 
 Benfey. — Yedica und Yerwandtes. By Theod. Benfey. Crown Svo. 
 paper, pp. 178. Strassburg, 1877. 7s. Qd. 
 
 Benfey. — Yedica und Linguistica. — By Th. Benfey. Crown Svo. 
 pp. 254. 10s. 6(?. 
 
 Bibliotheca Indica. — A Collection of Oriental Works published by 
 the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Old Series. Fasc. 1 to 235. New Series. 
 Fasc. 1 to 408. (Special List of Contents to be had on application.) Each 
 Fasc. in Svo., 2s. ; in 4to., 4s. 
 
 Bibliotheca Sanskrita. — See Trubner. 
 
■57 and 59, Ludgate Mill, London, E.C. 63 
 
 Bombay Sanskrit Series. Edited under the superintendence of G. 
 BiiHLER, Ph. D., Professor of Oriental Languages, Elphinstone College, and 
 F. KiELHORN, Ph. D., Superintendent of Sanskrit Studies, Deccan College. 
 1868-70. 
 
 1. Panchatantra IV. AND V. Edited, with Kotes, by G. Buhler, 
 
 Ph. D. Pp. 84, 16. 6s. 
 
 2. NIgojibhatta's Paribhashendusekhara. Edited and explained 
 
 by F. KiELHOKN, Ph. D. Part I., the Sanskrit Text and Various Readings, 
 pp. 116. 10s. 6fi?. 
 
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