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WITH REFERENCES, SUGGESTIONS, NOTES AND VOCABULARIES. BY ALBERT BARENESS, PH.D., LL.D., PROFESSOR IN BROWN UNIVERSITY. x\ B RA#V (Grammar* NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET LONDON: CAXTON HOUSE, PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1889 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by ALBEET HAEKNES8, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Ehode Island. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. M Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by ALBEET HAEKNESS, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by ALBERT HARKNESS, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. tf3 If*? PREFACE.^^ THE new Latin Reader now offered to the public is designed to furnish the learner a short, easy, and pro- gressive introduction to reading and writing Latin. It is at once a Latin Reader and an Exercise Book in Latin Composition. The author's full course of Latin study embraces in its first stage the Introductory Latin Book, and in its second the Grammar, Reader, and Latin Composition. In that course, the Reader published several years since will still retain its place. The present work belongs to a shorter course, and has been prepared expressly for the accommodation of those schools which are obliged to dispense with the Introductory Latin Book. It aims to furnish the pupil in a single volume a sufficient companion to the Latin Grammar. It comprises Reading Lessons, Exercises in Writing Latin, Suggestions to the Learner, Notes, a Latin- English, and an English-Latin Vocabulary. Part First presents a progressive series of exercises illustrative of grammatical forms, inflections, and rules. These exercises are intended to accompany the Vo m .1. iv PREFACE. learner from the very outset in his progress through the Grammar, and thus to furnish him the constant luxury of using the knowledge which he is acquiring. The Latin has been carefully selected from classical authors. Part Second illustrates connected discourse, and comprises Fables, Anecdotes, and History. Exercises in writing Latin are inserted at convenient intervals. The Suggestions to the Learner are intended to direct the unskilful efforts of the beginner, and thus to enable him to do for himself much which would otherwise require the aid of his teacher. They aim to point out to him the process by which he may most readily and surely reach the meaning and the struc- ture of a Latin sentence, and then to teach him to embody that meaning in clear idiomatic English. Ex- perience has abundantly shown the need of such direc- tions. The beginner's first efforts to solve the problem presented by a Latin sentence are too often little bet- ter than a series of unsuccessful conjectures, while his first translations are purely mechanical renderings, with little regard either to the thought of his author or to the proprieties of his mother-tongue. The Notes aim to furnish such collateral information as will enable the learner to appreciate the subject matter of his reading lessons, and such special aid as will enable him to surmount real and untried diffi- culties. In the Vocabularies, the aim has been to give to PREFACE. V each word the particular meanings which occur in this work, without omitting, however, its essential and leading signification. In connection with this statement of the design and plan of the work, the author desires to make his grate- ful acknowledgments to the classical instructors who have received his previous works with such marked favor, and have used them with such fidelity and skill. To their hands this volume is now respectfully com- mitted. BROWN UNIVERSITY, July, 1877. CONTENTS- PART FIRST. GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES. Lesson Page I. FIRST DECLENSION OF NOUNS 1 II. SECOND DECLENSION OF NOUNS 2 III. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 4 IV. THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS. CLASS 1 6 V. THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS. CLASS II 7 VI. THIRD DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 9 VII. FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS 10 VIII. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 11 IX. PRONOUNS. VERB SUM 12 X. PRONOUNS. VERB SUM, continued 15 XI. FIRST CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE 1C XII. FIRST CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE 18 XIII. SECOND CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE 19 XIV. SECOND CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE 20 XV. THIRD CON JCTGATION. ACTIVE VOICE 22 XVI. THIRD CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE 23 XVII. FOURTH CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE 24 XVIII. FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE 25 XIX. VERBS IN 10 OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION 27 XX. DEPONENT VERBS 28 XXI. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 29 XXII. USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE. 30 vii yiii CONTENTS. Lesson Page XXIII. USE OF THE DATIVE AND GENITIVE 32 XXIV. USE OF THE ABLATIVE 33 XXV. USE OF THE ABLATIVE, continued 34 XXVI. AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS, AND VERBS. . 36 XXVII. USE OF THE INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE 37 XXVIII. USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE 38 XXIX. USE OF THE INFINITIVE 39 PART SECOND. LATIN SELECTIONS. FABLES 41 Exercise in Writing Latin 45 ANECDOTES 45 Exercise in Writing Latin 51 EOMAN HISTORY 52 Period I. Italian and Roman Kings 52 Exercise in Writing Latin 58 Period II. Roman Struggles and Conquests 58 Exercise in Writing Latin 64 Period III. Roman Triumphs 65 Exercise in Writing Latin 71 Period IV. Civil Dissensions 72 Exercise in Writing Latin 79 GRECIAN HISTORY 80 Period I. Grecian Triumphs 80 Exercise in Writing Latin 84 Period II. Civil Wars in Greece 84 Exercise in Writing Latin 88 Period III. Graeco-Macedonian Empire 89 Exercise in Writing Latin 97 SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEARNER 99 NOTES 109 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 139 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 213 EXPLANATIONS OF REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS. THE reference numerals in the Latin text, and in the Suggestions, refer to the author's Latin Grammar, the Revised Edition of 1881, but for the convenience of students who may have the previous edition, a table is added on page 223 giving the corresponding sections in that edition. In the Notes and Vocabulary, the Arabic numerals refer, when enclosed in parentheses, to articles in this work ; and, when not thus enclosed, to articles in the Grammar. Eoman numerals refer to the Suggestions. The following abbreviations occur : adj adjective. lit literally. adv adverb. m masculine. * comp comparative. n neuter. ^ conj conjunction. part participle. defect defective. pass passive. dep deponent. plur. or pi. . . .plural. f feminine. prep preposition. impers impersonal. pron pronoun. indec indeclinable. subs substantive. interj interjection. euperl ., . . superlative. irreg irregular. PART FIRST. GRAMMATICAL EXEECISES. LESSON I. PBONUNCIATION. NOUNS. FIKST DECLENSION. 1. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. One of the three Methods of Pronunciation. 1 Roman Method. 5-8 ; 16-18. English Method. 9-14 ; 16-18. Continental Method. 15-18. 2. Nouns. Gender, Person, etc. 39-42 ; 44-47. 3. First Declension of Nouns. 48. NOTE. Before reading the Latin Exercises, the pupil is expected, in every instance, to learn carefully those portions of the Grammar which are embraced in the large type of the sections designated. 2. Translate into English. 1. Corona, corona, coronae, 2 coronam, coronarum, coro- nis, coronas. 2. Gemma, gemma, gemmae, gemmam, gemmarum, gemmis, gemmas. 3. Sapientia, amicitia, 1 The pupil will, of course, study only the method adopted in the school. 2 When the same Latin form may be found in two or more cases, the pupil is expected to give the meaning for each case. Thus coronae may be in the Genitive or Dative Singular, or in the Nominative or Vocative Plural. 2 LATIN HEADER. justitia', glori^. 4. Sapientiam, amicitiam, justitiam, glo- riam. 5. Sapientia, amicitia, justitia, gloria. 6. Scho- larum, horarum. 7. Scholis, horis. 8. Scholas, horas. 3. Translate into Latin. 1. Friendship, friendships. 2. Of 1 friendship, of friendships. 3. To friendship, to friendships. 4. By friendship, by friendships. 5. Justice, by justice, of justice, to justice. 6. Wisdom, glory. 7. With wis- dom, with glory. 8. To wisdom, to glory. 9. Of wisdom, of glory. 10. Of a ' crown, of a gem. 11. With the ' crowns, with the gems. LESSON II. SECOND DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 4. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Second Declension of Nouns. 51. 2. Subject Nominative. Rule III. 368. 3. Direct Object. Rule V. 371. 5. Directions for Parsing. In parsing a Noun, Adjective, or Pronoun, 1. Name the Part of Speech to which it belongs. 2. Decline 2 it. 3. Give its Gender, Number, Case, &c. 4. Give its Syntax, 8 and the Rule for it. 1 See Notes on page 109. 2 Adjectives should also be compared (162) . 3 By the Syntax of a word is meant the Grammatical construction of it. Thus we give the Syntax of pu$ri under the Model, by stating that it is the subject of ambulant. NOUNS. 3 6. Model for Parsing Subjects. Pueri ambulant, Boys walk. Pueri is a noun (39) of the Second Declension, as it has i in the Genitive Singular (47) ; STEM, puero. Singular : puer, pueri, puero, puerum, puer, puero. Plural : pueri, puerorum, pueris, pueros, pu- eri, pueris. It is of the Masculine gender, by 42, I. 1. ; is in the Nominative Plural, and is the subject of ambulant, according to Rule III. : " The Subject of a Finite Verb is put in the Nominative." 7. Model for Parsing Direct Objects. Sententiam laudat, He praises the opinion. Sententiam is a noun (39) of the First Declension, as it has ae in the Genitive Singular (47) ; STEM, sententia. Singular : sententid, sententiae, sententiae, sentenliam, sententia, sententia. Plural : sen- tentiae, sententiarum, sententiis, sententias, sententiae, sententiis. It is of the Feminine gender, by 48 ; is in the Accusative Singular ; and is the Direct Object of the transitive verb laudat, according to Rule V. : " The Direct Object of an action is put in the Accusative." 8. The following verbs are added for immediate use. Accusat, he accuses. Accusant, they accuse. Laudat, Tie praises. Laudant, they praise. Lib&rat, he liberates. Libgrant, they liberate. 9. Translate into English. I. Dommus, dommi, domino, domme, dommis. 2. Gener, genero, generorum, generis. 3. Servi, anni. 4. Pueri, soceri. 5. Agri, magistri. 6. Templi, belli. 7. Servis, annis. 8. Pugro, socero. 9. Agrorum, magis- trorum. 10. Templa, bella. II. Coronam laudat. 1 12. Puer coronam laudat. 1 1 On the arrangement of words, see Notes, page 109. 4 LATIN READER. 13. Sententiam laudant. 14. Servus puerum accusat. 15. Puer servum accusat. 16. Servi pueros accusant. 10. Translate into Latin. 1. The slave, the slaves. 2. For the slave, for the slaves. 3. Of the slave, of the slaves. 4. Of the father-in-law, of the son-in-law. 5. For the fathers-in- law, for the sons-in-law. 6. The boys, the fields. 7. With the gift, with the gifts. 8. He liberates the slave. 1 9. The son-in-law lib- erates the slaves. 10. They liberate the slaves. 11. The slaves praise the boy. 12. The boy praises the slave. LESSON III. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS OF ADJECTIVES. 11. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. First and Second Declensions of Adjectives. 148-150. 2. Agreement .of Adjectives. Rule XXXIV. 438. 12. Model for Parsing Adjectives. Verae Smicitiae, True friendships. Verae is an adjective (146) of the First and Second Declensions (147); STEM, vera (148, 1). Singular: N. verus, vera, verum; G. veri, verae, veri ; D. vero, verae, vero ; A. verum, veram, verum ; V. vere, vera, verum ; A. vero, vera, vero. Plural : N. veri, verae, vera ; G. verorum, verarum, verorum ; D. veris, veris, veris ; A. ve- ros, veras, vera; V. veri, verae, vera ; A. veris, veris, veris. It is in 1 On the arrangement of words, see Notes. ADJECTIVES. 5 the Nominative Plural Feminine, and agrees with its noun amicitiae, according to Rule XXXIV. : " An Adjective agrees with its Noun in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE." 13. Certain forms of verbs. Amat, he loves. Amant, they love. Est, he is. Sunt, they are. 14. Translate into English. 1. Servus bonus. 2. Servi boni. 3. Servo bono. 4. Servorum bonorum. 5. Servis bonis. 6. Regma' bonS. 7. Reglnae bonae. 8. Regma bona. 9. Regi- narum bonarum. 10. Regmis bonis. 11. Exempli boni. 12. Exempla bona. 13. CoronS aurea. 14. Corona aurea est. 1 15. Coro- nae sunt aureae. 1 16. Regma coronam laudat. 17. Re- gma bona coronam auream laudat. 18. Puella pulchra reginam bonam amat. 15. Translate into Latin. 1. A true friend. 2. The true friends. 3. For a true friend* 4. For true friends. 5. Of the true friend. 6. Of true friends. 7. True glory. 8. With true glory. 9. Of true glory. 10. An acceptable word. 11. Acceptable words. 12. With acceptable words. 13. Of acceptable words. 14. The beautiful queen. 15. The queen is beauti- ful. 16. They praise the good queen. 17. The girls are good. 18. The good girls love the beautiful queen. 19. The beautiful queen loves the good girls. , . 1 See Notes, page 109. 6 LATIN KEADEK. LESSON IV. THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS. CLASS I. 16. Lesson from the Crrammar. 1. Third Declension of Nouns. Class I. 57-61. 2. Appositives. Rule II. 363. 3. Genitive with Nouns. Rule XVI. 395. 17. Model for Parsing Appositives. 1 Artemisia regmS, Artemisia the queen. Reglna is a noun (39) of the First Declension (48), as it has ae in the Genitive Singular (47) ; STEM, reglna (48, 1). Singular : reglna, regmae, reglnae, reglnam, reglna, reglna. Plural : reglnae, regindrum, reglnisj reglnas, reglnae, reglnis. It is of the Feminine gender, as the names of females are feminine by 42, II. 1. It is in the Nomina- tive Singular, in apposition with Artemisia, with which it agrees in case, according to Rule II. : "An Appositive agrees in CASE with the noun or pronoun which it qualifies." 18. Translate into English. 1. PrincTpis, principum. 2. Dux, duces. 3. Regera, reges. 4. Regis, militis. 5. Regi, militi. 6. Rege, milite. 7. Reges, milites. 8. Regum, militum. 9. Regibus, militibus. 10. Virtus regis. 2 11. Virtutes regum. 2 12. Vindex libertatis. 13. Nepotibus regis. 14. Virtute militum. 15. Belli causS. 16. Belli causas. 17. Victoria regis. 1 No special Model for parsing Genitives is deemed necessaiy, as all nouns are parsed substantially in the same way ; though different Rules are, of course, assigned for different cases. 2 See Notes. NOUNS. 7 18. Victoriae regis. 19. Regis filiS. 20. TulliS, regis . 21. Virtutem regis laudat. 22. Virtutes regis lau- dant. 23. Rex bonus est. 24. Regis filiam accusant. 25. Tulliam, regis filiam, 1 accusant. 26. Cicgro ora- tionem laudat. 19. Translate into Latin. 1. The exile, the exiles. 2. For the exile, for the exiles. 3. Of shepherds, of orators. 4. Of a shepherd, of an orator. 5. Father, brother. 6. To the father, to the brother. 7. Kings, laws. 8. Of the king, of the law. 9. Of the kings, of the laws. 10. For the con- queror, of the conqueror. 11. The brother of the con- queror. 12. The soldiers liberate the country. 13. The king liberates the slaves. 14. The daughter of the king liberates the slave. 15. The orator praises the wisdom of the judge. 16. Cicero the orator praises the bravery of the conqueror. LESSON V. THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS. CLASS II, 20. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Third Declension of Nouns. Class II. 62-64. 2. Cases with Prepositions. 2 Rule XXXIII. 432. 1 See Notes. 2 The Preposition is the part of speech which shows the relations of objects to each other : in Italia esse, to be in Italy ; ante me, before me. Here in and ante are prepositions. In the Vocabulary, each preposition, as it occurs, will be marked as such ; and the case which may be used with it will be specified. 2 8 LATIN BEADER. 21. Certain forms of verbs. H&bit&t, he resides. Habitant, they reside, Pugn&t, he fights. Pugnant, they fight. Scribit, he writes}- Scribunt, they write. 1 22. Translate into English. I. Nubi, nube, nubium. 2. Hostem, hostes, hostibus. 3. Carmma, carmimbus. 4. Consulis, passeris. 5. Con- sulum, passerum. 6. Consulibus, passeribus. 7. Leoni, virgmi. 8. Leones, virgmes. 9. Patrem, pastorem. 10. Custodes urbis. II. Cicero consul. 12. Ciceronis consulis. 13. Pater judicis. 14. Patres judicum. 15. Post Romuli mortem. 16. Apud Herodotum, patrem historiae. 17. Ante lu- cem. 18. Contra natiiram. 19. Sermo de amicitia. 20. Pro patria. 21. In amnem, in bello. 22. Cicero de amicitia scribit. 23. Consul de virtiite scribit. 24. Pro patria pugnat. 25. Milites pro liber- tate pugnant. 26. Consul in urbe habitat. 23. Translate into Latin. I. The citizen, to the citizen, for citizens. 2. A cloud, clouds, with a cloud. 3. A king, a law. 4. Of fire, with fire. 5. Of the animal, for the animals. 6. The law of the state. 7. The laws of the state. 8. Contrary to the. law. 9. Contrary to the laws of the state. 10. By the death of the conqueror. II. The consul is writing to a friend. 12. The boy is writing concerning virtue. 13. The boys are writing concerning the death of Romulus. 14. The conqueror is in the city. 15. The soldiers fight for the country. i Or, he is writing, they are writing. ADJECTIVES. 9 LESSON VI. THIRD DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 24. Lesson from the Crrammar. 1. Third Declension of Adjectives. 152-158. 2. Predicate Nouns. 1 Rule I. 362. 25. Translate into English. 1. Dolor acer. 2. Dolores acres. 3. Lex acris. 4. Legibus acribus. 5. Hostis crudelis. 6. Hostem crude- lem. 7. Miles fortis. 8. Virtus militis fortis. 9. In agro fertili, in agris fertilibus. 10. Post vitam brevem. 11. Post pugnas navales. 12. Singularis virtus, singu- lar! virtute. 13. Lex acris est. 14. Leges acres sunt. 15. Miles est fortis. 16. Milites sunt fortes. 17. Consul virtu- tern militis fortis laudat. 18. Consul est orator. 19. Cato magnus imperator est. 26. Translate into Latin. 1. A useful citizen. 2. Of useful citizens. 3. For useful citizens. 4. Wise judges. 5. For the wise judge, for wise judges. 6. Brave soldiers, for brave soldiers. 7. The brave leader, brave leaders. 8. The word of the brave leader. 9. By the words of the brave leader. 1 Every sentence consists of two distinct parts, expressed or implied : 1. The SUBJECT, or that of which it speaks. 2. The PREDICATE, or that which is said of the subject. Thus, in the first example under the Rule, ego, I, is the subject, and sum nuntius is the predicate. When the predicate thus consists of a noun with the verb sum, or of a noun with the passive verb, the noun thus used is called a predicate noun. Accordingly, nuntius in the first example, and rex iu the second, are predicate nouns. 10 LATIN READER. 10, The pupils are diligent. 11. The soldiers are brave. 12. The brother of the consul is a brave soldier. 13. The brother of the king is judge. 14. The brother of the orator is a wise judge. LESSON VII. FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 27. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Fourth Declension. 116. 2. Fifth Declension. 120. 28. Certain forms of verbs. Audit, he hears. Audiunt, they hear. Timet, he fears. Timent, they fear. Vidgt, he sees. Vident, they see. 29. Translate into English. 1. Fructus, cantus. 2. Fructibus, cantibus. 3. Can- tus avis. 4. Cantu avis. 5. Adventus hiemis. 6. Post adventum hi&nis. 7. Post solis occasum. 8. Ante ad- ventum Caes&ris. 9. In conspectu exercitus. 10. Diei, dierum, diebus. 11. Aciei, aciem, acie. 12. Victoriae spes. 13. Victoriae spe. 14. Numerus dierum. 15. Gloriae, anni, nubis, cantus, faciei. 16. Puer magistratum timet. 17. Pueri magistratus timent. 18. Potestas magistratus est magna. 19. Con- sul exercitum laudat. 20. Consul regis currum videt. 21. Gloria est fructus virtutis. 30. Translate into Latin. 1. The army, the armies. 2. For the army, for the armies. 3. The arrival of the army. 4. Before the ADJECTIVES. 11 arrival of the army. 5. After the arrival of the consul. 6. After the setting of the sun. 7. Before the attack of the enemy. 8. In the city, into the city, for the city. 9. In sight of the king. 10. By the orations of Cicero. 11. After the death of Cicero, the consul. 12. A day, days. 13. Of the day, of the days. 14. With the thing, with the things. 15. Of the thing, of the things. 16. The commander fears the attack of the enemy. 17. The soldiers fight in sight of the commander. 18. The citizens accuse the magistrate. 19. The pupil is writing concerning hope. 20. The girl hears the sing- ing of the bird. LESSON VIII. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 31. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Comparison of Adjectives. 160-162. 2. Ablative with Comparatives. Rule XXIII. 417. 3. Numerals. 171, 172; 175-177. 32. Translate into English. 1. Triumphus clarus. 2. Triumphus clarior. 3. Tri- umphus clarissimus. 4. Triumphi clari. 5. Triumphi clariores. 6. Triumphi clarissimi. 7. Virfortis. 8. Vir fortior. 9. Vir fortissimus. 10. Sapiens vir. 11. Sa- pientior vir. 12. Sapientissimus vir. 13. Fortissimi viri. 14. Fortissimorum virorum mul- titude. 15. Peiitus dux. 16. Peritissimi duces. 17. Bella funestissima. 18. Beata vita, beatior vita, beatissima vita. 19. Donum gratum, donum gratius, 12 LATIN HEADER. donum gratissimum. 20. TJnus liber, duo libri. 21. Li* ber primus, liber secmidus. 22. Post tria bella. 23. Tunis altior est quam murus. 24. Judex est sapientior quam rex. 25. Sol major est quam terra. 26. Lux somtu est velocior. 27. Vilius argentum est auro. 33. Translate into Latin. 1. A fertile field. 2. A more fertile field. 3. The most fertile field. 4. Two fertile fields. 5. More fer- tile fields. 6. A useful life. 7. A more useful life. 8. The most useful life. 9. The most useful lives. 10. Eight books, with eight books. 11. The eighth book, before the eighth book. 12. Silver is more valuable than iron. 13. Virtue is more valuable than gold. 14. Wisdom is more val- uable than money. 15. Wisdom is more useful than gold. 16. Virtue is better than wisdom. 17. Wisdom is better than gold. 18. Goodness is more valuable than l knowledge. 19. The soldiers are braver than the general. LESSON IX. PKONOUNS. VERB SUM. 34. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Pronouns, Personal, Possessive, and Demonstra- tive. 182-186. 2. Verbs. 192-203. 3. Sum. Tenses for Incomplete Action. ' 204. 4. Agreement of Verbs. Rule XXXVI. 460-463. 1 In this and the following example, use guam, according to 417, 1. PRONOUNS. VERB SUM. 13 35. Directions for Parsing Verbs. In parsing a verb, 1. Tell whether it is transitive or intransitive (193), name the Conjugation to which it belongs, and give the Present Indicative Active. 2. Give the principal Parts (202) and inflect the tense in which the given form is found. 1 3. Give the voice, mood, tense, number, and person. 4. Name the subject, and give the Rule for agree- ment. 36. Models for Parsing the Verb Sum. 1. Sum with Subject. Nos 2 eramus, We were. Eramus is an intransitive irregular 3 verb, from sum. Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui, . 4 Inflection of tense (Imperfect Indica- tive) : eram, eras; erat, eramus, eratis, erant. The form eramus is found in the Indicative mood, Imperfect tense, First person, Plural number, and agrees with its subject nos, according to Kule XXXVI. : " A Finite Verb agrees with its Subject in NUMBER and PERSON." 2. Sum without Subject. Fui, / have been. Fui is an intransitive irregular verb from sum. Principal Parts : sum, esse, fui. Inflection of tense (Perfect Indicative) : fui, fiiisti, fuit ; f uimus, fuistis, fuerunt, or fuere. The form fui is found in the Indicative mood, Perfect tense, First person, Singular number, and agrees with its subject ego omitted (though fully implied in the ending i of fui), according to Rule XXXVI. 1 That is, if the form occurs in a given tense of the Indicative, give the several forms for the different persons and numbers in that tense and mood. 2 Nos is the Subject. With an intransitive verb, the Subject represents the person (or tiling) who is in the condition, or state, denoted by the verb. 3 Hence it does not belong to either of the regular conjugations. 4 The Supine is wanting. 14 LATIN READER. 37. Translate into English. 1. Mihi, tibi, sibi. 2. Ad me, ad te. 3. Contra nos, contra se. 4. Pro vobis. 5. Mea vita. 6. Pro pa- tria tua. 7. Contra patriam tuam. 8. Vestri patres. 9. In nostra patria. 10. Hie puer, hi pueri. 11. Haec coron&, hae eoronae. 12. Pro illis viris. 13. Pastor illms regionis. 14. Idem locus. 15. In eundem locum. 16. Sum, sumus, sunt. 17. Es, est, estis. 18. Eram, eramus. 19. Erat, erant. 20. Eris, eritis. 21. Erit, erunt. 22. Eras, ero. 23. Eratis, erimus. 24. Simus, sint. 25. Aristides Justus erat. 26. Justi sumus. 27. Ca- to sapiens erat. 28. Sapientes eritis. 29. Sapientes estis. 30. Leges breves sunt. 31. Amicus tuus ad te scribit. 32. Consul patrem suum laudat. 33. Leges breves sunto. 34. Justi simus. 35. Gives sint beati. 38. Translate into Latin. 1. We, you. 2. You, me, himself. 3. For you, for me, for himself. 4. Against you, against me. 5. My book, your book, his book. 6. My books, your books, his books. 7. Our parents, your parents, their parents. 8. This letter, that letter. 9. These letters, those let- ters. 10. After that victory. 11. The same words. 12. With the same words. 13. He is, they are. 14. He will be, they will be. 15. He was, they were. 16. I shall be, we shall be. 17. I was, you were. 18. I am, we are, you will be. 19. The pupil will be diligent. 20. The pupils were diligent. 21. The boy is good. 22. He will be happy. 23. Good boys are happy. 24. This soldier will be useful. 25. These soldiers were useful. 26. Brave soldiers are useful. PRONOUNS. VEKB SUM. 15 LESSON X. PRONOUNS. VERB SUM. 39. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Pronouns Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite. 187-190. 2. The verb Sum in full. 204. 3. Interrogative Sentences. 351. 4. Dative with Adjectives. Rule XIV. 391. 40. Translate into English. 1. Patria Ciceroni erat carissima. 2. Nonne Romulus rex fuerat? 3. Romulus rex fuerat. 4. Ebrietas est insania. 5. Patria est parens omnium nostrum. 6. De- mosthenes orator fuit. 7. Num. hie puer orator erit? 8. Ille puer orator sit. 9. Philosophia est mater artium. 10. Cicero clarissimus orator fuit. 11. Cantus avis ju- cundisslmus est. 12. Virtus mihi gloria est carior. 13. Patria mihi vita mea est carior. 14. Quid est jucundius amicitia? 15. Quid multitudmi gratius quam libertas est? 16. Pater tuus est sapientior quam tu. 17. Quis eloquen- tior fuit quarn Demosthenes? 18. Quidam consulem laudant. 19. Quidam se laudat. 20. In mundo Deus est, qui cursus astrorum conservat. 41. Translate into Latin. 1. Who was the king ? 2. Was not Romulus king? 8. Romulus was king. 4. Who was the leader of the Romans? 5. Was not Scipio the leader of the Romans? 6. Scipio was the leader of the Romans. 7. Your brother is an orator. 8. This boy is my brother. 2 16 LATIN READER. 9. Will not these books be useful to you? 10. They are useful to us. 11. This book will be most acceptable to my brother. 12. Will not wisdom be more useful to you than gold? 13. Wisdom will be more useful to me than gold. 14. Goodness is dearer to us than glory. 15. The Romans were braver than the Gauls. 16. The soldiers were braver than the general. LESSON XI. FIRST CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. 42. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. First Conjugation. Active Voice. 205. 2. Review the first three Declensions of Nouns. 48, 51, 55-64. 3. Case of Address. Rule IV. 369. 43. Models for Parsing Regular Verbs. 1. With Subject. Vos laudavistis, You have praised. Laudavistis is a transitive verb (192, 193) of the First Conjuga- tion (201), from laudo ; STEM, lauda. Principal Parts: laudo, lau- ddre, laudavi, laudatum. Inflection of Tense : lauddvi, laudavisti, laudavit ; laudavtmus, laudavistis, laudaverunt, or laudavere. The form laudavistis is found in the Active voice, Indicative mood, Per- fect tense, Second person, Plural number, and agrees with its subject vos, according to Rule XXXVI. : " A Finite Verb agrees with its Subject in NUMBER and PERSON." 2. Without Subject. Laudavistis, You have praised. This is parsed like laudavistis, above, except that it agrees with vos implied in the ending istis ; while laudavistis, above, agrees with vos expressed. VERBS. 17 44. Translate into English. 1. Amo, amabam, amabo. 1 2. Amas, amabas, amabis. 3. Amat, amant. 1 4. Amabat, amabant. 5. Amabit, amabunt. 6. Amamus, amabamus, amabimus. 7. Ama- vi, amaveram, amavero. 8. Amavit, amaverat, amav- erit. 9. Amavi, amavimus. 10. Amaveram, amav- eramus. 11. Amavero, amavermms. 12. Amem, ania- rem, amaverim, amavissem. 13. Amet, ament. 14. Orationem laudo. 15. Orationem laudamus. 16. Orationes laudabimus. 17. Virtutem amatis. 18. Vir- tiitem amabitis. 19. Ego patriam liberavi. 20. Patriam liberaverunt. 21. Scipio milites laudavit. 22. Scipio milTtum virtutem laudabat. 23. Scipionem laudamus. 24. Milites patriam amant. 25. Milites pro patria pug- nabant. 26. Pittas pueros ornat. 27. Te, Scipio, salutamus. 28. Vos, amlci carissimi, saliito. 29. Vos, cives omnes^ salutamus. 30. Milites fortissimi, patriam vestram liberate. 31. Vestram vir- tutem, juvenes, laudamus. 45. Translate into Latin. 1. I praise, I was praising. 2. He praises, they praise. 3. He will praise, they will praise. 4. He was praising, they were praising. 5. He has loved, he had loved. 6. The soldiers saved the city. 7. Shepherds love the mountains. 8. Do not the citizens praise the king? 1 The pupil should carefully compare the forms grouped together under the several numerals, and observe in what they are alike, and in what they are unlike. Thus amo, amoham, amabo, have the letters am in common ; but they differ from each other in the endings, o, abam, abo. Originally, how- ever, these forms had not only am, but ama in common, as amo was originally ama-o. This common basis ama is the $tem of the verb. Such forms as ama-t and ama-nt show the stem in full. They arc formed respectively by adding t and nt to the stem. 18 LATIN HEADER. 9. They praise the king. 10. Soldiers, you have fought for your country. 11. Brave soldiers, you have saved your country. 12. The Rhine is a large river. 13. Rome was a beautiful city. 14. Cato was a wise man. 15. Your father is a wise man. 16. Lavinia was the daughter of the king. 17. Latinus was king. 18. Lavinia was the daughter of Latinus. LESSON XII. FIRST CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. 46. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. First Conjugation. Passive Voice. 206. 2. Review Nouns and Adjectives. 116, 120, 146162. 3. Use of Adverbs. Rule LXI. 551. 47. Translate into English. 1. Amor, amabar, amabor. 2. Amaris, amabaris, amabSris. 3. Amatur, amantur. 4. Amabatur, ama- bantur. 5. Amabitur, amabuntur. 6. Amamur, ama- bamur, amabimur. 7. Amatus sum, amatus eram. 8. Amatus es, amatus eras. 9. Amatus est, amati sunt. 10. Amatus erat, amati erant. 11. Amatus erit, amati erunt. 12. Amer, amarer. 13. Amemur, amati simus. 14. Italia liber ata est. 15. Urbs Roma liber ata erat. 16. Haec urbs clarissima liberabitur. 17. Haec urbs opulentissima est liberata. 18. Virtus quotidie lauda- tur. 19. Virtutes semper laudabuntur. 20. Sapientia semper est laudata. 21. Libertas semper laudabitur. 22. Omnia hostium oppida expugnata sunt. VERBS. 19 48. Translate into Latin. 1. He is praised, they are praised. 2. He was praised, they were praised. 3. He will be praised, they will be praised. 4. I am blamed, I was blamed. 5. You are loved, you are praised. 6. You were loved, you were praised. 7. You will be loved, you will be praised. 8. I have been blamed, you had been praised. 9. Let him be praised, let them be praised. 10. Will not the brave soldiers save the city ? 11. The brave soldiers will save the beautiful city. 12. The noble city will be saved. 13. The citizens praise tho brave soldiers. 14. Was not Philip wounded? 15. Philip, king of Macedonia, was wounded. 16. Many soldiers were wounded. 17. Did not the soldiers fight bravely ? 18. The soldiers fought bravely. LESSON XIII. SECOND CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. 49. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Second Conjugation. Active Voice. 207. 2. Dative with Verbs. Rule XII. 384. 50. Translate into English. 1. Moneo, monebam, monebo. 1 2. Mones, monetis. 3. Monet, monent. 4. Monemus, monebamus. 5. Monebant, monebunt. 6. Monuimus, monueramus. 7. Monuit, monuerunt. 8. Monuerat, monuerant. 1 The pupil should compare the forms grouped together under the several numerals, and observe wherein they differ from each other. He should also compare them with the corresponding forms of the First Conjugation. 20 LATIN READER. 9. Gives legibus parent. 10. Multae Italiae civitates Romanis parebant. 11. Haec sententia Caesari placuit. 12. Ilia sententia Caesari displicuit. 13. Milites gloriae laborant. 14. Hoc consilium Caesari nuntiatum est. 15. Nostra consilia hostibus nuntiata sunt. 16. Tibi magnam gratiam habemus. 17. Habeo senectuti mag- nam gratiam. 18. Conon peeuniam civibus donavit. 19. Pastor pu&ro viam monstravit. 20. Tibi viam mon- strabo. 21. Omnes homines libertati student. 22. Ego philosophiae semper vaco. 23. Philippus, rex Macedo- niae, Athenienses superavit. 51. Translate into Latin. 1. You advise, you were advising, you will advise. 2. He obeys, they obey. 3. He was obeying, they were obeying. 4. He will advise, they will advise. 5. They have advised, they had advised. 6. I have advised, we have advised. 7. I had advised, I had obeyed. 8. Did I not obey my father ? 9. You obeyed your father. 10. We shall obey the laws of the state. 11. Do not the citizens obey the king? 12. They have obeyed the king. 13. Scipio the general was praised. 14. Philip, king of Macedonia, was the father of Alex- ander. LESSON XIV. SECOND CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. 52. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Second Conjugation. Passive Voice. 208. 2. Review Pronouns. 182-191. VEEBS. 21 53. Translate into English. 1. Moneor, monebar, monebor. 2. Monemur, moneba- mur, monebimur. 3. Moneatur, moneantur. 1 4. Mon- Ttus est, moniti sunt. 5. Monitus erat, momti erant. 6. Monet, monetur. 7. Monent, monentur. 8. Terre- bat, terrebatur. 1 9. Terrebant, terrebantur. 10. Gloriam veram habes. 11. Gloriam habebis. 12. Equites gladios habebant. 13. Homo habet memo- riam. 14. Cum Romanis pacem habuimus. 15. Pacem habueramus. 16. Cyrus omnium in exereitu suo mili- tum nomma tenebat. 17. Quis hanc urbem servabit? 18. Hanc urbem pulchram servabimus. 19. Quis te salutavit ? 20. Pa- ter meus te salutat. 21. Haec vita te delectat. 22. Philosophia nos delectat. 23. Omnia aniraalia se amant. 24. Fratres tui laudantur. 54. Translate into Latin. 1. He is advised, they are advised. 2. I was terrified, we were terrified. 3. He will be advised, they will be advised. 4. You have been terrified, I have been terri- fied. 5. He had been advised, he had been terrified. 6. I advise, I am advised. 7. I was advising, I was advised. 8. Who has my book? 9. I have your book. 10. Which book have you ? 11. I have three books. 12. My brother has ten books. 13. Did he not have many friends? 14. He had many friends. 15. You will have true friends. 16. The pupils are silent. 17. Will you not be silent ? 18. We will not be silent. 1 The learner should carefully compare the corresponding Active and Pas- siv forms. 22 LATIN HEADER. LESSON XV. THIKD CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. 55. Lesson from the Grrammar. 1. Third Conjugation. Active Voice. 209. 2. Ablative of Cause. Rule XXII. 413. 3. Ablative of Means. Rule XXV. 420. 56. Translate into English. 1. Regimus, regebamus, regemus. 2. Regebant, re- gebat. 3. Reget, regent. 4. Spero, pareo, duco. 5. Speramus, paremus, ducimus. 6. Sperabant, parebant, ducebant. 7. Speravi, parui, duxi. 8. Deus omnem hunc mundum regit. 9. Deus mun- dum semper rexit. 10. Deus mundum regebat. 11. Deus mundum reget. 12. Cicero ad Atticum scribit. 13. Ad te saepe scribam. 14. Cicero multos libros scripsit. 15. Librum de senectute scripserat. 16. Quid dixisti? 17. Nihil dixi. 18. Multa de amicitia dixi- mus. 19. Hie liber ad te scriptus est. 20. Consul virtute laudatus est. 21. Muneribus de- lectamur. 22. Roma Camilli virtute est servata. 23. Camillus hostes magno proelio superavit. 24. Scipio patrem singular! virtute servavit. 25. Scipio ingenti gloria triumphavit. 57. Translate into Latin. 1. He leads, he was leading, he will lead. 2. He rules, he was ruling, he will rule. 3. They were lead- ing, they were ruling. 4. They will lead, they will rule. 5. You have led, you have ruled. 6 Who will VEBBS. 23 speak the truth? 7. Have we not spoken the truth? 8. You have spoken the truth. 9. Did you predict this war ? 10. We did not predict the war. 11. Who has declared war ? 12. The Romans have declared war. 13. Are not the fields adorned with flowers ? 14. The fields are adorned with beautiful flowers. 15. Have you not strengthened your memory by use ? 16. I have strengthened my memory by daily use. 17. You will be praised for (because of) your diligence. LESSON XVI. THIRD CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. 58. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Third Conjugation. Passive Voice. 210. 2. Ablative of Agent. 415, 1. 59. Translate into English. I. Regor, regebar, regar. 2. Regimur, regebamur, regemur. 3. Rectus est, rectus erat. 4. Recti sunt, recti erant. 5. Regit, regitur. 6. Regunt, reguntur. 7. Regebat, regebatur. 8. Regebant, regebantur. 9. Vocamur, monemur. 10. Vocatur, monetur. II. Mundus regitur. 12. Oninis hie mundus semper rectus est. 13. Hie mundus semper regetur. 14. Hie mundus a Deo regitur. 15. Mundus a Deo aedificatus est. 16. Nihil a nobis dictum est. 17. Catilma ab amlcis laudatus est. 18. Consul a rege victus est. 19. Haec civitas bene regitur. 20. Hae civitates bene reguntur. 21. Multi exercitus in Italiam ducti erant. 22. Bellum indictum erat. 23. Multa bella indicta sunt. 3 24 LATIN HEADER. 60. Translate into Latin. 1. He is ruled, they are ruled. 2. We are ruled, we are led. 3. He was ruled, they were ruled. 4. We have been ruled, we have been led. 5. I lead, I am led. 6. We were ruling, we were ruled. 7. Was not the army led forth? 8. The army was led forth by the king. 9. Will not the truth be spoken ? 10. The truth has been spoken. 11. Let the truth always be spoken. 12. Would not war have been de- clared by the Komans ? 13. This boy has not observed the law. 14. Good citizens will observe the laws. 15. Let the laws be ob- served. 16. Who has your book? 17. That boy has my book. 18. You shall have my book. 19. What did you say ? 20. I spoke the truth. LESSON XVII. FOURTH CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. 61. Lesson from the Gf-rammar. 1. Fourth Conjugation. Active Voice. 211. 2. Review of the Verb Sum. 204. 62. Translate into English. 1. Audis, audiebas, audies. 2. Auditis, audiebatis, audietis. 3. Audio, audimus. 4. Audiebam, audieba- mus. 5. Audivimus, audiveramus. 6. Audivi, audiv- gram, audivSro. 7. Audivit, audiverunt. 8. Audito, auditote. 9. Verba mea, judices, audite. 10. Haec verba, legati, audite. 11. Vos, milites, hanc urbem clarissimam custodite. VERBS. 25 12. Pax jucunda est. 13. Pax jucunda erit. 14. Vita brevis est. 15. Cato bonus fuit. 16. Gives boni fue- runt. 17. Germania fertilis est. 18. Agri fertiles fu8- rant. 19. Gives urbem custodiebant. 20. Urbem cus- todiemus. 21. Milites templum custodiunt. 22. Verba tua audimus. 23. Verba mea audivisti. 24. Orationem tuam audivi. 25. Sermouem audiebam. 26. Puri can- tuin avis audiebant. 27. Thrasybulus urbem munivit. 63. Translate into Latin. 1. I hear, I guard. 2. We hear, we guard. 3. He was hearing, they were sleeping. 4. He was sleeping, they were hearing. 5. He will hear, they will hear. 6. We have slept, you have heard. 7. I had heard, I had guarded. 8. He may hear, they may sleep. 9. Do you not hear us ? 10. We hear you. 11. Who heard the oration? 12. We heard the oration. 13. The pupils heard the conversation. 14. They did not hear your oration. 15. The citizens are fortifying the city. 16. Who will guard this beautiful city? 17. The brave soldiers will guard the city. 18. Will you guard the temple? 19. We will guard the temple. 20. The sol- diers will be brave. 21. The citizens had been brave soldiers. LESSON XVIII FOUKTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. 64. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Fourth Conjugation. Passive Voice. 212. 2. Review First Conjugation. 205, 206. 26 LATIN READER. 65. Translate into English. 1. Audimur, audiebamur, audiemur. 2. Audiatur, au- diantur. 3. Audit, auditur. 4. Audiunt, audiuntur. 5. Audiet, audietur. 6. Audiebat, audiebatur. 7. Tul- lus bellum fimvit. 8. Bellum finiverat. 9. Bellum finitum est. 10. Hie dies Graeciae libertatem finiet. 11. Gives templum custodiunt. 12. Brutus Macedo niam custodiebat. 13. Hanc provinciam custodimus. 14. Urbs munlta erat. 15. Urbes munientur. 16. Templum custodietur. 17. Templa custodiuntur. 18. Legatio benigne audita est. 19. Haec legatio benigne audietur. 20. Verba tua benigne audientur. 21. Filii regis egregie erudiuntur. 22. Bellum civile fini- tum est. 23. Romani hostem exspectabant. 24. Ro- mani ingentem hostium numerum exspectaverant. 25. Hostes proelium exspectabant. 26. Pittas juventiitem ornat. 27. Philosophi pecuniam non optant. 66. Translate into Latin. 1. I am instructed, we are instructed. 2. They have been heard, they have been instructed. 3. He was in- structing, he was instructed. 4. We have heard, you have been heard. 5. Was not the orator heard? 6. The renowned orator was kindly heard. 7. Let the city be fortified. 8. Let the temples be guarded. 9. The city has been fortified. 10. The tem- ples will be guarded. 11. Let the war be brought to a close. 12. Let the boys be instructed. 13. Let the words of the instructor be heard. 14. Are you ex- pecting me ? 15. We are expecting you. 16. Did you not await the enemy? 17. We awaited the enemy. 18. The enemy were put to flight. VEEBS. 27 LESSON XIX. VERBS IN 10 OF THE THIED CONJUGATION. 67. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Verbs in io of the Third Conjugation. 217-219. 2. Review Second Conjugation. 207, 208. 68, Translate into English. 1. Graeci Trojam capiebant. 2. Troja capta est. 8. Troja capta erat. 4. Regulus ipse captus est. 5. Belli dtices capientur. 6. Haec urbs capietur. 7. Illam ur- bem capiemus. 8. Roma a Gallis capta erat. 9. Galli Romam ceperant. 10. Scipio multas eivitates cepit. 11. Luna lucem a sole accipit. 12. Lucem a sole ac- cipimus. 13. Tuam epistolam accepi. 14. Milites tela jaeiebant. 15. Quis monetur? 16. Nonne puer monetur? 17. Puer recte monetur. 18. Discipuli recte momti sunt, 19. Fratres tui recte admomti erunt. 20. Nonne ad- moniti sumus? 21. Recte admomti sumus. 22. Me- moria exercetur. 23. Memoria exerceatur. 24. Ro- mani urbem capiunt. 25. Urbes capiebant. 26. Haec urbs capietur. 27. Milites arma capiunt. 28. Scipio Carthagmem cepit. 29. Regis pater fugit. 30. Lace- daemonii fugiunt. 31. Xerxes in Asiam fugerat. 69. Translate into Latin. 1. We were taking the city. 2. The city will be taken. 3. The city has been taken. 4. The cities have been taken. 5. Were not the boys terrified ? 6. They were terrified. 7. Let the pupils be admonished. 28 LATIN BEADEB. 8. The} 7 have been admonished. 9. Who will be ad- vised ? 10. These boys will be advised. 11. Has your memory been exercised? 12. My memory has been exercised. 13. Was not the general terrified ? 14. The general was not terrified. LESSON XX. DEPONENT YEBBS. 70. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Deponent Verbs. 231, 232. 2. Review Third Conjugation. 209, 210. 3. Review Rules I. and II. 362 and 363. 71. Translate into English . 1. Coriolanus populatur agrum Romanum. 2. Pyr- rhus Campaniam depopulatus est. 3. Milites agros de- populabantur. 4. Hoc facmus rex miratur. 5. Puer laudem meretur. 6. Laudem mereris. 7. Gloria vir- tutem seqnYtur. 8. Cum Scipione honorem partimur 9. Id opus inter se partiuntur. 10. Mercurius nuntius erat. 11. Bacchus erat vini deus. 12. Somnus est imago mortis. 13. Historia magistra vitae habetur. 14. Socrates parens philoso- phiae dicitur. 15. Cicero, eruditissimus homo, consul fuit. 16. Numa, justissimus vir, erat rex. 17. Ancus, Numae iiepos, rex fuit. 18. Philosophia, mater bona- rum artium, nos erudit. 19. Dionysius tyrannus expulsus est. 20. Demara- tus, regis pater, fugit. 21. Apud Herodotum, patrem historiae, sunt innumerabiles fabulae. 22. Hannibal Saguntum, foederatam urbem, expugnavit. 23. SocrS,- tem, sapientissimum virum, Athenienses interfecerunt. VERBS. 29 72. Translate into Latin. 1. The boy imitates his father. 2. We will imitate our fathers. 3. You have always imitated your father. 4. The boys followed their father. 5. Tullia, the daughter of Servius, was the wife of Tarquin. 6. Ser- vius, the father of Tullia, was a king. 7. Scipio, the leader of the Romans, took Carthage. 8. The consul was an orator. 9. Cicero the consul was an orator. 10. Brutus had been consul. 11. Cice- ro the orator wrote many letters. 12. The letters of Cicero the orator have been greatly praised. 13. Soc- rates was a philosopher. 14. Your brother will be an orator. 15. Herodotus was the father of history. 16. The orator praises Herodotus, the father of history. LESSON XXI. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 73. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Periphrastic Conjugation. 233, 234. 2. Review Fourth Conjugation. 211, 212. 3. Review Rules III., IV., and V. 368, 369, 371. 74. Translate into English. 1. Virtutem laudaturi sumus. 2. Virtus laudanda est. 3. Quid laudaturus es ? 4. Bonitatem laudaturus sum. 5. Omnia sunt laudanda, quae conjuncta cum virtute sunt. 6. Quid vituperandum est? 7. Omnia sunt vituperanda, quae cum vitiis conjuncta sunt. 8. Gloriam veram habituri sumus. 9. Cicero ad Atticum scripturus erat. 30 LATIN HEADER. 10. Cuncta Graecia liberata est. 11. Philosophia inventrix legum fuit. 12. Omnium malorum stultitia est mater. 13. Disce, puer, virtutem. 14. Conser- vate, judices, hunc honrfnem. 15. Accepi tuas epistolas. 16. Labor omnia vincit. 17. Animus regit corpus. 18. Nostra nos patria delec- tat. 19. Milti&des totam Graeciam liberavit. 20. Soph- 6cles tragoedias fecit. 21. Studia adolescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant. 75. Translate into Latin. 1. We were about to praise you. 2. Diligent pupils must be praised. 3. They were about to fortify the city. 4. These cities must be fortified. 5. Pupils, your diligence will be praised. 6. The city has been fortified. 7. The city must be saved. 8. Boys, hear the words of your father. 9. Judges, you shall hear the truth. 10. Do you not love your parents ? 11. We love our parents. 12. You practise virtue. 13. Our pupils will practise virtue. 14. Did not Rome have beautiful tem- ples? 15. Rome had beautiful temples. 16. Have not the enemy taken the city ? 17. They have taken the beautiful city. 18. They will plunder all the temples. LESSON XXII. USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE. 76. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Two Accusatives. Rule VI. 373. 2. Accusative of Time and Space. Rule IX. 379. 3. Accusative of Limit. Rule X. 380. 4. The Verb eo. 295. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. 31 77. Translate into English. 1. Ciceronem universus populus consulem declaravit. 2. Romulus urbem Romam vocavit. 3. Soer&tes totius mundi se civem arbitrabatur. 4. Cato nutricem plebis Romanae Siciliam nominavit. 5. Senatus Catilmam hostem judicavit. 6. Socratem Apollo sapientissimum judicavit. 7. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et quad- raginta. 8. Appius Claudius caectis annos multos fuit. 9. Quaedam bestiolae unuin diem vivunt. 10. Lacedae- monii pacem sex annos servaverunt. 11. Hie gladius sex pedes longus est. 12. Cicero Athenas venit. 13. Regulus Carthagmem rediit. 14. Curius elephantos quattuor Romam duxit. 15. Aurum domum comportant. 16. Ego rus ibo. 17. Consules Romam redibant. 18. Cicero domum rediS- rat. 19. Consules in Graeciam venerant. 20. Tullia in forum properavit et regem salutavit. 78. Translate into Latin. 1. They call the island Sicily. 2. The island is called Sicily. 3. They called Herodotus the father of history. 4. We judge you, O Catiline, an enemy. 5. You, O Catiline, will be judged an enemy. 6. Did you not walk two hours ? 7. We walked three hours. 8. The soldiers guarded the city ten months. 9. The mound was fifty feet high. 10. How many years did Numa reign ? 11. Numa reigned forty-three years. 12. Did you not send a messenger to Athens? 13. I sent two messengers to Athens. 14. Who fled to Carthage? 15. Did not the enemy flee to Carthage? 16. They fled to Carthage. 17. The army has been led back to Rome. 32 LATIN HEADER. LESSON XXIII. USE OF THE DATIVE AND GENITIVE. 79. Lesson from the Grrammar. 1. Dative with Verbs. Rule XII. 384-386. 2. Dative with Adjectives. Rule XIV. 391. 3. Genitive with Nouns. Rule XVI. 395-397. 4. Genitive with Adjectives. Rule XVII. 399. 5. The Verb/ero. 292. 80. Translate into English. 1. Non scholae, sed vitae discimus. 2. Philosophiae nos tradimus. 3. Aristides interfuit pugnae navali apud Salammem. 4. Tu virtutem praefer divitiis. 5. Haec sententia consul! placuit. 6. Romulus civitati profuit. 7. Gives legibus parebant. 8. Darius, rex Persarum, Graecis bellum intulit. 9. Parentes nobis cari sunt. 10. Victoria Romania grata fuit. 11. Veritas nobis gratissima est. 12. Sapi- entia est rerum divinarum et humanarum scientia. 13. Justitia virtutum regma est. 14. Socr&tes parens phi- losophiae fuit. 15. Romani avidi gloriae fuerunt. 16. Cicero glo- riae cupidissimus fuit. 17. Romani appetentes gloriae atque avidi laudis f uerunt. 18. Multi conteiitionis sunt cupidiores quam veritatis. 81. Translate into Latin. 1. Did they declare war against the Romans? 2. They had declared war against the Romans. 3. Will not this book be acceptable to you ? 4. That book will SYNTAX OF NOUNS. 33 be acceptable to me. 5. Good citizens will obey the laws. 6. The Romans awarded honors to their gen- erals. 7. I prefer virtue to learning. 8. We prefer learning to wealth. 9. The orations of Cicero have often been praised. 10. You have often praised the orations of Cicero the orator. 11. The orations of Demosthenes, the cele- brated orator, will always be praised. 12. Boys are fond of pleasure. 13. The pupils are fond of praise. 14. The king was desirous of glory. 15. Men are fond of money. LESSON XXIV. USE OF THE ABLATIVE. 82. Wesson from the Grammar. 1. Ablative of Cause. Rule XXII. 413. 2. Ablative of Means. Rule XXV. 420. 3. Ablative of Price. Rule XXVII. 422. 4. Ablative with Comparatives. Rule XXIII. 417. 5. Ablative of Difference. Rule XXVIII. 423. 83. Translate into English. 1. Caesar beneficiis ac munificentia magnus habeba- tur. 2. Gubernatoris ars utilitate, non arte laudatur. 3. Campani fuerunt superbi bonitate agrorum. 4. Athe- nienses vi summa proelium commiserunt. 5. Sidera cursus suos conficiunt maxima celeritate. 6. Trahimur omnes studio laudis. 7. Voluptate capiuntur homines, ut hamo pisces. 8. Alcibiades eruditus est a Socrate. 9. Sacra ab Numa instituta sunt. 10. Ego spem pretio non emo. 11. Vas Corinthium magno pretio mercatus sum. 34 LATDT READER. 12. Viginti talentis unam orationem IsocrStes vendidit. 13. Fanum pecunia grand! venditum est. 14. Nihil est veritatis luce dulcius. 15. Nihil est ratione melius. 16. Tullus Hostilius ferocior quam Romulus fuit. 17. Natura nihil habet praestantius quam honestatem. 18. Patria mihi vita mea multo est carior. 19. Pompeius biennio major fuit quam Cicero. 20. Homeri etsi incerta sunt tempora, tamen annis mul- tis fuit ante Romulum. 84. Translate into Latin. 1. Socrates has often been praised for (because of) his wisdom. 2. They glory in their wealth. 3. This philosopher glories in his wisdom. 4. The pupils re- joice in their studies. 5. We are delighted with the precepts of the philosophers. 6. Wisdom is not purchased with gold. 7. Do not sell happiness for gold. 8. The judge has purchased a horse for one talent. 9. I will sell this horse for thirty minae. 10. He is proud of his wealth. 11. Scipio was proud of his country. 12. Cicero was more learned than Cato. 13. You are more diligent than your brother. 14. You are five years older than I. LESSON XXV. USE OF THE ABLATIVE. 85. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Ablative of Place from which. Rule XXI. 412. 2. Ablative of Place in which. Rule XXX. 425. 3. Ablative of Time. Rule XXXI. 429. 4. Ablative Absolute. Rule XXXII. 431. 5. Cases with Prepositions. Rule XXXIII. 432-435. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. 35 86. Translate into English. 1. Latlnus in Italia regnavit. 2. Gives ab urbe fugi- ebant. 3. Themistocles e Graecia fugit. 4. Sex men- ses Athenis eram. 5. Dionysius tyrannus Syracusis fugit. 6. Romulus Romae regnavit. 7. Augustus obiit sexto et septuagesimo aetatis anno. 8. Socrates su- premo vitae die cle immortalitate ammorum multa dis- seruit. 9. Cogrrito Caesaris adventu, Ariovistus legatos ad eum mittit. 10. Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo regnante, in Italiam venit. 11. Lacedaemonii hostes ad proelium provocabant. 12. Scipio contra Hanno- nem, ducem Carthaginiensium, prospSre pugnat. 13. Epaminondas Lacedaemonios vicit apud Manti- neam. 14. Justitia erga deos religio dicitur, erga pa- rentes, pietas. 15. Amicitia est propter se expetenda. 16. Homo doctus in se semper divitias habet. 17. Scipio ob egregiam victoriam de Hannibale appellatus est Africanus. 87. Translate into Latin. 1. There were beautiful cities in Greece. 2. Were you in Corinth? 3. We were in Corinth the whole winter. 4. In Athens we saw beautiful temples. 5. Does not your friend reside at Rome ? 6. He resides in Athens. 7. He fled from Rome to Athens. 8. Do you not reside in the city in winter ? 9. We reside in this beautiful city in the winter. 10. Will not the army be led back to the city? 11. It has been led back to the city. 12. Will you not write to me ? 13. I will write to you. 14. Friendship is valuable of itself. 15. I have received two letters from your brother. 16. Tarquin came to Rome in the reign of Ancus Marcius. 36 LATIN READER. LESSON XXVI AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS, AND VERBS. 88. Lesson from the Grrammar. 1. Agreement of Adjectives. Rule XXXIY. 438,439. 2. Agreement of Pronouns. XXXV. 445. 3. Agreement of Verbs. Rule XXXVI. 460, 463. 4. The Verb>. 294. 89. Translate into English. 1. Vera amicitia sempiterna est. 2. Verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt. 3. Nihil est ab omni parte beatum. 4. Atra nubes condidit lunam. 5. Qualis est tua mens ? 6. Stultitia et temeritas fugienda sunt. 7. Labor vo- luptasque inter se sunt juncta. 8. Nihil expgdit, quod non decet. 9. Non est vir fortis, qui laborem fugit. 10. Omnia animalia se diligunt. 11. Ad amicum de amicitia scrips!. 12. Ego beatus sum. 13. Nos ipsi consolamur. 14. Ab ipso Graccho eadem haec audlmus. 15. Homines, dum docent, discunt. 16. Tantum sci- mus, quantum memoria tenemus. 17. Ego libertatem pepgri; ego patriam liberavi. 18. Crescit amor nummi, quantum ipsa pecunia crescit. 19. Castor et Pollux ex equis pugnaverunt. 20. Nemo fit casu bonus. 21. A Deo omnia facta sunt. 90. Translate into Latin. 1. Peace will be acceptable to us. 2. The city will be beautiful. 3. I have seen beautiful cities. 4. Your friendship delights me. 5. Which book have you? 6. I have your book. 7. The letter which you wrote yesterday will delight your father. SYNTAX OF VERBS. 3T 8. By whom was Saguntum taken? 9. This city was taken by Hannibal. 10. How many books have you? 11. I have ten good books. 12. Socrates was judged the wisest of men. 13. Herodotus has been called the father of history. 14. Perseus, the king of Macedonia, was conquered at Pydna. LESSON XXVII. USE OF THE INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 91. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Use of Indicative. Rule XXXVII. 474. 2. Sequence of Tenses. Rule XLI. 490-493. 3. Subjunctive of Desire. Rule XXXVIII. 483,484. 4. Subjunctive of Purpose. Rule XLII. 497. 5. Subjunctive of Result. Rule XLIII. 500. 92. Translate into ^English. 1. Virtus ab omnibus laudatur. 2. Nulla habemus arma contra mortem. 3. Lacedaemoniorum gens fortis fuit, dum Lycurgi leges vigebant. 4. Hannibal tres modios aureorum annulorum Carthagmem misit, quos rnambus equitum Romanorum detraxerat. 5. Imitemur majores nostros. 6. Valeant cives mei ; sint incolumes, sint beati. 7. Religio et fides antepona- tur amicitiae. 8. Romani ab aratro abduxerunt Cin- cinnatum, ut dictator esset. 9. Discipulos moneo, ut praeceptores ament. 10. Tanta vis probitatis est, ut earn in hoste etiam diligamus. 11. Epaminondas adeo fuit veritatis dili- gens, ut ne joco quidem mentiretur. 12. Ego vos hor- tor, ut amicitiam omnibus rebus humanis anteponatis. 38 LATIN READER. 93. Translate into Latin. 1. The courage of the soldiers saved the city. 2. The sword of the general was beautiful. 3. The citizens will observe the laws of the state. 4. Your father re- sided many years at Athens. 5. He resided four years at Carthage. 6. Did you not receive my letters at Rome ? 7. I received your letter at Corinth. 8. He praises you (pi.) that he may be praised by you. 9. He praised you (pi.) that he might be praised by you. 10. They will praise us that they may be praised by us. 11. Let us obey the laws. 12. May our pupils love virtue. 13. The pupils are so diligent that they are praised by their preceptor. 14. Let us praise virtue. LESSON XXVIII. USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE. 94. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Subjunctive in Indirect Questions. Rule LV. 529, I. 2. Imperative. Rule XL. 487. 95. Translate into English. 1. Nescis, quantas vires virtus habeat. 2. Nomen tantum virtutis usurpas ; quid ipsa valeat, ignoras. 3. Lepidus declaravit quantum haberet odium servitutis. 4. Non intelligunt homines, quam magnum vectlgal sit parsimonia. 5. In oratoribus Graecis, admirabile est, quantum inter omnes unus excellat. 6. Dubitant non- nulli de mundo, casune ipse sit effectus, an meiite divi- na. 7. Epaminondas quaesivit, salvusne esset clipeus. SYNTAX OF VERBS. 39 8. Sperne voluptates. 9. Consulate vobis, Patres eonscripti, prospicite patriae, conservate vos, conjuges, liberos, fortunasque vestras ; populi Roman! nomen sa- lutemque defendite. 10. Valetudmem tuam cura dili- genter. 11. Virtutes excrta, si forte dormiunt. 12. Consules militiae summum jus habento, nemini parento. 13. Cura ut quam primum venias. 96. Translate into Latin. I. What did your father say? 2. I do not know what he said. 3. What have I done ? 4. He asks what I have done. 5. He asked what I had done. 6. They ask what I am doing. 7. They asked what I was doing. 8. He asked me to read your letter. 9. The preceptor praises the pupils, that they may be diligent. 10. He praised the pupils, that they might be diligent. II. Boys, obey the laws, love your parents, imitate the good. 12. Soldiers, see that you guard the city. 13. Let us praise the ancient valor of the Roman peo- ple. 14. Was not Ancus reigning ? 15. Ancus at that time was reigning at Rome. 16. Do not break the laws. 17. Imitate your father. LESSON XXIX. USE OF THE INFINITIVE. 97. Lesson from the Grammar. 1. Construction of Infinitive. Rules LVL, LVII. 533-535 ; 538. 2. Subject of Infinitive. Rule LVIII. 3. Tenses of Infinitive. 537. 40 LATIN EEADEK. 98. Translate into English. I. Virum bonum esse, semper est utile. 2. Omnibus bonis expgdit, salvam esse rem publicam. 3. A Deo mundum necesse est regi. 4. Concedendum est, in vir- tute sola positam esse beatam vitam. 5. Lectitavisse Platonem studiose Demosthenes dicitur. 6. Non esse cupidum, pecunia est. 7. Diligere parentes, prima natu- rae lex est. 8. Lycurgi temporibus Homerus fuisse dicitur. 9. Constat, ad salutem civium inventas esse leges. 10. Pecuniam praeferre amicitiae, sordTdum est. II. Ferre laborem consuetudo docet. 12. Hannibal vincere sciebat. 13. Non omnes sciunt referre bene- ficium. 14. A Graecis Galli urbes moembus cingere didicerunt. 15. Non utilem arbitror esse futurarum rerum seientiam. 16. Syracusas maximam urbem esse audivistis. 17. Quaeritur, quid faciendum sit. 18. Verum est, amicitiam inter bonos esse. 99. Translate into Latin. 1. Good citizens obey the laws. 2. It is admitted that good citizens obey the laws. 3. It must be ad- mitted that wise men practise virtue. 4. Athens was a very beautiful city. 5. It is certain that Athens was a very beautiful city. 6. Your father resided many years at Athens. 7. They say that your father resided many years at Athens. 8. They said that your father had resided many years at Athens. 9. Ancus was reigning. 10. They say that Ancus was reigning. 11. We know that the city is safe. 12. They say that the city has been taken. 13. It is true that good laws are useful. 14. Have you not heard that the consul saved the city? 15. I have heard that Cice- ro the consul saved the city. PART SECOND. LATIN SELECTIONS. FABLES. NOTE. It is recommended that, in reading the Fables and Anecdotes, special attention should be given to Gender and to the Declension of Nouns, Adjectives^ and Pronouns. The Kid and the Wolf. 100. Hoedus, stans * in tecto domus, 2 lupo 3 praeter- eunti maledixit. Cui lupus, " Non tu" inquit, 4 " sed tectum mihi maledicit" Saepe locus 5 et tempus homines 6 timidos audaces 7 reddit. 8 The Oxen. 101. In eodem prato pascebantur 9 tres 10 boves u in maxima concordia, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione 12 tuti erant. Sed dissidio l3 inter illos orto, singuli a feris 14 petiti et laniati sunt. Fabula docet, quantum boni sit 15 in concordia. 1 438, 1. 6 72, 2. 11 66. 2 119, 1. 7 373, note 2. 12 100, 3. 3 384. 8 463, I. 431. 4 297, II. 2. 9 408. 14 415, I. 5 141. 10 175. 15 529, I. 42 LATIN HEADER. TJie Woman and the Hen. 102. Mulier quaedam habebat gallmam, quae ei 1 quotidie ovum pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari 2 coe- pit, 3 illam auri massam intus celare, et gallmam occldit. Sed nihil in ea rep&rit, nisi quod 4 in aliis gallmis rep- eriri solet. 5 Itaque dum majoribus 6 divitiis 7 inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. The Peasant and the Mouse. 103. Mus 8 a rustico deprehensus tarn acri morsu ejus digitos vulneravit, ut ille eum dimitteret, 9 dicens : "Nihil) mehercule, tarn pusillum est, quod de salute l desperdre debeat" modo se defendere velit. 12 The Fox and the Grapes. 104. Vulpes 13 uvam in vite conspicata ad illam sub- siliit omnium yirium 14 suarum contentione, 15 si earn forte attinggre posset. Tandem defatigata inani labore discedens dixit : "At nunc etiam acerbae sunt, nee eas in via repertas 16 toller em" l7 Haec fabula docet, multos ea contemnere, quae se assSqui posse desperent. 18 The Wolf and the Crane. 105. In faucibus lupi os inhaesSrat. Mercede 19 igitur condiicit gruem, 20 qui illud extrahat. 11 Hoc grus longi- tudme 21 colli facile effecit. Quum autem mercedem 1 384, II. 8 115, 1. 15 419, III. ; 100, 3. 2 533. 500. 16 549, 2. 3 297; 368, 2. 10 84, 2; 115, 2. 17 507 ; 507, 3, note 7. 4 445, 6. 11 500. 18 503, I. 5 268, 3. 12 513, I. 19 422; 104,1. 6 165. 13 43, 3. 20 66, 2. 7 386. 14 66. 21 100, 1. FABLES. 43 postularet, 1 subrldens lupus et dentibus 8 infrendens, "Num tibi" inquit, "parva merces* videtur, quod caput incolume ex lupifauclbus extraxistif" The Trumpeter. 106. Tubicen 4 ab hostibus captus, " Ne 5 me" inquit, "interfidte; nam inermis sum, neque 6 quidquam habeo praeter Jianc tubam." At hostes, " Propter hoc ipsum" inquiunt, " te interimemus, quod, quum ipse pugnandi 7 sis 8 imperitus, olios ad pugnam incitdre soles" Fabula docet, non solum maleficos 9 esse puniendos, sed etiani eos, qui alios ad male faciendum 10 irritent. 11 The Husbandman and Ms Sons. 107. AgricSLa senex, quum mortem w sibi 13 appro- pinquare sentlret, 14 filios convocavit, quos, 15 ut fiSri 10 so- let, interdtim discordare noverat, 17 et fascem virgularum afferri 18 jubet. Quibus allatis, filios hortatur, ut hunc fascem frangSrent. Quod 19 quum fac^re non possent, distribuit siiigulas virgas, iisque celeriter fractis, docuit illos, quam firma res 20 esset 21 concordia, quamque imbe- cillis discordia. 108. Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quo- modo sibi 2S a fele caverent. Multis aliis 23 propositis, 1 521, II., 2. 9 441 ; 36. 17 278. 2 110, 1. 10 541 ; 542, III. 18 292, 2 ; 535. 3 362. 11 503, I. 19 453. 4 76, note 1. 12 105. 20 362. 5 488. 13 386. 21 529. 6 554, I. 2. 14 521, II. 2. 22 385, II , 1. 7 542, I. ; 399. 15 536. 23 431. 8 517. 16 294. 44 LATIN HEADER. omnibus placuit, ut ei l tintinnabulum annecteretur ; * sic enim ipsos 3 sonitu admomtos earn fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, 4 qui feli tintin- nabulum annect&ret, 5 nemo repertus est. Fabula docet, in suadendo 6 plurimos 7 esse audaces, sed in ipso periculo timidos. TJie Enemies. 109. In eadem navi 8 vehebantur duo, 9 qui inter se capitalia odia exercebant. Uiius 9 eorum in prora, alter 10 in puppi n residebat. Orta tempe state ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent, interrogat is, qui in puppi sedebat, gubernatorem, utram 10 partem navis ll prius sub- mersum iri existimdret. Cui gubernator, " Proram" respondit. Turn ille, "Jam mors miJii non molesta est, quum inimici mei mortem adspecturus sim." 12 The Tortoise and the Eagle. 110. Testudo aquilam magnopere orabat, ut sese volare doceret. 13 Aquila ei ostendebat quidem, earn l4 rem 15 petSre naturae 16 suae contrariam; sed ilia nihilo 17 minus instabat, et obsecrabat aquflam, ut se volucrem facSre vellet. 18 ItSque ungulis arreptam aquila sustulit in sublime, et demisit illam, ut per aerem ferretur. 13 Turn in saxa incidens comminiita interiit. 19 Haec fabula docet, multos cupiditatibus suis occaeca- tGS consilia prudentiorum respuere, et in exitium ruere stultitia 20 sua. . 386. 8 62, III. 15 371. 2 501, I. 1. 9 441 ; 175. ld 391. 3 536. 10 151. 17 423. 4 521, II. 2. 11 62, III. 18 293. 5 529. 12 517. 19 295, 3. 6 542, IV. 13 497. 20 416. 7 165 ; 441. 14 536. ANECDOTES. 45 111. EXERCISE IN WRITING LATIN. 1. The trumpeter incites the brave soldiers to battle. 2. The brave soldiers are incited to battle by the trum- peter. 3. The citizens have despaired of safety. 4. Let us not despair of safety. 5. Timid men often despair of safety. 6. Brave soldiers will never despair of their country. 7. The citizens are safe from the incursions of the enemy. 8. Let us not be timid in danger. 9. A reward must be demanded. 10. We will demand a small reward. ANECDOTES. Anaxagoras. 112. Anaxagbram ferunt, 1 nuntiata morte filii, dix- isse : " Sciebam me genuisse mortalem." ' Tholes. 113. Thales interrogatus, quid esset 3 Deus, " Quod" inquit, " initio 4 et fine caret." 114. Thales interrogatus, quid esset difficile, 5 " Se ipsum" inquit, " nosse." 6 Interrogatus, quid esset facile : " Alterum" inquit, " admonere." 115. Thales rogatus, quid maxime commune esset homimbus, 7 " Spes" respondit, "hanc enim et illi ha- bent, qui aliud nihil." 116. Quum Thales interrogaretur, 8 quid esset om- nium vetustissimum, respondit : " Deus, quod nunquam esse coepit." J 1 292. 4 4H, I. 7 391. 2 371, IV. 5 163, 2. * 521, II. 2. 3 529. 6 235, 2. 9 297. 46 LATIN BEADE&. Socrates. 117. Socrates, in pompa quum magna vis auri argen- tique ferretur, 1 " Quam multa non desidero" inquit. 118. Sapientissimus Socrates dicebat, 2 scire se 3 nihil, praeter hoc ipsum, quod nihil sciret:* reliquos hoc etiam nesclre. Scipio Africanus. 119. Scipio Africanus nunquam ad negotia publica accedebat, antequam in templo Jovis 5 precatus esset. 6 120. Scipio Africanus Ennii poetae imagmem 7 in sepulcro gentis Corneliae collocari jussit, 8 quod Scipio- num res gestas carmimbus suis illustraverat. 9 Antigonus and the Cynic. 121. Ab Antigono Cymcus quidam petiit 10 talentum. - Respondit, 11 plus 12 esse, quam quod 13 CynicMs peter e de- beret? Repulsus petiit denarium. Respondit rex, mi- nus esse quam quod 13 regem deceret dare. u Cicero. 122. Cicero Dolabellae 15 dicenti, se 16 triginta annos habere, 17 " Verum est," inquit, "nam hoc jam ante viginti annos audlvi." The Lacedaemonians. 123. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante 18 per littgras, se omnia quae conarentur 19 prohibiturum," quaesive- runt, num se esset 21 etiam mori prohibiturus. 1 521, II. 2. 8 471, II. 15 384. 2 4G9, II. 9 472. 16 536. 3 536. 10 235. 17 535, I. 4 524. 11 368, 2. 18 431, 2, (3). 5 66, 3. 12 165. 19 524. e 520, II. 13 371 ; 445, 6. 20 534, note. 7 72, 2. 14 538. 21 529. ANECDOTES. 47 124. Leomdas, Lacedaemoniorum rex, quum Xerxes scripsisset, 1 "Mitte arma;" respondit, "Veni et cape" 125. Quum ad Leomdam quidam militum 2 dixisset, 1 "Hastes sunt prope nos;" "M nos," 3 inquit, "prope illos." 126. E Lacedaemoniis 4 unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset x glorians, " Solem 5 prae jaculorum multitudme 6 et sagittarum noil videbitis," "In umbra igltur" inquit, "pugnaUmus" 127. Lacedaemonius quidam quum rideretur, 1 quod claudus in pugiiam iret, 7 " At mihi" inquit, ^ pugndref nonfugere est proposition" Solon. 128. Solon quum interrogaretur, 1 cur nullum sup- plicium constituisset 9 in eum, qui parentem necasset, 10 respondit, se id nemmemfacturum 11 putasse. 12 T/ieopJirastus, the Philosopher. 129. Theophrastus ad quendam, qui in convivio prorsus silebat; "Si stultus es" inquit, "remfacis sapi- entem ; si sapiens, stultam" Theocritus, the Poet. 130. Miser poeta praelegerat Theocrito 13 versus suos. Turn interrogabat, 14 quosnam maxime approbaret. 9 " Quos 15 omisisti" respondit. 1 521, II. 2. 6 72, 2. " 534, note. 2 397. 7 516, II. 12 235. 3 368, 3. 8 538. 13 386, 1. 4 397, 3, note 3. 9 529 ; 493. 14 368, 2. 6 112, 75. 10 503, I. ; 235. 15 445, 6. 48 LATIN HEADER. Cornelia. 131. Cornelia, Gracchorum mater, quum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, 1 ornamenta sua pulcher- rima 2 ipsi ostenderet, 3 traxit earn sermone, 4 donee e jschola redirent 5 liberi. Turn, "Et haec" inquit, " mea sunt ornamenta" Themistocles. 132. Memoriam in ThemistOcle fuisse singularem ferunt. Itaque quum ei Simomdes artem memoriae polliceretur, 3 " Oblivionis" Q inquit, u mallem; 7 nam mem- mi etiam, quae 8 nolo ; oblivisci non possum, quae volo." 133. Themistocles quum consuleretur, 3 utrum bono viro pauperi, an minus probato diviti filiam collocaret, 9 "Ego vero" inquit, "malo virum, qui pecunid 10 egeat* quam pecuniam, quae viro" 134. Themistocles interroganti, 12 utrum Achilles 13 esse mallet, 14 an Homerus, respondit : " Tu vero mal- lesne 15 te in Olympico certamme victor em w renuntidri, an praeco u esse, qui victorum nomina 1T procldmat" Diogenes, the Cynic. 135. Diogenes Cymcus Myndum 18 profectus, quum videret 3 magnificas 18 portas et urbem exiguam, Myn- dios monuit, ut portas claudereiit, 20 ne urbs egrederetur. 20 'SGS. 8 445, 6. 15 351, 1 note 1 ; 485. 2 163, 1. 9 529; 529,3, 1). 16 536, 2, 2). 3 521, II. 2. 10 414, I. 17 76, note 1. 4 420. 11 503, I. 18 380, II. 5 295, 3; 519,11.2. 12 441 ; 384. 19 164. 6 398, I, note 1. 13 536, 2, 1). 20 497. 7 485, 486, 1. note 1. 14 529. ANECDOTES. 49 Thrasybulus. 136. Quum quidam Thrasybulo, qui civitatem Athe- niensium a tyrannorum dominatione liberavit, dixisset : 1 " Quantas tibi gratias AtJienae debent ! " ille respondit : " Diifaciant? ut quantas ipse patriae debeo gratias, tan- tas ei videar 3 retulisse." Xerxes. 137. Xerxes refertus donis 4 fortunae, non equitatu, 5 non pedestribus copiis, non navium multitudine, non in- fimto pondere 6 auri contentus, praemium ei proposuit, qui invenisset 7 novam voluptatem. Metellus Pius. 138. Metellus Pius, in Hispania bellum gerens 8 in- terrogatus, quid postero die 9 facturus esset ? 10 " Tunicam meam" inquit, "si id n eloqui posset, comburerem." ** Publius Eutilius Eufus. 139. Publius Rutilius Rufus quum amici cujusdam injustae rogation! 13 resistSret, 1 atque is per suminam 1 * indignationem dixisset, " Quid ergo mihi 15 opus est ami- citia 15 tua, si, quod l6 rogo, non facis?" "Immo" in- quit, "quid mihi tud, si propter te aliquid injuste factu- rus sum? " Philip. 140. Mulier quaedam a Philippo, quum a convivio 1 521, II. 2. 7 503, I. M 510, note 1. 2 483. 8 549, 1. 13 385. 3 498, II; 534, 1, notel. 9 429. 14 163, 3. 4 421, II. 10 529. 15 414, IV. note 2. 5 421, III. 11 371. ! 445, 6. 85, 1. 50 LATIN READER. temulentus recedSret 1 damnata, "A Philippo" inquit, " temulento ad Philippum sobrium provoco" Titus. 141. Titus amor et deliciae generis humani appella- tus est. Recordatus quondam super coenam, quod ni- hil cuiquam toto 2 die 3 praestitisset, 4 memorabilem illam meritoque laudatam vocem edidit: "Amid, diem per- Xenophon. 142. Xenophon, quum solemne sacrum fac&ret, 1 filium apud Mantineam in proelio cecidisse 5 cognovit. Coronam deposuit, sed, ut audivit fortissime pugnantem interiisse, 6 coronam capiti 7 reposuit, numma testatus, se 8 majorem ex virtute filii voluptatem, quam ex morte dolorem sentire. Diagoras, the Ehodian. 143. DiagSras Rhodius, quum tres ejus filii in ludis Olympicis victores renuntiati essent, 1 tanto affectus est gaudio, 9 ut in ipso stadio, inspectante populo, 10 in filio- rum manibua" ammani redderet. 12 Euripides, the Tragic Poet. 144. Athenienses quondam ab Euripide postulabant, ut ex tragoedia sententiam quandam tolleret. 18 Ille autem in scenam progressus dixit, se fabulas compon&re solere, 14 ut populum doceret, 15 non ut a populo discSret. 1 521, II. 2. 6 295, 3. 11 118, (1). 2 151. 7 384, II. 12 500. 8 429. 8 53G. 13 498, I. 4 540, IV. 9 420, 2. 14 268, 3. 6 535, I. 10 431; 431, (3), 15 497. ANECDOTES. 51 Tiberius, the Roman Emperor. 145. Tiberius praesidibus 1 onerandas tribute 2 pro- vincias 3 suadentibus rescripsit: " Boni pastoris* est tondere 5 pecus, non deglubere" Iliensium legatis 6 pau- lo 7 serius 8 de morte filii Drusi consolantibus, irridens, se quoque, respondit, vicem 9 eorum dolere, quod Hecto- rem amisissent. Effluxgrant autem turn plus quam mille 11 anni a morte Hect5ris. Simonides. 146. Quum de Simomde quaesivisset 12 tyrannus Hi- Sro, quid esset 13 Deus; deliberandi M sibi unum diem postulavit. Quum idem 16 ex eo postridie quaerSret, 12 biduum petivit. Quum saepius dupliearet numSrum dierum, adiniransque HiSro requirgret, cur ita fac^ret 13 ; " Quia" inquit, " quanta 7 diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur obscurior" 147. EXERCISE IN WRITING LATIN. 1. Hope is common to all men. 2. It is easy to ad- monish another. 3. The brave soldiers fought most bravely. 4. The son of Xenophon fought bravely. 5. Xenophon heard that his son had fought bravely. 6. Herald, proclaim the name of the victor. 7. The names of the victors will be proclaimed by the heralds. 8. Have you not read the poems of Ennius? 9. I have not yet read them. 10. They liberated the city from the rule of the tyrants. 11. Let us be content with our books. J 384; 81, 2. 6 384. 11 178. * 421, III. note 1. 7 423. 12 521, II. 2. 3 536. 8 444, 1. 13 529. 4 401. 9 133, 1; 371,111. note 1. 14 542, I. 6 538. 10 524. 15 371. KOMAK HISTOKY. NOTE. -It is recommended that, in reading the Roman History, special attention should be given to the Synopsis of Conjugation and to the Forma- tion of the Parts of the Verb. 213-288. PERIOD I. ITALIAN AND ROMAN KINGS. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE BANISHMENT OF TARQUIN, 510 B. C. Early Italian Kings. Aeneas in Italy. 148. Antiquissimis 1 temporibus 2 Saturnus in Ita- liam venisse dicitur. 3 Ibi baud procul a Janiculo arcem condidit, eamque Saturniam 4 appellavit. Hie Italos primus 5 agriculturam 6 docuit. 7 149. Postea Latinus in illis regiombus imperavit. Sub hoc rege Troja in Asia e versa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae films, cum multis Trojanis, quibus b ferrum Graecorum peperc&at, 9 aufugit, 10 et in Italiam perve- nit. Ibi Latmus rex ei 11 benigne recepto le filiam Lavin- iam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas urbem condidit, 9 quam in honorem conjugis 12 Lavinium appellavit. Ascanius and the Kings of Alba. 150. Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae films, regnum accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum 1 444, 1. 5 442, note. e 272, 1. 2 429. 6 374. I0 271, 2. 3 534, 1, note 1. 7 263. 384, II. 4 373. 8 385. 12 98, note 1. ROMAN HISTORY. 53 transtulit, 1 urbemque condidit in monte 2 Albano earn- que Albam Longam nuncupavit. Eum secutus est 3 Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem a Lavinia genitus erat. Ejus poster! omnes, usque ad Romam conditam, 4 Albae 5 regnaverunt. 151. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios reli- quit, 6 Numitorem et Amulium. Horum minor 7 natu, 8 Amulius, fratri optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, 9 an bona, 10 quae pater reliquisset. 11 Numitor pa- terna bona praetulit ; l Amulius regnum obtinuit. Birth of Eomulus and Remus. 152. Amulius, ut regnum firmissime possideret, 12 Numitoris filium per insidias interemit, 13 et filiam fra- tris, Rheam Silviam, Vestalem virgmem fecit. 6 Nam his Vestae sacerdotibus non licet viro u nubere. Sed haec a Marte gemmos filios, Roniulum et Remum, pepe- rit. 15 Hoc quum Amulius comperisset, 16 matrem in yincula conjecit, pueros autem in Tiberim 17 abjici jussit. 18 153. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se effude'rat, et, quum pueri in vado essent positi, 19 aqua refluens 20 eos in sicco reliquit. Ad eorum vagltum lupa accur- rit, 21 eosque uberibus suis aluit. Quod 22 videns Faus- tulus quidam, pastor illms regionis, pueros sustulit, 1 et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos 23 dedit. i 292, 2. 9 529. 17 62, II. 2. 2 110, 1. 10 441, 1. 18 265. 3 283. 11 529, II. 19 517. 4 549, 5, note 2. 12 497. 20 549, 1. 5 425, II. 13 221, I. 21 255, I. 4. 6 271, 2. 14 385, II. note 3. 22 453. 7 165. 15 272, 1. 33 549, 3. 8 424. 16 521, II. 2. 54 LATIN READER. Some founded, 753 B. C. 154. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transegerunt. 1 Quum adolevissent, 2 et forte comperis- sent, quis ipsorum avus, quae mater fuisset, 3 Amulium interfecerunt, et Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem eondiderunt in monte Aventmo, quam Rom- ulus a suo nomine Romam vocavit. Haec quum moei> ibus 4 circumdaretur, 2 Remus occisus est, dum fratrem iriidens moenia transiliebat. Seizure of the Sabine Women. 155. Romulus, ut civium numSrum augeret, 5 asylum patefecit, 6 ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi accur- rerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus 7 conjuges deerant. Itaque festum Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ad hos quum multi 8 ex finitimis populis cum mulieribus et libSris venissent, 2 Romani inter ipsos ludos spectantes 9 virgmes rapuerunt. 156. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bel- lum adversus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae 10 ap* propinquarent, 2 forte in Tarpeiam yirgmem inciderunt, quae in arce sacra procurabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstraret, 11 eique permiserunt, ut munus sibi posceret. 12 Ilia petiit, ut sibi darent, 11 quod 13 in sinistris mambus u gererent, 15 annulos aureos et armillas signif i- cans. At hostes in arcem ab ea perducti scutis Tarpeiam obruerunt ; nam et ea in sinistris mambus gerebaiit. 1 255, II. 6 271, 2. 11 498, I. 2 521, II. 2. 386, 2. 12 272, 1. 3 529. 441, 1. w 445, 6. 4 131, 1 ; 420. 9 549, 1. 14 118. * 264 ; 497. 10 386. 16 529, II. ROMAN HISTORY. 55 The Salines are received into the City. Death of Eomulus. 157. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpe- ium tenebat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum est. In media l caede raptae 2 proces- serunt, et hiiic patres, hinc conjuges et soceros complec- tebantur, et rogabant, ut caedis finem f acSrent. 3 Utiique his precibus commoti sunt. Romulus foedus icit, et Sabmos in urbem recepit. 158. Postea civitatem descripsit. 4 Centum senato- res legit, 5 eosque quum ob aetatem, turn ob reverentiam iis debitam, Patres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easque raptarum nominibus nuncupavit. An- no regni tricesimo septimo, quum exercitum lustraret, 6 inter tempestatem ortam 7 repente oculis 8 hominum sub- ductus est. Hinc alii 9 eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum 10 esse existimaverunt. Numa Pompilius. 159. Post Romuli mortem unms anni interregnum fuit. Quo elapso, 11 Numa Pompilius Curibus, 12 urbe in agro Sabinorum, natus rex creatus est. Hie vir bellum quidem nullum gessit ; nee minus tamen civitati 13 profuit. Nam et leges dedit, et sacra plurima instituit ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores molliret. 14 Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, conjugis suae, mon- itu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit, 15 quadragesimo tertio imperil anno. 1 440, 2, note 1. 6 521, II. 2. 11 431, 2. 2 441. 7 549, 4. 12 425, II. 3 498, I. 8 386. 13 386, 2. 4 33, 1. 9 459. 14 497. 5 255, II. 10 292, 2. 15 34, 1. 5 56 LATIN HEADER. Tullus Hostilius. 160. Numae l successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se in bello adversus Sabmos fortem et strenuum yirum praestiterat. 2 Rex 3 creatus bellum Albanis iridixit, id- que trigeminorum, Horatiorum et Curiatiorum, cer- tamme finivit. Albam propter perfidiam Metii Suffetii diruit. Quum triginta duobus annis 4 regnasset, 5 ful- mme ictus cum domo sua arsit. 6 Ancus Marcius. 161. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia ne- pos, suscepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione avo 7 similis, Latinos bello domuit, 8 urbem ampliavit, et nova ei 9 moenia circumdedit. Carcerem primus 10 aedifi- cavit. Ad Tiberis ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesinio quarto anno imperii morbo obiit. 11 Lucius Tarquinius Prisons. 162. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus ac- cepit, Demarati filius, qui tyrannos patriae Corinthi fu- giens in Etruriam venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui nomen ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Romam 12 profec- tus 13 erat. 163. Quum Romae u commoraretur, 5 Anci regis fa- miliaritatem consecutus est, qui eum filiorum suorum tutorem 15 reliquit. Sed is pupillis l regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos Romulus creaverat, centum alios ad- didit, qui minorum gentium sunt appellati. Plura bella 1 386. e 265. J1 295, 3. 2 259, note 2. 7 391. 12 380. 3 362, 3. 8 258. 13 283. 4 379, 1. 9 384, II. 2. 14 425, II. 6 521, II. 2. 10 442, note. I5 373. ROMAN HISTORY. 57 feliciter gessit, nee paueos agros, hostibus l ademptos, urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus 2 triumphans urbem intravit. Cloacas fecit; 3 Capitolium inchoavit. Tri- cesimo octavo imperil anno per Anci filios, 4 quibus 5 reg- num eripuerat, occisus est. Servius Tullius. 164. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femma, captiva tamen et famula. Quum adolevisset, 6 rex ei filiam in matrimonium dedit. 165. Quum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, Tana- quil de superiore 7 parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens: regem grave quidem, sed non letdle vulnus ac- cepisse ; eum petere, ut populus, dum convaluisset* Ser- vio Tullio obediret* Sic Servius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Montes tres urbi ad- junxit. 10 Primus omnium censum ordinavit. Sub eo Roma habuit octoginta tria millia civium cum his, qui in agris erant. 166. Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tulliae et Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui l Servius successS- rat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio interfectus est. Tullia in forum properavit, et prima conjugem regem salutavit. Quum domum u redlret, aurlgam super patris corpus, in via jacens, la carpeiitum agere jussit. Banishment of Tarquinius Superbus, 510 B. C. 167. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus n meruit. Bello 14 tamen strenuus plures finitimorum 386. 6 521, II. 2. 11 380, II. 2. 2 442, note. 7 163, 3. 12 549, 4. 3 255, II. 8 525, 2. 13 420. 4 415, 1, note 1. 9 498, I. 14 424. 6 386, 2. 10 30. 58 LATEST KEADEK. populorum vicit. Postea imperium perdidit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et libSris suis. Ita Romae septem reges regnaverunt annos ducentos quadraginta quat- tuor. 168. EXERCISE IN WHITING LATIN. 1. The citadel was called Saturnia. 2. Did not As- caiiius found a city in Italy ? 3. He founded a city in very early times. 4. He is said to have founded a city in very early times. 5. They say that he founded a city. 6. The city was called Alba Longa. 7. Who founded Rome? 8. Romulus founded Rome. 9. Who enlarged the city ? 10. King Ancus enlarged the city. 11. Whom did Servius Tullius succeed? 12. King Servius suc- ceeded Tarquinius Priscus. PEEIOD H. KOMAN STRUGGLES AND CONQUESTS. FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH TO THE FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264 B. C. Consuls at Borne, 509 B. C. War with Tarquin. 169. Tarquinio expulso, 1 consules coepere* pro uno rege duo creari, ut, si unus malus esset, 3 alter eum coer- ceret.* Annuum iis imperium tributum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolentiores redderentur. 4 Fue- runt anno primo consules Lucius Junius Brutus et Tarquinius Collatmus. Sed Collatmo 5 paulo post dig- nitas sublata est, et in ejus locum Valerius PublicSla consul factus est. 1 431, 2. 3 509. c 386. 2 236 ; 297. * 497. ROMAN HISTORY. 59 170. Commovit 1 bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima pugna Brutus consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii filius, sese invicem occiderunt. Roman! tamen ex ea pugna victores recesserunt. 2 Brutum Romanae matronae, quasi communem patrem, per annum luxerunt. Valerius Publicola Spurium Lucretium collegam 3 sibi 4 fecit; quum morbo exstinctus esset, 5 Publicola Horatium Pul- villum sibi collegam sumpsit. Ita primus annus quin- que consules habuit. War with Porsena, 508 B. C. 171. Secundo quoque anno itrum Tarquinius bel- lum Romanis intulit, 7 Porsena, rege Etruscorum, aux- ilium ei ferente. 8 In illo bello Horatius Codes solus pontem ligneum defendit, et hostes cohibuit, donee pons 9 a tergo ruptus esset. 10 Turn se cum armis in TibSrim n conjecit, et ad suos transnavit. 172. Dum Porsena urbem obsidebat, Quintus Mu- cius Scaevola, juvenis fortis ammi, in castra hostium se contulit eo consilio, 12 ut regem occideret. 13 At ibi scri- bam regis pro ipso rege interfecit. Turn a regiis satel- litibus comprehensus et ad regem deductus, quum PorsSna eum ignibus allatis M terreret, 15 dextram arae accensae imposuit, donee flammis consumpta esset. 10 Hoc facmus rex miratus juvenem dimisit 16 incolumem. Turn hie, quasi beneficium refSreiis, ait, 17 trecentos alios juvenes in eum conjurasse Hac re territus Porsena 1 266. 7 292, 2. 13 498. 2 34, 1. 8 431, 2. 14 549, 5, note 2. 3 373. 9 110, 1. 15 521, II. 2. 4 384. 10 519, II. 2. 16 36, 2. 6 521, II. 2; 2G9. 11 62, II. 2. 17 297, II. 6 34, 1, note. 12 413. 18 235. 60 LATIN BEADEB. pacem cum Romanis fecit, Tarquinius autem Tusculum 1 se contulit, ibique privatus consenuit. 2 Secession to the Mons Sacer, 494 B. 0. 173. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos, 3 populus Romae seditionem fecit, questus quod tributis et militia a senatu exhauriretur. 4 Magna pars plebis urbem reli- quit, et in montem trans Anienem 5 amnem c secessit. Turn patres turbati Menenium Agrippam miserunt ad plebem, qui earn senatui eonciliaret. 7 Hie iis inter alia fabulam narravit de ventre et membris human! corporis ; qua populus commotus est, ut in urbem rediret. 8 Turn primum tribuni plebis creati sunt, qui plebem adversum nobilitatis superbiam defenderent. 7 Banishment of Coriolanus, 491 B. C. 174. TJndevicesimo anno post exactos reges, Caius Marcius, Coriolanus dictus ab urbe Volscorum Coriftlis, quam bello ceperat, plebi invlsus 9 fieri coepit. Quare urbe 10 expulsus ad Volscos, acerrimos Romanorum hos- tes, contendit, et ab iis dux 11 exercitus factus Romanes saepe vicit. Jam usque ad quintum milliarium urbis accesserat, nee ullis civium suorum legatiombus flecti poterat, ut patriae 12 parceret. 8 Denique Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe ad eum venerunt ; 13 quarum fletu et precibus commotus est, ut exercitum removeret. 8 Quo facto 14 a Volscis ut proditor occlsus 9 esse dicitur. 1 380. 6 107, 1. 11 #*, 3. 2 281. 7 497, I. 12 385. 3 549, 5 note 2. 8 500. 13 463, II. 4 516, II. 9 536, 2, 1). " 431, 2, (2). 6 72, 4. 10 413. KOMAN HISTORY. 61 The FaUi cut off at tlie Cremera, 477 B. C. 175. Roman! quum adversum Veientes bellum ger- rent, 1 familia Fabiorum sola 2 hoc bellum suscepit. Prof ecti 3 stint trecenti sex nobilissimi homines, duce 4 Fabio consule. 5 Quum saepe hostes vicissent, 1 apud Cremeram fluvium castra posuerunt. Ibi, quum Veien- tes dolo 6 usi eos in insidias pellexissent, in proelio exorto 7 omnes perierunt. Unus superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerilem duci non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium Maximum ilium, qui Hannibalem prudenti cunctatione debilitavit. Home taken by the Gauls, 390 B. C. 176. Galli Senfaies ad urbem venerunt, Romanos apud flumen Alliam vicerunt, et urbem etiam occupa* runt. Jam nihil praeter Capitolium defendi potuit. Et jam praesidium fame 8 laborabat, et in eo erant, ut pa- cem a Gallis auro 9 emerent, 10 quum Camillus cum manu militum superveniens hostes magno proelio superavit. Valor of Titus Manlius Torquatus, 361 B. C. 177. Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo tertio post ur- bem conditam Galli iterum ad urbem accesserant, et quarto milliario 11 trans Anienem fiuvium consederant. Contra eos missus est Titus Quinctius. Ibi Gallus qui- dam eximia corporis magnitudme 12 fortissTmum Romano- rum ad certamen singulare provocavit. Titus Manlius, 1 521, II. 2. 5 363. 9 422. 2 151. 6 421, I. 10 501. 3 283. 7 549, 4. 11 425, 2, note 2. 4 431. 8 416. 12 419, II. 62 LATIN HEADER. nobilissimus juvenis, provocationem accepit, Gallum occidit, eumque torque l aureo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc et ipse et poster! ejus Torqudti appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. 2 Beginning of Samnite Wars, 343 B. C. 178. Postea Roman! bellum gesserunt 3 cum Samniti- bus, ad quod Lucius Papirius Cursor cum honore dic- tatoris profectus est. Qui 4 quum negotii cujusdam causa Romam rediret, 5 praecepit Quinto Fabio Rulliano, inagistro equitum, quern apud exercitum rellquit, ne pugnam cum hoste committeret. 6 Sed ille occasionem nactus 7 felicissime dimicavit, Sammtes delevit. Ob hanc rein a dictatore capitis 8 damnatus est. At ille in urbem confugit, 9 et ingenti favore J0 militum et populi liberatus est; in Papirium autem tanta exorta 11 est seditio, ut paene ipse interficeretur. 12 The Roman Army is made to pass under the yoke, 321 B. (7. The Samnites are conquered, 290 B. C. 179. Duobus annis 13 post Titus Veturius et Spurius Postumius coiisules bellum adversum Sammtes gerebant. Hi a Pontio Thelesmo, duce hostium, in insidias inducti sunt. Nam ad Furculas Caudmas Romanes pellexit 14 in angustias, unde sese expedlre non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem suum Herennium rogavit, quid faciendum 13 pu- taret. 16 Ille respondit, aut omnes occidendos esse, ut MH, I. 7 283. 12 500. 2 33G, II. note 2. 8 409, note 2. 13 423. 3 269. 9 271, 2. 14 272, 1. 4 453. 10 420. 15 534, note. 5 521, II. 2. 11 288, 2. 16 529. 6 498, I. ROMAN HISTORY. 63 Romanorum vires frangerentur? aut omnes dimittendos, ut beneficio olligarentur. Pontius utrumque 2 consilium improbavit, omnesque sub jugum misit. Sammtes demque post bellum undequinquaginta annorum supe- lati sunt. War with Pyrrhus, 281 B. 0. 180. Devictis Samnitibus, 3 Tarentmis bellum indic- tum est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. 4 Hi Pyrrhum, EpTri regem, contra Romanos auxilium poposcerunt. 5 Is mox in Italiam venit, tumque primum Romani cum transmarmo hoste pugnaverunt. Missus est contra eum consul Publius Valerius Laevmus. Hie, quum exploratores Pyrrhi cepisset, 6 jussit eos per castra duci, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent l Pyrrho, quaecun- que 7 a Romanis agerentur. 8 181. Pugna commissa, 3 Pyrrhus auxilio elephanto- rum vicit. Nox proelio finem dedit. Laevmus tameii per noctem fugit. Pyrrhus Romanos mille octingentos cepit, eosque summo 9 honore 10 tractavit. Quum eos, qui in proelio interfecti erant, omnes adversis vulneribus et truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere videret, 6 tulisse ad coelum manus dicitur cum hac voce : " Ego cum talibus viris ll brevi orbem 12 terrdrum subigerem" u 182. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit ; omnia ferro igneque vastavit ; Campaniam depopulatus est, atque ad Praeneste 13 venit, milliario 14 ab urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore exercitus, 15 qui cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati ad Pyrrhum de captivis \m. 6 521, II. 2. 11 507, note 7; 510. 2 151, note 2. 7 445, 6. 12 107, 2. 3 431, 2, (3). 8 529, II. 13 380, II. 1. 4 5 16, II. 9 1G3, 3. 14 425, 2, note 2. 5 272, I. 10 419, III. 15 31)6, 11. 4 64 LATIN READER. redimendis l missi 2 honorifiee ab eo suscepti sunt ; captl- vos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis, Fabriciuin, sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui pro- mitteret, 3 si ad se transiret ; 4 sed a Fabricio contemptus * est. 183. Quum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Romanorum admi- ratione teneretur, 6 legatum misit Cineam, praestantissi- mum virum, qui pacem peteret 7 ea conditione, ut Pyr- rhus earn partem Italiae, quam armis occupaverat, reti- neret. 8 Romani responderunt, eum cum Romanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia recessisset. 9 Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho eum interroganti, qualis ipsi Roma visa esset, 10 respondit, se regum patriam vidisse. 11 In alt&ro proelio Pyrrhus vulneratus est, elephanti in- terfecti, viginti millia hostium caesa sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. 184. EXERCISE IN WRITING LATIN. 1. What ought to be done ? 2. I will ask my father what ought to be done. 3. Ask your father what ought to be done. 4. Who conquered the enemy ? 5. Ca- millus is said to have conquered the enemy. 6. They were conquered in a great battle. 7. The youths con- spired against king Porsena. 8. Will you (pi.) not make peace with the enemy ? 9. We are making peace with the enemy. 10. I will relate to you this fable. 11. The enemy will lay waste the fields with fire and sword. 1 544, 2 ; 549, note 2. 5 272, note 2. 9 525, 2. 2 549, 4. 6 521, II. 2. 10 529. 3 500! 7 497. 537, note- 4 509. 8 501, III. ROMAN HISTORY. 65 PERIOD m. ROMAN TRIUMPHS. FROM THE FIRST PUNIC WAR TO THE CONQUEST OF GREECE, 146 B. C. First Punic War, 264 B. C. 185. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post urbem conditam Romanorum exercitus primum in Siciliam tra- jecerunt, 1 regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenosque, qui multas eivitates in ea insula occupaverant, supera- verunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poenos gerebatur, primum Romani, Caio Duillio, Cnaeo Cor- nelio Asma consulibus, 2 mari 3 dimicaverunt. Duillius Carthaginienses vicit, 4 triginta naves occupavit, quattu- ordScim mersit, 5 septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occidit. Nulla victoria Romanis gratior fuit. First Punic War, continued. Invasion of Africa, 256 B. C. 186. Paucis annis interjectis, bellum in Africam est translatum. Hauiilcar, Carthaginieiisium dux, pug- na navali superatus est ; nam, perditis sexaginta quattuor navibus, se recepit; Romani viginti duas amiserunt. Quum in Africam venissent, 6 Poenos in pluribus 7 proe- liis vicerunt, magnam vim 8 hommum ceperunt, septua- ginta quattuor civitates in fidem acceperunt. Turn victi Carthaginienses pacem a Romanis petierunt. 9 Quam quum Marcus Atilius Regulus, Romanorum dux, dare nollet 11 nisi durissimis conditiombus, Carthaginienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemoniis. Hi Xanthippum 10 1 461, 1 ; 271, 2. s 36, 3, 1). 9 235. 2 431. 6 521, II. 2. 10 453. 3 425, 2. 7 165, note 1. 521, II. 2. 4 271, 8 66. 66 LATIN HEADER. miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio vicit. Regulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 187. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus favit. 1 Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, 2 Regulum ro- gaverunt ut Romam proficisceretur, 3 et pacem captivo- rumque permutationem a Romanis impetraret. Ille quum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum dixit, se desiisse* Romanum esse ex ilia die, qua in potestdtem Poenorum venisset. 6 Turn Romanis suasit, 7 ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facerent : 8 illos enim tot casibus fractos spem nullam nisi in pace habere: 9 tanti 10 non esse, ut tot millia captivorum propter se unum et paucos, qui ex Romanis capti essent, 6 redderentur. 11 Haec sen- tentia obtinuit. Regressus igitur in Africam crudelissi- mis suppliciis exstinctus est. la End of the First Punic War, 241 B. C.> 188. Tandem, Caio Lutatio Catulo, Aulo Postumio consulibus, anno belli Pumci vicesimo tertio magnum proelium navale commissum est contra Lilybaeum, pro- montorium Siciliae. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Carthagiiiiensium naves captae, centum viginti quinque demersae, 13 triginta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occisa sunt. Statim Carthaginienses pacem peti- erunt, eisque pax tributa u est. CaptTvi Romanorum, qui tenebantur a Carthaginiensibus, redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia, 15 Sardinia, et ceteris insulis, quae inter Italiam Africamque jacent, decesserunt, omnemque Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum est, Romanis permiserunt. ^66. 6 524. 11 501, I. 2 521, II, 2. 7 265. 269. 3 498, I. 8 498, I. 13 270. 4 235. 9 523, I. note. 14 279. 6 429. 10 404. 15 434, note 1. ROMAN HISTORY. 67 Siege of Saguntum. The Second Punic War, 218 B. C. 189. Paulo ] post PunTcum bellum renovatum est per Hannibalem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater 2 Hamilcar novem annos 3 natum axis 4 admoverat, ut odium perenne in Romanos juraret. 5 Hie annum agens vicesimum aetatis Saguntum, Hispaniae civitatem Ro~ manis 6 amicam, oppugnare aggressus est. 7 Huic Ro- mani per legatos denuntiaverunt, ut bello 8 abstineret. 9 Qui quum legatos admittere nollet, 10 Romani Carthagi- nem miserunt, ut mandaretur 5 Hannibali, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. 1 ' Dura responsa a Carthaginiensibus reddita. Saguntlnis interea fame vic- tis, Romani Carthaginiensibus bellum indixerunt. Hannibal crosses the Alps, 218.2?. 0. Battles of the Ticlnus, Tre- bia, and Lake Trasimenus. Battle of Cannae, 216 B. C. 190. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania re- licto, 12 Pyrenaeum et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Italiam octoginta millia peditum, et viginti millia equitum, sep- tem et triginta elephantos abduxisse. Interea multi Ligii- res et Galli Hannibali se conjunxerunt. Primus 13 ei . oceurrit Publius Cornelius Scipio, qui, proelio ad Tici- num commisso, superatus est, et, vuln^re accepto, 12 in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus conflixit ad Trebiam amnem. Is quoque vincitur. 14 Multi populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Etruriam progressus Flaminium consulem ad Trasimenum lacum superat. 14 1 423. 6 391. 498. 2 447. 7 283. 12 431, 2, (2). 3 379. 8 414. 13 442, note. 4 386. 9 498, I. " 467, III. 5 497. 10 621, II. 2. 68 LATIN READER. Ipse Flaminius interemptus, Romanorum viginti quin- que millia caesa sunt. 191. Quingentesfrno duodequadragesimo anno post urbem conditam Lucius Aemilius Paulus et Caius Te- rentius Varro contra Hannibalem rnittuntur. Quam- quam intellectum erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse quam mora, Varro tamen, morae l impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, in Apulia pugnavit; ambo consules victi, Paulus interemptus est. In ea pugna consulares aut praetorii viginti, senatores triginta capti aut occisi ; 2 militum quadraginta millia, equitum tria millia et quingenti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo tamen pacis mentionem facSre dignatus est. Servi, quod 3 nunquam ante factuni, 2 manumissi et inil- ites facti sunt. 192. Post earn pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Romanis 4 paru&rant, se ad Hannibalem transtule- runt. 5 Hannibal Romanis obtulit, ut captlvos redime- rent; 6 responsumque est a senatu, eos cives non esse necessarios, qui armdti capi potuissent? Hos omnes ille postea variis suppliciis interfecit, et tres rnodios au- reorum annulorum Carthagmem misit, quos mambus 8 equitum Romanorum et senatorum detraxerat. 9 Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis, Hasdrubal, qui ibi reman- s^rat 10 cum magno exercitu, a duobus Scipionibus vin- citur, 11 perditque in pugna triginta quinque millia hommum. 193. In Sicilia res prospere gesta est. 12 Marcellus magnam hujus insulae partem cepit, quam Poeni occu- 1 399, II. 5 292, 2. 9 30. 9 368, 3. 6 498. 10 265. 3 445, 7. 7 503, 1. 11 467, III. 4 385. 8 386, 2. 12 269. EOMAN HISTORY. 69 paverant ; Syracusas, nobilissfrnam urbem, expugnavit, et ingentem inde praedam Romam l misit. Laevmus in Macedonia cum Philippe et multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit; et in Siciliam profectus* Hannonem, Poenorum ducem, apud Agrigentum cepit ; quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, viginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sicilia recepta, 3 cum ingenti gloria Romam re- gressus est. 194. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones ab Hasdrubale iiiterfecti erant, missus est Publius Cornelius Scipio, yir Romanorum omnium fere primus. 4 Hie, puer duodeviginti annorum, in pugna ad Ticinum patrem singulari virtute servavit. Deinde post cladem Cannen- sem multos nobilissimorum juvenum Italiam deserere cupientium, auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio deterruit. Viginti quattuor annos natus in Hispaniam missus, die, 5 qua venit, Carthagmem Novam cepit, in qua omne aurum et argentum et belli apparatum Poeni habebant, nobilissimos quoque obsides, 6 quos ab Hispanis accep- erant. Hos obsides parentibus reddidit. Quare omnes fere Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno ammo 7 transierunt. 195. Anno quarto decimo postquam in Italiam Han- nibal venerat, Scipio consul creatus, et in Africam mis- sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginien- sium, prospere pugnat, totumque ejus exercitum delet. 8 Secundo proelio uiidecim millia hommum occldit, et castra cepit cum quattuor millibus et quingentis milit- ibus. Qua 9 re audita, 3 omnis fere Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus in Africam redire jubetur. Ita Italia liberata est. ^so. 4 166. 7 419, III. 2 283. 6 429. 8 261. 3 431, 2, (2). 6 81, 2. 9 453. 70 LATIN HEADER. Battle ofZama, 202 B. C. 196. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel frustra tentatam, pugna ad Zamam committitur, in qua peritis- simi duces copias suas ad bellum educebant. Scipio victor recedit ; Hannibal cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam rediisset, 1 ingenti gloria triumpha- vit, atque Africanus appellatus est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum undevicesimum quam 2 coeperat. War with Philip. Cynoscephalae, 197 B. C. 197. Finlto Punico bello, secutum est Macedomcum contra Philippum regem. Superatus est rex a Tito Quinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas, paxque ei data est. War with Perseus. Pydna, 168 B. C. 198. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, filius ejus Perseus rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Ro- manorum, Publius Licinius consul, contra eum mis- sus, gravi proelio a rege victus est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui 3 Romani earn praestare noluerunt, nisi his conditiombus, ut se et suos Romanis dederet. 4 Mox Aemilius Paulus consul regem ad Pydnam super avit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occldit. Equitatus cum rege fugit. Urbes Macedoniae omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt. Ipse Perseus ab amicis desertus in Pauli potestatem venit. Hie, multis etiam aliis rebus gestis, 5 cum ingenti pompa Romam rediit in nave Persei, inusitatae magnitudmis; 6 nam sedecim remorum ordmes 1 621, II. 2. 3 453. 5 431, 2, (2). 2 430, note 1. 4 501, III. 6 396, V. ROMAN HISTORY. 71 habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnificentissime l in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere 2 adstantibus. Ante currum inter captivos duo regis filii et ipse Per- seus ducti sunt. Tliird Punic War, 149 B. C. 199. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem susceptum est. Lucius Marcius Censormus et Manius Manlius consoles in Africam trajecerunt, et oppugnave- runt Carthaginem. Postea Scipio, Scipionis Africani nepos, consul est creatus, et contra Carthaginem missus. Is hanc urbem cepit ac diruit. Ingens ibi praeda facta, plurimaque inveiita sunt, quae multarum civitatum ex* cidiis Carthago collegerat. Haec omnia Scipio civitati- bus Italiae, Siciliae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recog- noscebant. Ita Carthago septingentesimo anno, post- quam condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen Africani junioris 3 accepit. 200. EXERCISE IN WRITING LATIN. 1. Who took New Carthage? 2. Publius Scipio is said to have taken that city. 3. Peace will be tried in vain. 4. We will try peace once. 5. They called the village Cannae. 6. Many states of Italy were formerly subject to the Romans. 7. Saguntum was friendly to the Romans. 8. The Romans conquered the Cartha- ginians in (by) a naval battle. 9. This victory was most acceptable to the soldiers. 10. Victory is always acceptable to soldiers. 11. Have you seen Rome ? 12. I have often seen that beautiful city. 13. We have often seen Rome, the city of kings. 14. The consul returned to Rome. 1 306 ; 164. 2 425, 1. 3 168, 4. 72 LATIN HEADER. PERIOD IV. CIVIL DISSENSIONS. FROM THE CONQUEST OF GREECE TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH, 31 B. C. Numantia taken, 133 J9. C. 201. Deinde bellum exortum est cum Numantmis, civitate Hispaniae. Victus 1 ab his Quintus Pompeius, et post eum Caius Hostilius Mancmus consul, qui pacem cum iis fecit infamem, quam populus et senatus jussit 2 infringi, atque ipsum Mancmum hostibus tradi. Turn Publius Scipio Africanus in Hispaniani missus est. Is primum milTtern ignavum et corruptum correxit ; 3 turn multas Hispaniae civitates partim bello cepit, partim in deditionem accepit. Postremo ipsam Numantiam fame ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit ; reliquam * pro- vinciam in fidem accepit. Mithridatic War. First Civil War. Marius, Sulla, 88 B. C. 202. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo sexto primum Romae bellum civile exortum est ; eodem anno etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili Caius Marius dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum adversus Mith- ridatem, regem Ponti, decretum esset, 5 Marius ei 6 hunc honorem eripere conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui adhuc cum legiombus suis in Italia morabatur, 7 cum exercitu Romam venit, et adversaries quum 8 interf ecit, turn f ugavit. Turn rebus Romae utcunque compositis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mithridatem coegit, ut pacem a 1 368, 3. 4 440, 2, note 1. 7 468. 2 463, 3. 6 521, II. 2. 8 554, I. 5. 3 221, I. 6 386, 2. KOMAN HISTORY. 73 Romania peteret, 1 et Asia, quam invaserat, relict a, regni sui finibus 2 contentus esset. Civil War, continued. 203. Sed dum Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mithridatem vincit, 3 Marias, qui fugatus fugrat, et Cornelius Cinna, unus ex consulibus, 4 bellum in Italia repararunt, 5 et in- gressi Romam nobilissimos ex senatu et consulates viros interfecerunt; multos proscripserunt; ipsius Sullaedomo eversa, filios et uxorem ad fugani compulerunt. 6 Uni- versus reliquus senatus ex urbe fugiens ad Sullam in Graeciam venit, orans ut patriae subvemret. 1 Sulla in Italiam trajecit, hostium exercitus vicit, 7 mox etiam urbem ingressus est, quam caede 8 et sanguine civium replevit. Quattuor millia inermium, 9 qui se dediderant, interfici jussit; duo millia equitum et senator um pro- scripsit. 10 Turn de Mithridate triumphavit. Duo haec bella funestissirna, Italicum, quod et sociale dictum est, et civile, ultra centum et quinquaginta millia hommum, viros consulates viginti quattuor, praetorios septem, aedi- litios sexaginta, senatores fere ducentos consumpserunt. 11 War of the Gladiators. Spartacus, 73 B. 0. 204. Anno urbis sexcentesimo octogesimo primo novum in Italia bellum commotum M est. Septuaginta enim quattuor gladiatores, ducibus ls Spartaco, Crixo, et Oenomao, e ludo gladiatorio, qui Capuae M erat, effuge- nmt, et per Italiam vagantes paene non levius bellum, 1 498, I. 6 272. 34, 1, note. 2 421, III. 7 271. 12266. 3 467, 4. 8 421, note 1. 13 431. 4 397, note 3. 9 441. 14 425, II. 5 235. 10 33, 1. 74 LATIN READER. quam Hannibal, moverunt. 1 Nam contraxerunt 2 exer- citum fere sexaginta millium armatorum, multosque duces et duos Romanos eonsules vicerunt. Ipsi victi sunt in Apulia a Marco Licinio Crasso proconsule, et, post multas calamitates Italiae, tertio anno 3 huic bello finis est impositus. Pompey puts down the Pirates, 67 B. C. Is appointed Successor to Lucullus. Death of Mithridates, 63 B. C. 205. Per ilia tempora piratae omnia maria infesta- bant ita, ut Romanis, 4 toto orbe 5 terrarum victoribus, sola navigatio tuta non esset. 6 Quare id bellum Cnaeo Pompeio decretum est, quod intra paucos menses incre- dibili felicitate et celeritate confecit. Mox ei delatum T bellum contra regem Mithridatem et Tigranem. Quo 8 suscepto, Mithridatem in Armenia Minore nocturno proelio vicit, castra diripuit, et quadraginta millibus ejus occisis, viginti tantum de exercitu suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithridates fugit 9 cum uxore et duobus comitibus, 10 neque 11 multo post, Pharnacis filii sui se- ditione coactus, 12 venenum hausit. 13 Hunc yitae finem habuit Mithridates, vir ingentis industriae atque consilii. Regnavit annis 14 sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus; contra Romanos bellum habuit annis quadraginta. Victories of Pompey over Tigranes : Tie takes Jerusalem, 63 B. C. 206. Tigrani deinde Pompeius bellum iiitulit. Ille se ei dedidit, et in castra Pompeii venit, ac diadema ^GG. 6 500. 11 554, I. 2. 2 269. 7 292, 2; 368, 3. 12 271, 2. 3 429. 8 453; 431, 2, (2). 13 286. 4 391. 9 271, 2. 14 379, 1. 6 425, 2. 10 81. EOMAN HISTORY. 75 suum in ejus mambus collocavit, quod ei Pompeius re- posuit. Parte 1 regni eum multavit et grand! pecunia. Turn alios etiam reges et populos super avit. Armenian) Minorem Deiotaro, 2 Galatiae regi, donavit, quia auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat. Seleuciam, vicinam Antio- ehiae 3 civitatem, libertate 2 donavit, quod regem Tigra- nem non recepisset. 4 Inde in Judaeam transgressus, Hierosolymam, caput gentis, tertio mense cepit, duoclc- cim millibus Judaeorum occisis, ceteris in fidem receptis. His 5 gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante triumphantis currum ducti sunt filii Mithridatis, films Tigranis, et Aristobulus, rex Judaeorum. Praelata in- gens pecunia, auri atque argenti infimtum pondus. Hoc tempore nullum per orbem terrarum grave bellum erat. Catiline's Conspiracy, 63 B. C. 207. Marco Tullio Cicerone 6 oratore et Caio Anto- nio consulibus, anno ab urbe condita 7 sexcentesimo nona- gesimo primo Lucius Sergius Catilma, nobilissimi generis vir, sed ingenii pravissimi, ad delendam 8 patriam conju- ravit cum quibusdam claris quidem, sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe expulsus est, socii ejus deprehensi et in carcere strangulati sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catilma ipse proelio victus est et interfectus. Caesar Consul, 59 B. C. : in Gaul, 58 B. C. 208. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo quinto Caius Julius Caesar cum Lucio Bibulo consul est factus. Quum ei Gallia decreta esset, 10 semper vincendo ll 1 413, note 1 5 420. 9 413. 2 384, 1. 6 431. 10 521, II. 2. 3 301. 7 549, note 2. 11 542, IV. 4 51G, II. 8 544, note 2. 76 LATIN BEADER. usque ad OceSnum Britanmcum processit. 1 Domuit* autem annis novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, flumen Rhod&num, Rhenum et Oceanum est. Britannis mox bellum intulit, 3 quibus 4 ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cogmtum 5 erat; Germa- nos quoque trans Rhenum aggress us, ingentibus proeliis vicit. Civil War of Pompey and Caesar, 49 B. C. 209. Bellum civile successit, 1 quo Romani nommis fortiina mutata est. Caesar enim victor e Gallia rediens, absens coepit poscere alterum consulatum ; quern 6 quum multi sine dubitatione deferrent, 7 contradictum est a Pompeio et aliis, jussusque est, dimissis exercitibus, in urbem redlre. Propter hane injuriam ab Arimmo, ubi milites congregates 8 habebat, infesto exercitu 9 Romam contendit. Consules cum Pompeio, senatusque omnis atque uni versa nobilitas ex urbe fugit, 10 et in Graeciam transiit ; et, dum senatus bellum contra Caesarem para- bat, hie vacuam urbem ingressus dictatorem se fecit. Defeat of Pompey 's Party in Spain. Battle of Pliarsalia, 48 B. C. Death of Pompey. 210. Inde Hispanias petiit, 11 ibique Pompeii legiones superavit ; turn in Graecia adversum Pompeium ipsum dimicavit. Primo proelio victus est et fugatus; evasit 12 tamen, quia, nocte interveniente, Pompeius sequi nolu- it ; 13 dixitque Caesar, nee Pompeium scire vincere, et illo tantum die se potuisse superari. Deinde in Thes- salia apud Pharsalum ingentibus utrimque copiis 14 com- 1 34, 1. 6 453. " 235. 2 258. 7 521, II. 2. 12 270. 3 292, 2. 8 388, 1, note. 13 293. 4 391. 9 419, 1,1). 14 420. 5 548. 10 463, I. ROMAN HISTOBY. 77 missis dimicaverunt. Nunquam adhuc Romanae copiae majores neque melioribus ducibus 1 convenerant. Pug- natum est 2 ingenti contentione, 3 victusque ad postremum Pompeius, et castra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexandriam petiit, lit a rege Aegypti, cui tutor 4 a se- natu datus fuerat, acciperet 5 auxilia. At hie fortiinain magis quam amicitiam secutus, 6 occidit Pompeium, caput ejus et annulum Caesari misit. Quo 7 eonspecto, Caesar lacrimas fudisse 8 dicitur, tanti viri intuens caput, et gen- &ri quondam 9 sui. Caesar assassinated in tlie Senate-House, 44 B. C. 211. Quum ad Alexandriam venisset Caesar, Ptole- maeus ei insidias parare yoluit, qua de causa regi bellum illatum 10 est. Rex victus in Nilo periit, inventumque est corpus ejus cum lorica aurea. Caesar, Alexandria 11 potitus, regnum Cleopatrae dedit. 12 Turn inde profec- tus 6 Pompeianarum partium reliquias est persecutus, bellisque 13 civilibus toto terrarum orbe " compositis, Ro- mam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius 15 agere coepisset, 16 conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senatori- bus equitibusque Romanis. Praecipui 'fuerunt inter conjuratos " Bruti duo ex genere illms Bruti, qui, regi- bus expulsis, primus Romae consul fuerat. Ergo Caesar, quum in curiam venisset, viginti tribus vulneribus con- fossus eBt. 1 419, 1, 1). 7 453; 431, 2, (2). 13 431, 2, (2). 2 301, 1. 8 272, 2. 14 425, 2. 3 419, III. 9 443, note 3. 15 444, 1. 4 362. 10 292, 2. 16 297. 6 497. 11 421. 17 548. 6 283. 12 259. 78 LATIN HEADER. The Second Triumvirate, Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, 43 B. C. Death of Cicero. 212. Interfecto Caesare, anno urbis septingentesimo decimo bella ci villa reparata sunt. Senatus favebat Caesa'ris percussoribus, 1 Antoiiius consul a Caesaris par- tibus stabat. Ergo turbata re publica, Antonius, multis sceleribus commissis, a senatu hostis 2 judicatus est. ~Fusus fugatusque Antonius, amisso exercitu, confugit ad LepTdum, qui Caesari 3 magister equitum f uerat, et turn grandes copias militum habebat; a quo susceptus est. Mox Octavianus cum Antonio pacem fecit, et quasi vin- dicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per testamentum fuerat adoptatus, Romam cum exercitu profectus extor- sit, 4 ut sibi, juveni viginti annorurn, consulatus daretur. 5 Turn junctus cum Antonio et Lepido rem publicam ar- niis tenere coepit, senaturnque proscripsit. Per hos etiani Cicero orator occlsus est, multique alii nobiles. 6 Battle ofPhilippi, 42 B. C. Battle of Actium, 31 B. C. 213. Interea Brutus et Cassius, interfectores Caesa- ris, ingens bellum moverunt. 7 Profecti 8 contra eos Caesar Octavianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et Marcus Antonius, apud Pliilippos, Macedoniae urbem, contra eos pugnaverunt. 9 Primo proelio victi sunt An- tonius et Caesar ; periit 10 tamen dux nobilitatis Cassius ; secundo Brutum et infinitam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum susceperat, victam 11 interfecerunt. Turn vic- tores rem publicam ita inter se diviserunt, 12 ut Octavia- 1 385. 5 498, II. 9 463, II. 2 362. 6 368, 3. 10 295, 3. 3 390, note 2. 7 266. 549, 5. 4 262, note 1. 8 439. 12 2 70. EOMAN HISTOEY. 79 nus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias, Italiam teneret : 1 Anto- nius Orientem, Lepidus Africam acciperet. Paulo 2 post Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris Octaviani, Cleopa- tram, regmam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac incita- tus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleopatra cupiditate inuliebri optat Romae regnare. Victus est ab Augusto navali pugna clara et illustri apud Actium, qui 3 locus in Eplro est. Hinc f ugit in Aegyptum, et, desperatis re- bus, quum omnes ad Augustum translrent, 4 se ipse in- teremit. 6 Cleopatra quoque aspidem sibi admisit, et ve- neno ejus exstincta 6 est. Ita bellis toto orbe 7 confectis, Octavianus Augustus Romam rediit anno duodecimo postquam consul fuerat. Ex eo inde tempore rein pub- licam per quadraginta et quattuor annos solus obtinu.it. Ante enim duodecim annis 8 cum Antonio et Lepido te- nuerat. Ita ab initio principatus ejus usque ad finem quinquaginta sex anni fuere. 214. EXEECISE IN WEITIXG LATIN. 1. Will you not come to the relief of your country ? 2. We ask you to come to the relief of your country. 3. He says that he will come to the relief of his country. 4. By whom was Mithridates conquered? 5. He was conquered in many battles by Sulla. 6. He was con- quered in Greece. 7. This school was at Capua. 8. Cleopatra was queen of Egypt. 9. The soldiers will divide the booty among themselves. 10. Ptolemy, king of Egypt, was conquered by Caesar. 11. The king's golden coat of mail was found in the Nile. 1 500. 4 521, II. 2. 7 425, 2. ^ 423. 6 271, 2. 8 379, 1. 3 445, 8. 6 269. GRECIAN HISTORY. NOTE. It is recommended that, in reading the Grecian History, special attention should be given to Irregular Verbs and to Indirect Discourse. 289-296; 528-533. PERIOD I. GRECIAN TRIUMPHS. FROM THE PERSIAN INVASION, 490 B. C., TO THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, 431 B. C. Darius invades Scytliia : prepares to invade Greece. 215. Multis in Asia feliciter gestis, Darius Scythis bellum intulit, 1 et armatis septingentis inillibus 2 liomi- num Scythiam 3 ingressus, quum hostes ei pugnae potes- tatem non facerent, 4 metuens, ne, interrupto ponte Istri, reditus sibi mtercluderetur, 5 amissis octogiiita millibus hominum, trepidus refugit. Inde Macedoniam domuit : et quum ex Europa in Asiam rediisset, 6 hortantibus amlcis ut Graeciam redigeret 7 in suam potestatem, clas- sem quingentarum navium comparavit, eique Datim 8 praefecit et Artaphernen ; 9 hisque duceuta peditum millia, et decern equitum dedit. Battle of Marathon, 490 B. C. 216. Praefecti regii, classe ad Euboeam appulsa, celeriter Eretriam ceperunt. Inde ad Atticam accesse- runt, ac suas copias in Campum Marathona deduxerunt. 1 292, 2. 4 521, II. 2. 7 498, I. 2419,1,1). 6 498, III. 8 62, II. 2. 3 372. 6 295, 3. e 68. GKEOTAN HISTORY. 81 Is abest ab oppido circiter millia passuum decem. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus 1 auxilio fuit, praeter Plataeenses; ea inille 2 misit militum. Itaque horum adventu decem millia armatorum completa sunt : quae 3 maims mirabili flagrabat pugnandi cupiditate. Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt, locoque 4 idoneo castra fecerunt; deinde postero die sub mentis radicibus proelium commiserunt. Datis etsi non aequum locum videbat suis, tamen, fretus numero 5 copiarum suarum, confligere cupiebat. Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum decem millia produxit, proeliumque commisit. In quo tanto 5 plus yirtute valuerunt Athenienses, ut decemplicem numerum hostium profligarint ; 7 adeoque perterruerunt, ut Persae non castra, sed naves petierint. Qua pugna nihil est nobilius ; nulla enini unquani tarn exigua manus tantas opes prostravit. Xerxes invades Greece, 480 B. C. 217. Quum Darius, bellum instauraturus, in ipso apparatu decessisset, 8 filius ejus Xerxes Europam 9 cum tantis copiis invasit, quantas neque antea neque postea habuit quisquam : hujus enim classis mille et ducenta- rum navium 10 longarum fuit, quam duo millia oneraria- rum sequebantur : terrestres autem exercitus septingen- torum millium peditum, equitum quadringentorum millium fuerunt. Cujus 11 de adventu quum fama in Graeciam esset perlata, et maxime Athenienses peti dicerentur, 12 propter pugnam Marathoniam, miserunt Delphos consultum, 13 quidnam facerent M de rebus suis. 1 390. 6 423. 11 453. 2 178. 7 235; 495, VI. 12 534, 1, note 1. 3 445, 8. 8 521, II. 2. 13 546. 4 425, 2. 9 372. 14 529. 6 425, 1, note. M 401. 82 LATIN READER. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit, lit moenibus ligneis se munirent. 1 Id responsum quo valeret, quum intellige- ret nemo, Themistocles persuasit, consilium esse Apol- Imis, ut in naves se suaque conferrent : 2 eum enim a deo significari murum ligneum. Tali consilio probato, ad- dunt ad superiores totidem naves triremes : suaque om- nia, quae moveri poterant, partim Salamina, 3 partim Troezena, deportant ; arcem sacerdotibus paucisque ma- joribus natu 4 ac sacra procuranda 5 tradunt ; reliquum oppidum relinquunt. Actions at Thermopylae and Artemisium, 480 B. 0. 218. Hujus consilium plerisque civitatibus displice- bat, et in terra dimicari 6 magis placebat. Itaque missi sunt delecti 7 cum Leomda, Lacedaemoniorum rege, qui Thermopylas occuparent, 8 longiusque barbaros progredi non paterentur. Hi vim 9 hostium non sustinuerunt, eoque loco omnes interierunt. 10 At classis commiinis Graeciae trecentarum navium, 11 in qua ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium, inter Euboe- am continentemque terrain, cum classiariis regiis con- flixit: 12 angustias enim ThemistScles quaerebat, ne mul~ tituclme circumiretur. 13 Hinc etsi pari proelio H disces- serant, tameii eodem loco non sunt ausi 15 mariere, quod erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Eu- boeam superasset, 10 ancipiti prernerentur 17 periculo. Quo factum est, ut ab Artemisio discederent, 18 et exadversum Athenas, apud Salamma, classem suam constituerent. 1 498, I. 7 548. " 497. 2 501, III. * 497, I. 14 419, III. 3 68. 9 G6. l6 268, 3. 4 424. 10 295, 3. 16 509. 5 549, 3. " 398, 2. 17 498, III. 6 538. 12 30. 18 501, I.I. GRECIAN HISTORY. 83 Battle of Salamis, 480 B. 0. 219. At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit astu, 1 idque, nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, iiicendio delevit. Cujus fama perterriti classiarii quum manere non aude- rent, et plurimi 2 hortarentur, ut domos suas quisque discedSrent, 3 moenibusque se defend&rent ; Themistocles unus restitit, et universes pares hostibus esse posse 4 aie- bat, 5 disperses testabatur perituros, idque Eurybiadi, regi Lacedaemoniorum,. qui turn summae 6 imperii prae^rat, fore 7 affirmabat. Quem quum minus, quam vellet, 8 mo- veret, 9 noctu de servis suis, quern habuit fidelissimum, 10 ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret suis verbis : adversaries ejus in fugd esse, qui 11 si discessissent majore cum labore, et longinquiore tempore bellum confecturum quum singulos consectdri cogeretur ; quos si statim ag- grederetur, brevi universes oppressurum. Hoc eo vale- bat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur." Hac re audlta, barbarus, nihil doli subesse credeiis, pos- tridie, alienissinio sibi 15 loco, contra opportuiiissiino hos- tibus, adeo angusto niari 16 conflixit, ut ejus multitude naviuni explicari non potugrit. 17 Victus ergo est rnagis consilio ThemistSclis, quam armis Graeciae. Xerxes flees lack into Asia. 220. Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habe- bat reliquias copiarum, ut etiamtum his 18 opprimere 1 128 ; 372. 7 297, III. 2. 13 534, note. 2 1G5; 441. 8 529, II. 14 501. 3 498, I. ; 461, 3. 9 521, II. 2. 15 391. 4 290. 10 453, 5. 16 425, 2. 5 297, II. 1. 11 453. 17 495, VI. 6 386. 12 509. 18 420. 84 LATIN READER. posset hostes ; sed Themistocles certiorem eum fecit, id agi, 1 ut pons, 2 quern ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolve- retur. 3 It&que in Asiam reversus est, seque a Themis- tocle non superatuin, 4 sed conservatum judicavit. 221. EXERCISE IK WRITING LATIN. 1. Caesar waged war against the Gauls. 2. They say that Caesar waged war against the Gauls. 3. They said that Caesar was waging war against the Gauls. 4. Leonidas was king of the Lacedaemonians. 5. You know that Leonidas was king of the Lacedaemonians. 6. The Lacedaemonians sent their king Leonidas to occupy Thermopylae. 7. The enemy were so terrified that they fled. 8. You will say that the enemy were so terrified that they fled. 9. Were they able to renew the war? 10. We do not know whether they were able to renew the war. 11. We did not know whether they were able to renew the war. 12. Do you (pi.) not approve my plan ? 13. We approve it. 14. It will be approved by all. PERIOD II. CIVIL WARS IN GREECE. FROM THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR TO THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP OF MACE- DON, 360 B. C. The Peloponnesian War, 431 B. C. Pericles. 222. Hoc ftfellum, quo 5 nullum aliud florentes Grae- ciae res gravius afflixit, saepe susceptum et depositum est. Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostes- que ad proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio, 6 ultionis tempus exspectantes intra moenia se '535, I. 3. a 501, III. 5 417. 2 110, 1. 4 534, note. 6 416. GRECIAN HISTORY. 85 continebant. Deinde, panels diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. Clara quidem haec Pencils expeditio est habita; sed multo clarior privati patrimonii eontemptus fuit. Nam in populatione ceterorum agro- rum, Periclis agros hostes intactos reliquSrant, ut aut in- vidiam el apud elves coneitarent, 1 aut in proditionis suspicionern adducSrent. Quod intelligens, Pericles agros rei publicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis, navali proelio dimicatum est. 2 Victi Lace- daemonii fugerunt. Post plures 3 anrios, fessi malis, pa- cem in annos quinquaginta fecere, quam sex annos 4 ser- vaverunt. Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily, 415 B. C. 223. Bello inter Catinienses et Syracusanos exorto, 5 Athenienses Catiniensibus opem ferunt. 8 Classis ingens decermtur ; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lama- chus; tantaeque vires in Siciliam effusae sunt, ut iis ipsis terror! 7 essent, quibus auxilio venerant. Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria secundo Marte 8 png- nant ; munitionib usque urbi Syracusarum 9 circumdatis, incolas etiam marmis commeatibus 10 intercludunt. Qui- bus rebus f racti u Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemoniis petiverunt. 12 Ab his mittitur Gylippus, qui auxiliis partim in Graecia, partim in Sicilia contractis, oppor- tuna bello loca u occupat. Duobus deinde proeliis vic- 497. 6 292; 467, III. 10 384, 1. 2 301, L 7 390. ll 271, 2. 3 165, note 1. 8 419, III. 12 278. * 379. 9 396, VI. u 141. 8 288, 2. 86 LATIN READER. tus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, sociosque obsidione l liberavit. In eo proelio Lainachus fortiter pugnaiis oc- clsus est. Successes of Alcibiades against the Lacedaemonians. 224. Alcibiades sumnia cura 2 classem instruit, atque in bellum adversus Lacedaemonios perrexit. Hac expe- ditione tanta subito rerum commutatio facta est, 3 ut Lace- daemonii, qui paulo ante victores vigueraiit, perterriti pacem peterent ; 4 victi enim erant quinque terrestribus proeliis, tribus navalibus, in quibus treceiitas triremes amiserant, quae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. AlcibiSdes simul cum collegis receperat loniam, Helles- pontum, multas praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae : quarum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium ; neque minus multas consilio ad ami- citiam adjunxerant, quod in captos dementia 5 fueraiit usi. Inde praeda 6 onusti, locupletato exercitu, niaximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. Cyrus favors Lysander and the Lacedaemonians, 407 B. C. 225. Dum haec geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysan- der classi belloque praeficitur ; et Darius, rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, loniae Lydiaeque praeposuit, qui Lacedaemonios auxiliis opibusque ad spem fortunae prioris 7 erexit. Aucti 8 igitur viribus 9 Alcibiadem cum centum navibus in Asiam profectum, 10 dum agros popu- latur, repentmo adventu oppressere. 11 Magnae et in- opinatae cladis nuntius quum Athenas venisset, tanta J 414, I. M21, I. 9 424. 2 419, III. 6 421, II. 10 283. 3 294. 7 166. 236. 4 500. 8 264. GRECIAN HISTORY. 87 Atlieniensium. desperatio fuit, ut statim Cononem in Alcibiadis locum mitt-Spent, duels se fraude magis quam belli fortuua victos l arbitrantes. Fatal Defeat of the Athenians at Aegospotamos, 405 B. 0. 226. Itaque Conon classem maxima industrial ador- nat ; sed navibus 2 exercitus deerat. Nam, ut nume'rus militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti suut. Pluribus itaquc proeliis adverse Marte pugnatis, tandem Lysaiider, Spartanorum dux, Atlieniensium ex- ercitum, qui, navibus relictis, in terrain praedatum 3 exi- ^rat, 4 ad Aegos flumen oppressit, eoque impStu totum bellum fimvit. Hac enim clade res Atlieniensium pem- tus inclinata est. Athens surrenders to Lysander, 404 B. C. Tlie Thirty Tyrants. 227. Lysander Atlienas navigavit, miseramque civi- tatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame 5 urget. Athenienses, multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere. Quum noniiulli nomen Atlieniensium delendum, 1 urbemque incendio consumendain censerent, 6 Spartani negarunt, se passuros, ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis alter erueretur ; 7 pacemque Atlieniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri bra- chia dejicerent, 8 navesque traderent ; denique si res pub- lica triginta rectores, ex civibus deligendos, acciperet. His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari coepit. Triginta rectores rei publicae coiistituuntur, Lacedaemo- nils et Lysandro dediti, qui brevi tyranmdeni in cives exercere coeperunt. 1 534, note. 4 295, 3. 7 501, II. 1. 2 386, 2. 5 420. 8 509, note 3. 3 546. 521, II. 2. 9 384. 5 88 LATIN HEADER. Epaminondas. Battle of Leuctra, 371 B. 0. : of Mantinea, 362 B. 0. 228. Epaminondas, dux Thebanus, apud Leuctra superavit Lacedaemonios. Idem imperator apud Man- tineam graviter vulneratus concidit. 1 Hujus casu all- quantum 2 retardati sunt Boeotii, neque tamen prius pugna 3 excesserunt, quam 4 hostes profligarunt. 5 At Epaminondas qumn animadverteret, mortiferum se vul- QUS accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili 6 in corpore remans&rat, extraxisset, 7 ammam statim emissu- rum, usque eo retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse 8 Boeotios. Id postquam audivit, "Satis" inquit, "vixi; invictus enim morior" Turn, ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est. 229. EXERCISE IN WRITING LATIN. 1. Did the enemy fortify the city ? 2. He does not know whether the enemy fortified the city. 3. They did not know whether the enemy were fortifying the city. 4. We did not know whether the enemy had for- tified the city. 5. We had heard that they were not able to fortify it. 6. We wished to fortify Athens. 7. The war was brought to a close (finished) by a naval engagement. 8. We know that the war was brought to a close by a naval engagement. 9. We will give you six books as a present. 10. The Lacedaemonians having been conquered made peace. 11. This peace will be observed many years. 12. The Lacedaemonians were conquered at Leuctra. 13. Who conquered them in that battle ? 14. They were conquered at Leuctra by Epaminondas, the Theban leader. 255, 1. 4. 4 520, foot-note 1. 7 525, 2. 304, I. 3. 5 235. 8 538. 434, note 1. 6 63. GRECIAN HISTORY. 89 PEKIOD HI. GRAECO-MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. FROM THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP TO THE DEATH OP ALEXANDER, 323 B. C. Decline of the Grecian States. Eise of the Macedonian Power. 230. Post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se nunquam refecerunt ; et Thebae, quod, 1 quamdiu Epami- nondas praefuit rei publicae, 2 caput fuit totlus Grae- ciae, post ejus interitum perpetuo alieno paruerunt im- perio. Athenienses, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos effundebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versabantur. Quibus rebus effectum est, ut obscurum an tea MacedSnum nomen emergeret; 3 et Philippus, obses triennio 4 Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestantissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus, Graeciae servitutis jugum impon&ret. Extension of Philip's Power. 231. Philippus, quum magnam gloriam apud omnes nationes adeptus esset, 5 Olynthios aggreditur. Hanc urbem antiquam et nobilem exscindit, et praeda ingenti fruitur. Inde auraria in Thessalia, argenti metalla in Thracia occupat. His ita gestis, forte evenit, ut eum fratres duo, reges Thraciae, disceptationum suarum judi- cem 7 eligerent. 3 Sed Philippus ad judicium, velut ad bellum, instructo exercitu 8 supervenit, et regno 9 utrum- que spoliavit. 1 445, 4. 4 379, 1. 7 373. 2 386. 6 283. 8 419. 3 501, I. 1. 6 421, I. 9 413, note 1. 90 LATIN READER. Battle of Chceronea, 338 B. 0. 232. Quum, in Scythiam praedandi 1 causa profec- tus, 2 Scythas dolo vicisset, diu dissimulatum bellum Atheniensibus infert, 3 quorum causae Thebani se junxe- runt. Proelio ad Chaeroneam commisso, quum Atheni- enses longe majore militum numero praestarent, 4 tameii assiduis bellis 5 iiidurata MacedSnum virtute vincuntur. Non tamen immemores pristmae virtutis 6 ceciderunt; quippe adversis vulneribus 7 omnes loca, quae tuenda 8 a ducibus aceeperant, morientes corporibus texerunt. Hie dies universae Graeciae et gloriam dominationis et vetustissimam libertatem fimvit. Philip prepares to invade Persia. 233. Hujus victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est. Non solita 10 sacra Philippus ilia die fecit ; non in con- vivio risit ; u non coronas aut unguenta sumpsit ; et, quantum in illo f uit, ita vicit, ut victorem nemo sentiret. 12 Atheniensibus et captivos gratis remlsit, et bello con- sumptorum 10 corpora sepulturae reddidit. Compositis in Graecia rebus, omnium civitatum legatos ad forman- dum rerum praesentium statum 13 evocari Corinthum 14 jubet. Ibi pacis leges universae Graeciae pro meritis singularum civitatum statuit, conciliumque omnium, veluti unum senatum, 15 ex omnibus legit. Auxilia de- inde singularum civitatum describuntur ; nee dubium erat, eum Persarum imperium et suis et Graeciae viri- bus impugnaturum esse. ] 542, I. 6 399, I. 2. ll 265. 2 283. 7 419, II. 12 500. 3 292, 2. 8 549, 3. 13 544, 1. 4 515, III. 9 554, I. 5. 14 380. 5 420. 10 441. 15 363. GRECIAN HISTORY. 91 Death of Philip, 336 B. C. 234. Interea dum auxilia e Graecia coeunt, 1 nuptias Cleopatrae filiae, et Alexandri, quern regem EpTri fec&- rat, magno apparatu 2 celebrat. Ubi quum Philippus ad ludos spectandos, medius inter duos Alexandros, filium et generum, coiitenderet, 3 Pausanias, nobilis ex Macedonibus adolescens, occupatis angustiis, Philippum in transitu obtruncat. Hie ab Attalo indigno modo tractatus, quum saepe querelam ad Philippum frustra detulisset, 4 et honoratum insuper adversarium videret, iram in ipsum Philippum vertit, ultionemque, quam ab adversario non poterat, ab iniquo judice exegit. Alexander the Great succeeds to the Macedonian Throne t 336 B. C. 235. Philippe 5 Alexander filius successit, et virtute 6 et vitiis patre major. Vincendi ratio utrique 7 diversa. Hie 8 aperta vi, ille artibus bella tractabat. Deceptis 9 ille gaudere 10 hostibus, 11 hie palam fusis. Prudentior ille consilio, hie ammo magnificentior. 12 Irani pater dis- simulare, plerumque etiam vincSre ; hie ubi exarsisset, 13 nee dilatio ultionis, nee modus erat. Vini 14 uterque nimis avidus ; sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. Pater de con- vivio in hostem procurrere, manum conserve, periculis se temere offerre ; Alexander non in hostem, sed in suos saevlre. Regnare ille cum amicis volebat; hie in amicos regna exercebat. Amari pater malle, hie metui. Lit- terarum cultus utrique similis. Sollertiae 19 pater ma- joris, hie fidei. Verbis atque oratione Philippus, hie 1 295, 3. 6 424. 413. 2 419, III. 7 387. ^ 164. 3 521, II. 2. * 450, 2, (2). " 518, 1. 4 292, 2. 9 549, note 2. 14 399, I. 1. 6 386. 10 536, 1. 15 401; 403. 92 LATIN HEADER. rebus moderation Parcendi victis l filio animus promp- tior ; ille nee sociis 2 abstinebat. Frugalitati pater, lux- uriae filius magis deditus erat. Quibus 3 artibus orbis imperil fundamenta pater jecit, operis totius gloriam filius eonsummavit. Beginning of Alexander's Eeign. 236. Imperio suscepto, prima Alexandro cura pater- narum exsequiarum f uit ; in quibus ante omnia caedis 4 eonscios ad tumulum patris oecidi jussit. Inter initia regni multas gentes rebellantes eompescuit ; 5 orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxit. Deinde ad Persicum bellum proficiscens, patrimonium omne suum, quod in Macedonia et Europa habebat, amlcis divlsit ; sibi* Asiam suffice re praefatus. 7 Nee exercitui 8 alius quam regi animus fuit. Quippe omnes obliti conjugum 9 libe- rorumque, et longinquae a domo militiae, nihil eogi- tabant nisi Orientis opes. Quum delati 10 in Asiam essent, primus 11 Alexander jaculum velut in hostllem terram jecit ; armatusque de navi 12 tripudianti 13 similis prosiluit, 14 atque ita hostias caedit, precatus, ne se regem illae terrae invitae 13 accipiant. 16 In Ilio quoque ad tu- mulos heroum, 17 qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit. Battle of the Gramcus, 334 B. 0. 237. Inde hostem petens milites a populatione Asiae prohibuit, parcendum suis rebus praefatus, nee per- 1 385 ; 541. 7 297, II. 3. 543 . 39 lf L 2 414. 8 387. J L>85. 3 453. 9 406. 15 443. 4 399, I. 2. 10 292, 2. " 498, I. 6 273, note. 442, note. ** 68. 6 386. 12 62, III. 8 534, note. GRECIAN HISTORY. 93 denda ea, quae possessuri 1 venerint. In exercitu ejus fuere peditum triginta duo millia, equitum quattuor millia quingenti, naves centum octoginta duae. Hac tarn parva manu universum terrarum orbem 2 vincere est aggressus. Quum ad tarn periculosum bellum exer- citum legeret, 3 non juvSnes robustos, sed veteranos, qui cum patre patruisque militaverant, elegit: ut non tarn milites, quam magistros militiae electos putares. 4 Prima cum hoste congressio in campis Adrastlae fuit. In acie Persarum sexcenta millia militum fuerunt, quae non minus arte Alexandri quam virtute Macedonum super- ata, terga verterunt. Itaque magna caedes Persarum fuit. De exercitu Alexandri novem pedites, centum viginti equites cecidere ; quos rex magnifice humatos statuis equestribus donavit ; cognatis eorum autem im- munitates dedit. Post victoriam major 5 pars Asiae ad eum defecit. Habuit et plura 6 proelia cum praefectis Darii, quos jam non tarn armis, quam terrore nommis sui vicit. Battle oflssus, 333 B. 0. 238. Interea Darius cum quadringentis millibus peditum ac centum millibus equitum in aciem procedit. Commisso proelio, Alexander non duels magis quam militis munia 7 exsequebatur. MacedSnes cum rege ipso in equitum agmen irrumpunt. Turn vero similis rulnae strages erat. Circa currum Darii jacebant nobi- lissimi duces, ante oculos regis egregia morte 8 defuncti. Jamque qui DarTam vehebant equi, confossi hastis et dolore efferati, jugum quatere et regem curru 9 excutere 1 549, 3. 4 485, note 1. 7 131, 1, 4). 2 107, 2. 8 1G5. 8 421, I. 3 521, II. 2. 6 165, note 1. 9 434, note 1. 94 LATIN EEADEE. coep&rant : quum ille, veritus ne yivus venlret l in hos- tium potestatem, desilit, 2 et in equum, qui ad hoc ipsum sequebatur, imponitur. Turn vero ceteri dissipantur metu. Inter captives eastrorum mater et uxor et filiae duae Darii fuere : in quas Alexander ita se gessit, 3 ut omnes ante euin reges et continentia 4 et dementia vinceret. 6 Alexander in Egypt, 332 B. C. He visits the Temple of Jupiter Ammon. 239, Aegyptii, olim Persarum opibus infensi, Alex- andrum laeti 6 receperunt. A Memphi 1 rex in interiora 8 penetrat; compositisque rebus ita, ut nihil ex patrio Aegyptiorum more mutaret, adire Jovis Ammonis orac- ulum 9 statuit. Quatriduo per vastas solitudines ab- sumpto, tandem ad sedem consecratam deo 10 ventum est, 11 undique ambientibus ramis contectam. Regem pro- pius adeuntem maximus natu 12 e sacerdotibus EILIUM ap- pellat, hoc nomen illi parentem Jovem reddere affirmans. Ille se vero et accipSre ait 13 et agnoscSre, huraanae sor- tis M oblitus. Consulit deinde, an totius orbis imperium sibi destinaret 15 PATEE. Aeque in adulationem composi- tus, terrarum omnium rectorem fore ostendit. Post haec institit quaer^re, an omnes parentis sui interfectores poenas dedissent. Sacerdos PAEENTEM ejus negat ullius scelere posse violari, PHILIPPI autem omnes luisse sup- plicia. Sacrificio deinde facto, dona et sacerdotibus et deo data, 18 permissumque amicis, ut ipsi quoque consu- lerent 17 Jovem. Nihil amplius quaesiverunt, quam an 1 498, III. 7 62, II. 2. 13 297, II. 1. 2 467, III. 8 441, I. 14 406, II. 3 269. 9 372. 15 529. 4 424. 10 384. 16 368, 3. 5 500. "301, 1. 17 498. 6 443. 12 168, 4. GRECIAN HISTOKY. 95 auctor esset sibi divlnis honoribus colendi l suum regem. Hoc quoque acceptum fore Jovi 2 vates respondit. Rex ex Ammone rediens 3 elegit urbi locum, ubi nunc est Alexandria, appellationem trahens ex nomine auctoris. Darius makes Jiis last Proposals of Peace. 240. Jam Darius pervenerat Arbela* yicum, nobi- lem sua clade facturus. Raro in ullo proelio tantum sangumis 5 f usum est. Tandem Darii auriga, qui ante ipsum sedens equos regebat, hasta transfixus est; nee aut Persae aut Macedfaies dubitavere, quin ipse rex esset occisus. 6 Ced&re 7 Persae, et laxare ordmes ; jamque non pugna, sed caedes erat, quum Darius quoque currum suum in fugam vertit; victori Alexandro Asiae impe- rium obtigit. 8 Disturbances in Greece. 241. Dum haec in Asia gerebantur, Graecia fere omnis, spe recuperandae libertatis, 1 ad arma concurrSrat, auctoritatem Lacedaemoniorum secuta. Dux hujus belli Agis, rex Lacedaemoniorum, fuit. Quern 9 motum Antipa- ter, dux 10 ab Alexandro in Macedonia relictus, in ipso ortu oppressit. Magna tamen utrimque caedes fuit. Agis rex, quum suos terga daiites videret, dimissis satel- litibus 11 ut Alexandro felicitate, non virtute inferior videretur, 12 tantam stragem hostium edidit, 13 ut agmma interdum fugaret. Ad postremum, etsi a multitudine victus, gloria tamen omnes vicit. 1 542, I. 6 504. 10 362, 3. 2 391. 7 536, 1. "81. 3 295, 3. 8 271, 1. 12 497. 4 380. 9 453. 13 271, 1. 6 397. 96 LATIN HEADER. Alexander invades India. 242. Post haec Indiam petit, ut Oceano fimret im- perium. Cui gloriae ut etiam exercitus ornamenta con- vemrent, phaleras e quorum et arma militum argento inducit. Quum ad Nysam urbem venisset, oppidanis 1 non repugnantibus parci jussit. Alexander returns to Babylon, 324 B. C. 243. Ab ultimis 2 oris Oceani Babyloniam reversus, convivium solemniter instituit. Ibi quum totus s in lae- titiam effusus esset, recedeiitem jam e convivio Medius Thessalus instaurata comissatione invitat. Accepto poculo, inter bibendum * veluti telo confixus ingemuit, elatusque e convivio semiammis, tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in remedia posceret. 5 Venenum accepisse creditur. Death of Alexander, 323 B. C. 244. Quarta die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens, agnoscere se fatum domus majorum sudrum, ait, nam plerosque Aeaciddrum intra tricesimum annum defunctos. Tumultuantes deinde milites, insidiis periisse * regem suspicantes, ipse sedavit, eosque omnes ad con- spectum suum admlsit, osculandamque 7 dextram por- rexit. 8 Quum lacrimarent 9 omnes, ipse non sine lacrimis tantum, verum etiam sine ullo tristioris mentis argu- mento fuit. Ad postremum corpus suum in Ammonis templo condi jubet. Quum deficere eum amici viderent, quaerunt, quern imperii faciat heredem; 10 respondit, 1 385. 8 500. 221, 1. 1. 2 166. 6 295, 3. 9 515, III. 3 443. 7 549, 8. 10 373. 4 542, III. GRECIAN HISTORY. 97 Dignissimum. Hac voce omnes amlcos suos ad aemu- lain regni cupiditatem accendit. Sexta die, praeclusa voce, exemptum digito 1 annulum Perdiccae tradidit> quae res gliscentem amicorum discordiam sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nuncupatus heres, judicio tamen electus 2 esse videbatur. Remarks on the Character of Alexander. 245. Decessit Alexander mensem unum tres et tri- ginta annos 3 natus, vir supra humanum modum vi 4 anT- mi praeditus. Quo die natus est, pater ejus nuntium duarum victoriarum accepit. Puer acerrnnis litterarum studiis erudltus fuit. Exacta pueritia, per quinquen- nium AristotSle usus est magistro. Accepto tandem imperio tantam militibus suis fiduciam fecit, ut, illo praesente, nulllus hostis arma timerent. 5 Itaque cum nullo hoste unquam congressus est, quern non vicerit ; 6 nullam urbem obsedit, quam non expugnaverit. 246. EXERCISE IN WRITING LATIN. 1. Pericles at that time presided over the republic. 2. He is said to have presided over the republic many years. 3. Philip wished to wage war against the Athe- nians. 4. War was waged by Philip against the Athe- nians. 5. Philip conquered the Athenians at Chaero- nea. 6. The victor wished to conceal his joy. 7. Many wish to rule. 8. I prefer to obey. 9. The Athenians wished to present the general with a golden crown. 10. The Lacedaemonians wished to recover their liberty. 1 434, note 1. 3 379. 6 500. 2 536, 2,1). 4 420, 1. 6 503, I. SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEAENER I. The preparation of a Beading Lesson in Latin involves 1. A knowledge of the Meaning of the Latin. 2. A knowledge of the Structure of the Latin Sentences. 3. A translation into English. MEANING OF TILE LATIN. II. Bern ember that almost every inflected word in a Latin sen- tence requires the use of both the Dictionary and the Grammar to ascertain its meaning. The Dictionary gives the meaning of the word without reference to its Grammati- cal properties of case, number, mood, tense, etc., and the Grammar, the meaning of the endings which mark those properties. The Dictionary will give the meaning of mensa, a table, but not of mensdrum, of tables ; the Grammar alone will give the force of the ending arum. III. Make yourself so familiar with all the endings of inflection, with their exact form and force, whether in declension or conjuga- tion, that you will not only readily distinguish the different parts of speech from each other, but also the different forms of the same word with their exact and distinctive force. IV. In taking up a Latin sentence, 1. Notice carefully the endings of the several words, and thus determine which words are nouns, which verbs, etc. 2. Observe the force of each ending, and thus determine case, number, voice, mood, tense, etc. This will be found to be a very important step toward the mastery of the sentence. By this means you will discover not only the relation of the words to each other, but also an important part of their meaning, that which they derive from their endings. V. The key to the meaning of any simple sentence (347) will be found in the simple subject and predicate, i. e., in the Nominative and its Verb. Hence, in looking out the sentence, observe the fol- lowing order. Take 1. The Subject, or Nominative. 100 LATIN READER. The ending will ID most instances enable you to distinguish this from all other words, except the adjectives which agree with it. These may be looked out at the same time with the subject. Sometimes the subject is not expressed, but only implied, in the ending of the verb. It may then be readily supplied, as it is always a pronoun of such person and number as the verb indicates; as, audio, I hear, the ending io showing that the subject is ego; audllis, you hear, the ending iUs showing that the subject is DOS. 2. The Verb, with Predicate Noun or Adjective, if any. This will be readily known by the ending. Now combining this with the Subject, you will have an outline of the sentence. Ail the other words must now be associated with these two parts. 3. The Modifiers of the Subject, i. e., adjectives agreeing with it, nominatives in apposition with it, genitives dependent upon it, etc. But perhaps some of these have already been looked out in the attempt to ascertain the subject. In looking out these words, bear in mind the meaning of the subject to which they belong. This will greatly aid you in selecting from the dictionary the true meaning in the passage before you. 4. The Modifiers of the Verb, i. e., (1) Oblique cases, Accusatives, Datives, etc., dependent upon it, and (2) Adverbs qualifying it. Bear in mind all the while the force of the case and the meaning of the verb, that you may be able to select for each word the true meaning in the passage before you. VI. In complex and compound sentences (348 ; 349), discover first the connectives which unite the several members, and then proceed with each member as with a simple sentence. VII. In the use of Dictionary and Vocabulary, remember that you are not to look for the particular form which occurs in the sen- tence, but for the Nom. Sing, of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and for the First Pers. Sing. Pres. Indie. Act. of Verbs. Therefore, 1. In Pronouns, make yourself so familiar with their declension, that any oblique case will at once suggest the Norn. Sing. If vobis occurs, you must remember that the Nom. Sing, is tu. 2. In Nouns and Adjectives, make yourself so familiar with the case-endings, that you will be able to drop that of the given case, and substitute for it that of the Nom. Sing. Thus, mensibus ; stem mensi, Nom. Sing, mentis, which you will find in the Vo- cabulary. Bo ducem, due, dues, dux. SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEAKNEK. 101 3. In Verbs, change the ending of the given form into that of the First Pers. Sing, of the Pres. Indie. Act. Thus, arndbat; stem ama, First Pers. Sing. Pres. Indie. Act. amo, which you will find in the Vocabulary. So am&verunt; First Pers. Perf. &mavi, Perf. stem amav, Verb stem ama ; a/mo. To illustrate the steps recommended in the preceding suggestions, we add the following Model. VIII. Themistocles imperator servitute totam Graeciam liberiivit. 1. Without knowing the meaning of the words, you will discover from their forms, 1) That Themistocles and imperator are probably nouns in the Nom. Sing. 2) That servitute is a noun in the Abl. Sing. 3) That totam and Graeciam are either nouns or adjectives in the Accus. Sing. 4) That liberdvit is a verb in the Act. voice, Indie, mood, Perf. tense, Third Person, Singular number. 2. Now, turning to the Vocabulary for the meaning of the words, you will learn, 1) That T7iemistocles is the name of an eminent Athenian general: THEMISTOCLES. 2) That libero, for which you must look, not for liberdvit, means to liber- ate : LIBERATED. Themistocles liberated. 3) That imperator means commander ; THE COMMANDER. Themistocles, the commander, liberated. 4) That Graeciam is the name of a country : GREECE. Themistocles the commander liberated Greece. 5) That totus means the whole, all : ALL. Themistocles the commander liberated all Greece. 6) That servitus means servitude : FROM SERVITUDE. Themistocles the commander liberated all Greece from servitude. STRUCTURE OF THE LATIN SENTENCE. IX. The structure of a sentence is best shown by analyzing it and parsing the words which compose it. Analysis. X. Tell whether the sentence is simple, complex, or compound, XI. In analyzing a Simple sentence (347), name, 1. The Subject and Predicate, (1) in the simple form (358, 360), and (2) in the complex form (359, 361). 102 LATIN READEE. 2. The Modifiers of the Subject, (1) in the simple form, and (2) in the complex form (357, 2). 3. The Modifiers of the Predicate, (1) in the simple form, and (2) in the complex form. If the Modifiers are complex, the analysis may be continued till all complex ele- ments arc explained. Model. XII. In his castris Cluilius, Albanus rex, moritur. Cluilius, the Alban king, dies in this camp. 1. This is a simple sentence. 2. Cluilius is the simple subject, and moritur, the simple predicate. Cluilius Albanus rex, is the complex subject, and in Tiis castris moritur is the complex predicate. 3. Rex is the simple modifier of the subject Cluilius, and Albanus rex, the complex modifier, as rex is modified by Albanus. 4. In castris is the simple modifier of the predicate moritur, showing where he dies, and in his castris is the complex modifier, as castris is modi- fied by his. XIII. In analyzing a Complex sentence (348), 1. Name the sentence, or clause, 1 used as an element in it with its connective (348, note 1). 2. Analyze the sentence as a whole, like a simple sentence. 3. Analyze the subordinate clause (348, note 2). Model. XIY. Donee eris felix, multos numeriibis araicos. So long as you are prosperous, you will number many friends. 1. This is a complex sentence. 2. Donee eris felix, is a clause introduced as a modifier of numerdbis t showing when you will number. 3. Tu, implied in numerdbis, is the subject ; numerdbis is the simple predicate, donee eris felix, multos numerdbis amlcos is the complex predicate. 4. Amlcos is the simple object of the predicate numerdbis, and multos amicos the complex object. Donee eris felix is the adverbial modifier of the predicate. 5. Donee eris felix is a simple sentence, with the connective donee. Tu, implied in eris, is the subject, and eris felix, the predicate, eris being the copula (360) and felix the predicate adjective. 1 If the sentence is abridged, show wherein. SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEAENEE. 103 XV. In analyzing a Compound sentence (349), 1. Separate it into its members and name the connectives. 1 2. Analyze each member as a separate sentence. Model. XVI. Sol ruit et montes umbrantur. The sun descends and the mountains are shaded. 1. This is a compound sentence (349). 2. The members are sol ruit and montes umbrantur, connected by the zonj unction et. 3. The members are simple sentences, and are analyzed accordingly. Parsing. XVII. In parsing a word, 1. Name the Part of Speech to which it belongs. 2. Inflect 2 it, if capable of inflection. 3. Give its gender, number, case, voice, mood, tense, person, etc. 3 4. Give its Syntax and the Rule for it. 4 Model. XVIII. Romiini ab aratro abduxerunt Cincinnfitum, ut dictator esset, The Romans took Gincinnatus from the plough, that he might fie dictator. 1. Romani is an adjective: Eomanus, a, urn, STEM, Romano; decline. It is in the Nom. Plur. Masc., is used substantively (441), and is the subject of abduxerunt. Give Eule III. 2. Abduxerunt is an active verb : ab-duco, ab-duc&re, ab-duxi, ab-ductum, compounded of ab and duco (344) ; STEM, ab-duc, PERFECT STEM, ab-dux. Give synopsis of the mood (227). Inflect the tense, i. e., the Indicative Perf. Act. (209). It is in the Active voice, Indie, mood, Perf. tense, Third person, Plur. number, and agrees with Romdni. Give Rule XXXVI. 3. Cincinndtum is a Proper noun (39, 1), of the Second Decl. ; STEM 1 If the sentence is abridged, name the compound elements. a Inflect, i. e., decline, compare or conjugate. 3 That is, such of these properties as it possesses. * No special Kule is deemed necessary for Prepositions, Conjunctions, or Interjec- tions. Prepositions are provided for by the rule for Oases with Prepositions. Con- junctions are mere connectives, and are quite fully explained under Moods. Interjections are only expressions of emotion, or mere marks of address, explained under Cases. 8 104: LATIN EEADEE. Cincinnato ; decline, used only in the singular (130, 1). It is in the Accus. Sing. Masc., and is the direct object of abduxcrunt. Give Eule V. 4. Ab is a preposition used with the Abl. Ardtro. 5. Ardtro is a noun of the Second Decl. ; STEM aratro ; decline. It is in the Abl. Sing. Neut^ and is used with the Prep. ab. Give Rule XXXIII. 6. Ut is a conjunction of purpose (497), connecting dbduxerunt and esset. 7. Esset is an intransitive verb : sum, esse,fui (204). Give synopsis of the mood, and inflect the tense, i. e., Subj. Imperf. It is in the Subj. mood, 7m- perf. tense, Third person, Sing, number, and agrees with the pronoun is, he, implied in the ending (368, 2). Give Eule XXXVI. 8. Dictator is a noun of the Third Decl. ; STEM dictator ; decline (60). It is in the Norn. Sing. Masc., and agrees, as Predicate noun, with the omitted subject of esset. Give Eule I. TRANSLATION. XIX. In translating, render as literally as possible without doing violence to the English. In many important idioms of the Latin, a literal translation would not only fail to do justice to the original, but would also be a gross perversion of the mother-tongue. The following suggestions are intended to aid the pupil in disposing of such cases ; but even in these, it is earnestly recom- mended that he should first construe literally, in order that he may be made to feel the force of the Latin construction before attempting a translation. Participles. XX. These are much more extensively used in Latin than in English ; hence the frequent necessity, in translating them, of devi- ating from the Latin construction. They may generally be rendered in some one of the following ways 1 (548-550) : 1. Literally: Pyrrhus proelio fusus a Tarento recessit, Pyrrhm having been defeated in battle withdrew from Tarentum. 2. By a Eelative Clause : Omnes aliud agentes, aliud simulantes improbi sunt, All who do onk thing and pretend another are dishonest. 3. By a Clause with a Conjunction : 1 The pupil must early learn to determine from the context the appropriate render- ing in each instance. SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEARNER. 105 1). "With a Conjunction of Time, while, when, after, etc. Uva maturata dulcescit, The grape, when it has ripened (having ripened), becomes sweet. 2). "With a Conjunction of Cause, Eeason, Manner, as, for, since, etc. Millies perfidiam veriti reverterunt, The soldiers returned, because they feared perfidy . 3). "With a Conjunction of Condition, if. Accusatus damnabitur, If he is accused, he will be condemned. 4). With a Conjunction of Concession, though, although. Urbera acerrime defensam cepit, He took the city, though it was valiantly defended, or though valiantly defended. 4. By a Verbal !Noun : Ad Romam conditam, to the founding of Rome, lit. to Eome founded. Ab urbe condlta, from the founding of the city. Post reges exactos, after the expulsion of the kings* 5. By a Verb: Rex ei benigne recepto filiam dedit, The Icing received him kindly and gave him his daughter, lit. gave his daughter to him kindly received. XXI. Participles with non or nihil are sometimes best rendered by Participial nouns dependent upon without : NOD ridens, without laughing. XXII. Future Participles are sometimes best rendered by Infini- tives, or by Participial Nouns with/or the purpose of: Rediit belli casum tentaturus, He returned to try (about to try) the for- tune of war. XXIII. The Ablative Absolute is sometimes best rendered (1) by a Clause with, when, while, after, for, since, if, though, etc., (2) by a Noun with a Preposition, in, during, after, ~by, from, through, etc., or (3) by an Active Participle with its Object : Servio regnante, while Servius reigned, or in the reign of Servius (lit. Servius reigning}. Duce Fabio, under the command of Fabius (lit. Fabius being commander). Sometimes, as in the last example, a word denoting the doer of an action can be best rendered by the word which denotes the thing done. Thus, instead of com- mander, consul, king, we have command, consulship^ reign. JOG LATIN READER. Subjunctive. XXIY. This may be rendered as follows : 1. With the Potential signs, may, can, might, could, should (485) : Forsitan quaeratis, Perhaps you may inquire. Hoc nemo dix&rit, No om would say this. 2. By the English Indicative. This is generally the best ren- dering 1) In clauses denoting Cause (517): Quum vita metus plena sit, since life is full of fear. Quum Romam venisset, when he had come to Rome. 2) In Indirect Questions (529) : Quaeritur, cur dissentiant, It is asked why they disagree. 3) In other Indirect Clauses (529, II.) : Vereor, ne, dum minuere velim laborem, augeam, I fear I shall increase the labor, while I wish to diminish it. 4) In the Subordinate Clauses of Indirect Discourse (524) : Hippias gloriatus est, annulum quern haberet se sua manu confecisse, Hippias boasted that he had made with his own hand the ring which he wore (had). 5) In Relative Clauses defining indefinite antecedents, and sometimes in clauses denoting result (503, 500, 501) : Sunt qui putent, there are some who think. Ita vixit ut Athenienslbus csset carissimus, He so lived, that he was very dear to the Athenians. 6) Sometimes in Conditional and Concessive clauses, and m clauses with Quin (510, 515, 504) : Dum metuant, if only (provided) they fear. Si voluisset, dimicasset, If he had wished, he would have fought. Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas,' Though the strength fails, still the will should be approved. Adest nemo, quin videat, There is no one present who does not see. 3. By the Infinitive. This is often the best rendering 1) In Relative Clauses denoting Result : hence after dignus, in- dignus, idoneus, aptus, etc. (503) : Non is sum qui his utar, I am not such a one as to use (he who may use) these things. Fabulae dignae sunt, quae legantur, The fables are worthy to be read (which, or that they, should be read). SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEAKNER. 107 2) Sometimes in Eelative Clauses denoting Purpose, and other clauses denoting Result (497, 1, 500) : Decemviri creati sunt qui leges scriberent, Decemvirs were appointed to prepare the laws (who should prepare). Infinitive. XXV. The Infinitive has a much more extensive use in Latin than in English. The following points require notice (532 if.). 1. The Infinitive with a Subject is rendered by a Finite verb with that : Dixit se regem vidisse, He said that he had seen the Icing. 2. The Historical Infinitive (536, 1) is rendered by the Imperfect Indicative : Iram pater dissimulare, The father concealed his anger. 3. The Infinitive is sometimes best rendered by a Participial noun with of, with, etc. Insimulatur mysteria violasse, He is accused of having violated the 'mys- teries. Miscellaneous Idioms. XXYI. The following Miscellaneous Idioms are added : 1. Certiorem facere should be rendered, to inform, and certior fieri, to ~be informed : Caesar certior factus est, Caesar was informed. 2. Inter se, lit. letween themselves, is often best rendered, from each other, to each other, together. Omnes inter se diflf erunt, They all differ from each other. 3. Ne quidem, with one or more words between the parts, should be rendered, not even ; or even not : Ne nomen quidem, not even the name. 4. When two or more verbs stand together in the same com- pound tense, the copula (sum) is generally expressed only with tho last, but in rendering, the copula should be expressed only with the first: Captus et in vinciila conjectus est, He was taken and thrown into chains. 5. Quanta tanto, lit. "by as much as ~by so much, is often best rendered before comparatives, the the : 108 LATIN READER. Quanto diutius considfiro, tanto res videtur obscurior, the longer (by as much as the longer) / consider the subject, the more obscure (by so much the more obscure) does it appear. G. A Clause with quominus, by which, or that, the less, may generally be rendered by a Clause with that, by the Infinitive, or by a Participial noun with from. Per eum stetit quominus dimicaretur, It was owing to him (stood through him) that the engagement was not made. Non recusavit quominus poenam sublret, He did not refuse to submit to punishment. Regem impediit quomi- nus pugnaret, He prevented the king from fighting. NOTES. GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES. For Explanation of References, see page ix. PAGB 2, 1. Corona* As the Latin has no article, a noun may, according 1 to the connection in which it is used, be translated (1) without the article ; as, corona, crown ; (2) with the indefinite article a, or an ; as corona, a crown; (3) with the definite article the; as, corona, the crown. 3, 2. Of friendship. The pupil will observe that the English 2 prepositions, of, to, by, may be rendered into Latin by simply chang- ing the ending of the word. Thus, friendship, amicitia ; of friendship, amicitiae. 10. Of a crown. The pupil will remember that the English articles, a, an, and the, are not to be rendered into Latin at all. Crown, a crown, and the crown, are all rendered into Latin by the same word. 9, 11. Coronam lanslat. Observe that the object coronam pre- 3 cedes the verb laudat. 12. Puer coronam landat. The usual ar- rangement of words is : subject, object, verb, as in this sentence. See Grammar, 560. 13. Landant. If this word is compared with 4 laudat in 11, it will be found to differ from that word only in having nt, meaning they, as its ending, while laudat has simply t, meaning he. But the learner must at the outset be informed that, though the forms of the verb thus contain the pronoun as subject, yet a substantive may at any time be introduced as subject, and then the pronoun is not translated. Thus laudat, he praises, but puer laudat, the boy praises (not the boy he praises) ; laudant, they praise ; but pueri laudant, the boys praise. 10, 2. For the slave, servo. For may thus be expressed by the Dative, and the article the must be omitted in rendering into Latin, as that language has no corresponding word. 8. The slave. The Latin word will be in the Accusative, according to Rule V., and will precede the verb. See note on " Coronam laudat" (9, 11). 110 LATIN READER. PAGE 5 14, 1. Servns bonus. In Latin the adjective generally follows its noun, as in this example ; though sometimes it precedes it, as in Eng- lish. When emphatic, the adjective is placed before its noun ; as, Verae amicitiae, true friendships. Bonus agrees with servus, accord- ing to Rule XXXIII. 15. Ccronac snnt aureae. While in general the verb in Latin occupies the last place in the sentence, est and sum often stand between the subject and the predicate adjective, as in this sentence. See Grammar 438, 2. Some freedom of arrangement is, however, allowed. Thus : Coronae sunt aureae might be coronae aureae sunt, and corona aurea est above, might be corona est aurea. 15, 1. A true friende Be sure and put the adjective in the right form to agree with its noun, according to Rule XXXIV. 15. The queen is beautiful* In translating English into Latin, the pupil is expected, in the arrangement of words, to imitate the order followed in the Latin Exercises. 6 18, 10. Virtus regis. Regis is in the Genitive depending upon virtus, according to Rule XVI., 395. The Genitive generally follows its noun, as in this instance, but sometimes, especially when em- 7 phatic, it precedes, as in belli causa below. 20. Tnllia regis filia. Filia governs regis, according to Rule XVI., but is itself in apposition with Tullia, according to Rule II. The appositive generally follows its noun. 25. Filiam. Explain the case. See Rules II. and V. 22, 4. Consulis. See note on " Consules" (169). 10. Urbis. Why in the Genitive ? -15. Post Romnli mortem. For the position of the preposition, see Grammar 669, II. 3 ; for the case of Romuli, 395, and for the case of mortem, 432 and 433. 23, 8. Contrary to, contra. The pupil will remember that the English prepositions to, for, with, from, by, are generally rendered into Latin by merely putting the noun in the proper case, i. e., in the Dative for to or for, and in the Ablative for with, from, by ; but some- times even these prepositions are rendered by corresponding Latin words, as to by ad, for by pro, with by cum, by and from by ab. Other English prepositions, before, after, behind, between, etc., are reg- ularly rendered into Latin by corresponding Latin prepositions. 11. To a friend, ad amicum. To, when it denotes motion or direction, should not be rendered by the Dative, but by the preposition ad. See G. 384, II. 3, 1). Place ad amlcum before the verb. 13. Con- cerning the death of Romulus. For the arrangement of words, see note on "Post Romuli mortem" above. 15. Fight for the coun- try. For in the sense of in defence of, in behalf of, should not be ren dered by the Dative, but by the preposition pro. See G. 384, II. 3, 2). 9 25, 8. Virtus militis fortis. Observe the arrangement, virtus fol- lowed by its modifier militis, and militis followed by its modifier for- NOTES. Ill PAGE tis. This is the usual arrangement, though emphasis and euphony 9 often cause a departure from it. See G. 561. 29, 18. Magistrates. Genitive depending upon potestas. See 1O Rule XVI. 20. Regis cnrrum. Is this the usual order ? 30, 2. For the army. Translate in two ways, taking for in the sense of (1) for the benefit of, and (2) in defence of. 4. Before the arrival. See note on Contrary to (23, 8). 11. The consul. Ren- 11 der by the Genitive. See Rules II. and XVI. 32, 20. Unus liber. The numeral adjectives which are declined, 12 as units, duo, ires, primus, etc., agree with their nouns, like other adjectives. 23. Moras; the subject of est, understood. 26. Souita; Ablative depending upon the comparative velocior without quam, according to Rule XXIII. 33, 10. Eight books, with eight books. The indeclinable numeral adjectives may be used without change of form with nouns of any gender and in any case. See 176. 12. Than iron. Omit quam, and put the Latin word for iron in the Ablative, according to Rule XXIII. 37, 2. Ad me. See 182. Substantive pronouns are used in 14 the several cases like nouns, and are parsed by the same rules. 5. Blea Yita. The Possessive, the Demonstrative, and the Interrogative Pronouns, in this exercise, are all used as adjectives, and agree with their nouns, like any other adjectives, according to Rule XXXIV. 438. 16. Sum . . . sunt. In parsing the forms of sum, which have no subject expressed, observe the second Model just given. If the verb is of the first person, supply, as subject, the personal pro- noun of the first person ; i. e., ego for the singular, and nos for the plural. If the verb is of the second person, supply the personal pro- noun of the second person ; i. e., tu for the singular, and vos for the plural. If the verb is of the third person, supply the demonstrative pronoun is for the singular, and ii for the plural, as the personal pro- noun sui is not used in the Nominative : hence, ego sum, nos sumus, ii sunt. 24. Simus, sint. It would be useless at this early stage to attempt to explain to the learner the force and use of the Latin Sub- junctive. It is, perhaps, enough to say in this connection that, after various connectives, it is best rendered by the English Indicative. I 7 or the present, however, the learner may render it by may or let. Thus sint, may they be, let them be, or they may be. 26. Justi. This adjective agrees with nos, the omitted subject of sumus. 33. Leges . . . SimtO, let the laws be, etc. The third person of the Future Imperative is often best rendered by let, instead of shall. 38, 13. He is, they are. The English pronouns in this Exercise are not to be rendered by the corresponding Latin pronouns, as the 6 112 LATIN READER. PAGE 14 latter may be implied in the ending of the verb : hence, he is :== esl. 15 40, 1. Ciceroni. Dative depending upon carissima. 2. Xoniie. Interrogative particles and interrogative pronouns usually stand at the beginning of the sentence. 5. Nostrum. Genitive depending upon parens. See Rule XVI. 12. Mihi gloria* Mihi depends upon carior by virtue of its meaning, according to Rule XIV., but gloria depends upon carior as a comparative without quam, according to Rule XXIII. 16. Quam In. Tu is the subject of es to be sup- plied. 20. Dens est, there is a God. 16 41, 1. Who, quis. See 188, 1. 12. Than gold. Use the Abla- tive without quam, or the Nominative with quam. 18 45, 10. For your country, pro patria. 47, 9. Amatus est, amati sunt. The learner will observe, that, when the verb and the subject (expressed or implied) are in the Singular, the participle (amatus), which forms one element of the verb, is also in the Singular ; and that, when the verb and the subject are in the Plural, the participle (amati) is also in the Plural. The form of the participle also varies with the gender of the subject, as well as with its number. Thus the participle in the compound tenses (i. e., in those which are made up of the participle and the auxiliary sum) agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case, like an ad- jective, according to Rule XXXV. 1. 18. Qnotidie. Notice the position of the adverb, directly before the verb which it qualifies. This is its usual position. 22. Cumia hostinm oppida. On the order of these words, see 565, 2. 20 50, 9. Legions; Indirect Object, in the Dative, according to Rule XII. I. 16. Tibi; Indirect Object, in the Dative, in connection with the Accusative gratiam with the transitive verb habemus, ac- cording to Rule XII. II. In the arrangement of Objects, the Indirect generally precedes the Direct, as in this sentence ; though the order is sometimes reversed, as in the eighteenth sentence in this Exercise. 22. Philosophiae, for philosophy, i. e., for philosophical studies and pursuits. 1 53, 13. Habet memoriam. What is the usual position of the Object ? See 567. 16. Omnium* This agrees with militum. Omnium in . . . militum. Observe the arrangement of the words, making one compact expression, lit. of all in his army soldiers. See 565, 2. 17. Qnis. Notice the position of the Interrogative at the beginning of the clause. 18. Hanc* Pronouns thus used as adjectives gen- erally precede their nouns ; but the Possessive Pronouns, meus, tuus, etc., generally follow their nouns, as in this Exercise. 54, 16. Are silent. Render by the proper form of taceo. 17. NOTES. 113 PAGE Will you not? Not in this question must be rendered by nonne, but 21 in the answer by non. See Grammar, 351, 1, note 2, and 552, 1. 56, 9. Mundnm semper. When a verb with a direct object has 22 also an adverb qualifying it, the usual order is Object, Adverb, Verb ; but the adverb non, not, may stand either before or after the object. 20. Virtttte; Ablative of Cause, according to Rule XXII. 21. Mnneribns ; Ablative of Means. 25. Gloria ; Ablative of Manner. Trinuiphavii. The privilege of entering Rome in grand triumphal procession was sometimes awarded to eminent Roman generals as they returned from victory. Triumphavit here refers to such a triumph. 57, 11. Who, quis. See Grammar, 188, II., 1. 23 59, 14. A Deo. By comparing this example with those under the Rule, the second, for instance, it will be seen that the Latin construc- tion distinguishes the person by whom anything is done from the means by which it is done, designating the former by the Ablative with a or ab (a Thebanis, by the Thebans), and the latter by the Ablative with- out a preposition ; gloria, by glory. 60, 11. Let ... be spoken. Render by the Latin Subjunctive. 24 See 196, II. 12. By the Romans. See 415, I. 68, 8. A. Galliis. See 415, I. 23. Exerceatnr. Express 27 the force of the Subjunctive by let. See 196, II. 71, 1. Agrum. See 371. Deponent verbs when active in signifi- 28 cation may govern the Accusative like any other active verb. 4. Hoc fadnns. The object is here made emphatic by its position be- fore the subject. See note on " Puer coronam laudat" (9, 12); also Grammar, 561, I. 10. Nnntins* Mercury was the messenger of the gods. 11. Vini dens. The ancient Romans recognized a great number of gods and goddesses. Almost every object in Nature was under the special care of some one of these fabulous deities. Bacchus presided over the cultivation of the vine, and was the god of festivity. 1 3. Habctnr, is regarded. 19. Expnlsnsest; from expello. 20. Regis pater. Regis refers to Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. 23. Interfecernnt ; from interficio. 72, 5. Seryins ; Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome. Tar- 29 qnin*, Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome. 7. SdpiOJ Scipio Africanus Minor, the victor in the third Punic war. 74, 5. Omnia. See 441. Qnae. See 445. Conjnneta snnt; from conjungo. 9. Atticnm ; Titus Pomponius Atticus, celebrated as a scholar and as the intimate friend of Cicero, the orator. 10. 3O Cnncta Graecia, all Greece, i. e., all parts, whereas iota Graecia means the whole of Greece, or Greece as a whole. See totam Graeciam be- low. 12. Malornm. This depends upon mater. 20. Fecit, lit. made ; render composed, or wrote. 114 LATIN READER. PAGE 31 77, 1. Cieeronem, Consulem; two Accusatives, denoting the same person, depending upon dedaravit according to Rule VI. 4. Nn- tricem . . . Siciliam. The ancient Romans annually received large supplies of grain from Sicily. Hence the epithet here applied to H. 8. Appins Claudius, a distinguished Roman, who lived about 300 B. C. He was twice consul, and once censor. 9. Bestiolac. This refers to the insect known as the ephemeran. 11. Sex Pcdes. See Rule IX. 13. Rediit 5 from redeo, 295, 3. 32 80, 3. Pugnae . . . Saliminem. This was the famous victory gained, 480 B. C., by the Greeks over the Persians. 4. Virtutem diYitiis. See 386, 1. Praefer. See 292. 15. Gloriac; Geni- tive depending upon avidi. See Rule XVII. 18. Quam veritatis. Veriiatis in the Genitive after quam, corresponds to the Genitive contentionis before quam. See 417, 1. 81, 1. Against the Romans. Render by the Dative. 386, 1. 33 83, 1. Bencficiis, Ablative of Cause. 4. Vi snmrna, Ablative of Manner. Couimiscrnnt 5 from committo. 5. Maxima; from Magnus. See 165. 6. Studio, Ablative of Means. 7. Pisces; supply capiuntur. 9. Sacra, sacred rites. King Numa was the re- 3-1 puted founder of the early religious institutions of Rome. 12. Yiginti talentis, twenty talents, more than $20,000, a high price for an oration, but the purchaser was a wealthy king, and the author one of the most finished of the Attic orators. 14. Luce, Ablative depend- ing upon the comparative dulcius. See 417. 16. Quam Koran! us. See 417, I. 17. Honestatem, Accusative corresponding to nihil the object of habet. 18. Mnlto, Ablative of Difference. 19. Major, lit. greater ; render older. 84, 1. For his wisdom. Render by the Ablative of Cause. 2. In their wealth. Render by the Ablative. 7. For gold. Use the Ablative to denote Price. 10. Of his wealth. Render by the Ablative. See Superbi bonitate agrorum above (83, 3). 35 86, 6. Romae. Observe that this is not a Genitive meaning of Rome, but a Locative meaning at Home. See 435, II., and 45, 2. 7. Obiit 5 from obeo. See 295, 3. 14. Erga parentes, pietas jus- titia erga parentes pietas dicitur. 17. De Hannibale, over Hannibal. Construe with victoriam. Africanus 5 so called because of his great victory at Zama in Africa. 87, 2. In Corinth. Use the Locative. See 425, II., and 51, 8. 12. To me, ad me. 14. Of itself, per se. 17. In the reign of incus Marcins. Use the Ablative Absolute. 30 89, 3. Abomniparte; lit. from every part-, render, in all respects. 6. Fugicnda sent. For agreement of participle with the subject, see 460, 1, and 439, 3. 9. Est. The subject is the pronoun is, the NOTES. 115 PAGE omitted antecedent of qui. Qni. See 445, 6. 13. Nos ipsi. Nos S6 is the object of consolamur, while ipsi agrees with the omitted subject. 17. Pepcri ; from pario, 271, 1. 19. Ex eqnis, lit. from horses ; render on horseback. Pugnayernnt. For agreement with compound subject, see 463, II. 92, 3. Lycurgi leges. Lycurgus was the great Spartan law-giver. 3? His laws contributed much to the prosperity and greatness of Sparta. 4. Aurcornm annnlornm. The wearing of gold rings was one of the special privileges of senators and knights. Mauibus* See 431, 1. 5. Imitenmr ; Subjunctive of Desire, 483. 7. Anteponatur. For agreement with compound subject, see 463, I. 8. Ciuciima- tnsn. Cincinnatus, who was thus summoned from the plough to the dictatorship in an hour of great national peril, acted with such re- markable promptness and energy, that in a few days he conquered the enemy, entered Rome in triumph, and was rewarded with a golden crown. He then quietly resigned his dictatorship and returned to his farm. lit esset ; Subjunctive of Purpose, showing the purpose of the action denoted by abduxerunt. Dictator. See note on " Cum honore dictators" (178). 10. lit . . . diligamas. Subjunctive of Result. For the rendering of the Subjunctive, see Suggestion XXI V., 2, 5). 11. Ne quidem. See 569, III., 2. 93, 8. That . . . may be praised. Use the Subjunctive to denote 3 Purpose. 95, 1. Qnact&s . . . habeat ; an Indirect Question ; hence the Sub- junctive habeat. The direct question would be : Quantas vires virtus liabet? 2. Tautens, only. 5. Unus, one, viz., Demosthenes. 6. Nunnulli, not none, i. e., some, 553, 1. Casune ; casu with the in- terrogative enclitic ne appended. 7. Salvusne . . . dip ess. This was his question when mortally wounded at Mantinea. Ancient war- riors took special pride in preserving their shields. 9. Patres COU- 39 script i, conscript fathers, often used in addressing the Roman senate. 11. Dorminnt; supply pronoun referring to virtutes, they. 12. Militiae smnmain jns, the supreme control of military affairs. 13. Quani primnni, as soon as possible, 444, 3. 96, 2. What he said, quid dixerit. The direct question was quid dixit ? But when the question was made dependent or indirect, the verb was put in the Subjunctive according to Rule XLV. In this ex- ercise the pupil should change each indirect question to the direct form. 8. To read. This expresses purpose, and accordingly re- quires the Subjunctive. 98, 1. Yirnm boonm esse. This clause as a whole is the subject 4O of est. Utile, as predicate adjective, agrees with this clause as sub- ject. See 438, 3. The subject of esse is omitted because indefinite ; 116 LATIN KEADER. PAGE 49 aliquem might be supplied. 4. Positam esse $ from pono. 5. Lec- titavisse . . . Demosthenes dicitnr. The personal construction for the impersonal. See 534, 1, note 1. 6. Cnpidnm 5 Ace. Masc. Sing, agree- ing with aliquem, any one, the omitted subject of esse. 8. Lycnrgi tcmporibns. This was in the ninth century B. C. 11. Iterre la- borem ; object of docet. 14. Didicernnt ; from disco. 99, 2. That good citizens . . . laws. Use the Accusative and In- finitive. In English, the sentence, Good citizens obey the laws, is made dependent by placing that before it, but in Latin the subject of the sentence is put in the Accusative, and the verb in the Infinitive. A sentence thus made dependent is said to be in the Indirect Discourse. See 522. FABLES. 41 100. PraeterenntS ; Dative Sing. Part, of praetereo, 295, 3. In- quit 5 the object is the clause, or sentence, " Non .... maledixit," 371, IV. 101. Orto; from orior. Quantum boni ? lit. how much of a good, thing ; render, how much goody 397, 3. Both adjectives are here used substantively, 441, 2. 42 102. Coepit, slie (the woman) began. Ulam, that she, i. e. the hen. Minores ; supply divitias. Perdidit ; from perdo. 103. Deprehcnsus; from deprehendo. Mehercnle 5 lit. by Hercu- les ; render, indeed, 556, 557. 104. Snbsiliit; from subsilio. Si posset 5 if perchance she might be able, i. e. to ascertain whether she might, a dependent question, 629, 1. Acerbae SUnt 5 they are sour, agreeing with uvae understood. Repertas; from reperio. Quae; depends upon assequi. Qaae desperent; XXIV. 2, 5). 105. Inhaeserat 5 from inhaereo. Qui extrahat ; lit. who may remove it ; render, tJiat he may remove it, or to remove it, XXIV. 3, 2). Doc, this, i. e. the removal of the bone. Qnnm .... postnlaret ) 43 XXIV. 2, 1). Videtnr ; the subject is the clause, quod .... extrax- isti. Extraxisti ; from cxtraho. 106. Propter hoc ipsnm, on account of th'is very thing, or for this very reason. Qnam, though. Eos supply esse puniendos. 107. Quum seatiret; XXIV. 2, 1). Ft fieri solet, as is wont to happen. Solet is used impersonally. Qnibns allatis, which NOTES. 117 PAGfe having been brought, i. e. when these were brought, 431, 2. Qnibns; 43 see 453. Allatis ; from affero, 292, 2. Quod \ which, or this, i. e. the breaking of the bundle of rods ; it refers to the clause, ut . . . .fran- gerent. Imbecillis ; supply res esset from the preceding clause. 108. Qnomodo, how, i. e. to determine how. Propositis ; from propdno. Posse ; depends upon a verb of saying understood ; for 44 thus, they said, they would be able, etc., 523, 1. JVemo repertus estj no one was found, i. e. who would do it. Repertus est 5 from reperio. 109. Unas ; supply residlbat. Orta 5 from orior. Qanm desperarent, while all despaired, etc., 521,11.2. Interrogat. The two objects are gubernatorem, and the clause, utram .... existimaret, 374. Submersed iri I Fut. Pass. Infin. of submergo, would be submerged, would go down. Proram. The full form would be: Proram prius submersum iri existimo. Hie * supply dixit, 368, 3. Quoin .... siia 5 XXIV. 2, 1). Adspectnrus sim $ from adspido. 110. Ilia, she, i. e. the tortoise. Se volucrem facere, to make her winged, i. e. to teach her to fly. irreptam ; from arripio, agrees with illam : the e.agle carried her, seized in his talons=se\zed her in his talons and carried her ; XX. 5 ; 549, 5. Snstnlit ; from tollo. In sublime, on high. 111. 2. By the trumpeter. Will you use the Ablative of Means 45 or the Ablative of Agent? See 420 and 415. I. 4. Let us not despair. Use the Subjunctive of Desire. JVot, ne. See 483, 3. ANECDOTES. 112. Sciebam .... mortalem; object of ^m6-se,371,IV. Gen- Uisse ; from gigno. Mortalem ; agrees with eum understood. 113. Quod, that which. The full form would be, Deus est id quod, etc. 114. Se ipsnm nosse ; supply difficile est. Nosse; fornovisse. 115. Spes ; supply communis est, etc. Q^i) supply habent. 116. Deus; supply^, etc. 117. In pompa. In the sacred processions, so common at the reli- 46 gious festivals at Athens, the consecrated vessels of gold and silver were often displayed. 118. Seire .... nibil, that be knew nothing. 119. Seipio Africanns. This is the celebrated Roman general who conquered Hannibal at Zama. See below (196) and note on " Africa* IM" (196). Antcquani prccatus essct; XXIV. 2, 1). LATIN HEADER. PAGE 46 120. GentiS Corneliae. This was the gens to which Scipio belonged Jnssit; from jubeo. Res gestas, lit. things done, i. e. deeds, achievements. Gestas, participle from gero. 121. Plus CSSC, that it, i. e. the talent, was more. Qnod, that which ; supply id. 122. Se . . . . habcre, that he had thirty years, i. e. was thirty years old. 123. Qnae conarentnr; XXIV. 2, 4). QaaesiYerunt 5 from quaero. 47 124. Scripsisset; from scribo. Cape; supply ea, them, i. e. arms (arma). 125. QHUEI dixisset ; XXIV. 2, 1). Jfos ; supply mmus. 126. Prae .... Eraltitndine, because of the multitude. 127. Est propositnm 5 from projjono. 128. Solon 5 the great law-giver of Athens. Cur .... constitnis- set; XXIV. 2, 2). 129. Sajrientem 5 this agrees with rem, and stultam, with rem un- derstood. Sapiens 5 supply es. 130. Quos 5 those which ; supply cos. f 131. Ipsi; refers to Cornelia.; Traxit; from traho ; detained. Donee redirect 5 XXIV. 2, 1). Haec, these, i. e. the chil- dren. It is attracted from hi to haec, to agree with the Pred. Noun, ornamenta, 445, 4. 132. Fernnt, they report, say. For the omission of the subject, see 368, 2. OMvionis ; supply artem. Qaae, those things ivhich ; supply ea. 133. Bono viro panperi, lit. to a good poor man ; render, to a good man who was poor, 442. Minns probato diviti 5 to one less upright, who was rich. Filiam 5 a daughter, not hzs daughter. Yirnm. Vir means man in the noblest sense of the word, the true man. Qaae ; supply egeat. 134. Aehilles, Homcrns. The former is the hero of the Iliad, the latter, its author. Olympico certaniine, the Olympic contest. The Olympic Games were celebrated once in four years at Olympia in Elis, and were the most famous games in Greece. To be crowned victor at these games was a coveted honor, while the herald had but an humble office. 135. Profectns; from proficiscor. Qnnm Yideret 5 XXIV. 2, 1), Egrederetur 5 from egredior. id 136. Tyrannornm dominatione* This refers to the oppressive rule of the Thirty Tyrants appointed over Athens by the Spartans. See below (228). The city was liberated from them by the heroism of Thrasybulus. Qnantas gratias, t&ufas=tantas gratias, quantas. NOTES. 13 9 PAGE 137. Proposnit; from prop&no. Qni inycnisset, who should 49 discover. The Pluperfect is explained by the fact that the discovery must precede the giving of the reward. 138. Id, that, i. e. what he intended to do. 139. Is, he, i. e. the friend. Per . . . indignationem, with (lit. through) the greatest indignation. Quid Elihi tna $ supply opus est amicitid from the preceding question. Tud agrees with amicitia to be thus supplied. 140. Philippo. This is Philip, king of Macedonia, 141. Titns amor . . . Iranian!. Titus was the most beloved of the 5O Roman Emperors. Qnod nihil praestitisset, that he had rendered no service. The Subjunctive implies that this fact was the reason which the writer would give on the authority of Titus for the exclamation, Amid .... perdidi. See 516, II. Praestitisset $ from praesto. Edidit ; from edo. 142. Cecidisse; fromcado. Cognovit; from cognosco. Coro- nam. Crowns, or wreaths, were often worn by the ancient Romans on sacred and festive occasions.- Deposnit ; from depdno. Volnpta- tem ; depends upon sentire. 143. In Ind. OK Vietores. See note on " Olympico certamtne " (134). Affect us est; from afficio. Stadio, race-course. Races formed a prominent feature hi the Olympic contests. 144. Progrcssus $ from progredior. Fairalas, fables ; here tra- gedies. Ut . . . doceret. This implies that he aimed to instruct, rather than to please the people. 145. Praesidibns, the presidents, or governors, i. e. of the provinces. 51 Praesidibus depends upon rescripsit. Onerandas ; supply esse. See 232. Vicem eornni, their fate. Heetorem, Hector, the most fa- mous Trojan warrior. Efflnxcrant ; this agrees with anni. Pins qnam niillc, more than a thousand years. Plus, when thus introduced, has no effect upon the construction ; otherwise we might expect the verb effluxerant to be put in the singular. See 417, 1, note 2. 146. Qnaesivisset ; from quaero. Idem, the same thing, i. e. the same question. Petivit, he, i. e. Simonides, asked. Duplicaret be- low has the same subject. Qaanto dintins tanto obscurior, the longer the more obscure. Quanto tanto, lit. by as much as by so much, is often best rendered before comparatives, the the, XXVI. 5. 147, 2. It is easy .... another. Latin idiom : To admonish an- other is easy. See 538. 5. That his son .... bravely. Use the Accusative with the Infinitive. This is Indirect Discourse. The Direct would be : His son had fought bravely. Translate this into Latin and compare it, thus rendered, with the Latin of the Indirect Discourse. 11. With our books. See 421, III. 9 LATIN EEADEE. ROMAN HISTORY. 52 148. In Italiam. What construction would be used with the name of a town ? 380. - Janiculo : a hill on the west side of the Tiber, not one of the seven hills of Rome, though included within the wall built by Aurelian hi the third century. 149. Troja . . . eversa cst. This refers to the famous Trojan war, said to have taken place in the twelfth century B. C. - Eversa est ; from everto. - Elinc, hence, i. e. from Troy. - Pepereerat; from parco. - Ei benigne recepto . . . dedit, lit. gave to him kindly re- ceived : render, received him kindly and gave, 549, 5. - Laii- nium ; a town in Latium a few miles south of Rome. 53 150. Msiite Albano. Mount Albanus is about 16 miles southeast of Rome. - Earn, him, i. c. Ascanius. - Genitus erat 5 imomgigno. - Ijiis. For whom does this pronoun stand ? 151. Minor nata; lit. smaller in respect to birth, or age: render, younger. - Bona, lit. good things goods, property. 152. Vestalcm virgincm. The Vestal Virgins were the priestesses of the goddess Vesta : they ministered in her temple, and, by turns, watched the perpetual fire upon her altars night and day. They were .bound by an oath of chastity, whose violation was punished by death. - Yiro ; indirect object after nubere, to marry=fo veil one^s self for, in allusion to the custom of the bride's wearing the veil at the marriage ceremony. - Pepcrit $ from pario. - Hoc, this, i. e. the fact spoken of in the preceding sentence. - Qnnin .... comperisset. XXIV. 2, 1). - Comperissct ; from comperio. 153. EMerat; from effundo. - Qnnm . . . . essent positi; XXIV. 2, 1). - Essent positi; from pono. - Sicco ; supply loco. 64 154. Sic, thus, i. e. as explained above. - Transegerunt ; from transigo. - Qnnm adolevisscnt . . . comperissent ; XXIV. 2, 1). - idoleyissent ; from adolcsco. - Qnis ; subject of fuisset understood. - Qnae . . . fcisset ; XXIV. 2, 2). - Ayentino ; one of the seven hills of Rome. According to the best authority, Romulus founded his city not on the Aventine as here stated, but on the Palatine, which stands a little to the north of it. - Qnnm .... circnmdaretnr, XXIV. 2, 1). 155. Asylntn* This was a place of refuge where exiles and even criminals might obtain shelter and protection. - Qnnm .... yenis- sent 5 XXIV. 2, 1). - Inter ipsos ludos, in the midst of the very games. NOTES. 121 PAGE 156. Qanm . . . appropinquarent ; XXIV. 2, 1). In Tarpeiam 54 . . . inciderimt. They fell in with, or met Tarpeia, etc. Annnlos .... armillas. Rings and bracelets were often awarded to soldiers who had distinguished themselves in battle. 157. Tarpeiam. This was one of the seven hills of Rome: it was 55 also called Capitolinus. The Capitol was built upon it. Forum Romannm. This was an open space in the form of an irregular quad- rangle between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. In this were held ufae great public meetings of the Roman people. In media caede, in the midst of the slaughter, 440, 2, note 1. Raptae ; supply w.ulieres. Hinc .... hinc, on the one side . . . . on the other. Foedns icit, made a compact. Ico, lit. to strike, has reference to striking and slaying the victim in ratification of treaties, com- pacts, etc. In urbem recepit, lit. received into the city : the meaning is, he received them into full citizenship. 158. Descripsit; from describo. Qnnm .... tnm, not only . ... but also. Qanm .... Instraret ; XXIV. 2, 1). Lustraret, reviewed, lit. purified, as there were certain ceremonies appointed for the review of a Roman army. Ortain 5 from orior. Interfeetum ; from interficio. Supply esse. 159. Interregnum. This was the interval between the death of one king and the accession of his successor to the throne. In this in- stance the government was administered by the senate. Elapso ; from elabor. Natns 5 from nascor. Gessit ; from gero. Ege- riae monitn . . . dicebat. This was the device of Numa to give sanc- tity to his institutions, as Egeria was a goddess. Morbo decessit, lit. died from disease, i. e. died a natural death. 160. Sncccssit; from succedo. Praestiterat ; from praesto. 56 Horatiornm et Cnriatiornm. After the necessary preparations for hos- tilities had been made both by the Albans and the Romans, and the two armies were already drawn up face to face, it was agreed to decide the question of supremacy by a combat between the three brothers, the Horatii, on the part of the Romans, and the three Curiatii, also broth- ers, on the part of the Albans. The Curiatii were all slain ; one of the Horatii survived ; his victory therefore decided the question in favor of Rome. See Schmitz's Hist. Rome. Perfidiam Metii Suffetii. Metius Suffetius, dictator of the Albans, having been summoned by the Romans to aid them against the Veientines, drew off his forces at the vary moment of battle, and awaited the issue of the engagement. For Uiis perfidy he was put to death, and Alba was razed to the ground. See Schmitz's Hist. Home. Aunii. What is the common construc- tion for duration of time ? 379. 161. Nova ei moenia circnmdedit. The same thought may be ex- 122 LATIN READER. PAGE 56 pressed thus: Novis earn moembus circumdZdit ; in which e am is the direct object, and moembus, the ablative of means. 384, II. 2. Moi'bo Obiit. Compare morbo decessit (159). 162. Qni Tarquiniis accepit. He was called Tarquinius from the city Tarquinii in Etruria, where he lived many years. ft 7 163. Minorum gentium, supply patres, or senatores. Nee paucos, lit. nor a 'few ; render, and not a few. Ademptos, from adimo. TriampbanSj triumphing=in triumph. The honor of entering Rome with an imposing triumphal procession was, in later times, often award- ed to victorious generals. Capitolinm* The term Capitol was some- times applied to the temple of Jupiter, and sometimes to the whole Capitoline Hill, including both the temple and the citadel. Per And filios. What is the usual construction for the agent after passive verbs ? 415, I. 164. Genitns ; from gigno. Adolevisset ; from adolesco. 165. Tanaquil . . . dieens, regem . . . obediret. This was the de- vice which Tanaquil, the widow of the murdered Tarquin, employed to place her son-in-law, Servius Tullius, upon the throne. Her success was complete. Dieens. What is the direct object of this transitive par- ticiple? 371, iv. Convalnisset ; from convalesco. Blontes tres. The Viminal, Esquilme, and Coelian Hills are undoubtedly meant, though the Coelian was probably added under the reign of Ancus Marcius. The other four of the seven hills, the Palatine, Capitoline, Quirinal, and Aventine, were already occupied. Censnm. The census was taken every five years for the purpose of ascertaining the number of citizens, the amount of property, etc. In agris, in the fields, i. e. in the coun- try, or territory about Rome. 166. Interfectns est$ from inter jido. Qnum . . . rediret; XXIV, 2, 1). 167. Cognomen . . merait; he was called Superbus, because hia character deserved the title. Moribcs; observe the difference of meaning between the singular and the plural, 132. 5 168, 1. Saturnia, an ancient citadel on the Capitoline Hill, the fabled beginning of Rome. 2. Ascanins, the son of Aeneas, and founder of the city of Alba Longa in Italy. 5. That he founded a citjt In the Direct Discourse this would be : He founded a city, in the Latin, urbem condidit. Observe the change which takes place, both in the English and in the Latin, in passing from the Direct to the Indirect Discourse. 169. Consnles. The consuls were joint presidents of the Roman Commonwealth, with all the power and most of the insignia of office which the kings had assumed. Annnnm, for one year. In ejus loennij lit. into his place : render, in his place. NOTES. 123 PAGE 170. Sesc inyicem, lit. themselves in turn ; render, each other. 59 tnxcrnnt; from lugeo. Quinqne consules* One consul had been deprived of his office during the year, one had been slain in battle, and another had died. 171. Horatins .... esset. This achievement of Horatius Codes, and that of Mucius Scaevola, mentioned below (172), became famous in the annals of Rome. They have been celebrated in prose and verse. See Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome. Donee . . . rnptns essetj XXIV. 2, 1). Id SUOS) to his friends, companions. 172. Castra; observe difference of meaning between the singu- lar and the plural. 132. Scribam pro rege. He mistook the secre- tary for the king. Terreret, endeavored to terrify. 469, 1. Donee .... consmnpta esset. XXIV. 2, 1). Consennit; from 6O consenesco. 173. Exactos; from exigo. Questns \ from queror. Qnod .... exhanriretur ; XXIV. 2, 1). Seeessit; from secedo. Pa- trcs, senators, see above (158). Qui .... conciliaret; XXIV. 3, 2). Tribimi pleMs. The tribunes were at first two in number, then five, and finally ten. Their persons were sacred and they were clothed with great power. They might at any time, by their power of veto, ar- rest the action of the magistrates, or even of the senate. 174. Milliarinm nrbis, lit. milestone of the city ; render, milestone from the city. The Roman roads were furnished with milestones mark- ing the distance from the city. 175. Duce Fabio eonsnle, lit. Fabius the consul (being) leader ; 61 render, under the command of Fabius the consul. Qnnm . . . . vi- cissent, XXIV. 2, 1). Pellexissent 5 frompellitio. Exorto; from exorior. Perienrat ; from pereo. Potnerat 5 from possum. Prudent! cnnctatione, by prudent delay. Fabius, in the second Punic war, deliberately adopted the policy of weakening Hannibal by delay, \. e. by not allowing him an engagement. His policy was entirely successful. 176. In CO erant, at .... emcrent, they were in this, i. e. in such a condition, that they would purchase ; the meaning is, they were on (he point of purchasing. 177. Magnitndine* What other case might have been used ? 396, V. Provocavit, challenged. -Bine, hence, i. e. from the fact of taking 62 the torquis and adorning himself with it. Torquati is derived from torquis. 178. Cmn honore dictatoris, with the rank of dictator. The dictator was appointed only in times of great danger, and was invested with al- most unlimited power for a period of six months. ftlagistro eqnitum. This is the title of an officer always appointed in connection with the dictator, or by him. Occasioned naetns, taking advantage of a fa- 124 LATIN READER. PAGE <62 vordble opportunity. Nactus \ from nanciscor. -apiti5 9 lit. of tht head ; render, to death. 179. Post, afterwards. Quid .... pntaret; XXIV. 2, 2). 63 Respondit. What is the direct object? 371, IV. Dimittendos 5 supply esse. Sub jugnm. The yoke was thus used as the sym- bol of submission and servitude ; it consisted of a spear supported horizontally by two others placed in an upright position. 180. Qula .... fecissent. If this reason had been given on the authority of the narrator, the indicative would have been used. The subjunctive implies that this was the reason then alleged for waging the war. See 516, II. Primum . . . transmarino hoste. Their pre- vious wars had been waged with various nations in Italy and Gaul. Qnum .... cepissct; XXIV. 2, 1). -Qaaecuaque .... ageren- tnr; XXIV. 2, 3). 181. Auxilio clepliantornra. The Eomans had never before met elephants in battle, and indeed were unacquainted with the animal. The battle was fought in Lucania ; accordingly the Romans called the ele- phants Lucanian oxen, bovcs Lucae. Per noctem, during the night. Adversis vulneribns, with wounds in front: it was a disgrace to receive a wound in the back. Etiam mortnos, even in death. Ego .... SuWgercm ; in apposition with voce. 182. Perrexit ; from per go. Octavo decimo* What other ibrm f*4 of this numeral is common? 174. Be captivis redimendis; lit. con- cerning captives to be ransomed : the meaning is, to treat concerning the ransoming of captives. Fabi ieinm* Fabricius was celebrated for his integrity. Ut .... promitteret ; XXIV. 2, 5). Coatemptus CSt ; from contemno. 183. Qunm .... teneretur ; XXIV. 2, 1). Qui . . . pcterct, lit. who should seek : render, that he might ask, or to ask ; XXIV. 3, 2). Ut Pyrrlms . . . rctineret. This clause expresses the con- dition on which Cineas was to ask peace, and may accordingly be re- garded as in apposition with conditione. 501, III. Ex Italia* What construction would be used, if the name of a town should be substituted here? 412, II. Rediissct; from redeo, 295, 3. Pyrrho; indirect object of respondit ; the direct object is the clause, se regum patriam vidisse. 550. Qualis .... visa esset. XXIV. 2, 2). Altero, second. Interfecti 5 supply sunt. 184, 1. What ? Which interrogative should be used, quid or quod? See 188, 1. 2. What ought to be doiic. This clause, standing here in the Indirect Discourse, has in English precisely the same form as in the Direct, but in Latin it takes the Indicative Mood in the Di- rect Discourse, and the Subjunctive in the Indirect. 65 185. Pest urbem conditam, lit. after the city built ; render, after the NOTES. PAG2 luihling of the city, 580. Rome, the city here spoken of, is said to 65 have been founded 753 B. C. Prim am . . . dimicaTerant. This was the first naval engagement of the Romans. Their previous wars had been waged only on land. Dnillio . . . consnlibns. The date of an event was generally denoted by the names of the two consuls for that year ; in the consulship of Duillius and Asina, lit. Duillius, Asina, consuls, or being consuls. These names are thus put in the Ablative Absolute, generally without the connective et. Mersit 5 from merao. 186. Panels . . . interjectis, lit. a few years having been thrown between ; render, after a few years had intervened, or after an interval of a few years, 431, 2. Est translatnm ; from transfer o. Scxa- giuta qnattuor* May quattuor stand before sexaginta ? If so, would ct be expressed, or omitted ? 174, foot-note. Yiginti duas ; supply na-ves. Amiscrunt ; fromamitto. Qnimi . . . venisscnt; XXIV. 2, 1). In fidcsn aceepcrnnt, received under their protection, though as subject states. Captns ; supply cst from next clause. See also 66 XXVI. 4. Conjeftns cst ; from conjicio. 187. Favit. How is the Perfect of this verb formed ? 2G6. How is the Perfect regularly formed in the second conjugation ? 220. Quam victi essent; XXIV. 2, 1). Ut . . . proficisceretnr . . . et impetrarett Verbs of asking take two Accusatives, or Objects : these clauses may accordingly be treated as one of the objects of rogaverunt, while at the same time they express the pu rpose of the request. 374, 2 ; 498, I. Dixit. Give the direct object of this verb, 550. Desiisse ; from deslno. Ilia die. What is the usual gender of dies ? 121. Illos, that they, i. e. the Carthaginians. Illos .... liabcre. This infinitive-clause does not strictly depend upon suasit, but upon a verb, or participle, signifying to say, involved in it. 530, 1. Fractos ; from franco. Tanti non. CSSe 5 that it was not of so much importance worth the while. 188. Pallid, Punic, i. e. Carthaginian. The word is derived from Poeni. Captae, dcmersae, capta; supply sunt from occisa sunt. Dciaersac ; from demergo. Citra Ibernrn, on this side of the Ebro, i. c. on the side toward Rome, the northern side. Decessernnt; from decldo. 189. Novem annos natnm 9 lit. having been born nine years: render, 67 when he was nine years old ; XX. 3. Hie . . . aetatis, he living, or passing the twentieth year of his age ; render, "he when in his twentieth year ; XX. 3. Qui qnnd, when he, \. e. Hannibal, 453. Mlsermit. The object is legatos understood, though it is scarcely necessary to sup- ply it in translating. Socios, the allies, meaning the citizens of Sa- guntum. Reddita 5 supply sunt. 190. Fratre . rclictO Hannibal left his brother in Spain to 126 LATH* READER. PAGE 67 take care of that province in his absence. Transiit; from transeo, 295, 3. Traditur, he, i. e. Hannibal, is said. Se conjunxenmt. Why is se here used, rather than eos or illos? 449, I. Dedidernnt; 69 from dedo. Progressns; from progredior. Interemptus ; from interimo ; supply est. 191. Quingentcsimo dnodequadragcsimo* For combination of nu- merals, see 174. Intellectual crat ; frominteltigo. The infinitive- clause, Hannibalem . . . posse, is the subject. Mora* The Roman general, Fabius, had adopted with great success the poMcy of weakening Hannibal by delay, i. e. by not allowing him an engagement. See above (175). Yicti, capti, occisi; supply sunl with each participle. Perienmt ; from pereo. Quod. This relative does not relate to any particular word as its antecedent, but to the leading proposition, or the fact mentioned in it ; the relative is accordingly neuter, as clauses used substantively uniformly take that gender, 42, note. Fai'tnm 5 sup- ply erat. 192. Obtulit ; from offero. Here obtulit takes Romanis as its in- direct object, while the direct object appears in the form of a clause, viz. ut captives redimerent. This is plainly the offer made to the Ro- mans ; but this clause also states the purpose of the offer, viz. that they might ransom the prisoners. Hence the subjunctive redimerent. 498. Qui . . . votmssent, who had been able; XXIV. 2, 5). Armati. The senate regarded it as a disgrace, that any should be captured so long as they had arms to defend themselves. Anrcorum annulonun* See note on the same (92, 4). Hos omues. Observe position at the beginning of the sentence to mark emphasis. 561, 1. Detraxe- rat 5 from detrdho. How is the Perfect formed ? 30. Hasdrnbal .... exercitn. See above (190, line 1). Remanserat ; from re- maneo. Dnobns Seipionibns* These were Cnaeus Cornelius Scipio and Publius Cornelius Scipio, the latter the father of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, who defeated Hannibal at Zama. See below (196). 193. Res prospcrc gesta cst, a successful battle was fought. In a military sense, remgero frequently has this meaning. Magnam hujus 69 insnlae partcm. For arrangement of words, see 565, 2. Inde, thence, i. e. from Syracuse. In Macedonia. What construction would have been used, if this had been the name of a town instead of that of a country? 425, II. In dcditionem accepit, lit. received into surrender ; the meaning is, accepted the terms of a surrender. Re- gressns est ; from regredior. 194. Duo Scipioncs. See duobus Scipionibus (192) and note on the same. They were both slain in battle within a month of each other, in the year 212 B. C. Hie, puer dnodeviginti annorum, fie when a boy eighteen years of age, 363, 3. Post eladem Caanensem, after the NOTES. 127 PAGE Icfeat at Cannae (191). Vigiati qnattnor .... natus, lit. having 69 been born twenty-four years ; render, when twenty-four years of age. Cartliaginem Novam, New Carthage, a city in Spain, founded soon after the first Punic war by Hasdrubal, brother-in-law of Hannibal. It was named after Carthage in Africa ; its present name is Carthagena. Parentibus, to their parents. Tracsierunt 5 from transeo. 195. Creatns ; supply est. Millibus . . . militibus. When is mittia followed by the Genitive and when by its own case ? 178. Qna re andita, lit. which thing having been heard ; render, having heard this, or on hearing this, 431, 2, (2). 196. Plus semel />fos quam semel, more than once. Ad Zamain, TO near Zama. Pcritissimi duceSj Hannibal and Scipio are meant. Seipio victor recedit, lit. withdrew victor ; render, left thejield as victor, or simply was victorious. Iiigenti gloria triumpkavit* Compare cum ingenti gloria . . . regressus est (193). Africanns. This title was conferred upon Scipio in commemoration of his victories in Africa. See also nomen Africani junioris (200). 197. Finito Punico bello. Which Punic war is meant? (185 and 189). Macedonienm 5 supply bellum. Contra Pkilippnm. This limits helium understood, the war against Philip. 359, note 1. Regem. Philip was king of Macedonia. 198. Rcbeliavit) rebelled, i. e. renewed the war against Rome. Rex. What king ? Dcderet, dedidernnt ; from dedo. Remornm ordincs, banks of oars. These were arranged, one above another, so that the oars belonging to the highest ordo, or bank, were much longer than those belonging to the lowest. War-vessels generally had three banks, and were accordingly called triremes (tres, remi], but it was no uncommon thing to see vessels with four or five banks, and some are said to have had thirty or forty. Ante currnm, before the chariot, 71 i. e. of the conqueror. In the triumphal procession, the captives and spoils preceded the chariot of the victor, while the victorious army followed it. 199. Nopos, grandson, but only by adoption. He was the son of Aemilius Paulus, the celebrated general, who conquered Macedonia. See above (198). Ibi, there, i. e. at Carthage. Facta 5 supply est. Plurima, very many things, referring especially to the works of art, statues and votive offerings, which the Carthaginians had taken from the temples of the conquered cities in Sicily. Onmia, quae sua recognoscebant, all which they (the states) recognized as theirs. Nomeii Africani junioris. Scipio received this name to distinguish him from Scipio Africanus the Elder, who conquered Hannibal at Zama. 200. 2. Pnblins Scipio is said, etc. This is the personal construc- tion. The impersonal would be : It is said that Publius Scipio, etc. 128 LATIN READER. 71 Translate into Latin both personally and impersonally. What is the subject of dicitur in the personal construction ? What in the imper- sonal? -See 534, 1. 72 201. Exortnm est; from exorior. ivitate. Logically this is in apposition with Numantia implied in Numantitm. Yictus ; sup- ply est. Pacem infamem. The terms were that Numantia should remain free and independent. Tradi 5 depends upon jussit in the line above. Militem ; lit. soldier, the individual representing the class; render, soldiery. Correxit 5 from corrigo. Partim par- tim 5 lit. partly partly ; render, either or. These words may, how- ever, be often best rendered by some others, followed by of. Thus, he captured some of the many cities of Spain and accepted others, etc. In deditionem accepit. See note on the same (193). 202. Anno urbis conditae . . . sexto, in the six hundred and sixty- sixth year from, or after (lit. of) the founding of the city. Urbis con- ditae is here equivalent to post urbem conditam (185), or ab urbe con- dlta (207). Resiac. What case would have been used, if this had been a noun of the third declension ? 425, II. Mithridaticum ; sup- ply bellum. Marius, Sullae. These generals were the leaders of rival political parties. Marius was supported by the common people and Sulla by the nobles. Adversns Mithridatem. This limits bel- lum, 359. Qnnm . . . decretnm esset ; the meaning is : when the management of the war had been entrusted to him by a decree of the Senate. The Subjunctive is here rendered according to XXIV. 2, 1). Decretnm esset; from decerno. Ei, i. e. Sullae. Qnnm tnm. Usual meaning, not only but also ; both and, etc. ; render here either or. Compositis ; from compono. Profectns est $ from proficis- 73 cor. Asia, qnani inyaserat. Not all Asia, but that portion of it which he had invaded, referring especially to those portions of Asia Minor west of his own dominions. 203. In Graecia ct Asia. Mithridates, emboldened by his success in Asia Minor, had sent an army into Greece. Athens and Thebes were at this time in his possession. Fngatns fnerat. Marius had been for sometime in concealment. Inns ex, one of ; lit. one from. Ingressi; from ingredior. Mnltos proseripsernnt, proscribed many. In the civil wars, Sulla caused lists of the names of those per- sons whom he wished to have killed to be exposed to public inspection. Those whose names were on these lists were outlawed or proscribed, and any one might slay them and claim a reward ; their property was confiscated, and their descendants were excluded from all offices of honor and trust. See Smith's Diet, of G. and R. Antiquities ; also Schmitz's Hist, of Home. Compnlernnt ; from compello. San- guine. Gender? Civinm. Genitive plural, how formed? 62, 1, 2), NOTES. 129 De ? lit. concerning ; render in this instance, over. - Italicnm, civile 5 supply bellum. - Socialc dictum CSt ; this is the predicate of the relative clause. - Yiros consulares, men who had been consuls, i. e. men of consular rank or dignity =ex-consuls. The consuls, it will be remembered, were two in number, were elected for one year, and had all the powers of king. See note on " Consoles " (169). - Praetorios, those who had been praetors. When the office of praetor was first insti- tuted, only one was appointed, who was to act as a kind of third consul with the leading part in the administration of justice ; about a century later a second was added, called praetor peregrinus, to administer jus- tice among foreigners and strangers resident at Rome. The number of praetors was increased from time to time, until at the beginning of the civil wars of Sulla and Marius, it was six ; and in the dictatorship of Sulla it was raised to eight. See Smith's Diet, of G. and R. Antiqui- ties, and Schmitz's Hist. Rome. - Acdilitios. those who had been aediles. The aediles (from aedes) were Roman magistrates who had charge of the public buildings, highways, etc., and acted as city police. They were at first two in number, afterwards more. See Smith's Diet. - Seaatores. The Roman senate (from senex) was regarded as a body of elders or fathers (patres). The number was at first 100 (see 158), then 200 (see 163), and finally 300, which continued to be the number until the time of the civil wars between Sulla and Marius. The number was then increased to 500 or 600 by the election of a large body of Roman knights. See Smith's Diet. 204. Commotmn cst ; from commoveo. - Gladiatores. Gladiators were men who fought for the amusement of the Roman people. They consisted mostly of prisoners, slaves, and malefactors; they were trained in the skilful use of weapons at schools established for the pur- pose (ludo gladiatorio). - Capnae, at Capua. - Hannibal ; subject" of movit understood. - Contraxcrnnt ; from contrdho : explain formation of the Perfect; 30. - Yicerunt ; from vinco. - Pro- censulc. The proconsul, as the name implies, was one who acted with the power of a consul. Those who had been consuls (viri consulares) were often allowed to assume the government of provinces, and to ex- ercise in these provinces all the powers of a consul ; they were then called proconsuls. - Italiac. Is this genitive objective, or subjective? 896, III. 205. Per ilia tempera* How could tempora be governed without the preposition ? 379. Per makes the idea of duration more promi- nent, throughout those times. - Maria* What is the ending of the stem ? 63. - Id bellniH, this war, i. e. that against the pirates. - Be- eretnm CSt$ from decerno. For the meaning see note on "Quum .... decretwn esset" (202). - BIcnses; give gender, 107, 2. - Contra 130 LATIN KEADER. PAGE 74 regcm. This limits bellum. Quo suscepto, lit. which having been undertaken ; render, having undertaken this ; 431, 2, (2). Tantam 5 only. Coactns ; from cogo.- Hansit ; from haurio. Hanc vitac fiiicm. For the order of these words, see 598, 3, and for their position at the beginning of the sentence, see 561, I. 206. Ille se eL What nouns are represented by these pronouns ? "75 Dedidit ; from dcdo. Grand! pecnnia, a large sum of money, according to Plutarch, 6,000 talents, more than $6,000,000. Selen- dam Ubertate donavit. What two constructions occur ? 384, 1. Qnia . . . tnlerat ; quod . . . recepisset. These are both causal clauses. The first, with the Indicative, states the reason as a, fact, while the se- cond, with the Subjunctive, implies that the reason was assigned by Pompey. 516. Occisis 5 from occido. His gestis, lit. by means of these things done, i. e. by these achievements, Abl. of Means, 420.^ Antiquissimo bello. This war continued nearly thirty years. Ante triumpliantis enrrnni, lit. before the chariot of (him) triumphing ; render, before his chariot, as he triumphed, referring to the triumphal procession. Filii Mithridatis. They were five in number. In- fiuitum pondns. According to Plutarch, this amounted to 20,000 talents, more than $20,000,000. Orbed terramia, strictly the world, but sometimes used by the Romans with special reference to the Ro- man Empire. 207. Cicerone Ct Antonio consulibns, lit. Cicero and Antony (being) consuls : render, when Cicero and Antony were consuls, or, in the con- sulship of Cicero, etc. Beprehensi; from deprehendo. Supply sunt from the next clause. 208. Qnnm .... decrcta esset, when Gaul had been assigned to him by decree, i. e. as a military province ; XXIV, 2, 1). Yinccndo pro- 76 cessft, proceeded by conquering, i. e. advanced victoriously. Oceanum Britannknm, British Ocean, i. e. the English Channel. Omnem Gal- liam quae, etc. Not all Gaul, but that portion which is bounded aa described. Ne nomen qnidem, not even the name ; 569, III. 2. Cognitnm ; from cognosco. 209. Aliens. It was unlawful for a general, while in command of an army, to offer himself as a candidate for the consulship, and indeed for any one to do so while absent from Rome. Caesar was both absent from Rome and in command of an army. Qnem qnnm . . . defer- rent, contradictnm est, etc., when many would confer this, etc., opposi- tion (or, objection) was made. Dimissis 5 from dimitto. Transiit f from transeo. Dictatorem. See note on " Dictatoris " (178). 210. Inde, thence, i. e. from Rome. Hispanias, Spain. The plural is often used, as the country was divided into two parts, viz. ctierior, on this side of the Ebro, i. e. on the side toward Rome, and NOTES. 131 PAGB ulterior, beyond the Ebro. Xee . . . snperari. This entire clause 76 is the object ofdixit. 371,1V.- Nee, and not, 554, 1. 2. Yineere. This is the object of scire ; Caesar said that Pompey did not know (what ?) to conquer, or how to conquer. Ingentibus .... CQBunissis, with great forces engaged on both sides. Pngnatam est, the battle was 9"7 fought. Direpta stint ; from diripio. A rege Aegypti. This king was the last of the Ptolemies and the brother of Cleopatra. Occidit ; slew, though not with his own hands. He employed men to do it. Geaeri. Pompey had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar ; while she lived, she was, of course, a strong bond of union between the two, but she had died six years before the battle of Pharsalia. 211. Qua de cansa 5 /or which cause. For the order of words, see 5G9, II. 1. Pompeianarnm .... reliquias, the remnant of Pompetf 's party. Insolentins agcrc. He allowed himself to be proclaimed con- sul for ten years, imperator and dictator for life. This was a virtual overthrow of the Roman Republic. Conjuratimi est ; a conspiracy was formed. Sexaginta Tel amplinSj sixty or more. Inter CGBJfl- ratcs ; lit. among the having conspired, i. e. among the conspirators. Bruti duo ; viz. Marcus and Decimus. Cllins Brnti. See above (169). Rcgibns cxpnlsis, lit. the kings having been banished; ren- der, after the banishment of the Icings. Qnuci . . . vcaissct $ XXIV. 2, 1). Confossns cst ; from confodio. 212. Intcrfecto; from inter fido. A Caesaris partilms stalsat, 7 favored the party of Caesar (stood by the party, etc.). Magister cquitnm. See note on " Magistro equitum" (178). SnsccptHS cst 5 from suscipio. OetavianaSt He was the son of Octavius, but was adopted by Julius Caesar, with the name Octavianus Caesar. Patris suij i. e. his father by adoption, Julius Caesar. Extorsit ; from ex- torqueo. Ut daretur. This clause expresses both the direct object of extorsit and the purpose of the action : Caesar extorted (what ?) that the consulship should be given, and (for what purpose ?) in order that it might be given. See 498, II. Yiginti annorum. The age re- quired by law was forty-three. JimctES$ fromjungo. Proserip- Sit. See note on " Proscripscrunt " (203). Per host By whom ? 213. Profecti. This is in the plural to agree with Octavianus ft Antonius. Secimdo 5 supply proeho. Infinitam nobilitatern, qnae, lit. the infinite nobility, which ; render, the countless nobles, who. Victam interfecerunt, lit. they slew (them) being conquered ; render, "hey conquered and slew. See 549, 5. Hispanias. See note on this word (210). GalHaSt The plural is used because the Romans divided ^O the country into two parts, viz. Gallia ulterior or Transalpina, or Gaul beyond the Alps ; and Gallia citerior or Cisalplna, or Gaul on tfiis ride of the Alps ; \. e. on the side toward Rome, or on the Eastern 132 LATIN BEADEK. PAGE 79 side. Repndiata sorore. Antony had married Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. Uxorem duxit, married, lit. lead as wife. The language is explained by the fact that the bride was usually conducted to her new home by her husband and friends. See note on " Nube're" (152). Qai locus. The relative here has only the force of an adjective. Desperatis rebus, lit. things having been despaired of ; render, as his cause was desperate (or hopeless). Interemit ; from interimo. Ex CO inde tem pore, from this time, or from this time forth. Inde need not be translated. Ante; Adverb, before, or previously. GEECIAN IIISTOKY. O 215. Pugnae .... facerent, did not give him an opportunity of coming to an engagement. XXIV. 2, 1). Ponte Istri, the bridge over the Ister, i.e. the Danube ; lit. the bridge of the Ister. Qimm rediisset; XXIV.2,1); 521,11.2. Eique. Prefers to the fleet. 216. Praefecti rcgii, the royal commanders, i. e. Datis and Arta- phernes. Appnlsa \ from appello. la Campnm Marathona, into 81 the plain of Marathon. For ending a, see 68, 1. Afr oppido, /row the city, i. e. from Athens. Cireiter .... decem* The distance by any suitable road was somewhat greater than this. Ea, this, \. e. this state ; supply civitas. Decem .... completa snnt, the number of ten thousand armed men was completed, 'or fitted up. Thus there were 9000 Athenians and 1000 Plataeans. Sab mantis radicibns, at the base of the mountain. Commiserunt ; from committo. Suis, for his men, 441, 1. Tanto plus, so much more. 217. Qnnm Darius decessisset, when Darius had died ; XXIY. 2, 1). Decessisset \ from decedo. In ipso apparatn, in the midst of his very preparations, i. e. while actually engaged in preparing for a second invasion. Ilojns classis, the fleet of this one, i. e. Xerxes; render his fleet. Navium longarnm, ships of war, called longae, be- cause they were built much longer than the ships of burden (oneraria* rum). Navinm .... fait, was of . . . . ships, i. e. consisted of, etc. De advcnta. This is an attributive modifier of fama, the report of his approach. Peti, to be aimed at. Miserunt DelphOS, they sent to Delphi ; object omitted, sent messengers. The Delphic oracle was the most famous in Greece. De rebus snis, lit. concerning their- 2 things, i. e. for their safety. Id .... Taleret, what this answer meant. Ct .... conferred. This clause is the predicate after me, NOTES. 133 PAGB as it states what the design was. Enm lignenm, for that that 2 wooden wall was meant, etc., i. e. that that was the wooden wall meant, etc. Triremes. See note on " Remorum ordmes " (198). Majo- riibns natn, old or aged men, elders. 218. Hnjns consilinm, the- plan of this one, i. e. Themistocles. Delecti, picked men. Qoi .... occoparent ; XXIV. 3, 2. Tlier- HBOpylas. Thermopylae is a narrow pass between Locris and Thessaly, immortalized as the scene of one of the most remarkable instances of heroic daring and self-sacrifice recorded in history, that of Leonidas and his three hundred Spartans, here mentioned. Barbados, Barbarians, i. e. the Persians. The term was applied to all who were not Greeks. Non snstinnernnt* They were unable to resist the overwhelming force brought against them, but they performed prodigies of valor unsur- passed in the annals of war. Classis .... mmani, the common fled of Greece (i. e. the fleet of all Greece), consisting of, etc. An- gnstias* The narrow channel, Eurlpus, between Boeotia and Euboea, is here meant. Ancipiti periculo, by a double danger, \. e. by being confined in the channel with one foe in front and another in the rear. Kxadvcrsnm Athenas, over against Athens. Exadversum, like ad- vcrsum, admits the Accus., 433. 219. Thermopylis 5 see above (218). Astn, the city, i. e. Athens. 3 The word is often thus applied. Idqne, and this, i. e. the city of Athens. Cnjns, of this, i. e. of the burning of the city. Themis- toclcs nnus restitit, Themistocles alone stood firm, objected. Univer- ses, all together, united. Idque .... affirmabat, lit. he affirmed to Eurybiades that this would be, etc., i. e. he assured him that this would be the result. Snmmae, dative depending upon praeerat. 386. De servis suis, qnem, etc., one of his servants, whom, etc. Snis vcr- bis, in his words, i. e. in fiis name, from him. Ximtiaret* This verb has ei as its indirect object, and all the rest of the sentence after verbis as its direct object. 371 , IV. Confectnrnm ', supply eum, referring to the king. Oppressnrnm ; from opprimo. Hoc eo vale bat, the object of this was. Barbaras, barbarian, mean- ing Xerxes. Contra, on the contrary, on the other hand. Explicari, to be unfolded, i. e. to be brought into successful action. 220. Hie etsi .... gesserat, although he (Xerxes) had fought an unsuccessful battle ; 515, II. Tt .... posset Iiostcs; XXIV. 2, 6). Certiorem fecit; XXVI. 1. Id agi, lit. that it was doing ; 84 render, was in contemplation, In Hellcsponto, over the Hellespont. Reversus CSt 5 from reverto, revertor, Dep. in certain forms. 221. 2. That Caesar waged, etc. Observe that in the Indirect Dis- course the subject of the declarative clause, Caesar waged, etc., is put in the Accusative and the verb in the Infinitive. See 523, 1. 3. 134: LATIN KEADEK. PAGE 4 Was waging, gerere, Present, as the Infinitive expresses not absolute but relative time. See 537, note. 222. Peridis. Pericles, a distinguished orator and statesman of Athens, directed the counsels of state for many years. The period in which he lived is famous in Grecian history as the " Age of Pericles." $5 Interjeetis ; from inter jido. Clara ; observe its position ; 694 } I. Patrimonii contemptns, disregard of patrimony, referring to the fact that he gave his ancestral estates to the republic, as ex plained below. llosles ; subject of reliquerant. In gnspicionem addncerent ; supply eum ; that they might bring him into suspicion of treachery. Navali .... dimicatum est, lit. it was fought, etc. ; render, a naval battle was fought. In annos quinqnaginta, lit. info Jiffy years ; render, for fifty years. . 223. Deeerniinr, is decreed, or authorized. Effnsae snnt ; from effundo. Ut . . . esscnt ; XXIV. 2, 5). lis, qnibns 5 i. e. to the Catinienses. Secnndo fflarte pngnant, lit. they fight, Mars being pro- pitious ; render, they fight a successful battle, or successfully. Ab his, by these, i. e. the Lacedaemonians. Contractis 5 from contraho. 86 224. Triremes. See note on " Remorum ordmes" (198). In hostinm potestateni, into the power of the enemy. In is construed with potestatem. Observe separation, 569, II. 3. Simnl cum, at the same time with, or simply with. Sitae sunt ; from sino. Qnani plnri- mas. Quam before a superlative is intensive, and is often bes* ren dered by possible ; as, quam plurimas, the greatest possible number, as many as possible, or sometimes very many. Neqn6 minns nmltaSy lit. nor less many=and not less many = and as many more. 225. Darins* This was Darius the Second, and not the one spoken 7 of above (215). Ft .... mitterent ; XXIV. 2, 5). In ... locnm, lit. into the place of ; render, to take the place of, to succeed. 226. Ut nnmerns .... explcretnr, that the number .... might be filled, i. e. to raise the required number of soldiers. Coacti snnt; from cogo. Proeliis adverse Marte pugnatis, lit. battles fought, Mars being adverse ; render, having lost battles, or having fought unsuccess fully. Res .... inclinata est. The power of the Athenians was utterly overthrown by this defeat. The figure involved in the verb incline, to incline, fall, is that of a building leaning and ready tc fall. 227. Nomen Atfreniensium, the Athenian name=t7ie Athenian state or nation. Negarnnt .... passnros, lit. denied that they would permit ; render, said that they would not permit. Passnros. What is the object ? 540, III. Dnolms oenlis, the two eyes , these were Atfiens and Sparta. Longi rauri braciiia. Reference is here made to the long walls which connected Athens with its ports. Triginta NOTES. 135 PAG* rectorcs. These are known in history as " The Thirty Tyrants." 87 Dcditi, devoted to, i. e. to the interests of. 228. Idem imperator, tlie same (i. e. Epaminondas), when commander, 88 863, 3. Boeotii, the Boeotians. They were the inhabitants of Boeo- tia, north of Attica, of which Thebes was the chief city. Ex hastili, from, the spear. The iron point, separated from the shaft, had re- mained in the flesh. Extraxisset ; from extraho. Vicisse Boeo- tios, tJiat the Boeotians (his own men) had conquered. 229. 2. Whether the enemy, etc. Observe carefully the difference between the Direct and the Indirect Discourse. What mood should be here used? 523, II. What tense? 492, 2. What change would be required in the Latin if we should substitute that for whether in this English sentence ? 9. As a present, dono, Dative, 390. 230. Lenetricam pngnam, the battle of Leuctra. This battle des- 89 troyed the power of Sparta and made Thebes the leading state in Greece, but Thebes speedily lost the supremacy after the death of Epa- minondas. Athenienses, non nt olim. Formerly Athens had been eminent in war and had been for many years the leading state in Greece, but of late the sterner virtues had disappeared from the Athe- nian character, and the love of ease, luxury, and festivity had taken their places. Thus Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, each of which had been in turn the leading state in Greece, had now become weak and degenerate. This state of things enabled Macedonia to rise to power, as mentioned hi the next sentence. Obses .... Thebis* In the year 369 B. C., when the power of Thebes was supreme in Greece, Amyntas, king of Macedonia, had been obliged to send his son Philip as a hostage to that powerful capital. 231. Anraria; supply metalla from the next clause. ArgentI .... Tlirada. There were also gold mines in Thrace near Philippi. 232. Din dissimnlatnm. He had long intended to make war upon 90 Athens, but had from policy concealed that intention. Quorum eansae .... junxernnt, to whose cause the Thebans had joined them' selves, i. e. with whom they had allied themselves. Qnnm, though ; 615,111. Assidnis bellis indnrata, hardened, or strengthened by con- tinual wars. Philip had a well-disciplined army of veterans, long ac- customed to severe and constant service. Adversis Yulneribus. See * aote on the same (181). Hie dies .... finiyit. The battle of Jhaeronea reduced Greece to a Macedonian province. 233. Hnjus victoriac .... laetitia, lit. joy of this victory ; ren- der, joy on account of this victory. Coronas, nngnenta. The Greeks often made use of crowns, garlands, ointments, and perfumes on joyous and festive occasions. Quantum .... fait, lit. as much as was in him; render, as far as was in his power. Ut .... Yictorem 7 136 LATIN KEADEB. PAGE 9O .... sentiret, that no one would recognize the victor , i. e. the fact that he was such. Bello COfiSnmptoruni, of those slain in war, or battle. Consumptdrum is used substantively ; 441. Ad formandnm .... statuni, lit. to form the state of present things ; the meaning is, to ad- just or settle the posture of affairs. Auxilia, the quotas, i. e. the quotas wh ; ch the several states were to furnish. Erat ; the subject is the clause, eum .... esse ; 538. Suis ; supply viribus. 1 234. Medins inter duos, in the middle between the two, or simply, between the two. Medius is explained by inter duos. Occnpatis an- gnstiis. He had deliberately placed himself in a narrow passage with the determination to slay the king as he passed. Ab Attalo, by At- talus, one of Philip's generals. Advcrsarium, his adversary, mean- ing Attalus. Ron poterat; supply exigere. Ab iniquo judice, from the unjust judge, meaning Philip. 235. DeceptiS hostibus, lit. inthe deceived enemy ; render in deceiv- ing the enemy. 549, note 2. Gander e,re/m'ced, Historical Infinitive, of which several other examples occur in this paragraph. Hie $ supply gaudere. Fusis; supply hostibus. Hie ... exercebat, *fe latter was wont to exercise his royal power upon, or against, his friends. Amari ; depends upon matte. Metui ; supply matte. -Soller- 92 tiae pater ; supply erat. Ille abstinebat, he did not abstain from (i. e. from oppressing or annoying) even his allies. Nee=et non, is here rendered not even.- Qnibus artibns, by these arts, refer- ring to the enumeration just given of the characteristics of the fathef and son, Philip and Alexander. 236. Caedis conscios .... occidi jnssitt It was a common custom in antiquity thus to slay murderers and assassins upon the graves of their victims, to appease the shades, or spirits, of the dead. In the same way, in war, prisoners were often slain over the graves of fallen heroes. Sibi .... praefatus* There is no little ostentation in this statement. It was of course made for effect. Opes. Object of cogitabant understood; construed literally, the passage would read thus : they thought of nothing if not the riches, i. e. if they did not think of the riches, etc. ; render, they thought of nothing except the, etc. In IliOj in Ilium, i. e. in the district, not in the city ; hence the Abla- tive with in, not the Genitive, as in the names of towns. Tumulos hcrouia. In the vicinity of Troy, mounds are still pointed out as the burial places of heroes, who three thousand years since fell in the Trojan war. 237. Parcendnm suis rebus* Alexander thus inspires his soldiers with courage and confidence. He speaks of the country as already 93 hi* and theirs. In exercitu duae. Observe that the copula- tive connectives are omitted between the several subjects. Yeteranos, NOTES. 137 PAGH veterans, nsed substantively, 441. Elcctos \ supply esse. In cam- 93 pis Adrastiae, in the plains of Adrastia, in the vicinity of the river Granicus, from which the battle took its name : battle of the Granicus. 238. Defunct! ; from defungor. Ccnfossi ; from confodio. Ad hoc ipsum,/or this very purpose. Omnes ante enm reges, lit. all 94 before him kings, i. e. all the kings before him, or before his time. 239. Nihii ex .... Aegyptiornm more. Alexander was careful not to give offence by disregarding the customs of the country. JovlS Ammonis oracnlnm. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was one of the most celebrated in the world. Sedem consecratam deo. This was situated in a beautiful oasis of the Libyan desert. Parentem Jovem, parent or father Jupiter, i. e. his father Jupiter. Thus the priest, per- ceiving his ambitious vanity, flattered him with the title son of Ju- piter. Parentem ejns, his parent, i. e. Jupiter. The priest still continues his flattery. An anctor .... colendi regem, lit. whe- 95 ther he, i. e. Jupiter, would be to them the author of worshipping the king with divine honors, i. e. whether he would authorize them to wor- ship their king with divine honors. 240. Nobilem, famous. Quin .... CSSCt OCCisus, that the king Mmself was slain ; XXVI. 6. 241. Spe . . . . libertatis. Greece, it will be remembered, lost its independence by the battle of Chaeronea. See above (232). 242. Cni gloriae, this glory, i. e. that of conquest and empire. 96 243. Recedentem 5 supply eum. Invitat, invites, i. e. invites him to drink with him. Ut .... poseeret \ XXIV. 2, 5). Inter bibendnm, while drinking. 244. Aeacidarnm. Alexander was, by his mother, a lineal descend- ant of Aeacus, the grandfather of Achilles. Sine nllo .... argn- mentO, without any mark of a more sad mind, i. e. without any indica- tion of unusual sadness. Dignissimnm. Adjective used substan- 97 tively ; object of facere understood. Judieio, by a tacit decision, opposed to voce. 245. Quo die die, quo, the day, on which. Here the relative must not be rendered according to 453. Puer, when a boy; 363,3. Aristotcle .... magistro. Philip placed the youthful Alexan- der under the special instruction of Aristotle, the celebrated philoso- oher of Athens. Both teacher and pupil have left names famous in the annals of the world. Tautam .... fi jnciam fecit, he inspired his soldiers with such confidence. 246. 2. He is said to have, etc. Give also the impersonal construc- tion. See 534, 1. 9. To present the general .... crown. What two constructions are admissible ? See 384, II. 2. Give both con- structions. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. For Explanation of References and Abbreviations, see page ii. A. An abbreviation of Aulus. A, ab, abs, prep, with abl. From, by. Ab-duco, ere, duxi, ductum. To lead away, take away, remove. Ab-eo, Ire, Ivi, or ii, itum. To go away, depart, withdraw from. 295. Ab-hinc, adv. Henceforth, from this time, before, ago, since. Abjicio, re,jeci, jectum, (ab, jacio). To throw away, throw, reject; prostrate, humble. Abripio, ere, ripui, reptum, (ab, ra- pio). To take away, carry off. Ab-rumpo, ?re, rupi, ruptum. To break off or away, rend, sever. Absens, entis, part, (absum). Absent. Abstineo, ere, tinui, tentum, (abs, teneo). To keep or hold back, abstain from. Ab-sum, esse, fui. To be absent or away, to be distant from. 204, 290. Ab-sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum. To take from or away ; destroy, con- sume. Ab-undo, are, avi, atum. To abound, abound in, superabound, have an abundance. Ab-utor, uti, usus sum, dep. To use up, consume, abuse. Ac, a shortened form of atque. And, Ac si, as if. Acca, ae, f. Acca, a Roman name. Acca Laurentia, ae, f. Acca Lau- rentia, the wife of Faustulus, and nurse of Romulus and Remus, (153). Acccdo, ere, cessi, cessum, (ad, cedo). To approach, come to, accede to ; be added to. Accedit, impers., it is added, there is the additional fact that. Accendo, $re, cendi, censum, (ad, candeo). To set on fire, kindle ; to excite, inflame. Acceptus, a, um, part, (accipio). Ac- cepted ; acceptable, pleasing. Accipio, &re, cepi, ceptum, (ad, capio). To accept, receive. Accurro, tire, curri, (cucnrri rare), cursum, (ad, curro). To run to, hasten to. Accuso, are, avi, atum, (ad, causa). To call to account, to accuse. Acer, acris, acre. Sharp ; powerful, valiant; diligent, intense, severe. 163, 1. Acerbm, a, um, (acer). Sour, un- ripe, morose, disagreeable. Achaia, ae, f. Achaia, an important 140 LATIN READER. [ACEILLE8 province in the northern part of the Peloponnesus. Achilles, is, m. Achilles, the most celebrated Grecian hero in the Trojan war, son of Peleus and Thetis, (134). Acies, ti, f. The order of battle, battle array ; line of soldiers ; ar- my in battle array. Acquiesco, ere, quievi, quietum (ad, quiesco). To become quiet, to re- pose ; to acquiesce in. Acriter, acrius, acerrtrne, adv. (acer). Vehemently, valiantly. 306. Actium, ii, n. Actium, a promontory and town at the entrance of the Ambracian Gulf on the western coast of Greece, celebrated for the victory of Augustus over Antony and Cleopatra, (214). Acuo, ere, ui, utum. To sharpen, quicken; stimulate. Acutus, a, urn, part. (acuo). Sharp- ened, pointed, sharp, acute, intel- ligent, clear-sighted. Ad, prep, with ace. To, towards; until ; at, near. Ad-do, 8re, didi, ditum. To add, carry to, appoint to. Ad-duco, 8re, duxi, ductum. To lead to, conduct, bring, induce. Ad-eo, adv. So, to such an extent. Ad-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To go to, approach, visit; encounter. 296. Ad-huc, adv. Thus far, as yet, even yet; still. Adtmo, 8re, emi, emptum, (ad, emo). To take from, deprive of. Adipiscor, ci, adeptus sum, dep. (ad, apiscor). To obtain, get posses- sion of. Adjia'o, &re, jeci, jectum, (ad, jacio). To throw or cast to or against, add to ; animum adjicere, to direct or give attention to. Ad-jungo, ere, junxi, junctum. To join to, unite with. Adjutor, oris, m. (adjiivo). Aid,' helper, assistant. Ad-juvo, are, juvi, jutum. To help, assist, support. Ad-ministro, are, dvi, atum. To ad minister, manage. Ad-mirabilis, e. Admirable, won- derful. Ad-miratio, onis, f. (admlror). Ad- miration, respect. Admlror, ari, aim sum, dep. (ad, miror). To admire, wonder at. Ad-mitto, ere, mlsi, missum. To send to or forward, to admit, receive. Admodum, adv. (ad, modus). Very, exceedingly. Ad-moneo, ere, ui, itum. To admon- ish, warn. Admonitus, us, m. (admoneo). Warn- ing, advice ; instigation. Ad-moveo, ere, movi, motum. To move to, apply to, bring to. Adolescens, entis, adj. and subs., m. and f. (adolesco). Young, grow- ing ; a young man, a youth. Adolescentia, ae, f. (adolescens). Youth. Ad-olesco, ere, olevi, ultum. To grow, grow up, increase. Ad-opto, are, avi, atum. To choose, adopt; take for a son, daughter, etc. Ad-orior, iri, ortus sum, dep. To at- tack, attempt, strive ; begin. 288, 2. Ad-orno, are, dvi, atum. To adorn, furnish, equip. A.EQUUS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Adrastia, ae, f. Adrastia, a district and city of Mysia, (237). Adspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (ad, specie). To see, look at, behold. Ad-slo, are, stiti, stdtum. To stand near, stand by. Ad-sum, esse, fui. To be present or at hand, assist, stand by. 204, 290. Adulatio, onis, f. Adulation, flat- tery. Advectus, a, um, part, (adveho). Brought, carried to. Ad-veho, ere, vexi, vectum. To con- duct, convey, import. Ad-venio, ire, vcni, ventum. To come to, arrive. Adventus, us, m. (advenio). Arrival, approach. Adversarius, a, wm.adj. (adversus). Opposite, opposing. Adversarius, ii, m. subs, (adversus). Adversary, opponent, antagonist. Adversus, a, um, part, (adverto). Op- posite, over against, adverse, hos- tile ; fronting, in front. Adversus, or adversum, adv., and prep, with ace. (adverto). Against, towards, opposite to. Aeacides, ae, m. A patronymic de- noting a descendant of Aeacus, who was the grandfather of Achil- les. The name is often applied to Achilles; Alexander the Great also claimed it for himself, (244). Aedes, or aedis, is, f. Temple in the sing. ; but in the plur. dwelling, habitation, house. 132. Aedifico, are,avi, atum,(&edes, facio). To build. Aedilitius, or aedilicius, a, um, (aedes). Pertaining to the aediles. Aedilitius, i, m., one who has been aedile. The aediles were Roman magistrates who had charge of the public buildings, highways, &c., and acted as city police. Aeglna, ae, f. Aegina, an island near Attica, (56). Aegos flumen. Aegospotamos, a river and town in the Thracian Chersonesus, noted for the defeat of the Athenians by Lysander, (226). Aegrotus, a, um. Sick, ill, diseased. Aegyptus, i, f. Egypt, (210). Aegyptius, , um, Egyptian ; subs. Aegyptius, i, m., an Egyptian, (239). Aemilius, ii, m. The family name of several distinguished Romans. Lucius Aemilius, surnamed Paul- US, fell in the battle of Cannae, (191). Another of the same name conquered Perseus and reduced Macedonia to a Roman province, (198). Aemulus, a, um. Emulous ; often used substantively, as, rival, com- petitor. Aeneas, ae, m. Aeneas, a Trojan prince who after the destruction of Troy is said to have fled into Italy and formed a settlement, (149). Aequdlis, e. Equal, like. Aeque, aequius, aequissime, adv. (aequus). Equally, similarly. Aequiparo, are, avi, atum. To equal, make equal. Aequitas, atis, f. (aequus). Equality, equity, justice. Aequus, a, um. Equal, similar; just, fair ; favorable, propitious. 142 LATIN READER. Aer, aem, m. The air, atmo- sphere. Acstimo, are, dvi, dtum. To value, estimate. Parvi aestimdre, to think little of, esteem lightly. Aestuo, are, dm, dtum. To be in agitation; to be warm, endure heat. Aetas, dtis, f. Age, time of life, life. Affero, ferre, attuli, alldtum, (ad, fero). To bring, carry to, report. Afficio, ere, fed, fectum (ad, facio). To affect, influence. Affigo, ere, fixi, fixum, (ad, figo). To affix, fasten to. Affirmo, are, dvi, dtum, (ad, firmo). To affirm, confirm, ratify. Afflictus, a, urn, part, (affligo). Af- flicted, troubled, prostrated. Affligo, ere,flixi, fiictum, (ad, fligo). To afflict, trouble, overthrow. Affluo, tre, fluxi, jluxum, (ad, fluo). To flow toward ; overflow, abound in. Africa, ae, f. Africa, (200). Africdnus, a, urn, (Africa). African. Also the surname given to the two most distinguished Scipios for their achievements in Africa du- ring the Punic wars, (196, 200). Ager, agri, m. Field, land, terri- tory. Agesilaus, i, m. Agesilaus, a Spar- tan king, (96). i Agger, gris, m. Mound, rampart, wall. iggredior, i, gressus sum, dep. (ad, gradior). To approach, attack, attempt. Agis, idis, m. Agis, king of the Lacedaemonians in the time of Alexander the Great, (241). Agitdtus, a, urn, part, (agito). Agi tated, troubled. Agito, are, dvi, dtum. To harass, trouble, think of. Agmen, mis, n. (ago). An army, generally on the march, band of soldiers, troop. Agnosco, ere, novi, nztum, (ad, (g)nosco). To recognize. Ago, ere, egi, actum. To conduct, drive, do, act, execute, treat, ar- gue; annum vicesimum agere, to be in his (or her) twentieth year. Agricbla, ae, m. (ager, colo). Hus- bandman, farmer. Agricultura, ae, f. Agriculture. Agrigentum, i, n. Agrigentum, a large and wealthy town in Sicily. Agrippa, ae, m. A family name among the Romans. Menenius Agrippa induced the people who had revolted at Rome and taken up their quarters upon Mons Sacer to return into the city, (173). Aio, ais, ait, etc., defect. To say, affirm. 297, II. 1. Ala, ae,f. Wing. Alacer, cris, ere. Active, prompt, joyful. Alba, ae, f. ; or Alba Longa, ae, f. A city of Latium founded by As- canius, (150). Albdnus, a, urn. Alban. Mons Al~ bdnus, a rocky mountain sixteen roiles southeast of Rome, (150). Albdnus, i, m. An Alban, a citizen of Alba, (151). Albus, a, um. White. Alcibiddes, is. m. Alcibiades, an Athenian general in the Pelopon- nesianwar, (223-225). Alexander, dri y m. Alexander. Tho AMPLUS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. most distinguished of this name was the son and successor of Philip, king of Macedonia, (235- 245). A second of the same name was king of Epirus and son-in-law of Philip, (234). Alexandria, ae, f. Alexandria, a celebrated city of Egypt, built by Alexander the Great ; (239). Algeo, ere, alsi. To be cold, to feel cold, endure cold. Alias. Otherwise, at another time ; non alias, on no other occasion. Alienus, a, um, (alius). Belonging to another, foreign ; unfavorable. Aliquando. At some time, once, formerly, finally, now at last. Aliquantum, adv. Somewhat, in some degree. Atiquis, qua, quod, and quid, (alius, quis). Some one, some. Aliquot, indecl. pi. adj. Several, some. Aliter, adv. (alius). Otherwise. Alius, a, ud, (gen. alius, etc.) Other, another ; alius alius, one an- other: alii alii, some others, (151). Allia, ae, f. The river Allia, a few miles north of Rome, (176). Alluquor, loqui, cutus sum, dep. (ad, loquor). To speak to, ad- dress. Alo, ere, alui, alitum or altum. To support, keep, nourish, strengthen, feed. Alpes, ium, f. The Alps, a high range of mountains north of Italy. Alte, ius, issime, adv. (altus). On high, high. Alter, era, 8rum, (gen. alterius). One of two, the other ; alter alter, the one the other ; alter as numeral = second. Altus, a, um. High, noble, great ; deep, profound ; altum substan- tively, the sea, the deep. Amabtiis, e, (amo). Lovely, amia- ble. Ambio, ire, Ivi or ii, Hum, (amb, or ambi, eo). To surround, encom- pass. 295, 3. Ambitio, onis, f. (ambio). Can- vassing, flattery, ambition. Ambo, ae, o. Both. 175, note 2. Amentia, ae, f. (amens). Folly, want of reason. Amicitia, ae, f. (amicus). Friend- ship. Amlcus, i, m. Friend. Amicus, a, um. Friendly, kind. A-mitto, ere, misi, missum. To send away, to lose. Ammon, or Hammon, onis, m. An appellation of Jupiter as worship- ped in Africa, (239). Amnis, is, m. River. Amo, are, avi, atum. To love. Amor, oris, m. (amo). Love, affec- tion, desire ; a loved object, dar- ling. Amphithedtrum, i, n. Amphithe- atre, in Rome a circular or oval building used for public specta- cles. Ample, ius, issime, adv. (amplus). Abundantly, amply. Amplio, are, avi, atum, (amplus). To enlarge. Amplius, adv. (comp. of ample), More, further. Amplus, a, um. Ample, spacious^ large. H4: LATIN READER. [AMULIU& Amulius, ii, m. Amulius, son of Procas king of Alba ; he was the brother of Numitor, (152). An, interrog. particle. Or, whether. 353. Anaxagbras, ae, m. Anaxagoras, a distinguished Greek philosopher of Clazomenae, (112). Anaxarchus, i, m. Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, who ac- companied Alexander into Asia. Anceps, ancipitis. Twofold, double. Anchlses, ae, m. Anchises, the fa- ther of Aeneas. 50. Ancas, i, m. ; or Ancus Martius, ii, m. The fourth king of Rome, (161). Angor, oris, m. Anxiety, care, an- guish. Angustia, ae, f. (angustus), used mostly in pi. Narrow pass, diffi- culty ; straits, channel. Angustus, a, um. Narrow, confined, contracted, small. Anima, ae, f. Breath, life. Animadverto, ere, verti, versum (ani- mus, adverto). To notice, observe, perceive. Animal, alis, n. Animal. Animus, i, m. Mind, soul, courage. Anio, Anienis, m. The Anio, a small river of Italy, a tributary of the Tiber, (173). Annecto, ere, nexui, nexum, (ad, nec- to). To tie to, annex, fasten to. Annulus, or anulus, i, m. Ring. Annus, i, m. Year. Annuus, a, um, (annus). Lasting a year, for a year, annual. Ante, adv., and prep, with ace. Be- fore, in respect to place or time ; formerly. Antea, adv. (ante, ea). Formerly, hitherto. Ante-pono, ere, posui, positum. To place before ; to prefer. Ante-quam, adv. Before, before that. Antigonus, i, m. Antigonus, king! of Macedonia, (121). Antiochla, ae, f. Antioch, the chief city of Syria, founded by Seleucus, and named by him in honor of his father Antiochus, (206). Antiochus, i, m. 1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. 2. Antio- chus, the Academic philosopher and teacher of Cicero, (80). Antipater, tri, m. Antipater, one of Alexander's generals ; after the death of Alexander he received the government of Greece and Macedonia, (241). Antlquus, a, um. Ancient, early. Antistes, itis, m. and f. President ; priest, priestess. Antonius, ii, m. Antony ; Marcus Antonius formed a triumvirate with Octavianus and Lepidus, (212). Cains Antonius was the colleague of Cicero in the consul- ship, (207). Anxietas, dtis, f. Anxiety, solicitude. Apelles, is, m. Apelles, a distin- guished Greek painter in the time of Alexander the Great, (97). Aperte, ius, issime, adv. (apertus). Openly, publicly. Apertus, a, um, part, (aperio). Open* ed ; open, free, clear, manifest. Apollo, inis, m. Apollo, the god of divination. Apparatus, us, m. Preparation, equipment. ARMENIA] LATEST-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 145 Apparatus, a, um, part. (app&ro). Prepared, ready, equipped. Appellatio, dnis, f. (appello). Name, title. Appello, are, avi, atum, (ad, pello). To call, name. Appello, ere, puli, puhum, (ad, pello). To drive to, bring to, induce. Appeto, ere, petlvi, petii, petltum, (ad, peto). To long for, strive after; assail: appetens, entis, de- siring, desirous of. Appius, ii, m. Appius, a Roman name. Appius Claudius, ii, m., one of the Decemviri, (26). Approbo, are, avi, atum, (ad, probo). To approve, favor. Appropinquo, are, avi, atum, (ad, propinquo). To approach, come near. Aplus, a, urn. Fitted, adapted, suit- ed, proper. Apud, prep, with ace. At, near, among, at the house of, in the works of (applied to authors). Apulia, ae, f. Apulia, a province in southern Italy, (204). Aqua, ae, f. Water. Aquila, ae, f. Eagle. Ara, ae, f. Altar. Arabs, abis. Arabian; subs, an Arabian, inhabitant of Arabia in Asia, (26). Aratrum, i, n. Plough. Arblla, or urn, n. Arbela, a town in Assyria, famous for the victory of Alexander over Darius, (240). $.rbitror, ari, atus sum, dep. To think, judge, regard. Arceo, or cere, arcui. To inclose, restrain, keep from. Ardea, ae, f. Ardea, a city of La- tium, a few miles south of Rome, (167). Ardeo, ere, arsi, arsum. To be on fire, burn. Ardesco, ere, arsi. To take fire, kindle. Aresco, ere, arui. To become dry, to dry. Arethusa, ae, f. Arethusa, a cele- brated fountain in Sicily, near Syracuse. Argenteus, a, um, (argentum). Made of silver, of silver. Argentum, i, n. Silver. Argos, n. (only in nom. and ace.), or Argi, drum, m. pi. Argos, the ca- pital of the province of Argolis in the Peloponnesus ; the name was often applied to the province itself and poetically to all Greece, (96). Argumentum, i, n. Argument, sign, mark. Ariminum, i, n. Ariminum, a town in Umbria on the Adriatic, (209). Ariovistus, i, m. Ariovistus, king of a German tribe in the time of Caesar, (47). Aristldes, is, m. Aristides, an Athe- nian general and statesman, re- nowned for his integrity, (49). Aristobulus, i, m. A king of Judea, who was taken by Pompey and carried as prisoner to Rome, (206). Aristoteles, is, m. A distinguished philosopher, and the teacher of Alexander the Great, (85, 245). Arma, drum, n. pi. Arms, force of arms. Armdtus, a, um, part. (armo). Armed. Armenia, ae, f. Armenia, a country of Asia, divided by the river Eu- phrates into two unequal parts. LATIN EEADEE. fAEMILL' viz. : the eastern, called Armenia Major, and the western, called Armenia Minor, (205). Armilla, ae, f. Bracelet. Armo, are, am, atum, (arma). To arm. Arripio, ere, ripui, reptum, (ad, rapio). To seize upon, seize. Arrbgans, antis, part, (arrogo). Proud, arrogant. Arrbgantia, ae, f. (arrogans). Ar- rogance, pride. Arrogo, are, avi, alum, (ad, rogo). To claim, arrogate. Ars, arlis, f. Art, skill. Artaphernes, is, m. Artaphernes, nephew of Darius, (215). Arteni'isium, ii, n. Artemisium, a promontory and town on the is- land of Euboea, (218). Artus, its, m. ; sing. rare. Joint, limb. Arum, Anmtis, m. 1. Aruns, the brother of Tarquin the Proud, (39, iv.). 2. Aruns, the son of Tarquin, (170). ^ Arx, arcis, f. Citadel. Ascanim, ii, m. Ascanius, the son of Aeneas, (150). Asia, ae, f. Asia, (16). Asina, ae, m. Asina, a surname of Cnaeus Cornelius, who was the colleague of Duillius in the con- sulship in the early part of the first Punic war, (185). Aspis, idis, f. Asp. Asporto, are, avi, atum, (abs, porto). To bear or carry away. Assequor, sequi, stfciitus sum, dep. (ad, sequor). To overtake, ob- tain. Asseveratio., vnis, f. Declaration, assertion. Assidum, a, urn. Assiduous; fre quent; continual, incessant, con. stant. Assigno, are, avi, atum, (ad, signo). Assign, bestow. Asto, for ad~sto. Astrum, i, n. Star, constellation. Astu, n, indec. City, generally op, plied to Athens. Asylum, i, n. Asylum, place of refuge. At, conj. But, yet. Ater, tra, trum. Dark, black, gloomy. AtJienae, arum, f. pi. Athens, the capital of Attica, (227). Atheniensis, e, adj. (Athenae). Athenian ; subs. Atheniensis, is, m., an Athenian, (216). Atilius, ii, m. Atilius, a Roman name. See Regidus. Atque, conj. And, and also, anfl besides ; atque atque, both and. Attains, i, m. Attalus, one of Phi- lip's generals, (234). Attica, ae, f. An important state in Greece, (216). Atticus, a, um, (Attica). Attic, Athenian ; subs. Atticits, i, m. An inhabitant or citizen of At- tica, (36). Atticus, i, m. Atticus, a surname of the Roman, Titus Pomponius, (99). Attingo, ere, tigi, tactum, (ad, tan- go). To attain, touch, enter upon, undertake, commence. Attius, ii, m. Attius, a Roman name, (89). Attribuo, ere, tribui, tributum, (ad, tribuo). To attribute to, ascribe to, to bestow, to assign, or im- pute to. BENEVOLENTIA] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Auclor, or is, m. (augeo). Author, founder, approver, adviser, au- thority. Auctoritas, dtis, f. (auctor). Author- ity, influence. Audacia, ae, f. (audax). Boldness, insolence, audacity. Audax, auddcis, (audeo). Bold, audacious, desperate. Audeo, ere, ausus sum. To dare, at- tempt. 268, 3. Audio, Ire, wi or ii, Hum. To hear, listen to. Aufugio, ere, fagi, fugitum, (ab, fugio). To flee from ; run away from. 344, 5, ab. Augeo, ere, auxi, auctum. To en- large, increase. Auguror, dri, dtus sum, dep. To augur, predict, foretell. Augustus, i, m. Augustus, surname of Octavius Caesar, the first of the Roman Emperors. This sur- name was also often applied to the Emperors generally, (213). Aulus, i, m. Aulus, a Roman prae- nomen. Aurarius, a, um, (aurum). Pertain- ing to gold ; auraria metalla, gold mines. Aureus, a, um, (aurum). Made of gold, golden. [driver. Auriga, ae, m. and f. Charioteer, Auris, is, f. Ear. Aurum, i, n. Gold. Aut, conj. Or ; aut aut, either or, partly partly. Aulem, conj. But, moreover. Auxilium, ii, n. (augeo.) Aid ; plur. auxiliaries. Avaritia, ae, f. (avarus). Avarice. a, um. Avaricious. Aventlnus, i, m. The Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome, (154). Averto, ere, verti, versum, (ab, verto). To avert, turn from, remove. Avidus, a, um. Desirous, eager. Avis, is, f. Bird. Avus, i, m. Grandfather. B. Babylonia, ae, f. Babylonia, a prov- ince of Syria : also Babylon, the capital of Babylonia, (243). Eacch aides, ium, pi. (bacchor). Vo- taries of Bacchus. Bacchor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (Bac- chus). To celebrate the festival of Bacchus, to revel. Bacchans, antis, part, revelling. Bacchus, i, m. The god of wine, (19). Barba, ae, f. Beard. Barbdrus, a, um. Foreign, barber- ous, rude. Barbdrus, i, m. Foreigner, bar. barian. Bedte, iu y isslme, adv. (beatus). Happily. Beatus, a, um. Happy. Belgae, drum. The Belgians, a war* like people in the north of Gaul, (25). Bellicosus, a, um, (bellum). War- like. Bello, are, dvi, dtum, (bellum). To carry on war. Bellum, i, n. War. Bene, melius, optime, adv. Well, 306,2. Beneficium, ii, n. (beneficus, from bene, facio). Benefit, favor, kind- ness. Benevolentia, ae, f. (benevolens, LATIN READER. [BENIGNB from bene, volo). Kindness, be- nevolence. Benigne, ius, issime, adv. (benig- nus). Kindly. Benignus, a, um. Kind, good, be- nignant. Bestia, ae, f. A beast. Bestiola, ae, f. (bestia). A small animal, insect. Bibo, ere, bibi, bibitum. To drink. Bibulus, i, m. Bibulus, a Roman name ; Lucius Bibulus was Cae- sar's colleague in the consulship, (208). Biduum, i, n. (biduus). A period of two days. Biduus, a, um, (bis, dies). Con- tinuing two days. Biennium, ii, n. (bis, annus). A period of two years, two years. Biformis, e, (bis, forma). Having two forms, bifonned. Bini, ae, a, distribute. Two by two, two and two. 174, 2. Bis, adv. Twice. Boeotius, ii, m. (Boeotia).- A Boeo- tian, inhabitant of Boeotia in cen- tral Greece, (229). Boletus, i, m. Mushroom. Bonitas, atis, f. (bonus). Goodness, excellence. Bonum, i, n. (bonus). Blessing, prosperity, any good; pi. bona, goods, property. Bonus, a, urn; melior, optlmus. Good, noble, brave. 165. Bos, Bovis, m. and f. Ox, cow. 43, 2; 66. Brachium, ii, n. Arm, fore-arm. Brevis, e. Short, brief; brevi (tern- pore), in a short tune, shortly. Britanrilcus, a, um, (Britannia, Great Britain]. British, English, (208). Briiannus, i, m. (Britannia). A Briton, (208). Brutus, i, m. Brutus, a Roman name. Lucius Junius Brutus was one of the first consuls of Rome, (168). Marcus Junius Brutus and Decimus Junius Brutus acted prominent parts in the assassina- tion of Caesar, (211). Byzantium, ii, n. Byzantium, a city on the Bosphorus, now Coix- stantinople. C. C. An abbreviation of Cams ; Cn. of Cnaeus. Cado, 8re, cecidi, casum. To fall, fall in battle, perish. Caecus, a, um. Blind. Caedes, is, f. (caedo). Slaughter, bloodshed. Caedo, ere, cecidi, caesum. To cut, kill, slay. Caesar, aris, m. Caesar, a surname of the Julian family ; Caius Julius Caesar, a distinguished general and statesman. The title, or sur- name, Caesar, was also applied generally to denote the Roman emperors, (208). Caius, ii, m. Caius, a Roman name. See Caesar. Calamitas, atis, f. Loss, calamity, disaster. Collide, ius, iss^me, adv. (callidus). Shrewdly, skilfully. Camillus, i, m. Camillus, a distin- guished Roman general, (176). Campania, ae, f. Campania, a prov* ince in Central Italy, (182). CASTOR] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 14:9 Campanus, a, um, (Campania). Cam- panian, of Campania. Subs, a Cam- panian, (44, 131). Campus, i, m. A plain, field of battle. Candidus, a, urn. White, clear, bright, light. Caninius, ii, m. Caninius, a Ro- man consul, (80). Cannae, arum, f. plur. Cannae, a village in Apulia, famous for the great victory of Hannibal over the Romans, (191). Cannensis, e, adj. (Cannae). Belong- ing to Cannae, of Cannae, (194). Cano, ere, cecmi, cantum. To sing, sound, crow. Canto, are, dvi, dtum, (cano). To sing, play. Cantus, us, m. (cano). Singing, song, melody. Capax, ads, (capio). Capacious, large, comprehensive, able. Capesso, re, Ivi, Hum, (capio). To take, seize; fugam capessere, to resort to flight, betake one's self to flight. 336, note 2. Capillus, 'i, m. Hair. Capio, ere, cepi, captum. To take, take possession of, hold, receive. Capitalis, e, (caput). Deadly, mor- tal, capitate crimen, a capital crime or offence. Capitohum, ii, n. Capitol. This term is applied sometimes to the temple of Jupiter, and sometimes to the whole Capitoline Hill, in- cluding both the temple and the citadel of Rome. Capra, qc, f. A she-goat. Captivity, Otis, f. (captivus.) Cap- tivity, bondage. Captivus, a, um, (capio). Captive, enslaved; substantively, a prison- er, a captive. Caplus, a, um, part, (capio). Cap- tured, taken. Capua, ae, f. Capua, the chief city of Campania, (204). Caput, itis, n. Head, capital ; cap* tis damndre, to condemn ta death. Career, eris, m. Prison. Careo, ere, carui, caritum. To be destitute, be free from, be with- out. Carmen, mis, n. A song, poem; poetry. Caro, carnis, f. Flesh. Carpentum, i, n. Chariot, car- riage. Carthago, inis, f. Carthage, an an- cient city in Northern Africa, (189). Carthago Nova. New Carthage, a town in Spain; now Carthagena, (194). Carthaginiensis, e, adj. (Carthago). Carthaginian ; subs. Carthagini' ensis, is, m. a Carthaginian, (185). Carus, a, um. Dear. Cassius, ii, m. Cassius, a Roman name. Lucius Cassius, one of the accomplices of Catilino, (97, 15). Caius Cassius, one of the conspirators against Caesar, (213). Caste, ius, isstme, adv. (castus) Virtuously, chastely. Castus, a, um. Chaste, pure. Castellum, i, n. dimin. (castrum). Castle, fortress. 321, 4. Castor, oris, m. Castor, son of Tyn- darus and brother of Pollux, (63, 9). 150 LATIN HEADER. [CASTE*. Castra, orum, n. (pi. of castrum, a castle). Camp. 132. Casus, us, m. (cado). Fall, misfor- tune, chance, accident. Catilina, ae, m. Catiline. Lucius Sergius Catillna, the notorious conspirator against the Roman government, (207). Catinensis or Catiniensis, is. m. A Catinean, a citizen of Catina, a city in Sicily, (223). Cato, onis, m. Cato, the name of several distinguished Romans. The most celebrated was Marcus Porcius Cato, the Censor, (88, 13). Catulus, i, m. Catulus, surname of Caius Lutatius, a Roman consul at the close of the first Punic war, (188). Caudinus, a, urn. Caudine; Fur- culae Caudlnae, the Caudine Forks, a narrow defile near Cau- dium, in Italy, (179). Causa, ae, f. Cause, purpose, busi- ness, suit at law. Causidicus, i, m. (causa, dico). Pleader, advocate; speaker. Cauies, is, f. A crag, cliff, rock. Caveo, ere, cavi, cautum. To shun, avoid, guard against; sibi ab aliquo cavere, to protect one's self from any one. Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum. To give place to, yield to, withdraw, de- part. Celeber, bris, bre. Renowned, cele- brated. Qclebro, are, avi, atum, (celSber). To celebrate, solemnize. Oder, celeris. Swift. 163, 1. Celerltas, dtis, f. (celer). Celerity, swiftness. Celeriter, ius, 'rime, adv. (celer) Swiftly, quickly. 306, 2. Cella, ae, f. Store-room, store- house; cella penaria, granary. Celo, are, avi, atum. To hide, con- ceal. Censeo, ere, censui, cenwm. To thhik, judge, decree. Censormus, i, m. Censormus, sur- name of Lucius Marcius, a Roman consul hi the third Punic war, (199). Census, us, m. Census. Centum, indec. Hundred. Centurio, onis, m. (centum). Cen- turion. Cerno, 8re, crevi, cretum. To per. ceive, see, discern. Certamen, Inis, n. (certo). Contest, game, engagement, Certatim, adv. (certatus, from certo). Earnestly, eagerly. Certo, are, avi, atum. To fight, struggle, contend, endeavor. Certus, a, um. Sure, certain ; cer- tidrem facere, to inform. Gesso, are, avi, atum, (cedo). To cease, pause. Ceterus, a, um, nom. sing. m. not used. The other, the rest. Chaeronea, ae, f. Chaeronea, a town in Boeotia, the birth-place of Plu- tarch, (232). Chersonesus, i, f. The Chersonesus, a peninsula in Thracia, west of the Hellespont. Christianus, a, um. Christian, often used substantively. Cicdtrix, ids, f. Scar. Cicero, 6ms, m. Cicero, the cele- brated Roman orator, (207). Cincinnatus, i, m. Cincinnatus, a COEO] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 151 renowned Roman citizen and dic- tator, (71). Cineas, ae, m. A friend and favorite minister of Pyrrhus. Cincfo, ere, cinxi, cinctum. To sur- round, encompass ; crown ; invest. Cinna, ae, m. Cinna, a surname among the Romans. Lucius Cor- nelius Cinna, confederate of Ma- rius in the civil war, (203). Circa, prep, with ace. About, around, among. Circiter, prep. , with ace. About, near. Circum =. circa. Circum-do, dare, dedi, datum. To place around, surround, invest. Circum-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To go around, surround, encompass, 295. Circumspicio, ere, spexi, spectum. (circum, specio). To look round, look for, seek. Circum-venio, Ire, veni, ventum. Tu come around, encompass, sur- round, circumvent, deceive. Cis, prep, with ace. On this side of, within. Cilo, are, avi, dtum. To excite, urge, hasten ; citato equo, at full gallop or speed. Cito, citius, cilissime, adv. (citus). Soon, quickly. Citra, adv., and prep, with ace. On this side. Citus, a, um. Quick, swift, rapid. Civllis, e, (civis). Civil, domestic. Civilitas, atis, f. (civllis). Civility, politeness. Civis, is, m. and f. Citizen. Civitas, atis, f. (civis). City, state, citizenship. 11 Clades, is, f. Loss, slaughter, de- struction, defeat. Clam, adv., and prep, with ace. or abl. Secretly, without the know- ledge of. Clarus, a, um. Splendid, renowned, illustrious, clear. Classiarius, ii, m. (classis). A mac rine, pi. naval forces. Classis, is, f. A fleet. Claudius, ii, m. The fourth Roman emperor, (41). Appius Claudius^ one of the decemviri, (26). Claudo, daudere, clausi, clausum. To close, shut. Claudus, a, um. Lame. Clemens, entis. Mild, gentle, clem- ent. dementia, ae, f. (clemens). Mild- ness, clemency. Cleopatra, ae, f. Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, (211). Another of the same name was the daughter of Philip of Macedon, (234). Clipeus, or clypeus, i, m. Shield. Cloaca, ae, f. Sewer, drain. Cnaeus, or Cneus, i, m. Cnaeus, a Roman name; as Cnaeus Pom- peius. Coarguo, ere, coargui, (cum, arguo). To arraign, accuse, indict; con- vict. Codes, itis, m. Codes, a Roman surname. Horatius Codes, a Ro- man, distinguished in the war with Porsena, (171). Coelum, i, n. The heavens, sky, weather. Coena, ae, f. Principal meal of the Romans, supper, dinner. Coeo, ire, Ivi or ii, itum, (cum, eo) To collect, assemble. 295. 152 LATIN READER. [COKPI Coepi, isii, it, def. To begin. 297. Coerceo, ercere, ercui, ercitum, (cum, arceo). To check, confine, re- strain. Cogito, are, am, atum. To think, ponder. Cognatus, a, urn. Related, subs, a relative. Cognltus, a, um, part, (cognosce). Ascertained, known. Cognomen, Inis, n. (cum, nomen or gnomen). Surname. Cognorriino, are, avi, atum, (cogno- men). To surname, call, name. Cognosco, ere, novi, nitum, (cum, nosco or gnosco). To ascertain, learn, recognize. Cogo, ere, coegi, coactum. To col- lect, force, compel. Cohibco, ere, ui, Itum, (cum, habeo). To hold, check, confine. Cohors, cohortis, f. Cohort, tenth part of a legion. CollatlnuSj i, m. Collatinus, sur- name of Tarquinius, the colleague of Brutus in the consulship, (169). Collega, ae % m. Colleague. Colligo, ere, Ugi, lectum, (cum, lego). To collect, bring together. Colloco, are, avi, atum, (cum, loco). To place, set, erect; to give in marriage. Colloquium, ii, n. (colloquor). Con- versation, interview. Colloquor, loqui, locutus sum, dep. (cum, loquor). To converse, talk with. Collum, i, n. Neck. Colo, ere, colui, cultum. To culti- . vate ; honor, worship. Color, Oris, m. Color, complexion. Comburo, ere, bussi, bustum, (cum, buro = uro, to burn). To burn, consume. Comes, itis, m. and f. Companion. Comissatio, onis, f. Revelling. Commeatus, us, m. Supplies. Commemoro, are, avi, atum, (cum r memoro). To recall, remembei; commemorate, mention. Commentor, ari, dtus sum, dep. To meditate, muse upon, consider, think, devise, invent. Commigro, are, avi, atum, (cum, migro). To migrate. Comminuo, ere, minui, minutum, (cum, minuo). To dash in pieces, crush ; lessen ; weaken. Committo, ere, mlsi, missum, (cum, mitto). To bring together, unite, intrust, commit ; pugnam commit- tfre, to engage in battle. Commodurn, i, n. Advantage, bene- fit. Commodus, a, um, (cum, modus). Suitable, fit, proper, convenient. Commontfacio, ere, fed, factum, (cum, moneo, facio). To^put in mind, remind, impress earnestly. Commbror, ari, atussum, (cum, mo- ror). To tarry, delay. Commoveo, ere, movi, motum, (cum, moveo). To move, excite. Communis, e. Common. Communiter, adv. (communis). In common, conjointly. Commutatio, Onis, f. Change. Comparo, are, avi, atum, (cum, paro). To prepare, make, pro- cure, compare. Compello, are, avi, atum, (cum, pel- lo). To address, call. Compello, ere, puli, pulsum, (cum, CONGBESSIO/ LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 153 pello). To thrust together, to force, compel, impel. Gompensatio, onis, f. Compensa- tion, exchange, barter. Comperio, ire, peri, pertum. To find, find out. Compes, edis, f. (cum, pes). Fetter, chain. Compesco, ere, cui. To confine, check. Complector, ti, plexus sum, (cum, plector). To embrace, encompass. Compleo, ere, em, etum, (cum, pleo). To fill, complete. Complures, a. More than one; several, very many. Cor.ipono, ere, posui, posltum, (cum, pono). To settle, adjust, adapt, compose. Comporto, are, am, atum, (cum, porto). To carry, bear, collect. Compos, otis, (cum, potis). Having the mastery or control over any- thing ; sharing in, partaking of. Comprehendo, ere, di, sum, (cum, prehendo). To seize, arrest, com- prehend. Concedo, ere, cessi, cessum, (cum, cedo). To concede, grant ; to de- part, withdraw ; pass, impers., it is conceded. Concido, 8re, cldi, (cum, cado). To fall, perish. Concilia, are, am, dtum, (concilium). To unite, conciliate, procure, win. Concilium, ii, n. Council, meeting. Concio, Cnis, f. Public assembly. Concito, are, am, atum, (cum, cito). To raise ; excite, excite rebellion. Concordia, ae, f. (concors, harmo- nious). Concord, harmony. CoKcurro, ere, curri (cucurri), cur- sum, (cum, curro). To meet, as- semble ; engage, fight ; rush to. Conditio, onis, f. (condo). Condition, terms. Condo, ere, didi, d'ltum, (cum, do). To found ; conceal, hide ; place, bury. Conduco, ere, duxi, ductum, (cum f duco). To conduct, collect ; hire, contract for. Confero, conferre, contuli, coUa* turn, (cum, fero). To collect, confer, compare ; engage battle ; se conferre, to betake one's self. Confestim, adv. Immediately. Conficio, ere, fed, fectum, (cum, facio). To finish, accomplish, make, produce, wear out. Confldo, ere, flsus sum, (cum, fido). To trust, confide in. Configo, ere, fixi, fixum, (cum, figo.) To transfix, fasten together. Confingo, ere, Jinxi, fictum, (cum, fingo). To form, feign, pretend. Confirmo, are, am, atum, (cum, firmo). To make firm, strength- en ; encourage ; corroborate. Conflsus, a, um, part, (confido). Trusting, relying upon. Conjllgo, ere, flixi, fiictum, (cum, fligo). To engage, fight. Confodio, ere, fodi, fossum, (cum, fodio). To pierce, wound. Confugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, (cum, fugio). To flee for refuge. Congredior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (cum, gradior). To encounter fight. Congrego, are, am, atum, (cum, grego). To collect, congregate. Congressio, onis, f. (congredior), Engagement, battle. 154: LATIN READEB. [CONJICIO Conjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, (cum, jacio). To discharge, hurl, throw, drive. Conjungo, ere, junxi, junctum, (cum, jungo). To join, combine, Conjuratio, onis, f. (conjuro). Con- spiracy. Conjurdtus, a, urn, part, (conjuro). Having conspired. Conjuro, fire, dvi, dtum, (cum, juro) To conspire. Conjux, ugis, m. and f. (conjungo). Husband, wife. Conon, onis, m. Conon, a cele- brated Athenian general, (39, in). Conor, dri, atus sum, dep. To en- deavor, attempt. Conscendo, ere, scendi, scensum, (cum, scando). To ascend, em- bark. Conscius, a, um. Privy to; con- scious of ; subs, accomplice, confi- dant. Conscrlbo, ere, scripsi, scriptum (cum, scribo). To summon ; to enrol, arrange, order ; compose. Conscriptus, a, um, part, (conscribo). Enrolled, assembled. Patres con- scripti, conscript fathers, i. e. sen- ators. Consecro, are, dvi, dtum (cum, sa- cro). To consecrate. Consector, dri, aim sum, dep. (cum, sector). To follow, pursue. Comenesco, ere, senui (cum, senesco). To grow old. (Jonsequor, sequi, secutus sum, (cum, sequor). To succeed, follow, pur- sue ; secure, obtain. Consero, ere, ui, turn, (cum, sero). To join together *, manum or pug- nam conserere, to join battle, en^ gage in battle. Conserve, are, dvi, dtum, (cum, ser* vo). To preserve, watch over, rescue. Considero, are, dvi, dtum. To in- spect, examine. Consldo, ere, sedi, sessum, (cum, sido). To encamp, settle. Concilium, ii, n. Counsel, advice, wisdom, intention, design, council. Consisio, ere, stiti, stttum, (cum, sisto). To place or station one's self, to stand. Consolor, dri, atus sum, dep. (cum, solor). To comfort, console. Conspectus, us, m. (conspicio). Sight, presence. Conspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (cum, specie). To see, observe. Conspicor, dri, atus sum, dep. (con- spicio). To behold, see. Conspiratio, onis, f. (conspire), Union, conspiracy. Constanter, ius, issime, adv. (consto). Consistently. Constantia, ae, f. (consto). Con- stancy, firmness. Constat, impers,(consto). It is known, is an admitted fact Constituo, ere, ui, ulum,, (cum, sta- tuo). To constitute ; build, erect; station, place; appoint, arrange, manage. Consto, are, stiti, stdtum, (cum, sto)^ To stand together, halt. Consuesco, ere, em, etum, (cum, su- esco). To be accustomed. Consuetudo^ mis, f. (consueseo). Custom, usage, habit. Consul, ulis, m. (consuloX Consul, Roman chief magistrate* CORIOLANUS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 155 Consuldris, e. Consular; subs, one who has been consul, one of con- sular rank. Consulatus, us, m. (consul). Con- sulship. Consulo, ere, sului, sultum. To con- sult, consider ; with dat. to consult for one's good. Consummo, are, dvi, dtum. To fin- ish, accomplish, complete. Consumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, (cum, sumo). To consume, wear out, waste, use, employ. Conteao, ere, texi, tectum, (cum, tego). To cover. Contemno, ere, tempsi, temptum,(cum, temno). To contemn, despise, dis- regard. Contemptus, us, m. (contemno). Con- tempt, scorn, disregard. Contendo, ere, tendi, tentum, (cum, tendo). To contend, strive, at- tempt, labor; betake one's self, go. Contentio, onis, f. (contendo). Ef- fort, contest, struggle, exertion. Contentus, a, urn. Content, con- tented. Contmens, entis, (contineo). Ad- joining, continuous ; subs. f. con- tinent. Continentia, ae, f. (contineo). For- bearance, self-control. Contineo, ere, tinui, tentum, (cum, teneo). To hold, keep, check. Continuo, are, dvi, dtum, (contin- uus). To connect, unite, con- tinue. Contra, adv., and prep, with ace. Against, opposite to, contrary to ; on the contrary. Contra-dico, &re, dixi, dictum. To contradict, object to. Contraho, ere, traxi, tractum, (cum, traho). To collect, incur, contract. Contrarius, a, urn, (contra). Con- trary to, opposite. Contrucldo, are, dvi, alum, (cum, trucido). To slay, kill, mangle. Contueor, tueri, tuitus sum, dep. (cum, tueor). To survey, lock upon, behold ; consider, ponder. Convalesce, ere, lui, (cum, valesco). To gain strength, recover. Conveniens, entis, (convenio). Be- coming, fit, proper. Convenicnter, ius* issime, adv. (con- venio). Fitly, suitably, agreeably, consistently. Convenio, Ire, veni, ventum, (cum, venio). To convene, assemble, meet, agree, harmonize, befit. Converto, ere, verti, versum, (cum, verto). To turn, change, alter, convert. Convinco, re, viti, victum, (cum, vinco). To conquer, convict. Convivium, ii, n. Feast, banquet. Convoco, are, dvi, dtum, (cum, voco). To assemble, call together. Copia, ae, f. Abundance, supply, ability, power; pi. forces, stores, supplies. Cor am, adv., and prep, with abl. In the presence of, before. Corinthus, i, f. Corinth, a city of Achaia, (162). Corinthius, a, um, (Corinthus). Co- rinthian, subs. Corinthius, ii, m. a Corinthian, (45). Coriolanus, i, m. Coriolanus, a sur- name given to Cams Marcius, de- rived from Coricli, the name of a town which he had taken in war, 156 LATIN KEADEK. [CORIOLI Corioli, drum, m. pi. Corioii, a town in Latium, (174). Cornelia, ae, f. Cornelia, the mo- ther of the Gracchi, (131). Cornelius, w, m. Cornelius, the name of a distinguished Roman gens, including the Sdpios ; as, PuUius Cornelius Scipio, (190, 194). Cornelius, a, urn. Belonging to the Cornelian family, (120). Cornu, us, n. Horn, wing of an army. Corona, ae, f. Garland, crown. Corpus, oris, n. Body, community. Corrigo, &re, rexi, rectum,, (cum, rego). To reform, correct. Corripio, tre, ripui, reptum, (cum, rapio). To seize, lay hold of. Corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, (cum, rumpo). To corrupt, bribe, seduce. Crassus, i, m. Crassus, a Roman name, (93). Marcus Licinius Crassus, a Roman general, (204). Creber, bra, brum. Frequent, nu- merous. Credo, $re, credldi, creditum. To trust, believe. Cremera, ae, f. The Cremera, a river of Etruria, in Italy, (175). Creo, are, avi, atum. To appoint, elect, make. Cresco, ere, crevi, crctum. To grow, increase. Crimen, inis, n. Crime, accusa- tion. Zriminor, ari, atus sum, dep. (cri- men). To accuse. Vrinis, is, m. Hair. Critias, ae, m. Critias, one of the thirty tyrants at Athens, (228). Crixus, i, m. Crixus, a leader in the war of the gladiators, (204). Crucio, are, am, atum, (crux). To pain, afflict, torture. Crudelis, e Cruel. Crudelttas, atis, f. (crudelis). Cru- elty. Crudeliter, ius, issime, adv. (crudS Us). Cruelly. Cubitum, i, n. The elbow, a cubit Culpa, ae, f. Fault, blame. Cultura, ae, f. (colo). Agriculture, cultivation. Cultus, us, m. Culture, necessaries, as food, clothing, etc. Cum, prep, with abl. With. Cum, conj. = quum. Cumae, drum, f. Cumae, an ancient city and colony in Campania, on the sea-coast, renowned for its Sibyl, (49, 7). Cunctatio, onis, f. (cunctor). De- lay. Cunctor, ari, atus sum. To delay, hesitate. Cunctus, a, um. All, all together, entire. Cupide, ius, issime, adv. (cupidus). Eagerly. Cupiditas, atis, f. (cupidus). Desire, wish. Cupidus, a, um, (cupio). Desirous, having desires, avaricious, covet- ous, fond of. Cupio, ere, ivi or ii, Itum. To de- sire. Cur, adv. Why, wherefore. Cur a, ae, f. Care, management anxiety. Cures, ium, f. pi. Cures, the an- cient capital of the Sabines, (159). Curia, ae, f. Senate-house ; ward. Curtain, orum, m. pi. The Curiatii, DEDO] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 157 three brothers who were selected from the Alban army to engage in combat with the three Horatii, also brotnerb^ from the Romans, (160). See noic on u Horatiorum et Curiatiorum* (160). Curius, ii, m. Curius, a Roman name, (27). Curo, are, dvi, atun* To care for, take care of. Curro, ere, cucurri, CM turn. To run. Currus, us, m. (curro). Chariot. Cursor, oris, m. Cursor, surname of Lucius Papirius, dictator in the Samnite war, (178). Cursus, us, m. (curro). Course. Custodia, ae, f. Care, charge of, custody, confinement. Custodio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, (custos). To guard, preserve, watch. Custos, odis, m. and f. Guard, keeper. Cynicus, i, m. A Cynic philosopher, a Cynic. Cynoscephalae, drum, f. pi. Cynos- cephalae, " Dogs' Heads," two hills in Thessaly, (197). Cyprus, i, f. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean sea, near Asia Minor, (27, 11). Cyrus, i, m. The name of two emi- nent Persian princes ; Cyrus, the Great, the founder of the Persian empire, (13), and Cyrus, the son of Darius, (225). D. Damnatio, onis, f. Condemnation. Damno, are, dvi^ dtum, (damnum). To condemn ; capitis damndre, to condemn to death. Damnum, i, n. Loss, damage. Darius, ii, m. Darius, a celebrated king of Persia, (215). Datis, is, m. Datis, one of the gen- erals of Darius, (215). De, prep, with abl. From, of, con- cerning, on the subject of, over. Debeo, ere, ui, itum. To owe, ought. Debeor, eri, debitus sum, dep. To be due, belong. Debillto, are, dvi, dtum. To weak- en, disable. De-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum. To de- part, withdraw, die. Decem, indecl. Ten. Decemplex, ids, (decem, plico, to fold). Tenfold. Decem-vir, viri, m. A decemvir. De-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum. To de- cide; contend, fight; decree, in- trust by decree. Decet, decuit, impers. It is seemly, becoming, becomes. Decldo, ere, cidi, clsum, (de, caedo). To cut off; decide, determine. Decimus, a, um, (decem). Tenth. Decipio, %re, cepi, ceptum, (de, capio). To deceive. De-cldro, are, dvi, dtum. To make clear, manifest; declare, pro- nounce. Decretum, i, n. (decerno). Decree. Decus, oris, n. Ornament, honor. De-decus, oris, n. Disgrace. Dedicatio, onis, f. (dedico). Dedicfr tion. Dedico, dre, dvi, dtum, (de, dico). To dedicate. Deditio, onis, f. (dedo). Surren- der. De-do, 8re, didi, ditum. To surren- 158 LATIN READER. [DEDUCC der; devote one's self to, give one's sell' up to. De-duco, ere, duxi, ductum. To bring down, conduct; remove; lead. De-fatigo, are, dvi, alum. To weary, fatigue. Defectio, onis, f. (deficio). Failure, eclipse, defection. De-fendo, ere, fendi, fensum, To defend, ward off. De-fero, ferre, tuli, Idtum. To offer, exhibit, bestow, present : carry or bear away. Deficio, ere, fed, fectum, (de, facio). To fail, spend itself; be eclipsed; desert, revolt. De-fldgro, are, dvi, dtum. To burn, burn down, consume, destroy. Deformis, e, (de, forma). Deformed, u g ] y- De-fungor, gi, functus sum. To dis- charge, execute ; die. De-glubo, ere, , gluptum. To flay, to skin. Dein or deinde, adv. Then, after- wards. Deiotarus, i, m. Deiotarus, a king of Galatia, (206). Dejicio, 8re, jeci, jectum, (de, jacio) To throw down, overthrow, slay. De-lecto, are, dvi, atum. To allure ; to delight, please. Delectus, a, um, (deligo). Chosen. Deleo, ere, evi, etum. To destroy, efface, put an end to. De-libero, are, dvi, atum. To de- liberate. Deliciae, drum, f. pi. Delights, pleasures; delight, darling, be- loved. Deligo, $re, legi, lectum, (de, lego). To choose, select ; love. Delirium, ii, n. Madness, dctage. instances of it. Delos or Delus, i, f. Delos, a small island hi the Aegean sea, (27, 10). Delphi, drum, m. pi. Delphi, a town of Phocis, celebrated for tie temple and oracle of Apolio (217). Demardtus, i, m. Demaratus, tho father of Tarquinius Priscus, (162). De-mergo, ere, mersi, mersum. To plunge in, bury in, sink. De-mitto, ere, misi, missum. To let down, drop, send away, send. Democritus, i, m. Democritus, a celebrated Grecian philosopher, (91). Demorior, mori, mortuus mm, (de, morior). To die. Demosthenes, is, m. Demosthenes, the most celebrated of the Gre- cian orators, (92, 7). Demum, adv. At length, finally. Denarius, ii, m. Denarius, a Ro- man silver com, worth about six- teen cents. Deni, ae, a. Ten by ten, ten at a time. Demque, adv. Finally. Dens, dentis, m. A tooth. De-nudo, are, dvi, atum. To make naked, strip. Denuntiatio, onis, f. (denuntio). De- nunciation> warning. De-nuntio, are, dvi, alum. To de- clare, denounce. Denuo, adv. Again, afresh. De-pello, 8re, puli, pulsum. To drive away, expel. De-pono, ere, posut, potfttum. To DlQNUS LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 159 lay down or aside, deposit, de- pose. De-populor, dri, dtus sum. To pil- lage, depopulate. De-porto, are, dvi, alum. To carry off or away. Depraedor, dri, dtus sam, (de, prae- dor). To ravage, plunder. Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, (de, pre- hendo). To seize, catch, detect, surprise. De-pugno, are, dvi, dtum. To fight. Derelictio, onis, f. (de, relinquo). Neglect, disregard. De-scrlbo, ere, scripsi, scriptum. To describe ; impose ; assess ; desig- nate; divide. DesKro, ere, serui, sertum, (de, sero). To abandon, desert. De-sidero, are, dvi, dtum. To long for, wish, desire earnestly. Dcsilio, Ire, situi, sultum, (de, salio). To alight, dismount. Detnno, ere, sivi or sii, sttum, (de, sino). To cease, desist. Desipio, ere, (de, sapio). To be void of understanding, be foolish, be delirious. De-sisto, ere, stiti, stitum. To de- mist, leave off. Desperado, onis, f. (despgro). De- spair, desperation. De-spero, are, avi, dtum. To de- spair. Despicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (de, specio). To despise, disregard. Destino, are, avi, dtum. To destine, appoint, design. De-sum, esse,fui. To fail, be wanting. De-terreo, ere, ui, itum. To deter. Detineo, are, tenui, tentum, (de, te- neo). To detain, hinder. Detraho, ere, traxi, tractum, (de, traho). To draw or take away or from, detract. Detrimentum, i, n. Loss, damage, detriment, harm. Deus, i, m. God, deity. See 51, 6. De-vasto, are, , dtum. To devastate, pillage. De-venio, ire, veni, ventum. To come down, arrive, reach. De-vinco, ere, vici, victum. To con- quer. Dexter, tra, trum. Right, on the right hand. Dextra, ae, f. The right hand. Di. See Dis. Diadema, atis, n. Diadem. Diagoras, ae, m. Diagoras, a Rho- dian athlete, who distinguished himself in the Olympic games, (143). Diana, ae, f. The goddess Diana, the daughter of Jupiter and La- tona, and sister of Apollo, (97). Dico, ere, dixi, dictum. To say, call. Dictator, oris, m. (dico). Dictator, an officer appointed by the Romans in times of great danger. Dido, us, or onis, f. Dido, the foun- dress of Carthage, daughter of Belus, (44, III.) Dies, ei, m. and f. Day. Difficile, ius, lime, adv. (difficilis). With difficulty. Difficilis, e, (dis, facflis). Difficult. 163, 2. Digitus, i, m. Finger. Dignitas, diis, f. (dignus). Dignity, rank, office. Dignor, dri, dtus sum, (dignus). To deem worthy, deign. Dignus, a um. Worthy. 160 LATIN HEADER. [DlLABOB J)irlabor^ Cdbi, lapsus sum, dep. To fall asunder, go to pieces; flee; scatter, disperse. Dildlio, onis, f. Delay, delaying. J)iligens, entis, (diligo). Fond of, mindful, diligent, observant. J)iligenter, ius, issime, adv. (diligens). Carefully, diligently, earnestly. Diligentia, ae, f. (diligens). Dili- gence. Diligo, ere, lexi, lectum, (dis, lego). To choose, love. Dimico, are, avi, atum, (dis, di, mico). To encounter, fight. Di-mitto, ere, mlsi, missum. To dis- miss, let go. Diogenes, is, m. Diogenes, the noted Cynic philosopher of Greece, (135). Dion, onis, m. Dion, brother-in-law of the tyrant Dionysius of Syra- cuse, (31). Dionysius, ii, m. Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, (26). Diripio, ere, ripui, reptum, (dis, di, rapio). To lay waste, pillage. Diruo, ere, dirui, dirutum, (dis, di, ruo). To destroy, demolish. Dis, or di, insep. prep. Asunder, not J)is~cedo, ere, cessi, cessum. To de- part, retire from. fiisceptatio, onis, f. Debate, quarrel. Disciplina, ae, f. Discipline, in- struction. Discipulus, i, m. (disco). A learner, scholar, disciple. Disco, &re, didici. To learn. Discordia, ae, f. Strife, discord. jDiscordo, are, avi, atum, (discors, discordant). To differ, be at va- riance, disagree. Discrlmen, inis, n. Danger, crisis. Dis-curro, Sre, curri, cursum. To run different ways, run about, separate. Dispergo, ere, spersi, spersum, (dis, di, spargo). To scatter, disperse. Dupliceo, ere, plicui, plicitum, (dis, placeo). To displease. Dis-puto, are, avi, atum. To com- pute, estimate ; examine, investi- gate, discuss. Dis-sero, ere, serui, sertum. To ex- amine, argue, discuss. Dissidium, ii, n. Dissension. Dis-similis, e. Unlike, dissimilar. Dissimulo, are, avi, atum. To dis- semble, conceal, omit. Dis-sipo, are, avi, atum. To dissi- pate, scatter. Dis-solvo, ere, solri, solutum. To de- stroy, abolish, dissolve. Dis-tribuo, ere, tribui, tributum. To distribute. Districtus, a, um, (distrmgo). Busy, occupied with. Distringo, ere, strinxi, strictum, (dl stringo). To occupy, engage at tention. Ditio, onis, f. Rule, sway. Diu, diutius, diutissime, adv. Long, for a long time. Diutinus, a, um, (diu). Of long du- ration, lasting. Diuturnitas, dtis, f. (diuturnus). Long time. Diversus, a, um. Diverse, unlike., opposite. Dives, itis. Rich. Divico, onis, m. Divico, a distin- guished Helvetian general, (85, 5). Divido, ere, divlsi, divlsum. To dv vide, allot. Divmus, a, um. Divine. EDO] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULABY. 161 Divitiae, arum, f. (dives). Riches, wealth. Divus, a, urn. Divine; subs, god, goddess. Do, dare, dedi, datum. To give, grant, impute, allow. Doceo, Ire, ui, turn. To teach. Doctrlna, ae, f. Instruction, learn- ing, erudition, doctrine. Doctm, a, um, (doceo). Learned, skilled. Documentum, i, n. Lesson, proof, specimen, mark. Dolabella, ae, m. Dolabella, a Ro- man name. Publius Cornelius Dolabella, son-in-law of Cicero, (122). Doleo, ere, ui, itum. To grieve. Dolor, oris, m. (doleo). Pain, grief. Dolus, i, m. Artifice, deceit. Domesticus, a, um, (domus). Domes- tic, private, personal. Domicilium, ii, n. (domus). Habi- tation, abode. Dommatio, cnis. Rule, tyranny. Dominatus, us, m. Rule, sove- reignty. Dominus, i, m. Master, owner. Domo, are, ui, itum. To subdue. Domus, us or i, f. House, home ; domi, at home. Donee, conj. Until. Dono, are, dvi, atum, (donum). To give, present with. Donum, i, n. (do). Present, gift. Dormio, ire, 1m or ii, Itum. To sleep, slumber, rest. Dos, dotis, f. Gift, dowry. Drusus, i, m. Drusus, son of the Emperor Tiberius, (146). Pubitatio, onis, f. (dubito). Doubt, hesitation. Dubito, are, avi, atum. To donbt hesitate. Dubius, a, um. Doubtful ; neut. of ten subs, doubt. Ducenti, ae, a. Two hundred. Duco, ere, duxi, ductum. To lead, conduct ; with uxorem, to marry. Duillius, ii, m. Duillius, a Roman name. Cairn Duillius, a Roman commander and consul in the first Punic war, (185). Dulcis, e. Sweet, pleasant, agreeably Dum, conj. While, until, provided. Dum-modo, conj. So long as, pro^ vided that. Duo, ae, o. Two, both. 175. Duodecim, indec. (duo, decem). Twelve. Duodecimus, a, um, (duodecim). Twelfth. Duodequadragesimus, a, um. Thirty- eighth. Duo-de-viginti, indec. Eighteen. Duplex, ids. Double. Duplwo, are, avi, atum, (duplex). To double, increase. Duritia, ae, f. (durus). Hardiness, austerity, rigid temperance, hard- ship. Durus, a, um. Hard, harsh, rude. Dux, duds, m. and f. (duco). Leader, guide, general. E E or ex, prep, with abl. From, oufc of, of. Ebrietas, atis, f. Drunkenness. E-disco, ere, didici. To learn by heart, commit to memory. E-do, edere, edidi, editum. To set forth, publish ; do, perform, make, utter. 162 LATIN EEADEK. [EDOCEO E-doceo, ere, docui, doctum. To teach one thoroughly, inform, in- struct. E-daco, ere, duxi, ductum. To lead out or forth. Effero, are, avi, atum. To enrage, madden, render unmanageable. Effero, ferre, extuli, datum, (ex, fero). To bring forth, carry forth or out ; elate. Efficio, ere, fed, fectum, (ex, facio). To effect, occasion, accomplish, make, render. Effiuo, ere, fluxi, fluxum, (ex, fluo). To flow out, pass away, disappear. Effugio, ere,fugi, fugitum, (ex, fu- gio). To flee, escape from, escape. Effundo, ere, fudi, fusum, (ex, fun- do). To pour out, pour ; indulge in ; squander, waste. Egeo, egere, egui. To need, to want, require, to be without. Egeria, ae, f. Egeria, a prophetic nymph from whom Numa pro- fessed to receive instructions, (159). _ Ego, mei, I. Egomet, I myself. 184, 3. Egredior, egredi, egressus sum, dep. (e, gradior). To go or come out, to go forth, to go, to run away. Egregie, adv. (egregius). Excel- lently, remarkably. Egregius, a, um. Excellent, dis- tinguished. Ejicio, ere, ejeci, ejectum, (e, jacio). To throw or drive out, expel; reject. E-labor, eldbi, elapsus sum, dep. To slip away, get off, escape. E-laboro, are, avi, atum. To labor, exert one's self. Elegantia, ae, f. Elegance, taste, propriety. Elementa, drum, n. pi. The first principles, rudiments, elements. Elephantus, i, m. Elephant. Eligo, ere, elegi, electum, (e, lego). To choose, elect. Eloquens, entis, (eloquor). Eloquent, Eloquenter, ius, issime, adv. (elo quens). Eloquently. Eloquentia, ae, f. Eloquence. E-loquor, loqui, locutus sum, dep. To speak out, utter, declare, tell. Umax, dcis, (emo). Eager to buy, fond of buying. E-mergo, ere, mersi, mersum. To emerge, come to light, rise in im- portance. Eminentia, ac, f. Eminence, ex- cellence. Emineo, ere, ui. To stand out, be prominent or conspicuous. E-milto, ere, mlsi, missum. To send forth or away ; let go. Emo, ere, emi, emptum. To buy, purchase. Emolumentum, i, n. Effort, exer tion ; gain, profit, advantage. Enim, conj. For, indeed. E-niteo, ere, nitui. To shine forth ; be distinguished. En.nius, ii, n. Ennius, a celebrated Roman poet, (120). Eo, adv. Thither; therefore; eo usque, so far, to such an extent. Eo, ire, w i or ii, itum. To go, walk, sail, ride, pass. 295. JZodem, adv. (idem). To the same place. Epaminondas, ae, m. Epaminondas, a celebrated Theban general (92, 5). EXCEDO] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 163 Ephesius, a, um. Ephesian, relating to Ephesus, of Ephesus, born at Ephesus, (9T). JSpigramma, atis, n. Inscription, epigram. 58, 2. Epirus, i, f. Epirus, a province in the north of Greece, (180). Ppistbla, ae, f. A letter, epistle. : Epulae, arum, f. pi. Food, banquet, feast. Epulor, dri, dtus sum, (epulae). To feast. Eques, itis, m. (equus). Horseman. PL cavalry. Equester, iris, tre, (eques). Eques- trian. Equidem, conj. Indeed, truly, by all means. Equitdtus, us, m. Cavalry. fiquus, i, m. Horse : ex equo, from a horse, on horseback. Eretria, ae, f. Eretria, an impor- tant city on the island of Euboea, (16). Erga, prep, with ace. Towards. Ergo, adv. Therefore ; as subs. abl. on account of, for, with gen. Erigo, ere, erexi, ereetum, (e, rego). To raise up, animate. Eripio, ere, eripui, ereptum, (e, ra- pio). To snatch or take away. Error, oris, m. Error, deception. Erudio, ire, ivi or ii, itum. To in- struct, refine, discipline. Erudltus, a, um, part, (erudio). Learned, instructed in. E-rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum. To break forth, rush forth. Eruo, ere, erui, erutum, (e, ruo). To root out, destroy. Esca, a,e, f. Food, bait. El. And, also; et et, both and. Et-$nim, conj. For, truly, because that, since. Etiam. Also, even. Etiam-si. Even if, although. Etiam-tum, conj. Even then, tiE then, still. Etruria, ae, f. Etruria, a country of Central Italy ; Tuscany, (190). Etruscus, i, m. An Etruscan, inha bitant of Etruria, (171). Et-si. Even if, although, though. Euboea, ae, f. Euboea, an island in the Aegean sea, (84). [(144). Euripides,is, m. An Athenian poet, Euphrates, is, m. A river in Asia, (24). Eurdpa, ae, f. The continent of Europe. Eurybiddes, i$, m. A king of Sparta, (219). E-vddo, ere, vdsi, vasum. To go out ; to turn out, become ; escape ; evade. E-venio, ire, veni, ventum. To come forth, happen; evenit, ut, it chanced, that. E-verto, ere, verti, versum. To pull down, overthrow. Evoco, are, avi, dtum, (e, voco). To call forth, summon. Evblo, are, avi, alum, (e, volo). To fly or flee away, hasten away. Ex, prep, with abl. From. See 4 or ex. Ex-adversum or ex-adversus, adv., and prep, with ace. Opposite, against. Ex-ammo, are, avi, dtum. To de- prive of life or spirit ; kill. Ex-ardesco, tre, arsi. To kindle, be inflamed ; break out, as war. Ex-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum. To retire, withdraw. 164: LATIN EEADEE. [EXCELLO Ex-cello, ere, cellui, celsum. To ele- vate ; excel, be eminent. Excelsus, a, urn, (excello). Lofty. Excidium, ii, n. Destruction, ruin. Exdpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, (ex, ca- pio). To take out, except. Ex-clto, are, avi, alum. To excite, arouse, awaken, strengthen. Excludo, ere, dmi, clusum, (ex, clau- do). To exclude, shut out, cut off. Ex-cogito, are, dvi, dtum. To devise, think out. Excutio, ere, cussi, cussum, (ex, qua- tio). To shake or throw off. Exemplum, i, n. "Example. Ex-eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum. To go from or forth. Exerceo, ere, cui, citum, (ex, arceo). To exercise, practise. Exercltus, us, m. (exerceo). Army, train. Ex-haurio, ire, hausi, haustum. To exhaust, impoverish. Ex-horresco, ere, horrui. To dread, to tremble at. Exigo, ere, egi, actum, (ex, ago). To drive out, expel ; finish, end ; demand. Exiguus, a, um. Small. Eximius, a, um. Excellent, choice, remarkable. Eximo, ere, emi, emptum, (ex, emo). To take away or from ; exempt ; rescue. Existimdtio, onis, f. (existimo). An opinion, judgment, supposition ; reputation. fixistimo, are, dvi, dtum, (ex, aesti- mo). To judge, think. ffxitivm, ii, n. (exeo). End, death, destruction. Ex-orior, orlri t ortus sum, dep., partly of 3d conj. To arise ; be derived from. 288, 2. Ex-orno, are, avi, alum. To adorn, beautify, embellish, furnish, equip. Exosus, a, um. Hating, hated, odious. Expedio, ire, ivi or ii, itum. To re- lease, extricate ; also to be expe- dient, or profitable. Expeditio, onis, f. (expedio). Expe- dition. Ex-pello, ere, puli, pulsum. To ex- pel, drive away, banish. Ex-peto, ere, ivi or ii, itum. To seek, request. Ex-pleo, ere, evi, Itum. To fil\ make full ; fulfil. Ex-plico, are, avi, atum. To unfold ; adjust; settle. Explorator, oris, m. Explorer, spy. Ex-pugno, are, avi, dtum. To take, conquer, storm. Ex-scindo, ere, scidi, scissum. To destroy. Ex-sculpo, ert, sculpsi, sculptum. To erase. Exsecrdbilis, e. Detestable. Exsequiae, drum, f. pi. Funeral. Ex-sequor, sequi, secutus sum. To prosecute, accomplish, finish ; per- form. Exsilium, ii, n. Banishment, exile. Exspectatio, onis, f. (exspecto). Ex- pectation, high hope. Ex-speclo, are, avi, dtum. To await, expect. Ex-stinguo, ere, stinxi, stinctum. To extinguish, destroy. Ex-struo, ere, struxi, strudum. To build, construct. Exsul, iilis, m. and f. An exile. Ex-templo, adv. Immediately. JFlDELIS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 165 Ex-torqueo, ere, torsi, tortum. To extort, obtain by force. Ex-traho, ere, traxi, tractum. To extract, draw out, remove ; rescue. Fabius, ii, m. Fabius, the name of a distinguished Roman family. Quintus Fabius Maximus, the celebrated Roman general who so successfully weakened Hanni- bal in the first Punic war, (175). Fabricius, ii, m. Fabricius, a dis- tinguished leader of the Romans in the war against Pyrrhus, (182). Fabula, ae, f. Report, narrative, fable, story, drama. Fades, ei, f. A face, appearance. Facile, ius, lime, adv. (facilis). Easily. Facilis, e, (facio). Easy. Facinus, oris, n. Deed, act ; wick- edness, crime. Facio, ere, fed, factum. To do, act, make, compose. Faciio, onis, f. Faction, party. Facultas, atis, f. Capacity, ability, resource, opportunity ',plur. riches, property, resources. Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum. To de- ceive, foil. Falsus, a, urn. False, spurious. Fama, ae, f, Fame, report. Fames, is, f. Hunger, famine. Familia, ae, f. Retinue of slaves, a family. Familiaritas, atis, f. Friendship, intimacy. Famula, ae, f. Female slave. Fannius, ii, m. Fannius, a Roman name, (43). Fanum, i, n. Temple. Fastis, is, m. A bundle, parcel. Fastidio, ire, \vi or ii, Hum. To loathe, despise, disdain. Fatalis, e, (fatum). Fated, fatal. Fatigo, are, avi, dtum. To oppress, trouble, weary, importune. Fatum, i, n. Fate, destiny, oracle Fauce, abl. f. ; plur. fauces, fauciwn. Throat, jaws. Faustulus, i, m. Faustulus, thfe shepherd who brought up Rom\> lus and Remus, (153). Faveo, ere, favi, fauium. To favor. Favor, oris, m. (faveo). Favor, kindness. Felicitas, atis, f. (felix). Felicity, success. Feliciter, ius, issime, adv. (felix). Happily, prosperously. Felis, is, f. Cat. Felix, ids. Happy, Femma, ae, f. Woman, female. Femur, oris, n. Thigh. Fera, ae, f. Wild beast. Ferax, acis. Fertile, fruitful, pro- ductive. Fere, adv. Almost. Ferine, adv. Almost. Ferio, Ire. To strike, beat. Fero, ferre, tuli, latum. To bear, endure ; raise ; say, tell ; propose, as law. 292. Ferox, oci$. Bold, warlike, savage. Ferrum, i, n. Iron, sword. Fcrtilis, e. Fertile, rich. Ferus, a, um. Wild, rude, cruel; ferus and f era (subs.), wild animal or beast. Fesms, a, um. Wearied, exhausted. Festlno, are, avi, dtum. To hasten. Festus, a, um. Festal ; festum (subs.), a festival, feast. Fidelis, e, (fides). Faithful, trusty. 166 LATIN BEADER. [FlDES Fides, ei, f. Fidelity, allegiance; protection, confidence, assurance ; infidem, under protection. Fido, ere, fisus sum. To trust, confide. Fiduda, ae, f. Trust, confidence. Filia, ae, f., dat. and abl. pLJUiabus. Daughter. 49, 4. Filius, ii, m. Son. Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum. To form, feign, represent. Finio, ire, ivi, Hum, (finis). To finish, put an end to. Finis, is, m. and f. Limit, end ; pi. territory. Finitimus, a, um. Neighboring ; subs, a neighbor. Jio, fieri, faclus sum, pass, of f ado. To be made ; become, happen. 294. Firme, adv. Firmly, resolutely. Firmitas, dtis, f. (firmus). Firmness, strength. Firmus, a, um. Strong, secure, firm. Flagitiosus, a, um. Infamous, aban- doned. Flagilium, ii, n. Disgrace, shame, base deed. Flagro, are, avi, aium. To burn, be carried on with zeal. Flaminius, ii, m. Flaminius, a Ro- man consul, defeated by Hannibal at the Lake Trasimenus, (190). Flamma, ae, f. Flame. Flecto, ere, Jlexi, Jlexum. To bend, turn. Jftctus, us, m. Weeping, tears. fflorens, entis, (floreo). Blooming, youthful, excellent. Floretis aetas, youth. Floresco, $re, florui, (floreo). To bloom, flourish, prosper ; excel. Flos, oris, m. Blossom, flower. Flumen, mis, n. Stream, river. Fluvius, ii, m. River. Foederdtus, a, um. Confederate, allied. Foedus, eris y n. League, alliance* treaty. Fons, oniis, m. Spring, fountain. For em, es, etc.=essem, es, etc., Might be ; fore=futurum esse. See 297, III. 2. Formo, are, avi, atum. To form, fashion, adjust. Fors,fortis, f. Chance ; abl. forte as adv., by chance, perchance. Forsilan, (fors, sit, an). Perhaps. Fortasse. Perhaps. Forte. See fors. Forlis, e. Brave, valiant. Fortlter, ius y issime, adv. (fortis). Bravely. Fortitiido, inis, f. (fortis). Forti- tude, bravery. Fortana, ae, f. Fortune. Forum, i, n. Market-place, forum. Fossa, ae, f. Ditch, trench. Frango, ere, fregi, fractum. To break. Fraler, Iris, m. Brother. Fraus, dis, f. Fraud, deceit. Frequenter, ius, issime, adv. Fre- quently, in great numbers. Fretus, a, um. Trusting, relying upon. Frucim, us, m. Fruit, produce. Frugalitas, atis, f. Frugality, In- tegrity. Frumentum, i, n. Corn, grain. Fruor, frui, fruttus and fructus sum, dep. To enjoy, Frustra, adv. In vain. \ Fuga, ae, f. Flight GRACCHUS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 167 Fugio, ere, fugi, fugltum. To fly, flee, avoid, shun. Fugo, are, dvi, alum. To rout, put to flight Fulgur, uris, n. Lightning, thun- derbolt. Fulguratio, onis, f. Lightning. Fulmen, mis, n. Lightning, thun- derbolt. Fundamentum, i, n. Foundation. Funditus, adv. Utterly, entirely. Fundo, ere, fudi, fusum. To pour out, shed, rout; also to make, cast. Funeslus, a, urn, (funus). Deadly, destructive ; mournful, sad. Fungor,fungi,functussum, dep. To discharge, perform, pay. Furcula, ae, f. Fork. Furculae Caudlnae ; see Caudlnus. Furius, ii, m. Furius, a Roman fa- mily name, as Marcus Furius Co- millus ; see Camillus. Furor, oris, m. Fury, madness. Furtum, i, n. Theft. Futtivus, a, um, part. (sum). Future. G. Galatia, ae, f. Galatia, a country of Asia Minor, (206). Gallia, ae, f. The ancient country of Gaul, (209). Gallicus, a, um, (Gallia). Gallic. Gallma, ae, f. Hen. Qallus, i, m. A cock. Gallus, i, m. (Gallia). A Gaul, a native of Gaul, (39, III.). 'Caudeo, ere, gavlsus sum. To re- joice, take pleasure in. 268, 3. Gaudium, ii, n. Joy, pleasure. Gemmus, a, um. Twin, double. Gemma, ae, f. Gem. Gener, eri, m. Son-in-law. Gcnero, are, dvi, dtum, (genus). To beget, create, produce. Geriitus, a, um, part, (gigno). Born, produced. Gens, gentis, f. Family, clan, tribe, nation, race. Ubinam gentium^ where in the world ? Genus, 8ris, n. Race, family, peo pie, kind. Germania, ae, f. Germany, (39, V.). Germanus, i, m. (Germania). A German, (30). Gero, ere, gessi, gestum. To bear, wear; carry on, perform; wage, as war. Gestio, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To de- sire, long for. Gigno, ere, genui, genitum. To bring forth, beget, produce. Glacidlis, e. Icy, freezing. Gladiator, oris, m. Gladiator, a fighter at the public games. Gladiatorius, a, um, (gladiator). Gladiatorial. Gladius, ii, m. Sword. Glisco, ere. To grow, spread ; rise. Gloria, ae, f. Glory. Glorior, dri, dtus sum, dep. To boast, exult, glory. Gracchus, i, m. Gracchus, a Ro- man name. Sempronius Grac- chus, the Roman general defeat- ed by Hannibal at the Trebia, (190). Gracchi, orum, m. pi. The Gracchi, members of the Gracchus family, but especially the two brothers, Tiberius Corne' lius Gracchus and Caius Corne- lius Gracchus, famous in the poli- tical history of Rome, (131). 168 LATIN READER. [GRADUS Q-radus, us, m. Step, position, stair. Graece, adv. (Graecus). In the Greek language, in Greek. Graecia, ae, f. Greece, (210). Graecus or Graius, a, um, (Grae- cia). Grecian. Subs. Graecus or Grain*, i t m. A Greek, (30, 8). Grammatica, ae, f. Grammar. Grammaticus, a, urn. Of or be- longing to grammar, grammatical. Grandis, e. Large, great. Grando, Inis, f. Hail. Gratia, ae, f. Favor, gratitude ; pi. thanks; gratia, abl. for the sake of. Gratiis or gratis, adv. For nothing, without pay. Gratulatio, onis, f. Gratulation, congratulation. (jfratus, a, um. Pleasing, accept- able j grateful. Gravis, e, Heavy, severe. Gravitas, dtis, f. (gravis). Weight ; dignity, gravity. Graviter, ius, issime, adv. (gravis). Heavily, severely. Gravo, are, avi, atum, (gravis). To burden, load. Grus, gruis, m. and f. Crane. Gubernator, oris, m. Pilot, ruler, governor. Guberno, are, avi, atum. To steer, pilot; direct, manage. Gylippus, i, m. Gylippus, a Spar- tan commander in the Sicilian expedition, (223). H. ffabeo, Sre, ui, Mum. To have ; re- gard ; keep. Sermonem habere, to hold a conversation. Habito, are, avi, atum, (habeo). To inhabit, live in, Swell in. 336, I. Habitus, us, m. (habeo). Habit, dress, attire. Hamilcar, aris, m. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, (186). Hamus, i, m. Fish-hook, hook. Hannibal, alls, m. Hannibal, tb& celebrated Carthaginian general hi the second Punic war, (189). Hanno, onis, m. Hanno, a Cartha- ginian general in the second Punic war, (195). Hasdrubal, alis, m. Hasdrubal, son of Hamilcar and brother of Hannibal, (192). Another of the same name was the brother-in-law of Hannibal, and the founder of New Carthage, in Spam. Hasta, ae, f. Spear. Hostile, is, n. Spear. Hastllis, e, (hasta). Belonging to a spear. Hand, adv. Not. Haurio, ire, hausi, haustum. To drink, draw out, exhaust. Hector, oris, m. Hector, son of Priam and Hecuba, the bravest of the Trojans, (146). Hedera, ae, f. Ivy. Hellespontus, i, m. Hellespont, the straits of the Dardanelles. Helvetii, drum, m. The Helvetians, a people of Gaul, (42). Hercules, is, m. Hercules, a cele- brated Grecian hero, deified after death. Heres, edis, m. and f. Heir, heir- ess. Herennius, ii, m. Herennius, the father of Pontius Thelesinus, who IcoJ LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 169 conquered the Romans at the Cau- dine Forks, (179). Herodotus, i, m. Herodotas, a cele- brated Grecian historian, (20). Heros, ois, m. Hero. Heu ! interj. Oh ! Ah ! Alas ! Hiberna, drum, n. (hibernus). Win- ter-quarters. Hie, haec, hoc. This, he, she, it. Hie, adv. Here, in this place. Hiems* emis, f. Storm, winter. Hiero, dnis, m. Hiero, king of Sy- racuse at the time of the first Pu- nic war, (185). Hierosolijma, ae, f. or drum, n. pi. Jerusalem, the capital of Judea, (206). {fine, adv. (hie). Hence, on this ac- count,^ on this side; hinc hlnc, on the one side on the other side. Hippias, ae, m. Hippias, son of Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, (97). Hispania, ae, f. Spain, (97). Hispdnus, a, um. Spanish ; subs. Hispdnus, i, m. A Spaniard, (194). Historia, ae, f. History. Jfodie, adv. To-day. Hoedus, i, m. A kid, young goat. ffomerus, i, m. Homer, the cele- brated Greek epic poet, (134). ffomo, inis, m. and f. Human being, man. Honestas, dtis, f. (honestus). Honor, honesty. Honeste, ius, issime, adv. (honestus). Honorably, nobly, honestly. [Tonestm, a, um, (honor). Full of honor, honorable, creditable, wor- thy, virtuous. Honor or honos, om, m. Honor, rank, dignity. Honorifice, centius, centistfime, adv. (honorificus). Honorably. 306. Hondro, are, avi, dtum, (honor). To honor, reverence. Hora, ae, f. Hour. Horreo, ere, horrui. To shuddei; shudder at, dread. Horatii, drum, m pi. See Curiatii ; also note on u Horatidrum et Cu~ riatidrum, (160). Horatius, ii, m. Sec Codes and Pulvillus. Hortensius, ii, m. Hortensius, a Roman name. Quintus Horten- sius Hortalus, a celebrated orator in the time of Cicero, (84, 91)., Hortor, ari, atus sum, dep. To exhort, incite. Hospita, ae, f. Guest. Hostia, ae, f. Victim. Hostilis, e, (hostis). Hostile. Hostilius, ii, m. Hostilius, a Roman name. Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome, (160). Caius Hostilius Manclnus, a Roman consul, (201). Hostis, is, m. and f. Enemy. Humanus, a, um, (homo). Human. Humilis, e. Humble, small, low. Humo, are, avi, alum. To bury. Hypanis, is, m. Hypanis, a river of Sarmatia, (85). I. Iberus, i, m. Iberus, a river of Spain, now the Ebro, (25). Ibi, adv. There, in that place. Ico, tire, id, ictum. To strike; make, ratify. 170 LATIN HEADER. [IDEM Idem, eadem, idem. The same sometimes best rendered by also. IdoneuSy a, um. Suitable, fit. Icfitur, conj. Therefore, accord- ingly- Ignavus, a, um. Slothful, indo- lent. Ignis, is, m. Fire. Jgnoro, are, dvi, atum. To be ig- ' norant of, not know. Ignosco, ere, igndvi, ignotum. To excuse, forgive, overlook. llienses, ium, m. Inhabitants of Ilium, Trojans, (146). JKium, ii, n. Ilium, or Troy, some- times applied to the city, and sometimes to the district, (236). llle, a, ud. That ; he, she, it. lllustris, e. Illustrious, famous. Ulustro, are, dvi, alum, (illustris). To enlighten, illumine, illustrate, celebrate. lllyricus, a, um, or Ulyrius, a, um. Illyrian, of or pertaining to Illy- ria, a country on the northeastern coast of the Adriatic, (245). Subs. Illyricus or Illyrius, i, m., an Illy- rian. Imago, inis, f. Imago, figure, pic- ture. Imbecillus, a, um, or imbecillis, e. Weak, feeble. Imbuo, ere, imbui, imbutum. To imbue, impress. 4 Imitatio, onis, f. Imitation. Jmitor, dri, dtus sum, dep. To imi- tate, copy, portray, counterfeit. &nmaturus, a, um, (in, maturus). Young, immature. Jmmemor, oris, (in, memor). Un- mindful, forgetful. fmmitto, $re, mlsi, missum, (m, mit- to). To send or let in ; let go ; bring forward. Immortalis, e, (in, mortalis). Im- mortal. Immortalitas, atis, f. (immortalis.) ImmortaHty. Immunitas, dtis, f. Immunity, ex- emption. Imo or immo, adv. Yes indeed, in- deed, by all means. Impatiens, entis, (in, patiens). Im- patient. Impatienter, ius, issime, adv. (impa- tiens). Impatiently. Impedimentum, i, n. (impedio). Im- pediment, obstacle; pi. bag- gage. Impedio, ire, Ivi or n, itum. To impede, embarrass; hinder, pre- vent. Impello, ere, pull, puhum, (in, pel- lo). To impel, induce. Impensa, ae, f. Expense, cost. Jmperdtor, oris, m. (impero). Com r mander, emperor. Imperltus, a, um, (in, peritus). Un- skilled, ignorant. Imperium, ii, n. (impero). Com- mand, power, rule, sway, reign. Impero, are, am, atum. To com- mand, rule, govern. 'ro, are, dvi, atum. To ac- complish, obtain. Impetus, us, m. Attack, fury. Impietas, dtis, f. (impius). Want of respect, irreverence, impiety. Impius, a, um, (in, pius). Unduti- ful, irreverent, impious, abandon- ed. Impdno, ere, posui, positum, (in, pono). To place or put in or to; enjoin; impose. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 171 Improbo, are, avi, dtum, (in, probo). To reject. Imprudenter, ius, isslme, adv. (im- prudens, imprudent). Imprudently. Impubes, Zris. Youthful, young. Impugno, are, avi, dtum, (in, pugno). To assail, attack. Impulsus, its, m. (impello). Instiga- tion. 'in, prep, with ace. or abl. Into, to, for, against, with, ace. ; in, on, with abl. Indnis, e. Empty, void ; vain, fool- ish, useless. Incendium, ii, n. (incendo). Fire, conflagration. Incendo, ere, cendi, censum. To set on fire, inflame, excite. In-certus, a, um. Uncertain. Incesso, ere, cesslvi or cessi. To at- tack. Inchoo, are, dvi, dtum. To begin, commence. Incido, Vre, cidi, cdsum, (in, cado). To fall into or upon, fall in with, happen. Incido, 8re, cidi, cisum, (in, caedo). To cut, destroy. Incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, (in, capio). To begin, undertake. Incitamentum, i. n. (incito). Incen- tive, inducement. Incitdtus, a, um, (incito). Running; equo incitdto, at full speed. In-cito, are, dvi, dtum. To incite, hasten, spur on ; inspire. In-clino, are, dvi, dtum. To incline, bend ; pass, to sink, go to ruin. Incola, ae, m. and f. (incolo). In- habitant. In-cblo, ere, colui, cultum. To dwell, abide in, inhabit. In-columis, e. Safe, uninjured. In-credibllis, e. Incredible. Incrementum, i, n. Growth, in- crease. Incursio, onis, f. (hicurro). Attack, inroad. Inde, adv. Thence, from tL place. Indecore, adv. Disgracefully. India, ae, f. India, an extensive country of Asia, (242). In-dlco, ere, dixi, dictum. To de- clare, publish, appoint. Indigeo, ere, indigui. To need; part, indigens, as adj. or subs, in- digent, an indigent person. Indignatio, onis, f. (indignor). Scorn, indignation. Indignor, ari, dtus sum, (indignus). To disdain, scorn ; be indignant. In-dignus, a, um. Unworthy, harsh, indecent. In-domitus, a, um. Unsubdued, in- vincible. In-dubitdtus, a, um. Undoubted, cer tain. Induciae, or indutiae, drum, f. pi. Truce. In-duco y 'ere, duxi, ductum. To in- duce, lead into, overlay, adorn with, gild. Indurdtus, a, um, (induro). Obdu- rate, hardened. In-duro, are, avi, dtum. To harden. Industria, ae, f. Industry. In-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To enter, go into ; gratiam inire, to obtain the favor of, conciliate. 295. Inermis, e, (in, arma). Unarmed. Infdmis, e. Infamous, notorious- In/am, antis, adj. Speechless, dumb ; subs, an infant. 172 LATIN KEADEK. [iNFKLDt In-felix, iris. Unhappy, unfortu- nate. Infensus, a, um. Exasperated, en- raged. Inferior, ius. Inferior. 163, 3. ln-fero,ferre, tali, illdtum. To carry against, wage against. 292, 2. Infesto, are, am, atum, (infestus). To infest, trouble. Infestus, a, um. Infested, trouble- some, hostile. In-finltus, a, um. Great, infinite, boundless, of unlimited power. In-flammo, are, dvi, atum. To set on fire, burn, inflame, arouse. Informis, e, (in, forma). Shapeless, deformed. In-frendo, ere, , fressum, fresum. To gnash with the teeth. Infringo, ere, fregi, fractum, (in, frango). To infringe, break. Infula, ae, f. Fillet, head-dress, badge of office. In-glmo, ere, ui. To groan, la- ment. Ingenium, ii, n. Character, genius, intellect, power. Ingens, entis. Great, mighty. Ingratiis or ingrdtis, ad^. Against one's will. In-gratus, a, um. Disagreeable, offensive, ungrateful. In-gredior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (in, gradior). To enter, encoun- ter. In-haereo, ere, haesi, haesum. To cleave or stick to, to stick fast, adhere. In-hio, are, dvi, atum. To gape, stand open ; desire, long for. Inhumanitas, dtis, f. (inhumanus). Barbarity, incivility, inhumanity. Inimlcus, a, um, (in, amlcus). Hos- tile ; subs, an enemy. Inlquus, a, um, (in, aequus). Un? favorable, unjust. Initium, ii, n. (ineo). Beginning; pi. sacred mysteries. Injicio, ere, jeci, jecium, (in, jacio). To throw in; cause; inspire with* Injuria, ae, f. Injury, wrong. Injuste, ius, issime, adv. (injustus). Unjustly. In-justus, a, um. Unjust, oppress- ive, severe. In-nocens, entis. Innocent. In-notesco, ere, notui. To become known. In-noxius, a, um. Harmless, inno- cent. In-numerabilis, e. Innumerable. In-opindtus, a, um. Sudden, unex- pected. Inquarn, defective. To say. See 297, II. 2. Insania, ae, f. Insanity, folly. Inscitia, ae, f. Ignorance. In-sequor, sequi, secutus sum. To fol- low, pursue. Insidiae, arum, f, pi. Ambush, treachery, plot. Insigne, is, n. Mark, sign; pL badges of office, insignia. Insignis, e. Distinguished, noted. In-simulo, are, dvi, atum. To blame, accuse, charge. In-sisto, ere, stiti, stitum. To per sist ; urge ; entreat. In-solens, entis. Unusual, insolent. Insolenter, ius, issime, adv. (ins<> lens). Insolently. Impccto, dre, dvi, atum. To look at, to look on. Inspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (in, spe INUTILJS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 173 cio). To consider, inspect, look on. Instauro, are, avi, atum. To renew. Jnstituo, ere, stitui, stitutum, (in, sta- tuo). To institute, establish. Institutum, i, n. (instituo). Habit, manner, custom, institution. In-sto, stare, stiti, stdtum. To stand in or upon a thing, be near to ; to urge, insist, beg earnestly. Instrumentum, i, n. (instruo). Im- plements, movables, goods. In-struo, ere, struxi, structum. To prepare, build, furnish with, equip. Insula, ae, f. Island. In-super. Moreover. In-taetus, a, urn. Unharmed. Integer, gra, grum. Whole, entire, unhurt ; just, impartial, neutral. Integritas, atis, f. (integer). Inte- grity, probity, honesty. Intelligentia, ae, f. (intelligo). Intel- ligence, discernment, understand- ing. Intelligo, ere, lexi, lectum. To un- derstand, perceive, know. Inter, prep, with ace. Between, among, in the midst of. Intercipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, (inter, capio). To catch ; intercept, take from. Intercludo, ere, clusi, clusum, (inter, claudo). To prevent, cut off. Tnter-dum, adv. Sometimes. Jnter-ea, adv. In the mean time. fnter-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To perish. 295. Inter-est, impers. It concerns, it is important. Interfector, oris, m. (interficio). Murderer. Interficio, ere, fed, fectum, (inter, facio). To kill, slay. Interim, adv. In the mean time, meanwhile. Interimo, ere, emi, emptum, (inter, emo). To deprive of, to kill. Interior, ins. Interior, inland. 166. Interitus, us, m. (intereo). Destruc- tion. Interjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, (inter, jacio). To place between; anno interjedo t at the expiration of a year. Internecio, onis, f. Slaughter. Inter-nuncius or internuntius, ii, m. Messenger. Interregnum^ i, n. An interreign, interregnum. In-territus, a, urn. Fearless, undis* mayed. Inter-rogo, are, avi, atum. To ask, question. Inter-rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum. To break down, interrupt. Inter-sero, ere, serui, sertum. To al- lege, interpose. Inter-sum, esse,fui. To be present at, take part in. Inter-venio, Ire, veni, ventum. To intervene, occur. Intestlnus, a, um. Intestine, civil. Intra, adv., and prep, with ace* Within. Intro, are, avi, alum. To enter. Intro-eo, ire, Ivior ii, Itum. To en ter. 295. In-tueor, tueri, tultus sum. To look at, observe. Intus, adv. Within. In-usitatus, a, um. Unusual, extra- ordinary. In-utilis, e. Useless. 174 LATIN EEADEE. [INVADO In-vado, 8re, volsi, vasum. To in- vade, seize. In-venio, Ire, veni, ventum. To find, invent, devise, meet with. Inventrix, ids, f. (inventor). In- ventress. In-vicem, adv. By turns, one an- other. In-victus, a, urn. Unconquered, in- vincible. In-video, ere, vldi, vlsum. To envy. Invidia, ae, f. Envy, hatred. Invlws, a, urn. Odious, hateful. Invlto, are, avi, atum. To invite, allure. Invitus, a, um. Unwilling. Ionia, ae, f. Ionia, a country in the western part of Asia Minor, (224). lones, um, m. pi. The lonians. Iphicrates, is, m. Iphicrates, a cele- brated Athenian general. He rose from an humble station to the highest offices of state, (49). Ipse, a, um. Self, himself, herself, itself. Ira, ae, f. Anger. Irascor, irasci, iratus sum, dep. To be angry, be in a rage. Iratus, a, um, (irascor). Enraged, angry, angered. Irreparabilis, e. Irrecoverable. Irrideo, ere, risi, rlsum, (in, rideo). To ridicule, laugh at, laugh. Irrlto, are, avi, atum. To provoke, irritate, incite. Jrrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, (in, rurnpo). To rush into, make an incursion into. Is, ea, id. He, she, it, that, such. Isocrates, is, m. Isocrates, a famous orator and teacher of rhetoric at Athens, (45). Iste, a, ud. That, such; sometimes used in contempt. Ister, tri, m. The river Danube. This name is applied to the lower part of the river, the upper part taking the name Danubius, (215). Ita, adv. Thus, so ; to such an ex- tent. Italia, ae, f. Italy, (180). Italicus or Italus, a, um. Italian; subs. Italus, i, m., an Italian, (148). Itd-que, adv. Therefore, and thus, accordingly. Iter, itineris, n. Way, march, route, road. Iterum, adv. Again, a second time. Jaceo, ere, ui, itum. To lie. Jacio, ere, jcci, jactum. To throw, hurl ; also, to lay, place, erect. Jaculum, i, n. (jacio). Dart, javelin. Jam, adv. Now, already. Janiculum, i, n. Janiculum, a hill on the west side of the Tiber, not one of the seven hills of Rome, though included within the wall built by Aurelian in the third century, (148). Jocus, i, m., also in the pi. joca, jo- corum. Joke, jest. 141. Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum. To order, direct. Jucundus, a, um. Pleasing, pleasant, delightful. Judaea, ae, f. Judea, (206). Judaeus, a, um. Jewish ; subs. Jif- daeus, i, m., a Jew, (206). Judcx, ids, m. and f. ( judlco). Judge, arbiter. LASSITUDO] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 175 Judicium, ii, n. (judex). Judgment, decision, trial. Judwo, are, dvi, atum. To judge. Jugum, i, n. Yoke. Julius, ii, m. See Caesar. Jungo, ere, junxi, jundum. To join, unite ; societdtem jungcre, to form a partnership. Junior, ius, (juvenis). Younger. 168, 4. Junius, ii, m. Junius, a Roman name ; as Caius Junius, consul and dictator, (20, 7). See Bruius. Jupiter, Jovis, m. Jupiter, king of the gods. 66, 3. Juro, are, dvi, atum. To take oath, swear. Jus, juris, n. Right, justice, autho- rity, control ; jure, with or by right, justly, properly. Justitia, ae, f. (Justus). Justice. Justus, a, um, (jus). Just. Juvenca, ae, f. Heifer, cow. Juvencus, i, m. A young bullock. Juvenis, e. Young ; subs, a youth. 168, 4. Juventus, utis, f. ( juvenis). Youth ; the period of youth. Juvo, are, juvi, jutum. To help, aid, assist, support. L. An abbreviation of Lucius. Labienus, i, m. Labienus, a Roman name. Titus Labienus, the legate of Caesar in Gaul, (56, 14). 'Labor, oris, m. Labor, work. Lab or o, are, dv'i, atum, (labor). To labor, strive, take pains ; toil ; suffer. Lac, lactis, n. Milk. Lacedaemon, onis, f. The city of Lacedaemon or Sparta, the capital of Laconia, (94). Lacedaemonius, a, um. Lacedaemo- nian or Spartan; subs. Lacedae- monius, ii, m., a Lacedaemonian or Spartan, (123). Lacesso, ere, wi or ii, itum. To ex- cite, assail, provoke. Laconia or Laconica, ae, f. Laco- nia, a country of the Peloponnesus, (222). Laco or Lacon, onis, m. A Laconian. Lacrima or lacrijma, ae, f. Tear. Lacrimo or lacrymo, are, dvi, atum, (lacrima). To weep, shed tears. Lacus, us, m. Lake. 117. Laelius, ii, in, Laelius, a Roman name. Caius Laelius, a celebrated Roman consul and augur, sur- named the Wise. He was the in- timate friend of Scipio Africanus the Younger, (65). Laetitia, ae, f. (laetus). Joy, glad- ness. Laetus, a, um. Glad, joyous, pleased. Laevinus, i, m. Laevinus, a Roman name. Publius Valerius Laevinus, a Roman consul, (180). Marcus Valerius Laevinus, also a Roman consul and a distinguished com- mander, (193). Laevus, a, um. Left, on the left hand. Lamachus, i, m. Lamachus, an Athenian general in the Sicilian expedition, (223). Lamia, ae, m. Lamia, a Roman surname, (71). Lanio, are, am, atum. To tear in pieces. Lassitudo, mis, f. Fatigue, weari- nesSo 176 LATIN HEADER. [LATSBR4 Latzbra, ae, f. Retreat, hiding-place, pretence. Latlne, adv. (Latmus). In Latin. Latinus, i, m. Latinus, an ancient king of the Laurentians in Italy, (149). Latium, ii, n. Latium, a country of Italy containing Rome, (167). Latinus, a, um, adj. Latin; subs. Latinus, i, m., an inhabitant of Latium, a Latin ; pi. the Latins, (161). Latro, onis, m. Robber. Latus, a, urn. Broad, wide. Latus, eris, n. Side. Laudabilis, e, (laudo). Praiseworthy, laudable. Laudo, are, aw, atum, (laus). To praise. Laurentia, ae, f. See Acca. Laus, laudis, f. Praise. Lavinia, ae, f. Lavinia, daughter of Latinus and wife of Aeneas, (149). Lavinium, ii, n. Lavinium, a town in Latium, a few miles south of Rome, founded by Aeneas, and named by him after his wife Lavi- nia, (149). Laxo, are, am, atum. To relax, loosen. Lectito, are, avi, atum, (lego). To read often, with eagerness, to read. OOO T O OOZi, 1. O. Jjectus, a, um, (lego). Choice, ex- cellent. Legaiio, onis, f. Legation, embassy. Legatus, i, m. Ambassador, lieuten- ant, messenger. Legio, onis, f. Legion, a body of soldiers. Lego, are, avi, atum^ (lex). To be- queathe as a legacy. Lego, ere, legi, lectum. To choose, elect ; read. Lentulus, i, m. Lentulus, a surname of a distinguished Roman family. Publms Cornelius Lentulus, a con- spirator with Catiline, (97, 15). Leo, onis, in. Lion. Leonidas, ae, in. Leonidas, a Spar- tan king who fell at Thermopylae, (124). Lepidus, i, m. Lepidus, one of the triumvirs with Octavianus and Antony, (83, 212). Lesbos or Lesbus, i, f. Lesbos, a celebrated island in the Aegean Sea, (49, 12). Letalis, e, (letum). Deadly, mortal Letum, i, n. Death. Leuctra, drum, n. pi. Leuctra, a small town in Boeotia, celebrated for the victory of Epaminondas over the Lacedaemonians, (229). Leudricus, a, um. Of or belonging to Leuctra ; Leuctrian, (230). Levis, e. Light, easy. Leviter, ius, issime, adv. (levis). Lightly, slightly, Lex, legis, f. Law, condition, terms. Liber, bri, m. Book. Liber, era, erum. Free. Liberi, 6rum, m. pi. Children. Libero, are, avi, atum, (liber). To liberate, free. Libertas, dtis, f. (liber). Liberty, freedom. Licet, impers. It is lawful, is per- mitted. Licet, conj. Although, though. lAcinius, ii, m. Licinius, a Roman name. Publius Licinius, a Roman consul and commander in the war with Perseus, (198). Marcus Li- MAGNIFICE] LATEST-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 177 ciniics Crassus, proconsul in the war of the gladiators, (204). lAgneus, a, um. Wooden, of wood. lAgures, um, m. pi. The Ligurians, inhabitants of Liguria in the west- ern part of Italy, (190). Lilybaeum, i, n. Lilybaeum, a pro- montory on the southwestern coast of Sicily, (188). Lis, litis, f. Strife, quarrel, lawsuit. Ifdterae, arum, f. pi. Letter, letters ; literature. 132. Litus, oris, n. Shore, sea-shore. Locupleto, are, avi, atum. To en- rich, make rich. Locus, i, m., pi. loci or loca, n. Place. 141. Longe, ius, issime, adv. (longus). Much, greatly, by far. Longinquus, a, um. Remote, dis- tant, long. Longitudo, inis, f. (longus). Length. Longus, a, um. Long. Loquor, loqui, locutus sum. To speak, converse. Lorica, ae, f. Coat-of-mail. Lucius, ii, m. Lucius, a name com- mon among the Romans ; as, Lu- cius Tarquinius Priscus, (162). Lucretius, ii, m. Lucretius, a Ro- man name. Spurius Lucretius, the colleague of Publicola in the consulship, (170). Lucrum, i, n. Gain, profit, advan- tage. IMCUS, i, m. Grove. Ludus, i, m. Game, play, sport, school. Lugeo, ere, luxi. To grieve, mourn, weep for. Lumen, mis, n. A light ; the eye. Luna, ae, f. Moon. Luo, tre, lui, luitum or lutum. To pay ; expiate, atone for. Lupa, ae, f. A she-wolf. Lupus, i, m. A wolf. Lustratio, onis, f. (lustro). Expi- atory sacrifice ; review attended with sacrifices. Lustro, are, avi, atum. To purify ? review. Lusus, us, m. Play, game; jest, sport, fun. Lutatius, ii, m. See Catnlus. Lux, lucis, f. Light, light of day. Luxuria, ae, f. Luxury, excess. Lycurgus, i, m. Lycurgus, the cele- brated law-giver of Sparta, (95). Lydia, ae, f. Lydia, a country in Asia Minor, (225). Lydus, a, um. Lydian, pertaining to Lydia ; subs, a Lydian, (33). Lysander, dri, m. Lysander, a ce- lebrated Spartan general, (225). M M. An abbreviation of Marcus. Macedonia, ae, f. Macedonia, Ma- cedon, a country north of Thes- saly, (193). Macedo, onis, m. A Macedonian, (230). Macedonicus, a, um, adj. Macedo- nian, (197). Magis, comp. adv. More. See thw superlative, maxime. Magister, tri, m. Master, leader, teacher. Magistra, ae, f. Instructress, teacher. Nagistratus, us, m. Magistracy, magistrate. Magnifice, centius, centissime, adv. (magnif icus). Magnificently, splen* didly. 306. 178 LATIN READER. [MAGNIFICENTER MagwjicenteY, nw, issime, adv.rr: magnifies. Magnificentia, ae, f. (magnificus). Magnificence, costliness. Magnificus, a, um ; comp. magnifi- centior, superl. magnificentissimus. Splendid ; stately ; high-minded, magnificent. 164. 'Magnitudo, inis, f. (magnus). Great- ness, size. Magnopere, adv. (magnus, opus). Greatly* earnestly. Magnus, a, um ; comp. major, su- perl. maximus. Great, large ; in comp. and superl. sometimes older, oldest, elder, eldest f ma- jor es, forefathers, ancestors ; ma- jor es natu, elders. 165. Magus, i, m. Generally plur. Magi, orum. A wise man, particularly among the Persians. ftfajestas, atis, f. Majesty, dignity. Major. See magnus. Male, comp. pejus, superl. pessime, adv. (malus). Badly, with ill success. 306. Male-dlco, ere, dixi, dictum. To speak evil of, revile, abuse, rail at. Maleficus, a, um, (male, facio.) Evil-doing, vicious, wicked, hurt- ful. 164. Malo, malle, malui, irregular. To prefer. 293. Malum, i, n. Misfortune, evil. ftfalus, a, um ; comp. pejor, superl. pessimus. Bad, poor, wicked. 165. Mancinus, i, m. Mancinus, a Ro- man consul in the war with the Numantians, (201). Mando, are, avi, atum. To bid, en- johi, intrust. Maneo, ere, mansi, mansum. To remain. Manifesto, are, avi, atum. To show, manifest. Manius, ii, m. Manius, a Roman name ; as, Manius Manlius. Manlius, ii, m, Manlius, a Roman name. Manius Manlius, a Roman consul in the third Punic war, (199). Titus Manlius, a Roman youth, surnamed Torquatus for his achievements hi the Gallic war, (177). MantinM,, ae, f. A city of Arcadia, in the Peloponnesus, (142). Manumitto, ere, mlsi, missum, (ma- nus, mitto). To release from one's power, emancipate, make free. Manus, us, f. Hand ; force. Marathon, dnis, m. Marathon, a town and plain in Attica, cele- brated for the victory of Miltiadeb over the Persians, (216). Marathonim, a, um. Marathoniao ; of or belonging to Marathon, (97). Marcius, ii, m. Marcius, a Roman name. See Ancus, Censorinus. Marcellus, i, m. Roman gen'l, (193). Marcus, i, m. Marcus, a Roman name, (186). Mardonius, ii, m. Mardonius, a Per- sian general, defeated by Pausa- nias in the battle of Plataea, (221). Mare, is, n. Sea. Marinus, a, um, (mare). Marine, of the sea, from or by the sea. Marius, ii, m. Marius, a Roman name. Caius Marius, a distin- guished Roman general, the con- queror of Jugurtha, and leader in the civil war against Sulla. He was consul geven times, (202). ME us] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 179 Mars, Martis, m. Mars, the god of war; sometimes put for war it- self, (152, 226). Massa, ae, f. Mass, lump. Mater, iris, f. Mother. Materia, ae, f., or materies, Ii, f. Material. Matricidium, ii, n. Matricide. Matrimonium, ii, n. Marriage. Matrona, ae, f. Matron. Maximc, adv. Especially, in the highest degree. See magis. Maxlmus, a, urn ; superlative of magnus. Greatest. Maximus, i, m. Maximus, a Roman surname ; as, Quintus Fabius Max- imus, the famous dictator in the second Punic war, (175). Medicus, i, m. Physician. Medius, a, um. Middle, midst of, middle of. 440, note 1. Medius, ii, m. Medius, a Thessalian, friend of Alexander the Great, (243). Medu*, a,um. Median, Assyrian,(53). Mehercule, adv. By Hercules, truly, indeed. Mel, nielli's, n. Honey. Melior, ius. Better. See bonus. Membrum, i, n. Member, limb. Memmi, isti, defect. To remember. 297. Memor, oris. Mindful, endowed with memory, remembering read- ily, remembering. Memorabilia, e. Memorable. Memoria, ae, f. Memory, recol- lection. Memphis, is, f. Memphis, a city of Egypt, (239). Menander, dri, m. Menander, a Roman name, (67). I Mendacium, ii, n. Untruth, false- hood, lie. Menenius, ii, m. See Agrippa. Mens, mentis, f. Mind, reason. Mensis, is, m. Month. Mentio, onis, f. Mention. Mentior, iri, itus sum, dep. To speak, falsely, lie, cheat, deceive. Merces, edis, f. (mereo). Reward, price, wages. Mercor, ari, atus sum, dep. To trade, buy, purchase. Mercurius, ii, m. Mercury, the son of Jupiter and Maia, the god of eloquence, and the messenger of the gods, (19). Mereo, ere, ui, itum. To deserve, merit. Mereor, eri, itus sum, dep. To de- serve, earn, merit. Mergo, ere, mersi, mersum. To merge, sink ; destroy. Merito, adv. (meritum). With good reason, with reason, deserv- edly. Meritum, i, n. Reward, merit. Merum, i, n. Wine, pure wine. Mesopotamia, ae, f. Mesopotamia, a country of Asia, between the Eu- phrates and Tigris, (24, 10). Metallum, i, n. Metal, mine. Metellus, i, m. Metellus, a Roman name ; as, Metellus Plus, (138). Metior, iri, mensus sum, dep. To measure, estimate. Metius, ii, m. See Suffetius. Meto, ere, messui, messum. To reap^ mow. Metuo, ere, ui. To fear. Mctus, us, m. Fear, dread. Meus, a, um, voc. sing. masc. mi. My, mine. 185. 180 LATE* READER. [MlGRO Miaro, are, avi, dtum. To migrate, remove. Miles, ttis, m. Soldier, soldiery. Militaris, e, (miles). Military. Militia, ae, f. (miles). Warfare, mi- litary service, military affairs. Millto, are, am, atum, (miles). To serve as a soldier, to serve. Mille, subs, and adj. Thousand ; millia, subs., a thousand, a thou- sand men. Milliarium, ii, n. Milestone, mile. Miltiades, is, m. Miltiades, a cele- brated Athenian general, con- queror at Marathon, (39, IV.) Minerva, ae, f. Goddess of wisdom, (22). Minime, adv. Least. See parum. Minimus, a, urn, (parvus). Smallest, least. Minitor, ari, atus sum, dep. To threaten, menace. Minor, oris. See Armenia. Minor, us, (parvus). Smaller, less. Minuo, ere, ui, utum. To lessen, diminish. Minus, adv. Less. See parum. Mirabilis, e, (miror). Wonderful. Mirificus, a, um, (mirus, facio). Causing wonder, wonderful, mar- vellous. Miror, ari, atus sum, dep. To won- der, admire. Mirus, a, um. Wonderful, sur- prising. Miser, era, erum. Unfortunate, un- happy, worthless, miserable, sad. Misereo, ere, ui, itum. To pity ; of- ten impersonal ; miseret me, I pity. Misereor, eri, miserlus or miseritus sum, dep. To pity. Miseria, ae, f. (miser). Misery, affliction. Misericordia, ae, f. Compassion. Mithridates, is, m. Mithridates, a celebrated king of Pontus, (202). Mithridaticus, a, um. Mithridatic ; of or belonging to Mithridates, (202). Mitis, e. Mild, gentle, placid. Mitto, ere, misi, missum. To send Moderate, ius, issime, adv. (modera- tus). With moderation. Moderatio, onis, f. Moderation, self- control. Moderatus, a, um. Discreet, mod- erate. Modius (or um, n.), ii, m. Measure, a little more than a peck. Modo, adv. Now, only, but, pro vided that ; modo modo, some- times sometimes. Modus, i, m. Manner, measure, limits. Moenia, ium, n. pi. Walls of a city, city. Moles, is, f. Mole, dam. Molestus, a, um. Unwelcome, irk, some, oppressive, troublesome, painful. Molitio, Gnis, f. Undertaking, pre- paration. Mollio, ire, ivi or ii, Itum. To soften. Momentum, i, n. Weight, mflu ence. Moneo, ere, ui, itum. To advist warn, admonish. Moiiitus, us, m. (moneo). Advice. Mons, montis, m. Mountain, mount. Monstro, are, am, alum. To show. Mora, ae, f. Delay. Morbus, i, m. Disease- NATO] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 181 Morior, Iri or i, mortuus sum, dep. To die. 283. Moror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (mora). To delay, tarry. Mors, mortis, f. Death. Morsus, us, m. Bite. Mortalis, e. Mortal, deadly ; subs. mortal, man. Mortifer, era, erum, (mors and fero). Deadly, mortal. Mos, mom, m. Custom, manner; pi. character, morals. Motus, us, m. Motion ; commotion, revolt. Mbveo, ere, mom, motum. To move, excite. Mox, adv. Presently, soon. Mucius, ii, m. Mucius, a Roman name. Mucius Scaevola, a Roman youth who attempted to assassi- nate Porsena, (172). Mucro, onis, m. Point of sword, sword. Huliebris, e, (mulier). Belonging to women, womanly, woman's. Mulier, eris, f. Woman. Multitado, mis, f. (multus). Mul- titude. Multo, are, am, dtum. To punish, deprive of by way of punishment ; to fine. Multo, adv. (multus). By far, much. Mullus, a, um ; comp. plus, n., su- perl. plurimus. Much, many. 165. Mundus, i, m. World, universe. Munia, ium, n. pi. Duties, func- tions of office. Munificentia, ae, f. Munificence, be- neficence. Munimentum, i, n. Fortification, defence, covering. p ilo, ire, 1m or ii, Hum. To for- tify, defsnd. Munitio, onis, f. Fortification, rampart. Munitus, a, .um, part, (munio). Fortified. Munus, eris, n. Reward, present; service, office. Munychia, ae, f. The Athenian harbor Munychia and the hill which rises above it, (228). Murus, i, m. Wall. Mus, muris, m. Mouse. Mutatio, onis, f. (muto). Change. Muto, are, dvi, dtum. To change, alter. Muiuus, a, um. Mutual. Mycale, es, f. Mycale, a high pro- montory or mountain of Ionia, in Asia Minor, (221). Myndii, orum, m. pi. Myndians, in- habitants of Myndus, (135). Myndus or os, i, f. Myndus, a city of Caria, in Asia Minor, now Men* des, (135). Nam, conj. For. Nam-que, conj. For, but. Nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, d#p. To obtain, take advantage of. Narro, are, dvi, dtum. To relate v narrate. Nascor, nasci, natus sum, dep. TG be born, be produced, to arise. Natalis, e, (nascor). Of or belong* ing to one's birth, natal; natdlie dies, birth-day. Natio, onis, f. Nation, people. Natu, defective, abl. sing, (nascor). By birth, in age : maximus natu, eldest. 134. 182 LATIN READER. [NATURA Nattira. ae, f. Nature, creation. Natus, a, um, part, (nascor). Born, having been born. Naturdlis, e, (natura). Natural. Naufwyrium, ii, JL. (navls ? frango). Shipwreck. Nauims,. ii, m. Nautius, a Roman name ; as, Caius Nautius, tc 3 con- sul, (19, 11). Navalis, e, (navis). Naval. Navigatio, onis, f. Navigation, sail- ing. Navigo, are, avi, atum. To sail, sail upon, navigate. Navis, is, f. Ship. Ne, adv., and conj. used with im- perative and subj. Not, that not, lest ; after verbs of fearing, that, lest; nequidem, or ne quidem, not even. Ne, iiiterrog. particle. 351, 1. Nee or neque, adv. and conj. Nei- ther, nor ; and not, not ; nee nee, neque neque, neither nor. Necessarius, a, um. Necessary. Necesse, adj. neut. used chiefly in this form. Necessary, inevitable. Neco, are, avi, atum. To slay, kill. Negligens, entix, (negligo). Negli- gent, neglectful. Negligo, ere, lexi, lectum. To neg lect, disregard. Nego, are, avi, atum. To deny, re- fuse. ffegotium, ii, n. Business, diffi- culty ; undertaking, work, enter- prise. Nemo, (mis, gen. not in good use). No one, nobody. Nepos, otis, m. Grandson. Neptunus, i, m. Neptune, the god of the sea, (155). Neque. See Nee. Nequeo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, irreg. like eo. To be unable, not to be able. 296. Nequidem. See Ne. Nequis or ne quis, qua, quod, of quid. That no one. Nervii, drum, m. Nervians, a peoplQ ofBelgicGaul, (28). Nescio, ire, ivi or ii, Hum, (ne, scio). To be ignorant, not to know. Nescius, a, um, (nescio). Ignorant, unknown. Nicias, ae, m. Nicias, an Athenian statesman and general, (223). Nicomedes, is, m. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, (43). Niger, gra, grum. Dark, black, dusky. Nigrans, antis. Black, dusky. Nihil, n. indec. Nothing ; adv. not, in nothing. 128. Niliilum, i, n. Nothing. Nilus, i, m. The river Nile in Egypt, (211). Nimis, adv. Exceedingly, too much. Nimius, a, um. Excessive, too much, too great. Nisi, conj. Unless, if not, except. Niteo, nitere, nitui, (nix). To shine, glitter, glisten. Nitor, niti, nisus or nixus sum, dep. To strive, attempt; to depend or rely upon. Nix, nivis, f. Snow. Nobilis, e. Noble, famous. Nobilitas, atis, f. (nobilis). Fame, nobleness ; nobility, nobles. Nobilito, are, avi, atum, (nobilis). To render famous ; to ennoble ; improve. LATHS-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 183 Noceo, ere, ui, ilum. To hurt, harm, injure. Noctu, abl. By night. Nocturnus, a, urn. Nocturnal, oc- curring at night. Nolo, nolle, nolui, irreg. To be un- willing. 293. Nomen, inis, n. Name. Nomino, are, avi, atum, (nomen). To name, call. Non, adv. Not ; nonnisi, only. Nonagesimus, a, urn. Ninetieth. Nonaginta, indec. Ninety. Non-dum, adv. Not yet. Nonne, interrog. particle. Whether, expecting answer yes. 351, 1. Nonnullus, a, urn, (declined like nullus). Some. Nonus, a, um. Ninth. Nosco, ere, novi, notum. To know, understand, learn. Noster, tra, trum. pron. Our. Notitia, ae, f. (notus). Celebrity, note; acquaintance, knowledge. Notus, a, um. part, (nosco). Known. Novem, indecl. Nine. Noverca, ae, f. Step-mother. Novo, are, avi, dtum, (novus). To renew, change; revolutionize. Novus, a, um. New; novae res, revolution. Nox, noctis, f. Night. Nubes, is, f. Cloud. Nubo, ere, nupsi, nuptum. To veil one's self, to marry, applied to the bride as she was covered with a veil. ffudus, a, um. Naked, uncovered, destitute of. Nullus, a, um. No one, no. 151. Num, interrog. particle. Whether, used both in direct and in indirect questions. See 351, 1. Numa, ae, m. Numa.JVwma Pom- pilius, the second king of Rome, (159). Numantia, ae, f. Numantia, a city of Spain, (201). Numantlni, drum, m. pi. Numan- tians, the inhabitants of Numan- tia, (201). Numen, inis, n. A god, deity. Numero, are, avi, atum, (numerus). To count, reckon, number. Numerus, i, m. Number, quan- tity. Numida, ae, m. A Numidian, in' habitant of Numidia in Africa, (48). Numltor, oris, m. Numitor, a king of Alba, grandfather of Romulus and Remus, (154). Nummus, i, m. Money, a piece of money, a coin. Nunc. Now. Nuncupo, are, avi, atum. To call, name. Nunquam. Never. Nuntio (or do), are, avi, atum, (nun- tius). To announce, relate. Nuntius, ii, m. Message, news, mes- senger. Nuptiae, arum, f. pi. Marriage, nuptials. Nutrio, ire, Ivi or ii, Hum. To nourish, support. Nutrix, ids, f. Nurse. Nympha, ae, f. Nymph, spouse. Nysa, ae, f. Nysa, a city in India, (242). 184 LATIN KEADEK. [0 0. 0, interi. 0! Ob, prep, with ace. On account of, for. Ob-duco, ere, duxi, ductum. To draw over, overspread, cover. Obedio, ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To obey, serve ; be subject to. Ob-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum. To meet ; die. 295. Objecto, are, dvi, dtum, (objicio). To expose, set forth; endanger. 336, I. Objicio, ere, jcci, jectum, (ob, jacio). To expose, offer, present. Oblecto, are, dvi, alum. To delight, divert, please. Ob-ligo, are, dvi, dtum. To bind, oblige, put under obligation. Oblitus, a, um, part, (obliviscor). Having forgotten, forgetful. Oblivio, onis, f. (obliviscor). For- ge tfulness, oblivion. Obliviscor, oblivisci, oblltus sum, dep. To forget. Ob-ruo, ere, rui, rutum. To destroy, overwhelm. Obscurw, a, um. Obscure, hidden ; mean. Obsecro, are, avi, dtum, (ob, sacro). To beseech, implore. Obses, idis, m. and f. Hostage. Obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, (ob, se- deo). To besiege, invest. Obsidio, onis, f. (obsideo). Siege, blockade. Ob-sum, obesse, obfui. To be hurt- ful, be injurious, to injure. Ob-sto, stare, stiti^ stdlum. To op- pose, prevent. Obtemperatio, onis, f. Submission, obedience. Ob-tero, ere, trlvi, trltum. To crush, wear down. Obtineo, ere, tinui, tentum, (ob, teneo). To obtain, hold, prevail. Obtingo, ere, tigi, tactum, (ob, tan- go). To befall, happen to. Ob-trunco, are, dvi, dtum. To slaugh- ter. Occaeco, are, dvi, dtum, (ob, caeco), To darken, obscure, blind, dazzle. Occasio, onis, f. Opportunity, oc- casion. Occdsus, us, m. The setting of the heavenly bodies; setting, even- ing; the west. Oc-cido, ere, cidi, cdsum, (ob, cado). To fall down, fall ; to set ; to perish, die, be ruined. Occldo, ere, cldi, clsum, (ob, caedo). To kill, slay. Occulte, ius, issime, adv. (occultus). In secret, secretly. Occultus, a, um. Secret, hidden; reserved, dissembling. Occupo, are, dvi, alum. To occupy, take possession of. Occurro, ere, curri (cucurri), cur- sum, (ob, currq). To meet, at- tack. 272, 1. Ocednus, i, m. Ocean. Octavidnus, i, m. (Caesar). Octa- vianus, the first Roman emperor usually called Augustus after his victory at Actium, (213). Octdvus, a, um, (octo). Eighth. Octingenti, ae, a. Eight hundred. Octo, indecl. Eight. Octogeslmus, a, um. The eightieth. Octoginta, indec. (octo). Eighty. Ociilus, i, m. Eye. ORESTES] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 185 Odi, odisse, defect. To hate; dis- like. 297. Odium, ii, n. Hatred, enmity. Oenomaus, i, m. Oenomaus, a cele- brated gladiator, (204). Offendo, ere, fendi, fensum. To offend, injure. Offensus, a, um t (offendo). Offend- ed, hostile. Offero, ferre, obtuli, obldtum, (ob, fero). To offer, show ; se offerre, to present one's self, to offer one's self, sometimes as an antago- nist, to oppose ; expose one's self. Officium, ii, n. Office, duty, kind- ness, kind office. Olim, adv. Formerly. Olympidcus, Olympicus or Olym- pius, a, um. Olympic, (134). Olynthus, i, f. Olynthus, a city of Thrace. Olynthii, drum, m. pi. The Olyn- thians, (231). Omen, inis, n. Omen, sign. Omitto, ere, mlsi, missum, (ob, mit- to). To let go, omit, neglect, dis- regard. Omnis, e. All, every, whole. Oneraria, ae, f, (onus). Ship of burden. Onero, are, am, atum, (onus). To burden, load, oppress. Onustus, a, um, (onus). Laden, full of. Opera, ae, f. Pains, work, labor; care, attention ; means. Opimus, a, um. Rich, fertile. Oportet, impers. It behooves, one ought. 299. Opperior, opperlri, oppertus or op- perltus sum, dep. To wait for, uwait. Oppidanus^ a, um, (oppidum). In- habitant of a town, citizen. Oppidum, i, n. Town, city. Opportunitas, atis, f. (opportunus). Opportunity, fitness. Opportunus, a, um. Suitable, fit. Opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, (ob, premo). To put down, defeat, overcome ; suppress ; oppress. Oppugno, are, am, atum, (ob, pug- no). To attack, storm, take by storm. ( Op s \ op, f-> nom. sing, not used. Power, resources, wealth, force, aid. Optabllis, e, (opto). Wished for, desirable. Optlmus, a, um, superl. (bonus). Best, most excellent. Optio, dnis, f. Choice, option. Opto, are, am, atum. To wish, de- sire; ask. Opulens, entis, or opulentus, a, um, adj. Wealthy, rich. Opus, eris, n. Work. Opus, nom. and accus. Need, ne- cessary thing, necessary. Ora, ae, f. The shore, coast. Oraculum, i, n. Response, ora- cle. Oratio, onis, f. (oro). Oration, speech, language. Orator, oris, m. (oro). Orator, mes- senger. Orbis, is, m. Circle, world; orbis terrarum, the world. Ordlno, are, am, atum, (ordo). To arrange, establish. Ordo, inis, m. Row, rank, order; bank as of oars ; extra ordmem, out of the common course. Orestes, is, and ae, m. Orestes, SOD 186 LATIN READER. [OKI ENS of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, (43). Oriens, entis, (orior). Rising; the morning, the east, the countries of the east, the Orient, (213). Origo, mis, f. Origin, source. Orior, oriri, ortus sum, dep. To rise, appear, dawn. 288, 2. Ornamentum, i, n. Equipage, or- nament, jewel. Orno, are, avi, atum. To adorn, equip. Oro, are, avi, atum. To beg, ask, Ortus, us, m. (orior). A rising; place of rising, the east; birth; beginning. Os, ossis, n. Bone. Oscular, art, atus sum. To kiss. Ostendo, &re, di, sum or turn. To show. Ostentum, i, n. (ostendo). Prodigy. Ostia, ae, f. Ostia, a town at the mouth of the Tiber, (161). Ostium, ii, n. Mouth, door. Otium, ii, n. Leisure, rest, ease, idleness. Ovis, is, f. Sheep. Ovum, i, n. Egg. P. P. An abbreviation of Publius. Paco, are, ave, atum (pax). To sub- due. Pactum, i, n. Bargain, contract; abl. pacto, way, manner. Padus, i, m. River Po in Italy, (55). Paene, adv. Almost. Paenitet, ere, paenituit, impers. It causes regret; paenitet me, it causes me to repent, I repent, am sorry for, regret. Palam, adv. Openly. Palatium, ii, n. Palace. Pallium, ii, n. Cloak, coat, gar- ment. Pango, ere, pepigi, pactum. To con tract, ratify. Papirius, ii, n. See Cursor. Par, paris, adj. Equal, a match for competent for. Paratus, a, um, (paro). Prepared, ready. Parco, ere, peperci or parsi, par- sum. To spare. Parens, entis, m. and f. Parent. Parento, are, avi, atum, (parens). To sacrifice hi honor of parents or friends. Pareo, ere, ui, itum. To obey, be subject to. Pario, ere, peperi, partum. To bear, bring forth, produce, lay, accomplish, procure. Paro, are, avi, atum. To prepare, equip. Pars, partis, f. Part, portion ; party. Parsimonia, ae, f. Frugality, par- simony. Particeps, participis, (pars, capio). Sharing, partaking, participant. Partim. Partly, in part ; partim partim, some others, either- or. Partior, iri, Itus sum, dep. To dt vide, share. Parum, comp. minus, superl. m nime, adv. Too little, little, not enough. 306. Parvus, a, um, comp. minor, su- perl. minimus. Small, little, un- important. Pasco, ere, pdvi, pastum. To feed, graze. PERDUCO] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 187 Pascor, pasd, pastus sum, dep. To feed, graze, graze upon. Passer, eris, m. Sparrow. Passus, us, m. Pace ; mille passus, a mile. Pastor, oris, m. (pasco). Shepherd. Patefacio, ere, fed, factum, (pateo, facio). To disclose, lay open, open. 'Pateo, ere, ui. To lie open, be ex- posed. Pater, iris, m. Father, sometimes senator. Paternus, a, um, (pater). Paternal. Patior, pati, passus sum, dep. To permit, keep, endure. Patria, ae, f. Country, native country. Patrimonium, ii, n. Estate, patri- mony. Patrius, a, um, (pater). Fatherly. Patruus, i, m. Uncle by the father's side, paternal uncle. Pauci, ae, a. Few. Paulatim, adv. By degrees, grad- ually. Paulus or Paullus, i, m. Paulus, a surname in the Aemilian gens or tribe. Lucius Aemilius Paulus, the name of two Roman consuls, one of whom fell in the battle of Cannae, (191); the other conquer- ed Perseus at Pydna, (198). Paulo, adv. (paulus). A little, by a little. paulus, a, um. Little, small. Pauper, eris. Poor, without means ; scanty, meagre. Pausanias, ae, m. Pausanias, the leader of the Spartans in the bat- tle of Plataea, (221). . Pax, pads, f. Peace. Pectus, oris, n. Breast. Pecunia, ae, f. Money, sum of money. Pecus, oris, n. Flock, herd, cattle. Pedes, itis, m. Foot-soldier ; plur. infantry. Pedester, iris, ire. Pedestrian, on foot, on land ; pedestres copia^ infantry forces. Pellido, ere, lexi, lectum. To allure, cajole. Pellis, is, f. Skin, hide. Pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum. To drive. Pelopidas, ae, m. Pelopidas, a celebrated Theban general, (230). Penarius, a, um. Of or for provi- sions ; cella penaria, granary. Pendeo, ere, pependi. To hang, be suspended. Penetro, are, avi, atum. To pen- etrate. Penitus, adv. Inwardly; fully, en- tirely. Per, prep, with ace. Through, by, during. Per-curro, ere, percucurri or per- curri, cursum. To run through, pass over. Percussor, oris, m. Assassin, mur- derer. Perdiccas or Perdicca, ae, m. Per- diccas, one of the most distin- guished generals of Alexander the Great, (97). Perditus, a, um, (perdo). Lost, abandoned, desperate. Per-do, ere, didi, ditum. To destroy^, waste, lose. Per-daco, ere, duxi, dudum. To conduct, bring to, to extend, build, make. 188 LATIN HEADER. Perennis, e, (per, annus). Continual, perpetual. Per-eo, ire, im or ii, itum. To per- ish. 295. Per-exiguus, a, urn. Very small, very little. Per-fero, ferre, tali, latum. To carry through ; bear ; suffer. Perfidia, ae, f. Perfidy. Pergo, ere, rexi, rectum, (per, rego). To go on or to, persevere. Pericles, is, m. Pericles, a cele- brated Athenian orator and states- man, (222). Periculosus, a, urn, (periculum). Dangerous. Periculum, i, n. Danger, peril. Perllus, a, um. Skilled in, skilful. Per-magnus, a, um. Very great. Per-mitto, ere, misi, missum. To send ; grant, permit ; permittitur, impers., it is permitted. Per-multus, a, um. Very much, very many. Permutatio, onis, f. Exchange, barter. Per-paucus, a, um. Few, very few. Per-petro. arc, avi, atum. To finish, achieve. Perpetuo, adv. (perpetuus). Con- stantly, ever. Perpetuus* a, um. Perpetual, con- stant. Persa, ae. or Perses, ae, m. A Per- sian, (44, II. ; 126). Per-scquor, sequi, seciitus sum, dep. To follow, pursue, carry on, pro- secute. Perseus, i, or Perses, ae, m. Per- seus or Perses, the last king of Macedonia, (198). Persevero, are, avi, atum. To per severe, persist. Persicus, a, um. Persian, (50, 13)b Persona, ae, f. Part, character, person. Perspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (peij specio). To perceive. Per-stringo, ere, strinxi, strictum, To graze, wound slightly. Per-suadeo, ere, suasi, suasum. To persuade. Per-tcrreo, ere, ui, itum. To terrify greatly. Pertineo, Ire, tinui, (per, teneo). To pertain to, tend. Per-turbo, are, avi, atum. To dis turb, throw into confusion, route, embarrass. Per-ufdh, e. Very useful. Per-venio, ire, veni, ventum. To reach, come to. Perverse, adv. Perversely, wrongly. Pes, pedis, m. Foot. Peto, ere, ivi or ii, itum. To seek, ask ; aim at ; attack. Phaethon, ontis, m. Phaethon, fa- bled son of Helios the sun, (71). Phalerae, arum, f. pi. Trappings, ornaments for horses. Phalerum, i, n. Phalerum, the % oldest harbor of Athens ; often called Phalericus portus. Pharnaces, is, m. Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, (205). Pharscdus, i, f. Pharsalus, a city in Thessaly, where Pompey was de- feated by Caesar, (210). The dis- trict was called Pharsalia. Philippi, drum, m. pi. Philippi, a city in Macedonia, (213). Philippus, i, m. Philip, the name of several Macedonian kings, the POMPEIANUS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 189 most celebrated of whom was the father of Alexander the Great, (140, 230). Philosophic, ae, f. Philosophy. Philosophus, i, m. Philosopher. Phyle, es, f. Phyle, a castle in At- tica, (228). Picenum, i, n. Picenum, a district in the eastern part of Italy. Piclnw, a, um, (Picenum). Of or belonging to Picenum, Picene, (23, 19). Pietas, dtis, f. Dutiful conduct, sense of duty ; affection ; loyalty ; piety. Piget, ere, piguit or pigltum est, im- pers. It irks, grieves, displeases. 299. Pingo, ere, pinx'i, pictum. To paint, depict. Piraeus, or Piraeeus, i, m. The Piraeus, the celebrated port of Athens, (228). Pirdta, ae, m. Pirate. Piscis, is, m. A fish. Pius, i, m. See Metellus Pius, (138). Placeo, ere, ui, itum. To please, be pleasing to ; be determined. Placldus, a, um, (placeo). Quiet, gentle. Placo, are, avi, atum. To quiet, soothe, calm, appease. Plancus, i, m. Plancus, a Roman name, (42, 9). Plataeae, drum, f. pi. Plataea, a city in Boeotia, (221). Platacenses, ium, m. pi. The Pla- taeans, the inhabitants of Plataea, (216). Plato, dnis, m. Plato, one of the most celebrated Grecian philoso- phers, disciple of Socrates, and in- structor of Aristotle, (81). Plebs, bis, f. Common people, people. Plenus, a, um. Full, possessed of, rich in. Plerumque, adv. (plerusque). Com- monly, generally frequently. Plerusque, ague, umque. Most, many. Plurimus. See Multus. Plus, adv. More. Pitts, uris, n. adj. More, pi. many, several. See Multus. Poculum, i, n. Cup. Poema, atis, n. Poem. Poena, ae, f. Punishment. Poenus, i, m. A Carthaginian, (185). Poeta, ae, m. Poet. Polliceor, eri, itus sum, dep. To promise, offer. Pollux, ucis, m. Pollux, a cele- brated pugilist, brother of Castor, (63, 9). According to some au- thorities, he was the son of Tyn> darus, but according to others, he was the son of Jupiter. See Castor. Polycrates, is, m. Polycrates, a ce- lebrated tyrant of Samos, (24, 12). Pompa, ae, f. Pomp, public proces- sion, procession. Pompeius, ii, m. Pompey, the name of a Roman gens. Cnaeus Pom-, peius, a Roman consul and a dis- tinguished commander, defeated by Caesar at Pharsalia, (205). Quintus Pompeius, also consul and commander, defeated in several engagements by the Numantines, (201). i Pompeianus, a, um, adj. (Pompeius). 190 LATIN READER. [POMPILIDS Pompeian, of or belonging to Pom- pey, (211). Pompilius, ii, m. See Nwna. Pondus, eris, n. Weight. Pono, ere, posui, positum. To place, build, pitch. POMS, Pontis, m. Bridge. Pontius, ii, m. Pontius, a Roman name. Pontius Theleslnus, a gen- eral of the Samnites, who con- quered the Romans at the Caudine Forks, (179). Pontus, i, m. Pontus, a province in Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea, (202). Populatio, onis, f. (populo). Pillag- ing, booty ; people, population. Populo, are, dvi, dtum, (populus). To depopulate, devastate, pillage ; popular, dep.^populo. Populus, i, m. People, nation, tribe. Porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum. To ex- tend, stretch. Porsena, ae, m. Porsena, a king of Etruria in Italy, (171). Porta, ae, f. Gate. Portendo, ere, tendi, tentum. To portend. Portio, onis, f. Portion, share. Porlus, us, m. Port, harbor. Posco, ere, poposci. To demand, ask. Possessio, onis, f. (possideo). Pos- session. Possideo, ere, sedi, sessum. To pos- sess. Possum, posse, potui, irreg. To be able. 289. Post, adv., and prep, with ace. Af- terwards, after, behind, since. Post-ea, adv. Afterwards. Posteritas, dtis, f. (posterus). Pos- terity. Posterus, a, um ; comp. posterior, superl. postremus, postamus. Fol- lowing, ensuing ; posteri, pos- terity, descendants ; postremo, ad postremum, at last. 163, 3. Post-fero, ferre. To place after, esteem less ; sacrifice. Post-pono, ere, posui, positum. To put after, esteem less, postpone ; disregard, neglect. Post-quam, or post quam, conj. Af- ter, after that. Postremo, adv. (postremus). At last v finally. Postremus, a, um. The last ; ad postremum, at last, finally. See posterus. Postridie, adv. On the following day. Postulo, are, dvi, dtum. To demand. Postumius, ii, m. Postumius, the name of a Roman gens or clan. Aulus Postumius, a Roman in whose consulship the first Punic war was brought to a close, (89, 188). Spurius Postumius, a Ro- man consul, defeated by the Sam- nites at the Caudine Forks, (179). Potens, entis, (possum). Able, pow- erful. Potentla, ae, f. Might, force, power, ability. Potestas, dtis, f. (potens). Power. Potior, potlri, potltus sum, dep. To obtain, get possession of. Poiis, e, comp. potior, superl. potis- simus. Able, capable, possible. Potius, potissime, adv. (potis) ; po- sitive not used. Rather than. Prae, prep, with abl. Before, for, on account of, in comparison with. PUAETERVEHOKJ LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULABY. 191 Praeheo, ere, ui, itum. To show, furnish. Prat-cedo, tfre, cessi, cessum. To pre- cede, surpass, outstrip. Praeceptor, oris, m. (praecipio). Pre- ceptor, commander, teacher. Praeceptum, i, n. (praecipio). Max- im, rule, precept. Praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptum (prae, capio). To admonish, advise, order. Praecipitium, ii, n. Precipice. Praeciplto, are, am, atum. To throw down, precipitate. Praecipuus, a, urn. Remarkable, prominent, special. Praecldre, tits, issime, adv. (precla- rus). Excellently, nobly. Prae-darus, a, urn. Excellent, no- ble, distinguished, illustrious. Praedudo, ere, clusi, dusum, (prae, claudo). To hinder, preclude, cut off. Praeco, onis, m. Herald, crier. Praeda, ae, f. Prey, booty. Prae-dlco, ere, dixi, dictum. To pre- dict, forewarn. Praedictum, i, n. (praedico). Predic- tion, warning. Praeditus, a, urn. Endued with, possessed of. Praedor, ari, atus sum, (praeda). To plunder. ,Prae-fari, defective. To predict, prophesy; say. 297, II. 3. Praefectus, i, m. Commander, pre- fect. Prae-fero, ferre, tuli, latum. To pre- fer, choose ; carry or bear before. Praeficio, ere, fed, fedum, (prae, facio). To place over, put in command. Prae-lego, ere, fegi, lectum. To read to another, to read aloud, to lecture. Prae-mitto, ere, mlsi, missum. To send forward, send in advance. Praemium, ii, n. Reward, premium. Praeneste, is, n. Praeneste, a town in Latium, (182). Prae-pono, ere, posui, positum. To place over, intrust with. Praesens, entis. Present ; praesentia, orum, n. pi. present things, the present. Praesentia, ae, f. (praesens). Pres- ence. Praeses, idis, adj. Presiding, ruling, chief; subs, head, chief, ruler, governor. Praesidium, ii, n. Guard, garrison. Pracstabilis, e. Preeminent, distin- guished, excellent. Praestans, antis, (praesto). Excel- lent, eminent. Praestantia, ae, f. Superiority, pre- eminence. Praesto, are, stiti, itum, (prae, sto). To surpass, be superior to; fur- nish, do, pay, render (as service) ; evince, show, give. Prae-sum, esse, fui. To preside over, command. Prae-tendo, ere, tendi, tentum. To pretend, allege. Praeter, prep, with ace. Except, besides. Praeter-ea, adv. Besides, moreover. Praeter-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To pass by, omit. 295. Praeteritus, a, um, (praetereo). Gone by, past ; praeterita, drum, n. pL the past. Praeter-vchor, v$hi, vectus sum, dep. 192 LATIN READER. [PRAETORIUS To be borne over or by ; to drive or sail by ; to pass by. Praetorius, a, um, (praetor). Prae- torian, belonging to a praetor or general ; praetorius, subs, one who has been praetor. Prae-video, ere, vidi, vlsum. To foresee. Pratum, i, n. Meadow, pasture. Pravus, a, um. Depraved, bad. Preces, um, f. pi. dot. ace. and abl. sing, also occur. Prayers, en- treaties. Precor, ari, dtus sum. To beseech, pray. Premo, &re, pressi, pressum. To press, urge. Pretium, ii, n. Price, worth. Pridie, adv. On the day before. Primo, primum, adv. (primus). At first, first ; quam primum, as soon as possible. Primus, a, um, superl. (prior). First. 166. Princeps, ipis, m. Prince, ruler ; chief man. Prindpalus, us, m. Sovereignty, imperial power. Principium, ii, n. Beginning. Prior, us. Former, previous. 166. Priscus, i, m. Priscua, the surname of Lucius Tarquinius, the fifth king of Rome, (162). Pristmus, a, um. Ancient, pristine. Prius, adv. Before, first; prius- quam or priu* quam, before that, before. Privdtus, a, um. Private, personal, subs, a private citizen. Pro, prep, with abl. Before, in front of; for, in behalf of, instead of, as : pro hoste, as an enemy. Probatio, onis, f. Approbation, proof. Probatus, a, um, (probo). Tried, tested, proved, approved. Probitas, atis, f. (probus). Honesty, probity, integrity. Probo, are, dm, alum, (probus). To prove, show ; approve. Probus, a, um. Upright, honest. Procas, ae, m. Procas, a Roman name. Silvius Procas, a king of Alba, (151). Pro-cedo, re, cessi, cesswm. To step forth, to advance, proceed, come on, succeed. Procillus, i, m. Procillus, a young man sent by Caesar to Ariovistus, (52). Pro-cldmo, are, am, atum. To cry out, proclaim. Pro-consul, ulis, m. Proconsul, one with the authority of consul. Procul, adv. At a distance, far off. Pro-euro, are, avi, atum. To attend to, have the care of. Pro-curro, ere, curri (cucurri), cur sum. To run forth, project. Proditio, onis, f. (prodo). Treach- ery, treason. Proditor, oris, m. (prodo). Traitor. Pro-do, ere, dldi, ditum. To disclose, betray. Pro-duco, ere, duxi, ductum. To lead forth, produce. Proelium, ii, n. Battle, conflict. Profecto, adv. Indeed, truly. Proficiscor, projicisci, profectus sum. To depart, set out, go. Profllgo, are, avi, atum, (pro, fl?goX To overthrow, ruin. Pro-fundo, ere, fiidi, fusum. To PUBLICS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 193 pour out, spend ; throw away, ] lavish, dissipate. Progredior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (pro, gradior). To proceed, ad- vance. Prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, (pro, habeo). To prohibit, prevent. Promissus, a, um, (promitto). Grow- ing long, long. Pro-mitto, ere, misi, missum. To send forth, promise. Promontorium, ii, n. Promontory. Promptus, a, urn. Prompt, ready. Pro-nuntio, are, avi, dtum. To pub- lish, proclaim, announce; recite, declaim ; act, tell, narrate. Propdgo, are, avi, dtum. To prop- agate ; prolong. Prope, adv., and prep, with ace. Near, nearly, near to, close by, near. Propero, are, avi, dtum. To hasten. Propior, ius. Nearer. See 166. Propius, adv. Nearer. Pro-pono, ere, posui, positum. To set forth, state, propose. Proprius, a, um. Peculiar, proper, one's own, characteristic of. Propter, prep, with ace. For, on account of. Propter-ea, adv. Therefore, on that account. Pro-pulso, are, dvi y dtum. To repel, ward off. Prora, ae, f. Prow, forepart of a ship. Prorsus, adv. Uninterruptedly, straight on, absolutely. !Pro-rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum. To rush or break forth. Pro-scrlbo, ere, scripsi, scriptum. To proscribe, outlaw. Prosilio, ire, ii or ui, (pro, salio), To leap up, spring forth. Prospere, ius, rime, adv. (prosperus). Happily, prosperously. Prosptrus, a, um. Favorable, for- tunate, prosperous. Prospicto, ire, spexi, spectum, (pro, specie). To look forward, look, see; look out for, take care of, provide for ; discern, descry. Prosterno, ere, stravi, stratum, (pro, sterno). To prostrate, overthrow, Pro-sum, prodesse, profui. To pro- fit, avail, be useful. Protinus, adv. Directly, imme- diately after. Pro-video, ere, vldi, visiim. To pro- vide, be on one's guard. Providus, a, um, (provideo). Fore- seeing, prudent, cautious, provi- dent. Provincia, ae, f. Province. Provocatio, onis, f. (provoco). Chal- lenge, appeal. Provoco, are, avi, dtum. To chal- lenge, appeal. Proximus, a, um. Nearest, next. 166. Prudens, entis. Prudent, wise, learn- ed, skilled. Prudentia, ae, f. (prudens). Pru- dence. Ptolemaeus, i, m. Ptolemy, the name of several kings of Egypt, (211). Publicola, ae, m. Publicola, the surname of Valerius, one of the first consuls at Rome, (169). Publicus, a, um. Public. Publius, ii, m. Publius, a Roman name ; as, Publius Ruiilius Rufus, (139). 194: LATIN READER. CPUDEI Pudet, ere, puduit, puditum est, im- pers. It shames ; pudet me, it shames me, I am ashamed. Pudor, oris, m. Regard, respect, modesty, awe, shame. fuella, ae, f. Girl. Puer, eri, m. Boy. fuerllis, e, (puer). Boyish, youth- ful Pueritia, ae, f. (puer). Boyhood. Pugio, onis, m. Dagger, poniard. Pugna, ae, f. Battle. Pugno, are, avi, atum. To fight. Pulcher, chra, chrum. Beautiful. PulvilluSj i, m. Pulvillus. Hora- tius Pulvillus, a Roman consul in the first year after the banishment of Tarquin, (170). Pumilio, onis, m. and f. Dwarf, pigmy. Punicus, a, um, (Poeni). Punic, Carthaginian, belonging to Car- thage or the Carthaginians. (196). Punio, ire, wi, Itum. To punish. Pupillus, i, m. Pupil. Puppis, is f. The stern, the hinder part of a ship. Pusillus, a, urn. Small, weak ; little. Puto, are, avi, atum. To think, imagine, esteem. Pydna, ae, f. Pydna, a town of Macedonia, celebrated for the victory of Paulus over Perseus, (198). Pyrenaeus, i, m. The Pyrenees, a range of mountains between France and Spain, (190). Pyrrhm, i, m. Pyrrhus, a king of Epirus, (183). Pythagoras, ae, m. Pythagoras, a celebrated philosopher of Samos, (94). Pythia, ae, f. Pythia, the priestess of Apollo, at Delphi, (217). Q. Q. or Qu. An abbreviation of Quintus. Quadragesimus, a, urn, (quadragfc ta). Fortieth. Quadraginta, indecl. Forty. Quadriga, ae, f. Chariot, four-horse chariot. Quadringentesimus, a, um, (quad- ringenti). The four hundredth. Quadringenti, ae, a. Four hun- dred. Quaero or quaeso, ere, quaesivi, quaesitum. To seek, inquire, ask, implore. Quaeritur, impers. It is asked, the question is asked. Qualis, e. What, what sort ; talis qualis, such as. Quam, adv. and conj. How; as, than, after : quam multl, how many ; with superl. intensive, quam maximus, as gieat as possi- ble. Quam-d'm, adv. How long, as long as. Quam-quam, conj. Although, though. Quam-vis. However, however much, though. Quantus, a, um. How great, how much ; tantus quantus, so great as ; quanto, by how much, as. Qua-re. Wherefore, whereby. Quartus, a, um. Fourth. Quasi. As if. Quaterni, ae, a, distributive. Foui by four, four at a time, four each 174, 2. QUONDAM] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 195 Quatio, ere, quassi, quassum. To shake. Quatriduum, i, n. (quattuor, dies). Space of four days, four days. Quattuor, indecl. Four. Quattuordecim, indecl. (quattuor, decem). Fourteen. Que, appended to another word. And. 554, 1. 3. Quem-ad-m,odum, adv. In what man- ner, how, as. Querela, ae, f. (queror). Complaint. Queror, queri, questus sum, dep. To complain. Qui, quae, quod, rel. and interrog. Who, which, what. Quiet, conj. Because. Quicunque (or cumque) quaecun- que, quodcunque. Whoever, whatever. Quidam, quaedam, quoddam or quiddam. A certain one, certain. Quidem. Indeed. Quies, etis, f. Rest, quiet. Quiesco, ere, quievi, quietum, (quies). To rest, repose, keep quiet. Quietus, a, um, (quiesco). Quiet, at rest. Qui-libet, quaelibet, quodllbet, indef. pron. Any one, any. Quin. That not, but that, that. Quinctius, ii, m. Quinctius. Titus Quinctius, a Roman general at the time the city was threatened by the Gauls, 321 B. C. (177). Titus Quinctius Flaminius gained the victory at Cynoscephalae, (197). Quindecim, indecl. Fifteen. Quingentesimus, a, um, (quingenti). The five hundreth. Quingenti, ae, a. Five hundred. Quinquageslmus, a, um, (quinqua- ginta). Fiftieth. Quinquaginta, indecl. Fifty. Quinque, indecl. Five. Quinquennium, ii, n. Five years, space of five years. Quintus, a, um. Fifth. Quintus, i, m. Quintus, a commot Roman name; as, Quintus MI& cius Scaevola, (172). Quippe, conj. Indeed. Quis, quae, quid? interrog. pron. Who, which, what ? Quis, quae, quid, indef. pron. Somo one, any one. 190, 1. Quisnam or quinam, quaenam, quodnam or quidnam. Who, which, what. Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, and subs, quidpiam or quippiam, indef. pron. Any one, any body, any ; some one, some thing, some. Quis-quam, quaequam, quidquamor quicquam. Any, any one. Quis-que, quaeque, quodque or quid- que. Every, every one, whoever, whatever; with superL, intensive, primo quoque tempore, on the very first opportunity. Quis-quis, quaequae, quidquid or guicquid. Whoever, whatever. Quo. Where, whither, that, in or- der that ; quo valet, what it means. Quo-ad. Till, until, as long as, as far as. Quod, conj. That, because. Quominus, (quo, minus). That not s from. Quomodo, adv. (quo, modo). How, by what means. Quondam, adv. Formerly. 196 LATIN READER. [Quoous Quoque. Also, too. Quot, adj. pi. indec. How many, as many, as ; all. Quot-annis. Every year, yearly. Quotidie. Daily, every day. Quotus, a, urn. Of what number, how many ; what, often applied to the hour of the day. Quum or cum. When, since ; though ; quum turn, not only but also, both and ; rarely either or. R. Rabies, ei, f. Madness, rage. Radix, ids, f. Root, foot, base, as of a mountain. Ramus, i, m. Branch. Raplna, ae, f. Rapine, plunder. Rapio, ere, rapui, raptum. To rob, carry off. Raptor, oris, m. (rapio). Robber, plunderer. Raro, adv. (rarus). Rarely, seldom. Rarus, a, um. Rare, uncommon. Ratio, onis, f. A calculating, think- ing ; reason, understanding ; plan, method, kind. Ratis, is, f. Raft. Re-bello, are, am, atum. To rebel. Re-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum. To with- draw, recede, retire. Jtecew, entis. Recent, fresh, young, new. ftedpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, (re, capio). To receive, recover, resume; se redpere, to betake one's self, withdraw. fcecito, are, am, atum, (re, cito). To repeat, recite. Recognosco, ere, novi, nitum, (re, cognosce). To recognize. Recordatio, onis, f. (recorder). Re- collection, remembrance. Recordor, ari, atus sum, dep. To recollect. Recte, ius, issime, adv. (rectus). Rightly. Rector, oris, m. (rego). Director ruler. Rectum, i, n. (rectus). Right. Rectus, a, um, (rego). Straight, right, correct. Recupero, are, avi, atum. To re- gain. Red-do, ere, didi, ditum. To re- store, return ; make ; render, re- peat, recite, give up, resign ; as- sign. Red-eo, Ire, ivi or ii, Itum. To go back, return. 295. Redigo, ere, egi, actum, (red, ago). To force, reduce, compel. Redimo, ere, emi, emptum, (red, emo), To ransom. Redltus, us, m. (redeo). Return, revenue. Re-duco, ere, duxi, ductum. To lead back, reduce. Red-undo, are, avi, atum. To over- flow ; to abound. Re-fercio, ire, fersi, fertum, (re, far- cio). To fill, stuff, cram. Re-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, (re- fero). To bring back, requite, return, render, place among, re- fer ; refert, imps, it concerns, matters. Refertus, a, um, part, (refercio). Filled. Reficio, %re, fed, fectum., (re, facio^ To repair, restore ; recover. Rffluo, ere, fluxi, fluxum, (re, fluo) To flow back. RESPONDED] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 197 Re-fugio, $re,fugi, fugitum. Tore- treat. Reglna, ae, f. Queen. Regio, onis, f. Region, country. Regius, a, um, (rex). Royal. Regno, are, dvi, atum, (regnum). To reign, rule. Megnum, i, n. (rex). Kingdom, sovereignty, government. Rego, ere, rexi, rectum. To direct, rule, manage. Regredior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (re, gradior). To return. Regula, ae, f. (rego). Rule, pattern, model. Regulus, i, m. Regulus. Marcus Atilius Regulus, a distinguished Roman consul taken prisoner by the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, (186). .Religio, onis, f. Religion, obligation. Re-linquo, 8re, llqui, lictum. To leave, desert. Reliquiae, arum, f. pi. Remnant, those who escaped. Reliquus, a, um. The rest, remain- ing, the other. Reliquum est, it is left, it remains. Re-maneo, ere, mansi, mansum. To remain. Remedium, ii, n. Remedy. Reminiscor, ci, dep. To remem- ber. Re-mitto, ere, mlsi, missum. To send back. jRe-moveo, ere, movi, motum. To take away, remove. Remus, i, m. Oar. Remus, i, m. Remus, the brother of Romulus, (152). Penovo, are, dvi, atum, (re, novo). To renew. Re-nuntio, are, dvi, atum. To re- port, announce. Reparo, are, avi, atum, (re, paro), To renew, repair. Re-pello, ere, puli, pulsum. To ro- pel, drive back. Repente, adv. Suddenly. Repentlnus, a, wm. Unexpected^ sudden. Reperio, ire, peri, pertum, (re, pa- rio). To find. Re-pleo, ere, evi, etum. To fill, fill again. Re-pono, ere, posui, positum. To re- place, restore, lay up. Re-porto, are, dvi, atum. To gain, bear off. Reprehendo, ere, prehendi, prehen* sum, (re, prehendo). To blame, censure. Repudio, are, dvi, atum. To reject, divorce. Re-pugno, are, dvi, atum. To resist. Re-quiro, ere, quislvi orii, quisltum (re, quaero). To seek, demand, require. Res, rei, f. Thing; affair; state; deed, reality, battle; res gestae, exploits ; res publica, republic. Re-scrlbo, ere, scripsi, scriptum. To write back, reply in writing. Resideo, ere, sedi, (re, sedeo). To sit, remain, sit down. Resisto, ere, stiti, stttum. To op- pose, resist. Respectus, us, m. (respicio). Respect^ regard. Respicio, ere, spexi, spectum, (re, spe cio). To look back ; regard, re- spect. Re-spondeo, ere, spondi, sponsum. To reply. 198 LATIN READER [RESPONSE Responsum, i. n. (respondeo). An- swer, response. Respublica, rei publicae, or respub- lica, reipublicae, f. Republic. 126. Re-spuo, ere, spui. To cast out, eject ; reject, refuse, dislike. Restituo, ere, stitui, stitutum, (re, statuo). To restore. Re-tardo, are, avi, atum. To detain, retard, check. Retineo, ere, tinui, tentum, (re, teneo). To retain. Reus, i, m. Criminal, defendant. Reverentia, ae, f. Reverence. Re-verto, ere, verti, versum ; rever- tor, dep. To come back, return. Re-voco, are, dvi, atum. To recall. Rex, regis, m. King. Rhea, ae, f. Rhea. Rhea Silvia, the daughter of Numitor and the mother of Romulus and Remus, (152). Rhenus, i, m. The river Rhine, (208). Rhodanus, i, m. The river Rhone, in Gaul, (208). Rhodius, a, um, (Rhodes, the island of Rhodes). Rhodian, of or be- longing to Rhodes. Rhodius, ii, m. A Rhodian, (143). Rideo, ere, si, sum. To laugh, to laugh at. Ripa, ae, f. Bank, a..-' of a river. Rite, adv. Rightly, hi due form. Robur, oris, n. Strength. fiobustus, a, um, (robur). Robust, strong. Jiogatio, onis, f. (rogo). An asking, question ; entreaty, request. ftogo, are, avi, atum. To ask, ques- tion. Roma, a dtum. To howl, to cry aloud, to shriek. Umbra, ae, f. Shade, shadow. Unde, adv. Whence, also inter rog. whence ? Undfcim, indecl. Eleven. Uvdequinquaginta, indecl. Forty- nine. Undevicesimus, a, um. Nineteenth. Undique, adv. From all quarters or sides. Unguentum, i, n. Ointment, per- fume. Unguis, is, m. Nail, claw, talon. Ungula, ae, f. Claw, talon, hoof. Universus, a, um. Whole, entire ; all together. Unquam, adv. At any time, ever. Unus, a, um. One, alone. 175. Unus-quisque, unaquaeque, etc. | (unus, quisque, both parts de- clined). Each, each one. Urbs, urbis, f. City. Urgeo, ere, ursi. To urge, drive; press upon. Usque, adv. So far as; usque ad, even to; usque eo, to such an extent. Usurfo, are, dvi, dtum. To usurp, assume. Usus, us, m. Use, service ; expe- rience ; need. Ut or uti, conj. That, as ; after verbs of fearing, that not. Uicumque or utcunque, adv. How- j ever, somewhat. Vter, tra, trum, adj. Which ? which of the two? 151. Uterque, utraque, utrumque, like uter. Both, each. 161, note 2. , e. Useful Utilitas, atis, f. (utilis). Utility, ser- vice, advantage. LTtor, uti, usus sum. To use. Utrimque or utrinque, adv. On both sides. Utrum, in double questions. Whe- ther. Uva, ae, f. A bunch of grapes, a grape. Uxor, oris, f. Wife. Vaco, are, avi, dtum. To be empty, vacant, to have leisure for; be free from. Vacuus, a, um. Vacant, empty, free from. Vadum, i, n. Ford, shallow water. Vagltus, us, m. Crying. Vagor, dri, dtus sum. To wander about. Vagus, a, um. Wandering, doubt- ful, uncertain, vague. Valeo, ere, ui, \iurn. To have strength, avail, be well; to mean. Valerius, ii, m. Valerius, a Roman name. See Publicola, Laevlnus, (169, 180). Valetudo, mis. f. (valeo). Habit, state of the body, health, state of health. Vanus, a, um. Empty, vain, false. Varietas, dtis, f. (varius). Variety^ change. Varius, a, um. Various. Varro, onis, m. Varro, a Roman name. Caius Terenlius Varro, a Roman consul defeated at Can- nae, (191). Vas, vasis, n. Vessel, dish, vase. Vasto, are, avi, dtum, (vastus). To lay waste, devastate, pillage. 210 LATIN READER. Vastus, a, um. Waste, desert, vast. Vates, is, m. and f. Prophet, pro- phetess. Vedigal, alis, n. Tax, income, revenue. Veho, ere, vexi, vectum. To carry, bear. ^Teientes, um, or Veientdni, drum, m. pi. The Veientians, or Veien- tines, the inhabitants of Yeii in Etruria, (175). Vel, conj. Or, even ; vel vel, either or. Velox, ocis. Swift, rapid, fleet. Vel-ut, or vel-uti, adv. As, like as, as if. Vendlis, e. To be sold, for sale, purchasable. Vendo, ere, didi, ditum. To sell; sub corona vendere, to sell as slaves. Venenum, i, n. Poison. Venio, ire, veni, ventum. To come. Venor, dri, dtus sum, dep. To hunt, chase, pursue. Venter, iris, m. Belly, stomach. Ventus, i, m. Wind. Venus, eris, f. Venus, the goddess of love, (28). Verbum, i, n. Word. Vereor, eri, verltus sum, dep. To fear, to be afraid. Verltas, atis, f. Truth. Vero, adv. and conj. (verus). Truly, indeed; but. Verres, is, m. Yerres, a Roman name. Caius Cornelius Verres rendered himself notorious by his abuse of power in Sicily, (43). Verso, are, dvi, dtum, or versor, dep. (verto). To turn; busy one's self, be occupied with. 336, I. Versus, us, m. A verse. Vertex, Zcis, m. (verto). Summitj top. Verto, ere, verti, versum. To turn. Verum, conj. But. Verus, a, um. True, real. Vescor, vesci. To enjoy, feed upon^ live upon, to eat. Vesper, eris or eri, m. Evening. Vespera, ae, f. Evening. Vesperasco, ere, vesperdvi, (vesper). To become evening. Vesta, ae, f. Vesta, the goddess of the hearth, to whom a perpetual fire was kept burning, (152). Vestdlis, e, adj. (Vesta). Vestal, re- lating to Yesta, (152). Vester, tra, trum. Your. Vestibulum, i, n. Vestibule, en* trance. Vestio, ire, ivi, itum, (vestis). To clothe. Vestis, is, f. Garment. Veterdnus, a, um, (vetus). Vete- ran. Veto, are, ui, itum. To forbid. Veturia, ae, f. Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus, (174). Veturius, ii, m. Veturius, a Roman name. Titus Veturius, a Roman consul defeated by the Samnite8 at the Caudine Forks, (179). Vetus, eris. Old, of long standing, ancient. Vetustas, atis, f. (vetus). Antiquity, age. Vetustus, a, um. Old, ancient. Via, ae, f. Way. Viator, dris, m. Traveller. Vicesimus, a, um. Twentieth. Vicinus, a, um. Neighboring. Vicis, gen. f. Change, reverse, al- VULTUS] LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 211 ternation, requital ; fate, fortune ; in vicem or vicem, in turn, place. 133, 1. Vicissitude, mis, f. (vicis). Change, alternation, vicissitude, succes- sion. Victor, oris, m. (vinco). Con- queror. Victoria, ae, f. Victory. Victus, a, urn, part, (vinco). Con- quered, vanquished. Vicus, i, m. Village. Video, ere, di, sum. To see ; pass, videor, etc., to be seen ; to seem. Vigeo, ere, ui. To flourish, thrive, be in force. Vigilantia, ae, f. Wakefulness, vi- gilance. Viginti, indec. Twenty. Vilis, e. Low, cheap, base, vile. Vincio, Ire, vinxi, vinctum. To bind. Vinco, ere, vici, mctum. To con- quer. Vinculum or vinclum, i, n. Fetter, chain. Vindex, icis, m. and f. Defender. Vindlco, are, avi, atum. To claim ; rescue, defend ; punish, avenge. Vinolentus, a, um, (vinum). Full of wine, intoxicated with wine. Vinum, i, n. Wine. Violo, are, avi, atum. To violate, do violence to ; profane, harm. Vir, viri, m. Man, hero, husband. Virga, ae, f. Kod, twig. Virgo, mis, f. Virgin, maiden. Virgula, ae, f. Small rod, rod. Virtus, utis, f. (vir). Manliness, bravery, virtue. Vis, vis, f. ; pi. vires. Power, strength, force; forces; abundance. Viscus, cris, n. Vitals, bowels. Viso, ere, si, sum. To view, see t visit. Vita, ae, f. Life. Vitis, is, f. Vine. Vitium, ii, n. Fault, vice, crime. Vitupero, are, avi, atum. To cen- sure, blame, find fault with. Vivo, ere, vixi, mctum. To live. Vivus, a, um. Living, alive. Vocabulum, i, n. Designation, name, word. Voco, are, avi, atum, (vox). To call, name. Volo, are, avi, atum. To fly. Volo, velle, volui, irreg. To will, be willing, wish, desire ; sibi velle, to mean. 293 ; 389, note 2. Volsci, drum, m. pi. The Volsci or Volscians, a people of Latium, Volucer, cris, ere, (volo). Flying, winged ; swift, rapid; subs, a bird. Volumnia, ae, f. Volumnia, the wife of Coriolanus, (174). Voluntarius, a, um, (voluntas). Vo- luntary, willing, spontaneous. Voluntas, atis, f. (volo). Wish, in- clination, good will. Voluptas, atis, f. Pleasure. Voveo, ere, vovi, votum. To vow, dedicate, consecrate. Vox, vocis, f. Voice, word. Vulgus, i, n. Populace, common people. Vulnero, are, avi, atum, (vulnus), To wound. Vulnus, eris, n. Wound. Vulpes, is, f. Fox. Vultus, us, m. Countenance. 212 LATIN KEADEK. X Xantkippus, f, m. Xanthippus, a Spartan commander, who took Regulus prisoner in the first Punic war, (186). Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes, a celebrated Persian king, (137, 217). onlis, in. Xenophon, a Greek historian, and the leader of the Greeks in the famous retreat of the ten thousand, (142). Zamy, ae, f. Zama, a town of Nu- midia, in Africa, famous for the victory of Scipio over Hannibal, (196). ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. A. A, an. See An. Able to be able. Possum, posse, potui. G. 290, II. About to be about to. To be translated by the Active Peri- phrastic Conjugation. G. 233. Acceptable. Gratus, a, urn. Accuse. Accuso, are, avi, atum. Admit. Concede, concedere, con- cessi, concessum. It is admitted. Constdt, constare, constitit, im- pers. Admonish. Admoned, admonere, admonui, admonitum. Adorned. Orndtus, a, um. Advise. Honed, monere, monui, monitum. After. Post, prep, with ace. Against. Contra, prep, with ace. ; in, prep, with ace. Sometimes denoted by the Dative. To wage against. Infer 6, infer re, intuit, illdtum. G. 386. Alba Longa. Alba Longa, Albae Longae, f. Alexander. Alexander, Alexandri, All. Omriis, e. Always. Semper, adv. Among. Inter, prep, with ace. An, a. Not to be translated, as the Latin has no article. G. 48, 6. Ancient. Antiquus, a, um. Ancus. Ancits, I, m. Animal. Animal, dnimalis, n. Another. Alius, alia, dliud. G. 151; 151, 3. Alter, alterd, al- terum. G. 151. Approve. Probo, cire, avi, atum. Army. Exercitus, us, m. Arrival. Adventus, us, m. Ascanius. Ascdnius, ii, m. Ask. Rogd, are, avi, atum; in- terrogo, are, avi, atum. At. Ad, prep, with ace. ; dpud, prep, with ace. Sometimes de- noted by the Locative, or by the Ablative of Place, or of Time. G. 421 ; 426. Athenian. Atheniensis, is, m. and f. Athens. Athenae, arum, f. plur. Attack. Impetus, us, m. Await. Exspectd, are, avi, atum. Award. Tribud, tribuere, tribul, tributum. 214 LATIN READER. [BACK. B. Back to lead back. Reduco, re- ducere, reduxi, reductum. Battle. Proelium, ii, n. ; pugnd, ae,f. Battle-array. Acies, ei, f. Be. Sum, esse, fui. Be able. Possum, posse, potui. G. 290, II. Be silent. Tdced, tdcere, tdcui, tdcitum. Be subject to. Pared, parcre, parui, pdritum. G. 385. Beautiful. Pulcher, pulchrd, pul- chriim. Because 'of. Often denoted by the Ablative. G. 416, 2. Become. Fid, fieri, factus sum. G. 294; 362, 2, 1). Before. Ante, prep, with ace. Begin. Coepi, coepisse. G. 297, 1. Better. Melior, melius, compara- tive of bonus. G. 165. Bird. Avis, avis, f. Birthday. Natalis dies, natalis dill, m. Blame. Vituperd, are, avi, atum. Book. Liber, llbri, m. Booty. Praeda, ae. f. Boy. Puer, pueri, m. Brave. Fortis, e. Bravely. Fortiter, adv. Bravery. Virtus, virtutis, f. Break, offend against. Violo, are, avi, atum. Bring to a close. Fluid, ire, ivi, it um. Brother. Frater, fratris, m. Brutus. Brutus, i, m. Build, make. Fdcid, facer e, fed, factum. By. A, ab, prep, with abl. Often denoted by the Ablative alone. G. 420, C. Caesar. Caesar, Caesdris, m. Call, summon. Vocd, are, avi, atum. To call, name. Appel- 16, are, avi, atum. Camillus. Cdmillus, i, m. Cannae. Cannae, arum, f. plur. Capua. Cdpud, ae, f. Carthage. Carthago, Carthagi- nis, f. Carthaginian, a Carthaginian. Car- thaginiensis, Carthaginiensis, m. and f. Catiline. Cdtilind, ae, m. Cato. Cdtd, Cdtonis, m. Celebrated. Clarus, d, urn. Certain. Certus, d, um. Chaeronea. Chaeroned, ae, f. Cicero. Cicerd, Ciceronis, m. Citadel. Arx, arcis, f. Citizen. Civis, dims, m. and f. City. Urbs, urbis, f. Cleopatra. Cleopatra, ae, f. Close to bring to a close. Finid, ire, ivi, Hum. Cloud. Nubes, nubis, f. Coat of mail. Loricd, ae, f. Come. Venid, venire, veni, ven- tum. Come to the relief of. Subvenid, subvenire, subveni, subventum. G. 386. Commander. Imperator, impera- toris, m. Common. Communis, e. Conceal. Celd, are, avi, atum. Concerning, DC, prep, with abl. FIVE.] ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 215 Conquer. Vincd, vincere, vici, victum. Conqueror. Victor, victoris, m. Conspire. Conjurd, are, avi, atum. Consul. Consul, consults, m. Content. Contentus, a, um. G. 421, III. Contrary to. Contra, prep, with ace. Conversation. Sermd, sermonis, m. Corinth. Corinthus, i, f. Cornelius. Cornelius, ii, m. Country. Pdtrid, ae, f. Courage. Virtus, virtutis, f. Crown. Corona, ae, f. D. Daily. Quofidianus, a, um. Danger. Periculum, I, n. Daughter. Filid, ae, f. Day. Dies, diei, m. Dear. Carus, a, urn. Death. Mors, mortis, f. Declare. Indicd, indicere, indixi, indicium. Delight. Delectd, are, avi, atum. Demand. Postuld, are, am, atum. Demosthenes. Demosthenes, De- mosthenis, m. Desirous. Cupidus, d, um ; dvi- dus. a, um. Despair of. Desperd, are, avi, atum, with aoc. or abl. Did. Often the sign of the Im- perfect^ or of the Perfect tense, especially in questions. Diligence. DiVigentid, ae, f. Diligent. Diligens, diligentis. Distinguished. Cl&rus, d, um. 15 Divide. Dividd, divider e, divisi, divisum. Do. Fdcid, fdcere, feci, factum. Often the sign of the Present tense, especially in questions. E. Early, ancient. Antiquus, a, um. Easy. Fdcilis, e. Egypt. Aegyptus, i. f. Eight. Octo, indeclinable. Eighth. Octavus, d, um. Enemy. Hostis, hostis, m. and f. Engagement, battle. Pugnd, ae, f. Enlarge. Amplid, are, avi, atum. Ennius. Ennius, ii, m. Epaminondas. Epdminondas, ae, m. Exercise. Exerced, exercere, exer- cui, exercitum. Exile. Exsul, exsulis, m. and f. Expect. Exspectd, are, avi, atum. F. Fable. Fabula, ae, f. Father. Pdter, pdtris, m. Father-in-law. Socer, soceri, m. Fear. Timed, timere, timui. Fertile. Fertilis, e. Fidelity. Fides, fidei, f. Field. Ager, dgri, m. Fifty. Quinquaginta, indeclina- ble. Fight. Pugnd, are, avi, atum. Find. Invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum. Finish. Finio, ire, ivi, itum. Fire. Ignis, ignis, m. Five. Quinque, indeclinable. 216 LATIN EEADEB. [FLEE. Flee. Fugid, fugtrf, fugi, fugi- tum. Flight to put to flight. Fugo, are, am, atum. Flower. Flos,floris, m. Fly. Void, are, avi, atum. Follow. Sequor, sequi, secutus sum, dep. Fond. Amans, dmantis. Foot. Pes, pedis, m. For. Pro, prep, with abl. For his (her, its) own sake. P rop- ier sese (se). In the sense of because of, or when introducing the price for which anything is bought or sold, for is denoted by the ablative alone ; G. 413, 422 ; and in the sense of for the bene- fit of, by the Dative. G. 384. Forces. Copiae, arum, f. plur. Formerly. Quondam, adv. Forth to lead forth. JSducd, edu- cere, eduxi, eductum. Fortify. Munid, Ire, ivi, itum. Forty. Quadraginta, indeclina- ble. Found. Condd, condere, condidi, conditum. Four. Quattuor, indeclinable. Fourth. Quartus, a, urn. Free. Liberd, are, avi, atum. G. 414, I. Friend. Amicus, I, m. Friendly. Amicus, a, urn. Friendship. Amicitid, ae, f. From, away from. A, ab, prep, with abl. From, out of, out from. E, ex, prep, with abl. From is sometimes denoted by the Ablative alone. See G. 412 ; 414, 3. Fruit. Fructus, us, m. G. Garden. Hortus, i, m. Gaul, a Gaul. Gallus, i, m. Gaul, the country of Gaul. Gal- lid, ae, f. Gem. Gemma, ae, f. General. Dux, ducis, m. and f. Gift. Donum, I, n. Girl. Puella, ae, f. Give. Do, dare, dedi, datum. Glory. Gloria, ae, f. Glory, to glory. Gloridr, &ri, atus sum, dep. Gold. Aurum, *, n. Golden. Aureus, a, um. Good. Bonus, a, um. G. 165. Goodness. Bonitas, bomtatis, f. Govern. Regd, regere, rexl, rec- tum. Great. Magnus, a, um. Greatly. Valde, adv. Greece. Graecid, ae, f. Guard. Custodid, ire, ivi, itum. H. Had. Often the sign of the Plu- perfect tense. Hannibal. Hannibal, Hannibdlis, m. Happen. Fid, fieri, factus sum. G. 294. Happiness. Felicit as, f elicit atis, f. Happy. Beatus, a, um. Have. Habed, hdbere, hdbui, hdb- itum. Sometimes simply the sign of the Perfect tense ; as, we have loved. He, she, it. Is, ed, U; ille, ill?, illud. The pronoun is often im- plied in the ending of the verb. LEAD.] ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 217 He himself. Ipse, ipsd, ipsum. Hear. Audio, ire, ivi, itum. Herald. Praecd, praeconis, m. Herodotus. Herodotus, i, m. High. Altus, olid, altum. Himself. Sui; ipse, ipsd, ipsum. His. Suits, a, urn. Often to be translated by the Genitive of is or ille. History. Historid, ae, f. Honor. Hands or honor, honoris, m. Hope. Spes, spei, f. Horse. Equus, i, m. Hour. Hord, ae, f. How many. Qudt, indeclinable. I. I. Ego, mei. See G. 446. Imitate. Imitor, ari, atus sum, dep. In. In, prep, with abl. In with names of towns is generally to be translated by the Locative. G. 425. In, denoting cause, means, or time, is to be ex- pressed by the Ablative alone. G.413; 420; 429. In the reign of. Present partciple of regno (are, avi, atiim), in Ablative Absolute. In vain. Frustra, adv. Incite. Incitd, are, avi, atum. Incursion. Incursid, onis, f. Instruct. Erudid, ire, ivi, itum. Instructor. Praeceptor, praecep- toris, m. Into. In, prep, with ace. Invite. Invitd, are, avi, atum. Iron. Ferrum, i, n. Island. Insula, ae, f. It. See he, she, it. It, expletive, when the real subject is an in- finitive or clause, is not to be translated. Italy. Italia, ae, f. Itself. Sui; ipse, ipsd, ipsum. Of itself. Per se. J. Joy. Gaudium, ii, n. Judge, a judge. Judex, judicis, m. and f. Judge, to judge. Judicd, are, avi, atum. Justice. Justitid, ae, f. K. Keep. Servd, are, avi, atum. To keep one's word. Fidem ser- vare. Kindly. Benigne, adv. King. Rex, regis, m. Know. Scio, scire, scivi, scitum. Not to know. Nescid, ire, ivi, itum. Knowledge. Scientid, ae, f. L. Lacedaemonian. Jjdcedaemonius, ii, m. Large. Magnus, a, um. Latinus. Ldtinus, i, m. Lavinia. Lavinid, ae, f. Law. Lex, legis, f. Lay waste. Vastd, are, avi, atum. Lead. Duco, diicere, duxi, ductum. Lead back. Eeducd, reducere, re- duxi, reductum. 218 LATIN KEADEK. [LEAD. Lead out, lead forth. Educd, edu- cere, eduxi, eductum. Leader. Dux, ducis, m. and f. Learned. Doctus, a, um. Learning. Doctrind, ae, f. Leonidas. Leonidds, ae, m. Let. Render by the Subjunctive or the Imperative. See G. 483 ; 487, 2. Letter. Epistold, ae, f. Leuctra. Leuctrd, drum, n. plur. Liberate. Libero, are, dvl, atum. G. 414, I, Liberty. Libertds, libertatis, f. Life. Vitd, ae, f. Light. Lux, lucis, f. Love. Amd, are, dvi, atum. M. Macedonia. Macedonia, ae, f. Magistrate. Magistrates, us, m. Mail coat of mail. Loricd, ae, f. Make. Fdcid,fdcere,feci,factum. Man. Homo, hominis, m. ; vir, viri, m. The latter is used as a term of respect; a true or worthy man, a hero. Mantinea. Mantined, ae, f. Many. Multl, ae, d, plur. How many. Quot, indeclinable Marcius. Marcius, il, m. May. Often to be rendered by the Present Subjunctive. May have. Often to be rendered by the Perfect Subjunctive. See G. 483 ; 485. Memory. Memorid, ae, f. Messenger. Nuntius, ii, m. Might, would, should. Often to be rendered by the Imperfect Subjunctive. Might have, would have, should have. Often to be rendered by the Pluperfect Subjunctive. See G. 486. Mina. Mind, ae, f. Mind. Animus, i, m. Mithridates. Mithridates, Mlih- ridatis, m. Modest. Modestus, d, um. Money. Pecunid, ae, f. Month. Mensis, mensis, m. More. Sign of the Comparative degree. Most. Sign of the Superlative degree. Mound. Agger, aggeris, m. Mountain. Mons, montis, m. Must. Often to be rendered by the Passive Periphrastic Conjuga- tion. See G. 234. My. Meus, d, um. G. 185, note 1. N. Name. Nomen, nominis, n. Naval. Ndvdlis, e. Naval battle, naval engagement. Pugnd na~ vdlis. Never. Nunqudm, adv. New Carthage. Carthdgd Novd, Carthdginis Novae, f. Nile. Nilus, i, m. Noble. Nbbilis, e. Not. Non, adv. With impera- tives, ne, adv. Interrogative, nonne, adv. Not to know. Nescid, ire, ivi, itum. Not yet. Nondum, adv. Nothing. Nihil, indeclinable. See G. 42, note. Numa. Numd, ae, m. QUEEN.] ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 219 O. O ! 0, inter j. Obey. Pared, parere, pdrul, pdri- tum. Observe, Servo, are, avl, atum. Occupy. Occupo, are, avl, atum. Of. Denoted by the Genitive. See G. 393. On account of. Denoted by the Ablative. G. 416. Of itself. Per se. Often. Saepe, adv. Older. Major or major natu. On. Often denoted by the Abla- tive of time. G. 429. Once. Semel, adv. One. Unus, d, urn. G. 175. Oration. Oratid, orationis, f. Orator. Orator, oratoris, m. Ought. Often to be rendered by the Passive Periphrastic Conju- gation. See G. 234. Our. Noster, trd, trum. Out to lead out. Educd, edu- cere, eduxl } eductum. Over to preside over. Praesum, praeesse, praeful. See G. 386. P. Parent. Pdrens, pdrentis, m. and f. Peace. Pax, pacis, f. People. Populus, I, m. Pericles. Pericles, Perlclis, m. Perseus. Perseus, i, m. Philip. Philippus, i, m. Philosopher. Philosophus, i, m. Plan. Consilium, ii, n. Please. Placed, placere, placui, pldcitum. G. 385. Pleasing. Gratus, a, um. Pleasure. Voluptas, voluptatis, f. Plough. Ard, are, avl, atum. Plunder. Spolid, are, avl, atum. See G. 414, I. Poem. Poema, poematis, n. Porsena. PorsencL, ae, m. Practise. Cold, colere, colul, cul- tum. Praise, to praise. Laudo, are, avl, atum. Praise. Laus, laudis, f. Precept. Praeceptum, i, n. Preceptor. Praeceptor, praecep- toris, m. Predict. Praedlcd, praedicere, praedixi, praedictum. Prefer. Praeferd, praeferre, praetull, praelatum. Prefer, would rather. Maid, malle, malm. G. 293. Present, a present. Donum, i, n. Present, to present. Dono, are, avi, atum. Preside over. Praesum, praeesse, praeful. G. 386. Priscus. Priscus, I, m. Proclaim. Proclamd, are, avl, atum. Proud. Superbus, d, um. Ptolemy. Ptolemaeus, I, m. Publius. Publius, il, m. Pupil. Discipulus, I, m. Purchase. Emd, emere, eml. emp- tum. Put to flight. Fugo, are, dvl, atum. Pydna. Pydnd, ae, f. Q- Queen. Reglnd, ae, f. 220 LATIN HEADER. [READ, R. Read. Lego, legere, legi, lectum. Receive. Accipid, accipere, ac- cepl, acceptum. Recover. Recuperd, art, avi, atum. Reign. RegnO, are, avi, atum. Reign in the reign of. Present Participle of regno, (are, avi, atum}, in Ablative Absolute. G. 431, 2. Rejoice. Gaudeo, gaudere, gam- sus sum. Relate. Narro, are, avi, atum. Relief to come to the relief of. Subvenid, subvenire, subveni, subventum. G. 386. Renew. Instaurd, fire, avi, atum. Renowned. Clarus, d, urn. Republic. Res pullicd, rei pub- licae, f. Reside. Hdbitd, are, avi, atum. Return. Reded, redlre, redii, red- Reward. Herds, mercedis, f. Rhine. Rhenus, i, m. River. Amnis, amnis, m. Roman. Romanus, d, um. Roman, a Roman. Romanus, I, m. Rome. Romd, ae, f. Romulus. Romulus, i, m. Rule, to rule. Regd, r eg ere, rexi, rectum. Rule. Dominatid, dtiminationis, f. S. Safe. Tutus, d, urn; salvus, d, um. Safety. Sdlus, sdlutis, f. Saguntum. Sdguntum. i, n. Sake for his (her, its) own sake. Propter sese (se). Same. Idem, eddem, idem. Saturnia. Sdturnid, ae, f. Save. Servo, are, avi, atum. Say. Died, dicer e, dixi, dictum. School. Ludus, i, m. Scipio. Scipid, Sclpionis, m. See. Video, videre, vld'i, visum. See that. Curd, are, avi, atum. See G. 498, II. Self. Ipse, ipsd, ipsum. Sell. Vendd, vendere, vendidi, venditum. Send. Mittd, mittere, misi, mis- sum. Servius. Servius, il, m. Setting. Occasus, us, m. Seven. Septem, indeclinable. Severely. Grdviter, adv. ; acrir ter, adv. Shall, will. Signs of the Future tense. Shall have, will have. Signs of the Future Perfect tense. Shepherd. Pastor, pastoris, m. Should, should have. See might, might have. Sicily. Sicilid, ae, f. Sight. Conspectus, us, m. Silent to be silent. Tdced, ta- cere, tdcui, tdcitum. Silver. Argentum, i, n. Sing. Canto, are, avi, atum. Singing, a song. Cantus, us, m. Six. Sex, indeclinable. Slave. Servus, i, m. Sleep. Dormid, ire, ivi, itiim. Small. Parvus, d, um. G. 165. So. Tdm, adv. ; ltd, adv. Socrates. Socrdtes, Socrdtis, m. TYRANT.] ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 221 Soldier. Miles, militis, m. Some, certain. Quiddm, quae- ddm, quidddm or quodddm. G. 190, 2. Son. Filius, ii, m. G. 51, 5. Son-in-law. Gener, generi, m. Song, a song. Carmen, carminis, n. Song, singing. Cantus, us, m. Spain. Hispdnid, ae 9 f. Speak. Died, dicer e, dixi, dic- tum. State. Civitds, civitdtis, f. Strengthen. Firmo, are, avi, dtum. Study. Studium, ii, n. Subject to be subject to. Pared, pdrere, pdrui, pdritum. G. 385. Succeed. Succedo, succedere, suc- cessi, successum. G. 386. Sulla. Sulld, ae, m. Sun. Sol, soUs, m. Sunset. Occasus solis. Sword. Glddius, ii, m. ; ferrum, I, n., lit. iron. With fire and sword. Ferro igneque. T. Take. Cdpio, caper e, cepi, cap- turn. Talent. Tdlentum, i, n. Tarquin. Tarquinius, ii> m. Tarquinius. Tarquiniiis, ii, m. Temple. Templum, i, n. Ten. Decem, indeclinable. Terrify. T erred, t err ere, terrui, territum. Than. Qudm. Often omitted, in which case the Ablative follows. See G. 417; That. Ille, Hid, illud; Ks, ed, id. That introducing clauses de- noting purpose or result is to be rendered by ut or ne with the Subjunctive. See G. 497. That after verbs of Declaring intro- duces a clause to be translated by the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. See G. 535, I. The. Not to be translated, as the Latin has no article. See G. 48, 6. Theban. Theldnus, d, um. Their. Suits, d, um. Often to be rendered by the Genitive of is or ille. There. When expletive, as in there is, there are, not to be translated into Latin. Thermopylae. Thermopylae, drum, f. plur. Thing. Res, rei, f. Thirty. Trigintd, indeclinable. This. Hie, haec. hdc. Thou, you. Tu, tui. Three. Tres, trid. G. 175. Time. Tempus, temporis, n. Timid. Timidus, d, urn. To. Ad, prep, with ace. To is sometimes denoted by the Da- tive, and sometimes by the Ac- cusative. See G. 382, and 384, 3,1). To-morrow. Crds, adv. True. Verus, d, um. Trumpeter. Tubicen, tubicinis, m. Truth. Verum, i, n. Try. Tento, ar~e, avi, titum. Tullia. Tullia, ae, f. Tullius. Tullius, ii, m. Two. Dud, duae, duo. G. 175. Tyrant. Tyrannus, i, m. 222 LATIN BEADER. [USE. YOUTH. U. Use. Usus, us, m. Useful. Utffls, t. V. Vain in vain. Frustra, adv. Valor. Virtus, virtutis, f. Valuable. Pretiosus, ft, urn. Victor. Victor, victoris, m. Victory. Victoriti, ae, f. Village. Vicus, I, m. Violate. Viold, are, avi, atum. Virtue. Virtus, virtutis, f. W. Wage. Gerd, gererl, gessi, ges- tum. Wage against. Infero, inferre, intuit, illatum. G. 386. Walk. Amluld, are, avi, atum. War. Bellum, i, n. Waste to lay waste. Vastd, are, avi, atum. Wealth. Dlvitiae, arum, f. pi. Well. Bene, adv. What? Qui, quae, qutid? quis, quae, quid ? G. 454. Where? Uli? adv Whether. Num. Which, relative. Qui, quae, quod. Which ? Qui, quae, quod f quis, quae, quid? G. 454. Who? Quis, quae, quid? Whole. Totus, d, um. G. 151. Wife. Uxor, uxoris, f. Will, will have. See shall, shall have. Winter. Hiems, hiemis, f. Wisdom. Sdpientid, ae, f. Wise. Sapiens, sdpientis. Wish. Void, velle, volui. G. 293. With. Cum, prep, with abl. G. 184, 6. Often denoted by the Ablative alone. G. 419, 420. Word. Verbum, i, n. To keep one's word, fidem servare. (servo, are, avi, atum). Would, would have. See might, might have. Often to be ren- dered by the Subjunctive. Wound. Vulnerd, are, avi, atum. Write. Scrlbd, scribere, scrip si, scriptum. Xenophon. phontis, m. X. Xenophon, Y. Year. Annus, i, m. Yesterday. Heri, adv. Yet not yet. Nondum, adv. You. Tu, tui. Your. Tuus, d, um; vesttr, ves- trd, vest rum. Youth. Juvenis, juveniSj m. and f. TABLE OF REFERENCES. The grammatical references are made to the Standard Edition (1881) of the author's Latin Grammar; but for the convenience of students who may have the previous edition, this table is added, giving the corresponding sections in that edition. Page. Page. Page. 1, 1 . . 15-18 ; 20-25. 34, 85, 3 . . Rule xxviii. 43, *. . 76, 1. 6-13 ; 20-25. 426. 5 t . 538, 1. 19-25. 4 . . Rule xxxi. 6 .587,1.2. 2, 4,2. . 367. 431. 7 . 563, 399. 4, 11,2. . llule xxxiii. 5 . . Rule xxxii. 8 . 518, I. 5, 12, " * 36, 88, 1 . . xxxiii. 9 . 441, 545. 7, 20, 2 . . Rule xxxii. 2 . . " xxxiv. 10 . 559, 565. 12, 34, 4 . . Rule xxxv. 3 . . " xxxv. 11 . 501, I. 13, 35, 2 . . 201. 37, 91, 1 . . " xxxvi. 14 . 518, II. 36, 1 . . Rule xxxv. 2 . . " xxxvii. 15 . 545. 36, 2 . . " " 480, 481. 17 . 278, 3. 15, 39, 3 . . 346, II, 1. 3 . . Rule xxxix. 18 .292,2; 551. 16, 43, 1. .200; Rule 487, 488. 21 . 525. xxxv. 4 . . Rule xl. 22 . 385, 3. 18, 46,3. . Rule li. 582. 489-491. 44, 2 . 495, 2. 22, 55, 2 . . Rule xxi. 5 . . Rule xl. 3 . 545. 414. 489-491. 4 . 518, II. 55, 3 . . Rule xxi. 38, 91, 1 . . Rule xlv. 5 .525. 414. 525. 6 . 566, II. 23, 58, 2 . . 414, 5. 2 . . Rulexlviii. 13 .489. 27, 67, 1 . . 221-223. 535. 14 . 545. 28, 70, 1 . . 225-230. 39, 97, 1 . . 549-551. 17 .418. 29, 73, 1 . . 231, 232. 2 . . Rule xlix. 20 . 414, 2. 73, 3 . . 367. 545. 45, 2 . 357, I. 30, 76, 2 . . Rule viii. 3 . . 540-544. 3 .525. 378. 41, 7 . . 373, 3. 4 . 419, III. 3 . . Rule ix.379. i* . . 414, 5. 6 . 234, 2. 32, 79, 3 . . 395, 396. 15 . . 525. 8 . 518, II. 33, 82, 1 . . Rule xxi. 42, 2 . . 552. 46, i . 518. 414. 3 . . 297 ; 460, 2. 3 .545. 2 . . Rule xxi. & . . 271, 3. 4 .531. 414. 9. .489; 494. 6 . 523, II. 2. 3 . . Rule xxii. 10. .84, 2; 115,2. 10 .234. 416. i 2 . . 505. 11 . 460, 2. 5 . . Rule xxiv. 15 . . 414 ; 100, 3. 14 .549. 418. is . . 578, III. 16 . 545. 34, 85, 1 . . Rule xxvi. 17 . . 503 ; 503, 2. 17 . 551, I. 421. is . . 501, I. 18 . 431, 2. 2 . . Rule xxvi. 19 . . 416 ; 104, 1. 19 . 531. 421. 43, i . . 518, II. 20 . 545, 3. 224 LATIN READER. Fagc. Page. Page. 46, 2 i ..525. 51, 9.. 133; 371,3. 57, 6 . . 518, II. 47, 1 . . 518, II. 10 . . 531. s . . 532, 4. 2 . . 396, III. 12 . . 518, II. 9 . . 492, 2. 3 . . 367, 3. is . . 525. 1 . . 258, I. 1. 4 . . 398, 4, 2). 14 . . 563. 11 . . 379, 3, 7 . . 520, II. 52, 2 . . 426. 12 . . 577. 8 . . 549. 3 . . 549, 4, i 3 . . 414, 4. .. 525; 481,11. 5 . . 442, 1. H . . 429, o . . 500, 2 ; 234. 7 . . 213, II. 58, i .' . 431,' 2. 11 . . 545, 3. 9 . . 273, I. 2. 2 . . 235 ; 297. 12 . . 234. 1 . . 273, II. 1. 3 . . 509. " . . 460, 2. 12 . . 96, 3. 4 . . 491. 48, 3 . . 518, II. 53, 4 .. 580. 59, * . . 270, II. 1. 4 . . 414, 4. 5 . . 421, II. 2 . . 258, 1. 2. 5.. 295, 3; 522,11. 6 . . 273, II. 1. 5 . . 518, II. ; 272 e . . 397, 1, (1). 8 . . 429. e . . 258, 1. 4. 7 . . 485, 486, 3. 9 . . 525. 10 . . 522, II. 9 . . 525. 11 . . 527. i 2 . . 414, 2. 10 . . 419, III. 12 . . 491. i 3 . . 492. 11 . . 501, 1. 13 . . 214, 1. i 4 . . 580. 12 . . 575 : 384. 14 . . 385, 2, is . . 518, II. 13 . . 547, 1. i5 . . 273, 1. 1. 16 . . 258, 1. 2. i 4 . . 525. 16 . . 518, II. is . . 234. J 5. .346; 485. is . . 269. 60,i.. 379. *6 . . 546. 19 . . 518, 1. 2 . . 282, I. 17 . .65; 113. 20 . . 578, II. 3 . . 580. !8 . . 379. 23 . . 578, V. 4 . . 520, II. 20 . . 489. 54, 2 . . 518, II. 7 . . 500. 49, i . . 518,11. 3 . . 525. 8 . . 494. 2 . . 487. 4 . . 131, 1 ; 414. 9 . . 547, I. s . . 492 ; 549, 4. 5 . . 269, II. ; 491. 1 . . 425. 4 . . 419, III. 6 . . 273, II. 1, i 4 . . 431, 2, (3). 5 . . 419, IV. 9 . . 578, I. 61,i.. 5i 8) jj. 6 . . 84, 1. 11 . . 492, 2. 4 . . 430, 431. 7 . . 500, 2. 12 .. 273, I. 2. 6 . . 419, I. 8 . . 578, 1. 14 . . 118, 1. 7 . . 577. 9 . . 426. i5 . . 527. 8 . . 414, 2. 10 . . 525. 55, i . . 441, 6. 9 . . 416. 12 . . 510, 1. 2 . . 575, 1. 10 . . 495. 15 . . 419, 3. 3 . . 492, 2. 11 . . 422, 1, 2). 50, i . . 518, II. 4 . . 258, 1. 3. 12.. 428. 3 . . 426. 6 . . 518, II. 62, i . . 419, 2, 1) 4 . . 554, IV. 7 . . 577. 2 . . 332, I. 4. 5 . . 551, 1. 11 . . 431, 2. 3 . . 272, 1. 8 . . 545. i2 . . 421, II. 5 . . 518, II. 9 . . 414, 4. 14 . . 491. 6 . . 492, 2. 10 . . 431 ; 431, 2. 15 . . 258, 1. 2. 8 . . 410, 2. "..118,1, (1). 56, 2 . . 261, 2, 9 . . 273, II. 12 . . 494. 4 . . 378, 1. 10 . . 414, 4. 13 . . 492, 3. 5 . . 518, II. 12 . . 494. 14 . . 271, 3. e . . 269. i 3 . . 418. 15 . . 491. s . . 260. 14 . . 272, 1. 2. 51, 2 .. 419, 2,1). 9 . . 384, II. 1. is . . 545 3. 3 . . 545. 10 . . 442, 1. is. .374, 4; 525. 5 . . 549. i 2 . . 379. 63, i . . 491. 6 . . 384, 2. 14 . . 421, II. 2 . . 151, 4. 7 . . 418. 57, 2 . . 442, 1. -. .431, 2, (1). 8 . . 444, 1 & 4. 4 .-. 414, 5, 1), 4 . . 520, II. TABLE OF REFERENCES. 225 Page. Page. . 273, 1. 2. 69, 7 . . 414, 3. 77,3 . 414, 3. . 518, II. s . . 264. 5 .491. .527. 70, i . . 518, II. 7 .453; 431,2. . 414, 3. 2 . . 427, 3. 8 . 273, II.2. . 503, 2 : 510. 4 . . 495, 3. 9 . 583, 2. . 379, 1. & . . 431, 2. 11 .419. . 422, 1. 6 . . 396, IV. 12 .261. .566,11.; 580. 71, i.. 305; 164. 13 . 431, 2. .577. 2 . . 422, 1. 14 . 422, 1, 1). .494. 72, i . . 367, 3. 15 . 444, 1 & 4. .281. 2 . . 463, 3. 17 .575. . 518, II. 8 . . 214, 1. 78,3 . 390, 2. .500. 4 . . 441, 6. 4 . 269, II. . 495, 3. 5 . . 518. II. 5 . 492, 1. . 532, 4. 8 . . 587', I. 5. 6 . 367, 3. . 525. 73, l . . 492, 2. 7 .270. . 542, 1. 2 . . 419, IV. 11 .579. . 461, 1. 4 . , 398, 4. 12 .272,11. - .422,1, 1). & . . 234. 79, i .494. .273,11. s . 273, I. 2. 2 .418. . 258, I. 1. 7 . . 273 II. 4 .518. . 518, II. 8. .419,2, 1). 5 . 273, II. . 165, 1. 10 . . 258 I. 3. 6 .281. .234. 11.. 258, L 4. 7 . 422, 1, 1). .518. 12 . . 270, II. 8 . 378, 1. .270. 13 . . 430, 431. 80, 2 . 414, 7. . 518, II. 14 . . 421, II. 3 . 371, 4. .492; 374, 4. 74, i . . 270. 4 . 518, II. . 234. 2 . . 272. 5 . 492, 4. .426. 3 . . 426. 7 . 492, 2. .531. &.. 422, 1,1). 81, 4 . 422, 1, 1). .269. 6 . . 494. 5 . 419, IV. . 492, 2. 7 . . 292, 2 : 367, 3. 6 . 418. . 530, 1. 8 . . 453 ; 431, 2. 7 . 234 ; 482, 2. . 402, 1. 9 . . 273, II. 8 .518. . 495, 2. 11 . . 587, L 2. 9 . 371, 4. . 272, 1. 12 . . 273, II. 12 . 549, 4. . 272, II. is . . 286, 1. 13 .569. . 434, 1. *4 . . 378, 1. 14 .525. .418. 75, i ..425,2,2). 82, i . 492, % .378. 4 . . 520, II. 2 . 495, 3. .491. 5 . . 414. 4 .429. . 425, 2. 6 . . 430, 431. 5 . 578, V. . 492, 2. 7 . . 580. 6 .549. .518. s . . 565, 1. 7 .575. .492. 9 . . 425. 8 .500. . 431, 2 (3). 10 . . 518, II. 11 . 397, 2. .442,1. n . . 566, 1. 12 . 258, I. 1. . 399, 2. 76 i . . 258, 1. 2. 13 . 491. . 367, 3. 2 . . 260. 14 . 414, 3. .492. s . . 575. 15 . 271, 3. . 500, 2. 7 . . 518. 17 . 492, 4. . 258, 1. 1. . 8 . . 388, 1, 2). 18 . 495, 2. .269. 9 . . 414, 7. 83, i . 128, 371, 4. . 272, 1. 11 . . 234. 3 .492, 2; 46L .379. 12 . . 272, II. 8 . 527. . 431, 2. 14 . . 414. 9 .518. .426. 77, '..414,7. IS . 545, 3. 226 LATIN READER. Page. Page. Page. 83, 14 . . 495 91, i* . . 486, 5. 103, xviii. . . 219, L, 16.. 422, 1, 1). 14 . . 399, 2, 2). XXXV. " . . 482, 2. 92, i . . 385 ; 575. 104, xviii. 5 . . xxxii. w . . 414, 4. 2 . . 425, 2. 6 . . 491. 84, i . . 551, 3. 4. .399,2,2). 7 . . 460, 2, 3 . . 495, 3. 5 . . 275, I. XXXV. 4 . . 545, 3. 11 . . 442, 1. xx. . . 571-58L 6 . . 414, 2. i 3 .. 575; 391, 1. 106. xxiv.2) . . 525. 85, i . . 491. is . . 492, 3. " 3) . . 527. 3 . . 165, 1. is . . 545, 3. " 4) . . 531. 4 . . 378. 93,1.. 578, V. " 5) . . 501, 494, 8.. 414; 705, II. 3 . . 518, II. 495. 9 . . 396, V. 4 . . 486, 4. " 6) . . 498, 499. 11 . . 273, II. 6 . . 165, 1. "3,1). .501. 12 . . 278, 2. 8 . . 419, I. 107, " 3,2) . . 500, 494. 86, i . . 425, 3. 9 . . 434, 1. xxv. . . 539. 2 . . 414; 3. 94 i . . 492, 4. 2 . . 545, 1. 4 . . 494. 3 . . 272, 1. * 5 . . 419, I. 4 . . 429. 6 . . 419, III. s . . 494. Notes. s . . 269. 9 . . 371, 4. 109, 9, 12 .. 593. 9 . . 429. i* . . 525. 110, 15, 1 . . xxxiii. 11 . . 235. 16 . . 367, 3. 22, 15 . . 602,11. 3. 87, l . . 545, 3. 17 . . 492. 23, 11 . . 384, 2. 3 . . 569. 95, i . . 563. 15 . . 384, 2. 5 . . 414, 4. 4 . . 379. Ill, 25, 8 . . 594. . . 518, II. & . . 396, III. 37, 2 . . 184, 4. 7 . . 495, 1. e . . 498. 5 . . xxxiii. 88, 2 . . 335, 4. 7 . . 545, 1. 112, 47, 22 . . 598, 3. 3 . . 434, 1. s . . 273, I. 53, 13 . . 600. 4 . . 523, 3, 2). 12 . . 491. 16 . . 598, 3. & . . 234. 13 . . 273, I. 113, 54, 17 . . 346, 1 ; 7 . . 532, 4. 96,4.. 565, 1. 584. 8 . . 549. 5 . . 494. 56, 20 . . xxi. 89, 3 . . 495, 2. 7 . . 578, V. 60, 11 ..198,1.2. 4 . . 378, 1. 8.. 214, I. 1. 12 . . 414, 5. G . . 419, I. 9 . . 518, I. 68, 8 . . 414, 5. s . . 414, 7. 97, i . . 434, 1. 23 . . 196, I. 2. 9 . . 419, 2. 2 . . 547. 71, 4 . . 594, I. 1)0, i .. 563. 3 . . 378. 114, 77, 11 . . viii. 4 . . 518, I. 4 . . 419, III. 86, 6 . . 421, II. 5 . . 414, 4. * . . 494. 87, 2 . . 421, II, 6.. 399, 2, 2). 6 . . 501, L 51,6. 7 . . 428. 115, 89, 17 . . 273. s . . 579, V. Suggestions. 92, 5 . . 487. y . . 587, L 5. 99, v. . . 345, 1. 11 . . 602, III. 10 . . 575. 100, vi. ..345, II., III. 2. 11 . . 269. 101, xi. . . 345, I. 95, 6 . . 585, 1. i 2 . . 494. * 1 . . 347, 350. 116, 98, 5 ..549,4,1). 13 . . 565, 1. 102, ' 2 ..352. 99, 2 . . 528. i* . . 379. ' 3 . . 354-356. 100, . . 357, 1. 91, 2 . . 414, 3. xiii. . . 345, II. 101, ..396,2,3),, 3 . . 518, II. ' 1 . . 357. 103, . . 589, 590. 6 . . 429. < 3 . . 345, 2. 104, . . 525, 1. 8 . . 450, 2. (1). xiv. 5 . . 353. 117, 108, . . 530, 1. 9 . . 580. 103, xv. . . 345, III. 109, . . 518, II. ; 10 . . 545, 1. xvi. 1 . . 345, III. 367, 3. 11 . . 414, 2. xviii.2 . . 313, II. 110, . . 579. TABLE OF REFERENCES. 227 Page. Page. Vocabulary. 117, 111, . . 414, 5 ; 131, 210 . . 550, 587, Objecto, . . 332, 1. 488, 3. 1.2. OCCUITO, . . 273, I. 2. 112, . . 357, 1. 211 . 602, II. 1. Parum, . . 305. 118, 132, . . 460, 2. 131, 212 . 492, 1. Que, . . 587, I. 3. 119, 141, . . 520, It. 213 .579. Senex . . 168, 3. 145, . . 417, 3. 132, 215 . 518, II. Similiter, . . 305, 2. 147 2 . . 549. 133, 219 . 550. Soleo, . . 271, 3. 147; 11 . . 419, iv. 220 . 516, III. Sustento, . . 332, I. 120, 148 . . 379. 221 . 530, I. Tento, . . " 149 . . 579. 134, 221 .541, I. Tune, . .396,2,4). 1.21, 157 ..441,6. 224 .602,11.3. Uterque, . . 151, 4. 160 . . 378. 227 .554, III. Verso, . . 332, I. 2. 122, 161 ..384,11.1. 135, 229 .530,481,1. Volo, . . 389, 2. 163 . . 414, 5. 232 . 516, II. About, . . 231. 165 . . 550. 136, 233 .575, 549. Because of, . . 414, 2. 123, 177 . . 396, IV. 235 .580. By, . . 414. 124, 179 . . 550. 137, 246, 2 . 549, 4. Content, . . 419, IV. 180 . . 520, II. 246,9 . 384, II. 1. For, . . 414, 416. 183 . . 495, 3 ; Free, . . 425, 3. 125, 187 421, II. ..270, 213, Vocabulary. From, In, . .421,425,3. . . 421, 414, II. Acriter .305. 426. ..492, 2; Alter . 151, 2. Let, . . 487, 534. 374, 4. Ambo, . 175, 2. Liberate, . . 425, 3. 126, 191 ..42,111.2. An, .346,11.2. May have, . . 485, 487. 192 . . 492, 594, Audeo, . 271, 3. Must, . . 232. I. Aufugio, . 338, 1. My, . . 185, 1. . . 258, 1. 1. Bene, . 305, 2. Nothing, . . 42, III. 1. 193 . . 598, 3 ; Capesso, . 332, 4. Of, on account 421, II. Castellum, . 315, 3. of, . . 414. 127, 195 ..431,2,3). Celeriter, . 305, 2. On, . . 426. 197 . . 352, II. Deus, . 51, 5. Ought, . . 232, 128, 200 . . 549, 4. Ego, . 184, 6. Plunder, . . 419, 2. 202 ..421, II.; Gandeo, . 271, 3. See that, . . 535, 1. 398, 4. Habito, . 332, I. 2. Some, . . 191, 1. 203 . . 65, 3, 1). Honorifice, .305. Son, . . 52, 2. 129, 204 . . 258, I. 1 ; 396, II. Junior, Magnifice, . 168, 3. .305. That, . . 490, 558 ; I. 205 . . 378. Male, .305. To, ..383, 384, 130, 205 . . 431, 2 ; Meclius, . 441, 6. 2. 594. Ne, .346,11.1. With, . . 434, 5, 206 . .520,414,4. Nonne, . 346, II. 1. 414. 208 . . 602,111.2. Num, ^ | Tyler, W. S. Plato's Apology and Crito. With/ I Tyler and Hackett Plutarch on the Wicked. With Notes. 12mo. |Whiton, James M., and Mary B. T Xenopoon. jWhiton, James M. First Lessons ley's Grammar. 12mo. Swinchell, S. R. Lessons \y flXenophon. See BOISE, ex |Uhlemann. INSON r and t! rections and Additions. 8vo. 'unishing thr for Reading anion to Had- man by ENOCH HUTCH- /ammar, a Chrestomathy Second edition, with Cor HEBREW. |&esenius. Hebrew Grammar. Bldited by RODIGER. Translated from the last (the seventeenth) German edition by Conant. With an Index. 8vo. D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, NEW YORK, BOSTON, CHICAGO, ATLANTA, SAN FRANCISCO.