~~ -g Ex Libns I C. K. OGDEN < H OS LIBROS E Bl BLIOTH EGA IOANNIS SPENCEEI MEADE OLIM HARROVIENSIS D. D. UXOR EJUS VIDUATA. NEW AND LITERAL r~ TRANSLATION OF WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY NOTES, THESE DIFFICULT SATIRISTS ARE RENDERED EASY AND FAMILIAR TO THE READER. I IN TWO VOLUMES. BY THE itEVTM. MADAN. Ardet....Instat....Aperte jugular. SCAL. in JUT. VOL. I. DUBLIN : PRINTED BY BRETT SMITH, 46, MARY-STREET. 1813. StacX Annex PREFACE JUVENAL. DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENAL was born at Aquinum, a town of the Volsci> a people of Latium ; hence, from the place of his birth, he was called Aquinas. It is not certain whether he was the son, or foster-child of a rich freed- man. He had a learned education, and, in the time of Claudius Nero, pleaded causes with great reputation. About his middle age he ap- plied himself to the study of Poetry ; and, as he saw a dailv increase of vice and folly, he addict- ed himself to writing Satire : but, having said something (sat. vii. 1. 88 92.) which was deemed a reflection on Paris the actor, a minion of Domitian's, he was banished into jEgypt, at * eighty years of age, under pretence of sending him as captain of a company of soldiers. This was looked upon as a sort of humorous punish- ment for what he had said, in making Paris the bestower of posts in the army. However, Domitian dying soon after, Juve- nal returned to Rome, and is said to have lived there to the -f- times of Nerva and Trajan. At last, worn out with old age, he expired in a fit of coughing. * Quanquam Octogenarius. MARSHALL, in Vit. Juv. T Ibique ad Nervaj et Trajani tempera supervixisse dicitur MAR- SHALL, Ib. i, PREFACE. He was a man of excellent morals, of an ele- gant taste and judgment, a fast friend to Virtue, and an irreconcileable enemy to Vice in every shape. As a writer, his style is unrivalled, in point of elegance and beauty, by any Satirist that we are acquainted -with, Horace not excepted. The plainness of his expressions are derived from the honesty and integrity of his own mind : his great aim was " to hold, as it were, the mirror up " to nature ; to shew Virtue her own feature, " Scorn her own image, and the very age and " body of the time his form and pressure *."- He meant not, therefore, to corrupt the mind, by openly describing the lewd practices ot his countrymen, but to remove every veil, even of language itself) which could soften the features, or hide the full deformity of vice from the ob- servation of his readers, and thus to strike the mind with due abhorrence of what he censures. All this is done in so masterly a way, as to ren- der him well worthy Scaliger's encomium, when he styles him Omnium Satyricorum facile Prin- ceps. He was much loved and respected by -f- Martial. Quintilian speaks of him, lust. Or at. lib. x. as the chief of Satirists. \ Ammianus Marcellinus says, that some who did detest learn- ing, did, notwithstanding, in their most profound retiredness, diligently employ themselves in his works. The attentive reader of Juvenal may see, as in a glass, a true portraiture of the Roman man- ners in his time : here he may see, drawn to the life, a people sunk in sloth, luxury, and debau- * Hamlet, act iii. scene 2. A Sea MART. lib. vii. epig. 24. Hist. lib. xrviii. PREFACE. r chery, and exhibiting to us the sad condition of human nature, when untaught by divine truth, and uninfluenced hy a divine principle. How- ever polite and refined this people was, with res- pect to the cultivationof letters, arts, and sciences, beyond the most barbarous nations ; yet, as to the true knowledge of God, they were upon a footing with the most uninformed of their co- temporaries, and consequently were, equally with them, sunk into all manner of wickedness and abomination. The description of the Gen- tiles in general, by St. Paul, Rom. i. 19 32. is fully verified as to the Romans in paritcular. Juvenal may be looked upon as one of those rare meteors, which shone forth even in the dark- ness of Heathenism. The mind and conscience of this great man were, though from * whence he knew not, so far enlightened, as to perceive the ugliness of vice, and so influenced with a de- sire to reform it, as to make him, according to the light he had, a severe and able reprover, a powerful and diligent witness against the vices and follies of the people among which he lived ; and, indeed, against all, wl)o, like them, give a loose to their depraved appetites, as if there were no other liberty to be sought after, but the most unrestrained indulgence of vicious plea- sures and gratifications. How far Rome-Christian, possessed of divine revelation, is better than Heathen Rome with- out it, is not 'for me to determine : but I fear, that the perusal of Juvenal will furnish us with too serious a reason to observe, that, not only modern Rome, but every metropolis in the Christian world, as to the generality of its mau- * Rein. ii. 15. Comp. Is. xiv. 5. See sat. x. I. 363, and note. Ti PREFACE. ners and pursuits, bears a most unhappy resem- blance to the objects of the following Satires. They are, therefore, too applicable to the times in which we live, and, in that view, if rightly understood, may, perhaps, be serviceable to many, who will not come within the reach of / higher instruction. Bishop Burnet observes, that the " satirical " poets, Horace, Juvenal, and Persius, may " contribute wonderfully to give a man a detes- " tation of vice, and a contempt of the common '.' methods of mankind ; which they have set '* out in such true colours, that they must give " a very generous sense to those who delight in " reading them often.." Past. Care, c. vii. This translation was begun some years ago, at hours of leisure, for the Editor's own amuse- ment : when, on adding the notes as he went along, he found it useful to himself) he began to think that it might be so to others, if pursued to the end on the same plan. The work was car- ried on, till it increased to a considerable bulk. The addition of Persius enlarged it to its present size, in which it appears in print, with a design to add its assistance in explaining these difficult authors, not only to school-boys and young be- ginners, but to numbers in a more advanced age, who, by having been thrown into various scenes of life, remote from classical improvement, have so far forgotten their Latin, as to render these elegant and instructive remains of antiquity al- most inaccessible to their comprehension, howe- ver desirous they may be to renew their acquaint- ance with them. As to the old objection, that translations of the Classics tend to make boys idle, this can ne- ver happen, but through the fault of the master, . PREFACE. vii in not properly watching over the method of their studies. A master should never suffer a boy to construe his lesson in the school, but from the Latin by itself, nor without making the boy parse, and give an account of every necessary word ; this will drive him to his grammar and dictionary, near as much as if he had no trans- lation at all : but in private, when the boy is preparing his lesson, a literal translation, and explanatory notes, so facilitate the right compre- hension, and understanding, of the author's lan- guage, meaning, and design, as to imprint them with ease on the learner's mind, to form his taste, and to enable him, not 6nly to construe and ex- plain, but to get those portions of the author by heart, which he is, at certain periods, to repeat at school, and which, if judiciously selected, he may find useful, as well as ornamental to him, all his life. To this end, I have considered, that there are three purposes to be answered. First, that the reader should know what the author says ; this can only be attained by * literal translation : as for poetical versions, which are so often mis- called translations, paraphrases, and the like, they are but ill calculated for this fundamental and necessary purpose. They remind one of a performer on a musical instrument, who shews his skill, by playing over a piece of music, with so many variations, as to disguise, almost entirely, the original simple melody, insomuch that the hearers depart as ig- * I trust that I shall not be reckoned guilty of inconsistency, if, in ?ovne few passages, I have made use of paraphrase, which I have so studiously avoided through the rest of the work, because the literal sense of these is better obscured than explained, especially to young minds. via PREFACE. norant of the merit of the composer, as they came. All translators should transfer to themselves the directions, which our Shakespeare gives to actors, at least, if they mean to assist the stu- dent, by helping him to the construction, that he may understand the language of the author. As the actor is not " to o'erstep the modesty " of nature" so a translator is not to o'erstep the simplicity of the text. -As an actor is " not " to speak more than is set down for him" so a translator is not to exercise his own fancy, and let it loose into phrases and expressions, which are totally foreign from those of the author. He should therefore sacrifice vanity to usefulness, and forego the praise of elegant writing, for the utility of faithful translation. The next thing to he considered, after know- ing what the author says, is how he says it ; this can only be learnt from the original itself, to which I refer the reader, by printing the Latin, line for line, opposite to the English, and, as the lines are numbered, the eye will readily pass from the one to the other. The information which has been received from the translatiob, will readily assist in the grammatical construction. The third particular, without which the reader would fall very short of understanding the au- thor, is, to know what he means ; to explain this is the intention of the notes, for many of which, I gratefully acknowledge myself chiefly indebted to various learned commentators, but who, hav- ing written in Latin, are almost out of the reach of those for whom this work is principally intend- ed. Here and there, I have selected some notes irom English writers : this indeed the student PREFACE. is might have done for himself; but I hope he will not take it amiss, that I have brought so many different commentators into one view, and saved much trouble to him, at the expense of my own labour. The rest of the notes, and those no in- considerable number, perhaps the most, are my own, by which, if I have been happy enough to supply any deficiencies of others, I shall be glad. Upon the whole, I am, from long observa- tion, most perfectly convinced, that the early disgust, which, in too many instances, yo'uth is apt to conceive against classical learning, (so that the school-time is passed in a state of * la- bour and sorrow,) arises mostly from the crabbed and difficult methods of instruction, which are too often imposed upon them ; and that, there- fore, all attempts to reduce the number of the difficulties, which, like so many thorns, are laid in their way, and to -f- render the paths of in- struction pleasant and easy, will encourage and invite their attention, even to the study of the most difficult authors, among the foremost of which we may rank Juvenal and Persius. Should the present publication be found to answer this end, not only to school-boys, but to those also who would be glad to recover such a competent knowledge of the Latin tongue, as to encourage the renewal of their acquaintance with the Clas- * '* The books that we learn at school are generally laid aside, with " this prejudice, that they were the labours as well as the sorrows of ** our childhood and education ; but they are among the best of books " the Greek and Roman authors have a spirit in them, a force both ' " of thought and expression, that later ages have not been able to imi- " tate." Bp. BURNET, Past. Care, cap. vii. + Quod enim munus reipublicae afime majus, meliusve possumus, tjuam si docemus atcjue .erudiiaus juventutem ? Cic. de Divio, lib. ii. 2. VOL. /, B x PREFACE. sics, (whose writings so richly contribute to oi> nament the higher and more polished walks in life, and which none but the ignorant and taste- less can undervalue,) it will afford the Editor an additional satisfaction. Still more, if it prove useful to foreigners ; such I mean as are ac- quainted with the Latin, and wish to be helped in their study of the English language, which is now so much cultivated in many parts of Eu- rope. The religious reader will observe, that God, who " in times past suffered * all the nations " (-awry, rat, &0vq, i. c. all the heathen) to walk " in their own ways, nevertheless left not him- *' self without witness," not only by the out- ward manifestations of his power and goodness, in the works of -(- creation and providence, but by men also, who in their several generations, have so far shewn the work of \ the law written in their hearts, as to bear testimony against the unrighteousness of the world in which they lived. Hence we find the great apostle of the Gentiles, Acts xvii. 28. quoting a passage from his coun- tryman, Aratus of Cilicia, against idolatry, or imagining there be gods made with hands. We find the same apostle reproving the vices of lying and gluttony in the Cretans, by 3, quota- tion from the Cretan poet Epimenides, whom he calls " a prophet of their own," for they ac- counted their poets writers of divine oracles. Let this teach us to distinguish between the use and abuse of classical knowledge when it tends to inform the judgment, to refine the manners, * See WHITBY on Acts xiv. 16. t Comp. Rom. i. 19, 20, with Acts xiv. 17. See Rom. ii. ly.' Tit. i. '12, PREFACE. xi and to embellish the conversation ; when it keeps a due subordination to that which is divine, makes us truly thankful of the superior light of God's infallible word, and teaches us how little can be truly known * by the wisest of men, without a divine revelation then it has its use still more, if it awakens in us a jealousy over ourselves, that we duly improve the superior light with which we are blessed, lest the very heathen rise in judgment -j- against us. If, on the contrary, it tends to make us proud, vain, and conceited, to rest in its attainments as the summit of wisdom and knowledge ; if it contri- butes to harden the mind against superior infor- mation, or fills it with that sour pedantry which leads to the contempt of others then I will rea- dily allow, that all our learning is but " splen- " did ignorance and pompous folly." * 1 Cor. i. 20, 21. t Luke xii. 47, 48. DECIMI AQU1NATIS S A T I R m. THE SATIRES OF JUVENAL, : DECIMI JUNII JUVENALIS AQUINATI& SATIRyE. SATIRA I. AR&UMENT. begins this satire with giving some humourous reasons for his writing : suck us hearing, so often, many ill poets rehearse their works, and intending to repay them in kind. N~exthe in- forms us, why he addicts himself to satire, rather than to other poetry, and gives a summary and general view ef the reigning. OEMPER ego auditor tan turn ? nunquamne reponam r Vexatus toties rauci These'ide Codri '? Impune ergo mihi recitaverit ille togatas, * Satires."] Or satyrs concerning this word see CHAMBERS^ Dic- tionary. Line 1. Only an hearer. ~\ Juvenal complains of the irksome re- citals, which the scribbling poets wore continually making of tlu?ir vile compositions, and of which he was a hearer, at the public a^-.-ni- blies where they read them over. It is to be observed that, some- times, the Romans made private recitals of their poetry, among their particular friends. They also had public recitals, either in the temple of Apollo, or in spacious houses, which were either hired, or lent, for the purpose, by some rich and great man, who was highly honoured for this, and who got his clients and dependents to- gether, on the occasion, in order to increase the audience, and to encourage the poet by their applauses. See sat. vii. 1. 40 4. Per- siuB, prolog. 1. 7. and note. Hon. lib. I. sat. iv. 1. 73, 4. Repay.] Reponam, here, is used metaphorically ; it al- THE SATIRES JUVENAL. SATIRE L siicee &tid follies of his time. He laments the restraints which the satirists then lay under from a fear of punishment, and pro- fesses to treat of the dead, personating, under their names, certain. living vicious characters. His great aim, in this, and in all his other satires, is to expose and reprove vice itself, however sancti- Jied by custom, or dignified by the examples of the great. * OHALL I always be only a hearer ? shall I never repay, Who am teiz'd so often with the Theseis of hoarse Codrus ? Shall one (poet) recite his comedies to me with impunity, hides to tin? borrowing and repayment of money. When a man repaid money which he had borrowed, he was said to replace it reponere. So our poet, looking upon himself as indebted to the reciters of their compositions, for the trouble which they had given him, speaks, as it he' intended to repay them in kind, by writing and reciting his verses as they had done theirs. Sat. vii. 1. 40. 4. PERSIUS, prolog. i. 7. HOR. lib. I. sat. iv. 1. 73, 4. 2. Theseis.'] A poem of which Theseus was the subject. - Hoarse CWrws.] A very mean poet : so poor, that he gave rise to the proverb : " Codro pauperior. He is here supposed to have made himself hoarse, with frequent and loud reading his poem. 3. Comedies^ Togatas ?o called from the low and common peo- ple, who were the subjects of them. These wore gowns, by which they were distinguished from persons of rank. There were three different sorts of comedy, each denominated from the dress of the persons which UK-V represt-nted, JUVENALIS SATIRE SAT. i. < . . I!ir f;l(??OF ? impurie diem consu . ^en-* Telephus ? aut sumini plena jam margine libri 5 Scriptus et in tergo necdum finitua Orestes? Nota magis nulli domus et sna quam mihi lucus Martis, et ^Eoliis vicinum rupibus antrum Vulcani. Quid agant venti : quas torqueat umbras unde alius furtivae devehat aurum 10 First: The TogV.a--which exhibited 'the actions of the lower sort ; and was a species of what we call low comedy. Secondly : The Praetextatu so called from the praetexta, a white robe ornamented with purple, and worn by magistrates and nobles. Hence the comedies, which treated of the actions of such, were called praetextatae. In our time, we should say genteel comedy. Thirdly : The Palliata from pallium, a sort of upper garment worn by the Greeks, and in which the actors were, habited, when the man- ners and actions of the Greeks were represented. This was also a species of the higher sort of comedy. It is most probable that Terence's plays, which he took from Menander, were reckoned among the palliatas, and represented in the pallium, or Grecian dress: more especially too, as the scene of every play lies at Athens. 4. Elegies.] These were little poems on mournful subject?, and gemsistecl of hexameter and pentameter verses alternately. We must - uf knowing the first elesfuic poet, since Horace says Art, Pc-et. 1. 77, 8. . s tamen cnguos elegos emtsent auctor, immatici certant, et adhuc sub judice lis est. By -whom invented critics yet contend, And of their vain disputing find no end. FRANCIS. Elegies were at first mournful, yet, afterwards, they were com- posed on cheerful subjects. Hou. ib. 1. 75, 6. Versibus impariter junctis querimonia prinium. Post etiam inclusa est voti sententia compos. Unequal measures first were tun'd to flow, Sadly expressive of the lover's woe: : But now to gayer subjects form'd they move, In sounds of pleasure, and the joys of love. FRANC:S. M Bulky Telephus.^ Some prolix and tedious play, 'written on tl><- Mibj.vt of Tdrplm,-., king of' My.-ia, who was mortally wounded In -the ^.earof Achilles, but afterwards healed by the fust of 'the same spe/ir. OVID. Trist. v. 2. In. . lluslc a dny.~\ In hearing it read over, which took up a '\hole day. o. Or Orestes.] Another play on the story of Orestes, the son of Agamemnon anQjd)yteinnestra. He slew his own rnpther, and /Egysthus, her adulterer, who had murdered his father. This too, SAT. t. JUVENAL'S SATIRES, Another his elegies? shall bulky Tolephus waste a day With impunity? or Orestes the margin of the whole book already full, 5 And written on the back too, nor as yet finished? 1 No man's house is better known to him, than to me The grove of Mars, and the den of Vulcan near The /Eolian rocks : what the wind.- can do : what ghosts /Eacus may be tormenting : from whence another could convey the gold 10 by the description of it in this line, and the next, must have been a very long and tedious performance. It was usual to leave a margin, but this was all filled from top to bottom it was unusual to write on the outside, or back, of the parchment; but this author had filled the whole outside, as well as the inside. 5. Of the n'hole book.~] Or of the whole of the book. Litar primarily signifies the inward barker rind of a tree; hence a book or work written, at tirst made of barks of trees, afterwards of paper and parchment. Summus is derived from supremus, hence sum- mum-i, the top, the whole, the sum. 8. The grove of Mars.] The history of Romulus and Remus, whom Ilia, otherwise called Rhea Sylvia, brought forth in a grove sacred to Mars at Alba: hence Romulus was called Sylvius also, the son of Mars. This, and the other subjects mentioned, were so dinned perpetually into his ears, that the places described were as familiar to him as his own house. The den of Vulcan.'] The history of the Cyclops and Vulcan, the scene of which was laid in Vulcan's den. See VIRG. /En. viii. 1. 41G 22. 9. The JEolian rocks.] On the North of Sicily are seven rocky islands, which were called ^Eolian, or Vulcanian ; one of which w;u called Hiera, or sacred, a:; dedicated to Vulcan. From the frequent breaking forth of fire and sulphur out of the earth of these islands, particularly in Hiera, \ ulcan was supposed to keep his shop and forgo there. Here also ^Eoius was supposed to confine, and preside over the winds. Hence these islands are called /Eolian. See VIRQ. /En. i. L 5567. I \ hat the winds can c.~\ The person here meant is far from certain. Commentators difter much in their conjecture on the sub- ject. Britannicus gives the matter up. " This passage," says he, " is " one of those, concerning which we are yet to seek." But whether Cornelius Fuscus be meant, who when a boy wafe charioteer to Nero, as Automedon was to Achilles, and who, after wasting his substance in riotous living, was made commander of a regiment Or Tigillinus, an infamous favourite of Nero'^, be hero designed, whose character is supposed to have answered to the de- scription here given, is not certain one or other seems to be mean*. The poet is mentioning various subjects, as highly proper for sa- tire; and, among others, some favourite at court, who, alter spend- ing all his paternal estate in riot, extravagance, and debauchery, was made a commander in the army, and exhibited his chariot, driving full speed over the Flaminian way, which led to the emperor's villa ; and all this, because, when a boy, he had been Nero's charioteer, or, as the poet humourously calls him, his Automedon, and used to drise out Nero and his minion Sporus, whom Nero castrated, to make him, as much as he could, resemble a woman, and whom he used as a mistress, and afterwards took as a wife, and appeared publicly in his chariot with him, openly caressing, and making love, as he passed along. The poet humourously speaks of Sporus in the feminine gender. As the lacerna was principally a man's garment, by lacernatai amicae, the poet may be understood, as if he had called Sporu?, Nero's male-rnistress being habited like a man, and caressed as a woman. The above appears to me a probable explanation of this obscure and difficult passage. Holiday gives it a different turn, as may be seen by his annotation on this place. I do not presume to be posi- SAT. i. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 15 When he Can think it right to hope for the charge of a cohort, Who hath given his estate to stables, and lacks all The income of his ancestors, while he flies, with swift axle, over 60 The Flaminian way ; for the boy Automedon was holding the reins, When he boasted himself to his cloaked mistress. Doth it not like one to fill capacious waxen tablets in the middle of a Cross-way when now can be carried on a sixth neck (Here and there exposed, and in almost a naked chair, 65 And much resembling the supine Maecenas) A signer to what is false ; who himself splendid and happy live, but will say with Britannicus : " Sed quum in ambiguo sit, de " quo poeta potissimum intelligat, unusquisque, si neutrum horum " probabile visum fuerit, quod ad loci explanationem faciat, exco- " gitet" 61. The Flaminian way.~] A road made by Caius Flaminius, col- league of Lepidus, from Home to Ariminum. 62. When he boasted himself.~\ Jactare se alicui signifies to re- gommend, to insinuate one's self into the favour, or good graces of another as when a man is courting his mistress. By ipse, accord- ing to the above interpretation of this passage, we must understand the emperor Nero. 63. Capacious waxen tablets.^ These are here called ceras, some- times they are called ceratee tabellde because they were thin pieces of wood, covered over with wax, on which the ancients wrote with the rint of a sharp instrument, called stylus, (see Hon. lib. I. sat. x. 72) : it had a blunt end to rub out with. They made up pocket- books with these. 64. Cross-way.^ Juvenal means, that a man might please himself by filling a large book with the objects of satire which he meets in passing along the street. Quadrivium properly means a place where four ways meet, and where there are usually most people passing a proper stand for observation. On a sU'th neck.~\ i. e. In a litter carried by six slaves, who bare the poles on the shoulder, and leaning against the side of the neck. 1 liese were called hexaphori, from Gr. 24, six, and $ rp*, to bear or carry. See sat. vii. 1. 141, n. 65. Exposed, or, of Claudius and Messaiina ; and Agrippina to dispatch Claudius. The woman alluded to by Juvenal, 1. 69. he here styles melior Lo- custa a better Locusta i. e. more skilled in poisoning than eveo, Locusta herself. Her rude neighbours] i. e. Unacquainted and unskilled before, iu this diabolical art. 72. Through fame and the people] Setting all reputation and public report at defiance : not caring what people should say. To bring forth] For burial which efferre peculiarly means. See TER. And. act, I. K. i. S.YT. i. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 17 Has made, with small tables, and with a wet gem ? A potent matron occurs, who soft Calenian wine About to reach forth, her husband thirsting, mixes a toad, 7O And, a better Locusta, instructs her rude neighbours, Through fame and the people, to bring forth their black husbands. Dare something worthy the narrow Gyane, or a prison, If you would be somebody. PWOBITY is PRAISED AND STARVES WITH COLD. To crimes they owo gardens, palaces, table.*, 75 Old silver, and a goat standing on the outside of cups. Whom does the corrupter of a covetous daughter-in-law suffer to sleep? Whom base spouses, and the noble young adulterer ? 72. Black husbands] Their corpses turned putrid and black, with the effects of the poison. 73. Dare] i. c. Attempt presume be not afraid to commit. Something.] Some atrocious crime, worthy of exile, or im- prisonment. The narrow Gyara] Gyaras was an island in the jEgeaii sea, small, barren, and desolate to which criminals were banished. ^ 74. If you would be somebody.] i. e. If you would make yourself taken notice of, as a perspn of consequence, at Rome. A severe re- flection on certain favourites of the emperor, who, by being informers, and by other scandalous actions, had enriched themselves. Probity is praised, Sfc.~\ This seems a proverbial saying and applies to what goes before, as well as to what follows, wherein, the poet is shewing, that vice was, in those days, the only way to riches and honours. Honesty and inmvence will be commended, but those who possess them, be left to starve. 75. G&rttau.] i. e. Pleasant and beautiful retreats, where they had gardens of great taste and expense. Palaces.] The word prastoria denotes noblemen's seats in the country, as well as the palaces of great men in the city. Tables.] Made of ivory, marble, and other expensive mate- rials. 76. Old silver.] Ancient plate very valuable on account of the workmanship. A goat standing, Sfc.] The figure of a goat in curious bass- relief which animal, as sacred to Bacchus, was very usually express- ed on drinking cups. 77. Whom.] i. e. Which of the poets, or writers of satire, can be at rest from wruing," or withhold his satiric rage i Tkz corrupter] i. e. The father who takes advantage of the love of money in his son's wife, to debauch her. 78. Ba.se spouses.^ Le\vd and adulterous wives. Tlit noble young adulterer] PraHextatus, i. e. the youth, not having laid u.side the pnctextata, or gown worn by boys, sons of the nobility, till seventeen years of age yet, ia thi-i early period of life, initiated into the practice of adultery. VOL. I. JB 18 JUVENALIS SATIRE SAT. i, Si natura negat, facit indignatio versum, Qualemcunque potest : quales ego, vet Cluvienus, 8Q Ex quo DeucaJion, nimbis tolleniibus aequor, Navigio montem ascendit, sortesque poposcit, Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia sasa, Et maribus nudas ostendit Pyrrha puellas : Quicquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas,. 85 Gaudia, discursus, nostri est farrago libelli. Et quando uberior vitiorum eopia? quando Major nvaritiaB partnit sinus? alea quando Hos ammo?-? neque enim loculis comitantibus itur Ad casum tabulae, posita sed luditur area. 90 79. Indignation makes verse.~] Forces one to write, however na- turally without talents for it. 80. Such as I, or Cluvienus.'] i. e. Make or write. The poet names himself with Cluvienus, (some bad poet of his time,) that he might the more freely satirize him, which he at the same time does, the more severely, by the comparison. 81. From th-e time that DeueaUon.~\ This and" the three following lines relate to the history of the deluge, as described by Ovid. See Met. lift i.L 264 315. $1. Ascended the maintain, $'c.] Alluding to Ovid: MODS ibi verticibus peth ardwus astra dnobus, Nomine Parnassus Hie ubi Deucalion (nam cartera texerat aequor). Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhsit. Asked for /o^s.] Sortes here means the oracles, or billeta r on which the answers of the gods were written. Ovid, (ubi supra,) 1. 367. 8. represents Deucalion, and his wife Pyrrha, resolving to go to. the temple of the goddess Themis, to inquire in what manner mankind should be restored. placuit csleste precari Numen, et auxilium per sacras quserere sorte* And 1. 381. Mota Dea est, sortemque dcdit. Again, 1. 389. Verba datae sortis. To this Juvenal alludes hi th5s line; wherein sortes may be render- ed- oracular answers. 83. The soft Ktones, $c.~] When Deucalion and Pyrrha, having consulted the oracle how mankind might be repaired, were answered, that this would be done by their casting the bones of their great mother behind their backs, they picked stones from oft' the earth, and cast them behind their backs, and they became men and women. Jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt : Saia Ponere duritiem cspere, suumque rigorem, Mclliricuje mora, raollitaque ducere foraiam, &c. Ib. 1, 399402. SAT. Y. JUVEN.\L'S SATIRES. If If nature denies, indignation makes verse, Such as it can: such as I, or Cluvienus. 80 'From the time that Deucalian (the showers lifting up the sea) Ascended the mountain with his bark, and asked for lots, And the soft stones by little and little grew warm with lift;, And Pyrrha shewed to males naked damsels, Whatever men do desire, fear, anger, pleasure, 8 a Joys, discourse is the composition of my little book. And when was there a more fruitful plenty of vices? when Has a greater bosom of avarice lain open ? when the die These spirits ? They do not go, with purses accompanying To the chance of the table, but a chest being put down is played for. 90 t Hence Juvenal says mollia saxa. It is most likely that the whole account of the deluge, given by Ovid, is a corruption of the Mosaical history of that event. -Plutarch men- tions the dove sent out of the ark. 86. The composition, <5j'e.] Farrago signifies a mixture, an hodge- podge as we say, of various things mixed together. The poet means, that the various pursuits, inclinations, actions, and passions of men, and all those human follies and vices, which have existed, and have been increasing, ever since the flood, are the subjects of his satires. 88. Bosom of Avarice] A metaphorical allusion to the sail of a ship when expanded to the wind die centre whereof is called sinus the bosom. The larger the sail, and the more open and spread it is, the greater the capacity of the bosom for receiving the wind, and the more powerfully is the ship driven on through the sea. Thus avarice spreads itself far and wide: it catches the inclinations of men, as the sail the wind, and thus it drives them on in a full course %v lien more than at present says the poet. - Tht di?.~] A phief instrument of gaming put here for gaming itself. METON. -S9. These spirits.'] Animus signifies spirit or courage; and in thia sense we are to understand it here. As if the poet said, when was gaming so encouraged ? or when had games of hazard, which were for- bidden by the law, (except only during the Saturnalia,) the courage to appear so open and frequently as they do now ? The sentence is ellip- tical, and nwst be supplied with habuit, or some other verb of the kind, to govern hos animos. They do nal go with piirses, nour-bearer.~] The armigeri were servants who followed their masters with their shields, and other arms, when they went to fight. The poet still carries on the metaphor of praelia in the preceding line. There gaining is compared to fighting ; here he humourously calls the steward. the armour-bearer, as supplying his master with money, a ne- vy weapon at a gaming-table, to stake at play, instead of keeping and dispensing it, or laying it out for the usual and honest expenses of the family. Simple ?naJr?fs,s, $c.~] All this is a species of madness, but not without mixture of injury and mischief ; and therefore may be reckoned f-omething more than mere madness, where such immense sums are thrown away at a gaming-table, as that the servants of the family can't be ail'orded common decent necessaries. The Romans had their cester- tius and sestertium. The latter is here meant, and contains 1000 of the iormer, which was worth about l-|rf. See 1. 106, n. f.'3. And not give a coat, $c.~] The poet here puts one instance, for many, of the ruinous consequences of gaining. Juvenal, by thi^, severely censures the gamesters, who had rather lose a. large sum at the dice, than lay it out for the comfort, happiness, and de- cent maintenance of their families. (-4. Somany triUa&J] Houses of pleasure for the summer-season. These were usually built and furnished at a vast expense. The poet having inveighed against their squandering at the gaming-table, now attack* their luxury, and prodigality in other respects : and then, the excessive meanness into which they were sunk. 1/5. Supped in stcrtt, llo. But I should rather think, that the poet means here the foram which Augustus built,, where it is said, there was an ivory statue of Apollo, which Juvenal represents as learned in the law, from the constant pleadings of the lawyers in that place. Here idle people used to lounge away their time 129. The triutnphals.'] The statues of heroes, and kings, and other great men who had triumphed over the enemies of the state. These were placed in great numbers in die forum of Augustus, and in other public parts of the city. An ^Egyptian, fyc.~\ Some obscure low wretch, who for no desert, but only on account of his wealth, had his statue placed there. 130, An Arabian prafect.~] Arubarchee So Pompey is called by 9 *T. i. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 27 The day itself is distin-guisedby a beautiful order of things : The sportula, then the forum, and Apollo learned in the law, And the triumphals: *unong which, aa ^Egyptian, I know not who, Has dared to have titles : and an Arabian prefect ; 1 30 At whose image it is not right so much as to make water. T*he old and tired clients go away from the vestibules, And lay aside their wishes, altho' the man has had a very long Cic. epist ad Attic. 1. 2. epist. xvii. because he conquered a great part of Arabia, and made it tributary to Rome. But Juvenal means here some infamous character, who had probably been prefect, or vice-roy, over thatcountry, and had, by rapine and extortion, returned to .Rome with great riches, and thus got a statue erected to him, like the ^Egyptian above mentioned, whom some suppose to have been in a like occupation in Egypt, and therefore called wiEgyptius. Arabarches from AganJ' or Ag*! 131. To make u-ater,~] Ther-8 was a ^ery severe law ou those who did this, at or near the images of .great men. This our poet turns into a jest on the statues above mentioned. Some are for giving the line an- other turn, as if Juvenal meant, that it was right, or lawful, not only to do this non tantum meiere, bnt something worse. But I take the first interpretation to be the sense of the author, by which he would intimate, that the statues of such vile people were not only erected among those of great men, but wer-e actually protected like them, from all marks of p indignity. So PERS. sat. i. 1. 114. Sacer est locus, ite projjiani j extra majite. 132. TJie old and tired clients J] The clients were retainers, or depen- dents, on great men, who became their patrons : te these the clients paid all reverence, honour, and observance. The patrons, on their part, afforded them their interest, protection, and defence. They also, ia better times, made entertainments, to which they invited their clients, isee before, note on 1. 95. Here the poor clients are represented, as jvearied out with waiting, in long expectation of a supper, and going away in despair, under their disappointment. Cliens is derived from Greek x.tet*>, celebro celebrem reddo for it was no srn.all part of their business to flatter and praise jtheir patrons. Vestibules.'] The porches, or entries of great men's houses. Vestibulum ant ipsjim, primoque in limine. VIRG. /En. ii. 1, 469. 134. Pot-herb><."] Caulis properly denotes the stalk or stem of an fieri), and, by SynecdaclK-, any kind of pot-herb especially cole- \vorts, or cabbage. See AINSW. Cauiis, No. 2. To be bovgftt.1 The hungry Avretches go from the patron's door, in order to lay out the poor pittance which they may have re- c.-vod from the cpcrttila^ in some kind of pot-herbs, and in buying a little hfewood, m order to dress them for a Beauty meal. The pcet seems 10 mention this, by way of contrast to what fol- lows: JUVENALIS SATIILE. SAT. J. Spes homini : caules miseris, at quo ignu emendus. Optima sylvarum intcrea, pehglque vorabit 133 Rex horum, vacuisque toris tantum ip.se jacebit : Nam da tot pulchris, et latis orbibuj-, et tarn Antiquis, uua comedunt pairimonia niensa. Nullus jam paraiitus cril: sed qiiis feret islas Luxurise sordes ? quanta est gala, quae sibi totos 140 Ponit apros, animal propter convivia natum ? Poena tamen prassens, cum tu deponis amictus Turgidus, et crudum pavonem in balnea portas: Hmc subitae rnortes, atque infestata-seneetus. It nova, nee tristis per cunctas fabula ccenas : 1 15 Ducitur iratis plaudendiun funus ainicis. 135. Their Zorrf.} ?. e. The patron of thesi? clients. Rex not only signifies a king but aay great or rich man: so a patron. See Juv, sat. v. 1. 14. This from the power and dominion which he exercised dvor his clients. Hence, a? well as from his protection and care over them, he was called patronus,- from the Greek -SMT^M MO; from 3rT, * father. Mean wkfle.']' i. e. While the poor clients are forced to take up with a few boiled coloworts. The &e.-V. things oflhr woods, Sfc.~] The woods are to be ransacked for the choicest game, and the sea for the finest sorts of fish, to satisfy the patron's gluttony : these he will devour, without asking any body to partake .with him. 136. On the. empty beds.~\ The Romans lay along on beds, or couches, at their meals. Several of these beds are here supposed to be round the table which were formerly occupied by his friends and cli- ents, but they are now vacant not a single guest is invited to occupy them, or to partake of the entertainment with this selfish glutton. 137. Dj'sAes.j Which were round in an orbicular shape hence called orbes. Bcauliful.~\ Of a beautiful pattern ancient valuable for their antiquity: made, probably, by some artists of old time. 138. At one meal. ~\ Measa lit. table which (by Menton.) stands here for what is set upon it. Thus they waste and devour their estates, in this abominable and selfish gluttony. 139. No. parasite.^ From arg, near and vnoi, food. These were a kind of jesters, and flatterers, who were frequently invited to the tables of the great ; and who, indeed, had this in view, when they flattered and paid their court to them. Terence, in his Eunuch, has given a most spirited and masterly specimen of parasites, in his inimitable character of Gnatho. B.ut so fallen were the great into the meanest avarice, and into the most sordid luxury, that they could gormandize by themselves, without - even inviting a parasite to flatter or divert them. But who, e\ en though a para-ite, would endure (feret) such a sight .' a T . j. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 29 Expectation of a supper : pot-herbs for the wretches, and fire is to be bought. Mean while their lord will devour the best things of the woods, and of the sea, 135 And he only will lie on the empty beds : For from so many beautiful, and wide, and ancient dishes, They devour patrimonies at one meal. There will now be no parasite : but who will bear that Filthiness of luxury I how great is the gullet, which, for itself, puts 140 Whole boars, an animal born for feasts ? Yet there is a present punishment, when you put off your clothes, Turgid, and carry an indigested peacock to the baths : Hence sudden deaths, and intestate old age. A new story, nor is it a sorrowful one, goes thro' all companies : 145 A funeral, to be applauded by angry friends, is carried forth. 140. FiUhinc?s of lu.riiri/.] Sordes nastiness a happy word to describe the beastliness of such gluttony with regard to the patron him- self and its stinginess, and niggardliness, with respect to others. How great is the gullet.] The gluttonous appetite of these men. Puts.] Ponit sets places on the table. 141. jyhole boars, Sfc] A whole boar at a time the wild boar, especially the Tuscan, was an high article of luxury, at all grand enter- tainments. The word natum is here used as the word natis. HOR. lib. I. od. xxvii. 1. 1. See also OVID, Met lib. xv. 1. 117. Quid meruistis, oves, placidum pecus, inque tuer.dos NATOII homines ? Juvenal speaks as if boars were made and produced for no other purpose than convivial entertainments. 142. A present punithment.] Of such horrid gluttony. Put off your clothes.] Strip yourself for bathing. 143. Turgid.] Turgidus swoln puffed up with a full stomach. An indigested peacock.] Which you have devoured, and which is crude and indigested within you. To the baths.] It was the custom to bathe before meals : the contrary was reckoned unwholesome. See PEUS. sat iii. 1. 98 105. aud HOB. Epist. lib. I. Ep. vi. 1. 61. 141. Sudden deaths.] Apoplexies and the like, which arise from too great repletion. Bathing, with a full stomach, must be likely to occasion these, by forcing the blood with too great violence towards the brain. ^ Intestate old age.'} i. e. Old gluttons thus suddenly cut off, without time to make their wills. 145. A new story, Sfc.] A fresh piece of news, which nobody is sorry for. 140. A funeral is carried forth.] The word ducitur is peculiarly used to denote the carrying forth a corpse to burial, or to the funeral pile. So VIRG. Geor. iv. "350. 30 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. x. Nil erit ulterhis, quod nostris moribus addat Posteritas : eadein cupient, facientque minores. OMNE IN PH^CIPITI VITIUM STETIT : utere velis, Totos pande sinus. Dicas hie forsitan, " unde 150 " Ingenium par materias ? unde ilia priorum *' Scribendi quodcunque animo flagrante liberet " Simplicitas, cujus non audeo dicere nomcn ? " Quid refert dictis ignoscat Mutius, an non ? " Pone Tigellinum, tEed& lucebis in ilia, 155 ' Qua stantes ardent, qui fixo gutture fument, " Et latum media sulcum deducis arena. Exportant tcctis, ettristia, funera Owing, perhaps, to the procession of the friends, &c. of the deceased* which went before the corpse, and led it to the place of burning, or interment. 146. Applauded by angry friends.~\ Who, disobliged by having nothing left them, from the deceased's dying suddenly, and without a will, express their resentment by rejoicing at his death, instead of lamenting it. See PERS. sat vi. 33, 4. 148. To our morals.'] Our vices and debaucheries, owing to the de- pravity and corruption of our morals. - Those born after MS.] Minorca, i. e. natu our descendents ; the opposite of majores natu our ancestors. 149. All vice is at the height.^ In pracipiti stetit hath stood hath been for some time at its highest pitch at its summit so that our pos- terity can carry it no higher. Compare the two preceding lines. Vice is at stand, and at the highest flow. DRYDEN. On tip toe. AZNSW. 149 50. Use sails Spread, 6rc.] A metaphor taken from sailors, who, when they have a fair wind, spread open their sails as much as they can. The poet here insinuates, that there is now a fair opportu- nity for satire to display all its powers. 150 1. Whence is there genius, Sfc."] Here he is supposed to be interrupted by seme friend, who starts an objection, on his invocation to Satire to spread all its sails, and use all its powers against the vices of the times. Where shall we find genius equal to the matter ? equal to range so wide a field- equal to the description, and due correction of so much vice ? 151. Whence iliat simplicity, j, circumambulo because they disputed walking about the school. Pittacus.] A philosopher of Mytelene. He was reckoned one of the seven wise men of Greece. 7. Original images.'] Those which were done from the life were called archetypi : from the Greek p^D beginning, and riwaj form. Hence etfxtrvTrov, Lat. archetypus, any thing at first hand, that is done originally. Cleanthes.~] A stoic philosopher, successor to Zeno the foun- der of the sect. 38 JUVENALIS SATIR/E. SAT. n. Front! nulla fides : quis enirn non vicus abundat Tristibus obscoenis ? castigas turpia, cum sis Inter Socraticos notissima fossa cinaedos I 10 Hispida membra quidem, et durae, per brachia setae Proinitttmt atrocem animum : sed podice laevi Caeduntur tumidae, medico ridente, mariscas. Rarus senno illis, et magna libido tacendi, Atque supercilio brevior coma ; verius ergo, H Et magis ingenue Peribonius : hunc ego fatis Imputo, qui vultu morbum, incessuque fatetur. Horum simpb'citas miserabilis, his furor ipse Dat veniam : sed pejores, qui talia verbis Herculis invadunt, et de virtute locuti 20 Clunern agitant : ego te ceventem, Sexte, verebor, 8. No credit, Sfc."] There is no trusting to outward appearance. 9. tYith grave obscenes.~\ i. e. Hypocrites of a sad countenance : grave and severe as to their outward aspect, within full f the most horrid lewdness and obscenities, which they practise in secret The poet uses the word obscoenis substantively, by which he marks them the more strongly. Dost thou reprove, <5fc.] Dost thou censure such filthy things (turpia) in others, who art thyself nothing but obscenity ? The poet here by an apostrophe, as turning the discourse to some particular person, reproves all such. Like St. Paul, Rom. ii. 1 3. 10. Among the Socratic, Sfc.~\ i. e. Among those, who, though infamously vicious, yet profess to be followers, and teachers of the doctrine and discipline of Socrates, who was the first and great teacher of ethics or moral philosophy. But it is not improbable, that the poet here glances at the inconti- nence which was charged on Socrates himself. See FARNABY, n. on this line; and LELAND on Christian Rev. vol. ii. p. 133, 4; and HOLYDAY, note c. 12. I would here, once for all, advertise the reader, that, in this, and in all other passages, which, like this, must appear filthy and offensive in a literal translation, I shall only give a general sense. 15. And hair shorter than the eye-brow!\ i. e. Cut so short as not to reach so low as the eye-brow. This was done to avoid the suspi- cion of being what they were, for wearing long hair was looked upon as a shrewd sign of effeminacy. It was a proverb among the Greeks, that " none who wore long hair were free from the unnatural vices of the Cinasdi." May not St. Paul allude to this, 1 Cor. xi. 14. where $va-ir may mean an infused habit or custom. See WETS- TEIN in loc. and PARKHURST, Gr. and Eng. Lexicon, Qvrtr, No. III. 16. Peribonius.'] Some horrid character, who made no secret of SAT. it. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. S8 No credit to the countenance : for what street does not abound With grave obscenes? dost thou reprove base (actions) when thou art A most noted practitioner among the Socratic catamites ? 10 Rough limbs indeed, and hard bristles on the arms, Promise a fierce mind: but evident effects of unnatural Lewdness expose you to derision and contempt. Talk is rare to them, and the fancy of keeping silence great, And hair shorter than the eye-brow : therefore more truly, 15 And more ingenuously, Peribonius : him I to the fates Impute, who in countenance and gait confesses his disease. The simplicity of these is pitiable ; these madness itself Excuses : but worse are they who such things with words Of Hercules attack, who talk of virtue, and indulge 20 Themselves in horrid vice. Shall I fear thee, Sextus, his impurities, and, in this acted more ingenuously, and more ac- cording to truth, than these pretended philosophers did. 16. Impute Am.] Ascribe all his vile actions. To the fales.^\ To his destiny, so that he can't help being what he is. The ancients had high notions of judicial astrology, and held that persons were influenced all their lives by the stars which presided at their birth, so as to guide and fix thuir destiny ever after. 17. His disease."] His besetting sin, (Comp. sat. ix. 1. 49. n.) or rather, perhaps, a certain disease which was the consequence ot his impurities, and which affected his countenance and his gait, so as to proclaim his shame to every body he met. What this disease was, may appear from lines 12, 13, of this Satire, as it stands in the ori- ginal. Perhaps Rom. i. 27, latter part, may allude to something of this sort. 18. The simplicity of these."] The undisguised and open manner of such people, who thus proclaim their vice, is rather pitiable, as it may be reckoned a misfortune, rather than any thing else, to be born with such a propensity. See notes on 1. 16. These madness itstlf. &c.] Their ungovernable madness in the service of their vices, their inordinate passion, stands as some ex- cuse for their practices, at least comparatively with those who affect to condemn such characters as Peribonius, and yet do the same that he does. 20. Of Hercules.] This alludes to the story of Hercules, who, when' he was a youth, uncertain in which way he should go, whe- ther in the paths ot virtue, or in those of pleasure, was supposed to see an apparition of two women, the one Virtue, the other Pleasure, each of which u^ed many arguments to gain him but he made choice of Virtue, and repulsed the other with the severest reproaches. See. XEN. Memor. and Cic. de Offic. lib. i. 21. Sej;/iis] "Some infamous character of the kind above men- tioned. 40 JUVENALIS SATIILE. SAT. IT, Infamis Varillus ait ? qua deterior te ? Loripedem rectus derideat, Ethiopian albus. Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditions querentes ? Quis coelum terris non misceat, et mare coelo, 25 Si fur displiceat Venri, aut homicida Miloni ? Clodius accuset moechos, Catilina Cetliegum ? In tabulam Syllae si dicant discipuli tres ? Qualis erat nuper tragico pollutus adulter Concubitu : qui tune leges revocabat amaras 30 Omnibus, atque ipsis Veneri Martique timendas : Cum tot abortivis faecundam Julia vulvam Solveret et patruo similes effunderet offas. Nonne igitur jure, ac meriio, vitia ultima fictos 22. Varillus.~\ Another of the same stamp. The poet here sup- poses one of these wretches as gravely and severely reproaching the other. What ! says Varillus, in answer, need I fear any thing you can say ? in what can you make me out to be worse than yourself ? 23. Let the strait, 4'c.] These proverbial expressions mean to ex- pose the folly and impudence of such, who censure others for vices which they themselves practise. See Matt. vii. 3 5. HOR. sat. vii. lib. ii. 1. 402. This sentiment is pursued and exemplified in the instances follow- ing. 21. The Gracchi.~\ Caius and Tiberius, tribune?, who raised great disturbances, on their introducing the Agrarian law, to divide the common fields equally among the people. At length they wen- both slain : Tiberius, as he was making a speech to the people, by Publius Nasica ; and Caius, by the command of the consul Opin>ius. 25. Mix heaven with earth.] i. e. Exclaim in the loudest and strongest terms, like him in Terence, O coelum! O terra! O marla Neptuni ! 26. Verres.~\ Praetor in Sicily, who was condemned and banish- ed for plundering that province. - MiloJ] He killed P. Clodius, and was unsuccessfully defended by Tully. 27. Clodius.^ A great enemy to Cicero, and the chief promoter of his banishment. This Clodius was a most debauched and profli- gate person He debauched Pompeia the wife of Caasar, and like- wise his own sister. Soon after Cicero's return, Clodius was slain by Milo, and his body burnt in the Curia Host ilia. Catiline Cethegus.~\ i. e. If Catiline were to accuse gus. These were two famous conspirators against the state. See SALLUST, bell. Catilin. 28. T/ie table of SyZ/c/.] Sylla was a noble Roman of the family of the Scipios. He was very cruel, and first set up tables of pro- scription, or outlawry, by which many thousand Kornan? were put to death in cold blood. SAT, ji. , JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 41 Says infamous Varillus, by how much (am I) worse than thou art ? Let the strait deride the bandy-legged -the white the Ethiopian. Who could have borne the Gracchi complaining about sedition ? Who would not mix heaven with earth, and the sea with heaven, 25 If a thief should displease Verres, or an homicide Milo ? If Clodius should accuse adulterers, Catiline Cethegus? If three disciples should speak against the table of Sylla ? Such was the adulterer lately polluted with a tragical Intrigue : who then was recalling laws, bitter 30 To all, and even to be dreaded by Mars and Venus themselves : When Julia her fruitful womb from so many abortives Released, and poured forth lumps resembling her uncle. Do not therefore, justly and deservedly, the most vicious 28. Three disciples.'] There were two triumvirates, the one con- sisting of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, the other of Augustus, An- tony, and Lepidus, who followed Sylla's example, and therefore are called disciples, i. e. in cruelty, bloodshed, and murder. 29. The adulterer. ~\ Domitian. He took away Domitia Longina from her husband zElius Lamia. 29 30. A tragical intrigued] He debauched Julia, the daughter of his brother Titus, though married to Sabinus. After the death of Titus, and of Sabinus, whom Domitian caused to be assassinated, lie openly avowed his passion for Julia, but was the death of her, by giving her medicines to make her miscarry. See below, 1. 32, 3. 30. Recalling laws.~\ At the very time when Domitian had this tragical intrigue with his niece Julia, he was reviving the severe laws of Julius Caesar against adultery, which were afterwards made more severe by Augustus. 30. 1. Bitter to allj] Severe and rigid to the last degree. Many persons of both sexes, Domitian put to death for adultery. See Univ. Hist vol. xv. p. 52. 31. Mars and Venus."] They were caught together by Vulcan, the fabled husband of Venus, by means of a net with which he in- closed them. Juvenal means, by this, to satirize the zeal of Domi- tian against adultery in others, (while he indulged, not only this, but incest also in his own practice,) by saying, that it was so great, that he would not only punish men, but gods also, if it came in his way so to do. S9L Abortive^."] Embryos, of which Julia Avas made to mis-, carry. 33. Lumps.'] OfFas, lumps of flesh, crude births, deformed, and eo resembling her uncle Domitian, the incestuous father of them. 34. Justly-and deservedly J] With the highest reason and justice, The most vicious.'] Ultima vitia, i. e. ultiini vitiosi, the most abandoned, who are to the utmost degree vicious, so that they may be termed themselves vices. The abstract is here put for the con- crete. MET. 42 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. ti. Contemnunt Scauros, et castigata rernordent ? 35 Non tulit ex illis torvum Laronia quendam Clamantem toties, ubi nunc lex Julia ! donnis ? Atque ita subridens : felicia tempora ! quse te Moribus opponunt : habeat jam Roma pudorem ; Tertius e ccelo cecidit Cato. Sed tarnen unde 40 Hax: emis, hirsute spirant opobalsama collo QUJE tibi ? nc pudeat dominum monstrare tabernas : Quod si vexautur leges, ac jura, citari 35. Despise.] Hold them in the most sovereign contempt, for their impudence in daring to reprove others for being vicious. The feigned Scourt.1 ./Emilius Scaurus, as described by Sallust, bell. Jugurth. was a nobleman, bold, factious, greedy of power, honour, and riches, but very artful in disguising his vices, Juvenal therefore may be supposed to call these hypocrites tictos, as feigning to be what they were not Scauros, as being like /E. Scau- rus, appearing outwardly grave and severe, but artfully, like him, concealing their vices. ' However, I question whether the character of Scaurus be not ra- ther to be gathered from his being found among so many truly great and worthy men Sat. xi. 1. 90, 1. Pliny also represents him as a man summae integritatis, of the highest integrity. This idea seems to suit best with fictos Scauros, as it leads us to consider these hypo- crites as feigning themselves men of integrity and goodness, and as seeming to resemble the probity and severity of manners for which Scaurus was eminent, the better to conceal their vices, and to deceive other people. And being reproved, bite again.~\ Such hypocrites are not only despised by the most openly vicious for their insincerity, but whenever they have the impudence to reprove vice, even in the most abandoned, these will turn again and retaliate: which is well ex.- ]iresded by the word remordeat. 3.6. Laronia.~\ Martial, cotemporary with Juvenal, describes a woman of this name a a rich widow. Abnegat ct retinet nostrum Laronia servum, Respoiidens, orba est, dives, anus, vidua. By what Juvenal represents her to have said, in the following lines sho seems to have had no small share of wit. Did not endure.'] She could not bear him ; she was out of all patience. Soze?'.] Crabbed, stern in his appearance. Or torvum may be here put for the adverb torve torve clamantem. Graecism. See above, 1. 3, and note. From among tlif.m.~\ i. e. One of these dissemblers one out of this hypocritical herd. 37, Crying out so ofttn.^ Repeating aloud his seeming indignation against vice, and calling down the vengeance of the law against sivdne.i3 tad effeminacy. SAT, n. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 43 Despise the feigned Scauri, and being reproved, bite again ? 35 Laronia did not endure a certain sour one from among them Crying out so often, " Where is now the Julian law ? dost thou " sleep?" And thus smiling : " Happy times ! which thee " Oppose to manners : now Rome may take shame : "j|A. third Cato is fallen from heaven : but yet whence 40 " Do you buy these perfumes which breathe from your rough *' Neck ? don't be ashamed to declare the master of the shop ; * But if the statutes and laws are disturbed, the Scantinian 37. Where is the Julian law ?] Against adultery and lewdness (see 1. 30, note) why is it not executed ? As it then stood, it pun- ished adultery and sodomy with death. Dost thou sleep ?] Art thou as regardless of these enormities, as a person fast asleep is of what passes about him ? 38. And thus smiling.~\ Laronia could not refrain herself at hear- ing this, and, with a s-rnjle of the utmost contempt, ready almost at the same time to laugh in his face, thus jeers him. Happy times I rof o tropes iXsuSspas- that " only a wise " man was free.' Hence Cic. Quid est libertas 1 potestas vivendi ut velis. 78. You are transparent.] Your body is seen through your fine garments : so that with all your stoicism, your appearance is that of a shameless and most unnatural libertine : a slave to the vilest pas- sions, though pretending to be master of your liberty of action. Contagion gave this stain.] You owe all this to the company which you have kept : by this you have been infected. 79. And icill give it to more.] You will corrupt others by your VOL. I. I 50 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. ir. Unius scabie cadit, et porrigine porci ; 80 Uvaque conspecta livorem ducit ab uv. Poedius hoc aliquid quandoque audebis amictu : Nemo repente fuit turpissimus. Accipient te Paulatim, qui longa domi redimicula sumu-nt Frontibus, et toto posuere monilia collo, 85 Atque Bonam tenerae placant abdomine porcae^ Et magno cratere Deam : sed more sinistro Exagitata procul non intrat fcemina limen. Soils ara Deae maribus patet : ite profanac, example, as you were corrupted by the example of those whom you have followed. The language here.is metaphorical, taken from distempered cattle, which communicate infection by herding together. 80. Falls by the scab, #c.] Our English proverb says " One " scabby sheep mars the whole flock." 81. A Grape, f?.~\ This is also a proverbial saying, from the ripening of the black grape, (as we call it,) which has a blue or livid hue ; these do not turn to that colour all at once and together, but grape after grape, which, the vulgar supposed, was owing to one grape's looking upon another, being very near in contact, and so contracting the same colour. They had a proverb Uva uvam vi- dendo varia fit. 83. Nobody was on a sudden, fc.~] None ever arrived at the highest pitch of wickedness at first setting out : the workings of evil are gradual, and almost imperceptible at first ; but as the insinua- tions of vice deceive the conscience, they first blind and then harden it, until the greatest crimes are committed without remorso. .1 do not recollect where I met with the under written lines ; but ag they contain excellent advice, they may not be unuseful in this place : O Leoline, be obstinately jus*, Indulge no passion, and betray no trust ; Never let man be bold enough to say, Thus, and no farther, let my passion stray : The first crime past compels us on to more, And guilt proves fate, which was but choice before. They will receive, door : - Nunc sportala prime l.imiuo parva sedet. So here for setting the supper on the table. 120. The new married, #c.] As Sporus was given in marriage to Nero, so Gracchus to this trumpeter : hence Juvenal humourously calls Gracchus nova nupta, in the feminine gender. Nabere is ap- plicable to the woman, and ducere to the man. - In the husband's feosora.] ?. e. Of the trumpeter, who now was become husband to Gracchus. 121. O ye nobles.^ O proceres ! ' O ye patricians, nobles, sena- tors, magistrates of Rome, to whom the government and magistracy, as well as the welfare of the city is committed ! Many of these were guilty of these abominations, therefore Juvenal here sarcastically in- vokes them on the occasion. - A censor.] An officer whose business it was to inspect and reform the manners of the people. There were two of them, who had power even to degrade knights, and to exclude senators, when guilty of great misdemeanours. Formerly they maintained such a severity of manners, that they stood in awe of each other. Soothsayer.^ Aruspex or haruspex, from haruga a sacrifice (which from Heb. ain, to kill or slaughter) and specie to view. A diviner who divined by viewing the entrails of the sacrifices. A soothsayer. When any thing portentous or prodigious happened, or appeared in the entrails of the beasts, it was the- office of the haru- spex to offer an expiation, to avert the supposed anger of the gods. q. d. Do we, in the midst of all the prodigies of wickedness, want inost a censor for correction, or an haruspex for expiation ? For, as the next two lines intimate, we ought uot, in all reason, to SAT. n. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 5ft- Supper is set : the new married lay in the husband's bosom. 120 O yc nobles ! have we occasion for a censor, or for a soothsayer ? What ! would you dread, and think them greater prodigies, If a woman should produce a calf, or a cow a lamb ? Collars, and long habits, and wedding veils he takes, Who carrying sacred things nodding with a secret rein, 125 Sweated with Mars's .shields. O father of the city ! be more shocked or amazed at the most monstrous or unnatural births, than at these monstrous and unnatural productions of vice. 124. Collars^] Segmenta collars, ouches, pearl-necklaces worn foy women. AINSW. from seco, to cut segmen, a piece cut off from something: perhaps segmina may mean pieces of ribbon, or th like, worn as cellars, as they often are by women among us. Long habits.~\ The stela, or matron's gown, which reached down to the feet. Wedding veilsJ] Flameum or flammeum, from flamma, a flame, because it was of a yellowish or flame-colour. A kind of veil or scarf, put over the bride's face for modesty's sake. He takes.^\ Gracchus puts on, who once had been one of the Salii. 125. Who carrying sacred tilings."] This alludes to the sacred images carried in ttie processions of the Salii, which waved or nod- ded with the motion of those who carried them, or, perhaps, so con- trived, as to be made to nod, as they were carried along, like ,the image of Venus when carried in pomp at the Circensian games, men- uoned by Ov. Amor. Eleg. lib. iii. eleg. ii. Annuit t motu signa secunda dedit. A secret rein.'] A thong, or leather strap, secretly con- ri\ ed, so as by pulling it to make the image nod its head : to the no small comfort of the vulgar, who thought this a propitious sign, as giving assent to their petitions. See the last note. 126'. Sweated with Mars's shields.~] The ancilia were so called i'rom ancisus, cut or pared round. In the days of Numa Pompilius, the successor of Romulus, a round shield was said to fall from heaven : this was called ancile, from its round form-; and, at the same time, a voice said that " the " city would be of alUhe most powerful, while that ant He was pre- *' served in it." Numa, therefore, to prevent its being stolen, caus- ed eleven sluelds to be made so like it, as for it not to be discerned which was the true ono. He theu instituted the twelve Salii, or priests of Mars, who were to carry these twelve shields through the city, with tke images and other insignia of Mars. (the. supposed fa- ther of Romulus the founder of Rome,) and while these priests went in procession, they sang and danced till they were all over in a sweat. Hence these priests of Mar? were called Salii, a saliendo. The poet gives tis to understand, that Gracchus had been one of ihose Salii, but had left them, and had sunk into the effeminacies and debaucheries above mentioned. 60 JUVENALIS SATIR/E. SAT. IK Unde nefas tantum Latiis pastoribus ? undo Haec tetigit, Gradive, tuos urtica nepotes ? Traditur ecce viro clarus genere, atque opibus vir i Nee galeam quassas, nee terrain cuspide pulsas, 130 Nee quereris patri ! Vede ergo, et cede severi Jugeribus campi, quam negligis.' Officium eras Primo sole mihi peragendum in valle Quirini. Quae causa officii 1 quid quaeris I riubit amicus, Nee inultos adhibet Liceat modo vivere ; fient, 135 126. O father of the city /] Mars, the supposed father of Ro- mulus, the founder of Home, and therefore called pater urbis. See HOR. lib. i. od. ii. 1. 35 40. 127! Lallan shepherds ?] Italy was called Latium, from lateo, to lie hid ; Saturn being said to have hidden himself there, when he fled from his son Jupiter. See VIRG. Jn. viii. 319 23. Romu- lus was supposed to have been a shepherd, as well as the first and most ancient ancestors of the Romans; hence Juvenal calls them Latii pastores. So sat. viii. 1. 274, 5. Majorum primus quisquis fuit ille tuorum, Aut pastor fuit, &c. Whence could such monstrous, such abominable wickedness, be de- rived to a people who once were simple shepherds ! 128. 2ms nettle.~\ Urtica a nettle literally, but, by Met. the stinging or tickling of lewdness. So we call being angry, being nettled: and it stands with us to denote an excitation of the passions. Gradivus.^ A name of Mars, from Gr. KpJ), puberty. 165. To have yielded himself. ~\ For the horrid purpose of unna- tural lust. A burning tribune J] VIRG. eel. ii. 1. has used the verb ardeo iu the same horrid sense. The tribune is not named, but some think the emperor Caligula to be hinted at, who, as Suetonius relates, used some who came as hostages, from far countries, in this detestable manner. 166. See irhat commerce may do.~\ Commercia here signifies in- tercourse, correspondence, converse together. Mark the effects of bad intercourse. The poet seems to mean what St. Paul expresses, 1 Cor. xv. 33. " Evil communications corrupt good manners." He had come un hostage."] Obses quia quasi pignus obside- tur, i. e. because kept, guarded, as a pledge. An hostage was given as a security or pledge, for the performance uf something by one peo- ple to another, either in war or peace, and was peculiarly under the protection and care of those who received him. This youth had been scat to Home from Artaxata, the capital qf Armenia, a country of. Asia, and was debauched by the tribune who hud the custody of him. This broach of trust aggravates the crime. 167. Here they became men.] Here, at Rome, they soon lose their simplicity and innocence of manners, and though young in years, are soon old in wickedness, from the corruptions which they meet with. The word horno is of the common gender, ai\d signifuw both man and wo.n-iu ; and it is not improbable, but that Juvenal 68 JUVENAL1S SATIR/E. SAT. it. Indulsit pueris, non.unquam deerit amator : Mittentur braccae, cultelli, fraena, ftagellum : Sic pratextatos referunt Artaxata mores. 170 / uses the word homines here, as intimating, that these youths were soon to be regarded as of either sex. 167. If a longer stay, u>6t*M was a usual phrase to express doing acts effeminacy, lewd- ness, and debauchery what than must the dregs of Corinth, and its environs have been ? See 1 Cor. vi. 9 11, former part. 62. Syrian Oronte*.] Orontes was the greatest river of Syria, a large country of Asia. Umbritius had said (at 1. 61.) that the por- tion of Grecians was small in comparison ; he now proceeds to ex- plain himself, by mentioning the inundation of Syrians, and other 84 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. in. Et linguam, et mores, et cum tibicine chordas Obliquas, necnon gentilia tympana secum Vexit, et ad Circum jussas prostare puellas. 65 Ite, quibus grata est picta lupa Barbara mitr&. Rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine, Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo. Asiatic strangers, who had for some time been flocking to Rome : these were in such numbers from Syria, and they had so introduced their eastern manners, music, &c. that one would fancy one's self on the banks of the Orontes, instead of the Tiber. The river Orontes is here put for the people who inhabited the tract of country through which it ran. Melon. So the Tiber for the city of Rome, which stood on its banks. 62. Has flow d.~\ Metaph. This well expresses the idea of the numbers, as well as the mischiefs they brought with them, which were now overwhelming the city of Rome, and utterly destroying the morals of the people. 63. With the piper.^ Tibicen signifies a player on a flute, or pipe. A minstrel. They brought eastern musicians, as well as musical in- strumeias. T'le flute was an instrument whose soft sound tended to mollify and enervate the mind. 634. Harps obliqued] Chordas, literally strings ; here it signifies the instruments, which, being in a crooked form, the strings must of course be obliquely placed. 64. National timbrels.'] Tabours, or little drum?, in form of a hoop, with parchment distended over it, and bits of brass fixed to it to make a jingling noise ; which the eastern people made use of, as they do to this day, at their feasts and dancings, and which they beat with the fingers. 64 5. With itself hath brought.^ As a river, when it breaks ita bounds, carries along with it something from all the different soils through which it passes, and rolls along what it may meet with in its way ; so the torrent of Asiatics has brought with it, from Syria to Rome, the language, morals, dress, music, and all the enervating and effeminate vices of the several eastern provinces from whence it came. 65. And girls bidden to expose, <$'c.] Prosto, in this connexion, as applied to harlots, means to be common, and ready to be hired of all coiners for money. For this purpose, the owners of these Asia- tic female slaves ordered them to attend at the Circus, where they might pick up gallants, and so made a gain of their prostitution. Or perhaps they had stews in the cells and vaults which were under th great Circus, where they exercised their lewdness. Sec Holyday on the place, note f. The word jussas may, perhaps, apply to these prostitutes, as ex- pressive of their situation, as being at every body's command. Thus Ov. lib. i. eleg. 10. Stat meretrix cefto cuivis mercabilis sere, Et miseras juseo corpore quaerit opes. SAT. in. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. Si And its language, and ir,.^ :vrs, and, with the piper, harps Oblique, also its national timbrels with itself Hath brought, and girls bidden to expose themselves for hiring at the Circus. 65 Go ye, who like a Barbarian strumpet with a painted mitre, That rustic of thine, O Quirinus, assumes a Grecian dress, Ajid carries Grecian ornaments on his perfumed neck. 65. Circus.^ There were several circi in Rome, which were places set apart for the celebration of several games: they were gene- rally oblong, or almost in the shape of a bow, having a wall quite round, with ranges of seats for the convenience of spectators. The Circus maximus, which is probably meant here, was an immense buildin? : it was first built by Tarquinius Priscus, but beautilied and adorned by succeeding princes, and enlarged to such a prodi- gious extent, as to be able to contain, in their proper seats, two hun- dred and sixty thousand spectators. See KE-NNETT, Ant. part II. book i. c. 4. 66. Go ye, e they are a nation of base sycophants \ 87. The spteck, <$"c.J Or discourse, talk, conversation, of some ignorant, stupid, rich patron, whose favour is basely courted by the mo-^t barefaced adulation. Face of a deformed, #c.] Persuading him that he is hand- some : or that his very deformities are beauties. 88. The long neck, dx'c.] Compares the long crane-neck of some puny wretch, to the brawny neck and shoulders (cervicibus) of Her- cules. .89. Holding, ^c.] This relates to the story of Antaeus, a giant of prodigious strength, who, v, hen knocked down by Hercules, reco- Tered himself by lying on his mother earth ; Hercules therefore held him up.in his left hand, between earth and heaven, and with his right hand dashed his brains out. 90. Admires a squeaking voiced] A squeaking, hoarse, croaking kind of utterance, as if squeezed in it? pa-^age by the narrowness of the throat this he applauds with admiration. Not n-orse, tS'o.] He assimilate- the voice so commended, to the harsh screaming sound of a cock when lie crcnvs : or rather to the noise which ho iii-ike^ when he seizes ' voadiip.g tv VUL. I. O 90 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. i& Ille sonat, quo mordetur gallina marito ! Haec eadem licet et nobis laudare : sed illis Creditur. An melior cum Tha'ida sustinet, aut cum Uxorem comoedus agit, vel Dorida nullo Cultam palliolo ? mulier nempe ipsa videtur, Qp 2on persona loqui : vacua et plana omnia dicas Infra ventriculurn, et temii distantia rima. Nee tamen Antiochus, nee erit mirabilis illic Aut Stratocles, aut cum molli Demetrius Haemo : Natio comoeda est : rides I majore cachinno 100 Concutitur : flet, si lachrymas conspexit amici, Nee dolet : igniculum bruraae si tempore poscas Accipit endromidem : si dixeris, aestuo, sudat. tread her, when he nips her comb in his beak, and holds her down under him. This must be alluded to by the mordetur gallina, &c. Claverius, paraph, in Juv. iv. reads the passage : qus deterius nee Ilia sonat, quum mordetur gallina marito. worse than which neither Doth that sound, when a hen is bitten by her husband. Meaning that voice which was so extolled with admiration by the flatterer, was as bad as the scream iijj^which a hen makes when trod- den by the cock, who seizes and bites her comb with his beak, which must be very painful, and occasion the noise which she makt. How- over this reading may be rather more agreeable to the fact, yet there does not seem to be sufficient authority to adopt it. 92. IVe may praise a/so.] To be sure we Romans may flatter, but without success ; we shall not be believed : the Greeks are the only people in such credit as to have all they say pass for truth. 93. Whether if lie better when he plays, fyc.~\ Sustinet sustains the part of a Thais, or courtezan, or the more decent character of a matron, or a naked sea nymph : there is no saying which a Grecian actor excels most in he speaks so like a woman, that you'd, swear the very woman seems to speak, and not the actor. Persona signi- fies a take face, a mask, a vizor, in which the Grecian and Roman actors played their parts, and so by mcton. became to signify an ac- tor. This passage shews, that women's parts were represented by men : for which these Greeks had no occasion for any alteration of voice ; they differed from women in nothing but their sex. 9-4. Doris, $c.~] A sea nymph represented in some play. See AINSW. Doris. Paliioium was a little upper garment; the sea nymphs were usually represented naked, nullo palliolo, without the least covering over their bodies. Paliioium, dim. of pallium. 98. Yet neither icill AnliochusJ] This person, and the others mentioned in the next line, were all Grecian comedians ; perhaps Tlajouis, from the epithet molli, may be understood to have been p<> adapted to the performance of female characters. SAT. in. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 91 He utters, who, being husband, the hen is bitten ! These same things we may praise also : but to them Credit is given. Whether is he better when he plays Thais, or when The comedian acts a wife, or Doris with no Cloak dressed ? truly a woman herself seems to spak, 9$ Not the actor : you would declare It was a real woman in all respects. Yet neither will Antiochus, nor admirable there will Either Stratocles, or Demetrius, with soft Haemus, be : The nation is imitative. Do you laugh ? with greater laughter 100 Is he shaken : he weeps, if he has seen the tears of a friend, Not that he grieves : if in winter-time you ask for a little fire, He puts on a great coat : if you should say " I am hot" he sweats. All those, however we may admire them at Rome, would not be at all extraordinary in the country which they came from illic for all the Grecians are born actors ; there is therefore nothing new, or wonderful, there, in representing assumed characters, however well : . it is the very characteristic of the whole nation to be personating and imitative. See AINSW. Comoedus-a-um. 100. Do you laugh ?] The poet here illustrates what he had said, by instances of Grecian adulation of the most servile and meanest kind. If one of their patrons happens to laugh, or even to smile, for so rideo also signifies, the parasite sets up a loud horse-laugh, and laughs aloud, or, as the word eoncutitur implies, laughs ready to split his sides, as we say. 101. He weeps, c.~\ A person of mean and servile extraction, whose father, originally a slave, got his freedom, and by some means or other acquired great wealth. The sons of such were called libcrtini. Closes the side.~\ Walks close to his side in a familiar man- ner : perhaps, as we say, arm in arm, thus making himself his equal and intimate. 131 2. The free bornJ] Of good extraction a gentleman of li- beral birth, of a good family such were called ingenui. The poet seems alike to blame the insolence of these upstarts, who aimed at a freedom and intimacy with their betters ; and the meanness f young men of family, who stooped to intimacies ~,\ ith such low people. BAT, in. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 99 Lost first his colleague should salute Albina or Modia ? 1 30 Here, the son of ^ rich slave closes the side of the Free-born : but another, as much as in a legion Tribunes Receive, presents to Calvina, or Catiena, That once and again he may enjoy her : but thou, When the face of a well-dressed harlot pleases thee, hesitatest, 135 And doubtest to lead forth Chione from her high chair., 132. Another.'] Of these low-born people, inheriting riches from his father. Tribunes."] He means the Tribuni Militum, of which there were six to each legion, which consisted of ten regiments or cohorts. See sat. i. 1. 68, n. 133. Presents to Cah'ina, or Catiena.~] He scruples not to give as much as the pay of a tribune amounts to, to purchase the favours of these women who probably, were courtezans of notorious charac- ters, but held their price very high. 134. But thou.~\ q. cL But thou, my friend Juvenal, and such prudent and frugal people as thou art, if thou art taken with the pretty face of some harlot, whose price is high, thou dost hesitate upon it, and hast doubts upon thy mind concerning the expediency of lavishing away large sums for such a purpose. 135. Well dressed^] Veslitus means, not only apparelled but decked and ornamented. A.IN-SW. Some are for understanding ves- titi, hero, as synonymous with togati, to express a low strumpet, (see sat. ii. 1. 70, and note,) but I lind no authority for such a mean- ing of the word vestitus. 130. Chione.~] Some stately courtezan of Borne, often spoken of by Martial. See lib. i. epigr. 35, 6, et al. So called from Or. ^;, snow. Her high chair.'] Sella signifies a sedan chair, borne aloft on men's shoulders : which, from the epithet alta, 1 take to be meant in this place q. d. While these upstart fellows care not what sums they throw away upon their whores, and refrain from no expense, tliat they may carry their point, their betters are more prudent, and grudge to lavish away so much expense upon their vices, though the finest, best-dressed, and most sumptuously attended woman inlloaie were the object in question. To lead forth.] Deducere to hand her out of her sedan, and to attend her into her house. Many other senses are given of this passage, as may be seen in Holyday, and in other commentators ; but the above seems, to me. best to apply to the poet's satire on the insolent extravagance of In ->, low-born upstarts, by putting it in opposition to the more deceu', prudence and frugality of their betters. Dryden writes as follows : But you, poor sinner, tho* you love the vice, And like the whore, demur upon the price : And, frighted with the wicked sum, forbear To lend an hand, ami help her from }h.e chair. 100 JUVENAL1S SATIRE. SAT . IIIt Da testem Romae tain sanctum, quam fuit hospes Numinis Ida?i : procedat vel Numa, vel qui Servavit trepidam flagranti ex aede Miuervam ; Protinus ad censum ; de moribus ultima fiet 140 Quaestio : quot pascit servos 1 quot possidet ari Jugera 1 quam multa, magnaque paropside coenat 1 QUANTUM QUISQUE SUA NUMMORUM SERVAT IN ARCA, TANTUM HABET ET FIDEI. Jures licet et Samothracum, Et nostrorum aras, contemnere fulmina pauper 145 Creditur, atque Deos, Dis ignoscentibus ipsis. Quid, quod materiam prasbet causasque jocorum Omnibus hie idem, si fioeda et seissa lacerna, Si toga sordidula est, et rupta calceus alter As to translating (as some have done) vestiti by the word mask- ed, it is totally incongruous with the vest of the sentence ; for how can a face, with a mask on, be supposed to please, as it must be con- cealed from view I Besides, it is not said vestita fades, but facies vestiti scorti. However, it seems not very probable, that the poet only means to say, that the man hesitated, and doubted about coming up to the price of Chione, because he was so poor that he had it not to give her, as some would insinuate ; for a man can hardly hesitate, or doubt, whether he shall do a thing that it is out of his power to do. 137. Produce a iKitne,ss.~\ Umbritius here proceeds to fresh matter of complaint against the corruption of the times, insomuch that the truth of a man's testimony was estimated, not according to the good- ness of his character, but according to the measure of his property. 137 8. The host of the Idean deliy.~] Scipio Nasica, adjudged by the senate to be one of the best of men. He received into his house an jmage of the goddess Cybele, where he kept it until a tem- ple was built for it She had various names from the various places where she was worshipped, as Phrygia, Idxa, &c. Ida was a high hill in Phrygia, near Troy, sacred to Cybele. See VIRG. /En. x. 252. 138. Numc.~\ As credit ij given, not in proportion to a man's morals, but as he is rich or poor ; the former will always gain credit, while the latter will be set down as not having the fear, either of the gods, or of their vengeance, and therefore doesn't scruple to perjure himself. 146. Tlit gods themselves, <$'c.] Not punishing his perjury, but excusing him, on account of the temptations which he is under from his poverty and want. 147. WKcdC\ Quid is here elliptical, and the sense must be sup- plied. q. d. What shall we say more ? because it is to be consi- dered, that, besides the discrediting such a poor man as to his testi- mony, all the symptoms of his poverty are constant subjects of jests and raillery. See AINSW. Qnid, I^o. 2. This sume.~\ Hie idem this same poor fellow. - 148. His garment.^ Laceraa here, perhaps, means what we call a surtout, a sort of cloak lor the keeping oif the weather. See AINSW. Lacema. 149. Gojort.] Toga the ordinary dress for the poorer sort. See sat. i. 3. 102 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. ni. Pelle patet : vel si consuto vulnere crassum 150 Atque recens linum ostendit non una cicatrix? NlL HABET INFELIX PAUPERTAS DURIUS IN* SE, QUAM QUOD RIDICULOS HOMINES TACIT. Exeat, inquit, Si pudor est, et de pulvino surgat equeslri, Cujus res legi non sufficit, et sedeant hie 155 Lenonum pueri, quocunque in fornice nati. Hicplaudat nilidi pneconis filius inter Pinnirapi cultos juvenes, juvenesque lanistae : Sic libitum vano, qui nos distinxit, Othoni. Quisgener hie placuit censu minor, atque puelloe 160 149. Soiled.] Sordidula, dim. of sordidus and signifies some- what dirty or nasty. With torn leather, $"c.] One shoe gapes open with a rent in the upper leather. 150 1. The poet's language is here metaphorical he humour- ously, by vulnere, the wound, means the rupture of the shoe ; by cicatrix, (which is, literally, a scar, or seam in the flesh,) the awk- Avard seam on the patch of the cobbled shoe, which exhibited to view the coarse thread in the new-made stitches. 153. SaysheJ] i.e. Says the person who has the care of placing the people in the theatre. Let him go out, {c.~] Let the man who has not a knight's revenue go out of the knight's place or seat. It is to be observed that, formerly, all person? placed themselves, as they came, in the theatre, promiscuously : now, in contempt of the poor, that licence was taken away. Lucius Roscius Otho, a tribune of the people, instituted a law, that there should be four- teen rows of seats, covered with cushions, on which the knights were to be seated. If a poor man got into one of these, or any other, who had not 400 sestertia a year income, which made a knight's estate, he was turned out with the utmost contempt. 155. Is not sufficient for the lav:.'] i. e. Who has not 400 sester- tia a year, according to Otho's law. 156. The sons of pimps, <$'c.] The lowest, the most base-born fellows, who happen to be rich enough to answer the conditions of Otho's law, are to be seated in the knights' seats; and persons of the best family are turned out, to get a seat where they can, if they happen to be poor. See HOB. epod. iv. 1. 15, 16. 157. CWerT] Alow office among the Romans, as among us, who proclaimed the edicts of magistrates, public sales of goods, &t:. The poet says nitidi prseconis, intimating that the criers got a good deal of money, lived well, were fat and sleek in their appearance, and affected great spruceness in their dress. Applaud.] Take the lead in applauding theatrical exhibi- tions. Applause was expressed, as among us, by clapping of hands. 158. Of a sword-player. ~\ Pinnirapi denotes that sort of gla- diator, called also Retiarius, who, with a net which he had in his SAT. in. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 103 Leather be open : or if not one patch only shews the coarse 150 And recent thread in the stitched-up rupture ? UNHAPPY POVERTY HAS NOTHING HARDER IN ITSELF THAN THAT IT MAKES MEN RIDICULOUS. Let him go out, says he, If he has any shame, and let him rise from the equestrian cushion, Whose estate is not sufficient for the law," and let there sit here 155 The sons of pimps, in whatever brothel born. Here let the son of a spruce crier applaud, among The smart youths of a sword-player, and the youths of a fencer : Thus it pleased vain Otho, who distinguished us. What son-in-law, here, inferior in estate, hath pleased, and un- equal 160 hand, was to surprise his adversary, and catch hold on the crest of his helmet, which was adorned with peacock's plumes : from pinna, a plume or feather, and rapio, to snatch. See sat. ii. 1. 143, note, where we shall find the figure of a fish on the helmet; and as pinna also means the fin of a fish, perhaps this kind of gladiator was called Pinnirapus, from his endeavouring to catch this in his net. 1 58. The youths.'] The sons now grown young men juvenes. Such people as these were entitled to seats in the fourteen rows of the equestrian order, on account of their estates : while sons of nobles, and gentlemen of rank, were turned out because their in- come did not come up to what was required, by Otlio's law, to con- stitute a knight's estate. A fencer.'} Lanista signifies a fencing-master, one that taught boys to fence. 159. Thus it pleased tain Olho.~] q. d. No sound or good reason could be given for this ; it was the mere whim of a vain man, who established this distinction, from his own caprice and fancy, and to gratify his own pride and vanity. However, Otho's law not only distinguished the knights from the plebeians, but the knights of birth from those who were advanced to that dignity by their fortunes or service; giving to the former the first rows on the equestrian benches. Therefore HOR. epod. iv. where he treats in the severest manner Menas, the freedman of CM. Pompeius, who had been advanced to a knight's estate, mentions it as one instance of his insolence and pride, that he sat himself in one of the first rows after he became possessed of a knight's estate. Sedilibusque magnus in primis eques, Othone contempto, sedct. See FRANCIS, notes in loc. 160. IVhat son-in-lau.-.~] Umbritius still proceeds in shewing the miseries of being poor, and instances the disadvantages which men of small fortunes lie under with respect to marriage. ^ Inferior in estate.'] Census signifies a man's estate, wealth or yearly revenue. Also a tribute, tax, or subsidy, to be paid ac- cording to men's estates. According to the first meaning of census ceasu minor may sig- 104 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. HI. Sarcinulis impar? quis pauper scribitur hasres? Quando in consilio est TEdilibus ? agmine facto Debuerant olim tenues migrasse Quirites. HAUD FACILE EMERGUNT, QUORUM VIRTUTIBUS OBSTAT RES ANGUSTA DOMI : sed Romae durior illis 16j Conatus : magno hospitium miserabile, magno Servorum venires, et frugi coenula magno. Fictilibus ccenare pudet, quod turpe negavit nify, that a man's having but a small fortune, unequal to that of the girl to whom he proposes himself in marriage, would occasion his beiug rejected, as by no means pleasing or acceptable to her fa- ther for a son-in-law. According to the second interpretation of the word census, censu minor may imply the man's property to be too small and inconsi- derable for entry in the public register as an object of taxation. The copulative atque seems to favour the first interpretation, as it unites the two sentences as if Umbritius had said Another in- stance, to shew how poverty renders men contemptible at Rome, is, that nobody will marry his daughter to one whose fortune does not equal hers ; which proves that, in this, as in all things else, money is the grand and primary consideration. Themistocles, the Athenian general, was of another mind, when he said " I had rather have a man for my daughter without money, " than money without a man." 161. Written down heir?~\ Who ever remembered a poor man in his will, so as to make him his heir? 162. jdiles.~\ Magistrates in Rome, whose office it was to oversee the repairs of the public buildings and temples also the streets and conduits to look to weights and measures to regulate the price of corn and victuals- also to provide for solemn funerals and plays. This officer was sometimes a senator, who was called Curulis, a sella curuli, a chair of state made of ivory, carved, and placed in curru, in a chariot, in which the head officers of Rome were wont to be carried into council. But there were meaner officers called .'Ediles, with a similar ju- risdiction in the country towns, to inspect and correct abuses in weights and measures, and the like. See sat. x. 101, 2. When, says Umbritius, is a poor man ever consulted by one of the magistrates? his advice is looked upon as not worth having much less can he ever hope to be a magistrate himself, however de- serving or fit for it. In a foTTned bod\iJ\ Agmine facto /. e, collected together in one body, as we say. So VIHG. Georg. iv. 167. of the bees Hying out in a swarm against the drones. And again, /En. i. 86. of the winds rushing forth together from the cave of ./Eolus. 163. Long ngo.~\ Alluding to the sedition and the defection of the plebeians, called here teuues Quirites when oppressed by the SAT. in. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 105 To the bags of a girl ? what poor man written down heir ? When is he in counsel with ^diles ? In a formed body, The mean Romans ought long ago to have migrated. THEY DO NOT EASILY EMERGE, TO WHOSE VIRTUES NARROW FORTUNE is A HINDRANCE; but at Rome more hard to them is 165 The endeavour ; a miserable lodging at a great price, at a great price The bellies of servants, and a little frugal supper at a great price. It shameth to sup in earthen ware : which he denied to be Disgrace- fid, nobles and senators, they gathered together, left Rome, and retired to the Mons Sacer, an hill near the city consecrated to Jupiter, and talked of going to settle elewhere ; but the famous apologue of Me- nenius Agrippa, of the belly and the members, prevailed on them to return. This happened about 500 years before Juvenal was born. See ANT. Un. Hist. vol. xi. 383 103. 163. Ought long ago to have migrated.'] To have persisted in their intention ot leaving Home, and of going to some other part, where ihey could have maintained their independency. See before, 1. 60. Quirites. 164. Easily emerge.'] Out of obscurity and contempt Whose virtues, 4'c-J The exercise of whose faculties and good qualities is cramped and hindered by the narrowness of their circumstances : and, indeed, poverty will always prevent respect, and be an obstacle to merit, however great it may be. So HOR. sat. v. lib. ii. 1. 8. Atqui Et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior alga est. But high descent and meritorious deeds, Unblcst with wealth, are viler than sea- weeds. FRANCIS. 166. The endeavour^] But to them illis to those who have small incomes, the endeavouring to emerge from contempt, is more difficult at Rome than in any other place : because their little is, as it were,* made less, by the excessive dearness of even common necessa- ries a shabby lodging, for instance ; maintenance of slaves, whose food is but coarse ; a small meal for one's self, however frugal all these are at an exorbitant price. 168. It shameth, <$f c.] Luxury and expense are now got to such nn height, that a man would be ashamed to have earthen ware at his table. Which he denied, Sfc.~\ The poet is here supposed to allude to Curius Dentatus, who conquered the Samnites and the Marsi, and reduced the Sabellans (descendants of the Sabines) into obedi- ence to the Romans. \V hen the Samnite ambassadors came to him to treat about a league with the Romans, they found him among the Marsi, sitting on a wooden seat near the fire, dressing his own din- jifr, which consisted of a few roots, in an earthen vessel, and offered VOJ., I. Q W6 JDVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. rn. Translatus subito ad Marsos, mensamque Sabellam, Contentusque illic Veneto, duroque cucullo. 170 Pars magna Italiae est, si verum adrnittimus, in quit Nemo togam sumit, nisi mortuus. Ipsa dierum Festorum herboso colitur si quando theatro Majestas, tandemque redit ad pulpita notum Exodium, cum persona? pallentis hiatum 175 In gremio matris formidat rusticus infans r jEquales habitas illic, similemque videbis Orcheslram, et populum : clari velamen honoris, him large sums of money but he dismissed them, saying, " I had " rather command the rich, than be rich myself; tell your country - " men, that they will find it as hard to corrupt as to conquer me." Curiais- Den talus was at that time consul with P. Corn. Rufinus, and was a man of great probity, and who, without any vanity or ostentation, lived in that voluntary poverty, and unaffected contempt of riches, which the philosophers of those times were wont to re- commend. He might, therefore, well be thought to deny that the use of earthen ware was disgraceful, any more than of the homely and coarse clothing of thoae people, which he was content to wear. See ANT. Univ. Hist. vol. xii. p. 139. But, among commentators, there are those, who, instead of nega- vit, are for reading negabit not confining the sentiment to any par- ticular person, but as to be understood in a general sense, as thus However it may be reckoned disgraceful, at Rome, to use earthen ware at table, yet he who should suddenly be conveyed from thence to the Marsi, and behold their plain and frugal manner of living, as well as that of their neighbours the Sabellans, will deny that there is any shame or disgrace in the use of earthen ware at meals, or of wearing garments of coarse materials. This is giving a good sense to the passage but as Juvenal is so frequent in illustrating his meaning, from the examples of great and good men who lived in past times, and as negavit is the reading of the copies, I should rather think that the first interpretation is what the poet meant. Ifi9. Tmmlated suddenly.^ On being chosen consul, he was im- mediately ordered into Sanmium, Avhere he and his colleague acted separately, each at the head of a consular army. The Marsi lay between the Sabeili and the Samnites. 170. A Venetian and coarse iwod.^ Venetus-a-um, of Venice dyed in a Venice-blue, as the garments worn tty common soldiers and sailors were. AINSW. This colour is said to be first used by the Venetian fishermen. The cucuHus was a cowl, or hood, made of very harsh and coarse cloth, which was to pull over the head, in order to keep oft' the rain. Ml. Unless deud.~\ It was a custom among the Romans to put a gown on the corpse when they carried it forth to burial. In many pjrts of Italy, where they lived in rustic simplicity, they went S*T. in. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 107 Who was translated suddenly to the Marsi, and to the Sabellaa ta- ble, And there was content with a Venetian and coarae hood. 170 There is a great part of Italy, if we admit the truth, in which Nobody takes the gown, unless dead. The solemnity itself of Festal days, if at any time it is celebrated in a grassy Theatre, and at length a known farce returns to the stage, When the gaping ot the pale-looking mask The rustic infant in its mother's bosom dreads - Habits are equal there, and there alike you will see The orchestra and people : the clothiug of bright honour, dressed in the tunica, or jacket, never wearing the toga, the ordinary habit of the men at Rome, all their life time. Umbritius means to prove what he had before asserted, (I. 165 7.) that one might live in other places at much less expense than at Rome. Here he is in- stancing in the article of dress. 172. The solemnity, $c.] The dies festi were holidays, or fes- tivals, observed on some joyful occasions ; when people dressed in {heir best apparel, and assembled at plays and shows. 173 4. A grassy theatre.^ He here gives an idea of the ancient simplicity which was still observed in many parts of Italy, where, on these occasions, they were not at the expense of theatres built with wood or stone, but with turves dug from the soil, and heaped one upon another, by way of seats for the spectators. See VIRG. zEn. v. 28690. 174. A kiitucn farce.'] Exodium (from Gr. sfoSos, exitus) was a farce, or interlude, at the end of a tragedy, exhibited to make the people laugh, Notum exordium signifies some well known, favourite piece of this sort, which had been often represented. Staged] So pulpitum signifies, i. e. that part of the theatre where ihe actors recited 'their parts. 175. The gaping of the pale-looking mask.'] Persona a false face, vizard, or mask, which the actors wore over the face ; they were painted over with a pafle flesh-colour, and the mouth was very wide open, that the performer might speak through it the more easily. Their appearance must have been very -hideous, and may well be sup- posed to affright little chtldren. A figure with oae of these masks yu may be seen in Holyday, p. 55. col. 2. Also in the coppei- plate, facing the title of the ingenious Mr. Coiman's translation oi Terence. See also Juv. edit. Ctisaubon, p. 73. 177. Habits fire equal thc.re.~\ AIL dress fiiike there : no fihkal Ji- - tinctions of dress are to be feuud among .such simple people. 178. Tlte orchtstra.~\ Among the Greeks this was in the middle of the theatre, where the Chorus danced. But, among the Romans, it was the space between the stage and the common seais, where the nobles and senators sat. Xo distinction of this sort was made, at those rustic theatres, be- iwc'ca the gentry and the common people. 178, The clothing of bright honour.] The chief magistrates f 108 JTJVENALIS SATIRE SAT. in Sufficiunt tunicse summis ^Ekiilibus alba Hie ultra vires habitus nitor: hie aliquid plus 180 Quani satis est ; interdum aliena sumitur arc& Commune id vitium est : hie vivimus ambitiosa Paupertate omnes : quid te moror ? Omniae Romse Cum pretio. Quid das, ut Cossum aliquando salutes ? Ut te respiciat clause Veiento labello ? 185 Ille metit barbam, crinem hie deponit amati : Plena domus libis venalibus : accipe, et illud these country places did not wear, as at Rome, fine robes decked with purple ; but were content to appear in tunics, or jackets, white and plain, even when they gave or presided at these assemblies. See AINSW. Tunica, 5?o. 1, letter 6, under which this passage is quoted. 179. MdVes.~] See before, 1. 162, and note. 180. Htre, dfc.] Here at Rome people dress beyond what they can afford. 180 1. Someihing more tfian enough.'] More than is sufficient for the purpose of any man's station, be it what it may in short, people seem to aim at nothing but useless gawdy show. 1 181. Sometimes it is taken, 8{c.~\ This superfluity in dress is sometimes at other people's expense : either these fine people borrow money to pay for their extravagant dress, which they never repay ; or they never pay for them at all which, by the way, is a vice very common among such people. 182 3. Ambitious poverty.'] Our poverty, though very great, is not lowly and humble, content with husbanding, and being frugal of the, little we have, ' and with appearing what we really are but it tnakes us ambitious of appearing what we are not, of living like men of fortune, and thus disguising our real situation from the world. This is at the root of that dishonesty before mentioned, so common now-a-days, of borrowing money, or contracting debts, which we never mean to pay. See 1. 181. 183. Why do 1 detain you?~\ Quid te moror ? So Hon. sat i. lib. i. 1. 14, 15. ; , i Ne te morer audi Quo rem deducam This is a sort of phrase like our " In short not to keep you too *' long." 184. With a price.~\ Every thing is dear at Rome; nothing is to be had without paying for it viz. extravagantly. Seel. 166, 7. What give you, fyc.] .What does it cost you to bribe the servants of Cossus, that you may get admittance ? Cossus was some wealthy person, much courted for his riches. Here it seems to mean any such great and opulent person. 185. Veiento^] Some other proud nobleman, hard of access, who, though suitors were sometimes with difficulty admitted to him, sel- dom condescended to speak to them. Hence Umbritius describes him clauso labello. Yet even to get at the favour of a look only, it cost money in bribes to the servants for admittance. SAT . HI. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 10Q White tunics, suffice for the chief ^Ediles. Here is a finery of dress beyond ability: here is something more 180 Than enough : sometimes it is taken from another's chest : That vice is common. Here we all live in ambitious Poverty why do I detain you ? All things at Rome Are with a price. What give you that sometimes you may salute Cossus ? That Veiento may look on you with shut lip? 185 One shaves the beard, another deposits the hair of a favourite : The house is full of venal cakes : take, and that 186. One sJiaves ilie beard.~\ On the day when they first shaved their beard, they were reckoned no longer youths but men. A fes- tival was observed on the occasion among the richer sort, on which presents were made : and the misery was, that the poor were expected to send some present, on pain of forfeiting the favour of the great man. But the poet has a meaning here, which may be gathered from the next note, and from the word amati at the end of this line. Another deposits the hair.~\ It was usual for great men to cut off the hair of their minions, deposit it in a box, and consecrate it to some deity. On this occasion, too, presents were made. It was, indeed, customary for all the Romans to poll their heads at the age of puberty. See sat. ii. 1. 15, and note. Umbritius still is carrying on his design of lashing the vices of the great, and of setting forth the wretchedness of the poor q. d. "A "great man can't shave his minion for the first time, or poll his "head, but presents are expected on the occasion from his poor " clients, ill as they can afford them, and presently there's a house- " ful of cakes sent in, as offerings to the favourite." 187. Venal ca&es.] These were made of honey, meal, and oil, and sent, as presents or offerings, from the poorer to the richer sort of people, on their birth-days, (hence some read here libis geniali- bus,) and on other festal occasions. They came in such numbers as to be an object of profit, insomuch that the new trimmed favourite slave, to whom they were presented, sold them for some considerable M.i:n. Hence the text says libis venalibus. Take, &;c.~] Tiie language here is metaphorical ; cakes have just been mentioned, which were leavened, or fermented, in order to make them light. Umbritius is supposed, from this, to use the word fermentum, as applicable to the ideas of anger and indignation, which ferment, or raise the mind into a state ot fermentation. Accipe " there," says Umbritius, " take this matter of indi^na- ' tiou, let it work within your mind as it does in mine, that the poor ' clients of great men are obliged, even on the most trivial, and ' most infamous occasions, to pay a tribute towards the emolument ' of their servants, on pain and peril, if they do it not, of incur - ' ring their displeasure, and being shut out of their doors." By cultis servis the poet means to mark those particular slaves of great men, whose spruce and gay apparel besj>;ke tht-ir situation a? 110 JUVENALIS SATIR/E. SAT. HI, Fermentum tibi habe: praestare tributa clientes Cogimur, et cultis augere peculia servis. Quis timet, aut timuit gelidi Praeneste ruinani; 190 Autpositis nemorosa inter juga Volsiniis, aut Simplicibus Gabiis, aut proni Tiburis arce / Nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine fultam Magna parte sui : nam sic labentibus obstat yillicus, et veteris rimae contexit hiatum : 195 Secures pendente jubet dormire ruina Vivendum est illic, ubi nulla incendia, nulli Nocte metus: jam poscit aquam, jam frivola transfert Uealegon : tabulata tibi jam tertia fumant : Tu nescis; nam si gradibus trepidatur ab imis, 200 favourites and, indeed, the word cultis may very principally allude to this last circumstance for the verb colo not only signifies to trim, deck, or adorn, but also to love, to favour, to be attached to. See AINSW. Peculia seems here to imply what we call vails. 190. Cold Prteneste.^ A town in Italy, about twenty miles from Rome. It stood on a hill, and the waters near it were remarkably cold ; from which circumstance, as well as its high situation, it was called gelida Prdeneste. VIRG. ^En. vii. 682. 191. Volsinmm.~] A town in Tuscany, the situation of which was pleasant and retired. 1 92. Simple Ga&n.] A town of the Volscians, about ten miles from Rome : it was called simple, because deceived into a surrender to Tarquin the proud, when he could not take it by force ; or per haps from the simple and unornamented appearance of the houses. T/te tower of prone Tibur.'] A pleasant city of Italy, si- tuate about sixteen miles from Rome, on the river Anio: it stood on a precipice, and had die appearance of hanging over it. Arx signi- fies the top, summit, peak, or ridge of any thing, as of a rock, hill, &c. also a tower, or the like, built upon it 193. l\'e.~\ Who live at Rome. Supported, <$T.] In many parts of it very ruinous, many of the houses only kept from falling, by shores or props set against them, to prevent their tumbling down. 194. The steward.'] Villicus here seems to mean some officer, like a steward or bailiff', whose business it was to overlook these matters; a sort of city surveyor, (see sat. iv. 77.) who, instead of a thorough repair, only propped the houses, and plastered up the cracks in their walls, \v!i;ch had been opened by their giving way t>o that, though they might to appearance be repaired and strong, yet ihey were still in the utmost danger of falling. V r illicus may perhaps mean the steward, or bailiif, of the great man who was landlord of these houses: it was the steward's duty to sec that repairs were timely and properly done. 196. He'&ds us fo sleep, frc.} If w? express any app/chen-ion of SAT. HI. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. Ill Leaven have to thyself: we clients to pay tributes Are compelled, and to augment the wealth of spruce servants. Who fears, or hath feared the fall of a house in cold Praeiieste, 19O Or at Volsinium placed among shady hills, or at Simple Gabii, or at the tower of prone Tibur ? We inhabit a city supported by a slender prop In a great part of itself; for thus the steward hinders What is falling, and has covered the gaping of an old chink: 195 He bids us to sleep secure, ruin impending. There one should live,, where there are no burnings, no fears In the night. Already Ucalegon asks for water, already Removes his lumber : already thy third floors smoke: [200 Thou know'st it not : for if they are alarmed from the lowest steps, danger, or appear uneasy at our situation, he bids us dismiss our fears, and tells us, that we may sleep in safety, though at the same time the houses are almost tumbling about our ears. Umbritius urges the multitude of ruinous houses, which threaten the lives of the poor inhabitants, as another reason why he thinks it safest and best to retire from Rome. 197. There one should live, $c. j As a fresh motive for the re- moval of Umbritius from Rome, he mentions the continual danger of fire, especially to the poor, who being obliged to lodge jn the up- permost parts of the houses in which they are inmates, run the risk of being burnt in their beds for which reason he thought it best to live where there was no danger of house-burning, and nightly alarms arising from such a calamity. 198. Already Ucalegon.~] He seems here to allude to Virg. ^En. ii. 310 12. where he is giving a description of the burning of the city of Troy: Jam Deiphobi dcdlt ampla ruinam, Vulcano superante, domus: jam proiimus ardet Ucalegon. Some unhappy Ucalegon, says Umbritius, who sees the ruin of his neighbour's house, and his own on fire, is calling out for water, is removing his wretched furniture (frivola trifling, frivolous, of little value) to save it from the flames. 199. Tin/ thirdjloo^.'] Tabulatum from tabula, a plank, signi- fies any thing on which planks are laid so the floors of a house. 200. Tlwu know si it HO/.] You a poor inmate, lodged up in the garret, are, perhaps, fast asleep, and know nothing of the matter : but you are not in the less danger, for if the fire begins below, it will certainly reach upwards to the top of the house. - If they are alarmed.'] Trepidatur impers. (like concurri- tur, HOR. sat. i. 1. 7.) if they tremble are in an uproar (AiNsw.) from the alarm of fire. From the lau-eat s(epx.~\ Gradus is a step or stair of a house JUVENALIS SATIR/E. SAT. niv Ultimus ardebit, quern tegula sola tuetur A pluvisi ; molles ubi reddunt ova columbae. Lectus erat Codro Procula minor : iftceoli sex Ornamentum abaci ; necnon et parvulus infra Cantharus, et recubans sub eodem marmore Chiron ; 205 Jamque vetus Graecos servabat cista libellos, Et divina Opici rodebant carmina mures. Nil habuit Codrus : quis enim negat ? et tainen illud Perdidit infelix totum nil : ultimus autem ./Erumnse cumulus, quod nudum, et frusta rogantein 210 Nemocibo, nemo hospitio, tectoque juvabit. imis gradibus, then, must denote the bottom of the stairs, and sig- nify what we call the ground-floor. 201. The highest.'] Ultimus, i. e. gradus, the last stair from the ground, which ends at the garret, or cock-loft, (as we call it,) the wretched abode of the poor. This will be reached by the ascending flames, when the lower part of the house is consumed. The roof.~\ Tegula, lit. signifies a tile a tego, quod tegat Bedes hence it stands for the roof of a house. 202. Where the soft pigeons.'] The plumage of doves and pigeons is remarkably soft. Perhaps molles here has the sense of gentle, tame ; for this sort love to lay their eggs and breed in the roofs of buildings. 203. Codrus had a bed, <$fc.] Umbritius still continues to set forth the calamities of. the poor, and shews that, under such a calamity as is above mentioned, they have none to relieve or pity them. Codrus, some poor poet perhaps he that is mentioned, sat. i. L 2. which see, and the note. The furniture of his house consisted of a wretched bed, which wu.s less, or shorter, than his wife Procula, who is supposed to have been a very little woman. Minor signifies less in any kind, whether in length, breadth, or height. Six little pitchers.'] Urceoli, (dim. of urceus,) little water- pitchers made of clay, and formed on the potter's wheel. Amphora cspit Institui, currente rota cur urceus exit ? Hon. ad Pis. 1. 21, C. 204 5. A small jug.~\ Cantharus a sort of drinking vessel, with a handle to it Attrita pendebat Cantharus ansa. VIRG. eel. vi. 17. 205. A Chiron reclining, $c.'] A figure of Chiron the centaur in a reclining posture under the same marble, ?'. e. under the marble slab, of which the cupboard was formed, perhaps by way of sup- port to it Some suppose Umbritius to mean by sub eodem marmore, that this was a shabby figure of Chiron made of the same materials with the cantharus viz. of clay which he jeeringly expresses by mar- more, for of this images were usually made. 206. An old chest, 4" c -] This is another instance of the poverty SAT. in. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. . 113 The highest will burn, which the roof alone defends From the rain : where the soft pigeons lay their eggs. Codrus had a bed less than Procula ; six little pitchers The ornament of his cupboard ; also, underneath, a small Jug, and a Chiron reclining under the same marble. 205 And now an old chest preserved his Greek books, And barbarous mice were gnawing divine verses. Nothing had Codrus who forsooth denies it ? and yet all that Nothing unhappy he lost. But the utmost Addition to his ailliction was, that, naked, and begging scraps, 210 Nobody will help him with food, nobody with entertainment, and an house. of Codrus he had no book-case, or library, but only a few Greek books in an old worm-eaten wooden chest. 207. Barbarous mice, #c.] Opicus is a word taken from the Opici, an ancient, rude, and barbarous people of Italy. Hence the adjective opicus signifies barbarous, rude, unlearned. The poet, therefore, humourously calls the mice opici, as having so little respect for learning, that they gnawed the divine poems, perhaps even of Homer himself, which might have been treasured up, with others, in the chest of poor Codrus. See opicus used in the above sense, sat. vi. 454. Some suppose opici to be applied to mice, from Gr. OTT, a cavern alluding to the holes in which they hide themselves. 208. Who forsooth denies it ?] By this it should appear that the Codrus mentioned here, and in sat. i. 1. 2. are the same person, whose poverty was so great, and so well known, as to be proverbial. See note, sat. i. 1. 2. 209 10. The utmost addition, 6fc.] Ultimus cumulus the ut- most height the top of his unhappiness as the French say Le comble de son malheur. The French word comble evidently comes from Lat. cumulus, Avhich signifies, in this connexion, that which is over and above measure the heaping of any measure when the measure is full to the brim, and then more put on, till it stands on an heap above, at last it comes to a point, and will hold no more. BOYER explains comble to mean Ce qui pent tenir par dessus unen s irj deja pleine. We speak of accumulated affliction, the height of sor- row, the completion of misfortune, the finishing stroke, and the like, but are not possessed of any English phrase, which literally expresses the Latin ultimus cumulus, or the French comble du mal- heur. 210. Naked."] Having lost the few clothes he had by the fire. Scraps."] Frusta broken victuals, as we say. In this sense the word is used, sat. xiv. 128. 211. With entertainment.^ So hospitium seems to mean here, and is to be understood, in the sense of hospitality, friendly or charitable reception and entertainment : some render it lodging but this is implied by the next word. VOL. i. R 114 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. m. Si raagna Asturii cecidit domus : horrida mater, Pullati proceres, differt vadimonia Prater : Tune gemimus casus urbis, tune odimus ignem : Ardet adhuc et jam accurrit qui marmora donet, 215 Conferat impensas : hie nuda et Candida signa ; Hie aliquid praeclarum Euphranoris, et Polycleti ; Phaecasianorum vetera ornamenta deorum. Hie libros dabit, et forulos, mediamque Minervam ; Hie medium argenti : meliora, ac plura reponit 220 Persicus orborum lautissimus, et merito jam 211. And an house.'] Nobody would take him into their house, that he might find a place where to lay his head,, secure from the in- clemency of the weather. Having shewn the miserable estate of the poor, if burnt out of "house and home, as we say, Umbritius proceeds to exhibit a strong contrast, by stating the condition of a rich man under such a cala- mity by this he carries on his main design of setting forth the abo- minable partiality for the rich, and the wicked contempt and neglect of the poor. 212. Aslurius.] Perhaps this may mean the same person as is spt>ken of, 1. 29. by the name of Artureus. However, this name may stand for any rich man, who, like Asturius, was admired and courted for his riches. Hath fallen.'] A prey to flames hath been burnt down. The mother is ghtuthf.] Mater may here mean the city itself. All Rome is in a state of disorder and lamentation, and puts on a ghastly appearance, as in some public calamity Or, the matrons of Rome, with torn garments and dishevelled hair, appear in all the horrid signs of woe. See ViR{>. ^En. ii. 1. 489. 213. The nobles sarf/y clothed*] Pullati clad in sadrcoloured ap- parel, as if in mourning. The Pr&tor, -.nvi'ver this may help to finish them. 233. Food irnperfe.ct.^ i, e. Imperfectly digested indigested 118 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. HI. Ardenti stomacho,) nam quae meritoria somnum Admittunt? magnis opibus dormitur in Urbe. 235 Inde caput morbi : rhedarum transitus arcto Vicorum inflexu, et stands- convicia mandra Eripiunt somnum Druso, vitulisqut marinis. Si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur Dives, et ingenti curret super ora Liburno, 240 Atque obiter leget, aut scribet, aut dormiet iutus; Namqae facit soinnum clausa lectica fenestra. Ante tamen veniet : nobis properantibus obstat nnd lying hard at the stomach barrens, adhering, as it were, to the coats of the stomach, so as not to pass, but to ferment, and to oc- casion a burning or scalding sensation. This seems to be a descrip- tion of what we call the heart-burn, (Gr. x^Ays,) which arise* from indigestion, and is so painful and troublesome as to prevent sleep : it is attended with risings of sour and sharp fmr.es from the stomach into the throat, which occasion a sensation almost like that of scalding water. 234. For what hired lodgings, >ATS $ XVTl 'f'TTtCf, ethhtTs 01 Wg'41f. Nunc lateri incumbens, iterujp post paulo supinus Corpore, nunc pronus. So the poet describes this rakehelly youth, as tossing and tumbling in his bed, first on his face, then on his back (supinus) thus endeavour- ing to amuse the restlessness of his mind, under the disappointment of having met with nobody to quarrel with and beat thus weary- ing himself, as it were, into sleep. 281 2. To some a quarrel, .] Was ii bondage and slavery to the tyrant Domitian. This emperor was bald ; at which he was so displeased, that he would not suffer baldness to be mentioned in his presence. He wns called Nero, as all the bad emperors were, from hi.s cruelty. Servire implies the service which is paid to a ty-. rant: parere that obedience which is paid to a good prince. 39. There fell, 4' c -] Having related the time when, he now men- tions the place where, this large turbot was caught. It was in the Adriatic sea, near the city of Ancon, which was built by a people originally Greeks, who also built there a temple of Venus. This city stood on the shore, at the end of a bay which was formed by two promontories, and made a curve like that of the elbow when the arm is bent hence it was called #/*>, the elbow. The poet, by being thus particular, as if he were relating an event, every cir- cumstance of which was of the utmost importance, enhances the irony. The Syracusans, who fled to this part of Italy from the tyranny of Dionysius, were originally from the Dorians, a people of Achaia: hence Ancon is called Dorica : it was the metropolis of Picenum. Ancona is now a considerable city in Italy, and belongs to the papacy. 40. Sustains.'] Sustinet does not barely mean, that this temple of Venus stood at Ancon, but that it was upheld and maintained, in all its worship, rites and ceremonies, by the inhabitants. 41. Into a nttJ\ Sinus, lit. means the bosom or bow of the net, which the turbot was so large as entirely to fill. Stuck.'] Haeserat had entangled itself, so as to stick fast. 42. The Mtctic ice.] The Maeotis was a vast lake, which in the winter Was frozen over, and which, when thawed in summer, dis- charged itself into the Euxine sea, by the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Here vast quantities of fine fish were detained while the frosts lasted, and then came with the flowing waters into the mouth of the Pontus Euxinus. These fish, by lying in a torpid state during the winter, grew fat and bulky. 43. T/ie dull Pontic.^ So called from the slowness of its tide. This might, in part, be occasioned by the vast quantities of broken ice, which came down from the lake Maotis, and retarded it; AT. iv. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 143 World, and Rome was in bondage to bald Nero, There fell a wondrous size of an Adriatic turbot, Before the house of Venus which Doric Ancon sustains, 40 Into a net and rilled it, for a less had not stuck than those Which the Maeotic ice covers, and at length, broken By the sun, pours forth at the entrance of the dull Pontic, Slow by idleness, and, by long cold, fat. The master of the boat and net destines this monster 45 For the chief pontiff for who to offer such a one to sale, Or to buy it would dare? since the shores too with many An informer might be full : the dispersed inquisitors of sea- weed The Euxine, or Pontic sea, is sometimes called Pontus only. Seer AINSW. Euxinus and Pontus. 45. Net.'] Linum lit. signifies flax, and, by meton. thread, which is made of flax but as nets are made of thread, it frequently, as here, signifies a net Meton. See VIRG. Georg. ii. 1. 142. 46. For the chief pontiff^} Domitian, whose title, as emperor, was Pontifex Summus, or Maximus. Some think that the poet al- ludes to the gluttony of the pontiff's in general, which was so great as to be proverbial. The words glutton and priest were almost sy- nonymus Coena? pontificum, or the feasts which they made on public occasions, surpassed all others in luxury. Hence HOR. lib. ii. ode xiii. ad fin. Pontificum potiore cccnis. Juvenal, therefore, may be understood to have selected this title of the emperor, by way of equivocally calling him what he durst not plainly have expressed the chief of gluttons. Comp. sat ii. 1. 113. He was particularly the Pontifex Summus of the college at Alba. See note on 1. 60. ad fin. The poor fisherman, who had caught this monstrous fish, knew full well the gluttony, as Avell as the cruelty of Domitian : he there- fore determines to make a present of it to the emperor, not daring to offer it to sale elsewhere, . and knowing that, if he did, nobody would dare to buy it; for both buyer and seller would be in the utmost danger of Domitian's resentment, at being disappointed of such a rarity. 47. Since the shores, 6j - c.] The reign of Domitian was famous for the encouragement of informers, who sat themselves in all places to get intelligence. These particular people, who are men- tioned here, were officially placed on the shore to watch the landing of goods, and to take care that the revenue was not defrauded. They appear to have been like that species of revenue officers amongst us, which are called tide-waiters. 48. Inquisitors of sea-weed.^ Alga signifies a sort of weed, which the tides cast up and leave on the shore. The poet's calling these people algaj iaquisitores, denotes their founding accusations on the merest trifles, and thus oppressing the public. They dispersed thenv elves in such a roanjier as not to be avoided. 144 JUVENALIS SATIILE. .SAT. -iv. Inquisitores agorent cum remige nudo; Non dubitaturi fugitivuin dicere piscem, 50 Depastumque diu vivaria Caesaris, inde Elapsura, veterem ad dominum debere reverti. ^x^ Si quid Palphurio, si credimus ArmiHato, Quicquid conspicuum, pulehrumque est acquore toto, Res fisci est, ubicunque natat. Donabitur ergo, 55 Ne pereat. Jam lethifero cedente pruinis Autumno, jam quartanam sperantibus a?gris, Stridebat deformis hyems, praedamque recent em Servabat : tamen hie properat, velut urgeat Auster : Utque lacus suberant, ubi, quanquam diruta, servat 60 49. Would immediately contend, Sf c.~] They would immediately take advantage of the poor fisherman's forlorn and defenceless con- dition, to begin a dispute with him about the fish ; and would even have the impudence to say, that, though the man might have caught the fish, yet he had no right to it that it was astray, and ought to return to the right owner. 51. Long liad fed, Sfc.~\ Vivarium, as has been before observed, denotes a place where wild beasts or fishes are kept, a park, a war- ren, a stew or fish-bond. The monstrous absurdity of what the poet supposes these fellows to advance, in order to prove that this fish was the emperor's pro- perty, (notwithstanding the poor fisherman had caught it in the Adria- tic sea,) may be considered as one of those means of oppression, which were made use of to distress the people, and to wrest their property from them, under the most frivolous and groundless pre- tences, and at the same time under colour of legal claim. 53. Palphurius Armillatus.~] Both men of consular dignity ; lawyers, and spies, and informers, and so favourites with Domitian. Here is another plea against the poor fisherman, even granting that the former should fail in the proof ; namely, that the emperor has, by his royal prerogative, and as part of the royal revenue, a right to all fish which are remarkable in size or value, wheresoever caught in any part of the sea ; and as this turbot came within that description, the emperor must have it, and this on the authority of those great lawyers above mentioned. By the la?v of England, whale and sturgeon are called royal fish, because they belong to the king, on account of their excellence, as part of his ordinary reve- nue, in consideration of his protecting the seas from pirates and rob- bers. See BLACKS. Com. 4to. p. 29O. 55. Therefore it sltall be presented.^ The poor fisherman, aware of all this, rather than incur the danger of a prosecution at the suit of the emperor, in which he could have no chance but to lose his fine turbot, and to be ruined into the bargain, makes a virtue of neces- sity, and therefore wisely determines to carry it as a present to Do - mi dan, who was at that lime at Alba. 56. Lest it should be lost.^ Lest it should be seized, and taken from him by the informers. SAT. iv. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 145 Would immediately contend with the naked boatman, Not doubting to say that the fish was a fugitive, 50 And long had fed in Caesar's ponds, thence had Escaped, and ought to return to its old master. If we at all believe Palphurius, or Annillatus, Whatever is remarkable, and excellent in the whole sea, Is a matter of revenue, wherever it swims. Therefore it shall be presented 55 Lest it shduld be lost. Deadly autumn was now yielding to Hoar-frosts, the unhealthy now expecting a quartan, Deformed winter howled, and the recent prey Preserved : yet he hastens as if the south wind urged. And as soon as tbey~had_got-to the lakes, where, tho' demolished, Alba ^ **** 60 The boatman then shall a wise present make, And give the fish, before the seizers take. DUKE. Or It shall be presented, and that immediately, la=rt it should grow stale and stink. 56. DeaiU.y autumn, Sfc.~\ By this we learn, that the autumn, m that part of Italy, was very unwholesome, and that, at the begin- ning of the winter, quartan agues were expected by persons of a weakly and sickly habit. Spero signifies to expect either good or evil. This periphrasis describes the season in which this matter hap- pened, that it was in the beginning of winter, the weather cold, the heats of autumn succeeded by the hoar-frosts, so that the fish was in no danger of being soon corrupted. 59. Yet he hastens, <$"c.] Notwithstanding the weather was so favourable for preserving the fish from tainting, the poor fisherman made as much haste to get to the emperor's palace, as if it had been now summer-time. 60. They.] i. e. The fisherman, and his companions the infor- mers they would not leave him. Got to the lakea.^\ The Albanian lakes these are spoken of by Hon. lib. iv. od. i. 1. 19, 20. Albanos prope te lacus Ponet marmoreain sub trabe citrea. The city of Alba was built between these lakes and the hills, which, (or this reason, were called Colles Albani ; hence these lakes were also called Lucus Albani. Alba was about fifteen miles from Rome. Tho demolished, S,'c.~] Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome, took away all the treasure and relics which the Trojans had placed there in the temple of Vesta; only, out of a superstitious fear, the fire was left; but he overthrew tho city. See ANT. Un. Hist. vol. xi. p. 310. All the temples were spaaed. Liv. 1. i. The Albans, on their misfortunes, neglecting their worship, were commanded, by various prodigies, to restore their ancient rites, tho chief of which was, to keep perpetually burning the vestal fire whicb VOL. i. x 14(5 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. i*. Ignem Trojanum, et Vestam colit Alba minorem, Obstitit intranti miratrix turba parumper: Ut cessit, facili patuerunt cardine valvae : Exclusi spectant admissa opsonia patres. Itur ad Atridem : turn Picens, accipe, dixit, 65 Privatis majora focis : genialis agatur Iste dies; propera stomachum laxare saginis, was brought there by JEneas, and his Trojans, as a fatal pledge of the perpetuity of the Roman empire. Alba Longa was built by Ascanius the son of ^Eneas, and called Alba, from the white sow which was found on the spot. See VIRG. Mn. iii. 3903. Mn. viii. 438. Domitian was at this time at Alba, where he had instituted a col- lege of priests, hence called Sacerdotes, or Pontifices Albani. As he was their founder and chief, it might be one reason of his being called Pontifex Summus, 1. 46. when at that place. The occasion of his being there at that time, may be gathered from what Pliny says in his epist. to Corn. Munatianus. " Domitian was desirous to punish Corn. Maximilla, a vestal, by " burying her alive, she having been detected in unchastity ; he went " to Alba, in order to convoke his college of priests, and there, in " abuse of his power as chief, he condemned her in her absence, and " unheard." See before, 1. 12, and note. Suetonius says, that Domitian went every year to Alba, to cele- brate the Quinquatria, a feast so called, because it lasted rive days, aud was held in honour of Minerva, for whose service he had alse instituted the Albanian priests this might have occasioned his being at Alba at this time. 61. The lesser Vesta.'] So styled, with respect to her temple at Alba, which was far inferior to that at Rome built by Numa. 62. Wondering croicd.~] A vast number of people assembled to view this fine fish, insomuch that, for a little while, parumper, they obstructed the fisherman in his way to the palace. 63. As it gave way.~\ i. e. As the crowd, having satisfied their curiosity, retired, and gave way for him to pass forward. The gates, <5fc.] Valvae the large folding doors of the pa- lace are thrown open, and afford a ready and welcome entrance to one who brought such a delicious and acceptable present Comp. HOR. lib. i. od. xxv. 1. 5, 6. 64. The excluded falhcrs.~\ Patres i. e. patres conscript!, the senators, whom Domitian had commanded to attend him at Alba, either out of state, or in order to form his privy -council on state affairs. There is an antithesis here between the admissa opsonia and the exclusi patres, intimating, that the senators were shut out of the pa- lace, when the doors were thrown open to the fisherman and his turbot : these venerable personages had only the privilege of look- ing at it, as it was carried through the crowd. Many copies read expectant q. d. The senators are to wait, SAT. iv. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 147 Preserves the Trojan fire, and worships the lesser Vesta, A wondering crowd, for a while, opposed him as he entered : As it gave way, the gates opened with an easy hinge: The excluded fathers behold the admitted dainties. He comes to Atrides : then the Picenian said " Accept 5 " What is too great for private kitchens : let this day be passed " As a festival ; hasten to release your stomach from its crammings, while the business of the turbot is settled, before they can be admit- ted lit. they await the admitted victuals. See expectant used ia this sense. VIRG. JEn. iv. 1. 134. Casaubon reads spectant, which seems to give the most natural and easy sense. 64. Dfd)ities.~] Opsonium-ii signifies any victuals eaten with bread, especially fish. AINSW. Gr, o-^ov, proprie, piscis. Hed. So likewise in S. S. John vi. 9. $vo o^a^x, 'two little fishes. Here Juvenal uses opsonia for the rhombus. 65. Atrides.] So the poet here humourously calls Domitian, in allusion to Agamemnon, the son of Atreus, whose pride prompted him to be styled the commander over all the Grecian generals. Thus Domitian affected the titles of Dux ducum Princeps principum, and even Deus. The Picenian.] i. e. The fisherman, who was an inhabitant of Picenum. Accept.'] Thus begins the fisherman's abject and fulsome address to the emperor, on presenting the turbot. 66. JVhut is too great.] Lit. greater than private fires. Focus is properly a fire-hearth, by met. fire. Focis here, means the fires by which victuals are dressed, kitchen fires ; and so, by met. kit- chens, q. d. The turbot which he presented to the emperor was too great and valuable to be dressed in any private kitchen. 67. As a fcslival~] The adj. genialis signifies cheerful merry festival so, genialis dies a day of festivity, a festival such as was observed on marriage or on birth-days: on these latter, they held a yearly feast in honour of their genius, or tutelar deity, whicli was supposed to attend their birth, and to live and die with them. See PERS. sat. ii. 1. 3, and note. Probably the poet here means much the same as Horace, lib. iii. ode xvii. by genium curabis you shall indulge yourself make merry. : Hasten to release, c.~\ More rebellious against the dio tates of honest truth more'impatient of advice more apt to imbibe the most fatal prejudices. 87. Speak of showers, (5fc.] Such was the capriciousness and cru- elty of Domitian, that it was unsafe for his friends to converse with hinrij even on the most indifferent subjects, such as the weather, and th'jlike: the U?ast word misunderstood, or taken ill, might co?t a AT. iv. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 151 Most upright interpreter of laws : tho' all things, In direful times, he thought were to be managed with unarmed 80 Justice. The pleasant old age of Crispus also came, Whose manners were, as his eloquence, a gentle Disposition ; to one governing seas, and lands, and people, Who a more useful companion, if, under that slaughter and pesti- lence, It were permitted to condemn cruelty, and to give honest 85 Counsel ? But what is more violent than the ear of a tyrant, With whom the fate of a friend, who should speak of showers, Or heats, or of a rainy spring, depended ? He therefore never directed his arms against The torrent : nor was he a citizen, who could utter 90 The free words of his mind, and spend his life for the truth. Thus he saw many winters, and the eightieth Solstices ; with these arms, safe also in that court. Next of the same age, hurried Acilius With a youth unworthy, whom so cruel a death should await, 95 And now hastened by the swords of the tyrant : but long since man his life, though to that moment he had been regarded as a friend. 89. Never directed, 6fc.] Never attempted to swim against the stream, as we say. He knew the emperor too well ever to venture an opposition to his will and pleasure. 91. Spend his life, <5j'c.] Crispus was not one of those citizens who dared to say what he thought ; or to hazard his life in the cause of truth, by speaking his mind. 92 3. Eightieth solstices.^ Eighty solstices of winter and summer i. e. he was now eighty years of age. 93. With these arms, #c.] Thus armed with prudence and cau- tion, he had lived to a good old age, even in the court of Domitian, where the least offence or prejudice would, long since, have takea him off. 94. Acilius,'] Glabrio a senator of singular prudence and fide- lity. 95. With a youth, &fc.~\ Domitins, the son of Acilius, came with liis father ; but both of them were soon after charged with designs , against the emperor, and were condemned to death. The father's sentence was changed into banishment, the more to grieve him with the remembrance of his son's death. Unworthy.^ Not deserving that so cruel a death should await him. This unhappy young man, to save his life, affected madness, and fought naked with wild beasts in the amphitheatre at Aiba, where Domitian every year celebrated games in honour of Minerva ; but he was not to be deceived, and he put Domitius to death in a cruel manner. Seel. 99, 100. 96. The sword*.'] Gladii.", in the plur. cither by syn. for gladio, 1 52 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. iv. Prodigio par est in nobilitate senectus : Unde fit, ut malim fraterculus esse gigantum. Profuit ergo nihil raisero, quod corainus ursos Figebat Numidas, Albana nudus arena 100 Venator : quis enim jam non intelligat artes Patricias ? quis priscum illud miretur acumen. Brute, tuum ? facile est barbato imponere regi, Nee melior vultu, quamvis iguobilis ibat Rubrius, offensae veteris reus, atque tacendae ; 105 Et tamen improbior satiram scribente cinaedo. Montani quoque venter adest, abdomine tardus ; Et matutino sudans Crispinus amomo ; sing, or perhaps to signify the various methods of torture and death used by this emperor. 96. Of the t if rant.'] Domini, lit. of the lord i. e. the emperor Domitian, who thus lorded it over the lives of his subjects. 97. Old age in nobility. ~] q. d. From the days of Nero, till this hour, it has been the practice to cut off the nobility, when the empe- ror's jealousy, fear, or hatred, inclined him so to do ; insomuch thrt, to see a nobleman live to old age, is something like a prodigy ; and indeed this has long been the case. 98. Of the giants.'] These fabulous beings were supposed to be the sons of Titan and Teilus. These sons of Earth were of a gi- gantic size, and said to rebel and fight against Jupiter. See Ov. Met. lib. 1. fab; vi. q. d. Since to be born noble is so very dangerous, I had much rather, like these Terrae filii, claim no higher kindred than my pa- rent Earth, and though not in size, yet as to origin, be a brother of theirs, than be descended from the highest families among our nobi- lity. 101. Who cannot now, Both tremble, and gnaw the tilth of dogs'-meat ? Fix in the first place, that you, bidden to sit down at table, Receive a solid reward of old services: Food is the fruit of great friendship: this the great man reckons, And tho' rare, yet he reckons it. Therefore h', alter two 15 Months, he likes to invite a neglected client, Lest the third pillow should be idle on an empty bed, rug to cover you, 1. 8, 9. Or, at last, pretending it, in order to move compassion. 11. (Jlnuw theJiUh, <$'c.] Far literally signifies all manlier of *orn ; also ineal and flour- hence bread made thereof. A coarser sort was made for the common people, a coarser still was given to dogs. But perhaps the poet, by farris canini, means what was spoiled, and grown musty and hard, by keeping, only tit to be thrown to the dogs. The substance of this passage seems to be this viz. that the situ- ation of a common beggar, who takes his stand to ask alms though half naked shaking with cold and forced to satisfy his hunger with old hard crusts, such as were given to the dogs, ought to be reckoned far more reputable, and therefore more eligible, than thosa abject and scandalous means, by which the parasite subsisted. 12. Fix, $c.~] Fix it in your hand, us a certain thing, in the first place. To sit doicn at table.~\ Discumbere lit means to lie down, as on a couch, after the manner of the Homans at their meals. 13. A solid reward.] Whatever services you may have rendered the great man, he thinks that an invitation to supper is a very solid and lull recompence. 14. Food is the fruit, <$'c.] A meal's meat (as we say) is all you get by your friendly offices, but then they must have been very great. Or magnae amicitias may mean, as in sat. iv. 1. 74, 5. the friendship of a great man, the fruit of which is an invitation to supper. The great man reckons, Sfc.~\ Rex lit. a king, is often used to denote any great and high personage. See sat. i. 1 36. He sets it down to your account; however seldom you may be invited, yet he reckons it as a set-off against your services. Hunc relates to the preceding cibus. 17. Lent the third pillow, Sfc.~\ q. d. Only invites you to fill up a place at his table, which would be otherwise vacant. In the Roman dining-room was a table in fashion of an half- moon, against the round part w r hereof they sat three beds, every one containing three persons, each of which had a (culcitra) pillow to lean upon : they were said, discuiubere, to lie at meat upon a bed. We say sit at table, because we use chairs, on which we sit. Ssee Vmu. jEu. i. 1. 712. Tori* ju^i dibcumWre pictis. 166 JUVENALI3 SATIRE. SAT. v Una simus, ait : votorum sumrna ; quid ultra Quseris? habet Trebius, propter quod rumpere somnum Debeat, et ligulas dimittere ; sollicitus, lie 2> Tota salutatrix jam turba peregerit orbem Sideribus dubiis, aut illo tempore, quo se Frigida circumagunt pigri sarraca Bootee. Quails coena tamen ? vinum quod succida nolit Lanapati: de conviva Corybanta videbis. 25 Jurgiu proludunt : sed mox et pocula torques 18. " Ltt us be together," says he.] Supposed to be the words of some great man, inviting in a familiar way, the more to enchance the obligation. The sum of your wishes.^] The sum total of all your desires what can you think of farther I 19. Trebius.^\ The name of the parasite with whom Juvenal is supposed to be conversing. for which he ought, 6{C.~] Such a favour as this is sufficient to make him think that he ought, in return, to break his rc?t, to rise before day, to hurry himself to the great man's levee in such a manner as to forget "to tie his shoes ; to run slip-shod, as it were, for fear he should seem tardy in paying his respects, by not getting there before the circle is completely formed, who meet to pay their compliments to the great man. See sat. iii. 127 30, where we find one of these early levees, and the hurry which people were in to get to them. Ligula means not only a shoe-latchet, or shoe-tie, but any ligature which is necessary to tie any part of the dress; so a lace, or point ligula cruralis, a garter. Aixsw. 22. The stars dubious^] So early, that it is uncertain whether the little light there is, be from the stars, or from the first breaking of the morning. "What is the night.'" "Almost at odds -\\hli " morning, which is which." SIIAK. Macb. act III. sc. iv. 23. Bootes.^ A constellation near the Ursa Major, or Great Bear Gr. PUT& Lat. bubulcus, an herdsman lie that ploughs with oxen, or tends them. Called Bootes, from its attending, and seeming to drive on, the Ursa Major, which is in form of a wain drawn by oxen. Ctc. Nat. Deor. lib. ii. 42. Arctophylax, vulgo qui dicitur esse Bootes, Quod quasi temone adjunctum prae se quatit Arcturn. Arctophylax, who commonly in Greek Is termed Bootes, because he drives before him The greater Bear, yoked (as it were) to a wain. Arctophylax from xfcro^, a bear, and ., a keeper. We call the Ursa Major Charles's wain, (see Aixsw. Arctos,) seven stars being so disposed, that the first two represent the oxen, the other five represent a waiu, or waggon, which they draw. Bootes seems to follow as the driver. 2 C > 3. The cold wains'] Sarraca, plur. the wain consisting of sit. v. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 167 " Let us be together," says he. It is the sum of your wishes what more Do you seek ? Trebius has that, for which he ought to break His sleep, and leave loose his shoe-ties ; solicitous lest 30 The whole saluting crowd should have finished the circle, The stars dubious, or at that time, in which the Cold wains of slow Bootes turn themselves round. Yet, what sort of a supper? wine which moist wool Wou'd not endure : from a guest you will see a Corybant. 25 They begin brawls ; but presently you throw cups, many stars. Frigida, cold because of their proximity to the north pole, which, from thence, is called Arcticus polus. See AINSW. 23. Slow Bootes :] Sive est Arctophylax, sive est piger ille Bootes. OVID. Nunquid te pigra Boote Plaustra vehunt. MARTIAL. The epithet piger, so often applied to Bootes, may relate to the slowness of his motion round the north pole, his circuit being very small ; or in reference to the slowness with which the neat-herd drives his ox- wain. VIRG. Eel. x. 1. 19. Tardi venere bubulci. See OVID. Met. lib. i. fab. i. 1. 176, 7. Turn tliemselres round.'] Not that they ever stand still, but they, and therefore their motion, can only be perceived in the night- time. This constellation appearing always above the horizon, is said by the poets never to descend into the sea. Juvenal means, that Trebius would be forced out of his bed at break of day stellis dubiis see note on 1. 22. Or, perhaps, at that time, when Bootes, with his wain, would be to light him L e. while it was yet night : " When Charles's wain is seen to roll " Slowly about ihe north pole." DUNSTER. 24. What sort, Sfc.~\ After all the pains which you may have taken to attend this great man's levee, in order to ingratiate yourself with him, and after the great honour which you think is done you by his invitation to supper pray how are you treated? what kind of entertainment does iiegive you? Wine, #c.] Wine that is so poor, that it is not fit to soak wool, in order to prepare it for receiving the dye, or good enough to scour the grease out of new-shorn wool. See AINSW. Succidus. 2:3. A CorybanQ The Corybantes were priests of Cybele, and wlio danced about in a wild and frantic manner. So this wine was so heady, and had such an effect on the guests Tvho drank it, as to make them frantic, and turn them, as it were, iiito priests of Cybele, whose mad and strange gestures they imi- tated. 26. They fegin brawh.~\ Or brawls begin. Proludo (from pro end ludo) i to ilqurisa, as fencers do, before they begin to play 14 168 JUVENALTS SATIR-E. SAT. v. Sauciup, et rubra deterges vulnera irmppa : Inter vos quoties, libertorumque cohortem Pugna Saguntina fervet commissa lageni > Ipse capillato diffusum consule potat, 30 Calcatamque tenet bellis socialibus uvain, Cardiaco nuuquam cyathum missurus araico. Cras bibet Albanis aliquid de montibus, aut de Setinis, cujus patriam, tituluinque senectus I)elevit multa veteris fuligine testae : 35 Quale coronati Thrasea, Helvidiusque bibebant, Brtitorum et Cassi natalibus. Ipse capaces Hciiadum crustas, et inanjuales beryllo good earnest to begin, to continence. Brawls, or strifes of words, are begun by way of preludes to blows. 27 '. fVith a red napkin.'] Stained with the blood of the comba- tants. See HOR. lib. i. od. xxvii. 28. Troop of freedmenJ] The liberti were those, who, of slaves, or bondmen, were made free : the great people had numbers of these about them, and they were very insolent and quarrelsome on these occasions. , 29. Saguntine prA.~\ Saguntum was a city of Spain, famous for its earthen ware. This city was famous for holding out against Hannibal ; rather than submit, they burnt themselves, their wives, and children. Pug- nam committere, is a military term for engaging in fight. 30. He.] Ipse the patron himself. What ' was racked.^ Diffusum poured, racked, or filled out, from the wine-vat into the cask. When tl>e consid, #c.] Capillato consnle In old time, when the consuls wore long hair. AINSW. See sat iv. 103. 31. Social wars.1 The civil war, or the war of the allies, some- times called the Marsian Avar, (of which, see ANT. Univ. Hist. vol. xiii. p. 34.) which broke out ninety years before Christ. So that this wine must have been very old when this satire was written. 32. Cholicky.~] Cardiaco (a xxfiut., cor.) sick at heart also one that is griped, or had a violent pain in the stomach. Good old wine is recommended by Celsus, as highly useful in such a com- plaint. Pliny says, lib. xxiii. c. 1. Cardiacorum morbo unicain spam in vino esse certum est. But so selfish is this great man supposed to be, that he would not spare so much as a single cup of it to s^ve one's lite. 33. From the Allan mountains.'] The Alban hills bore a plea- t-ant grape, and the vines have not yet degenerated, ibr the vino Al- bano is still in great esteem. 31. The Setine.] Setia, the city which gave name to these hills, lies not far from Terracina, in Campania. 35. Thick Mouldiness.l Multa lit. much. See AINSVT. Multus, Vn o -:AT. T. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 16S Wounded, and wipe wounds with a red napkin. Ho\V often, between you and a troop of freed men, Does the battle glow, which is fought with a Sdguntine pot ? He drinks what was racked off when the consul wore long hair, 30 And possesses the grape troddeij in the social wars, Never about to send a cup [of it] to a cholicky friend. To-morrow he'll drink something from the Alban mountains, Or from the Setine, whose country, and tide, old-age Has blotted out, by the thick mouldiness of the old cask. 35 Such Thraseas and Helvidius drank, crowned, On the birth-day of the Bruti and Cassius. Virro himself Holds capacious pieces of the Heliades, and cups with beryl Casks which are long kept in cellars contract a mouldiness, which so overspreads the outside, as to conceal every mark and character which may have been impressed on them as where the wine grew, and the name (titulum) by which it is distinguished. 36. Thraseus HelmdxuaJ} Thraseas was son-in-law to Helvi- tlius. They were both patriots, and opposers of Nero's tyranny, Thraseas bled to death by the command of Nero Helvidius was banished. - CrownedJ] The Romans in their carousals, on festival-days, wore crowns or garlands of flowers upon their heads. See Hoa. lib. ii. od. vii. 1. 7, 8. and 235. 37. Of the Bruti, fyc.~\ In commemoration of Junius, and of De- eius Brutus: the former of which expelled Tarquin the Proud; the latter delivered his country from the power of Julius Caesar, by as- sassinating him in the senate- house. Cassius was also one of the conspirators and assassins of Ca?sar. These men acted from a love of liberty, and therefore were remembered, especially in after-times of tyranny and oppression, with the highest honour. The best of wine was brought forth on the occasion. - PtrmJ The master of the feast perhaps a fictitious name. 38. Pieces of tiie Heliades.^ Drinking cups made of large pieces of amber. The Heliades (from vhit? , the sun) were the daughters of Phoebus and Clymene, who, bewailing their Phaeton, were turued into poplar -trees : of whose tears came amber, which distilled con- tinually t'rom their branches. See Ov. Met. lib. i. fab. ii. and iii. Inde fluunt lachrymse : stillataque sole tigescunt De ramis electra novis : quse lucidus aainis Eicipit: ct nuribus mitti: gestanda Latinis. FAB. iii. - Holds.'] Tenet holds them in his hands when he drinks. - Cups.'] Phiala means a gold cup, or beaker, to drink out of. Sometimes drinking cups, or vessels, made of glass. See AINSW, - Beryl.'] A. sort of precious stone, cut into pieces, which were inlaid in drinking cups, here said to be inajquales, from the in- equality or roughness of the outward surface, owing to the protube* ranees of the pieces of beryl with which it was ink14- VOL. I. A A 170 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. v. Virro tenet phialas : tibi non committitur aurum ; Vel si quando datur, custos affixus ibidem, 40 Qui numeret gemmas, unguesque observet acutos : Da veniam, praeclara illic laudatur iaspis; Nam Virro (ut multi) gemmas ad pocula transfer! A digitis ; quas in vaginae fronte solebat Ponere zelotypo juvenis praelatus Hiarbae. 45 Tu Beneventani sutoris nomen habentem Siccabis caticem nasorum quatuor, ac jam Quassatum, et rupto poscentem sulphura vitro. Si stomachus domini fervet vinove cibove, Frigidior Geticis petitur decocta pruinis. 50 Non eadem vobis poni modo vina querebar ? Vos aliam potatis aquam. Tibi pocula cursor Gaetulus dabit, aut nigri manus ossea Mauri, 39. Gold is not commilled."] You are looked upon in too despi- cable a light, to be intrusted with any thing made of gold. But if this should happen, you will be narrowly watched, as if you were suspected to be capable of stealing it. 41. Who may count, neal.} Grown into hard, solid lumps, by being so ad stale, and now grown mouldy. ti. Will shake a grinder.'] Geauinus from gona, the cheek 174 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. v. Sed tener, et niveus, mollique siligine factus 70 Servatur domino : dextram cohibere memento : Salva sit artpptae reverentia : finge tamen te Improbulum ; superest illic qui ponere-cogat. Vin' tu consuetis, audax conviva, canistris Impleri, panisque tui novisse colprem ? 7$ Scilicet hoc fuerat, propter quod saepe relicti Conjuge, per montem adversum, gelidasque cucurri Esquilias, fremeret saeva curn grandine vernus Jupiter, et multo stillaret penula nimbo. Aspice, quain longo distendat pectore lancem, 80 what we call the grinders, are the teeth next the cheeks, which grind food. So far from being capable of being bitten, and thus divided, it would loosen a grinder to attempt it. 70. Soft flour.] The finest flour, out of which the bran is en tirely sifted, so that no hard substance is left. 71. To restrain, Sfc] Don't let the sight of this fine white, and new bread, tempt you to filch it mind to keep your hands to your- self. 72. The butler.] Artopta Gr. apron-rns from prf , bread, and TT, to bake signifies one that bakes bread a baker. Or artopta may be derived from gT?, bread, and oTrrtfMti, to see i. e. an inspector of bread a pantler, or butler one who has the care and oversight of it This I take to be the meaning here. o. d. Have all due respect to the dispenser of the bread ; don't offend him by put- ting your hand into the wrong basket, and by taking some of the fine bread. . Suppose yourself, fyc] But suppose you are a little to bold, and that you make free with some of the fine bread, there's one remains upon the watch, who will soon make you lay it down again, and chide you for your presumption. 74. Wilt thou, 6fc.] The words of the butler on seeing the poor client filch a piece of the white bread, and on making him lay it down again. The accustomed baskets.] i. e. Those in which the coarse. bread is usually kept and do not mistake, if you please, white for brown. 75. Filled.] Fed satisfied. 76. Well, this has been, <5fc.] The supposed words of Trebius, vexed at finding himself so ill repaid for all his services and attend- ances upon his patron. part of a lobster. 81. Asparagus.'] Asparagis, plur. may here denote the yours* shoots, or buds, of various herbs. See AINSW. Asparagus, No. 'J. With these it was perhaps usual to garnish their dishes. 82. With what a tail, 4" c -] What a noble tail he displays with what contempt dofts he seem to look down upon the rest of the banquet, when lifted on high, by a tall slave, over the heads of the guests, in order to be placed on the table. 84. A crab.'] Cammarus a sort of crab-fish, called also Gam- marus a very vile food, as we may imagine by its being opposed to the delicious squilla, which was set before the master of the least. Shrunk.] I think Holyday's rendering of constrictus near- est the sense of the word, which lit. signifies straitened narrow. Crabs, if kept long out of water, will waste and shrink up in the shell, and when boiled will be half full of water; so lobsters, as every day's experience evinces. Farnaby explains it by semiphlenus half-full, or spent, as 1:3 calls it, which conveys the same idea. This sense also contrasts this fish with the plumpness of the fore- going. Comp. 1. 80 3. With half an egg.'] To mix with it Avhen you eat it a poor allowance. Many construe conslrictus in the sense of paratus coctus conditus, and the like q. d.. dressed or seasoned with half an egg. 85. Funeral supper, <$f c.] The Romans used to place, in a small dish on the sepulchres of the dead, to appease their manes, milk, honey, water, wine, flowers, a very little of each ; which circum-* stances, of the smallness of the dish and of the quantity, seem (9 be the reason of this allusion. ~A little plotter.] Patella is itself a diminutive of patera; bu^ the poet, to make the matter the more contemptible, adds exigua. 'I his is a contrast to the lancem, 1. 80.- which signifies a great broad plate a deep dish to serve meat up in. 86. He.'] Virro, the master of the feast. SAT. v. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 177 To the master, distends the dish, and with what asparagus On all sides surrounded ; with what a tail he can look down on the banquet, When he comes borne aloft by the hands of a tall servant. But to you is set a shrunk crab, with half an egg, A funeral supper in a little platter. 85 He besmears his fish with Venafran (oil) but this Pale cabbage, which is brought to miserable you, will smell Of a lamp, for that is given for your saucers, which A canoe of the Micipsas brought over in its sharp prow. For which reason, nobody at Rome bathes with a Bocchar, SO Which also makes the Africans safe frgin serpents. A mullet will be for the master, which Corsica sent, or which 86. Venafran oil.'] Venafrum was a city of Campania, famous for the best oil. Hon. lib. ii. od. vi. 1. 15, 10. 87. Pale cabbaged] Sickly looking, as if it was half withered. 88. Your saucers.] Alveolus signifies any wooden vessel made hollow here it may be understood of wooden trays, or saucers, iu which the oil was brought, which was to be poured on the cabbage. 89. A canoe.] Cannu a small vessel made of tfie cane, or large reed ; which grew to a great size and height, and which was a prin- cipal material in building the African canoes. Micipsa:^] It seems to have been a general name given to all the Numidians, from Micipsa, one of their kings. These were a barbarous people on the shore of Africa, near Algiers, from whence came the oil which the Romans used in their lamps. Sharp prvu:~] Alluding to the shape of the African canoes, which were very sharp-beaked. 90. Bocckar.^ Or Bocchor a Mauritanian name, but here, pro- bably, for any African. This was the name of one of their kings, and hence the poet takes occasion to mention it, as if he said, tliat " the Numidians and Moors, who anointed themselves with this oil, " stunk so excessively, that nobody at Rome would go into the same " bath with one of them; no, though it were king Bocchar himself." 91. Safe from serpents."] So horrid is tlie smell of these Africans, that, in their own country, their serpents would not come near them. " What then must you endure, in having this same oil to " pour on your cabbage, while you hsive the mortification of seeing " your patron so;ik his fish with the fine and sweet oil of Vena- " frum ! I should think this another instance of that sort of treat- " ment, which should abate your rage of being invited to the table " of a great man." 92. A mullet.'] See sat. iv. 15, and note. The master.] Yirro, the master of the feast. Corsica sent.] Which came from Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean, famous perhaps for this sort of fish. VOL. i. B a 178 JUVENALIS SATIRE SAT. v. Taurominitanae rupes, quando ornne peractum est, Et jamdefecit nostrum mare; dum gulasievit. Retibus assiduis penitus scrutante macello 95 Proxima ; nee patitur Tyrrhenum crescere piscem : Instruit ergo ibcurn provincia ; sumitur illinc Quod captator emat Lenas, Aurelk vendat. Virroni murseaa datur, quae maxima venit Gurgite de Sieulo : nam dum se contiriet Auste?; 100 Dum sedet, et siccat madidas in carcere pennas, Contemnunt mediam temeraria Una Charybdim. Vos anguilla manet, longae cognata colubrac, Aut glacie aspersus maculis Tjj>erinus, et ips^ Vemula riparum, pinguis torrente cloaca, 105 93. Taurominitinian rocks."] On the sea-coast, near Taujomi- nium, in Sicily. Our sea is exhausted, Poscimus, ut coenes civiliter : hoc face, et csto, Esto (ut nunc multi) dives tibi, pauper amicis. Anseris ante ipsum magni jecur, anseribus par Altilis, et flavi dignus ferro Meleagri 115 Fumat aper : post hunc raduntur tubera, si vcr slave, or servant. Hence this fish is so called, from its constant at- tendance on the banks of the river, in some of the holes of which it was usually found. 105. Fat, #c.~j From this circumstance, one would be inclined to think that a pike is here infant, which is a voracious, foul-feeding fish. Juvenal, to carry on his description of the treatment which Trebius must expect at a great man's table, adds this circumstance that the fish ?et oefore Trebius would be a pike, that of the worst sort, and fatted with the filthy contents of the common-sewer, into which the ordure and nastiness of the city were conveyed, and which ran under the Suburra, down to the Tiber, and there emptied itself into the river. 106. Accustomed to penetrate, fc.] This fish is supposed to enter the mouth of the drain, that it might meet the filth in its way, and feed upon it. For Suburra see sat. iii. 5. 107. To himself, <$'c.] To Virro the master of the feast. Ipsi pauca velim like TER. And. act I. sc. i. 1. 2. paucis te volo a word with you. COLMAN. 109. Seneca.] L. Annacus Seneca, the tutor of Nero; he was rery rich, and very munificent towards his poor clients. See sat. x. 16. where Juvenal styles him prrcdives very rich. ...... PJ'SO.] L. Calphurnius Piso, one of the Calphurnian family descended from Numa ; he lived in the time of Claudius, and was famous for his liberality. HOR. Ar. Poet. 291, 2. addressing the Pisones, says Vos O Pompilius sanguis. Cotta. ] Aurelius Cotta, another munificent character in the time of Nero. 110. Titles and offices, Sfc.~j High titles of nobility, or the en- signs of magistracy. See sat. iii. 128, note. 112. That you would sup civilly.'] Civiliter courteously with so much good manners towards your poor friends, as not to affront and distress them, by the difference you make between them and your- self when you invite them to supper. Do this.'] Consult the rulers of civility, and then you will accommodate yourself to the condition of your gue=K 113. Be, as many now are, e carried a great way, and to be kept a considerable time without being spoiled. This is not the case with that species of tuber which is called bole- tus, or mushroom : they remain good but a little while, either grow- ing or gathered. Hence, upon the whole, and from the circumstance of the word raduntur, 1. 116, which may imply the scraping, or shaving off, the outward thick^bark, or rind, which is peculiar to truffles, these are most probably meant in this passage. See CHAM- BERS. Truffle. 119. Unyoke your ojcen.~\ Disjunge lit. disjoin them. y. d. Plough and sow no more, that there may be the more land for truf-. ties to grow. A fine speech for an epicure. 1'20. The carver.'] Structor signifies a purveyor of victuals, a ca- terer ; also a server, who settetk the meat upon the table also a car> ver of meat : this last seems to be meant here, and hp is supposed to do it with some antic gestures, something like capering or dancing. 121 Flourishing.'] Chironomon-ontisfrom %?, lex) signifies one that sheweth nimble motions with his hands henco chironomia, a kind of gesture with the hands, either in dancing, or in carving meat. AINSW, Chironomonta is from the ace. s ing. (Gr. SAT. T, JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 183 It be spring, and wished-for thunders make suppers Greater : " Have thy corn to thyself," says Alledius, " O Libya, unyoke your oxen, while you will send truffles." Mean while the carver, lest any indignation be wanting, 120 \ ou will behold dancing, and flourishing with a nimble Knife, till he can finish all the dictates of his Master ; nor indeed is it a matter of the least concern, With what gesture hares, and with what a hen should be cut, You will be dragged by the foot, as the stricken Cacus by Her- cules, 125 And put out of doors, if you ever attempt To mutter, as if you had three names. When does Virro Drink to you, and take the cup touched by your Lips ? which of you is rash enough, who so ^e^cva^BVT*) of the participle of the verb ^u^io^.iu manuscertalege motito concinnos gestus edo gesticulor. q. d. That nothing may be wanting to mortify and vex you, you not only see all these tine things brought to table, but you will be a spectator of the festivity, art, and nimbleness, with which the carver does his office, till he has exhibited all that he has learned of his mas- ter in the art of carving. See the next note, ad fin. Dictata See A i NSW. 123. A r or indeed is it a matter, 'c.~] It is now by no means reck- oned an indifferent matter, or of small concern, in what manner, or with what gesture, a hare or a fowl is cut up ; this, as well as glut- tony itself, is become a science. This was so much the case, that we find people taking great pains to learn it under a master. See sat. xi. 1. 13641. 126 7. If yoM ever attempt to mutter^] Hiscere so much as to open your mouth, as it were, to speak upon the occasion, as betray- ing any dislike. 127. Three names.^ i. e. As if you were a man of quality. The great men at Rome were distinguished by the pnsnomen, nomen, and cogiiomea, as Gaius Cornelius Scipio Cains Marcus Coriolanus, and the like. It you were to take upon you, like a nobleman, to complain or find fault with all this, you would be dragged with your heels foremost, and turned out of doors, as the robber Cacus was by Hercules. See VIRG. yEn. viii. 219 65. 127 8. When does Virro drink to you.~\ The poet, having parti- cularized instances of contempt, which were put upon the poorer gue.-sts, such as having bad meat and drink set before them, &c. here mentions the neglectful treatment which they meet with. q. d. Does Virro ever drink your health" or " does he ever take " the cup out of your hand in order to pledge you, after it has " once touched your lips ?" By this we may observe, that drinking to one another is very ancient. 129. Is rasheiwugh, 6)'c.~] After all the pains which you take to 184 JUVENAL1S SATIRE. SAT. v. Perditus, ut dicat regi, bibe ? Plurima sunt quae 130 Non audent homines pertusa dicere hena. Quadringenta tibi si quis Deus, aul similis Dis, Et raelior fatis, donaret ; homuncio, quantus Ex'nihilo fieres ! quantus Virronis amicus ! DaTrebio, pone ad Trebium : vis, frater, ab istis 135 Ilibus ? O Nummi, vobis hunc praestat honorem ; Vos estis fratres. Dominus tamen, et domiui rex Si vis tu fieri, nullus tibi parvulus aula. Luserit ^Eneas, nee filia dulcior iilo. Jucundum et caruin sterilis facit uxor amicum. 1 10 Sed tua aunc Micale pariat licet, et pueros tres In gremiura patris fundat simul ; ipse loquaci Gaudebit nido ; viridem thoraca jubebit Afferri, minimasque nuces, assemque rogatum, be invited to great tables, is there one of you who dares venture 10 open his mouth to the great man, so much as to say " drink'' ;K it" you had some familiarity with him ? As we should say " put " the bottle about." 130. The great man.~] Regi see before, 1. 14. 13 C 2. Four hundred sestertia^\ A knight's estate. See sat. i. 1. 106, and note. 133. Better than the fates.'] i. e. Better and kinder than the fates have been to you, in making you so poor. Poor mortal. ~\ Homuncio means a poor sorry fellow suck was Trebius in his present state. 134. From nothing, <^~c.]j The poet here satirizes the venality and profligate meanness of such people as Virro, whose insolence and contempt towards their poor clients, he has given us so many striking examples of. Here he shews the change of conduct towards them, which would be created immediately, if one of them should happen to become rich. 135 Give to Trebius, fc.] Then, says he, if you were invited to sup with Virro, nothing would be thought too good you would be offered every choicest dainty upon the table, and die servants would be ordered to set it before you. 136. Of those dainties.] Ilia lit. signifies entrails, or bowels of which some very choice and dainty dishes were made ; as of the goose's liver, and the like see 1. 114. He would in the most kind manner call you brother, and invite you to taste of the most delicate dainties. O riches! Sfc.~] A natural exclamation 011 the occasion, by which he gives Trebius to understand, that all this attention was not paid to him on his own account, but solely on that of his monev 8eosat. i. 1. 112, 3. " , 137. Ye are brethren.^] Ye, O ye four hundred sestertia, are the. friends and brethren of Virro, to whom he pays his court. When he called Trebius brother, (1. 135.) he really meant you. SAT. v. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 185 Desperate, as to say to the great man drink? Many things there are, 130 Which men in a torn coat dare not say. If to you four hundred (sestertia) any god, or one like the gods, And better than the fates, should present ; poor mortal, how great From nothing would you become ! how great a friend of Virro ! ' Give to Trebius set before Trebius : would you have, brother, some 135 " Of those dainties ?" O riches ! he gives this honour to you Ye are brethren. But if a lord, and sovereign of a lord You would become, in your hall no little -^Eneas must play, nor a daughter sweeter than he. A barren wife makes a pleasant and dear friend. 140 But tho' your Micale should bring forth, and should pour Three boys together into the bosom of their father, he in the prat- tling Nest will rejoice; he'll command a green stomacher To be brought, and small nuts, and the asked-for penny, 137. And sovereign of a lord, $'c.] If you would be in a situa- tion, not only of domineering over poor clients, but even over the lord.> of those clients you must be childless, you must have neither son nor daughter to inherit your estate. 138. In your hall t <5>'c.] See Dido's words to ./Eneas. VIBO. JEn. iv. 1. 3 : J8, 9. Si quis mihi parvuius aula Luserit ./Eneas. Which Juvenal applies on this occasion very humourously. 140. A barren wife, 6 > 'c.~] While a wife remains without child- bearing, so that there is no ostensible heir to the estate, the husband wilt not want for people who will pay their court to him, and pro- fess themselves his friends, in hopes of ingratiating themselves, so far as to be made his heirs. 141. But tho 1 your Micale. ~\ The name of Trebius's wife. q. (I. But suppose it to happen otherwise, and your wife should not only have children, but bring you three at a birth still as you are rich, they'll pay their court to you, by fondling your little ones. He, Virro himself, (ipse,) will pretend to rejoice in your young fa- mily uido a metaphorical expression, taken from a brood of young birds in a nest. 143. A green stomacher.'] Viridem thoraca lit. breastplate. What this was, cannot easily be determined, but it was, doubtless, some ornament which children were pleased with. 144. Small nuts.~] Nuces lit. signifies riuts: but here it de- notes little balls of ivory, and round pebbles, which were the usual playthings of children ; and which to ingratiate themselves with the parents, such mercenary persons as had a design upon their fortunes used to make presents of. See HOR. lib. ii. sat. iii. 1. 171, 2. FKANCIS' note; aad PEIIS. sat. 1. 1. 10. VOL. i. c c 186 JUVENAL1S SATIRE. SAT. v. Ad mcnsam quoties parasitas venerit infans. 145 Vilibus ancipites fungi ponentur amicis, .Boletus domino : sed qualem Claudius edit, Ante ilium uxoris, post quern nihil amplius edit. "V iiro sibi, et reliquis Virronibus illajubebit Poma dari, quorum solo pascaris odore ; 1 50 Qualia perpetuus Phaeacum autumnus habebat; Credere quae possis surrepta sororibus Afris. Tu scabie frueris mali, quod in aggere rodit Qui tegitur parma et galea ; metuensque flageUi Discit abhirsuto jaculum torquere Capella. 155 fi I 144. The askedrfor penny. ~\ The AS was about three farthings of eur money. We are to suppose the little ones, children-like, to ask Virro for a small piece of money to buy fruit, cakes, &c. which he immediately gives them. 1 45. As often as, #c.] Virro not only goes to see the children, but invites them to his table, where they never come but they wheedle and coax him, in order to get what they want of him. Hence the poet says Parasitus infans. 146. Doubtful funguses.^ There are, several species of the mush- room-kind, some of which are poisonous, and it is sometimes diffi- cult to distinguish them, therefore the eater cannot be certain that he is safe hence Juvenal says, ancipites fungi. It is to be observed, that the poet, after his digression on the mean venality of such people as Virro, (who would pay their court to those whom they now use with the utmost contempt, if by any ac- cident they became rich,) now returns to his main subject, which was to particularize those instances of ill treatment which the dependents on great men experienced at their tables, in order to dissuade Tre- bius from his present servile pursuits. 147. A mushroom^] Boletus signifies a mushroom of the whole- some and best sort. But such as, Sfc.'] They were not only of the best sort, but the best of that sort ; such as regaled the emperor Claudius, before the fatal catastrophe after mentioned. 148. That of his wife.'] Agrippina, the mother of Nero, and sis- ter to Caligula, the wife of Claudius, who succeeded Caligula in the empire, destroyed her husband, by mixing poison in a mushroom which she gave him to eat. 149. The rest of the Virros."] i. e. The rest of the great men at his table, who, like Virro, were very rich, and of course much re- spected by him. 160. Apples^] Poma is a general name for fruits of all kinds which grow on trees, as apples, pears, cherries, &c. and signifies, here, some of the mojt delicious fruits imaginable which poor Tre- bius was to be regaled with nothing but the smell of at Virro's ble. 151. Phaaciuns."] A people of the island of Corfu, or Corcyra, AT. v. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 187 As often as the infant-parasite comes to his table. 145 Doubtful funguses are put to mean friends, A mushroom to the lord ; but such as Claudius ate Before that of his wife, after which he ate nothing more. Virro will order to himself, and the rest of the Virros, those Apples to be given, with the odour alone of which you may be fed, 150 Such as the perpetual autumn of the Phaeacians had ; Which you might believe to be stolen from the African sisters. You will enjoy the scab of an apple, which in a trench he gnaws Who is covered with a shield and helmet, and, fearing the whip, Learns from the rough Capella" to throw a dart. ': 155 in the Ionian sea, where there was feigned to be a perpetual au? tumn, abounding with the choicest fruits. 152. The African sisters^] Meaning the Hesperides, ^Egle, He- retusa, Hespertusa, the three daughters of Hesperus, brother of Atlas, king of Mauritania, who are feigned to have had orchards in Africa, which produced golden fruit, kept by a watchful dragon, which Hercules slew, and obtained the prize. loJ. The scab of an apple.~\ While Virro and his rich guests have before them fruits of the most fragrant and beautiful kinds, you, Trebius, and such as you, will be to enjoy scabby, specky, rotten apples, and such other fruit as a poor half-starved soldier in a fortress, who is glad of any thing he can get, is forced to take up with. 154. Fearing the whipJ] Being under severe discipline. 155. Learns to throw, , a gnat. A canopy, or curtain, that hangs about bed?, and is made of net-work, to keep away flies and gnats an umbrella, a pavilion, a tester over a bed ; which, from the epithet testudineo, we must suppose to be in a vaulted form. But. probably, here we are to understand by conopeo the whole bed, synec. which, as the manner was among great people, such as Ursidius appears to have been, had the posts and props inlaid with ivory and tortoise-shell : so that, by tesmdineo, we are rather to un- u< ; stand the ornaments, than the form. That the Romans inlaid their beds, or couches, with tortoise-shell, . sat. xi. 1. 94, 5. Quails in oceani fluctu testudo natarat, ClarumTrojugcnis factura ac nobile fulcrum. This more immediately refers to the beds, or couches, on which they lay at meals ; but, if these were so ornamented, it is reasonable to suppose, by tostudineq conopeo, we are to understand, that they extended their expense and luxury to the beds on which they slept ; therefore, that this noble infant was laid in a magnificent bed this heightens the irony of the word nobilis, as it the more strongly mark* the difference between the apparent and real quality of the child ; which, by the sumptuous bed, would seem the offspring of the noble Ursidius, whereas, in fact, it would be the bastard of a gladiator. Comp. 1. 89, which shews, that the beds, or cradles, in which thoj laid their children, were richly ornamented. To thts O Lenluln*.~\ The sense is that if Ursidius should marry, and have a son, which is laid in a magnificent cradle, as the heir of a great family, after all, it will turn oiu to be begotten by some gladiator, such as Euryalus, and bear his likcne.%<.- He calls Ursidius by the name of Lentulus, who was a famous fencer, inti- mating that, like the children of Leutulus, Uidius's childrea VOL. I. E E 502 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. vi. Nobilis Euryalum mirmillonem exprimat infans. Nupta senatori comitata est Hippia ludium Ad Pharon et Nilum, famosaque mcenia Lagi, Prodigia et mores urbis darnnante Canopo. Iminemor ilia domus, et conjugis, atque sororis 85 Nil patriae indulsit ; plorantesque iniproba gnatos, Utque magis stupeas, ludos, Paridemque reliquit. Sed quanquam in magnis opibus, plumaque paterni, Et segmentatis dormisset parvula cunis, Contempsit pelagus ; famam coiitempserat olim, 90 Cujus apud molles minima est jactura cathedras : Tyrrhenos igitur liuctus, lateque sonantem Pertulit ronium, constant! pectore, quamvis Mutandum toties esset mare. Justa pericli Si ratio est, et honesta, timent : pavidoque gelaotur 95 Pectore, nee tremulis possunt insistere plantis : Fortem animum praestant rebus, quas turpiter audent. Si jubeat coujux, durum est consceudere navem; Tune sentina gravis ; tune suinmus vertitur aer. would have a gladiator for their father. Exprimat pourtray re- semble. 82. Hippia.~\ Was the wife of Fabricius Veicnto, a man of se- natorial dignity in the time ot Domitian. See sat. iii. 185. sat. iv. 113. She lelt her husband, and went away with Sergius, the gla- diator, into ^Egypt. 83. Pharos.] A small island at the mouth of the Nile, where there was a lighthouse to guide the ships in the night. - FamoMs.J Fainosa, infamous, as we speak, for all manner of luxury and debauchery. i. e. Alexandria ; so called from Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, who succeeded Alexand^ty from which son of Lagus came the kingdom of Lagidae, which was overthrown, after many years, on the death of Cleopatra. 84. Canopus condemnlnmor. This no- tion gave rise to the vulgar opinion of its efficacy in love-potions, or philtres, to procure love. In tiiis view of the word, it may denote some love-potions, which the svomen administered to provoke un- lawful love. The word carmen denotes a spell, or charm, which they made use of for the same purpose. Carmen, sing, for carmina, plur. synecdoche. Poison boiled] This signifies the most deadly and quickest 20S JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. YI. Privignoque datum ? faciunt graviora coactae Imperio sexus, minimumque libidine peccant. Optima sed quare Cesennia teste marito? 135 Bis quingenta dedit, tanti vocat ille pudicam : Nee Vfciieris pharetris macer est, aut latnpade fervet : Inde faces ardent ; veriiuat a dote sagittae. Libertas emitur: coram licet innuat, atque Rescribat yidua est, locuples quae nupsit avaro. J40 Cur desiderio Bibulas Sertorius ardet ? Si verum excutias, facies, non uxor amatur. Tres rugae subeant, et se cutis arida laxet, Fiant obscuri dentes, oculique minores ; " Collige sarcinulas," dicet libertus, " et exi ; 145 " Jam gravis es nobis, et saepe emungeris ; exi " Ocyus, et propera ; sicco venit altera naso." Interea calet, et regnat, poscitque maritum poison, as boiling extracts the strength of the ingredients, much more than a cold infusion. 133. A son-in-law] To put him out of the way, in order to make room for a son of their own. See 1. 628. 134. The empire of the sex, #c.J i. e. That which governs, has the dominion over it. See imperiurn used in a like sense. VIRG. /En. i. 1. 142. q. d. What they do from lust is less mischievous than what they do from anger, hatred, malice, and other evil principle* that govern their actions, and may be said to rule the sex in general, 135. Cesennia] The poet is here shewing the power which wo- men got over their husbands, by bringing them large fortunes ; inso- much that, let the conduct of such women be what it might, the husbands would gloss it over in the best manner they could; not from any good opinion, or from any real love which they bare them, but the largeness of their fortunes, which they retained m their own dis- posal, purchased this. 136. She save twice jive hundred.] i. e. She brought a large for- tune of one thousand sestertia, which was sufficient to bribe the hus- band into a commendation of her chastity, though she had it not. See sat. i. L 106, and note ; and sat. ii. 1. 117, and note. 137. Lean, Sfc] He never pined for love, Pharetris lit qui- vers. The lamp.] Or torch of Cupid, or of Hymen. 138. From tkence the torches burn, Sfc.] He glows with no other flame than what is lighted up from the love of her money nor is he wounded with any other arrows than those with which her large for- tune has struck him. 139. Liberty is bought] The wife buys with her large fortune tha privilege of doing as she pleases, whilo the husband sells his liberty, so as not to dare to restrain her, even in her amours. T/to 1 she nod] Iiinuat give a hint by some motion or nod tAT. vi. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 200 And given to a son-in-law ? they do worse things, compelled By the empire of the sex, they sin least of all from lust But why is Ceseimia the best (of wives) her husband being wit- ness ? 135 She gave twice five hundred, for so much he calls her chaste. Nor is he lean from the shafts of Venus, nor does he glow with the lamp; From thence torches burn ; arrows come from her dowry. Liberty is bought : tho' she nod before (her husband) and Write an answer, she is a widow, who rich, hath married a miser. 140 Why doth Sertorius burn with the desire of Bibula ; If you examine the truth, the face, not the wife, is beloved. Let three wrinkles come on, and her dry skin relax itself, Let her teeth become blade, and her eyes less * Collect together your bundles, the freedman will say, and go " forth : 145 " You are now troublesome to us, and often wipe your nose, go " forth " Quickly arid make haste another is coming with a dry nose." In the mean time she is hot, and reigns, and demands of her hus- band of her head, or make signs to a lover, even before her husband's face. 140. Write an answer, 8fc.~] Pen an answer to a billet-doux in the very presence of her husband. Comp. sat. i. 55 7. She is a widow.~\ She is to be considered as such, and as re- sponsible to nobody but to herself. A miser. ~\ For he is too anxious about her money to venture disobliging her by contradiction. 142. The face, not the wife, fc.~\ The poet is still satirizing the female sex. Having shewn that some women were only attended to for the sake of their money, he here lets us see that others had no other inducement than exterior beauty. While this lasted, they were admired and favoured, as well as indulged in a kind of sovereignty over the husband ; but when their beauty decayed, they were repu- diated, turned out of doors, and others taken in their room. 145. The freedman, fc.] i. e. In the days of her youth and beauty. She is hot.'] She glows, as it were, with the rage of domi- nion over her huaband, which she exercises -re:jnat. VOL. i. r F 210 JUVEiNALIS SATIR.E. SAT. VI . Pastores, et ovem Canusinam, ulmosque Falernas. Quantulum in hoc ? pueros omnes, ergastula tota, 150 Quodque domi non est, et habet vicinus, ematur. Mense quidem brumae, cum jam mercator lason Clausus, ct armatis obstat casa Candida nautis, Grandia tolluntur crystallina, maxima rursus Myrrhina, deinde adamas notissimus, et Berenices 155 In digito factus pretiosiort hunc dedit olim Barbaras incestae ; dedit hunc Agrippa sorori, Observant ubi Testa mero pede sabbata reges, 148. Demands of her husband, $c] In short, her husband must supply her with every thing she chooses to fancy. 149. Canusian sheep] Canusium, a town of Apulia, upon the riyer Aufidus ; it afforded the best sheep, and the finest wool in Ita- ly, which nature had tinged with a cast of red. Falernan elms.] The vines of Falernum used to grow round theelms, therefore elms here denote the vines, and so the wine itself metonym. See VIRG. Georg. i. 1. 2. 150. All boys.] All sorts of beautiful boys must be purchased to wait upon her. > Whole workhouses.'] Ergastula were places where slaves were sot to work here the word seems to denote the slaves themselves, numbers of which (whole workhouses'-full) must be purchased to please the lady's fancy. See AINSW. Ergastulum, No. 2. 151. And her neighbour has.] Whatsoever she has not, and her neighbour has, must be purchased. 152. The month of winter.] Bruma qu. brevissima the shortest day in the year, mid-winter the winter solstice; this happens on the twenty-first of December so that mensis bruma; means Decem- ber. By synecdoche winter. The merchant Jason] This is a fictitious name for a mer- chant who goes through the dangers of the seas in all climates, for the sake of gain. Alluding to Jason's dangerous enterprise after the golden fleece. 153. Is shut up] At his own home, it not being a season of the year to venture to sea. So clausum mare is a phrase to denote the winter-time. Cic. See Aixsw. Clausus. The white house] All the houses covered with frost and snow. Hinders.] Prevents their going to sea, from the inclemency of the season. Armed sailors.] Armatis here means prepared for sea i. e. as soon as the weather will permit. So VIRG. JEn. iv. I. 289, 90. Classem aptent taciti, sociosque ad litora cogant, Anna parent. Where we may suppose anna to signify the soils, roasts, and other tackling of the ship. Anna nautiea. svr. vi. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 211 Shepherds, and Canusian sheep, and Falernan elms. How little (is there) in this ? all boys, whole workhouses, 1-50 And what is not at home, and her neighbour has, must be bought. Indeed, in the month of winter, when now the merchant Jason Is shut up, and the white house hinders the armed sailors, Great crystals are taken up, and again large (vessels) Of myrrh, then a famous adamant, and on the finger of Berenice 155 Made more precious : this formerly a Barbarian gave, This Agrippa gave to his incestuous sister, Where kings observe their festival-sabbaths barefoot, 154. Great crystals.'] Crystallina large vessels of crystal, which were very expensive. Are taken up.'] Tolluntur. How, from this word, many translators and commentators have inferred, that this extravagant and termagant woman sent her husband over the seas, to fetch these things, at a time of year when they have just been told (L 152, 3.) that the merchants and sailors did not venture to sea, I cannot say but by tolluntur, I am inclined to understand, with Mr. Drydeu, that these things were taken up, as we say, on the credit of the husband, who was to pay for them. When winter shuts the seas, and fleecy snows Make houses white, she to the merchant goes ; Rich crystals of the rock she takes up there, &.c. &c. DRYDEN. This is what is called in French enlever de chez le marchand. Some have observed, that during the Saturnalia, a feast which was observed at Home, with great testivity, for seven days in the month of December, there was a sort of fair held in the porches of some of the public baths, where the merchants made up shops, or booths, and sold toys and baubles. Vet. Schol. See Sigellaria. AJNSW. " Tolluntur crystaUina.'] i. e. Ex mercatoris officina elevantur a " Bibula, solvente eo marito Sertorio." GRANG. / 15-1 5. Vessels of myrrh.'] Bowls to drink out of, made of /t "^ myrrh, which was supposed to give a fine taste to the wine. So -i MARTIAL, lib. xiv. ep. cxiii. Si calidum potas, ardenti myrrha Falerno Convenit, et mclior fit sapor hide mero. 155. Berenice, /])ha.r Cwthoge.~\ See note on 1. 166. i. e. If, as part of her merit, she is to be for ever boasting of the victories and triumphs of her sous, assuming a very high re- spect on those accounts, her pride would make her troublesome and intolerable : a poor country girl, who had none of these things to pull' her up, would be far more eligible than even Cornelia herself, under such circumstances. In short, Juvenal is not for allowing any such thing as a woman without some bad fault or other. 171. Ptfan.j Apollo either from 7r,ia, Gr. to strike, because he struck and slew the Python with his arrows or from -TMtw, a physician medicus. Apollo was the fabled god of physic. ThuK goddess.^ Diana, who slew the seven daughters of Niobe, as Apollo slew the seven sons. Niobe was the wife of Amphion, king of Thebes, by wham she had seven sons, (accord- ing to some, ton rleea sons,) and seven daughters; of which, toge- ther with her high birth, she grew so proud, as to slight the sacrifices which the Theban women offered to Diana, comparing herself with Latona, and, because she had borne more children, even setting her- self above her, which the children of Latona, Apollo, and Diana, re- senting, he slew the males, together with the father, and she the fe- males ; on which Niobe was struck dumb with grief, and is feigned t,o have been turned into marble. 214 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. vi. Nil pucri faciunt, ipsam configite matrem ; Amphion clamat : seel Pa>an contrahit arcum. Extulit ergo gregem natoram, ipsumque parentem, Dumsibi nobilior Latonae gente videtur, 175 Atque eadem scrofd, Niobe foecundior alba. Quae tanti gravitas ? qufe forma, ut se tibi semper Imputet? hujus enim ran, summique voluptas Nulla boai, quoties animo corrupta superbo Plus aloes, quam mellis, habet. Quis deditus autem 180 Usque adeo est, ut non illam, quam laudibus effert, Horreat, inque diem septenis oderit horis ? Quacdam parva quidem ; scd non toleranda maritis : Nam quid rancidius, quam quod se non putat ulla Formosam, nisi quae de Tusca Graecula f'acta est ? 18a De Sulmonensi mera Cecropis? omnia Graece; Cum sitturpe minus nostris nescire Latine. Hoc sermone pa vent ; hoc iram, gaudia, curas. Hoc cuncta effundunt animi secreta. Quid ultra! Concumbunt Graece dones tamen ista puellis : 190 Tune etiam, quam sextus et octogesimus annus Pulsat, adhuc Graece ? non est hie sermo pudicus 172. The chidren do nothing, $c.~] To provoke tbee. The poet is here shewing, in this allusion to the fable of Niobe and her chil- dren, that the pride of woman is such, as not only to harass man- kind, but even to be levelled at, and provoke, the gods themselves, so as to bring ruin on whole families. 175. More noble.'] On account of her birth, as the daughter of Tantalus, king of Corinth, or, according to some, of Phrygia, and as wife of Amphion. 176. Than the white ?.ow.~\ Found by ^Eneas near Lavinium, which brought thirty pigs at a litter, and which was to be his direc- tion where to build the city of Alba. VIRG. ^En. iii. 39C 3. &n. viii. 438. 177 IV hat gravity.'] Gravitas may here signify sedateness, sobrie- ty of behaviour. 178. Impute.'] i. e. That she should be always reckoning up her good qualities to you, and setting them to your account, as if you were so much her debtor, on account of her personal accom- plishments, that you have no right to find fault with her pride and ill-humour. A metaphorical expression, alluding to the person's imputing, or charging something to the account of another, for which the latter is made his debtor. 180. More of aloes, than of honey. ,] More bitter than sweet in her temper and behaviour. Given up, Sfc.'] To his wife, so uxorious. 181. As not to abhor, fc.] Though he may be lavish in her praises, in some respect?, yet no man can be eo blind to her pride and SAT, vi. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 215 " The children do nothing, pierce the mother herself ;" Cries Amphion : but Apollo draws his bow, And took off the head of children, and the parent himself, While Niobe seems to herself more noble than the race of La- tona, 175 And more fruitful than the white sow. What gravity what beauty is of such value, as that she should al- ways herself to you Impute ? for of this rare and highest good there is No comfort, as often as, corrupted with a proud mind, She has more of aloes, than of honey, But who is given up 180 To such a degree, as not to abhor her whom he extols With praises, and hate her for seven hours every day ? Some things indeed are small ; but not to be borne by husbands : For- what can be more fulsome, than that none should think her- self Handsome, unless she who from a Tuscan becomes a Grecian ? 185 From a Sulmonian, a mere Athenian ? every thing in Greek ; Since it is less disgraceful to our ladies to be ignorant of speaking Latin. In this dialect they fear, in this they pour forth their anger, joy, cares, In this all the secrets of their minds. What beside ? They prostitute themselves in Greek. Yet you may indulge those things to girls : 190 But do you too, whose eighty-sixth year Beats, speak Greek still I This is not a decent dialect ill temper, as not to have frequent occasion to detest her many hours in the day. 185. From a Tuscan, $c.~] The poet here attacks the affectation of the women, and their folly, in speaking Greek instead of their own language. Something like our ladies affectation of introducing French phrases on all occasions. The Greek language was much affected in Rome, especially by the higher ranks of people ; and the kidii'rf, however ignorant ot their own language, were mighty fond of cultivating Greek, and affected to mix Greek phrases in their con- versation. 186. A Sulmonian.'] Sulmo, a town of Peligni, in Italy, about ninety miles from Rome it was the birth-place of Ovid. Athenian.^ Cecropis. Athens was called Cecropia, from Cecrops, who reigned in Attica, and was the first king of Athens.- It may be supposed that the poet iiere means to ridicule some awk- ward country ladies, who, when they came to Rome, affected to speak Greek with elegance. 188. They fear, $c.~\ Express their fears, joys, anger, and, in short, all their passions. 190. To girls.~\ This may be allowable perhaps in giddy girls in them such affectation may be forgiven. 192. Beats.~] Pulsat knocks at the door, as we say, or beats in the pulse. 216 JUVENALIS SATIRE. SAT. vi. In vetula : quoties lascivum intervenit illud ZH KAI *YXH, modo sub lodice relictis Uteris in turba : quod enim non excitat inguen 195 Vox blanda et nequam ? digitos habet. Ut tamen omnes Subsidant pennae (dicas haec mollius ^Emo Quanquani, et Carpophoro) fades tua computat annos. Si tibi legitirais pactam junctamque tabellis Non es amaturus, ducendi nulla videtur 200 Causa ; nee est quare ccenam et mustacea perdas, Labente officio, crudis donanda : nee illud, Quod prima pro nocte datur ; cum lauee beata Dacicus, et scrlpto radiat Germanicus auro. Si tibi simplicitas uxoria, deditus uni 205 Est animus : submitte caput crevice parata Ferre jugum : nullam invenies, quae parcat amanti. Ardeat ipsa licet, tormentis gaudet amantis. 193 4. T/uit wanton Zat>, $c.] This was a wanton expression my life ! my soul ! which the women affected to express in Greek. See MART. lib. x. epigr. Ixviii. 1. 5 8. 194. Just now lefi, $c.~] The poet reproves the old women for ex : pressing themselves in public, or in a crowd of company (turba), in phrases, which are made use of in the more private and retired scenes of lasciviousness, from which these old women, if judged by their conversation, may be suspected to have newly arrived. 196. It has fingers.'] Is as provocative as the touch. 196 7. Alt desires, $c.] Pennae lit. feathers. Metaph. al- luding to birds, such as peacocks, &c. which set up their feathers when pleased, and have a gay appearance ; but they presently sub- side on approach of danger, or of any dislike. Thus, however las- civious words may tend to raise the passions, when uttered by the young and handsome ; yet, from such an old hag, they will have a contrary effect all will subside into calmness. 197. Though you may say, #c.] SAT. vi. Et spoliis : igitur Icnge minus utilis illi Uxor, quisquis erit bonus, optandusque maritus* 210 Nil unquam invita donabis conjuge : vendes Ilac obstante nihil : nihil, haec si nolit, emetur.. Haec dabit affectus : ille excludetur amicus Jam senior, cujus barbam tua janua vidit. Testandi cum sit lenonibus> atque lanistis 215 Libertas, et juris idem contingat arenae, Non unus tibi rivalis dictabhur haeres* " Pone crucem servo :" " meruit quo crimine servus- *' Supplicium ? quis testis adest ? quis detulit ? audi, 4< Nulla unquam de morte hominis cunctatio longa e^t.'' 220 ** O demens, ita servus homo est ? nil fecerit, esto i " Hoc volov sic jubeo, sit pro tatione voluntas." Imperat ergo viro : sed mox hasc regna relinquit, Permutatque domos, et flammea conterit : inde Avolat, et spreti repetit vestigia lecti. >;!.. she takes delight in. plaguing and plundering the man who loves. her. 209 10. Less useful to him, Sfe."] The better husband a man is, the more will she tyrannize over him : therefore an honest man, whu would make a good husband, will find that, of all men, he has the least reason to marry, and that a wife will be of less use to him than to a raaH of a different character. 213. S'fe.] Haec this wife of yours. - Will give affeclions.~\ Direct your affections dictate to you in what manner you shall respect, or ill-treat, your friend* whom you are to like, and whom to dislike. 214. Whose beard your gate Itath seen.~^ An old friend, who used always to be welcome to your house, ever since the time he had first a beard on his chin. 215. To make a will,