IVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO 
 
 1 III I III I II II III I II! I II 
 
 3 1822019442839 
 
 
 
 RR.G.S. 
 
 .. . . :. ,
 
 335% 
 
 DIAMONDS 
 
 AND PRECIOUS STONES: 
 
 THEIR 
 
 HISTORY, VALUE, AND DISTINGUISHING 
 CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 WITH SIMPLE TESTS FOR TH EIR IDENTIFICATION 
 
 BY 
 
 HARRY EMANUEL, F.R.G.S. . 
 
 SECOND EDITION, 
 
 WITH A NEW TABLE OF THE PRESENT VALUE OF DIAMONDS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN, PICCADILLY. 
 1867. 
 
 right of Translation is reset ved.
 
 PREFACE TO NEW EDITION 
 
 HE rapid exhaustion of the first edition, and 
 the numerous demands for more copies, 
 having proved to the Author that, contrary 
 to his expectation, a plain and unvarnished 
 statement of facts connected with precious stones has 
 proved interesting not only to the trader in gems, and to 
 the amateur in mineralogy, but to the general public he 
 has been emboldened to publish another edition, in which 
 he has made several important corrections and additions 
 which have been necessitated by the course of events. 
 The prediction of the rise in the value of diamonds has 
 been verified, as will be seen by a comparison of the 
 present table of values with that of the preceding edi- 
 tion in spite of an unprecedented crisis and subsequent
 
 iv Preface to New Edition. 
 
 commercial depression, and notwithstanding the number 
 of purchasers of gems must have been lessened by the 
 ruin of the thousands of persons who, when making, 
 according to their idea, a solii investment, were in fact 
 only purchasing an unlimited liability. Notwithstanding 
 this commercial crisis and depression, the value of diamonds 
 bas steadily augmented. 
 
 The Author has incurred considerable animosity in 
 some quarters from ' having disclosed the secrets of the 
 trade,' but he considered at the time, and still thinks, that 
 to an honest dealer, knowledge on the part of the public 
 is a benefit instead of an evil ; and against those who 
 bring a stigma on an honourable profession by unfair 
 means, he is only too delighted to put the public on their 
 guard. As stated in the first edition, this work has been 
 written with no view to benefit the Author in any 
 manner. 
 
 H. E. 
 
 Clarence Terrace, Regent's 
 June 1867".
 
 numerous, and the task is apt to be lit 
 ter than a farce. In default of more satisf; 
 work not a few unions fall back in the 
 
 on oakum-picking. One union, int^, 
 Bvoms the difficulty by making scarcely /any 
 attempt to get any work done at all. 
 
 In respect of the length of time worked, the 
 outdoor pauper has a distinct advantage over the 
 ordinary workman. In no trade in London does 
 a week'iWork consist of less than 62^houfs' work. 
 In no s tone-yard does it imply more tMan 45, in 
 the majority only 42 ; in several it is 3y ; in one 
 union lastVrinter it was actually 32. /Moreover, 
 carpenters tor engineers have to be ^iWork by 7 
 o'clock evek in the coldest weather 
 
 The stone- 
 8 30 or 9 is 
 last winter 
 The theory 
 
 its gates till 8 ; 
 hour. One uni 
 operations at 
 
 amely, that the r^en would have 
 d to seek employment before 
 ce,however,iy was found a con- 
 ce by the c/ass of applicants 
 who preferred to Ne in bed tillAheir wives had got 
 the breakfast reaoy, and \vxien the hour was 
 
 altered to 9 a.m. 
 to little more than 
 
 At this point th 
 asked " How much 
 Strictly speaking, the 
 nothing. The task se 
 work at which he can 
 test to prove his 
 relief given him de 
 work he has accom 
 necessity as meas 
 A single man recei 
 and food taken 
 wife and three ch 
 wife and six chi 
 that this is too lofr, but it m 
 in the first p' 
 rent. If a m 
 
 numbers promptly dropped 
 
 will doubtless .be 
 man earn in a week 1" 
 wer is that he earns 
 m is not remunerative 
 wages, but merely a 
 rity. Accordingly, the 
 not on the amount of 
 but simply on his 
 ythei number of his family. 
 on ^he average, in money 
 ther, 
 en 7s. 4 
 9s. 9d. 
 
 9d., a man with a 
 and a man with a 
 t may be thought 
 kt be remembered, 
 that no allowance is made for 
 has not sufficient credit to be 
 
 "allowed to " ritn his rent" till ke gets back into 
 work, he is su/posed to be a fit calke for the work- 
 house rather /than the stone-yard\ Further, the 
 iicale for a man with a large family ik only slightly 
 fcolow what ihe best class of workmen secure for 
 themselves /as " unemployed benefits from their 
 trade soci/tiea. If a mechanic caA keep the 
 the door on 12s., 9s. 9d. cannot 
 too small for the applicants to 
 yard, who are almost entirely Vmskilled 
 ~ it the scale given above is th\ average 
 two widely separate extremes, either of 
 is difficult^to justify, Fot example,!* single 
 i expected to subsist for a week on 2s.\4d. at 
 rhithe; in Battersea he is allowed 5o. fld. for 
 tihe/same period. Similarly 6s. 8d. will hardly 
 Huffice for a man with a wife and six children ,\but 
 ;fco/ iudsre bv the standard iust attem 
 
 spon, 
 ci 
 
 tess 
 
 sc 
 sc 
 fc 
 
 ai , 
 Tiled 
 
 Vi 
 
 htly 
 
 D 
 
 rtone
 
 -f/ML-S DIAMOND CUTTING. 
 
 MOV 4 * 
 
 TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES. 
 Sir, My attention has been drawn to some statistics 
 given in your paper of October 18 regarding the diamond 
 cutting industry of Amsterdam. The public are probably 
 not aware of the extent to which this interesting in- 
 dustry has been revived in London. 
 N early 200 years ago Englishmen were the finest dia- 
 ond cutters in the world, and the trade was j nearly all 
 carried on in London, and at the present time old English 
 cut diamonds will always fetch a very high price, as the 
 cutting is still so much prized. Through religious perse- 
 cution the cutters migrated to Amsterdam, where they 
 have since remained. At the present time anyone visiting 
 one of the largest diamond cutting factories in Amsterdam 
 will be shown a model of the Koh-i-noor and told that it 
 was cut and polished at their factory, when it is an undis- 
 puted fact that both Her Majesty the Queen and the late 
 Prince Consort took BO great an interest in the cutting 
 that Messrs. Garrard, the Queen's jewellers, had a room 
 specially fitted up for it to be cut in, and it was all done 
 at Messrs. Garrard's present establishment in the Hay- 
 market. The Duke of Wellington put the first facet on 
 and Her Majesty and nearly all the members of the Royal 
 Family assisted in putting on those most perfect facets
 
 other occupation which they can return to when a depres- 
 sion comes on in the diamond trade, but at the present 
 time there are now a great number actually in full work. 
 
 Up to the end of 1885 out of four of the principal mines 
 of South Africa viz., Kimberley, De Beers, Bultfontein, 
 and Du Toit's Pan, no less than 33 million carats of 
 diamonds (or more than? six-and-a-half tons' weight) have 
 been extracted, realizing about 40,000,000. The diamonds 
 now discovered are nearly all found in British possessions, 
 viz., Africa and India. Mines are now being developed in 
 New South Wales, and yet the vast majority of the stones 
 are still sent to foreign countries to be cut and polished, 
 -which, I am sure, every Englishman will consider ought 
 not to be, especially as we have so many good workmen 
 , with no employment. With the aid of the British public 
 t and the Press the trade could be developed into a very 
 : large and thriving industry,as not only is there an immense 
 opening for men to cut and polish the large stones, but 
 at the present time the supply of small brilliants to use as 
 decorations round other gems, &c., is not equal to the 
 demand. As one of the greatest secrets connected with 
 the trade consists in the one word " patience," there is an 
 immense field for the employment of women. 
 
 As a nation, the Americans are the finest judges of dia- 
 monds in the world. American buyers insist on getting 
 the finest stones and the most perfect of cutting. India 
 takes a very large quantity of the white stones, as the. 
 natives invest their capital in them as we do in stocks and 
 shares, but they will not take yellow or coloured diamonds 
 nor stones with flaws or specks in them. Kussia takes the 
 large and yellow stones. China has only lately opened up 
 her country to the diamond trade,as until recently Chinese 
 subjects were not allowed to decorate themselves with 
 these magnificent gems, but just recently the Empress 
 of China has broken through that custom by wearing at 
 Court a very superb diamond necklet, so there is now a 
 demand in that vast continent. 
 
 In the report you quoted were these words, " Besides 
 Antwerp, the diamond industry is carried on extensively 
 nowhere else." If that be so where does America go to for 
 her finest cut diamonds ? Well, I am very thankful to say, 
 London. I believe the last official report published was 
 that America took about 3,000,000 worth of cut diamonds 
 annually from England. 
 
 It is a well known fact that where the British workman 
 has mastered his art, no matter what art that may be, he 
 is absolutely unsurpassed. We are actually at the present 
 time permitting the diamond cutting industry to extend 
 from Amsterdam to Antwerp, New York, and Paris, and 
 oven Switzerland is employing large numbers of both male 
 and female workpeople in "this art. It only requires a de- 
 termined effort for us to regain it entirely as our own, and 
 at the present time, I am glad to say, the serious attention 
 of some of our leading men is occupied in trying to develop 
 this industry. If any information with regard to this 
 subject be required, I shall bo most happy to give whatever 
 I can, as it is a subject that I have studied with great 
 interest for some years now. 
 
 In fairness to the British diamond industry, I sincerely 
 hope you will not only let the public know these facts, but 
 wiH also aid us in our endeavours to recover a lost trade. 
 
 I remain your obedient servant, 
 
 LEWIS ATKINSON, Manager of the British 
 Diamond Industry exhibited in the Cape of Good 
 Hope Court, Colonial and Indian Exhibition. 
 
 33, Brook-street, Grosvenor-square, W.
 
 IV 
 
 com 
 of p 
 ruin 
 acco 
 only 
 this ! 
 bas > 
 T 
 
 some 
 trade 
 to ai 
 is a 
 brinj 
 mear 
 guarc 
 writl 
 mam 
 
 *&2Jk 
 
 lexandra, which turned out to be the Dres 
 ught engaging the Scout. A few minutes aft^r 
 s the latter was seen escaping towards /the 
 nc land. The Alexandra's men immediately stoqti t(. 
 dt their guns ; but as the armour-clad could nj 
 
 witlrui range she did not open fire. At a qi 
 nupast fly the Scout turned round and made a lash ai 
 the flagship in the hope of being able to /fire hei 
 torpedoVbefore being put out of action./ In thii 
 cc she failed, as both the Alexandra and AgamemnoT 
 en opened a\remendous fire on her and cisyfm to hav< 
 'a " destroyed " her. The same fate is (declared t< 
 r have bei'alW the Dolphin and Alb/core at thi 
 i hands of the. Dreadnought and Thunoerer. Whei 
 f entering theYhannel the Commandet'-in-Chief ob 
 c served the Polyphemus and detached the Dread 
 p,nought to " destroy " her and protect his rear 
 The " destruction " was completed by directing 
 S pthe whole of the\ships to assemble outside the bay 
 at where they were ordered into fo/mation. The Ad 
 j.miral then entered* the harbour/ at the head of th< 
 Q now combined forces and anchored off the towi 
 before noon. The ntial act of the manoeuvres wai 
 ^an attack by a flotilla of eight torpedo-boats 01 
 the ships at anchor. \This/came off during thi 
 ' night of the 14th-15th \f October. Several torpe 
 C(y does were fired, none ofWiiich passed through thi 
 defence nets of the shipsY which again justified thi 
 ^confidence placed in tbqm as a protection t< 
 te anchored ships. The advantage, or indeed the pos 
 gu sibility, of using them/by smps under way is rnor< 
 t^than doubtful. It is/quite Certain that to do s< 
 fi would be to resign all advantages due to superi o 
 speed, for they greatdy reduce aT ship's way througl 
 , 'the water, and, /6onsequentljL put her at tla^ 
 , mercy of a comparatively insignificant antagonist 
 \ The completioy of the manceuv\es, which had nov 
 Blasted from noon on Monday till near midnight 01 
 Friday, by no nieans indicated theVinishing of th 
 no work. Ships /nad to be restored to\ their origina 
 P^trim ; mines/had to be raised and examined ; elec 
 trie cables byad to be got on board,dried, and over 
 f hauled ; search-light projectors, guns\ signal esta 
 ^blishments/to be brought back to tlaeir ships 
 at torpedo-bciats to be refitted ; and th\ blocke' 
 "channel tb be " swept." This meant a\week c 
 Bl hard and incessant labour, which was greatly in 
 of creased/by the necessity of at the same tiifle clear 
 a f ing store ships that had arrived from England wit' 
 cc storey for the fleet. In his original memorandur 
 01 hisBtoyal Highness the Commander-in-ChioS 
 c< noijited out that the lessons which itwashoped rAigh 
 
 earnt from the manoeuvres were : 1. The pi 
 ti^ability of using mechanical mines for blockade 
 V. If it is possible for cruisers to hang about ov 
 side a cort for the -nurnose ol lavinei_lififiA_in^^ 
 exact number of diamond cutters in London, and I gave 
 them several foreign terms and their meanings that the 
 men might give in describing their trade, but the return
 
 ADDITIONAL NOTES 
 
 ON 
 
 DIAMONDS. 
 
 THE KOH-I-NOOR, p. 79. 
 
 The important task of cutting this fine diamond was 
 entrusted to Messrs. Garrard, of the Haymarket, London, 
 who gave it into the hands of Mr. Coster, of Amsterdam. 
 
 THE POLAR STAR, p. 8 1 . 
 
 It was purchased in i845,"by Messrs. Garrard, of Count 
 KoutousofF; subsequently it was purchased by the Princess 
 Tousoupoff, of St. Petersburgh, in whose possession it now 
 remains. It weighs 40^ carats. 
 
 THE SANCY DIAMOND, p. 83. 
 
 It was sold by Godoy, the Prince of Peace, who ruled 
 Spain under Charles XIV. and Ferdinand VII., to Prince 
 Demidoff, who has very recently parted with it to Sir 
 Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy for 20,000. 
 
 VALUE OF DIAMONDS, p. 88. 
 
 The value here quoted for a one-carat stone is slightly 
 incorrect. Such a stone is now worth 21, but a stone 
 of five carats is not worth 525, which would be its 
 value according to the rule laid down by Jeffries ; it is 
 worth actually about 350.
 
 vi Additional Notes on Diamonds, &V. 
 
 DRESDEN DIAMOND, p. 85. 
 
 This fine diamond recently passed into the possession 
 of a Parsee, who, it is said, nas disposed of it to a native 
 Indian prince. 
 
 VALUE OF DIAMONDS, p. 90. 
 
 The present value of stones of the first quality, of a 
 less weight than two grains, is from 10 IQJ. to 'i 
 per carat ; the second quality 9 per carat ; the third 
 7 I or. per carat. 
 
 PRICES OF THE PEARL, p. 200201. 
 
 The values mentioned in the tables on the above pages 
 have increased in the following manner since the publica- 
 tion of the first edition, two years since : 
 
 Value in 
 
 Value in 
 
 A pearl of 3 grains . . 
 
 I86 S . 
 I2S. to IDS. 
 
 ... i8s. 
 
 1867. 
 
 to 20S. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 . . . 22S. 
 35S. 
 
 28s. 
 45 s - 
 
 ... 28s. 
 . . . 403. 
 
 35 s - 
 
 " 
 
 6 
 
 ccs 
 
 
 
 8 os. 
 
 99 
 
 8 . . . 
 
 . . 9 os. 
 
 ',',nos S " 
 
 ... iocs. 
 
 I2OS. 
 
 
 
 10 . . 
 
 . . 8 
 
 ,,^9 
 
 ... 10 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 12 . . , 
 
 . . 12 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 >, 16 
 
 
 
 14 . . , 
 
 . . 15 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 
 l6 . . , 
 
 . 2O 
 
 
 ... 2O 
 
 
 99 
 
 18 . . . 
 
 . . 30 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 j> 4 
 
 
 
 20 . . , 
 
 . . 40 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 
 24 ,, . . , 
 
 . . 60 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 . . 80 
 
 100 
 
 ... 80 
 
 7* 
 , ' 1OO
 
 Additional Notes on Diamonds, &c. vii 
 
 VALUE OF BRILLIANTS, p. 93. 
 
 Since the first edition of this work appeared the value 
 of brilliants has considerably increased, as the following 
 
 table will show : 
 
 Value in Value in 
 
 1865. 1867. 
 
 A brilliant weighing \ of a carat .... 5 10 ... 6 
 
 a 
 
 > * )*<' 
 
 Ii . . 
 
 3 . . . 
 
 , 3* 
 
 3^ 
 
 > 3| * 
 
 4- %!* 
 
 4 ,' - 
 
 4* 
 
 4f - - 
 
 5 . . . 
 
 ? defect, 'want of (or m:er) spread^ or faintest tinge of any 
 colour, reduces these -values considerably. 
 
 JADE, p. 210. 
 
 The ornamental objects in this substance which have 
 come to Europe from Japan, are said to have been only 
 manufactured there, as the stone is not a native of the 
 island. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 O 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 o 
 
 ... 35 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 o 
 
 ... 55 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 ... 80 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 ... 90 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 ... no 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 ... 120 
 
 I2 5. 
 
 
 
 ... 140 
 
 *35 
 
 
 
 ... 150 
 
 150 
 
 o 
 
 ... 175 
 
 175 
 
 o 
 
 190 
 
 220 
 
 
 
 22O 
 
 230 
 
 
 
 ... 240 
 
 250 
 
 
 
 ... 300 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 ... 330 
 
 320 
 
 o 
 
 ... 350
 
 viii Additional Notes on Diamonds, &c. 
 
 DOUBLET or SEMI-STONE, p. 218. 
 
 A new species of fraud has lately been introduced by 
 some unprincipled persons, which consists in using a plate 
 stone, painted at the back, and then foiled. This is 
 extremely difficult of detection, and the system cannot be 
 too severely reprimanded ; for although the practice of 
 foiling stones of pale colour is universal, still, if the pur- 
 chaser be warned that the stone is foiled, he knows what 
 he is buying ; but, by means of painting the stone, its 
 natural colour is entirely disguised. A piece of crvstal 
 may be, and often is, sold for a sapphire, topaz, ame- 
 tnyst, &c.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 HE object of the present work may be 
 
 stated in a few words. 
 
 For many years the author has been a 
 
 collector of the various scattered treatises 
 which exist on the subject of Precious Stones. In 
 all of these whether English or French, German or 
 Italian he has failed to find that particular informa- 
 tion, compact within a single volume, which is re- 
 quired by the inexperienced purchaser as well as the 
 trader. Hints and rules of considerable value are to 
 be met with here and there in different works, but 
 these instructions are so buried in scientific disquisition, 
 or lost amongst anecdotes and gossip, that for pur- 
 poses of ready reference the books are almost value-
 
 x Preface. 
 
 less. By amateurs, as well as traders, he has often 
 been asked for a manual or handbook upon the sub- 
 ject of Precious Stones, one giving advice and instruc- 
 tions for the buyer as well as the seller, but with the 
 exception of Jeffries now a century old, and out of 
 date there exists no such work in the English lan- 
 guage. 
 
 In the following treatise, the author sets up no claim 
 to literary or scientific skill ; what he has done is 
 merely to record his own experience with Precious 
 Stones, adding those facts and instructions given in 
 preceding works which seemed of special value. The 
 work has been written in odd portions of time, taken 
 up when a little leisure afforded opportunity, and laid 
 aside when business compelled its relinquishment. 
 The several sheets were printed off as written, and the 
 author is sorry to find, from an examination just made, 
 that many colloquialisms and trade technicalities have 
 thus crept in. However, this much he can say in 
 its favour, that no one fact or suggestion which he 
 thought would be of the least value to the amateur 
 or the trader, and which he was acquainted with, has 
 been withheld. Compiled in the manner stated, and 
 notwithstanding the absence of literary elegancies, 
 the writer cannot but think his book will prove useful 
 to the merchant, in supplying him without trouble with 
 the distinguishing characteristics of each gem, and to
 
 Preface. xi 
 
 the amateur as affording him simple and easy means 
 for distinguishing the false from the real, and the 
 valuable from the worthless. 
 
 To many persons, doubtless, a treatise upon the sub- 
 ject of Precious Stones may appear an unworthy, if 
 not an idle task; but when the immense amount of 
 capital, which lies dormant in the Imperial and Royal 
 Treasuries, and in private hands, is considered, and 
 when the fact is remembered that there is scarcely a 
 home where jewels of one sort or another all repre- 
 senting a money value are not to be found, the 
 subject assumes an importance, which it lacks at first 
 sight. To the political economist, this hoarded and 
 time-honoured wealth must possess a singular interest. 
 Next to gold, any sudden and considerable check 
 whether in supply or demand would be attended 
 with startling consequences in the case of Precious 
 Stones. In times of revolution and political trouble, 
 jewels, from their extreme portability, have always 
 risen in price : in Paris, during the great Revolution of 
 1789-96, diamonds doubled their previous value, and 
 even now, in foreign countries, many personages of 
 note make a practice of keeping them in their posses- 
 sion in case of emergency. 
 
 The historical outlines, the opinions of the ancients, 
 together with what may be termed the Geography of 
 Precious Stone?, given under each division, were added
 
 xii Preface. 
 
 more for the benefit of the general reader than for the 
 amateur or trader. A recital of constituents, methods 
 of polishing, with the characteristics of each stone, 
 seemed such dry materials for an entire book, that he 
 deemed it advisable to add historical and other parti- 
 culars for the benefit of those who might desire infor- 
 mation upon these matters. A great deal of curious 
 as well as important matter regarding gems lies scat- 
 tered in odd chapters of books of travel and in old 
 Government Reports. A selection from such out-of- 
 the-way sources has been included in the present 
 treatise. 
 
 The author has endeavoured to give the approximate 
 trade value of the various gems, but his readers must 
 please remember that Precious Stones obey (although 
 in a somewhat less degree) the same laws that regu- 
 late the price and value of every other commodity 
 those of supply and demand. Of late years, certainly, 
 the tendency has been towards a rise, and from the in- 
 flux of gold, and the increasing difficulty of finding 
 gems, they appear likely to attain a still greater value, 
 vet it is impossible to predict what changes may occur, 
 or to fix a standard value to jewels any more than to 
 any other articles of commerce. The average price of 
 a carriage horse may, perhaps, be sS8o, yet one of ex- 
 treme beauty or faultless action will probably realize 
 , or even ,200. So, though a fine diamond
 
 Preface. xiii 
 
 of one carat will ordinarily be bought for i&, still 
 if it be a specimen stone it may realize ^20 or i\. 
 The value of extremely large stones is also, as may 
 readily be supposed, somewhat arbitrary, for although 
 Nature seems to produce them in comparatively regular 
 proportion, i. e. the small ones in profusion, and the 
 larger sizes in a progressively smaller number ; still the 
 number of persons able and willing to purchase them 
 becomes extremely limited, and it is impossible at any 
 time to predict the prices they may realize. For in- 
 stance, the diamond called the Regent, belonging to the 
 Crown Jewels of France, would, if estimated according 
 to the system hitherto practised, be worth ^175,000, 
 yet if compelled to be sold it would be impossible to 
 say what amount it might realize. 
 
 Coloured stones and pearls also, when of extraoi- 
 dinary beauty, size, or brilliancy, are worth, and will 
 sell for, sums extravagant in proportion to the prices 
 named} and the reason is obvious, for so soon as 
 any stone surpasses in any marked degree the ordinary 
 quality of that particular gem, it is removed from the 
 common category, and its price will depend more upon 
 the fancy of purchasers than on any system of valua- 
 tion.* 
 
 * This remark also holds good with regard to diamonds when of 
 a rare tint. .300 was lately paid for a diamond of a vivid green 
 colour, weighing 4! grains, which, if perfectly white, would not^ 
 under any circumstances, have sold for more than 22.
 
 xvi Preface. 
 
 Hants ' at present are universally worn, "roses" in ge- 
 neral being only used where the space in the setting pro- 
 hibits the introduction of the " brilliant " form. With 
 regard to his tables of value, as he fixes the price of a 
 perfectly white and spread brilliant of one carat at ^8, 
 and as now from sij to gi8 may be readily obtained 
 for that size, no reliance can be placed upon them. The 
 book was admirable for its day, but, like most other 
 practical works, became an uncertain guide as values 
 changed and fashions varied. 
 
 One remark the writer must make. When a mer- 
 chant turns author, it is notunusual for some of his readers 
 to conclude that business purposes or personal advantage 
 induced him to take pen in hand ; but this, the inquirer 
 is very plainly assured, was not the reason of the present 
 publication, or the intent of the compiler In all pro- 
 bability there may be found those in his profession who 
 will unthinkingly blame him for making known what 
 are usually deemed trade secrets ; but he is confident 
 that on reflection any such censure will be withdrawn, 
 especially as no names are mentioned which can either 
 injure or advantage ; and in enabling the public to test 
 by their own knowledge and observation the truth of 
 the statements made to them, he does not surely ren- 
 der himself liable to reproof. 
 
 In the rendering of the several Eastern terms, and in 
 the preparation of the Table of Comparative Translation
 
 Preface. xvii 
 
 in various Semitic languages of the Precious Stones 
 mentioned in the Bible, the author has to acknowledge 
 the valuable assistance he has received from the Rev. 
 Mr. Loewe, one of our most accomplished Orienta] 
 scholars. 
 
 H E. 
 
 8, Clarence Terrace, Regenft Park, 
 June. 1865.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION i 
 
 THE PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRE- 
 CIOUS STONES 6 
 
 Hardness ........ 6 
 
 Lustre 7 
 
 Colour 8 
 
 Optical Qualities 10 
 
 Single Refraction 10 
 
 Double Refraction . . . . . . la 
 
 Polarization of Light 12 
 
 Specific Gravity 14 
 
 Electrical Properties 16 
 
 Diaphaneity 18 
 
 Fusibility 19 
 
 IDEAS OF THE ANCIENTS RESPECTING PRECIOUS 
 
 GEMS . 21 
 
 ON THE PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED IK THE 
 
 BIBLE 33 
 
 Table of Comparative Translations from the 
 Original Hebrew of the Twelve Stones men- 
 tioned in the Bible as worn by the High Priest 36
 
 XX 
 
 Contents. 
 
 THE STONES IN THE BREASTPLATE OF THE HIGH 
 PRIEST . 
 
 1. Odem 
 
 2. Pitdah 
 
 3. Bareketh 
 
 4. Nophek 
 
 5. Sappir ........ 
 
 6. Jahalom 
 
 7. Leshem ... .... 
 
 8. Shebo 
 
 9. Achlamah 
 
 10. Tharshish 
 
 11. Shoham . 
 
 12. Jashpeh 
 
 THE DIAMOND 
 
 Carbonate, or Diamond Carbon .... 
 Diamond Cutting and Polishing .... 
 Names of Different Forms into which Diamonds 
 
 are cut 
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OF LARGE DIAMONDS 
 
 The Braganza 
 
 The Mattam Diamond 
 
 The Koh-i-Noor . . . 
 
 The Cumberland Diamond 
 
 The Orloff Diamond 
 
 The Polar Star 
 
 The Shah 
 
 The Regent or Pitt Diamond .... 
 
 The Eugenie Brilliant 
 
 The Florentine Brilliant 
 
 The Sancy 
 
 The Pasha of Egypt 
 
 The Nassak, or Nassac, Diamond
 
 Contents. xxi 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Piggott Diamond .... i . 84 
 
 The Hope Diamond u 84 
 
 The Star of the South . ... 85 
 
 Other Large Diamonds 85 
 
 On the Value of Diamonds 86 
 
 Table of Present Value of Brilliants up to Five 
 
 Carats 93 
 
 Comparative Values of Diamonds in 1606 and 1750 94 
 
 Rose Diamonds 95 
 
 The Brilliolette, or Briolet . .96 
 
 ON THE CUTTING OF COLOURED STONES . 97 
 
 THE RUBY, SAPPHIRE, OR-IENTAL TOPAZ, ETC. . 101 
 
 The Sapphire .... . no 
 
 Other Varieties of Corundum . . . .114 
 
 The Oriental Amethyst ... .114 
 
 The Oriental Emerald . . . . . . 1 1 5 
 
 The Yellow Sapphire or Oriental Topaz . .115 
 
 The Oriental Aquamarine 115 
 
 The Chrysoberyl, Cymophane, and Cafs-eye . .115 
 
 The Spinel and Balas Ruby 118 
 
 The Topaz .123 
 
 The Emerald .129 
 
 The Zircon, Hyacinth, or Jacinth . . .139 
 The Garnet .... ... 141 
 
 The Tourmaline . .... 147 
 
 Quartz . 151 
 
 Rock Crystal . . . . . -153 
 
 The Amethvst .... .156 
 
 The Cairngorm, Cinnamon Stone, False Topaz, 
 
 etc - - '59 
 
 Avanturine, 01 Aventuiine 161 
 
 Chrysoprase . .... 162 
 
 Onyx and Sardonyx . . . . . .163
 
 xxii Contents. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Sard and Carnelion 168 
 
 Chalcedony, Mocha-stones, Plasma, and Agate 168 
 
 Agate 170 
 
 Cat's-eye . . . . . .172 
 
 Jasper ,173 
 
 The Bloodstone or Heliotrope . . . 175 
 The Chrysolite, Peridot, or Olivine . . .176 
 
 The Turquoise '. 178 
 
 The Opal 182 
 
 THE PEARL . . 187 
 
 On the Value and Discrimination of Pearls . . 196 
 
 SUBSTANCES USED IN JEWELLERY NOT PROPERLY 
 
 PRECIOUS STONES 202 
 
 Moon-stone 202 
 
 Lapis Lazuli 203 
 
 Malachite 206 
 
 Labradorite, or Labrador Felspar .... 207 
 
 Jet 208 
 
 Jade, or Nephrite. . .... 208 
 
 Amber 210 
 
 Coral . . ... 213 
 
 ON THE MEANS OF ASCERTAINING THE IDENTITY 
 
 OF GEMS 216 
 
 Table of the Distinguishing Characteristics of Gems 220 
 
 Names of Stones in Different Languages . 226 
 
 Precious Stones arranged according to their Colours 229 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRECIOUS STONES . . 233 
 INDEX . 261
 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Y precious gems are meant minerals re- 
 markable for hardness, lustre, beauty of 
 colour, transparency, or for the extreme 
 rarity of their occurrence in nature, and 
 which are used in personal ornaments, such as jewellery. 
 This definition excludes many gems so classed by 
 mineralogists, but which have no commercial value, 
 and many others that were prized by the ancients 
 on account of the supernatural properties, and health- 
 restoring charms they were supposed to possess, and 
 which, if true, must have rendered them indeed pre- 
 cious and priceless to the possessor and wearer. The 
 estimation in which these flowers of the mineral king- 
 dom have been held from the very earliest ages, alike 
 by the most refined and the most barbarous nations,
 
 2 Introduction. 
 
 is extraordinary, so that gems really seein to possess 
 some occult charm which causes them to be coveted. 
 The fixed, and, so to say, intrinsic value of jewels 
 (coupled with their extreme portability), has always 
 made them a favourite form of investment. In the 
 French revolution of 1789, diamonds rose enormously 
 in value, and, perhaps from the same causes, we ob- 
 serve a large increase in their price in the United States 
 of America at the present time. 
 
 Precious stones are disseminated about the globe 
 in profusion ; they occur alike amid the torrid deserts 
 of Africa and the icy steppes of Siberia ; under the 
 burning sun of India and Ceylon, and amidst the 
 glaciers of Switzerland ; in the beds of the mighty 
 fivers of South America ; in Germany, Spain, and 
 even in our own land; generally in the midst of 
 some substance or deposit differing entirely from them. 
 The tropical countries, however, are far more prolific 
 in this respect than the other parts of the globe : 
 it would seem as if the countries where the sun 
 shines with most splendour produce gems in greater 
 quantities ; and perhaps the volcanic changes to which 
 they are subject may have something to do with the 
 matter. They are found most generally in the older 
 formations, such as granite, gneiss, etc., in the beds of 
 rivers, where they have been brought by torrents, 
 generally accompanied by the precious metals ; and 
 often various kinds of gems are found together. When 
 we consider the wonderful combination of seemingly
 
 Introduction. 3 
 
 fortuitous circumstances which are required for the 
 formation of these beautiful crystals, to give them the 
 required transparency, brilliancy, and lustre, the free- 
 dom from defects and flaws, and the presence of the 
 exact quantity of colouring matter to furnish the de- 
 sired tint, it will be no matter of astonishment that 
 they occur so seldom ; and the idea that one day pre- 
 cious stones may become as plentiful as marble may be 
 dismissed as groundless, when the numerous qualifi- 
 cations which are necessary for a stone to enter into 
 this aristocratic and exclusive family are considered ; for 
 there must not only exist the crystallization to give the 
 required form, but the hardness to allow of the proper 
 polish and lustre, and the colouring matter to produce 
 the desired hue ; and should one of these requisites be 
 wanting, the gem loses its value in the eye of the con- 
 noisseur. 
 
 The minerals which are the component parts of 
 gems are plentiful throughout the globe ; we can ob- 
 tain magnesia, glucina, alumina, metallic oxides, etc., 
 in profusion, and we can separate the gems them- 
 selves into their component parts ; but, not all the 
 researches of learned chemists, not all the accumulated 
 science of the nineteenth century, has succeeded in 
 wresting the secret from nature, or of producing them 
 of any size or value by artificial means. The material 
 of the diamond, for instance, " carbon," is found almost 
 everywhere, in the bread we eat, in the coal and 
 wood we burn ; uncrystallized, it is brittle and opaque,
 
 4. Introduction. 
 
 but when crystallized, is the hardest known substance, 
 pure as the limpid stream, and shining with the greatest 
 brilliancy when cut and polished} whilst the amor- 
 phous variety, carbonate, although of precisely the same 
 composition, and of nearly equal specific gravity, is 
 black and lustreless, and is degraded to the purpose of 
 cutting and polishing other gems. Again, the emerald 
 is composed of identically the same substances as the 
 beryl, minus the required colouring matter ; yet the 
 emerald commands a large price, and the beryl is com- 
 paratively valueless. The amethyst and rock-crystal 
 are exactly the same substance, except that one is white 
 and the other coloured ; the amethyst, when of fine 
 quality, has considerable value, rock-crystal very little. 
 The oriental topaz and the ruby are the same stones, 
 but of different colour ; yet the value of the ruby sur- 
 passes that of the topaz a hundredfold. 
 
 In fact, precious stones must not only have the de- 
 sired colour, but the exact hue and shade in demand to 
 obtain the extreme value. No matter how brilliant the 
 ruby, or how free from defects and flaws, it must have 
 the precise pigeon's-blood-red to make it the gem which 
 surpasses the diamond in value. 
 
 Almost all gems conceal their true beauties in a 
 natural state. The diamond in die rough is most 
 unattractive, and would be thrown away by a casual 
 observer as a worthless pebble ; its perfections are 
 hidden under a hard crust, which can only be removed 
 by its own powder. The deep velvety hue of the sap-
 
 Introduction. 5 
 
 phire, the glowing brilliant red of the ruby, the soft clear 
 green of the emerald, and the delicate strata of the 
 onyx, alike only display themselves in their true cha- 
 racter after the lapidary has exhausted his skill in cut- 
 ting them into facets and polishing them ; and on the 
 perfection of this operation depends in a great measure 
 the beauty of the gem. It may be here observed, that 
 many pure and perfect jewels have been irretrievably 
 spoilt by unskilful hands.
 
 THE PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS 
 OF PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 HARDNESS. 
 
 Y the term hardness, must not be under- 
 stood the ordinary acceptation of the 
 word, "difficulty of breakage," but the 
 scientific definition, namely, the resist- 
 ance one body offers to the mechanical pressure of an- 
 other, or, in other words, liability or non-liability to 
 scratch. In the Table A. it will be seen that on the 
 one side is given the mineralogical scale of hardness 
 of Moh, the German author, who has taken ten different 
 substance* as standards of various degrees, and classed 
 them in numbers from one to ten ; ten being the dia- 
 mond, as the hardest-known body. On the other side, 
 the substances which scratch one another are indi- 
 cated, and as glass and quartz, or rock-crystal, are 
 easily procured, and most precious stones are of equal
 
 Properties of Precious Stones. 7 
 
 or superior hardness, the gems are described as scratch- 
 ing, or being scratched by them. 
 
 This experiment can be tried upon cut stones, but it 
 must be remembered that then, the mineral is not in its 
 normal state, and presents different surfaces to those 
 offered by nature in the rough crystals, and, in some 
 instances, one part of a stone, from some extraneous 
 cause such as flaws or imperfect crystallization is 
 softer than the other. 
 
 In direct proportion to the hardness of a crystallized 
 mineral is its susceptibility of receiving and retaining 
 a good polish, which is the principal cause of the su- 
 perior brilliancy and beauty of jewels over all other 
 natural ornaments worn as decorations. It is this hard- 
 ness, also, that preserves gems from the effects of time 
 so visible on all other works of nature and art in an- 
 cient architectural remains, statuary, and paintings, the 
 original beauties of which have faded away ; whereas 
 jewels of the same date have been handed down from 
 generation to generation, forming links in the history 
 of man which might otherwise have been lost for 
 ever. The gems found in the catacombs of Egypt, the 
 buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and else- 
 where, have not been without their uses to the student 
 of history. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 By lustre is meant the peculiar kind of brilliancy 
 which precious stones possess, and which is called by va- 
 rious names, corresponding to the appearances presented
 
 S Properties and Characteristics or 
 
 The various kinds of lustre have been classed by 
 mineralogists under the following heads : 
 Adamantine possessing the brilliancy of the diamond. 
 Vitreous resembling the surface of glass. 
 Resinous shining as if rubbed with an oily substance. 
 Pearly exhibiting the peculiar lustre of a pearl. 
 Silky having a fibrous reflection similar to silk. 
 
 Other substances have a lustre called metallic, but it 
 is not named here, as it is not possessed by any precious 
 stone. It must be remembered that in classifying the 
 various kinds of lustre by these names, the nomenclature 
 is only general, and must be taken as describing as ap- 
 proximately as possible the peculiar appearance of each 
 kind. 
 
 COLOUK. 
 
 Although gems differ from each other in colour, still 
 this forms a very imperfect test of their identity with 
 any particular class. Gems differing from each other 
 in hardness, specific gravity, etc., have frequently the 
 same colour. The ruby, the spinelle, and the garnet, 
 are often met with of exactly similar tints. On this 
 qualification, as much as on any other, depends the 
 commercial value of a precious stone ; and none of the 
 oth'er characteristics, such as form, brilliancy, or purity, 
 are of any avail if the colour be not of the required 
 hue. 
 
 The colouring matter in gems is generally found to 
 arise from the presence of various metallic oxides, other- 
 wise they would be like rock-crystal. Sometimes the
 
 Precious Stones. 9 
 
 coloui which tinges the whole mass is found to arise 
 from a small speck of colouring matter, which is only 
 apparent when held in a particular manner against the 
 light, and which is turned to account by the lapidary, 
 who diffuses the colour by means of repeated internal 
 reflection throughout the whole mass. The colours of 
 precious stones are the most brilliant with which we are 
 acquainted in nature, and approach more nearly than 
 those of any other known bodies to those exhibited by 
 the solar spectrum. 
 
 The colour of a gem frequently changes its commer- 
 cial name. The red sapphire is a ruby ; the yellow a 
 topaz ; the white emerald is a beryl ; the green chry- 
 solite is called a peridot ; and quartz changes its name 
 and value as the colours which tint it differ. 
 
 Gems are also found, which not only show gradations 
 of the same colour, but two or even three different 
 colours in the same specimen ; this is frequently the 
 case with oriental sapphires, which have been found 
 coloured red, blue, and yellow in the same crystal, and' 
 in tourmalines, which are also found parti-coloured in 
 the most eccentric manner. 
 
 The asteroids, or star-stones, are gems that emit a 
 variable lustre, which seems generally to proceed from 
 some crystallographic imperfection ; their reflections 
 often take the form of a four- or six-pointed star, and 
 are particularly observable by sun- or gaslight. 
 
 In some gems, the colour by reflected or by trans- 
 mitted light, differs ; that is to say, they show a different
 
 I o Properties and Characteristics of 
 
 colour when looked through or looked at. The opal 
 and tourmaline are instances of this fact. 
 
 OPTICAL QUALITIES. 
 
 Precious stones are eminently endowed with several 
 of those physical properties which belong to that ex- 
 tensive class denominated optical. Of these, the most 
 important to the subject, and which at the same 
 time serve in many cases as tests of individuality, are 
 single and double refraction and polarization of light, 
 and a short description of them may prove service- 
 able. In proof of the importance of this branch of the 
 subject, it may here be stated, that the high refractive 
 power of the diamond led the illustrious Newton to 
 the conclusion of its combustibility, a fact verified by 
 subsequent experiments. 
 
 By refractive power is meant the property inherent 
 in all transparent substances of altering the direction ot 
 a ray of light, impinging on their surfaces. 
 SINGLE REFRACTION. 
 
 When a ray of light falls obliquely on die surface of 
 any transparent body, it is bent or refracted from its ori- 
 ginal course, and proceeds in another direction. Thus, 
 suppose a closed box
 
 Precious Stones. 1 1 
 
 having a small hole at P. Let A be a luminous point, 
 as a candle. Then the light proceeding from it would, if 
 the box were empty, go on in a right line to B. But let 
 the box be filled with water up to the level w w', then 
 the ray falling on the water at V would not as before 
 go on to B, but would be bent or refracted, and proceed 
 to some othef point, B'. If we draw a perpendicular to 
 the surface of the water at V, then the angle A V Q is 
 called the angle of incidence ; the angle B' V Q' is 
 called the angle of refraction. And between these two 
 angles, or rather their sines, a certain relation or pro- 
 portion holds, which relation is different for different 
 transparent bodies, as water, glass, etc. To explain 
 this relation, let A B C be any angle 
 
 C M a perpendicular on one side of the angle, then 
 the length of C M divided by C B is called the sine of 
 the angle. 
 
 In the case of refraction this relation is such, that 
 however the angle of incidence may vary, the sine of 
 that angle (for the same substance) bears an invariable 
 proportion to the sine of the angle of refraction, which 
 is called the refractive index of that substance, and is 
 usually indicated by the Greek letter /* ; thus 
 
 Sin, angle incidence _ 
 Sin. angle of refraction f"
 
 12 Properties and Characteristics of 
 
 It may moreover be remarked, as an almost general 
 rule, that the value of ft is high in proportion to the 
 density of the substance. 
 
 DOUBLE REFRACTION. 
 
 When a ray of light is transmitted through certain 
 crystalline and other bodies, it becomes divided into 
 two rays, which proceed in different directions within 
 the crystal. Of these rays, one (the ordinary ray) 
 follows the law of refraction given above, the other 
 (the extraordinary ray) a different law. Such crystal- 
 line, etc., bodies are called doubly refractive j and it is 
 found that the amount of double refraction that is, the 
 amount of separation of the two refracted rays is 
 dependent on the direction in which the light is trans- 
 mitted through the crystal j and that in all substances 
 there is at least one line along which the ray of light 
 suffers no separation, and simply obeys the ordinary 
 law : this line is called the axis of the crystal, or the axis 
 of double refraction. This property is difficult of inves- 
 tigation in the ordinary forms in which precious stones 
 are met with in commerce ; a method of ascertaining it, 
 which in many cases is convenient, is indicated at the 
 end of the description of Polarization of Light. 
 
 Gems also possess the power of polarizing light, 
 which may be thus explained : 
 
 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT. 
 When a ray of light falls on a plate of transparen;
 
 Precious Stones. 13 
 
 glass inclined at an angle of about 56, and after reflec- 
 tion therefrom falls on a second plate of glass at an 
 angle of 56, it will be found that when the second 
 
 plate C is horizontal like A, the ray will be reflected 
 from C; but when the plate C, still preserving its incli- 
 nation of 56, is turned round so as to be vertical, the 
 ray will no longer be reflected, and will disappear. 
 
 The ray after incidence on A is said to be polarized, 
 the test of its polarization being that it refuses to be 
 reflected from C when C is at a plane at right angles 
 to the plane of incidence A. 
 
 The angle, 56, by which light becomes polarized 
 by incidence on glass is called the polarizing angle 
 This angle is different for different bodies. The 
 diamond is about 68. Light may also be polarized 
 by transmission through tourmaline, Iceland spar, 01 
 other double refracting bodies. To determine the 
 polarizing angle of a body, we have only to reflect a 
 ray of light from its surface at such an angle that it 
 shall refuse to be reflected by a plate of glass inclined 
 at an angle of 56, and placed in a plane at right 
 angles to the first plane of reflection, or that it shall 
 incapable of transmission through a plate of tour-
 
 14 Properties and Characteristics of 
 
 maline properly disposed. As alluded to before, double 
 refraction may sometimes be conveniently determined 
 from this property of light ; for which purpose the sub- 
 stance to be examined should be interposed between 
 the two reflecting plates, when so arranged that the 
 original ray refuses to be reflected, in which case, should 
 the body be doubly refracting, a position will be found 
 in which a great portion of the previously intercepted 
 light will be more or less transmitted. The refractive 
 index of a body may also be ascertained from the polar- 
 izing angle by the following relation : 
 p = tan. polarizing angle. 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 
 
 By specific gravity is meant the proportion the 
 weight of any body bears to an equal volume of water; 
 that is to say, supposing four substances whose volume 
 was so exactly equal as to fill exactly the same mould, 
 and that each had different weight when weighed in 
 the balance, then these different weights, considered in 
 relation to a common term of comparison, would sig- 
 nify the specific gravity of the various substances. But 
 as the bodies of which the specific gravity is required 
 must have different volumes, the way to ascertain the 
 specific gravity of any body is to weigh first in air and 
 then in water, and to divide the weight in air by the 
 difference between the weight in air and the weight 
 in water. This principle is too well known to require 
 any further explanation.
 
 Precious Stones. 15 
 
 The following is a simple mode of ascertaining the 
 specific gravity of any gem : 
 
 The stone of which the specific gravity is to be 
 obtained, is first weighed in the ordinary manner in the 
 scales, and having noted the exact weight, it is then 
 fixed by means of a piece of wire bent in the form of a 
 hook, and a small piece of wax to one side of the 
 scale, whilst in the other is placed a piece of wire and 
 a piece of wax of the same weight, or their equivalent 
 in weights. The scale, with the stone attached, is now 
 allowed to fall in a cup of distilled or even filtered 
 water, and weights are put in the opposite scale till the 
 weight of the stone is counterbalanced, and the scales 
 exactly even. It is evident that a less weight is required 
 to counterbalance the stone submerged in water com- 
 pared with that when it was weighed in the air, as the 
 water in some measure supports it. The weight in 
 water is then subtracted from the weight in air, and 
 the weight in air divided by the difference, viz. 
 
 Weight in air 17 carats. 
 
 Weight in watei . . . . 1 2 
 
 5- 17 = 3-5' 
 
 In order to ascertain the specific gravity of a stone 
 accurately, the following conditions must be ful- 
 filled : The gem must be perfectly clean, and free 
 from dust, grease, or any adherent substance. It must 
 be free from holes or porosities; and, before being 
 weighed in water, il must be rubbed in it to icmove
 
 1 6 Properties and Characteristics of 
 
 the adherent air, and, if the stone be of a porous 
 description, it must be allowed to absorb as much as it 
 is capable of, before being weighed. 
 
 The ascertainment of the specific gravity is a matter 
 of great necessity for the proper comprehension of 
 gems. It affords in many instances a test of the 
 greatest value, and prevents the possibility (when the 
 specific gravity differs) of one gem being substituted for 
 another ; such as jargoon and white sapphire for dia- 
 mond, which occasionally happens by fraud or error ; 
 also, in the case of stones which are cut and polished, 
 it is a valuable assistance in determining the family 
 to which they belong, without the possibility of the 
 slightest injury to the gems. 
 
 There are many valuable instruments made for 
 determining the specific gravity, the hydrometer, etc., 
 which may be used where great accuracy is required, 
 such as in scientific experiments j but, for all ordinary 
 purposes, the manner I have indicated will suffice. 
 
 This test was well known to the ancients, and was 
 practised in India several centuries ago. 
 
 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES. 
 
 Electricity is the property inherent in some bodies of 
 attracting and repelling smaller bodies, and it can be 
 excited in minerals by friction, heat, and pressure. 
 Some are conductors, some non-conductors of electri- 
 city. If a conductor, the stone must be isolated by 
 placing it on some non-conducting body, such as glass
 
 Precious Stone*. 27 
 
 or sealing-wax. This property is either positive or 
 negative, or, as formerly expressed, vitreous or resinous. 
 The faculty of the retention of the electricity produced 
 is very varied in all minerals; and the time which 
 elapses before they lose it, forms a valuable distinguish- 
 ing mark and test of their identity. The Abbe Haiiy, 
 in his valuable work on gems, dedicated to Mr. Hope, 
 speaks of this property at great length, and used some 
 valuable instruments for determining it. A very sim- 
 ple mode, however, is to use an ordinary electrometer, 
 and to communicate a known electricity to it, by touch- 
 ing it with a piece of rubbed sealing-wax, until, on ap- 
 proaching the wax slowly to the needle, it repels it 
 The needle has then acquired a negative electricity, and 
 will be attracted by a positive electric crystal, and re- 
 pelled by a negative one. This experiment should, 
 however, be tried on a dry day. 
 
 Some crystals become electric by pressure, Iceland 
 spar, for instance, to a very high degree. The topaz, 
 amethyst, and all the stones which come under the 
 denomination of quartz, slightly so. 
 
 The electricity which is produced in some bodies by 
 heat is called pyro-electricity. The Indians have long 
 been acquainted with this*property. The tourmaline 
 derives its name of "aschentrekkcr," in Dutch, from the 
 fact of its alternately attracting and repelling hot ashes 
 if placed amidst them. 
 
 The diamond, garnet, topaz, and emerald, possess this 
 property in a less degree. 
 
 c
 
 1 8 Properties and Characteristics of 
 
 It is to be observed, that it is not the heat, but the 
 change of temperature which causes the electricity ; so 
 that if a stone be kept at the same degree of heat, no 
 effect will be produced. It is only by the increase or 
 decrease of temperature that it is to be observed. This 
 experiment is usually tried by a decreasing temperature, 
 and in certain stones two sorts of electricity are de- 
 veloped at the opposite ends or poles. By increase of 
 heat the positive pole becomes negative, the negative 
 pole positive. To examine the pyro-electric properties 
 of a gem, it can be held during its heating or cooling 
 against the needle of a sensitive electrometer, avoid- 
 ing carefully any friction. The longer the crystal, the 
 greater the quantity of electricity produced in propor- 
 tion. In order to ascertain the length of time during 
 which a stone retains its electricity, it must be left in 
 contact with some metallic body. The topaz continues 
 to affect the needle after twenty-four hours. This pro- 
 perty was well known to the Greeks ; their name of 
 amber, " electron," was given to it from its power of 
 attracting small bodies by friction. 
 
 DIAPHANEITY. 
 
 Most gems are transparent to a greater or less degree ; 
 that is to say, they possess the power of transmitting 
 light. The following terms are made use of to distin- 
 guish the various degrees : 
 
 Transparent, when objects can be seen distinctly 
 through it.
 
 Precious Stones. 19 
 
 Semitransparent, when the outlines of objects seen 
 through it are indistinct. 
 
 Translucent, when only light is transmitted, and ob- 
 jects are invisible. 
 
 $emitranslucent, when translucent at the edges only. 
 
 Opaque, where no light is transmitted. 
 
 FUSIBILITY. 
 
 The ease or difficulty experienced in fusing gems 
 forms another distinguishing characteristic, and also 
 affords a mode of ascertaining their composition and 
 colouring matter. Most precious stones are infusible 
 or fusible with great difficulty by means of fluxes, such 
 as borax or soda. 
 
 The diamond is infusible although combustible. The 
 ruby, sapphire, and all corundums are fusible with 
 borax, but with great difficulty. The emerald, zircon, 
 spinel, etc., likewise. 
 
 The application of heat to the various gems produces 
 very different results ; some change colour, some swell 
 and decrepitate, some burn ; in soray, globules are pro- 
 duced; in some, an enamel; in some, dust ; and in some, 
 phosphorescence may be observed. 
 
 The description of all these chemical changes belongs, 
 however, more properly to a scientific work than to the 
 province of a simple treatise like this ; and the manner of 
 using the blowpipe, which is the mode usually adopted 
 for fusing minerals for experimental purposes, is too well 
 known to require explanation. 
 
 c a
 
 2O Properties of Precious Stones. 
 
 One of the most important points to be observed, 
 however, is the part of the jet of flame to be used. 
 
 If the outside flame is used, metallic bodies become 
 oxidized ; if the inner flame, which is of a bluish-red 
 colour, and which is the hottest portion of it, the mine- 
 ral becomes fused. 
 
 Experiments are usually tried on small quantities of 
 the gem, ground to powder, and held in a small pla- 
 tina cup. 
 
 Some gems are affected by acids. The opal is affected 
 by potash j the turquoise, garnet, chrysolite, and tour- 
 maline by acids. Some are unassailable by any chemi- 
 cal substance, particularly the diamond, the corun- 
 dums, and spinel.
 
 IDEAS OF THE ANCIENTS RESPECTING 
 PRECIOUS GEMS. 
 
 HE origin of the taste for gems is lost in 
 the most remote ages. The most ancient 
 records to which we have access bear evi- 
 dence of its previous existence. In ancient 
 Egypt jewels were engraved in the form of scarabaei, 
 and are even now disinterred from the mummy-pits. 
 The Jews adorned the breastplate of the High-Priest 
 with precious stones, and the similarity of the names in 
 both their languages would lead us to suppose that they 
 derived their knowledge from them. The conquerors 
 of Mexico and Peru found the Montezumas and the 
 Incas in possession of gems engraved and cut into the 
 forms of animals and other objects, to which their tra- 
 ditions gave a remote antiquity. The Hindu mythology 
 speaks of gems in a manner which shows that they were 
 in general estimation. In their songs and ballads, pre- 
 cious stones are often spoken of. Pliny records that the
 
 22 Ideas of the Ancients 
 
 garments and utensils of the Indian nations were orna- 
 mented with gems, and no doubt this custom was of 
 the greatest antiquity. With what stones they were 
 acquainted we do not know, as the names given them 
 both in Scripture and in other early accounts, do not 
 correspond with ours. Indeed, the only stone of whose 
 identity with the one described in the Holy Writ, we are 
 somewhat certain, is the sapphire, as it bears the same 
 name in Hebrew, "VDD, and is described as a trans- 
 parent blue stone, ' like unto the vault of heaven,' which 
 shows that this could not have been the sapphire of the 
 Greeks and Romans, which is described as intermixed 
 with gold. 
 
 The twelve stones which were in the breastplate of 
 the High-Priest were the sard, the topaz, the carbun- 
 cle, or ruby, the emerald, the sapphire, the diamond, 
 the ligure, the agate, the amethyst, the beryl, the onyx, 
 and the jasper j also the two onyx stones on the 
 shoulder-knot were engraved with the names of the 
 twelve tribes, to each of which one of these stones was 
 consecrated. The translations, however, of die Hebrew 
 names differ in many Oriental versions from the au- 
 thorized text j but in the next Chapter will be found 
 some information upon this interesting subject. 
 
 The monarchs of the East, with their fondness for 
 display and pomp, no doubt then, as now, decorated 
 their horsa-trappings, their thrones, and their persons 
 with gems, long even before they knew how to cut 
 them ; and thev attributed, as they even now attribute,
 
 Respecting Precious Gems. 23, 
 
 magic and talismanic properties to them. This belief 
 is shared by almost every nation, and even in this 
 country, at the present moment, is not yet extinct, as 
 many persons wear a turquoise in the belief that it 
 preserves them from contagion. 
 
 Precious stones were no doubt brought from the East 
 to the Egyptians and Greeks by the Phoenicians. In 
 Egypt there certainly exist mines of emerald, but they 
 have not been worked for centuries : very recently,, 
 however, they have been visited by travellers. Homer 
 mentions the earrings of Juno as containing shining 
 gems, and it is well known that the Greeks used gems 
 for seals, rings, etc. Ancient Greek intaglei are still ex- 
 tant of turquoise, onyx, and even ruby. And in a poem 
 by Orpheus, or, as some suppose, by Onomacriton, 
 written at least 400 years before the Christian era, the 
 supernatural powers of gems, in which die Greeks had 
 implicit belief, are mentioned. 
 
 One of their early writers ascribed to rock-crystal the 
 power of producing the sacred fire used in the Eleu- 
 sinian mysteries ; it was laid upon chips of wood in the 
 sun, when first smoke and then flame was produced, 
 and this fire was supposed to be most grateful to the 
 gods. It is well known that a great part of the Gre- 
 cian mythology was derived from the Egyptians; and as 
 the priests were well acquainted with the use of many 
 scientific instruments, which were carefully concealed 
 from the vulgar, it seems probable that this tradition 
 simply arose from the use of glass or crystal lenses 
 (burning-glasses) .
 
 ^4 Ideas of the Ancients 
 
 Plato and Aristotle were both acquainted with the 
 existence of gems, and Theophrastus, the disciple and 
 friend of Aristotle, has written a treatise on the subject, 
 which is extant. Plato supposes the origin of pre- 
 cious stones to be the vivifying spirit abiding in the 
 stars, which, longing to form new things, converts the 
 most vile and putrid matter into the most perfect 
 objects. He describes the diamond as being found like 
 a kernel in the gold, and supposed it to be the purest 
 and noblest part, which had become condensed into a 
 transparent mass. 
 
 Theophrastus, in his work on stones, relates that 
 water is the basis of all metals, earth of all stones ; and 
 that from the difference of all matter, and from the 
 manner of their coalescence and concretion, the stones 
 have assumed their various qualities, such as smooth- 
 ness, density, transparency, etc. This concretion he 
 describes as produced in some instances by heat, and 
 in some by cold. The emerald, he says, has the pro- 
 perty of causing water to assume its colour. He de- 
 scribes a common belief extant at the time he wrote, 
 of the power some stones have of generating others, 
 although he does not attach belief to this idea. He 
 also mentions that the carbuncles found in Carthage 
 and in Massilia, were bright red, and that when held 
 against the sun, resembled glowing coal, which perfectly 
 corresponds with the stones we now call by the same 
 name. Although the ancients classed.all stones of simi- 
 lar colour together as, for instance, by the Greek name
 
 Respecting Precious Gems. 25 
 
 'anthrax' in Latin, 'carbunculus' they included all 
 gems of a red colour, such as hyacinths, rubies, garnets, 
 etc. ; by ' sapphirus,' all blue stones, etc. : this arose solely 
 from their want of chemical knowledge, and not from 
 their want of appreciation of the difference existing be- 
 tween the various stones of similar colour. The Greeks 
 considered rock-crystal a congelation like ice, and sup- 
 posed it to be only found in the coldest regions. Theo- 
 phrastus, Aristotle, and Pliny, all concur in this belief. 
 The emerald pillars in the Temple of Hercules, at 
 Tyre, the emerald sent from Babylon as a present to 
 a king of Egypt, four cubits in length and three in 
 breadth, and the emerald obelisk described by Hero- 
 dotus, were doubtless green jasper ; for Theophrastus 
 mentions having seen an emerald, which was partly 
 emerald and partly jasper. Pliny* ascribes the non-fusi- 
 bility of some stones to the idea that they contain no 
 moisture, and he describes a sapphire as a stone spotted 
 with gold, which would lead to the belief that what in his 
 time was called sapphire was a blue stone resembling 
 lapis lazuli, or aventurine, and totally different from the 
 blue corundums we call sapphire at the present day. 
 
 The ' lapis lyncurius ' he describes as produced from 
 an animal ; the gems were of two sorts, that called the 
 male, dark ; that called the female, pale yellow (most 
 probably this was a species of amber). 
 
 As said before, he classified the gems according to 
 their colour, placing the diamond in the first rank as 
 * Pliny, book xxxvii. cap. iv.
 
 26 Ideas of the Ancients 
 
 the most precious of all telluric productions ; and it is 
 clear that he was acquainted with the true Indian dia- 
 mond (although he mentions six different sorts), for 
 he described it as resembling rock-crystal in trans- 
 parency, and that the crystals terminated at both ends 
 by a point resembling two pyramids joined together, 
 which description exactly tallies with the octahedral 
 form of the diamond ; the hardness as very great, so as 
 to resist fracture on an anvil, and, in fact, breaking both 
 hammer and anvil before the diamond. He imagines 
 it, however, to become soft if immersed in goat's blood - f 
 and remarks that small pieces were used by gem en- 
 gravers, as at the present day. After the diamond he 
 values the pearl, and it is clear that he must have seen 
 several gems in their natural state, as he describes some 
 of the crystals most accurately. He however has clearly 
 copied much from Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Demo- 
 critus, and he mentions many stones which are either 
 unknown to us, or are called by different names. He 
 declaims against the extravagance of the age, and es- 
 pecially against the fashion of jewelled drinking-cups. 
 
 In the buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, 
 rings have been found with devices engraved on green 
 jasper and chalcedony. 
 
 Juba, king of Mauritania, was said to have had a 
 statue, four cubits long, made of one single piece of 
 chrysolite, which he presented to Arsinoe, the wife of 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 The Romans, when they conquered Greece and
 
 Respecting Precious Gem*. 27 
 
 Egypt, took home this taste with them, and carried 
 it to a stupendous pitch, the pa-tricians vying with each 
 other in extravagance. Lucan mentions the meeting 
 of Caesar and Cleopatra in a hall of tortoise-shell, studded 
 with emeralds and topaz. Cleopatra is said to have dis- 
 solved a pearl of the value of 150,000 aureos, or golden 
 crowns, in vinegar, in the presence of Antony, and to 
 have drunk it off: this however is untrue, as it would 
 require a very much stronger acid, and a larger quantity 
 than any one could take with impunity, to dissolve a 
 pearl of that magnitude. Caesar is said to have paid- a 
 sum equal to fifty thousand pounds sterling for a single 
 pearl. The fellow drop to the pendant destroyed by 
 Cleopatra, was sawn in two by command of the Em- 
 peror Augustus, and used to adorn the statue of Venus. 
 As we approach the later periods of Roman history, 
 we find numberless instances of the appreciation in 
 which jewels were held. In the time of the Ptolemies, 
 they were used in profusion for ornamenting arms, 
 drinking cups, and even the altars of the gods. A poem 
 by Dionysius Periegetes contains several allusions to 
 precious stones, the asterios, the lustre of which is 
 like a star, the lychnis, of the colour of fire, the ame- 
 thyst, with a tint like purple, are all mentioned. Cali- 
 gula adorned his horse with a collar of pearls, the 
 shoes of Heliogabalus were studded with gems, and 
 the statues of the gods had eyes of precious stones, 
 a custom which was clearly derived from the East ; 
 even in later days one of the largest diamond? in the
 
 28 Ideas oj trie Ancients 
 
 Russian treasury is known to have formed the eye of 
 an idol of an Eastern temple, and was stolen by a 
 European, who had become a priest of the shrine. 
 
 A particular stone was supposed to be sacred to 
 each month, and they were called zodiac stones ; they 
 were all set together in an ornament called an amulet, 
 so as to be sure to have the one in connection with, 
 or corresponding to the particular sign or month of the 
 year. 
 
 The order is as follows : 
 
 January . . 
 
 . Aquarius 
 
 . Jacinth, or Garnet. 
 
 February . . 
 
 . Pisces . . 
 
 Amethyst. 
 
 March . . 
 
 . Aries . . 
 
 . Bloodstone. 
 
 April . . . . 
 
 Taurus . . 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 May . . . 
 
 . Gemini . . 
 
 . Agate. 
 
 June . 
 
 . Cancer . . 
 
 . Emerald. 
 
 July . . . 
 
 .Leo ... 
 
 . Onyx. 
 
 August 
 
 . Virgo . . 
 
 . Cornelian. 
 
 September 
 
 . Libra . . 
 
 . Chrysolite. 
 
 October . . 
 
 Scorpio . 
 
 . Aquamarine. 
 
 November . 
 
 Sagittarius 
 
 . Topaz. 
 
 December 
 
 . Capricorn 
 
 . Ruby. 
 
 This superstition is evidently connected .with the 
 twelve stones in the breastplate of the High- Priest, and 
 even still exists. The Jews had a tradition, that when, 
 on the day of atonement, the High-Priest asked the 
 Almighty forgiveness for the sins of the whole nation, 
 if they were forgiven, the stones in the Urim and 
 Thummim shone most brightly ; if the contrary, they 
 became black. Gems were also supposed to indicate
 
 Respecting Precious Gems. 2,9 
 
 the state of health of the donor or possessor. If they 
 became dull, he was conjectured to be unwell or in 
 danger j and their becoming opaque or colourless would 
 give rise to the most dismal forebodings. The turquoise 
 was conceived to have an affinity with its possessor or 
 master, and to change in colour as his state of health 
 altered. The fact that some turquoises do change their 
 colour may have given rise to this superstition; the 
 real cause of their variation seems to arise from the dif- 
 ference of temperature and state of the weather. The 
 knowledge of the properties of gems common to writers 
 of the Middle Ages, differs but little from that possessed 
 by Pliny and Aristotle, and they seem to have copied 
 very generally from each other. Marbodus, Boetius, 
 Cardanus, and Rhave adopted the statements of Pliny 
 in many instances ; and in a book written by Thomas 
 Nicolls, published at Cambridge in the year 1652, the 
 statements of Pliny and Theophrastus about the dia- 
 mond are quoted as being perfectly true. 
 
 Albertus Magnus, Langius, Cardanus, Boetius, and 
 others have written at length on this subject, and their 
 speculations as to the origin of gems, and their super- 
 natural effects, are most arousing. Serapius ascribes to 
 the diamond the power of driving away lemures, in- 
 cubes, and succubos, and of making men courageous 
 and magnanimous; and says that if the gem is placed 
 with a loadstone, it nullifies its power. 
 
 According to Boetius, in his work 'De Natura Gem- 
 marum,' the ruby is a sovereign remedy against the plague
 
 30 Ideas of the Ancients 
 
 and poison ; it also drives away evil spirits and bad dreams. 
 The jacinth, if worn on the finger, procures sleep, and 
 brings riches, honour, and wisdom. The amethyst dis- 
 pels drunkenness, and sharpens the wit. He says of 
 the balas-ruby, that it restrains passion and fiery wrath, 
 and is a preservative from lightning ; of the emerald, 
 that it discovered false witnesses by suffering alteration 
 when it met with such persons , of the sapphire, that 
 it procured favour with princes, and freed from en- 
 chantments. The chrysolite was said to cool boiling 
 water and assuage wrath, and if placed in contact with 
 poison, it lost its brilliancy until removed. 
 
 Boetius supposed gems to be generated by the power- 
 ful working of lapidific spirits, and augmented by the 
 acquisition of new matter, and the pearl to be formed 
 of the morning dew drunk in by shell-fish. 
 
 Certain stones were also supposed to symbolize the 
 Twelve Apostles : 
 
 Peter is represented by the Jasper 
 
 Andrew Sapphire. 
 
 James Chalcedony. 
 
 John Emerald. 
 
 Bartholomew . 
 
 Cornelian. 
 
 Matthew 
 
 . Chrysolite. 
 
 Thomas 
 
 . Beryl. 
 
 Thaddeus .... 
 
 . Chrysoprase. 
 
 James the Lesser . 
 
 . Topaz. 
 
 Simeon 
 
 . Jacinth. 
 
 Matthias .... 
 
 . Amethyst.
 
 Respecting Precious Gems. 31 
 
 If these and similar superstitious notions are to be 
 found in the works of the most learned of their time, 
 it is not marvellous that the most extravagant and ab- 
 surd notions should have prevailed amongst the ig- 
 norant. 
 
 The art of cutting gems was in its infancy until a late 
 period, and was confined to a very few, and their use 
 for personal adornment was limited to kings and princes, 
 who prized them more for the superstitious uses attri- 
 buted to them than for aught else. The first authentic 
 account of the jewels existing in India is given by 
 Tavernier, who made several journeys to the East, and 
 who, when speaking of what he saw himself, is trust- 
 worthy ; but when he relates what was told him, 
 falls into numberless exaggerations. His account of the 
 gems he saw in his travels through Hindostan and the 
 East affords great insight into the production and esti- 
 mation of precious stones in his time. 
 
 Some gems were also used for medical purposes pow- 
 dered, and were supposed sovereign in their effects ; 
 even now immense quantities of seed-pearl are used in 
 China and the East for various purposes. In a curious 
 medical work by Antonius Musa Brassarobus, lapis 
 lazuli is prescribed as a laxative. Camillus Leonardus, 
 of Pisa, prescribes coral in powder for newly-born chil- 
 dren. Further on, in the notes at foot of the descrip- 
 tion of lapis, coral, etc., several of tnese prescriptions 
 are transcribed. 
 
 The natives of India imagine that when diamond-
 
 3 2 Ideas of the Ancients 
 
 powder is taken into the mouth, it causes the teeth to 
 fall out, and that it acts as a preservative against light- 
 ning. Some stones are also supposed to give light in 
 the dark. The Vedas of the Brahmins speak of a 
 place lighted by rubies and diamonds, which emit light 
 like that of the planets. 
 
 When chemistry however began to be understood, the 
 ideas which had been handed down by tradition, and by 
 the works of ancient authors, were proved erroneous, 
 and the clouds which hung over the subject were dis- 
 pelled by the analysis and classification of gems, accord- 
 ing to their composition, hardness, etc. The old system 
 of classing all stones of similar colour together was 
 abandoned, and latterly immense light has been cast, 
 on the subject of the formation of precious stones by 
 the researches of learned chemists and mineralogists. 
 But although science has advanced with giant strides, 
 and our means of knowledge are far more extended than 
 those of our ancestors, we have still much to learn on 
 this subject, and perhaps may find that future re- 
 searches may prove our notions as unsound and our 
 theories as erroneous as those entertained by our fore- 
 fathers.
 
 ON THE PRECIOUS STONES MENTIONED 
 IN THE BIBLE. 
 
 BRIEF sketch of the knowledge which the 
 Semitic nations possessed of the pre- 
 cious stones, may not be out of place 
 in the present volume. A full and 
 exhaustive treatment is not within the scope of this 
 work ; nor is it possible, as yet, to offer complete infor- 
 mation, since Oriental scholars have not sufficiently 
 occupied themselves with this subject, which might 
 help to throw light on the state of ancient civilization, 
 on the intercourse between various nations, and on the 
 mechanical and artistic knowledge cultivated in the 
 remote regions of the East. 
 
 The very names of the precious stones, if studied 
 by the aid of those languages which were once spoken 
 in the vast tracts of country situated between the
 
 3^ The Precious Stones 
 
 Ganges and the Nile, would assist in lifting the veil 
 which now conceals from our view the intercourse and 
 connection of die bygone Eastern races. Should the 
 present remarks have die effect of inducing any scholar 
 to pursue this inquiry, die result of his investigations 
 might prove interesting, and perhaps useful. 
 
 A small treasury of useful information is disclosed 
 to us in several parts of the Bible. Precious stones, ac- 
 cording to this ancient record, were not in die posses- 
 sion of the majority of the opulent classes j amongst 
 die contributors of die materials towards die erection 
 of die Tabernacle, die chiefs of die Twelve Tribes 
 alone are mentioned as supplying the " shoham stones, 
 and die stones to be set" (Exodus xxxv. 27). We 
 find die most important enumeration of the pre- 
 cious stones known to die ancient Hebrews in Exodus 
 xxviii., verses 17 to 20 ; and die same list is repeated 
 in tJbat book, chapter xxxix., verses 10 to 13. It de- 
 serves to be noticed that, with die exception of three 
 precious stones, die gems worn by the High-Priest on 
 his breastplate were also to be found among the royal 
 ornaments worn by the king of Tyre. (See Ezekiel 
 xxviii. 13.) These stones are enumerated in the ac- 
 companying Table, Nos. 112, with their renderings in 
 several Semitic languages, in Greek, Latin, etc. 
 
 It will be observed in diis Table that die Hebrew 
 terms are variously interpreted in die several ancient 
 versions, and it would appear that die translators had 
 in many instances lost die chain of trustworthy tradi-
 
 Mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 35 
 
 tion, and were obliged to resort to conjecture. The 
 copyists of these versions have, moreover, added their 
 share of errors; the differences between them and the 
 authorized version are suggestive, and merit investiga- 
 tion. On the following pages is given the " Table of 
 Comparative Translations " alluded to :
 
 The Precious Stones 
 
 TABLE OF COMPARATIVE TRANSLATIONS FROM THE 
 MENTIONED IN. THE BIBLE AS 
 
 (The words in small letters are the literal translations of the words in their 
 
 4 
 
 Hebrew. 
 
 Authorized 
 version. 
 
 Vulgate. 
 
 Greek. 
 
 Chaldean. 
 Tarpum or 
 paraphrase of 
 Onkelos. 
 
 
 
 Odem 
 
 Red 
 
 Sardius 
 
 Sardius 
 
 Sardion 
 
 Samkan 
 
 Red. 
 
 2 
 
 Pitdah 
 
 Topaz 
 
 Topazius 
 
 Topazion 
 
 Jarkan 
 
 Green. 
 
 3 
 
 Bareketh 
 
 Flashing 
 
 Carbuncle 
 
 Smaragdus 
 
 Smaragdos 
 
 Barkan 
 
 Brilliant. 
 
 4 
 
 Nopbek 
 
 Emerald 
 
 Carbunculus 
 
 Anthrax 
 
 Ismaragdar 
 
 Emerald. 
 
 5 
 
 Sappir 
 
 Sapphire 
 
 Sapphirus 
 
 Sapphires 
 
 Shabzez 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Jahalom 
 
 Diamond 
 
 Onychius 
 
 Onychion 
 
 Sibhalorn 
 
 7 
 
 Leshem 
 
 Ligure 
 
 Ligurius 
 
 Ligynon 
 
 Kankera 
 
 8 
 
 Shebo 
 
 Agate 
 
 Achates 
 
 Achates 
 
 Tarkja 
 
 Turquoise. 
 
 9 
 
 Achlamah 
 
 Amethyst 
 
 Amethistus 
 
 Amethistos 
 
 En Egla 
 
 Calfs-eye. 
 
 10 
 
 Tharshish 
 
 Beryl 
 
 Chrysolithus 
 
 Chrysolithos 
 
 KrumYama 
 
 Sea colour. 
 
 ii 
 
 Shoham 
 
 Onyx 
 
 Beryllus 
 
 Beryllion 
 
 Burla 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 12 
 
 Jashpeh 
 
 Jasper ' Jaspis 
 
 ' 1 
 
 Jaspis 
 
 Panthireli 
 
 Panther.
 
 Mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 37 
 
 ORIGINAL HEBREW OF THE TWELVE STONES 
 WORN BY THE HIGH-PRIEST. 
 
 respective languages, where the names have any peculiar signification.) 
 
 Chaldean. 
 Targum or 
 paraphrase of 
 Jonathan 
 ben Uiziel. 
 
 Chaldean. 
 Targum Jeru- 
 shalrai, or Jeru- 
 salem para- 
 phrase. 
 
 Syriac. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 Arabic ver- 
 sion. 
 
 Semuktha 
 
 Red. 
 
 Jarketha 
 
 Green. 
 
 Samketha 
 
 Red. 
 
 Jarketha 
 
 Green. 
 
 Sumoko 
 
 Red. 
 
 Sorgo 
 
 Jakuth 
 Achmar 
 
 Red Hyacinth. 
 
 Azphar 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Achmar 
 
 Red. 
 
 Azphar 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Barketha 
 
 Brilliant. 
 
 Barketha 
 
 Brilliant. 
 
 Borko 
 
 Samurod 
 
 Achzar 
 
 Green. 
 
 Esmorad 
 
 Kadkedana 
 
 Carbuncle. 
 
 Zadiro 
 
 Cochli 
 
 Somurod 
 
 Emerald. 
 
 Sapirinon 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 Simbulina 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 Saphilo 
 
 Maha al- 
 Ballur 
 
 Saha 
 
 Kadkodin 
 
 Carbuncle. 
 
 En Egla 
 
 CalfVeye. 
 
 Neketho 
 
 Bahran^an 
 
 Firusg 
 
 Kankennon 
 
 Zozin 
 
 Konkenun 
 
 Gasa 
 
 Gasg 
 
 Onyx. 
 
 Tarkin 
 
 Turquoise. 
 
 Birulin 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 Karkedno 
 
 Carbuncle. 
 
 Sebh 
 
 Saych 
 
 En Egla 
 
 Calf's-eye. 
 
 Samaragdin 
 
 Emerald. 
 
 En Eglo 
 
 Calfs-eye. 
 
 Firusag 
 
 Bahraman 
 
 Krum Yama 
 Rabba 
 
 Colour of the 
 Great Sea. 
 
 Beruluth-chala 
 
 Sand beryl 
 
 ECrumYama 
 
 Sea colour. 
 
 Beroltha 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 Thorshish 
 Berulo 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 Asrak 
 Ballur 
 
 Crystal. 
 
 Sorak 
 Ballur 
 
 Crystal. 
 
 Margniath 
 apanturin. 
 
 Panther gem. 
 
 Marglitha 
 
 Gem or pearl. 
 
 Jashpeh 
 
 Jasper. 
 
 Jashaph 
 
 Jasper. 
 
 Jashm 
 
 Jasper.
 
 THE STONES IN THE BREAST-PLATE OF 
 THE HIGH-PRIEST. 
 
 HE following description of the various 
 gems mentioned in the Bible is extracted 
 from the Talmud and several Rabbinical 
 commentators, and may be interesting as 
 
 an evidence of the amount of knowledge of this subject 
 
 that was then current : 
 
 i. ODEM. 
 
 (Authorized Versvm> SARDIUS.) 
 
 The Hebrew word odem, like the Arabic akik, is 
 capable of denoting the cornelian, the ruby, or any 
 other precious stone of red hue. Among the Hebrews 
 and Arabs, the cornelian was considered an important 
 prophylactic ; the former ascribed to it the virtue of pre- 
 serving life from the dangers of the plague 5 the latter
 
 Breast-Plate of High- Priest. 39 
 
 even now, according to Niebuhr, continue to employ it 
 as an efficient agent in stopping haemorrhage. Hebrew 
 legends state that the blushing ruby became the sym- 
 bolical representative of Reuben, who brought a blush 
 upon himself by irreverent conduct to his father. 
 
 2. PITDAH. 
 
 {Authorized Persian, TOPAZ.) 
 
 This scone derives its name (topaz) from the island 
 Topazion, which was supposed to be situated in the 
 Red Sea. There are two kinds of topazes ; the su- 
 perior is gold-coloured, the other inclines to a greenish 
 yellow. The second species was called chrysoprase, a 
 name which indicates the blending of gold and leek 
 colour. In allusion to the latter colour, this stone is 
 called in the Chaldean dialect jarkan (green), which 
 is the equivalent of prase. 
 
 3. BAREKETH. 
 
 (Authorized Version, CARBUNCLE.) 
 
 Bareketh, literally "flashing stone j" this name being 
 apparently derived from "barak," lightning. Eastern 
 legends assert that a carbuncle was suspended in the 
 Ark of Noah to diffuse light. The word bareketh 
 has been translated by the Greek word "keraunos," 
 aerolite literally, thunder-stone. Some authors state 
 that it resembles the crystal in transparency, and drops 
 from the clouds amidst the flashes of lightning. The 
 same myth is also applied to the origin of the diamond.
 
 4-O The Stones m the Breast- Plate 
 
 4. NoPHEK. 
 
 (Authorized Persum, EMERALD.) 
 
 The Hebrew name signifies "carbuncle," or the 
 stone which shines with the brilliancy of a glowing coal. 
 This stone belongs to a class which is divided into va- 
 rious species. The most esteemed are the Indian and 
 Garamantine carbuncles ; the latter term has given 
 use to the modern name of garnet : the same gem 
 was also called the Chalcedonian. The Ethiopian car- 
 buncles rank very high, and are nearly connected 
 with the almandine and the essonite. Carbuncles of 
 superior brilliancy are termed males, those of a duller 
 description are called females, a distinction which, 
 among ancient lapidaries, prevailed in reference to the 
 majority of precious stones. One author observes, that 
 the carbuncle at first appears as if smoke were rising 
 from it, and afterwards, as if burning with a bright 
 flame, and that the Chalcedonian inclines to blackness, 
 but when held against fire or the light of the sun, it 
 surpasses in lustre all other carbuncles ; when placed 
 in a dark room, it presents a rose-colour, but when 
 exposed to the open daylight, it glows like a burning 
 coal; when held against the sun, it has the lustre of 
 
 a flame. 
 
 5. SAPPIR. 
 
 (Authorized Persian, SAPPHIRE.) 
 
 This stone is frequently mentioned in the Bible as 
 being of great value and exquisite beauty. Legendary
 
 of the Higk-Pnest. 41 
 
 traditions assert that the Tables on which the Ten 
 Commandments were engraved were made of sap- 
 phire. The superstitious assigned to this stone the 
 virtue of preserving the sight, and invigorating the 
 frame as well as the soul. 
 
 6. JAHALOM. 
 
 (Authorized Persian, DIAMOND.) 
 
 The Hebrew term Jahalom is said to be derived from 
 the verb " halam," to strike, and is applied to the dia- 
 mond to describe the superior hardness of this gem, 
 which can be employed in cutting other precious 
 stones. For a long time the diamond was only known 
 to some Eastern kings, and an opinion prevailed that 
 it could only be found in gold-mines. The fact how- 
 ever is, that it is discovered in many places yielding 
 the crystal, to which it bears an affinity. There are six 
 kinds of diamonds, viz. the Ethiopian, the Indian, 
 the Arabian, the Macedonian, the Cyprian, and the 
 Siderite, which resembles polished steel. The last two 
 kinds are brittle, the others are exceedingly hard ; 
 they resist the ordinary blow of the hammer, and the 
 heat of the fire. One author mentions the following 
 ludicrous anecdote : "A noble lady inherited two dia- 
 monds, which for many years remained hidden among 
 her treasures ; from time to time these stones gave 
 birth to indisputable facsimiles and likenesses of them- 
 selves." He accounts for this strange phenomenon 
 by stating that the peculiarly pure atmosphere which
 
 42 The Stones in the Breast-Plate 
 
 must have surrounded the gems facilitated the forma- 
 tion of the generated crystals ! 
 
 7. LESHEM. 
 (duthonzed Version, LIGURE.) 
 
 Some authors translate this as turquoise, which, in 
 ancient times, was considered of inestimable value, 
 and was imported from the East Indies. An inferior 
 description, of dark green colour, was found in Spain, 
 and was sold at a very low price. The following 
 anecdote, quoted from an old treatise on precious 
 stones, illustrates the peculiar value which this class of 
 gems derived from superstition : 
 
 " One of my relatives possessed a turquoise set in 
 a gold ring, which he used to wear on his finger as a 
 superior ornament. It happened that the owner of 
 this ring was seized with a malady of which he died. 
 During the whole period in which the wearer enjoyed 
 his full health, the turquoise was distinguished for 
 unparelleled beauty and clearness; but scarcely was 
 he dead, when the stone lost its lustre, and assumed 
 a faded, withered appearance, as if mourning for its 
 master. This sudden change in the nature of the 
 stone made me lose the desire I originally entertained 
 of purchasing it, which I might have done for a trifling 
 sum ; and so the turquoise passed into other hands. 
 However, no sooner did it obtain a new owner, when 
 it regained its former exquisite freshness, and lost all 
 traces of its temporary defects. I felt, greatly vexed
 
 of the High-Priest. 43 
 
 that I had lost the chance of procuring such a valuable 
 and sensitive gem." 
 
 8. SHEBO. 
 
 (Authorized Version, AGATE.) 
 
 The Rabbins translated this word by hyacinth. 
 The hyacinth and the amethyst are somewhat 
 alike in colour ; the latter approaches more the tint 
 of the violet, the former is of a paler description, and 
 inclines to sky-blue." There are three kinds of hya- 
 cinths ; one has the glowing hue of a burning coal : 
 this kind is of the highest value. 
 
 9. ACHLAMAH. 
 (Authorized Fersion, AMETHYST.) 
 
 Rabbinical authors consider Achlamah to signify onyx, 
 and they state that it is classified either according to 
 colour, or according to the place whence it is exported. 
 In regard to colour, the onyx occurs in five varieties : 
 the first, which is white, resembles the human nail, for 
 which reason, in fact, it has received the Greek name 
 onyx (owf, naif) ; this variety is not marked by any 
 stripes, whilst the second kind is white striped with 
 red, the third is white striped with black, the fourth 
 is all black without stripes, and the fifth, the most va- 
 luable of all, is black with white stripes. Mediaeval 
 writers have sought to find a Scriptural basis for cur- 
 rent superstitions, by connecting " achlamah " (onyx) 
 with the verb " chalam," to dream, and assert that this
 
 44 7%e Stones in the Breast-Plate 
 
 precious stone occasioned to the wearer a multiplicity 
 of bewildering dreams. 
 
 10. THARSHISH. 
 (Authorised Version, BERYL.) 
 
 The commonly received rendering of " Tharshish " 
 is " chrysolite." Four species of this stone are men- 
 tioned, which respectively came from Arabia, Ger- 
 many, India, and Ethiopia. The colour of the Ara- 
 bian species was not clear and transparent. The 
 German chrysolite was of whitish hue, bordering on 
 orange colour, and peculiarly brittle. The Indian 
 chrysolite had a slight cerulean tinge ; in some in- 
 stances it resembled translucent olive oil, in others it 
 was a kind of sea-green, intermixed with a reddish 
 shade. The Ethiopian chrysolite was soft green, and 
 reflected the sunlight, glistening like a golden star. The 
 latter two species were most esteemed. 
 
 ii. SHOHAM. 
 (Authorized Version, ONYX.) 
 
 The Rabbins translate this by "emerald," and assign 
 to it the third rank among precious stones. They 
 say that the pleasure derived from looking at the 
 emerald is due to the refreshing influence exercised 
 by the green colour, this stone bearing the nearest 
 resemblance to the luxuriant verdure of the fields 
 and trees. Engravers and workers in precious stones, 
 according to these writers, place this stone before them
 
 of the High-Priest. 45 
 
 to rest their eyesight upon whilst engraving minute ob- 
 jects. There are twelve kinds of emeralds, if classed 
 according to the countries where they are found, viz. 
 the Siberian, Britannic, Egyptian, Cyprian, Ethiopian, 
 Armenian, Persian, Athenian, Median, Chalcedoman, 
 Laconian, and Sicilian. 
 
 The first-mentioned variety surpasses the rest in 
 value, is of greater hardness, and not liable to the pecu- 
 liar defects which are found in the others ; moreover, 
 this kind is found in the rugged, mountainous tracts 
 amongst the gold mines, and is excavated by dint of 
 excessive and painful toil. The griffin is said to build 
 there its nest, and to be zealously watchful in guard- 
 ing the treasures of gold and emeralds. Others assert 
 that this gem originates in copper mines, where ver- 
 digris is formed. Fine emeralds are of a perfect green, 
 which seems to flash upon the surrounding objects ; in 
 a good gem, the surface must be perfectly straight and 
 smooth, so as to cast no darkening shade on any of its 
 particles. 
 
 12. JASHPEH. 
 
 (Authorized Persian, JASPER.) 
 
 It is most probable that this stone became known 
 through the extensive use which was made of it by 
 artists for ornamental and commemorative works, such 
 as cameos, etc. The name of "Jashpeh" (in Greek, 
 jaspis) must have travelled along with the wide distri- 
 bution of this stone, which so readily yields to the
 
 4 6 The Stones in the Breast-Plate 
 
 engraver's burine. If it could be ascertained whether 
 "jashpeh" was first so named by the Semitic nations, 
 or whether the Grecians were the first to adopt the 
 name of jaspis, -we might be able to decide in what 
 country this stone was first applied to the purposes of 
 ornamental art. 
 
 According to tradition, the "jashpeh " in the 
 breastplate represents the name of "Benjamin." 
 The following anecdote, extracted from the Tal- 
 mud, enables us to form some idea of the value in 
 which this stone was held in the rabbinical period. 
 It is related that during the existence of the second 
 temple, the "jashpeh of Benjamin" was lost. Great 
 exertions were made to replace it, and at last it was 
 ascertained that Dama ben Nethinah was in possession 
 of a fine specimen. The price ultimately paid for it 
 : s stated to have been one hundred denarii (100 gold 
 denars were in value equal to about sS6o). 
 
 In addition to the twelve stones contained in the 
 breastplate of the High-Priest, the following names 
 occur in various parts of the Bible : 
 
 Kadkod and Ekdoch (Isaiah, liv. 12), both of which 
 signify the glowing of fire, are, not inappropriately, 
 translated "carbuncle ;" the Alexandrian version of the 
 Bible renders the former word by "jasper." 
 
 Ramoth, mentioned in Ezekiel (xxvii. 16) and Job 
 (xxviii. 18), is of doubtful meaning, and supposed to 
 signify "coral.
 
 of the High-Priest. 47 
 
 Gaidsh, or Elgabish, occurring in the just-mentioned 
 passage of Job, means in its primary signification 
 " hail-stone," and hence is applied to the crystal ; ac- 
 cording to the Chaldean paraphrase it denotes "beryl." 
 
 Shamir (diamond). The passage in Ezekiel (iii. 9), 
 " as an adamant, harder than flint," etc., confirms the 
 supposition that shamir means diamond. Tradition as- 
 serts that the stones which were used in the construc- 
 tion of the temple of Solomon, were hewn by means of 
 the " shamir," as the law of Moses prohibited the use 
 of iron implements. It must, however, be observed 
 that, in this instance, the word " shamir " has been in 
 terpreted by commentators as relating to a miraculous 
 worm, which, being placed on the stone, performed 
 the wonder of cleaving it in those parts which had 
 been previously marked
 
 THE DIAMOND. 
 
 Ciystals of Diamond. 
 
 HE diamond is the glorious gem which 
 surpasses all others in hardness and bril- 
 liancy. Its specific gravity is about 3 '5, its 
 cleavage very perfect, its refraction sim- 
 ple ; it is transparent and translucent, combustible, infu- 
 sible, and unassailable by acids, and is composed of pure 
 crystallized carbon. It frequently becomes phosphores- 
 cent on exposure to light ; the smaller stones by a much
 
 The Diamond. 49 
 
 shorter exposure than the larger. It is found both in 
 regular crystalline forms and in an amorphous state. 
 The crystals are principally octahedrons or dodecahe- 
 drons, the planes of which have frequently the pecu- 
 liarity of being either concave or convex ; sometimes 
 they are worn by attrition or other causes into hetero- 
 geneous forms, being nearly round balls, occasionally 
 transparent, or covered with a thick crust. 
 
 The diamond is found of all colours white, yellow, 
 orange, red, pink, brown, green, blue, black, and 
 opalescent. There is a slight difference between the 
 specific gravity of the Indian, or Oriental diamond, and 
 the Brazilian, as also between the white and coloured. 
 The result of numerous experiments is as follows : 
 
 The Specific Gravity of Indian or Golconda Diamond. 
 
 White 3-524 
 
 Yellow ,?'55<> 
 
 Brazilian. 
 
 White 3'44 2 
 
 Yellow 3'520 
 
 The Indian diamond is generally found in octahe- 
 dral, the Brazilian in dodecahedral, crystals. 
 
 The diamond is one of those bodies which reflect all 
 the light falling on their posterior surfaces at an angle 
 of incidence greater than 24 13'. The diamond does 
 not appear to possess the power of polarizing light, al- 
 though Sir David Brewster gives it as his opinion, that
 
 50 The Diamond, 
 
 tight was stightly changed in passing 
 of refraction is enormous* 
 
 1-5*5 
 
 To these qualities are attributable its extraordinary 
 brilliancy and play, and it was the observation of these 
 properties which led Newton to the conclusion that 
 it was a combustible body, and, later, caused several 
 to endeavour to apply it to optical and 
 It was, however, found by Sir 
 David Brewster, that the inequalities of its sliuctme 
 caused too much aberration of light to make it service- 
 able tor these purposes. 
 
 It is a non-conductor of electricity, and becomes 
 positively electric by friction - t but soon loses its power, 
 namely, at the expiration of half an hour. 
 
 The diamond cuts glass with great fecflity, but not 
 every stone can be used tor that purpose. It is required 
 to tmd one whose angles are naturally acute. These 
 stones are called "glaziers," and fetch sio the carat 
 Although most gems will scratch glass, it is only the 
 which is capable of cutting it.
 
 Tlie Diamond. 51 
 
 pombya^aod.batii 
 
 exposed to a *ery strong degree of he* (14 Wedg- 
 wood). Although Newton earhr sunnwd the fir* of 
 
 nt was in 1694, at the Academy of 
 the dukedom of Cosmo IIL, by means of 
 ml burning-glasses, when it first: spot, then 
 sparks, and at la 
 
 powder. A French 
 lard, howercr, declared that he had 
 diamonds to heat as intense as that which had con 
 the others without injury, and olfcred to submit 
 
 sealed them hermetically in a day pipe bowl, i 
 after learing them in the fbmace fcr the same 
 
 omyieaOrbur 
 
 tion with the oxygen of the air. La 
 oxygen, and olJa^r.1 the 
 ifrom the combustion of pure 
 
 E 2
 
 52 The Diamond. 
 
 acid. Another chemist, Clouet, made steel by exposing 
 iron and diamond together, thus proving its identity 
 with other carboniferous bodies, and showed that the 
 diamond burns readily when exposed in the open air, 
 or in gas, to an intense heat, with a bright red flame, 
 and gives out sparks during combustion. 
 
 As yet, no one has proposed a theory which could 
 account for the formation of the diamond, nor has 
 succeeded in discovering the matters which lend a 
 tinge or colour to the gem. Liebig has given it as 
 his opinion, that it arises from the presence of un- 
 crystallized vegetable matter. The black specks and 
 flaws which so frequently present themselves, would 
 lead to the supposition that they must arise from 
 carbon imperfectly crystallized, and analogous to the 
 amorphous and porous variety, called carbonate, to 
 which I shall allude hereafter ; but this point has never 
 yet been satisfactorily solved. Many chemists and 
 mineralogists have declared, that by means of heat 
 they can expel or improve the natural colour of the 
 diamond ; but experience has shown that this idea is 
 fallacious, for, although the stone when exposed to 
 strong heat appears whiter, this arises solely from a 
 crust being formed on the outside, which impairs the 
 transparency, and when repolished, the original colour 
 returns. Red flaws however, which are sometimes 
 apparent in the rough diamond, do occasionally lose 
 their colour by exposure to great heat ; in other in- 
 stances, the red flaws become black. A gentleman of
 
 The Diamond. 53 
 
 the name of Barbot is said to have employed for the 
 last ten years a process which he keeps secret, but 
 which, it is said, enables him to remove the opaque 
 crust which covers the diamond in its rough state, sc 
 as to show the colour it will have when cut ; if true, 
 this might render the work of the lapidary more easy, 
 but the fact is much to be doubted. 
 
 At the great fire in Hamburg, many diamonds were 
 sold for trifling sums which had remained in the burning 
 buildings, and, to an unexperienced eye, appeared totall) 
 valueless, but when repolished they regained their 
 pristine brilliancy, though with a slight loss in weight. 
 
 The diamond can be cloven with facility in a direc- 
 tion parallel with the planes of the octahedron or 
 dodecahedron, or, to use the lapidaries' expression, 
 "splits easily with the grain." This quality much 
 assists the otherwise tedious operation of cutting or 
 grinding the diamond, particularly where it is desirable 
 to gat rid of flaws. In spite of its hardness, it is capable 
 of being reduced to powder, and the mistaken idea 
 which used to prevail, and even now exists, that the 
 best test of the reality was to put it on an anvil and 
 strike it with a hammer, when, if genuine, it either 
 broke the hammer or buried itself in the anvil, has 
 been the cause of the loss of many fine gems, which 
 were either crushed or thrown away as valueless. 
 
 The diamond is found in Hindostan, Brazil, Suma 
 tra, Borneo, the Ural Mountains, and occasionally i: 
 North America in some instances in Australia j gene
 
 54 The Diamond. 
 
 rally in octahedral crystals, in quartz conglomerates 
 containing oxides of iron, also in alluvium, in loose 
 and imbedded crystals, almost always of small size, 
 and most frequently in company with grains of gold 
 and platinum ; ordinarily, in strata of plutonic origin. 
 In India, in the Deccan, in the river Pennair, in the 
 Lower Kistna, and Ellore, and Pannah, and the river 
 Sonar ; and some in the Bundlecund, at Sumbhulpore, 
 on the Mahanuddy; also in Malacca, in Borneo, Celebes, 
 and Java. Numbers of places in India which produced 
 diamonds in large quantities, according to the account 
 of Tavernier, a French jeweller and a trustworthy 
 authority, who travelled in the East, have latterly 
 become so unproductive, that not only the places them- 
 selves, but the very names are unknown to the present 
 inhabitants ; and India, which used to be the great 
 source of diamonds, seems to have become gradually 
 exhausted. In Tavernier's time, the mines of Golconda 
 employed 60,000 persons, and were once so produc- 
 tive, that it is recorded by the historian Ferichta, that 
 the Sultan Mahmoud (A.D. 1177-1206) left in his trea- 
 sures, after a reign of thirty-two years, more than four 
 hundred pounds weight of this precious gem. The use 
 of the diamond used to be one of the regal privileges of 
 the Hindoo rajahs and sultans, but with the overthrow 
 of Indian kingdoms and dynasties it became more ge- 
 nerally worn. The finest diamond which remained in 
 the possession of the Mahratta of Peshawur was that 
 called by the East India Company the Nassak, which
 
 The Diamond. 55 
 
 they valued at the sum of gg 30,000 ; it was however 
 sold by auction at Messrs. Christy and Manson's rooms 
 to the Marquis of Westminster, for the sum of ^"7200, 
 since which time this fine diamond has been re-cut. 
 (See description of the Nassac or Nassak diamond.) 
 
 It is a curious fact, that in Sumbhulpore the diamond- 
 washing trade is hereditary in two tribes, whose origin is 
 unknown, but who appear, from the traces of negro 
 blood, to be descendants of slaves imported by one of the 
 conquerors of India for that labour ; they are called re- 
 spectively Thara and Tora, and possess sixteen villages 
 in free Jhageer, or freehold ; they now number about 
 400 to 500 persons, working in the dry season in the 
 bed of the Mahanuddy, from Kunderpore to Sinepore. 
 The largest diamond found there, since the transfer of 
 this country from the Mahratta to British rule, has been 
 of eighty-four grains. The quality of the diamonds is 
 here distinguished by the names of the Hindoo castes. 
 The first quality is called Brahma, the second Kschetri, 
 the third Bysch, the fourth Sudras. The weights used 
 are the mascha and the ruttee; the mascha consists 
 of seven ruttees, and the ruttee is something less than 
 2^ grains carat weight. 
 
 In the Bundlecund, the finest diamonds are called 
 Motigul ; the second quality, greenish, Manek ; the 
 third, yellowish, Pannah ; the fourth, brownish, Buns- 
 put. The origin of the carat weight is from an Arabic 
 word, "kuara," the name of the seed of a pod-bearing 
 plant growing on the gold-coast of Africa, which
 
 56 The Diamond. 
 
 are almost invariably of an equal weight, and were for- 
 merly used for weighing against the grains or dust of 
 gold. This weight was adopted in Hindostan, and has 
 thence spread all over the world. The Indians call the 
 diamond " pakha," or ripe, and rock-crystal "kacha," 
 or unripe. 
 
 The Indian diamond is of a different specific gravity 
 to the Brazilian, and even when only of equal white- 
 ness, seems to possess more lustre and brilliancy ; from 
 this and other causes, the old diamonds, which all came 
 from India, are worth rather more than the new, or 
 Brazilian. 
 
 By far the largest quantity are, however, now im- 
 ported into Europe from the Brazils. They are found 
 mostly in alluvial soil in the district of Cerro di Fria, 
 Minas Geraes, and San Paulo ; in the beds of the rivers 
 Jequitinhonha, Matto-Grosso, Diamantma, and Rio des 
 Areios, Santa Anna, San Francisco, Paulo Vehas, San 
 Francisco di Xavier, Rio Sumedouro, Bahia, and other 
 places. 
 
 The Brazilian miners distinguish the various diamond- 
 producing soils by the following names :- - 
 
 Grupiara is an alluvial deposit, whose surface shows 
 it to be the unused bed of a stream or river. 
 
 Burgalhao are small angular fragments of rock, be- 
 strewing the surface of the ground. 
 
 Cascalho are fragments of rock and sand mixed up 
 with clay, and forming the bed of a river. 
 
 Takoa Carza are the above materials cemented to-
 
 AUSTRIAN YELLOW BRILLI 
 
 THE SHAH 
 
 THE HOPE BLUE DIAMOND 
 
 THE POLAR STAR 
 
 THE 
 
 3J'/,
 
 The Diamond. 57 
 
 gather into a conglomerate mass. All the above, how- 
 ever, are known by the generic name of Cascalho. The 
 masses of stone themselves, which rarely exceed a cubic 
 foot in size, contain Itacolumite jasper, and often peri- 
 dots and garnets. The Itambe, the highest mountain 
 in the diamond-producing district, giving rise to the 
 rivers Copay and Jequitinhonha, is about 5598 feet 
 above the level of the sea, and diamonds are sometimes 
 found on its highest peaks. 
 
 Diamonds were found in the Brazils when searching 
 for gold, but their true nature was unsuspected, and they 
 were thrown away or used as counters for card-players. 
 Bernardo Fonseca Lobo, an inhabitant of the Minas 
 Geraes, who had seen rough diamonds in a previous 
 visit to the East Indies, first discovered their true nature 
 and value. He brought some to Lisbon, and esta- 
 blished their identity with diamonds. The European 
 traders, who had never seen or dreamt of any other but 
 the Indian diamond, and who feared that if an in- 
 finite number were thrown on the market by this dis- 
 covery of new mines, their stocks would thus be depre- 
 ciated, and perhaps become valueless, endeavoured by 
 every means to discourage their sale, and spread a report 
 that the so-called Brazilian diamonds were only the 
 refuse of the Indian mines, exported from Goa to 
 Brazil, and thence to Europe ;* and at first succeeded in 
 preventing the sale. The Portuguese merchants, how- 
 
 * In the work published by David Jeffries, A.D. 1750 he in- 
 dorses this belief, and endeavours to prove it by several arguments.
 
 58 The Diamond. 
 
 ever, turned the tables on them by exporting them 
 from Brazil to Goa, and then offering them for sale as 
 Indian diamonds. 
 
 On the inhabitants of the diamond-producing dis- 
 tricts this discovery acted as a curse, for as soon as the 
 government found the valuable nature of the product, 
 and of the treasures it had in its grasp, it took forcible 
 possession of the land, expelled the original inhabitants, 
 and declared the diamond trade a monopoly, and them- 
 selves the exclusive proprietors. Nature even seemed to 
 have a spite against the expatriated exiles; the year 
 of the discovery the whole district was afflicted with 
 a dreadful drought, and, to add to the distress and 
 misery of the unfortunate inhabitants, a fearful earth- 
 quake took place, in which numbers of them perished ; 
 and it was only on the I3th of May, 1803, that the 
 sad remnant was reinstated in their rightful property. 
 It seemed as if the genii, guardians of the treasure, 
 were indignant at the presumption of man, and tried by 
 every means to prevent the dispersion of their buried 
 treasures. 
 
 The riches of these places are incalculable; the gold 
 is abandoned to the slaves as unworthy the attention of 
 their owners. Children, after the rains, collect the 
 grains of gold, which lie strewn over their path. The 
 crops of all fowls killed are carefully examined, and 
 often found to contain diamonds; and it is recorded 
 that a negro once found a stone of five carats adhering 
 to the roots of a cabbage he had plucked for his dinner.
 
 The Diamond. 59 
 
 In 1 754, a slave, who had been working at the Minas 
 Geraes, was transferred to the district of Bahia. Sus- 
 pecting, from the similarity of the soil with that of 
 the place he had been working/ that it contained dia- 
 monds, he searched and found a considerable quantity. 
 This news soon became public, and the province was 
 inundated with emigrants trying to make rapid for- 
 tunes in the same way as the tide of population 'flowed 
 to Australia when the news of the gold discoveries 
 arrived here. 
 
 The production of the Brazilian mines has been 
 enormous, but has decreased, and is decreasing, every 
 day ; in the first fifty years after their discovery, it is cal- 
 culated that the astonishing amount of twelve millions 
 in value was exported. The yield from the Bahia 
 mines was at first so considerable, as to reduce the 
 value of the diamond one-half; now, however, the 
 total produce does not exceed 240,000 carats annually, 
 the value of which is about 1,000,000. The most 
 productive district is at the present time the province 
 of Matto-Grosso, in the vicinity of the town of Dia- 
 mantina. 
 
 A short description of the mode of washing for dia- 
 monds may not prove uninteresting. When the dry sea- 
 son, which lasts from April to the middle of October, 
 has diminished the depth of the different rivers, their 
 waters are diverted in various places into canals dug 
 for this purpose, so as to leave the bed of the stream 
 dry. The soil is then dug out to a depth of ten to
 
 60 The Diamond. 
 
 twelve feet, and deposited near the washing-huts. As 
 long as the dry season lasts, the workmen continue to 
 dig out the soil, called there by the generic name of 
 cascalho ; and it contains diamonds in so regular a pro- 
 portion, that the miners are enabled to foretell, with 
 some degree of certainty, what any given quantity of 
 cascalho will produce. Sometimes they find holes con- 
 *aining quantities of diamonds and nuggets of gold. 
 
 The dry season over, the labour of washing com- 
 mences, and the digging of the soil perforce terminates, 
 in consequence of the quantities of water brought down 
 by the rains. The huts, which are constructed near 
 the heaps of cascalho, are furnished with long troughs, 
 called canoes, with elevated seats for the overseers, who 
 are always present. 
 
 The labourers, who are all negroes, take each a mass 
 of " diamondiferous " soil, sufficient to fill the trough 
 (about a hundredweight), and then allow a stream of 
 water to run in ; and continue to stir up the mass with 
 the hands, until the water runs clear, and all the earthy 
 particles are washed away. They then examine the 
 pebbles which remain one by one, and when they find 
 a diamond, give the signal by clapping their hands 
 to the overseer, who takes it and puts it in a vessel 
 filled with water, which hangs in the middle of each hut. 
 The day's labour over, the weight produced is entered in 
 a book. Large diamonds, as may be supposed, are of 
 very rare occurrence. When a slave finds a diamond 
 of eighteen carats he receives his freedom, and is led.
 
 The Diamond. 61 
 
 crowned with flowers, to the proprietor in a sort of 
 triumphal procession, who generally gives him a present 
 and allows him to work on his own account. For 
 smaller stones proportional rewards are given. In 
 spite of all precaution, numberless thefts take place; 
 sometimes the slave, under the very eye of the over- 
 seer, conceals a stone in his hair, mouth, or ears, some- 
 times between his fingers or toes; and they have even 
 been known to throw stones away in the hope of find- 
 ing them again after night-fall. 
 
 When the labour and pains bestowed on this search 
 is considered, the result appears hardly commensurate 
 with the toil: the product of the yearly labour of 
 500 men can be readily carried in the hand. As pre- 
 viously stated, the discovery of large diamonds is very 
 rare. On an average of 10,000 stones, there will not 
 be one of eighteen carats found. The largest which 
 has ever been found in the Brazils is the Star of the 
 South, which, when rough, weighed 254 carats. 
 
 When a sufficient quantity has been collected, the 
 diamonds are sent to Rio Janeiro ; and as the distance 
 is great, and the roads, lie through endless primeval 
 forests, the transit occupies a considerable period. In 
 Rio, the miner sells his gems to the merchant, who 
 ships them to Europe, or holds them, as the price and 
 demand may induce him to act. 
 
 Diamonds are also found in Borneo, in the mountain- 
 chain which, borders the great river Banger, massing in 
 rhe district of Jannah-L.iut. Here, as in other places,
 
 6 2 Carbonate, or Diamond Carbon. 
 
 they are accompanied by grains of gold. These mines 
 employ some 400 persons, and the search is conducted 
 in much the same manner as in other places. 
 
 Diamonds are also found in Sumatra, Java, and in 
 the Ural Mountains. 
 
 Crystals of diamond have been found in Australia, 
 but as yet of too isolated occurrence to warrant Australia 
 being classed as a diamond-producing country. 
 
 When parcels of rough diamonds arrive here, they 
 are sorted by an experienced person, and the various qua- 
 lities separated. The stones that have a natural point, 
 and which can be used for cutting glass, are first se- 
 lected, and the badly-shaped and defective pieces are 
 sent to be manufactured into roses ; the worst quality, 
 called " boart " granular and imperfectly crystallized, 
 and not infrequently worn by attrition into spherical 
 globules, being quite unfit for cutting is crushed into 
 powder and used for cutting and polishing other dia- 
 monds, rubies, etc., and for engraving on hard stones, 
 or other purposes. The "boart " is worth from 22.9. to 
 30$. per carat. 
 
 CARBONATE, OR DIAMOND CARBON. 
 The substance called carbonate is found in the pro- 
 vince of Bahia, and occurs, according to all accounts, 
 in sandstone of very old formation, apparently of the 
 same era as the gneiss and syenite rocks of Norway 
 and Greenland. Its hardness is identical with the 
 diamond, and its specific gravity 3-012 to 3'4i6; some
 
 Diamond Cutting and Polisking. 63 
 
 specimens show an imperfect crystalline structure of a 
 brownish-green opaque colour, others of a granular 
 structure, porous enough to resemble pumice-stone, 
 dense, very massive, and found sometimes in lumps as 
 large as a walnut. It is extremely hard, in some 
 cases, taking a polish equal to diamond, and appears to 
 be carbon imperfectly crystallized ; when burnt it leaves 
 a residue of clay and some other substances. It is used 
 in commerce in the form of powder to cut and polish 
 diamonds and other gems, and is worth a few shillings 
 per carat, according to the demand. Large quantities 
 are exported to Switzerland for polishing rubies used 
 in jewelling watches. It is said that specimens of this 
 substance have lately been discovered in Mexico. 
 
 When carbonate was first discovered, it might have 
 been purchased for a mere trifle ; but now, as stcted 
 above, it commands a large price, which continues to 
 increase with the demand. 
 
 This substance would appear to be the connecting 
 link between uncrystallized carbon and die diamond, 
 and a scientific examination of it might lead to impor- 
 tant results. 
 
 DIAMOND CUTTING AND POLISHING. 
 The transcendent brilliancy of the diamond, its trans- 
 parency and its refraction, are displayed very meagrely 
 in rough stones. In order to render them susceptible 
 of employment as personal ornaments, they must un- 
 dergo the processes of cutting and polishing, which brng
 
 64 Diantond Cutting and Polishing. 
 
 out the latent beauty in its true light j and, in fact, on 
 the regularity of the facets and the perfect polish de- 
 pends the value of the stone, nearly as much as on the 
 original material ; for, although no art can render a 
 yellow brilliant white, still the purest stone, cut by un- 
 skilful hands, remains a dull mass, without life or lustre. 
 
 It is generally supposed that Louis van Berghem, or 
 Berguem, was the first discoverer of the art of cutting 
 and polishing diamonds by their own powder, in 1456 ; 
 but this must be somewhat inaccurate, as already in 
 1373 the Emperor Charles had the clasp of his cloak 
 ornamented with diamonds ; and in church ornaments 
 of even earlier date, were set diamonds with a table and 
 four ground edges, and with the lower part cut as a 
 four-sided pyramid. 
 
 In the inventory of the effects of the Duke of Anjou, 
 made between the years 1360 and 1368, there is men- 
 tioned a diamond cut into the form of a shield. As yet, 
 however, the mode of cutting was rude, and added 
 scarcely at all to the lustre of the diamond, causing it 
 to be ranked as less in value than many other gems. 
 
 In 1407, the art had made sensible progress under the 
 direction of a clever artificer named Herman ; and al- 
 though the stones were still imperfectly cut, yet they 
 must have had some lustre, as we find, that at an enter- 
 tainment given to the King of France by the Duke of 
 Burgundy, in 1410, the Duke of Burgundy gave away 
 ten diamonds, which were valued at four hundred gold 
 crowns, a considerable sum in those days.
 
 NASSAC DIAMOND 
 89 J /* &* 
 
 DRESDEN GREEN 
 BRILLIANT 
 
 
 THE FLORENTINE BRILLIANT SIDE VIEW
 
 Diamond Cutting and Polishing. 65 
 
 In 1456, Louis van Berghem, who had studied in 
 Paris, discovered the art of cutting the diamond into 
 regular facets ; this discovery made so complete a revo- 
 lution in the trade, that he was regarded as the parent 
 of the art of diamond cutting, and he established in 
 Bruges a guild of diamond cutters. In the year 1475 
 he made the first trial of his improved mode of cutting 
 upon three large rough stones which were confided to 
 his care by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. The 
 largest was the stone known as the Sancy, which was 
 lost in the disastrous fight of Granson ; the second 
 came into the possession of Pope Sixtus IV. ; and the 
 third, which was cut in the form of a triangle, was set in 
 a ring, and was given to the faithless Louis XI. Robert 
 van Berghem relates that his grandfather Louis received 
 3000 ducats for cutting these three stones. The pupils 
 of Berghem established themselves in Antwerp and 
 Amsterdam, leaving Bruges on account of the intole- 
 rance of the priests. Cardinal Mazarin patronized this 
 industry greatly ; he caused the diamonds in the French 
 crown to be re-cut, and they obtained thence the name 
 of the twelve Mazarins. 
 
 In the inventory of the French Crown jewels in 
 1774, the number 349 is described as the tenth Mazarin 
 'it is not known what has become of the rest. 
 
 The powerful protection of the Cardinal, and his 
 example, caused a taste for these jewels to pervade all 
 classes: and it is recorded that at this period Paris 
 possessed seventy-five diamond cutters, who were well 
 
 r
 
 66 Diamond Cutting arid Polishing. 
 
 employed. Later, however, the trade declined, and 
 from this date it seems gradually to have taken firm root 
 in Amsterdam, where it still continues one of the prin- 
 cipal branches of industry, and more than fifteen-six- 
 teenths of die diamonds found are now cut there. 
 
 The so-called double cutting, " Brillants recoupes," 
 was introduced by Vincent! Peruggi, or Peruzzi, at 
 Venice, about the end of the seventeenth century. In 
 England there used to be several cutters, who were re- 
 nowned for the excellence and perfection of their work, 
 and whose diamonds, still called old English, fetch a 
 much larger price than any others. As in everything 
 else, however, the reduction of the price of labour pro- 
 duced a corresponding falling off in the quality of work- 
 manship. This trade in England is now nearly extinct. 
 
 In India, where numbers of diamonds are still cut, 
 the work is rough and defective, as the natives, with 
 the mistaken idea of enhancing the value of their 
 gems, leave them as heavy in weight as possible} 
 often preserving the natural shape of the stone, and 
 disregarding one of the first rules of diamond cutting, 
 that over- as well as under-weight detracts from the 
 value of the stone ; and ignoring the fact, that a dia- 
 mond weighing, for example, seven carats, with only the 
 spread of five carats, is worth only the price of a five- 
 carat stone. 
 
 Of late years, the lapidaries have adopted a very in- 
 judicious method of cutting, leaving the stone, from the 
 girdle to the culet, round, instead of angular, thus de-
 
 Diamond Cutting. . 67 
 
 tractmg from the play of the diamond ; and, although 
 increasing the weight of the polished stone obtain- 
 able from a given quantity of rough material, producing 
 an inferior lustre and brilliancy ; added to which, the 
 edges of the stones, which should be sharp as a knife- 
 blade, are left blunt and often quite rough, which 
 causes a greyish appearance and detracts from the so- 
 called " play " of the stone. 
 
 In Amsterdam this branch of industry occupies se- 
 veral thousand persons, mostly of the Jewish religion. 
 The largest mills there are those of Mr. Coster, em- 
 ploying from 500 to 600 workmen. To this firm was 
 entrusted the cutting of the Koh-i-Noor, after the 
 Exhibition of 1851, and, later, the stone called the Star 
 of the South. 
 
 Diamond Culling. 
 
 By the operation of cutting, the natural crust of the 
 diamond is removed, and the stone is formed into the 
 shape required. In order to cut a diamond, two stones 
 are employed, which are fastened into two sticks, the 
 tops being filled with cement, into which each dia- 
 mond is inserted, leaving exposed the part to be cut. 
 The workman, who has leathern gloves on his hands, 
 as well as a leathern stall on the right thumb, takes a 
 stick in each hand, and leaning them against two up- 
 right pieces of iron, fastened on the edge of the 
 cutting-bench, rubs the two diamonds together until 
 he has produced a flat even surface (which is a facet),
 
 68 Diamond Polishing 
 
 instead of the concave or convex form of the natural 
 stone. The dust or diamond powder which falls is re- 
 ceived in a square box, containing oil, and the powder 
 is burnt before being used, to free it from the particles of 
 cement that become mixed with it. By this means two 
 facets are cut on two different stones at the same time. 
 During the cutting, the workman examines the facets 
 by means of moistening the stone with the tongue, 
 first taking care to remove any powder with a camel's- 
 hair pencil. When the facet is formed, the cement is 
 heated, and the diamond taken out, and replaced so as 
 to expose a different surface until the cutting is com- 
 pleted. It must be understood that by this opera- 
 tion only the general outline of the form is made. A 
 stone which would have when quite completed fifty- 
 eight facets, including the table and culet, receives in 
 cutting only eighteen, eight of which are the surfaces 
 of an octahedron or double pyramid, and are formed 
 by the taking away eight edges or angles of these 
 eight surfaces, one for the whole table, and one for the 
 culct. 
 
 Diamond Polishing. 
 
 By the next process the diamond is not only polished, 
 but the remaining facets are formed. This is done 
 by means of diamond powder, on a steel disk, called 
 " skaif," which is made to revolve at a very high degree 
 of velocity, by means of steam- or horse-power. These 
 wheels, or "skaifs," are prepared in the following man-
 
 Diamond Polishing. 69 
 
 ner : The surface of the metal is rubbed with an ordi- 
 nary whetstone, in such a direction as to form tangents 
 of a circle, whose diameter is about a third of that of 
 the " skaif." By this means the whole surface becomes 
 covered with deep indentations, or scratches. Then a 
 fine hone or Turkey stone is rubbed over again in the 
 direction of the diameter, until the former marks are 
 nearly obliterated ; and by the crossing of the scratches 
 a kind of soft grain is formed, which makes the metal 
 fit to receive and retain the diamond powder, which is 
 then spread on the skaif with olive oil, and the flat 
 surface of a finished diamond held against it whilst 
 in motion j by these means the powder is forced into 
 the wheel. 
 
 The diamond to be polished is then inserted into a 
 stick having a handle made of brass, with a hollow 
 top filled with solder, into which the diamond is 
 pressed whilst melting, and then allowed to cool ; the 
 diamond is thus fixed in its proper position. Of course, 
 when one facet of the stone is polished, the solder must 
 be melted, and the stone removed and replaced in an- 
 other position. 
 
 This process completes at the same time the required 
 shape of the diamond, and gives the necessary polish 
 when the stone is ready for use. The work, as may be 
 supposed, demands the greatest nicety : the least inat- 
 tention or irregularity may spoil the stone ; and when 
 the minuteness of the facets required on a stone, some 
 of which are so small that a thousand only weigh one
 
 70 Diamond Crushing. 
 
 carat, Is considered, it will be readily understood that 
 this process demands workmen skilled in a high degree. 
 
 The stones which, from their formation, are not 
 adapted for the double cutting, as well as the splinters 
 from other diamonds, are made into single cut, a 
 description of which is given hereafter. The rest are 
 cut into brilliants or roses, of which the finest are sorted 
 out for this country, die second quality sent to the Paris 
 market, and the inferior descriptions to South America, 
 Poland, Turkey, etc. 
 
 The best and most experienced judges are however 
 unable to determine with certainty what any stone will 
 be when polished, as, in the process of cutting, flaws 
 and imperfections are often laid bare, which go much 
 deeper than the appearance of the rough diamond 
 would predict ; and, on the other hand, the colour, ap- 
 parent in the rough stone, is sometimes found to arise 
 from the presence of flaws or specks, which are re- 
 moved in cutting, thus leaving the stone white. 
 
 Diamond Crushing. 
 
 In order to reduce the boart to powder, it is placed 
 in a steel crushing-mortar, fitted with an air-tight 
 pestle j this, when struck violently with a hammer, 
 reduces the stone into splinters ; it is then put into a 
 hardened steel mortar, with a little olive oil, to prevent 
 the powder from flying about. The pestle, also a 
 piece of hardened steel, is placed on it, and it is struck
 
 Diamond Splitting. 7 * 
 
 by a hammer, at the same time moving the pestle about 
 until the whole of the fragments are completely crushed 
 into an impalpable powder, which as well as the powder 
 rubbed off in the cutting process previously described, is 
 (when burnt to remove the oil) of a grey colour, and 
 is worth from i6.. to i8s. per carat. 
 
 Diamond Splitting. 
 
 The splitting or cleavage of diamonds has a double 
 purpose, namely, the removal of defective parts, fis- 
 sures, or specks in the stone, and the formation of 
 facets in the rough. This operation is only applied to 
 a diamond when its natural form does not admit of its 
 being cut in the regular way without a great expen- 
 diture of time and labour. Stones of a rhombic do- 
 decahedral form are nearly round, and the cutting is 
 immensely shortened by splitting the facets from the 
 rough; sometimes "usable" pieces are split off. 
 
 The workman must have an exact knowledge of the 
 structure and cleavage of the diamond, and as the 
 form of the brilliant corresponds nearly with that of 
 the octahedron or dodecahedron, the natural direction 
 of cleavage much assists the lapidary. In order to 
 split a diamond it is fastened into a stick, the top 
 of which contains cement, and the part required to 
 be split off is left uncovered} to avoid missing the 
 proper plane of cleavage, a line is scratched on the 
 surface with another diamond, to mark the exact
 
 72 Forms of Diamonds. 
 
 place. To make this line, three diamonds are used 
 successively : the first a complete crystal, which marks 
 out the direction ; then a sharp splinter, to deepen the 
 impression, and lastly a very fine splinter, to make a 
 very deep mark. The cement-stick is placed upright 
 in a piece of lead fastened to the workman's bench, 
 a very fine knife is then inserted in the mark made, and 
 the stone is split by a smart blow from the hammer. 
 
 There are some stones difficult to be split, and which 
 are sawn with fine iron-wires fitted in a saw-bow, and 
 anointed with diamond powder and olive oil. The 
 same is sometimes done with large stones, on which the 
 risk of splitting is too great to be incurred, or where 
 the natural cleavage direction would reduce the size 
 too much. 
 
 NAMES OF DIFFERENT FORMS INTO WHICH 
 DIAMONDS ARE CUT. 
 
 CUM. 
 
 Side View of side V i e w of Dia- Side View of Double- 
 
 Rough Diamond. mond Partially Cut. Cut Diamond. 
 
 The woodcut annexed shows, first, a side view of a 
 diamond in its natural state ; next, when its upper and 
 lower facets, which are called respectively the table 
 and the culet, are made, the broadest part or edge of
 
 THE ORLOFF 
 
 DROP SHAPED BRILLIANT 76> 2 CTS. 
 
 S'/,-,.,j,, ,,y ,. ',-/<>,
 
 The Double-Cut Brilliant. 
 
 73 
 
 the stone being the girdle. The space from the upper 
 part or table to the girdle is called the bezil or bizil ; 
 that from the girdle to the lower part, the pavilion. 
 The facets on the bezil touching the table and form- 
 ing triangles, are called star-facets ; those touching the 
 girdle are called skill-facets ; and the lozenge-shaped 
 facets touching both table and girdle, are formed by the 
 meeting of the star and skill facets. The triangular 
 facets touching the girdle of the under part are the 
 under skill-facets ; the culet is square or octagonal. 
 
 of Double-Cut Brilliant. 
 
 3 
 
 Hack View of Double-Cut Brilliant. 
 3 
 
 t. The Table. 
 '. The Girdle. 
 "d. The Pavilioi 
 
 I. The Star Facets. 
 c. The Skill Facets, 
 o. The Culet. 
 
 h. The Lower Sides. 
 
 /. The Under-Skill Facets 
 
 The double-cut brilliant is the most common form 
 at the present day. The general form of the rough 
 diamond is of two pyramids joined at the base: if a 
 diamond is not naturally of this form, it must be made 
 so by art; and in order to produce the table, there 
 must be taken away from the upper pyramid five- 
 eighteenths, and from the lower one-eighteenth of the 
 total thickness. The upper or flat part is called 
 the table, and from thence to the girdle or centre
 
 74. The Single-Cut Brilliant. 
 
 edge, and broadest part of the stone, are facets, called 
 star-facets; from the girdle to the lower or pointed 
 part, called the culet, and which is nearly pointed, 
 are facets, called skill-facets. These facets meet in 
 the middle of each side of the table and girdle, .and 
 also at the corners, forming regular lozenges on the 
 four upper sides or corners of the stone. The tri- 
 angular facets, on the under side from the culet to 
 the girdle, must be half as deep again as the upper or 
 star facets. The thickness of the stone should be in 
 this proportion, from the table to the girdle one-third, 
 and from the girdle to the culet two-thirds of the total 
 thickness ; the diameter of the table four-ninths of that 
 of the girdle, the culet one-fifth of the table. The 
 girdle of the stone should be of the same dimensions 
 as the thickness or depth. A stone, if well cut, should 
 have a very thin edge at the girdle ; and any overweight 
 or substance retained to make a diamond heavier, only 
 detracts from its play or beauty. 
 
 Front View. Side Vie* 
 
 Single-Cut Diamond. 
 
 The Single-Cut Brilliant. 
 
 Jn this form of cutting the table is square and there 
 are sixteen triangular facets touching it on the girdle ,
 
 The Table Diamond. 
 
 75 
 
 the under part has (touching the girdle) twelve triangular 
 facets, and underneath them eight long facets, making 
 altogether thirty-eight facets. This is the old form of 
 cutting. 
 
 Old English Single-Cut. 
 
 The old English single-cut, also called star single-cut, 
 has, however, the table cut in the form of a star, like 
 the above illustration. 
 
 Table Diamond. 
 Front View. 
 
 Table Diamond. 
 Side View. 
 
 The Table Diamond. 
 
 This form, which is occasionally seen on diamonds 
 dismounted from old ornaments and stones coming from 
 India, consists simply of a table, a culet, and eight or 
 sometimes sixteen facets. 
 
 The Rose Diamond. 
 
 This mode of cutting differs from that of the bril- 
 liant, in that, instead of a pointed culet, the under part 
 of the rose is quite flat, and the upper terminates in a
 
 76 The Rose Diamond. 
 
 point. The work on the stone consists of triangles, 
 whose apices meet at the point or crown of the rose, 
 and which are called the star-facets. The bases of these 
 
 Bose Diamond. 
 Side View. 
 
 touch another row of triangles reversed, so as together 
 to form lozenges ; and the apices of these under tri- 
 angles touch the girdle of the stone, leaving spaces 
 which are each cut into two facets. To be well pro 
 portioned, the depth of the stone must be half the 
 diameter of its under side ; the diameter of the crown, 
 three-fifths of the diameter of the base ; and the per- 
 pendicular, from the base to the crown, three-fifths of 
 the depth of the stone. 
 
 The round form is the most adapted for this mode 
 of cutting, as this shape is much easier to cut well, and 
 when skilfully treated has a great deal of fire. Roses 
 are frequently cut drop-shaped, oval, and, indeed, any 
 form of which the rough piece admits, care always 
 being taken that the least waste of material is effected. 
 
 The rose diamond is frequently cut with many less 
 facets, particularly those called Antwerp roses 5 but
 
 The Bnlliolette, or Briolei. 77 
 
 these are much less brilliant, and are only used for the 
 commoner kind of work. 
 
 Rose diamonds have been unfashionable for a long 
 time, being superseded by the brilliant form ; lately, 
 however, many persons have been purchasing and wear- 
 ing rose diamonds, as the same amount of display is 
 thereby secured at less than half the cost of the brilliant. 
 
 The Brilliotette, or Briolet. 
 
 In this mode of cutting, die diamond is formed exactly 
 like two rose diamonds, joined together at the base ; this 
 is a very beautiful form, particularly for pendeloques ; 
 but these stones are very rarely met with.
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OF LARGE DIAMONDS. 
 
 THE BRAGANZA. 
 
 HE Braganza forms part of die Portuguese 
 crown jewels. It was found in 1741, in 
 Brazil; its weight is 1880 carats, but 
 great doubts exist of its being a dia- 
 mond. Indeed, many persons imagine it to be a white 
 topaz ; but, as the Portuguese government will not 
 suffer it to be examined, it is difficult to ascertain any 
 facts regarding it. 
 
 THE MATTAM DIAMOND. 
 
 This diamond belongs to the Rajah of Mauam, in 
 Borneo. It is of pure water, weighs 367 carats, and 
 is of a pear-shaped form, indented at the thick end. 
 It was found about the year 1760 at Landak, in 
 Borneo, and has been the cause of a sanguinary war.
 
 The Koh-i-Noor 79 
 
 It still, however, remains in the possession of the 
 Rajah of Mattam. The Dutch governor of Batavia 
 offered two gunboats, with stores and ammunition com- 
 plete, and ,^50,000 for it; but the offer was refused, 
 the rajah replying, that on its possession depended the 
 fortunes of his family. 
 
 THE KoH-i-NooR. 
 
 The history of this gem has been so often told, that 
 it would be superfluous to give any lengthened notice 
 of it. The Hindoo accounts deduce it from the time 
 of the god Krischna. We know, however, for a cer- 
 tainty, that it was in the treasury of Delhi, and was 
 taken at the conquest of that city by Ala-ed-Din. 
 Thence it came into the possession of the Sultan 
 Baber, of the Mogul dynasty, in 1526. This prince 
 esteemed it at the sum of the daily maintenance of the 
 whole world. The jewel was seen by Tavernier 
 among the jewels of Aurengzebe ; it had however been 
 reduced by the unskilfulness of Hortensio Borgio from 
 793 carats to 186 carats, the weight it possessed at the 
 Exhibition of 1851. The Emperor Aurengzebe was 
 so incensed, that he refused to pay Borgio the sum 
 agreed on for the cutting, confiscated the whole of his 
 possessions, and with great difficulty was persuaded to 
 leave him his head. 
 
 Nadir Shah, the conqueror of India, obtained by 
 means of an artful trick, possession of this stone, and 
 from the hands of his descendants it passed into the
 
 80 Account of Isorge Diamonds. 
 
 possession of Achmed Shah. His son, Shah Sujah, 
 was in turn forced to deliver it into the hands of Run- 
 jeet Singh. After die capture of Lahore, at the time 
 of the Sikh mutiny, it fell into the hands of the Bri- 
 tish troops, who presented it to Her Majesty Queen 
 Victoria, on the 3rd June, 1850. 
 
 This brilliant was shown at the Exhibition of 1851 5 
 it then had an irregular form, with several hollows in 
 its sides and base, and showed clear traces of natural 
 cleavage planes. There were also several fissures, or 
 cavities, in its surface. It was shown to several of the 
 first scientific men of the day, Sir David Brewster among 
 the number, who were of opinion that the stone pre- 
 sented great difficulties in the way of cutting. After 
 much consideration, it was entrusted to Mr. Coster, of 
 Amsterdam, who expressed himself confident as to the 
 result of re-cutting ; and the event proved the correct- 
 ness of his judgment, for the stone, although of less 
 weight than before, possesses nearly the same size, and, 
 instead of being a lustreless mass, scarcely better than 
 rock-crystal, it has become a brilliant, matchless foi 
 purity and fire. 
 
 This diamond now weighs 106^5- carats, and forms 
 part of the crown jewels of England. 
 
 THE CUMBERLAND DIAMOND. 
 
 The sum of ^"10,000 was paid for this stone by the 
 City of London, who presented it to the Duke of 
 Cumberland after the battle of Culloden. It was one
 
 The Regent or Pitt Diamond. 8 1 
 
 of the stones claimed by the crown of Hanover, and 
 recently has been restored by Her Majesty Queen 
 Victoria. It weighs 32 carats. 
 
 THE ORLOFF DIAMOND. 
 
 This diamond is set in the sceptre of the Czars of 
 Russia. It weighs 194^ carats ; like the Koh-i-Noor, it 
 has the underside flat, and is rose-cut. 
 
 This diamond is supposed to have formed one of the 
 eyes of an idol in a Brahmin temple. It is also said to 
 have been set in the famous peacock-throne of Nadir 
 Shah. Be its origin what it may, it is certain that it 
 was stolen by a Frenchman, who sold it in Malabar for 
 5^2800. It was purchased by the Armenian Schaffras, 
 who sold it to the Empress Catherine II., in the year 
 1774, for 450,000 roubles, a pension of 20,000 roubles, 
 and a patent of nobility. It is now placed in the Rus- 
 sian Imperial sceptre. 
 
 THE POLAR STAR. 
 
 Remarkable purity and brilliancy are the characteris- 
 tics of this diamond, preserved among the Russian Crown 
 jewels. At one period it was owned in this country. 
 
 THE SHAH. 
 
 Cosroes, the son of Abbas Mirza, presented this 
 diamond to the Emperor of Russia. It weighs eighty- 
 six carats, and is perfectly pure and free from blemish.
 
 82 Account of Lai ge Diamonds. 
 
 It is engraved with a Persian inscription, and has a 
 groove cut into its edge. 
 
 THE REGENT OR PITT DIAMOND. 
 This jewel forms part of the French crown jewels. 
 Its weight is i36f. It was bought by the Duke of 
 Orleans, then Regent of France, of Pitt, the Governor 
 of. Fort St. George, in the year 1717, for ^135,000. 
 When rough, the stone weighed 410 carats, and the 
 cutting cost a20oo. Pitt had purchased this stone in 
 Golconda, of Jamelchund, a Hindoo merchant, as he 
 informs us in a pamphlet published to clear himself 
 from the reports made about his having stolen it. Pope 
 mentions it : 
 
 " Asleep and naked as the Indian lay, 
 An honest factor stole the gem away." 
 
 The Man of Ross. 
 
 This diamond was stolen from the Garde Meuble, in 
 1792, but was restored m a mysterious manner. Its 
 cutting cost 563500, and occupied two years. The Em- 
 peror Napoleon I. wore it in the pommel of his sword. 
 It was shown at the French Exhibition of 1855. 
 
 THE EUGENIE BRILLIANT. 
 
 The Empress Eugenie possesses a perfect brilliant of 
 fifty-one carats, of an oval shape, blunt at one end, very 
 beautifully cut. It was purchased some years ago, b> 
 the Emperor Napoleon III.
 
 The Florentine and Sancy I)iamonds. 83 
 
 THE FLORENTINE BRILLIANT. 
 This brilliant belongs to the Emperor of Austria. It 
 weighs 139! carats ; it is of a yellowish colour, is rather 
 thick, and is covered with facets like a rose diamond, 
 being pointed both at top and bottom. The stone is sup- 
 posed to be one of those lost at the battle of Granson, 
 by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. It was found 
 by a Swiss soldier, who sold it to a priest for one florin. 
 It was then sold by a Genoese merchant to Ludovic 
 Sforza, Duke of Milan, and afterwards came into the 
 possession of Pope Julius II., who gave it to the -then 
 Emperor of Austria. 
 
 THE SANCV. 
 
 This diamond is of an almond shape, and weighs 53! 
 carats. The stone was found on the body of the Duke 
 of Burgundy, and was afterwards, in 1479, bought by 
 the King of Portugal. In 1489, he sold it to Nicolas de 
 Barly, Baron de Sancy, from whom it derives its name. 
 Sancy sent it to the King as a present, by the hand of a 
 servant, who being attacked by robbers, swallowed the 
 stone, and after his death the stone was found in his 
 body. It finally came into the hands of James II. of 
 England, who sold it to Louis XIV., for ^25,000. In 
 the French Revolution it disappeared, along with the 
 renowned blue diamond which, strange to say, has 
 never reappeared. Some years later the Sancy was sold 
 to Prince Paul Demidoff.
 
 84 Account of Large Diamonds. 
 
 THE PASHA OF EGYPT. 
 
 As its name denotes, this brilliant belongs or did be- 
 long to Ibrahim Pasha. It weighs forty carats ; is of octa- 
 gonal form, and is brilliant cut ; it is of very good quality 
 and lively. 
 
 THE NASSAK, OR NASSAC, DIAMOND. 
 This diamond weighs 78f, and before its recutting by 
 order of the proprietor, the Marquis of Westminster, 
 weighed Spf- carats. It is of triangular form, with 
 rounded facets, and was sold to Rundell and Bridge, in 
 1818, by the East India Company. Originally it was 
 taken by the Marquis of Hastings at the conquest of the 
 Deccan. When Messrs. Rundell and Bridge retired 
 from business it was sold by auction. 
 
 THE PIGGOTT DIAMOND. 
 
 Late in the last century this diamond was sold by 
 lottery for the sum of ^"30,000 j it was subsequently 
 bought by Rundell and Bridge for ^6000. The weight 
 is 82^ carats. It was afterwards sold to the Pasha of 
 Egypt for ^"30,000. The present possessor is not 
 known. 
 
 THE HOPE DIAMOND. 
 
 This brilliant, formerly the property of the late Mr. 
 Hope, is of a most brilliant sapphire-blue colour, and is 
 unique of its kind. It weighs 44^ carats, is of an oval
 
 Mr. Dresden's Diamond. 85 
 
 form, and is a well -cut and good-proportioned stone. 
 Since the disappearance of the French blue diamond, 
 it is the most beautiful and important blue diamond in 
 existence. At the Exhibition of 1851, it was univer- 
 sally admired. 
 
 THE STAR OF THE SOUTH. 
 
 This brilliant was found hi 1853 at Bogagem, in the 
 province of Minas Geraes, by a negro. When rough, 
 it weighed 254^ carats, but since the cutting only 125 
 carats. It is of an oval form, and was cut by, and is 
 the property of Mr. Coster, of Amsterdam. The fire 
 is considerable, and although not perfectly white and 
 pure, it is one of the finest large diamonds extant. At 
 the Exhibition of 1862, it was exhibited in the Dutch 
 department. 
 
 OTHER LARGE DIAMONDS. 
 
 One of the finest large diamonds at present in the 
 market, is a drop-shaped diamond, in the possession of 
 Mr. Dresden, a City merchant; it is perfectly pure, free 
 from defects, and has extraordinary play and brilliancy, 
 indeed the quality of the stone is superior to the Koh-i- 
 noor; the weight is /6j carats. It was lately found in 
 the Brazils. 
 
 Besides those specified here, there exist several very 
 large diamonds amongst the treasures of various coun- 
 tries. In the Russian treasury is a brilliant red diamond 
 of 10 carats, bought by Paul I. for 100,000 roubles.
 
 86 Value of Diamonds. 
 
 [n the " Grime Gewb'lbe," at Dresden, is a green dia- 
 mond, of 4.8^ carats, and of the most remarkable 
 beauty, which belonged to Augustus the Strong. 
 
 The crown of Portugal possesses one of 138 \ carats, 
 which was found in the river Abai'te, in Brazil, by three 
 convicts. The Brazilian government also possesses some 
 very large and curious stones. The Grand Duke of 
 Tuscany has one of a most beautiful blue, faceted all 
 over. The Sultan of Turkey has two, one of 84, one 
 of 147 carats in weight. In the interior oi Tndia, Pegu, 
 and China, there are said to exist some very large dia- 
 monds, but we have as yet no authentic particulars 
 of them. 
 
 ON THE VALUE OF DIAMONDS. 
 
 The diamond occupies the highest rank amongst 
 precious stones, and possesses an intrinsic value in 
 almost every part of the globe. The discrimination of 
 the various qualities, colours, etc., which exercise an 
 immense influence over its value, is however difficult, 
 and requires a long experience ; but it is easy for the 
 most inexperienced to ascertain whether a diamond be 
 perfect or not, so that die undermentioned particulars, 
 and a comparison with the Table of Value and plate of 
 Sizes, will enable such persons to arrive at the value of any 
 particular stone if it be white and free from defect, 
 although it will not enable them to value inferior or 
 defective gems. 
 
 The value of the rough diamond is calculated at half
 
 Value of Diamonds. 87 
 
 its weight, as it is supposed to lose fifty per cent, in 
 cutting and polishing ; and the price of cutting may be 
 estimated at about 155. per carat. The value depends 
 on the colour, size, and form of crystals, and for stones 
 under two carats in weight ranges from sGz los. to 
 $ per carat. Great caution must be exercised in pur- 
 chasing rough diamonds, as parcels frequently contain 
 colourless spinels, which have a similar form, pieces of 
 quartz, topaz, etc. 
 
 For the valuation of polished diamonds, the only 
 Tables used in the trade are those made by Jeffries, 
 1750, which are based on the assumption that a dia- 
 mond increases in value in proportion to its weight, 
 in the ratio to the square of its weight, that is to say, 
 supposing the value of a one-carat stone be g8, one 
 of two carats will be worth 2 X 2 X 8=^*32 ; and he 
 continues the same mode of calculation up to stones 
 of 100 carats. Possibly these Tables may have been 
 correct in his time, but from various causes the price 
 of diamonds has enormously increased during die 
 last twenty years on all stones below five carats in 
 weight, although not so in the larger sizes, or at all 
 events in anything like the same proportion. Diamonds 
 follow the same laws which govern the value of every 
 other commodity those of supply and demand and as 
 the production of these gems has diminished, and die 
 number of wearers greatly increased, die price has gone 
 on augmenting, and no doubt will continue to augment, 
 unless some unforeseen occurrence, such as die disco-
 
 88 lvalue of Diamonds. 
 
 very of a new diamond mine, or other source of large 
 production, takes place. 
 
 The number of persons able and willing to invest the 
 sum of money required for the purchase of large stones 
 has not increased in anything like the same proportion, 
 and therefore their value has not advanced in the same 
 ratio as the smaller sizes. It is impossible to lay down 
 any rule by which to calculate the value according to any 
 arbitrary connection with the weight ; as any particular 
 size is in demand or not, so does that size augment in price 
 or diminish ; for instance, at the present moment a per- 
 fect one-carat stone is worth ^18, but a five-carat stone 
 is not worth 450, which is the value it would have 
 according to Jeffries, but 5^320, and so on. 
 
 It is, therefore, a matter of infinite difficulty to fix a 
 price which shall be a reliable one both to buyer and 
 seller, and the prices given in the Table accompanying 
 this book are the market prices of the present day, sub- 
 ject, however, to the same changes as other articles, 
 although, from the scarcity of the rough material, and 
 increasing demand, they seem likely still further to rise. 
 
 For a diamond to be worth the price fixed against it 
 in my table, it must possess the following qualifica- 
 tions : 
 
 i . It must be perfectly free from the faintest tinge of 
 colour of any sort; from any flaws, specks, marks, or 
 fissures in any partj must be bright and lively, and free 
 from what is technically called ' milk' or ' salt,' which are 
 semi-opaque imperfections in the body of the stone. In
 
 lvalue of Diamonds. 89 
 
 order to ascertain this, it is sufficient to breathe on the 
 stone, when any defect or colour will be apparent. It 
 is necessary to look at a stone on all sides, as a defect 
 may exist which is not visible in looking at the table. 
 
 2. The stone must be well proportioned and properly 
 cut, and be of the size shown in die annexed plate. 
 The culet must be one-sixth of the size of the table, 
 from the table to the girdle must be one-third, and 
 from the girdle to the culet two-thirds of the whole 
 thickness of the stone. The size of the table should be 
 four-ninths of the extreme size of the stone ; any dia- 
 mond having its substance otherwise divided, is badly 
 proportioned, and therefore worth less than a properly 
 proportioned stone. 
 
 The value of stones above five carats is not attempted 
 to be given, as it is impossible to fix it with any accuracy, 
 this depending entirely on the demand for any particular 
 size, and the supply in the market. With regard to 
 very large stones, their price is always a matter of nego- 
 tiation, independent of any market rates, and in a great 
 measure depending on the necessity of the seller, and 
 the desire of the buyer. 
 
 When a diamond has a very decided colour, such as 
 blue, red, green, &c., it is called a fancy stone, and will 
 bring a most exorbitant price. A stone of five grains, 
 of a brilliant emerald-green, for which if white not 
 more than ^28 could be obtained, has been known to 
 sell for 36*3205 and the price could readily be obtained 
 again, did the possessor wish to part with it.
 
 90 lvalue of Diamonds. 
 
 The terms, FIRST WATER, SECOND WATER, etc., mean 
 only first and second quality. Diamonds when perfect 
 should be clear as a drop of the purest water j and they 
 are described as second or third water when more or 
 less clear, until decidedly yellow or brown, when they 
 are termed coloured. The value of coloured brilliants 
 under one carat, is from a?4 to ] per carat, depend 
 ing on the degree of tinge ; but, as it requires the judg- 
 ment of a practised eye to estimate the difference of the 
 shade, and consequently of value, it would be useless to 
 give any closer valuation. 
 
 The value of stones of the first quality, of a less 
 weight than two grains, isa^io to aio. los. per carat, 
 the second quality aS8. 155. per carat, the third ^7. IQS. 
 per carat. 
 
 The plates of sizes given in this work are drawn ac- 
 cording to the rules laid down. Unfortunately, the dia- 
 mond cutters of the present day turn their attention more 
 to the production of the greatest weight from a given 
 quantity of rough diamond, than to the production of per- 
 fectly-proportioned stones, for which reason we often 
 meet with stones weighing three carats whose proper 
 weight should be two, which renders them less valuable 
 and not nearly so brilliant as one of two carats properlv 
 cut. Any over or under-weight only detracts from its 
 beauty. 
 
 One great reason of the exorbitant prices sometimes 
 charged to the public, is generally owing to the igno- 
 rance of the retailers of the real value. Consequently,
 
 f^alue of Diamonds. 91 
 
 they are at the mercy of the merchant, who makes them 
 pay far more than the market value ; and to the inex- 
 perienced purchaser, the best security for obtaining a 
 fair value for his money will be found in this com- 
 modity as in any other in the knowledge and character 
 of the vendor. 
 
 Many fluctuations have taken place in the value of 
 this gem, since the discovery of the art of cutting it in 
 1457, which first gave it a value in Europe. At first 
 the imperfect communication with India, and the small 
 number of persons sufficiently wealthy to purchase them, 
 confined their possession to the princes and nobles of 
 the period. The value of money, also, was so much 
 greater in proportion to the prices of the staples of life, 
 that even if the values then obtained were known to us, 
 it would give but a faint idea of their prices in compari- 
 son with those of this day. In 1606, at a sale by auction 
 at Venice, of the effects of a great diamond merchant 
 named Giovanni Ricardo, the price of a diamond weigh- 
 ing one carat, as recorded by Portileone. in his work 
 called 'Shilti Hageborim,' was sSzi. 13,9. 4^.5 in the 
 year 1750, just before the discovery of the diamond 
 mines in the Brazils, the price of a stone of the same 
 weight was 68; and, in 1791^ the commission of 
 French jewellers, appointed by the National Convention 
 to value the Crown jewels, fixed the price of diamonds 
 of one carat (which we may infer were of fine quality) 
 at no more than s6. Before this time, however, the 
 importation of diamonds from Babia had lowered the
 
 92, falue of* Diamonds. 
 
 value still more, but the price of diamonds had then 
 risen in consequence of the uncertainties of life and pro- 
 perty in this time of trouble. After the fall of Napoleon, 
 and the peace that ensued, the price rose steadily until 
 the year 1848, when, on the outbreak of the revolution, 
 carat stones fell to between ^. and $ each, in conse- 
 quence of the large quantities that were suddenly 
 forced on the market. As in the previous revolution, 
 however, they quickly began to rise in value, and since 
 that time a steady rise of about ten per cent, per annum 
 has taken place, and in consequence of the production 
 of the diamond mines decreasing, and the desire for 
 this gem becoming more universal, another augmenta- 
 tion is expected. Annexed is a Table of the present 
 values, and following this is a Comparative Table of the 
 values of diamonds in the year 1606 and 1750, which 
 may prove of interest to those who desire to study the 
 history of precious stones, or who care to note the rise 
 and fall of prices, as fashion on the one hand, and sup- 
 ply on the other, arrecl the value ot commodities.
 
 THE PROPER SIZES OF WELL PROPORTIONED BRILLIANTS OF THE VARIOUS WEIGHTS. 
 
 The Black Lines underneath, shovrthe relative thickness each should "have, 
 and the ramd dots the si^e of the Culet/. 
 
 ic* 
 
 7C1 
 
 10
 
 Value of Brilliants. 93 
 
 TABLE SHOWING 
 VALUE OF BRILLIANTS UP TO FIVE CARATS. 
 
 The Prices given below are those of perfectly white and pure Bril- 
 liants, free from defects or Jlaics, of the proportions shown, and 
 liable to variation with the changes of the market, 
 
 Palue in 1865. 
 
 A Brilliant weighing of a carat ... 60 
 
 f ,, ...no 
 
 i . . . 21 o 
 
 ti .-- .35 o 
 
 ii ... 45 
 
 if ... 55 o 
 
 ,,2 . . . 80 O 
 
 2i ... 90 O 
 
 i\ ... no o 
 
 2-f- 1 2O O 
 
 3 H 
 
 3i ... 150 o 
 
 3i ... 175 o 
 
 3i ... 19 
 
 ,,4 . . . 220 o 
 
 4i ... 240 o 
 
 4i ... 300 o 
 
 4* . ... 330 o 
 
 5 35 
 
 Weight by which Diamonds and precious stones are 
 calculated. 
 
 4 grains i carat. 
 
 151^- carats i oz. troy.
 
 94 Value of Diamonds in 1606 and 1750. 
 
 000000000000000000 
 
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 111 
 
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 rt
 
 Value of Ease Diamonds. . 95 
 
 ROSE DIAMONDS. 
 
 Rose diamonds are so called on account of the form 
 in which they are cut, and were until lately but little 
 used, except in the smaller sizes, to place in settings where 
 the space or depth was too small to admit of a brilliant 
 being employed. The rose-cut diamond has however 
 lately again come into fashion, and the prejudice which 
 has been entertained against them arises in a great mea- 
 sure from the ignorance of the purchasers, who, when 
 told that such a stone is a rose, imagine it to be no dia- 
 mond, being unaware that roses and brilliants are iden- 
 tically the same stone cut into different forms. 
 
 The rose-cut diamond is very lively, and makes a 
 great display at a small cost, roses being manufactured 
 from pieces of "rough" which from their thinness are in- 
 capable of forming brilliants. They are infinitely more 
 lustrous than those stones called spread brilliants, 
 which, irom their want of depth, are lustreless and 
 glassy. The smaller sizes are sold in packets containing 
 generally 500, and have to be handled with great 
 care, as the breath suffices to blow them away, and the 
 delicate edges are very liable to break. They have 
 sometimes been made so small, as to require 1500 to 
 weigh one carat ; and, when the number of facets on 
 each is considered, the delicacy and minuteness of the 
 work may be imagined. 
 
 Roses are still sometimes used for watch jewelling, 
 but rubies are now preferred. Large rose diamonds
 
 96 Value of Rose Diamonds. 
 
 fluctuate considerably in value, and f jieir price can never 
 be depended upon. They are not much used or es- 
 teemed in Europe, and it would be impossible to give 
 any precise value, although they are supposed to be 
 worth as much as brilliants of the same weight. 
 
 The small rose diamonds, if under 40 to the carat, are 
 worth is. 6d. to 5*. each j above that size and up to one 
 carat, they fetch from gg. $s. to 11. us. the carat. 
 In the Green Vaults at Dresden, and in the treasure 
 chamber at Vienna, may be seen some very large and 
 fine rose diamonds. 
 
 THE BRILLIOLETTE, OR BRIOLET. 
 
 This is a beautiful form of diamond, but is so rarely 
 met with that it would be useless to give it any fixed 
 value. It is generally considered more valuable than a 
 brilliant of the same weight. 
 
 A description of Oie lorm fias alieaay been given.
 
 ON THE CUTTING OF COLOURED STONES 
 
 SHORT description of the mode of cut- 
 ting and polishing gems, and an explana- 
 tion of the shapes into which they are 
 cut, may prove of interest. 
 
 Lapidary's Bench and Wheel. 
 The accompanying woodcut shows a lapidary's bench
 
 98 The Cutting of Coloured Stones. 
 
 A is a handle which turns a large wheel on which runs 
 an endless band moving a smaller wheel, B, which turns 
 the disk or skaif, C, made of various metals at 
 a high rate of speed. The lapidary turns the handle 
 with one hand, and with the other, supported by the 
 rest, D, holds the gem to be cut (firmly inserted on a 
 cement-stick softened by heat) against the disk, which 
 is covered with the diamond-powder or emery, accord- 
 ing to the hardness of the stone. When one or two facets 
 are made, he again heats the cement, removes the stone, 
 and refixes it, exposing another part to the action of the 
 wheel until the stone Is completed ; for polishing, a 
 similar wheel of lead, zinc, or wood, is used with tripoli, 
 rottenstone, vitriol, or rouge. 
 
 The names of the various parts and facets of a co- 
 loured! stone are precisely the same as those of the dia- 
 mond. The forms of the brilliant, rose diamond, single- 
 cut diamond, etc., have been already described under 
 the head of " Diamond " it is therefore only necessary 
 to describe the following, which are shown in the wood 
 cuts. The first is the 
 
 Front V 
 
 The Trap or Step Cut. 
 This is the most usual, besides being the most advan-
 
 The Cutting of Coloured Stones. 99 
 
 tageous form of cutting emeralds and other coloured 
 stones. In this mode of cutting, the facets run longi- 
 tudinally round the stone from the table to the girdle, 
 and from the girdle to the culet. There are generally 
 only two or three steps from the table to the girdle, 
 whilst the number of steps from the girdle to the culet 
 depends on the thickness and depth of colour of the 
 stone. 
 
 The Mixed or Brilliant Top Ct 
 
 The Mixed or Brilliant Top Cui. 
 
 In tnis form the gem preserves the trap-cut up' to 
 the girdle, while the upper part has an elongated bril- 
 liant cut. 
 
 Front View. 
 Cabochon r ' 
 
 The Cabochon, or Tallow-Topped. 
 
 This form, which derives its name from the resem- 
 blance it bears to a drop of tallow, consists of two flat 
 
 H z
 
 I oo The Cutting of Loloured Stones. 
 
 arches, the upper one more arched than the under; 
 sometimes the edge and under side are faceted. 
 
 Back View. The Star Cut. Front View. 
 
 The Star Cut. 
 
 This form of cutting, which is only adapted for very 
 fine gems, requires the utmost nicety ; the table is hexa- 
 gonal, and exactly a fourth of the whole diameter of the 
 stone. From this table spring six equilateral triangles, 
 wnose apices touch the girdle, and these triangles, by 
 a prolongation of their points, form a star.
 
 THE RUBY, SAPPHIRE, ORIENTAL TOPAZ. 
 
 ETC. 
 
 Crystals of Ruby, Sapphire, etc. 
 
 LL the above stones are properly cotundums, 
 being identical in every particular but that 
 of colour, which difference may be said to 
 be the only cause of a change in the name- 
 The red sapphire is a ruby, the blue ruby a sapphire, th 
 yellow a topaz, etc. The name corundum itself is of Indiai. 
 origin, derived from the Sanskrit korund, and is applied 
 only to the opaque massive varieties, which, however, pre- 
 sent the characteristic hexagonal crystal, and are generally 
 of a dull colour. The first European to class all die varie-
 
 102, The Ruby. 
 
 ties of this gem under their proper names was Count 
 Bournon, in the year 1802. The Eastern nations had, 
 however, for several centuries adopted this classification. 
 
 A coarse variety of corundum is called emery, and is 
 largely used for polishing metals, gems, marbles, etc. 
 The principal source of this material is the island of 
 Naxos, although it is found in Cornwall, Spain, Italy, and 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 In the States of New York and New Jersey, red and 
 blue corundum is found in crystals, in a matrix of mica- 
 ceous limestone, accompanied by black spinels and other 
 gems j these crystals are perfectly opaque, and although 
 of a fine colour cannot be used for jewellery. They are of 
 small size, seldom exceeding an inch in length. 
 
 The first and more important variety is the Ruby, or 
 red sapphire, which is the most valuable of all gems 
 when of large size, good colour, and free from flaws, 
 exceeding even the diamond itself in value. The spe- 
 cific gravity is 3*9 to 4*1 ; its hardness is superior to any 
 known substance except the diamond, being numbered 
 9 in Mohs's scale. It is susceptible of electricity by 
 friction, and retains it for a considerable time. As will 
 be seen, it is composed of alumina, and coloured by 
 traces of metallic oxides, chrome, etc. : 
 
 Alumina 98-5 
 
 Oxide of Iron i'o 
 
 Lime o'5 
 
 The various analyses prove that it does not contain silica, 
 as has sometimes been erroneousiv stated.
 
 The Ruby. 103 
 
 The ruby as well as all other corundums is infusible 
 alone, but in combination with a flux melts with diffi- 
 culty into a clear glass. It is possessed of double refrac- 
 tion, although not to a very high degree. 
 
 According to mineralogists, the system of crystalliza- 
 tion to which all these stones belong is rhombohedral. 
 The cleavage is basal, or in other words, the crystal 
 breaks across the prisms with nearly a flat surface. 
 
 The lustre is vitreous. Occasionally specimens are 
 found asteriated, or possessed of a star in the direction of 
 the axis, the points of which terminate at the flat plane 
 of the hexagonal prism, in a section across it. 
 
 Rubies are found associated with sapphires, zircons, 
 spinels, oxide of tin, magnetic iron, rutile, topaz, etc., 
 sometimes in perfect crystals but slightly abraded, 
 taper at each end ; often the crystal exhibits various co- 
 lours, in section across the prism, perhaps blue at both 
 ends, and white and red in the centre, sometimes re- 
 versed, sometimes with yellow instead of red ; fre- 
 quently the blue passes into black, at the extremities of 
 the prism. These stones are usually found in hexagonal 
 rounded prisms, in layers in the earth, or beds of rivers 
 and streams, in various parts of the globe, never in a trans- 
 parent crystal in any rock matrix, although the opaque 
 variety of corundum called emery, is found in rocks in 
 many countries. Where rubies and sapphires are met 
 with, gold is almost sure to be present. 
 
 The finest rubies occur in the kingdom of Ava, in 
 Siam, in the Capelan Mountains, ten days' journey from
 
 104 The Ruby. 
 
 Syrian, a city in Pegu. They are also Ibund in Ceylon, 
 at Hohenstein on the Elbe, in the Rhine and Danube, 
 in Brazil, Hindustan, Borneo, Sumatra, in Australia, in 
 France, in the rivers Espailly in Auvergne and Iser in 
 Bohemia, etc. etc. 
 
 The ruby mines of Burmah, whence come the finest 
 stones, have long been known, and the king is said to 
 possess the rarest and most wonderful specimens. They 
 are worked by sinking shafts, until the ruby-producing 
 soil is met with, which occurs at various depths, some- 
 times within two feet of the surface, sometimes thirty 
 feet below it ; when this stratum is found it is followed 
 up until it becomes necessary to sink another shaft, or 
 until it is exhausted ; the stones found are almost always 
 small, and seldom free from defects j the rhombohedral 
 crystals are rarely perfect, and usually worn down into 
 rounded surfaces. These mines are rigorously guarded, 
 no European being allowed to approach them on any 
 pretence. They are a royal monopoly, and fine stones 
 can only be smuggled away, as the order is to retain all 
 for the king's treasury. When a particularly large and 
 fine stone is found, it is usual to send out a procession 
 of grandees with soldiers and elephants to meet it. One 
 of the titles of the king of Burmah is Lord of the Rubies. 
 
 In Ceylon, whence occasionally come some fine rubies, 
 they are found in the beds of rivers ; the blue variety, 
 the sapphire, is much more frequently met with, and the 
 crystals are generally found of a much larger size than 
 those found in Burmah.
 
 The Ruby. 105 
 
 Some specimens have lately arrived here from Austra- 
 lia, but they are not of good quality. 
 
 The colour of the ruby varies from the lightest rose- 
 tint to the deepest carmine. Those too dark or too 
 light are not esteemed. The most valuable tint is that 
 particular shade called by jewellers the " pigeon's blood,' ' 
 which is a pure deep rich red, without any admixture of 
 blue or yellow. 
 
 The stones called spinel and balas rubies are not ru- 
 bies at all, but belong to the class of spinels, a stone of 
 an entirely different nature, and form of crystallization. 
 Many of these stones are sold by fraud or error for the 
 true or Oriental ruby, but die difference may be easily 
 detected, both by the different specific gravity and hard- 
 ness. Several of die gems sold for Ceylon rubies are 
 spinels, and even many persons in die trade are not 
 aware of die difference. In 'ancient times die words 
 ruby and carbuncle were applied indiscriminately to all 
 red stones, and even now the words are frequendy ap- 
 plied to various gems. The tourmaline is called a Bra- 
 zilian ruby, when of a red colour ; the same term is also 
 occasionally given to the artificially coloured topaz. This 
 loose nomenclature is very apt to deceive the inex- 
 perienced, who imagine a ruby only to mean die oriental 
 corundum. Some very interesting experiments have 
 lately been made by chemists, who have succeeded in 
 forming by artificial means, minute crystals of a red 
 colour, of precisely the same form of crystallization, 
 and of equal hardness to die natural ones, but as tht-
 
 io6 The Euby. 
 
 crystals produced are invariably minute, and as small 
 rubies, such as are used for watch jewelling, are plenti- 
 ful in nature, it is doubtful whether the trouble and ex- 
 pense of manufacture will ever prove remunerative. 
 
 These crystals are produced by heating alumina for 
 a long period with borax in a platinum vessel. The 
 borax first dissolves the alumina, and then the elements 
 of the borax separate and disappear by volatilization, 
 leaving the alumina in a crystallized state. Coloured 
 crystals of alumina have also been made bj bringing 
 the gas, fluoride of silicon, into contact with the vapour 
 of boracic acid at a high temperature j mutual decom- 
 position takes place, fluoride of boron escapes, and the 
 alumina is left distinctly crystallized. It is curious that 
 the same matter, under identical circumstances, commu- 
 nicates sometimes a red and sometimes a blue colour, 
 which fact corresponds with the conditions in which 
 both rubies and sapphires are found in nature, both blue 
 (sapphires) and red (rubies) crystals occurring together. 
 
 The asteriated corundums, which are called star ruby 
 and star sapphire (saphir, ou rulis asterie), according to 
 their colour, have a six-pointed star across the crystal, 
 similar to the woodcut page 101. This star appears to 
 be formed by a " silky " imperfection in the gem, and 
 when examined by the light of the sun, or of a candle, 
 shows forth with great distinctness. Large prices have 
 frequently been obtained for such stones, and when the 
 gem possesses a fine colour, the asteriation adds greatly 
 to its beauty. They are cut en cabochon, and care is
 
 The Ruby. 107 
 
 taken to get the centre of the star as nearly as possible 
 in the middle of the gem. These stones are never 
 found of a green colour. This variety has always been 
 highly esteemed in the East. Brahmin traditions speak 
 of the abode of the gods lighted by enormous rubies and 
 emeralds, and one of the names of the kings of Pegu, as 
 we have seen, was " Lord of Rubies." In China, rubies 
 have been used from the earliest times for ornamenting 
 the slippers of women, and there, as in India, they are 
 to be met with incrusted into jade vases, sword handles, 
 or pipe mounts. In the authorized version of the 
 Bible they are spoken of in the Proverbs and in the 
 Book of Job, and there can be no doubt that the ruby 
 was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. 
 The anthrax of Theophrastus, and the Indian carbuncle 
 spoken of by Pliny, were no doubt rubies, and both 
 authors ascribe to it the power of giving light in the 
 dark. Ancient cameos and intaglios are still in existence, 
 engraved on this stone, about 500 years B.C., which, as 
 is well known, was the highest period of Greek art. 
 
 According to Pliny, the Ethiopians had a way of in- 
 creasing the splendour of rubies by laying them for 
 fourteen days in vinegar, which increased their lustre for 
 a time, but afterwards made them softer and more 
 brittle. 
 
 In later ages, the magical properties assigned to the 
 ruby were that it was an amulet against poison, plague, 
 sadness, evil thoughts, wicked spirits, etc. It also kept 
 the wearer in health, and cheered his mind ; and it was
 
 io8 The Ruby. 
 
 thought that if he or the donor were in danger, it would 
 become black or obscure, and would not reassume its 
 pristine colour until the peril had passed away. 
 
 The ruby is cut by means of diamond powder on an 
 iron wheel or skaif, and polished on a copper one with 
 Tipoli and water. In the East they use corundum 
 wheels for the cutting, but the work is not flat and 
 sharp. The best and most usual form of cutting the 
 ruby is the mixed or half brilliant, although silky and 
 imperfect stones are frequently cut en calochon. 
 
 The number of large rubies in existence, of fine qua- 
 lity, is very small ; one of the largest in the French crown 
 jewels adorns the order of the Golden Fleece, and is cut 
 into the form of a dragon with extended wings. 
 
 The two large stones which were shown amongst the 
 jewels of Her Majesty, at the Exhibition of 1862, as 
 rubies, are simply spinels ; an examination of their spe- 
 cific gravity and hardness would soon show the truth of 
 this assertion. 
 
 In Tavernier's travels he speaks of a ruby in the pos- 
 session of the king of Vishapoor, weighing fifty carats 
 and of fine quality. 
 
 The king of Burmah is said to possess a ruby as large 
 as a pigeon's egg, of extraordinary quality j but no Euro- 
 pean having seen it, its existence may or may not be a 
 fact. In the Russian treasury is said to be one of a very 
 large size, which was presented by Gustavus III., king 
 of Sweden ; and among the crown jewels of Austria are 
 several of fine quality and considerable size
 
 The Euby. 109 
 
 The value of the ruby, as before mentioned, exceeds, 
 when perfect, that of any other gem. The rare occur- 
 rence of specimens of the desired vivid pigeon' s-blood 
 colour, of any size,- causes the value to increase in an 
 even greater proportion than the diamond, as a glance 
 at the subjoined scale of prices will at once show, pre- 
 mising, however, that the prices given are for the Jinest 
 and purest rubies, well spread and proportioned : 
 
 A ruby of one-carat weight is worth . i^ to .20 
 
 One-and-a-half carats . 25 to 35 
 
 Two carats . 70 to 80 
 
 Three carats . 200 to 250 
 
 Four carats . 400 to 450 
 
 The value of rubies below the weight of one carat 
 ranges from sgz to ^8 per carat, whilst stones of greater 
 weight than four carats are of such exceptional occur- 
 rence as to command fancy prices. 
 
 Of course, rubies which are flawed, specky, or which 
 have any so-called silky or milky appearance, either ou 
 the table or beneath it, or which are of too deep or 
 too pale a colour, are worth far less. A ruby of four 
 carats, of a pale colour, might not be worth ai2 ; 
 violet-coloured and blackish rubies are also of very small 
 value in comparison with those of the true blood-red tint. 
 
 The price of violet and pale-coloured rubies is also 
 susceptible of great changes : at some times such stones 
 bring comparatively large prices, at others, very small 
 ones. Some years ago, the pale rubies were much sought 
 after for the Paris market ; but, latterly, the demand for
 
 1 1 o The Sapphire. 
 
 them has slackened, and rubies of the same deep tint as 
 are here most esteemed are preferred 
 
 THE SAPPHIRE. 
 
 The Sapphire, as already mentioned, is identically the 
 same stone as the ruby. It has the same composition, 
 hardness, electrical and other properties. It differs in 
 name from the ruby on account of the colour, which 
 varies from white to the deepest blue and black. The 
 blue of the sapphire is very seldom pure, or spread over 
 the whole substance of the stone. Sometimes it is mixed 
 with black, which gives it an inky appearance ; some- 
 times with red, which, although imperceptible by day- 
 light, yet by candle-light gives an amethystine appear- 
 ance. Two sapphires, which by daylight may appear of 
 the same hue, often differ extremely in colour by night. 
 In many of these stones, where the colour is partially 
 dark, the lapidary has a method of cutting, by which 
 he takes away the dark-coloured part, with the excep- 
 tion of a small spot reserved for the culet, whilst the 
 upper part of the stone is perfectly white; so that when 
 such a stone is looked at from the table, it will present 
 a most vivid blue hue, often superior in appearance to 
 those stones which are coloured throughout. If the 
 stone be held in a pair of ordinary forceps or " corn- 
 tongs," as they are termed in the trade an inch beneath 
 the surface of clean water, the parts of the stone co- 
 loured and uncoloured will be distinctly apparent. 
 
 This remark applies to all other gems.
 
 The Sapphire. 1 1 1 
 
 The asteriated varieties, called star sapphires, are usually 
 of a greyish-blue tint, and the star is exhibited in its 
 greatest perfection when looked at by the light of the 
 sun, or of a candle. 
 
 The sapphire is found of all tints and shades of blue, 
 but the colour which approximates to blue velvet of the 
 _hade formerly called " lieu dit roi " is the most valuable ; 
 a really fine sapphire should appear blue by candle-light 
 as well as by day. This stone occurs generally in crystals 
 of much larger size than the ruby. It is found princi- 
 pally in Ceylon, where the red variety is of unfrequent 
 occurrence^ it seldom occurs in very minute crystals. 
 In Switzerland, sapphires of inferior quality are used in 
 large sizes for jewelling clocks. 
 
 The name 'sapphire' is perhaps the only one which runs 
 through all languages, with very slight alteration. The 
 Hebrew name is TDD, sapphir, the Chaldaic sapirinon, 
 the Greek zqffiros, the Latin sapphirus, etc. 
 
 The ancients applied the name of this gem indis- 
 criminately to all stones of a blue colour. Pliny, Theo- 
 phrastus, Aristotle, and others, speak of a blue stone, 
 spotted or veined with gold (which was most probably 
 lapis-lazuli), which they called Sapphirus, although they 
 were aware of the existence of the true or Oriental 
 sapphire. Isidorus remarks, " Sapphirus caeruleus est cum 
 purpura, habens pulveres aureos sparsos," the particles of 
 pyrites, which are frequently disseminated through lapis- 
 lazuli, having the appearance of gold.
 
 1 1 2 The Sapphire. 
 
 To the sapphire has been ascribed the following 
 magical properties : That it prevents evil and impure 
 thoughts. That it is such an enemy of poison, that if 
 put into a glass with a spider or venomous reptile, it 
 will kill it. St. Jerome, in his exposition of the ipth 
 chapter of Isaiah, says that the sapphire procures fa- 
 vour with princes, pacifies enemies, frees from enchant- 
 ment, and obtains freedom from captivity. This gem 
 was sacred to Apollo, and was worn when inquiring 
 of the oracle at his shrine. It was esteemed as a re 
 medy against fevers, and hence the old distich : 
 
 " Corporis ardorem refrigerat interiorem 
 Sapphirus, et Cypriae languida vota facit." 
 
 Galen and Dioscorides also speak of its medicinal pro- 
 perties. Boetius says that on account of its attachment 
 to chastity, it was worn by priests. 
 
 The ancients called sapphires male and female, ac- 
 cording to their colours; the deep coloured or indigo 
 sapphire was the male j the pale blue, approaching the 
 white, the female. 
 
 The value of the sapphire does not, like that of the 
 ruby, increase so enormously in proportion with its size. 
 A fine, perfect, evenly coloured, spread sapphire, weigh- 
 ing one carat, of a deep rich blue colour by night as 
 well as by day, is worth 5^20 ; whilst a sapphire equally 
 fine, of 100 carats, would not be worth more than ^2000 
 to g<iooo. A ruby of the same size and perfection 
 would De the most valuable gem n existence, surpassing 
 even that of the nnesi. diamond.
 
 The Sapphire, etc. 113 
 
 When sapphires are of inferior quality they are worth 
 much less, but as the value entirely depends on the 
 degree of colour, which requires an experienced eye to 
 distinguish, it would be useless to give any valuation j 
 but it must be remembered, that when a stone is too 
 thick in proportion to its surface, its value must not be 
 estimated by the weight it possesses, but by the weight 
 it should have were it properly proportioned. 
 
 The treasuries and regalias of Europe possess sap- 
 phires of very large size. In the green vaults at Dresden 
 are, or were, several of remarkable size and beauty. In 
 the Russian treasury are some of an enormous size, 
 amongst them one of a light-blue tint, which formerly 
 was in the possession of the late Mr. Hope. 
 
 In the Vienna Kronenschatze, there is one of mar- 
 vellous beauty and great size. 
 
 A noble lady in this country formerly possessed one, 
 which is perhaps the finest known. This lady, however, 
 sold it during her lifetime, and replaced it by an imita- 
 tion so skilfully made, as to deceive even the jeweller 
 who valued it for probate duty ; and it was estimated at 
 the sum of sSio,ooo, and the legacy duty paid on it 
 by the legatee, who was doubtless chagrined when he 
 discovered the deception. At the last Paris exhibition 
 there might have been seen a collection belonging to 
 a lady, distinguished alike for her magnificent charity 
 and her wealth ; also an oval sapphire and a drop of 
 enormous size and great purity, beloagmg to a Russian 
 countess.
 
 U4 Other Varieties of Corundum. 
 
 The white sapphire resembles the diamond to such a 
 degree, that when well cut and polished, it has been sold 
 to persons conversant with the trade as a diamond. 
 The difference, however, can be easily ascertained by 
 taking the specific gravity, or by testing the hardness with 
 another sapphire or with a diamond. 
 
 OTHER VARIETIES OF CORUNDUM. 
 
 The following varieties of corundum may be some- 
 times met with .and are distinguished in commerce by 
 the names which they acquire from their colour. 
 
 They are however, with the exception of the yellow 
 sapphire, of rare occurrence, and generally pass for, or 
 are confounded with, the gems whose name they bear. 
 
 THE ORIENTAL AMETHYST. 
 
 The Oriental amethyst is a ruby or sapphire possessing 
 MI amethyst colour ; it may be distinguished from the 
 ordinary amethyst by its superior brilliancy and play, as 
 well as by its hardness, etc. j it is a gem of rare oc- 
 currence, and even jewellers frequently confound it 
 with the ordinary amethyst. There are some fine speci- 
 mens in the Griine Gewolbe at Dresden ; there are also 
 in the Vatican one or two engraved intaglios of this 
 stone of very early date. Many sapphires, however, 
 have an amethystine tint, which becomes very apparent 
 by candle-light.
 
 Cknjsoberyl, Cymophane, etc. 1 1 5 
 
 THE ORIENTAL EMERALD. 
 
 The green variety, or Oriental emerald, is the rarest of 
 all gems, and is scarcely ever seen. In the whole course 
 of my experience, I have only met with one specimen. 
 
 THE YELLOW SAPPHIRE OR ORIENTAL TOPAZ. 
 
 This gem is of a yellow tint, seldom deep, but gene- 
 rally of a light straw-colour shade and is extremely bril- 
 liant j it is frequently mistaken for a yellow diamond, 
 and is of very little value in commerce : even jewellers 
 frequently confound it with the ordinary topaz. 
 
 THE ORIENTAL AQUAMARINE. 
 
 There exists also a pale greenish variety, called Orien- 
 tal aquamarine, which is only to be distinguished from 
 die ordinary stone of that name by its superior brilliancy, 
 hardness, and specific gravity. When the green is of an- 
 olive tint, it is termed an oriental peridot. 
 
 Crystals of Chrysoberyl. 
 THE CHRYSOBERYL, CYMOPHANE, AND CAT'S-EYE. 
 
 The chrysoberyl, or, as it is sometimes called, Oriental 
 chrysolite, is a very brilliant gem, of a yellow, greenish-
 
 1 1 6 The Ckrysoberyl, Cymopkane, etc. 
 
 yellow, or brownish-yellow colour, occasionally white; 
 some varieties showing a reddish tint by transmitted 
 light. Some specimens possess an opalescence, and these 
 are generally cut en cabochon, when they are called 
 chrysolite, or chrysoberyl cat's-eye, or cymophanes. 
 
 It belongs to the trimetric or rhombic system of crys- 
 tallization, and possesses a vitreous lustre ; it varies from 
 being perfectly transparent to nearly opaque j its cleavage 
 is not very perfect, and it breaks with a conchoidal frac- 
 ture rather uneven j its specific gravity varies from 3 '680 
 to 3 '754, and its hardness is numbered in the scale as 
 8 '5, being scratched by the sapphire, ruby, etc., and 
 scratching quartz easily, It possesses double refraction 
 to a high degree, and acquires positive electricity by fric- 
 tion, retaining it for several hours. 
 
 It is infusible before the blowpipe alone, but melts 
 with difficulty to a clear glass with borax or salt of 
 phosphorus. It is not affected by acids. 
 
 Its chemical composition is 
 
 Alumina 80*2 
 
 Glucina 19-8 
 
 with traces of protoxide of iron, oxides of lead and cop- 
 per, according to colour and locality where found. 
 
 This gem is found in rolled pebbles in the alluvial 
 deposits of rivers in Ceylon, near Saffragang, in the Rio 
 Americanas and Rio Piantic in Brazil, at Marchenberg 
 and Petersdorf, near Weisenberg, in Moravia ; also im- 
 bedded in mica slate in the river Tajowaja in the Ural
 
 The Chrysoberyl, Cymophane, etc. 117 
 
 Mountains, fifty-nine miles from Ekatherinenberg, ac- 
 companied by emerald and phoenicite; this variety is 
 emerald-green by reflected light, and red by transmitted 
 light j it is called alexandrite, after the Emperor of Russia, 
 and its colour is supposed to be caused by the presence 
 of oxide of chrome. Chrysoberyls have also been found at 
 Haddam, Connecticut, at Greenfield, near Saratoga, New 
 York, and in the granite of Orange Summit, Vermont. 
 
 The semi-transparent stones are known by the name 
 of cymophane, and are the "cat's-eyes" of commerce, 
 having frequently the ray across the stone remarkably 
 distinct} they are sometimes of a dark colour, bordering 
 on the black, and occasionally greenish-grey or brown. 
 
 The transparent yellow chrysoberyl is the variety used 
 in jewellery. They are cut in brilliant-form, and are ex- 
 tremely lively and lustrous, almost resembling yellow 
 diamonds. They are, however, not fashionable, and are 
 now rarely mounted as ornaments. Although the stones 
 are frequently called chrysolites, and are mistaken for 
 diem, nothing can be easier than to detect the differ- 
 ence, the hardness and specific gravity being so dissi- 
 milar. They also differ from the yellow topaz in an- 
 other important particular, that of not becoming electric 
 by heat. The chrysoberyl is cut on a copper wheel with 
 emery, and polished with tripoli. 
 
 The name chrysoberyl is derived from the two Greek 
 words, x/awos, signifying golden, and /SiJpuXXos, beryl ; 
 and that of cymophane from the words KVJW., wave, 
 and <t>aiv<i), appear, in allusion to the variable colour.
 
 1 1 8 The Spinel and Balcus Ruby. 
 
 The chrysoberyl of the ancients appears to have been 
 a gem of a different description, perhaps the chrysoprase. 
 They also confounded this gem with the chrysolite. 
 
 The value of the transparent chrysoberyl is quite 
 nominal, and for purposes of personal ornament there 
 is no demand for it. The cymophane, or chrysoberyl 
 
 depending on the distinctness and brilliancy of the ray 
 of light. These stones are considered in the East, and 
 even in Europe, as being lucky, and are becoming much 
 more valuable than formerly. They appear to the best 
 advantage when surrounded by brilliants or " rubies. 
 There have been instances known of cat's-eyes of extra- 
 ordinary size and beauty bringing most extravagant 
 sums of money ; as much as ^1000 was lately paid by 
 an English nobleman for one, but of course such a value 
 is purely an illusion. 
 
 Crystals of Spinel. 
 THE SPINEL AND BALAS RUBY. 
 
 Under this head must be classed the gems called in 
 the trade spinel ruby, rubicelle, balas or balais ruby, and 
 almandine ruby, being all varieties of the same gem. 
 Uesides these, there exists a black opaque variety palled
 
 The Spinel and Balas Ruby. 119 
 
 pleonast, or by some ceylonite, containing oxide of 
 zinc ; the chloro-spinel, of a green colour, as its name 
 implies ; the sapphirine, blue ; the dyshnite, the her- 
 cenite, etc. The spinel ruby is of a fine lively red 
 colour, but has a cinnamon tint mixed with it, which 
 renders it far less brilliant than the true ruby or red 
 sapphire ; in fact, the colour of the spinel is very similar 
 to that of the garnet, although not so deep in tone. 
 The spinel is found imbedded in granular limestone, 
 and with calcareous spar. 
 
 In Ceylon, Ava, Mysore, Beloochistan, and other East- 
 ern countries, it is found in rolled pebbles in alluvial de- 
 posits, and the beds of rivers. Hence come the stones of 
 the finest quality, which are used and sold by jewellers. 
 
 A pale blue spinel (sapphirine) is found at Aker in 
 Sweden, imbedded in limestone ; also in Forland and 
 Straskau in Moravia. Small black crystals of extraordi- 
 nary lustre are found in company with mica and garnet, 
 in old lava, on Mount Somma. The chloro-spinel, or 
 green spinel, is found in the slate at Slatonht in the 
 Ural Mountains ; it owes its green colour to the pre- 
 sence of peroxide of iron. The black spinel, or pleonast, 
 is found in Ceylon, in Bohemia, in the river Iser, in the 
 Tyrol, at Andernach on the Rhine, and in numerous 
 localities in the United States, where also the brown 
 spinels are plentiful. 
 
 The automalite, or zinc spinel, is found in Sweden. 
 A white variety occurs at La Riccia, near Rome. 
 
 The spinel belongs to the monometric or cubic system
 
 1 20 The Spinel and Balas Ruby. 
 
 of crystallization, and is almost always found in octa- 
 hedral crystals : its lustre is vitreous j it is transparent in 
 various degrees, in some cases nearly opaque. The 
 spinel is of great hardness, being numbered eight in the 
 scale, scratching quartz readily, but being scratched by 
 sapphire. This stone does not acquire electricity, either 
 by friction or heat 5 it is possessed of simple refraction, 
 and is infusible before the blowpipe. 
 
 The chemical composition of the red spinel from Cey- 
 lon is 
 
 Alumina 69-01 
 
 Magnesia 26'2i 
 
 Protoxide of Iron . . . . 0-71 
 
 Oxide of Crome no 
 
 Silica 2'oz 
 
 The other varieties differ in composition in the propor- 
 tions of their constituents, and some possess an admix- 
 ture of other substances. The spinel and balas ruby 
 are of similar composition. The red spinel on being 
 heated becomes brown, but more opaque on cooling. 
 As the heat declines it changes to green, then passes to 
 an almost colourless state, and finally resumes its pristine 
 colour. With borax or salt of phosphorus it melts into 
 a glass, more or less coloured by chrome or iron. It is 
 soluble in powder when heated in sulphuric acid. 
 
 The rubicelle is the variety having an orange colour, 
 approaching that of the jacinth. 
 
 The violet spinel also bears the name of the alman- 
 dme ruby.
 
 The Spinel and Balas Ruby. 1 2 1 
 
 The rulis L-a/ais, or balas ruby, is a spinel of that rose- 
 pink colour which often occurs in large crystals. 
 
 The original of the term "balas ruby" is the ancient 
 name of Beloochistan, Badakschan, or Balaschan. The 
 Persian name is Badakschiani. An ancient author, Se- 
 baldus Ravins, observes : " Nomen ejus balachsch dici- 
 turque a Teifaschio adduci ex Balachschane, quam re- 
 gionem Barbari Badachschan vocant, estque secundum 
 cum pars terrae Turcarum, quae ad Tartarium vergit." 
 (Specimen Aralicum, p. 101.) 
 
 Marco Polo in his travels speaks of these stones as 
 being principally found in the mountains called Sheki- 
 nim. 
 
 The Persians have to this day preserved a tradition 
 that die mines of these gems were not discovered until 
 after an earthquake, which rent the mountain in twain ; 
 and that they were at first mistaken for the true rubies, 
 but their inferior hardness made known the error. One 
 of the finest gems of this kind was formerly in the pos- 
 session of the king of Oude j it was called Lal-i-jaladi 
 on account of die name Julal-u-din, with which it was 
 engraved ; it was of the size of a pigeon's egg, and of 
 great lustre. 
 
 The ancient Greek version of die origin of the name is 
 that of Balassus or Palassus, which was supposed to be 
 the dwelling or palace in which die true ruby resided. 
 Andreas Baccius ascribes die origin of the name " balas 
 ruby " to die word palatius (palace), as he supposes it to 
 be the matrix or palace wherein die true ruby Is found.
 
 122 The Spinel and Balas Ruby. 
 
 The natives of India call the spinel Lai Rumani, or the 
 pomegranate ruby, and ascribe to it valuable medici- 
 nal properties. The spinels and balas rubies, which 
 are identically the same gems the term spinel being 
 applied to those of deeper hue are frequently sold in 
 error or by fraud for the true ruby ; on the other hand, 
 instances have occurred where a true ruby of pale colour 
 has been sold for a spinel or balas ruby. 
 
 To any one acquainted with the characteristics of 
 these jewels, the mistake is impossible ; the hardness oi 
 the ruby is far greater, and its specific gravity consider- 
 ably more, and nothing can be easier than to verify these 
 facts. An unset stone can be tested by taking its specific 
 gravity; or if set, by attempting to scratch a sapphire 
 with it ; or by observing the refraction, which also dif- 
 fers, as a glance at Table A will at once show. 
 
 The spinel is also occasionally mistaken for the garnet, 
 on account of the similarity of colour in some of the 
 specimens ; still more frequently for the jacinth, from 
 a like reason. Both these gems, however, are of in- 
 ferior hardness; besides which, the jacinth possesses a 
 strong double refractive power, whilst that of the spinel 
 is single. The brown topaz, which is somewhat similar, 
 may readily be distinguished by its property of acquiring 
 electricity when heated. 
 
 During the Middle Ages, the same supernatural 
 powers were attributed to this stone as to the true ruby. 
 Elianus, an ancient author who wrote a natural history 
 of animals, relates that a stork once presented a wo-
 
 The Topaz. 123 
 
 man, named Heraclis, with one of these stones, in grati- 
 tude for her kindness to it in curing a fractured leg. 
 
 The spinel is cut on an iron wheel, with emery or 
 diamond powder, and polished on a copper one ; the 
 form is generally the " mixed cut." The colour of this 
 gem frequently becomes more deep and intensified by 
 being carefully heated. 
 
 The value of the spinel, or balas rubies, is extremely 
 uncertain and variable. At times they are much sought 
 after for the Eastern markets, and then command a con- 
 siderable price ; on other occasions they are worth com- 
 paratively little. As an instance, a stone weighing 40 
 carats, of good quality and clear, was sold in 1856 for 
 5^400 5 in 1862, it realized by public auction a8o, and 
 was lately sold for ^240. The present value of spinels 
 varies from icw. to ^8 per carat; but it is impossible 
 to say what the intrinsic worth of this gem may be, or 
 what one would fetch, as the value is fictitious, depen- 
 dent entirely on caprice and fashion. 
 
 I 
 
 THE TOPAZ. 
 
 This gem is not in vogue al die present day for the 
 purposes of the jeweller, although fifty years ago it 
 was exceedingly fashionable. The true topaz seldom
 
 124 The Topaz. 
 
 occurs of a very large size without defects, and many of 
 the large stones commonly sold as such are merely 
 rock-crystal or quartz of a yellow colour, such as cairn- 
 gorm and others, between which and the true topaz, 
 however, there are many important differences, as a re- 
 ference to the chapter on quartz will show. 
 
 The topaz belongs to the trimetric system of crystal- 
 lization. Its cleavage is basal ; that is, it breaks with a 
 flat surface, at right angles, with or across the prism. 
 Its specihc gravity is 3*5 to 3'6; it is numbered eight in 
 the scale of hardness, scratches quartz easily, and pos- 
 sesses double refraction in a slight degree. 
 Its chemical composition is 
 
 The Brazilian Topaz. 
 
 Silica 34'oi 
 
 Alumina 58*38 
 
 Fluorine 15*06 
 
 The Saxon Topaz. 
 
 Silica . . 34'24 
 
 Alumina . S7'4S 
 
 Fluorine *4'99 
 
 Monsieur St. Glair Deville has detected vanadium in 
 the variety from the first locality, and he states that 
 topazes may be formed artificially by the wet process. 
 The crystals are usually hemihedral, which is a term 
 used in mineralogy to signify (what its name infers) half- 
 form j that is, its angles are removed from the original 
 form; for instance, the hemihedral form of the cube is 
 the tetrahedron.
 
 The Topaz. 125 
 
 The cleavage is basal and very perfect, having a 
 highly polished surface on the cleavage planes j the 
 lustre is vitreous. This stone is found of many colours : 
 the fine pink so often observed in topazes in many 
 articles of jewellery is never natural, but is produced by 
 exposing a brownish-yellow topaz to a low red-heat in 
 a sand-bath. The experiment can also be tried by 
 wrapping the stone up in German tinder, bound with 
 thin iron wire, and then setting fire to it, or with the 
 blowpipe. Those only of the peculiar brown colour 
 described can acquire this pink hue; the pale yellow 
 stones become perfectly white under the treatment. The 
 colour thus acquired is permanent. The topaz becomes 
 strongly electric by heat, friction, and pressure, retain- 
 ing and continuing in that state for several hours. This 
 characteristic is so marked as to afford an easy method 
 of ascertaining its identity ; the application of this test 
 alone would at once prevent the stone being mistaken 
 for a chrysoberyl or a yellow sapphire. Before the 
 blowpipe, it is infusible on charcoal, but in a very 
 strong heat blisters form on the surface, which break as 
 soon as they rise. It fuses with borax into a clear glass, 
 and becomes blue with cobalt solution. 
 
 If sulphuric acid be applied to this stone it yields 
 hydrofluoric, but muriatic does not affect it. 
 
 The topaz is found in almost every part of the world, 
 generally in the granite and gneiss rocks which contain 
 fluor spar, but it varies in colour and aspect in almost 
 every district. Those from Villa Rica in Brazil have a
 
 126 The Topaz. 
 
 deep brownish-yellow hue, and are found in a soft loose 
 sandy clay, which renders the search for them an easy 
 task. The crystals are usually not large, seldom ex- 
 ceeding two or three inches in length ; the terminal 
 pyramids are often beautifully modified, and the crystals 
 are mostly well defined. They are more or less striated 
 longitudinally down die prism. Associated with the 
 topaz in this locality is sometimes found a very rare 
 mineral called euclase, which is of a pale blue or green 
 colour, somewhat similar to aquamarine. 
 
 Another locality in the Brazils whence they come, is 
 the district of Miuas Geraes ; these topazes, found in 
 rounded pebbles, are perfectly pure and colourless, and 
 are called "pingas d'agoa" or "gouttes d'eau;" they 
 are also termed Nova Minas ; the Portuguese call them 
 "slave diamonds." These stones bear a much higher 
 degree of polish than rock-crystal. 
 
 A precisely similar topaz has been found in Tasmania, 
 where some blue and green ones have been discovered, 
 but more water-worn than those of other localities. 
 Topazes of a fine pale blue colour are found in Siberia, 
 at Alabascka, near Murinsk, also at Odentochelong and 
 Miask, associated with quartz and beryl. They are 
 found in tolerable plenty at Altenburg, in Saxony, ge- 
 nerally of a pure yellow colour j also in Ceylon, Con- 
 necticut, U. S., Peru, Asia Minor, in England, Scot- 
 land, Ireland, and the Hebrides. 
 
 Topazes are cut on a leaden wheel with emery, and 
 polished with tripoli. The best form of cutting is the
 
 The Topaz. 127 
 
 " full brilliant/' leaving the table smaller and the bezil 
 rather deeper than in a diamond. Great care is required 
 on the part of the lapidary to obtain a good polish on 
 this stone. The cleavage surface, called by lapidaries 
 the grain, is extremely difficult, in fact almost impossible 
 to polish j and it is necessary, instead of cutting them 
 riat, to take a small angle from the cleavage-plane, to 
 obtain that high degree of brilliancy of which it is sus- 
 ceptible. In the present day it is very rare to see a 
 topaz well cut, and displaying that intense whiteness 
 and brilliancy which it ought to have, as few lapidaries 
 bestow the care and attention necessary. 
 
 This stone is called by the following names, according 
 to the colour : 
 
 Nova Mina is colourless. 
 
 Brazilian Sapphire is light blue. 
 
 Aquamarine is greenish. 
 
 Brazilian Chrysolite is greenish yellow. 
 
 Brazilian Ruly is the artificially obtained pink or 
 rose-colour. 
 
 The Table C, in which stones are classed according 
 to their colours, will show in how many instances en- 
 tirely different stones are liable to be mistaken one for 
 the other, when colour alone is relied upon j but the 
 different specific gravity and hardness will at any time 
 determine to which category a stone belongs. The 
 yellow quartz is so commonly sold for the topaz, al- 
 though of less brilliancy, specific gravity, and inferior 
 hardness, that it would be well for the amateur to put
 
 128 The Topaz 
 
 in practice the simple tests recommended before pur- 
 chasing, as few persons even in the trade are aware of 
 the difference. 
 
 A large mass of white topaz in one of the cases of 
 the British Museum was many years ago used as a door- 
 weight by a marine store-dealer in London ; he after- 
 wards sold the same for three shillings. It weighs 
 about izlb. avoirdupois. 
 
 It is supposed that the word topaz is derived from 
 the island Topazion, in the Red Sea, whence the 
 Greeks obtained a yellow stone ; it is, however, doubtful 
 whether the topazion signified what we call topaz ; but 
 there is no doubt that this stone was known in very 
 early times. Formed of this theie are still in existence 
 several intaglios of very early Greek workmanship. It 
 is also one of the stones mentioned in the Bible j in 
 the Middle Ages it was considered typical of St. James 
 the Less, the Apostle. The large so-called diamond in 
 the Portuguese treasury is supposed to be a white topaz ; 
 it is rather larger than a hen's egg, and weighs 1680 
 carats. 
 
 The following properties were ascribed to the topaz 
 by the ancients : It discovered poison by becoming 
 obscured when in contact with it ; it quenched the 
 heat of boiling water, and its powers increased and de- 
 creased with the increase and decrease of the moon ; 
 it calmed the passions, and prevented bad dreams. 
 
 The Emperor Hadrian is reputed to have possessed 
 a topaz seal ring engraved with these lines :
 
 The Emerald. 
 
 129 
 
 " Natura deficit, 
 Fortuna mutatur, 
 Deus omnia cernit." 
 
 Pliny describes it as being found in the mines of ala- 
 baster, near die Egyptian city of Thebes. 
 
 It is impossible to give any rules by which to fix die 
 value or tms stone, as it is now only used in the cheapest 
 jewellery, the jewelling of common Swiss clocks, and 
 for optical purposes. The commercial value of die 
 topaz, as a jewel, is entirely fictitious ; a-very fine stone 
 can at the present moment be bought for a few shil- 
 lings, which, when in fashion, would have brought 
 much more ; for optical purposes, die rough stones fetch 
 about $s. to i os. per pound avoirdupois. The pink 
 topazes bring considerably more j from 40$. to 20 per 
 ounce, die price depending on die depth of die pink 
 colour. 
 
 Crystals of Emeralds. 
 THE EMERALD. 
 
 This stone and the beryl are of the same chemical 
 composition, differing only in colour. The beautiful 
 green colour of the emerald is unsurpassed by any other 
 gem; whilst the beryl, or aquamarine, is of a light blue 
 or sea-green as 'ts latter name implies. These stones 
 
 K
 
 130 The Emerald. 
 
 are found crystallized in regular hexagonal prisms, and 
 belong to that system of crystallization. The top of 
 the crystal is flat at right angles to the prism, and 
 sometimes the angles and edges are beautifully trun- 
 cated or modified. The crystals of beryl are usually 
 found striated longitudinally often throughout the stone 
 as well as on the surface, which is not the case with 
 the emerald : both these gems in the natural state form 
 most beautiful specimens for the mineralogical student. 
 The rich green colour of the emerald contrasts with 
 the limestone matrix in which it is found imbedded. 
 The beryl is found in crystals, occasionally of immense 
 size, of many shades of green passing into yellow, and 
 sometimes perfectly transparent. 
 
 The physical characteristics of these stones are as 
 follows : 
 
 The cleavage is imperfectly basal. The hardness 
 varies from 7 '5 to 8 of Mohs's scale. They are scratched 
 by spinel, but scratch quartz with difficulty (although 
 specimens vary considerably in this particular). The 
 specific gravity is 2*67 to 275, so that the bulk is 
 very large in proportion to the weight ; an emerald 
 being nearly double the size of a sapphire of equal 
 weight. The lustre is vitreous, rarely resinous. The 
 usual colour has been stated above, although the beryl 
 occurs of every shade of greenish-blue to brown, and 
 sometimes verging on pink. 
 
 These stones are extremely brittle, indeed, the eme- 
 rald, when first withdrawn from the mine, is so soft
 
 The Emerald and Beryl. 131 
 
 as to crumble by friction, but hardens by exposure to 
 
 the air. 
 
 The chemical composition is as follows : 
 The Emerald. 
 
 Silica 68-50 
 
 Alumina 15-75 
 
 Glucina J25O 
 
 Peroxide of Iron .... i'oo 
 
 Lime 0-25 
 
 Oxide of Chrome .... 0^30 
 Magnesia and Lime 
 
 Soda 
 The chemical composition of the bervl is as follows: 
 
 Silica 67-00 
 
 Alumina . . .... 16.50 
 
 Glucina . . .... 14.50 
 
 Peroxide of Iron . . . . roo 
 
 Lime 0-50 
 
 It will be observed that the emerald has more 
 glucina than the beryl ; and chemists find that the 
 greater the quantity of glucina there is in a specimen, 
 the greener is the crystal. 
 
 Before the blowpipe, the emerald remains unchanged 
 sometimes, however, becoming a little cloudy ; with 
 borax it fuses into a pale green substance not very un- 
 like glass. It is not affected by acids, but is slowly so- 
 luble with microsmic salt (or salt of phosphorus). 
 
 Formerly it was supposed that the colouring matter 
 of the emerald was the oxide of chrome, but the 
 quantity of chromic acid obtained by Mr. Lewy on
 
 132 The Emerald and Beryl. 
 
 analysis was so small as to be inappreciable ; he gives 
 it as his opinion that the beautiful tint of the emerald 
 is produced by some organic substance, which he 
 imagines is a carburet of hydrogen, similar to that 
 termed chlorophylle, which constitutes the colouring 
 matter in the leaves of plants. The emeralds of the 
 darkest tint contain the largest amount of organic 
 matter ; and it is remarkable as a test that the emerald 
 at a low heatjoses the colour and becomes white and 
 opaque, whilst the minerals of which the colouring 
 matter is chrome (as the chrome garnet, "uwarowite") 
 remain unaffected by intense heat. It is possible that 
 the organic colouring-matter of the emerald may be 
 derived from the decomposition of the animals whose 
 remains are now fossilized in the rock which forms the 
 matrix of the gem. This rock, as stated before, is a 
 limestone slightly bituminous, often black with white 
 veins, containing ammonites and other shells. 
 
 Mr. Lewy has also arrived at the conclusion that 
 the emerald has been formed in the wet way ; that is 
 to say, it has been deposited from a chemical solution. 
 The finest emeralds are found at Muzo, in New Granada, 
 near Santa Fe de Bogota, 5 28' N., in a limestone rock, 
 not unfrequently black and containing shells ; some of 
 the crystals of carbonate of lime are vitrified and highly 
 transparent, and the emeralds found imbedded in the 
 rock are often in crystals of a large size. In the matrix 
 minute disseminated crystals of iron pyrites are occa- 
 sionally found.
 
 The Emerald and Beryl 133 
 
 These mines are let for a term of years by public 
 tender ; they produce to the government about ^"8000 
 per annum, but it appears that this price could not have 
 repaid the speculators, as they declined to continue 
 their contract at the same rental, and the mines are 
 now, or were lately, to let. Associated with the eme- 
 rald in this locality is found that rare mineral " paris- 
 ite;" it is a brown hexagonal crystal, quite opaque. 
 
 The emerald has also been met with at Henbachthal, 
 in Salzburg, imbedded in mica slate, at an altitude of 
 8700 feet above the sea, on a steep precipice, said to be 
 only accessible by means of ropes. At Odontchelong 
 in Siberia, and in the Burman Empire, near Ava, it is 
 found accompanied by spinel, generally of a fine grass- 
 green colour, rather lighter than the Peruvian emerald. 
 
 Monsieur Caillaud, a French traveller, discovered in 
 the mountain of Zabareh, when on a scientific excursion 
 for the Pasha of Egypt, an ancient emerald mine, with 
 large galleries bearing the marks of the miners' tools, 
 with various ancient appliances, as levers, etc. Pliny 
 appears to have been well acquainted with the emerald, 
 speaking of it with admiration, although he confounds 
 it both with the chrysoprase and jasper. He relates, 
 that in the island of Cyprus, on the tomb of Hermias 
 was a sculptured lion, with eyes of emerald, which 
 shone so brightly that they frightened away the fish, 
 but the fishermen had these gems replaced by others, 
 when the fish returned to their accustomed haunts. 
 
 Nero, it is well known, observed the feats of the
 
 /34 'The Emerald and Beryi. 
 
 gladiators though an eye-glass of emerald ; hence the 
 name it sometimes bore, Neronianus. Isidorus (Bishop 
 of Seville, who has previously been referred to) says 
 of the emerald, that it not only surpasses any green herb 
 or plant in colour, but that it gives a green colour to 
 the surrounding air; and that the lapidaries who cut 
 emeralds have good eyesight, in consequence of the 
 agreeable reflection they have constantly before them. 
 This stone was also used in the Middle Ages in church 
 cups and chalices, and one of the principal ornaments 
 of the crown of Charlemagne was a lustrous emerald. 
 
 After the conquest of Peru, the emerald became 
 much more common. The Spaniards possessed them- 
 selves of the hoards which had accumulated for centuries 
 in the hands of the priests of the goddess Esmeralda, 
 who was supposed to reside in an enormous emerald, 
 of the shape and size of an ostrich egg. They per- 
 suaded the people that the goddess esteemed no offer- 
 ing so much as one of her own daughters ; and on the 
 holy days, immense numbers were brought as devotional 
 offerings by the worshippers. It is said that the con- 
 querors of Peru came into the possession of many hun- 
 dredweights of this gem j but a priest who accom- 
 panied the Spanish army persuaded the soldiers that 
 the test of their being genuine was to smite them with 
 a hammer on an anvil, which test of course destroyed 
 a vast number of fine stones. In spite of this, Cortez 
 presented one hundredweight to the King of Spain ; 
 and on the occasion of his (Cortez's) marriage, he gave
 
 The Emerald and Beryl. 135 
 
 his bride several emeralds carved into various forms 
 amongst them, an enormous stone shaped like a rose, 
 a gift which aroused the envy of the Queen, and caused 
 him to lose his favour at the Court. 
 
 There can be no doubt but that this stone was known 
 in the most remote ages. Necklaces of emeralds have 
 been found in Etruscan tombs, and at Herculaneum. 
 It is the fourth of the gems mentioned in the Bible as 
 worn in the breastplate of the High-Priest ; and in 
 Ezekiel, chap, xxvii., the emerald is mentioned in the 
 following manner: " Syria was thy merchant by reason 
 of the multitude of wares of thy making : they occupied 
 thy fairs with emerald, purple, and broidered work, fine 
 linen, agate, and coral." To this day the Orientals 
 have an immense veneration for the emerald, believing 
 that it imparts courage to the wearer and averts the 
 plague. Many fine stones are irretrievably spoilt by 
 having verses from the Koran engraved upon them, 01 
 by being carved by the Hindoos into figures of idols j 
 also by having holes drilled through them to permit 
 their use as nose ornaments. 
 
 The following properties were ascribed to the eme- 
 rald by the ancients, who had dedicated the stone to 
 Mercury : It was supposed to be good for the eyes, 
 on which account it was worn as a seal ring ; it was 
 supposed to colour any water green in which it was 
 placed 5 to preserve women in childbirth, and to be an 
 infallible preservative of chastity. When ground down, 
 At was taken in doses of six grains, as a remedy for vari- 
 ous diseases.
 
 136 The Rmerald and Beryl. 
 
 Its name appears to be very similar in most lan- 
 guages, whether Oriental or European ; in Arabic it is 
 called Zamarut ; in Chaldean, Ismaragdon ; in Greek, 
 Smaragdos ; in Latin, Smaragdus; in Spanish, Esme- 
 ralda; in French, Emeraude ; in Italian, Smeraldo. The 
 Persians call it Pachee ; the Greeks sometimes called it 
 Prasinus, on account of its colour resembling the 
 greenness of leeks. The origin of the name is said to 
 be a Sanskrit word signifying green. 
 
 The emerald is so rarely found perfect, that the say- 
 ing, "an emerald without a flaw," has passed into a 
 proverb. It is the stone which ranks next in value to 
 the ruby, and on account of the pleasing effect it has, 
 both by day and candle-light, is a very favourite gem. 
 Latterly it has increased enormously in value. The 
 emeralds which now come into the market seem to be 
 far inferior to those found in former times. The value, 
 when of a deep rich grass-green, clear, and free from 
 flaws, is from IQ to ^40 the carat ; those of lighter 
 shade are worth much less, the price ranging from 55. 
 to 3615 the carat; but experience is the only guide which 
 can enable any one to form a correct estimate of the ac- 
 tual worth of any but the very finest quality. The eme- 
 rald is cut on a copper wheel with emery, and polished 
 on a tin one with rottenstone ; it is most commonly trap 
 cut, and, when cut like a brilliant, with rounded tables, 
 it is generally to disguise flaws, which would otherwise 
 be apparent. In India, advantage is taken of the fa- 
 cility with which the emerald can be cloven at right
 
 The Beryl or ^Aquamarine. 137 
 
 angles to its axis ; so that in Indian ornaments, we often 
 see very flat emeralds of large size. The one in the 
 possession of Dhuleep Singh is about three inches long, 
 two inches wide, and half an inch thick, of a fine colour, 
 with few imperfections. It is to be remarked, that the 
 size of the emerald does not increase its value in a cubic 
 ratio ; that is to say, it does not progress in price like 
 the diamond or ruby. 
 
 The treasuries of Europe and Asia are rich in this 
 gem ; the comparatively low price which it formerly 
 brought, and its pleasing colour, having caused it to be 
 collected and worn in every country. The Russian, 
 Saxon, and Papal crowns, contain emeralds of wonder- 
 ful beauty, and of large size. In the Austrian treasury 
 there is said to be a crystal of emerald weighing 2000 
 carats, and the Duke of Devonshire possesses one 
 weighing nearly 9 ounces. The mines now seem to 
 produce crystals very inferior to those formerly coming 
 thence, and at present it is rare to meet with fine stones. 
 Few, if any, emeralds possess an historic interest; a de- 
 scription, therefore, of the large emeralds known would 
 be useless. 
 
 The beryl, or aquamarine, is much more generally dif- 
 fused over the surface of the globe. Some magnificent 
 specimens are found in Siberia : this stone is also met 
 with at Invercauld and Kinloch Rannoch, Scotland ; 
 in the Mourne Mountains, county Down ; at Dalkey, 
 and the Three Rock Mountain, county Dublin, and 
 in Glen Macnap, county Wicklow ; at Limoges, in
 
 138 The Beryl or Aquamarine. 
 
 France ; Bodenmais and Rabenstein, Bavaria ; Finbo and 
 Brodbo, Sweden ; in Saxony ; Bohemia ; in the isle of 
 Elba 5 in Norway, Finland ; in the Rio San Matheo, 
 Brazil ; in the State of Massachusetts, N. A. ; and in 
 Hindostan. An enormous beryl has been found in 
 America weighing five tons, but this has not been re- 
 moved from the spot where it was discovered. 
 
 A very large crystal of beryl from America was 
 shown in 18515 it weighed seventy-eight pounds, but 
 was unfit for jewellery purposes. 
 
 The name, like that of the smaragdus, or emerald, 
 appears to be the same in most Oriental languages ; 
 in Hebrew, Persian, Chaldee, and Arabic, it is Belur, 
 which signifies crystal. This will however be seen by 
 referring to the Comparative Names of Stones men- 
 tioned in the Bible, page 36. 
 
 The commercial value of the beryl, or aquamarine, is 
 trifling j it is used principally in Birmingham, for imita- 
 tion jewellery, and as ornaments for metal work. The 
 yellow variety is called sometimes chrysolite, although 
 it differs greatly in every other character but colour 
 from the true chrysolite. The colourless variety is fre- 
 quently mistaken and sold for white quartz or rock 
 crystal, although the specific gravity, lustre, and hard- 
 ness differ materially. 
 
 The beryl was well known to the Romans. Pliny 
 mentions it as the gem green as the sea, " qui viri- 
 ditate puri maris imitantur," and hence its name 
 " aquamarine." Beads of aquamarine have been found
 
 The Zircon, Hyacinth , or Jacinth. 139 
 
 in Egyptian mummy-pits, and the Greeks employed the 
 stone for intaglios more than two thousand years ago. 
 
 THE ZIRCON, HYACINTH, OR JACINTH. 
 
 This gem belongs to the dimetric system of crystalli- 
 zation, and is very imperfectly cleavable. Its specific 
 gravity is 4*07 to 4*75 ; in lustre it is nearly adamantine. 
 
 Crystals of Zircon. 
 
 although in the opaque varieties it is vitreous. It varies 
 in colour from red to yellow, brown, green, grey, and 
 white. Its fracture is conchoidal and brilliant. When 
 heated it becomes phosphorescent, and loses its colour, 
 and at the same time increases in specific gravity. If 
 allowed to cool, however, when reheated the phos- 
 phorescence does not reappear. This gem is unaffected by 
 any acids except sulphuric after long maceration. Before 
 the blowpipe it is infusible alone, but melts with borax 
 into a transparent glass. Its chemical composition is 
 
 Zirconia 66'8 
 
 Silica 33-2 
 
 Peroxide of iron o' t 
 
 The zircon or hyacinth is found in imbedded and 
 attached crystals in granite, syenite, and gneiss, and 
 also in beds of rivers associated with garnets in Ceylon,
 
 140 The Ziicon, Hyacinth, or Jacinth. 
 
 the East Indies, and New Granada ; also in the river 
 Espa : ily in France, in the Iser in Bohemia, and in many 
 places in North America. Specimens of the hyacinth 
 have been found in the lava of Vesuvius. 
 
 This gem is seldom used for the purposes of jewel- 
 lery, although a solitary specimen, when free from de- 
 fects, and of a fine colour, may realize a high price. It 
 is sometimes confounded with the eponite or cinnamon- 
 stone, but is totally different in die most important 
 characteristics. 
 
 When the hyacinth is of a greyish or smoky-white 
 colour it is called a jargoon, and is frequently sold for 
 diamond, which gem it approaches more nearly than 
 any other in lustre. In the last century the jargoon 
 was supposed to be an inferior diamond, and was much 
 used in mourning ornaments. It is found in great 
 abundance at Matura, in die island of Ceylon, whence 
 die natives give it die name of Maturan diamond. It 
 is rarely found of large size, generally not exceeding 
 ten to twelve carats in weight. 
 
 This gem possesses the characteristic of double re- 
 fraction to a very high degree, and does not acquire 
 electricity by heat. The jargoon occurs of several 
 colours, and is rarely perfectly transparent. 
 
 The hyacindi or zircon, and jargoon, are identically 
 the same stone, differing only in colour. The red varie- 
 ties are sometimes sold for inferior rubies, aldiough diey 
 almost always have a more yellow tinge dian the ruby. 
 
 The word " zircon' is supposed to be derived from
 
 The Garnet. 141 
 
 the Arabic %erk (a gem) ; the hyacinth, from the Arabic 
 yakut (ruby). 
 
 Although this gem was well known to the ancients, 
 it is doubtful whether the stone they called by this 
 name was the same as the true zircon ; by some it is sup- 
 posed to be the lyncurion of Theophrastus. Tn Hebrew 
 it is called techyleth, rPDH, or blue, whilst the hya- 
 cinth described by Pliny would appear to be the ame- 
 thyst or sapphire. The magical properties attributed to 
 it in the Middle Ages were as follows : it procured 
 sleep, riches, honour, and wisdom, and it drove away 
 the plague and evil spirits. 
 
 The present value of this gem is purely arbitrary, as 
 it is but rarely employed in jewellery ; formerly it com- 
 manded a very high price. The jargoon is frequently 
 cut in the form of a rose-diamond ; that is to say, flat at 
 the bottom, and pointed at the top. The jacinth or 
 hyacinth is cut like a brilliant, with a rounded table. 
 
 Crystals of Garnet. 
 THE GARNET. 
 
 This gem, on account of brilliant colour and hard- 
 ness, is much used in jewellery, and although an abun-
 
 142, The Garnet. 
 
 dant supply renders it of little value, the gem neverthe- 
 less possesses every quality necessary for ornamental 
 purposes. There are many varieties of this stone, which 
 are distinguishable by their colour, and also by the diifer- 
 ence of their chemical composition. The garnet belongs 
 to the monometric or cubic system of crystallization, 
 and is mostly found in rhombic dodecahedral crystals j 
 when in a matrix its cleavage is dodecahedral ; it is 
 also found massive and in small pebbles in rivers and 
 alluvial deposits, occasionally (as in the pyrope) in la- 
 mellar cleavable masses. Its hardness varies from 6\5 
 to 7\5 j it scratches quartz slightly, and is scratched 
 readily by ruby or sapphire. Its specific gravity varies 
 from 3 '5 to 4/3 j its lustre is vitreous, in some varieties 
 resinous, as in colophonite a name applied to a garnet 
 found in Norway and America. This gem occurs in 
 many colours, red, brown, yellow, white, green, black; 
 the streak is white} the diaphaneity varies from trans- 
 parent to subtranslucent, or nearly opaque, and it has 
 a subconchoidal or uneven fracture. The garnet is 
 susceptible of positive electricity by friction, and has a 
 sensible effect on the magnetic needle. The varieties 
 used in jewellery are called carbuncle, cinnamon-stone 
 (or essonite), almandine, and pyrope or Bohemian gar- 
 net ; besides these, there are the leucite, the melanite, 
 the colophonite, the grossularite, the uwarowite varie- 
 ties, which are only interesting to the mineralogist. 
 
 The chemical composition of the several varieties 
 differs according to the colours and peculiarities. The
 
 The Garnet. 143 
 
 common garnet is essentially a silicate of alumina iron. 
 The others have various bases, such as lime, magnesia, 
 oxide of manganese, etc. 
 
 Mineralogists have divided them under the following 
 heads : 
 
 Alumina lime garnet. 
 
 Alumina magnesia garnet. 
 
 Alumina iron garnet. 
 
 Alumina manganese garnet. 
 
 Iron lime garnet. 
 
 Lime chrome garnet. 
 
 It will suffice here to give the analyses of the mosl 
 important varieties. 
 
 The composition of the almandine is 
 
 Silica 36-30 
 
 Alumina . 20*50 
 
 Protoxide of iron . . . 43*20 
 
 Of the essonite, or cinnamon -stone 
 
 Silica 38-80 
 
 Alumina 21*20 
 
 Lime . 27*20 
 
 Of the pyrope, or Bohemian garnet 
 
 Silica . 40*00 
 
 Alumina . . .... 28*50 
 
 Peroxide of iron 1 6-50 
 
 Peroxide of manganese . . . 0*25 
 
 Oxide of chrome . . . 2'oo 
 
 Magnesia lo'oo 
 
 Lime . . . . . 3*50
 
 144 The Garnet. 
 
 Before the blowpipe the almandine and common 
 garnet fuse somewhat easily, forming a glass of various 
 colours. The pyrope, on the other hand, fuses with 
 difficulty before the blowpipe to a black glass. Both 
 varieties are imperfectly soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 The first and most important variety is the common 
 iron-garnet, which is precisely the same stone as the 
 almandine, except that the common garnet is of a blood- 
 red colour slightly tinged with brown, whilst the al- 
 mandine has a blue tinge mingled with the red. The 
 term carbuncle is applied indiscriminately when they 
 are cut en cabochon or, to use the old English expres- 
 sion, tallow-topped which means cut, not in facets, but 
 with a flat or hollow base, and a smooth convex top. 
 
 The Syrian or Oriental garnet is found in alluvial soil, 
 in India, Pegu, Ceylon, Brazil, etc. The common garnet 
 occurs embedded in mica, slate, granite, gneiss, etc., 
 sometimes in limestone, chlorite-slate, serpentine, and 
 lava 5 generally in dodecahedral crystal, sometimes six 
 or seven inches in diameter, in the Tyrol, at Fahlun 
 in Sweden, Arendal, Norway. These, however, are 
 only a few of the localities, as the garnet is found dis- 
 tributed in greater or less plenty all over the world ; in 
 America alone, more than a hundred places might be 
 mentioned where it is found, so that it is unnecessary to 
 specify other places. 
 
 The Syrian garnets are so called, not because they 
 come from Syria, but after Syrian, the capital of Pegu. 
 The colour ranges from the deepest crimson to a violet-
 
 The Garnet. 145 
 
 purple, resembling the Oriental amethyst . These stones 
 are found from a quarter of an inch to two and even 
 three inches in diameter ; they are cut with emery or 
 garnet-powder on a copper wheel, and polished on lead 
 with tripoli when faceted. It is the rule to keep them 
 rather thin, on account of the depth of their colour : 
 they are not infrequently cut into beads and strung as 
 necklaces. The term almandine is mentioned by Pliny 
 as derived from Alabanda, where these gems were cut 
 and polished. Frequently they are set with backs and 
 foiled to imitate rubies, and indeed, are sometimes sold 
 as such even to persons in the trade, although to those 
 acquainted with the physical peculiarities of the gem, 
 and who do not rely solely on the eye, the difference 
 is obvious. 
 
 Both the garnet and the almandine are frequently 
 cut in facets and polished, but although at one period 
 extremely fashionable they have now become obsolete 
 and possess but little commercial value. When cut en 
 cabochon, however, they bear the name of carbuncle, 
 and if of large size, pure and free from black spots, 
 they are worth as much as twenty pounds each. 
 
 The next variety is the pyrope, or Bohemian garnet, 
 found in Bohemia, Saxony, and other parts of Ger- 
 many ; it has among its constituents a portion of lime 
 and chrome, and is one of the hardest of the garnet 
 family. In colour it is a deep-red. This stone is 
 found in alluvial soil, in a peculiar argillaceous and cal- 
 careous conglomerate (in Bohemia), often in company 
 
 L
 
 146 The Garnet. 
 
 with granite, micaceous slate, and serpentine. It is 
 obtained by digging, and cleansed from the adherent 
 earth by repeated washings, and sorted according to size 
 and quality. These stones are greatly esteemed in 
 Austria, Transylvania, and Turkey, (but not in other 
 European countries,) and are sold at very high prices : 
 for a necklace of beads about the size of peas 600 
 gulden, or sS6o, was asked in Vienna. 
 
 The next variety is the essonite, better known in 
 commerce by the name of cinnamon-stone, which 
 comes under the head of lime garnet ; it melts more 
 easily than the other kinds and is much softer, the 
 average hardness being only 6*5 to 7. As its name 
 implies, it is of a reddish-yellow tint, resembling the 
 colour of cinnamon. These stones come principally 
 from Ceylon, and are frequently sold for hyacinths 
 or jacinths, from which, however, they differ in many 
 important peculiarities. 
 
 The other varieties are not used for purposes of 
 jewellery j they are interesting only to mineralogists, and 
 may be briefly described as follows : 
 
 The grossularite, which belongs to the alumina-lime 
 garnet variety, is of a greenish colour, sometimes black. 
 Found in Siberia. 
 
 The succinite, a yellow garnet of the same composi- 
 tion. Found in Piedmont. 
 
 The colophonite and melanite, which are iron-lime 
 garnets, one brown, the other black. 
 
 The leucite, a silicate of alumina and potash, is
 
 rourmriline. 147 
 
 white : it is found in the lava of Vesuvius and in Si- 
 beria. 
 
 The brown garnet or Spessartine, a manganese-alu- 
 mina garnet, found at Spessart in Germany ; it is also 
 met with in Sweden and Finland. 
 
 And, lastly, the uwarowite, a lime-chrome garnet of a 
 bright green, found in Siberia. It is named after Uwarow, 
 President of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg. 
 
 The garnet (particularly the pyropean variety) is 
 sometimes used in powder for the same purposes as 
 emery, although of inferior hardness. The ancients 
 were well acquainted with the garnet by the name of 
 carbuncle, which they applied to all stones of a red 
 colour. Pliny describes vessels of the capacity of a pint 
 formed out of carbuncle devoid of all lustre or beauty 
 of colour, but they were most probably fashioned of 
 some of the massive varieties of the garnet. 
 
 Theophrastus speaks of a Massilian carbuncle, which, 
 when held against the sun, resembled a glowing coal. 
 The old writers of the middle ages also ascribe great 
 value to this gem. The superstitious and magical pro- 
 perties attributed to it were similar to those ascribed to 
 the ruby. 
 
 THE TOURMALINE. 
 
 This gem is very little used for jewellery. Of the 
 many varieties, the only one occasionally employed is 
 that of a dark olive-green tint. It is found, however, of 
 various colours red and pink, when it takes the name 
 
 L a
 
 148 Tourmaline. 
 
 of rubelite blue, when it is called indicolite, white, 
 brown, and black. The tourmaline belongs to the 
 rhombohedral or hexagonal system of crystallization ; the 
 crystals are usually found in triangular or hexagonal 
 prisms, generally with a flat three-faced termination at 
 each end ; the cleavage being very difficult to obtain, 
 the fracture is imperfectly conchoidal ; the hardness is 
 7*0 to 7-5 ; the specific gravity 2*99 to 3-33 ; the lustre, 
 
 Crystals of Tourmaline. 
 
 vitreous. It is found of all grades of diaphaneity, from 
 transparent to opaque; unequal in transparency across 
 the prism, and in the line of the axis it is pyro-electric 
 in a high degree, the refraction double, and exhibits di- 
 chroism ; its powers of polarizing light are so great, that, 
 cut into slices, it is used in the polariscope for analysing 
 the optical properties of other minerals. If two slices 
 of tourmaline, cut parallel with their axes, be laid one 
 on the other in one direction, they are both transparent ; 
 if laid in another direction they become opaque ; and, 
 if a doubly refracting crystal be brought between two 
 plates of tourmaline, the part covered by the crystal is 
 transparent, whilst the other is opaque. The extremities 
 of the crystals frequently terminate in a different man- 
 ner, a circumstance of rare occurrence in other crystals.
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 149 
 
 The red tourmaline is found in Ceylon, Ava, and 
 Siberia, and is known in commerce by the name of 
 Brazilian ruby, for which stone it is sometimes sold in 
 mistake. The yellow, grey, and brown varieties are 
 principally found in Ceylon ; and the green and blue 
 in the Brazils. These latter are sometimes called the 
 Brazilian emerald and sapphire. The black tourmaline 
 occurs in granite formations in Bavaria, the United 
 States, Greenland, and in this country in Devonshire and 
 Cornwall. The white variety, which is very rare, is 
 found in the island of Elba, on Mount St. Gothard, and 
 in Siberia. 
 
 The chemical composition of the different varieties is 
 as follows : 
 
 Black variety 
 from Greenland. 
 Analysis by 
 Rammelsberg. 
 
 37''7O 
 
 Green variety 
 from Brazil. 
 
 3Q'l6 
 
 Red variety 
 from Siberia. 
 Analysis by 
 Rammelsberg. 
 
 18-38 
 
 acid .... 7-36 . 
 'a 34'53 
 
 Oy lu 
 
 4'59 
 . 40-00 . 
 
 J O 
 
 7-41 
 43'97 
 
 Silica 
 
 Borac 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Peroxide of iron . . 4*63 
 
 Protoxide of iron . . 0*25 . . 5'96 
 
 Magnesia 9-51 i'6o 
 
 Lime 1*25 o'6z 
 
 Soda 2'oo 1-97 
 
 Potash 0-43 . . 3-59 . . 0-21 
 
 Phosphorus .... o'n 0^27 
 
 Fluorine 1^23 2-47 
 
 Peroxide ot manganese . ... 2-14 .. 2'6o 
 
 Loss by ignition 1-58 
 
 Lithia 0-48
 
 150 The Tourmaline. 
 
 The tourmaline is also found in a massive state, some- 
 times fibrous or radiating. Under the blowpipe it swells 
 up, and fuses into a sort of slag. The crystals are occa- 
 sionally found parti-coloured for instance, red internally 
 and green externally, others blue and green, and fre- 
 quently in those found in Elba, red at one end, yellow 
 in the middle, and black or brown at the other extre- 
 mity. When heated or rubbed, the tourmaline ac- 
 quires a different degree of electricity at each extremity. 
 If broken whilst in that state, the fragments, like artificial 
 magnets, present opposite poles. 
 
 The tourmaline is cut upon a leaden or zinc wheel 
 with emery, and polished with tripoli. The transparent 
 varieties are generally trap cut ; the opaque are faceted 
 both above and below the girdle. 
 
 The lapidary is obliged to bear in mind that this stone 
 is only transparent in one direction, and that, unless the 
 table be parallel with the axis of the crystal, an other- 
 wise transparent stone will appear opaque on looking 
 through it. This stone was first brought to Europe by 
 the Dutch from Ceylon, and they gave it the name of 
 aschentrekker, from its sometimes attracting and some- 
 times repelling hot ashes when laid near it for any 
 length of time. The tourmaline was considered a chry- 
 solite when yellow, a sapphire when blue, etc. ; and 
 even now it is of no uncommon occurrence to find it 
 sold under other names, although the quality it possesses 
 of acquiring magnetic properties by means of heat af- 
 fords a ready means of distinguishing it from any other
 
 Quartz. 151 
 
 gem. The tourmaline has very little commercial value 
 except for optical purposes. Its name is undoubtedly 
 of Cingalese origin. 
 
 QUARTZ. 
 
 Amethyst, Cairngorm, Chrysoprase, Onyx, Sardonyx, 
 Cornelian, Chalcedony, Mocha-stone, Agate, Cat's 
 eye, Jasper, Blood-stone, Aventurine, Rock Crystal. 
 
 Under this denomination a large number of gems are 
 comprised, generally of small value, although a solitary 
 specimen of fine quality may bring a large price. The 
 gems named above, notwithstanding they are all of the 
 same composition, change their appellation as they differ 
 
 Crystals of Quartz. 
 
 in colour ; and, as the chiel characteristics of each are 
 similar, the physical peculiarities of the whole will be 
 first described, after which all the varieties can be men- 
 tioned separately. 
 
 Quartz belongs to the rhombohedral system of crys- 
 tallization ; many varieties, however, are found massive 
 and compact. Il occurs in hexagonal prisms, often 
 having pyramids at each end. Some appear to have 
 each alternate plane of the prism absorbed in the others, 
 giving the appearance of three-sided prisms or pyra-
 
 1 5 2 Quartz 
 
 mids; some are found with only the two pyramids, 
 having no prism ; and others with modifications of the 
 angles and edges ; often in twin or double crystals. As 
 a rule, all crystals of quartz are more or less striated 
 across the planes of the prism ; sometimes very distinct, 
 sometimes hardly perceptible ; but never striated lon- 
 gitudinally down the prism, as with the topaz or beryl. 
 The specific gravity of all the members of this family 
 varies from 2-5 to 2'8 in hardness j it is numbered 7 
 in the scale, and scratches glass readily. The lustre is 
 vitreous when transparent, inclining to resinous when 
 opaque. The fracture is conchoidal, and the cleavage 
 very indistinct j the refraction is double, and it be- 
 comes positively electric by friction. The family of 
 quartz may be classed under three heads : 
 
 The vitreous or transparent ; 
 
 The resinous or opaque ; and 
 
 The jaspery or the varieties having the dull colour 
 and opacity of the jasper. 
 
 All the varieties are found of various colours and 
 shades ; the chemical composition is pure silica, or 
 
 Silicon 48*04 
 
 Oxygen 51-96 
 
 It is insoluble by all acids except hydrofluoric ; it does 
 not melt before the blowpipe, but when exposed to the 
 flame of the oxyhydrogen jet it melts, so that it can be 
 drawn into fine threads, and at last becomes volatilized. 
 When two pieces of quartz are rubbed together they be- 
 come phosphorescent, and emit an empyreumatic odour.
 
 Rock Crystal. 153 
 
 ROCK CRYSTAL. 
 
 The first variety of vitreous quartz is the colourless 
 one called Rock Crystal, which is found in beautifully- 
 formed crystals either detached or in groups, and in 
 rounded water-worn pebbles in various localities in 
 almost ever}' part of the globe : in the Isle of Wight, 
 at Bristol, on Snowdon, in Derbyshire, Cornwall, Cum- 
 berland, and on Cairngorm, in Scotland; in the moun- 
 tains in Wicklow and Donegal, Ireland ; in Savoy 
 and Dauphine ; in die Carrara Mountains, in Hungary, 
 and on the Alps, etc. It is also met with in the Easi 
 Indies, Ceylon, Brazil, Quito, Canada, and Australia. 
 
 Crystal sometimes contains admixture of mica, rutile, 
 tourmaline, topaz, asbestos, bitumen, and other foreign 
 matters, and is often found with a greenish mineral 
 called chlorite ; occasionally possessing a cavity contain- 
 ing water, with an air-bubble in it, which moves as the 
 crystal is turned about ; sometimes containing gases and 
 liquids. Crystals of a very large size are occasionally 
 met with, but they are rarely perfect. One specimen, 
 in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, measures three feet in 
 diameter, and weighs eight hundred pounds. Geodes, 
 or hollow globular masses of quartz, are found in many 
 trap rocks ; some of them occur of as large a size as 
 two feet in diameter : small specimens are found at 
 Clifton, near Bristol, where they are known as potato 
 stones. This stone, under the name of pebble, is used by
 
 1 54 Rock Crystal. 
 
 opticians for making the lenses of spectacles, on account 
 of its superior hardness and durability to glass, and its 
 coldness, as it, in common with all precious stones, feels 
 cool to the touch. The lenses, however, must be cut 
 at right angles to the axis of the crystal, in order to 
 avoid the effect of the double refraction of the mineral, 
 which is not only unpleasant, but prejudicial to the 
 eyesight ; colourless quartz is also used in the polariscope, 
 in sections cut across the prism. Lately it has been 
 much used in jewellery, stones and enamel being in- 
 crusted in it. In India the natives hollow it out into 
 cups, goblets, and vases of a surprising thinness, and 
 frequently cover them with the most elaborate orna- 
 mentation. The Chinese also use this substance largely, 
 and attach great value to it, although the forms into 
 which they cut it are less graceful, and the ornamenta- 
 tion far inferior to that of the Indian workmen. In 
 Japan it is cut into large round balls, which are said 
 to be used for the purpose of cooling the hands. The 
 Eastern nations frequently make it into beads for neck- 
 laces. The natives of India believe the crystal to be 
 the mother, or external husk, of the diamond, and call 
 the diamond the ripe, and the crystal the unripe, 
 diamond. The ancient Egyptians used the crystal for 
 making cylinders, scarabaei, etc., some specimens being 
 elaborately engraved. The Greeks supposed it to be 
 water congealed by intense cold, as the name (KpwroAAos, 
 ice) signifies ; and it was thought to be procurable only 
 in the frozen regions. In the Middle Ages it was be-
 
 Rock Crystal. 155 
 
 lieved to be incapable of containing poisons, and that it 
 would betray their presence by becoming obscured, or 
 by breaking; consequently, cups and goblets of it were 
 highly esteemed, being frequently covered with the most 
 beautiful ornamentation. 
 
 The Emperor Nero is related to have possessed two 
 magnificent crystal cups, engraved with subjects from 
 the Iliad, which cost an enormous sum. When his 
 downfall took place he destroyed them, that no one else 
 might drink from them. Numerous specimens of the 
 Cinque Cento period are still extant, both of German 
 and Italian workmanship, in various museums and in 
 private hands. The large round balls, under proper ma- 
 nipulation, were supposed to possess magical powers, 
 and to disclose events which were to happen, and show 
 persons who were distant. The famous crystal globe 
 of Dr. Dee is an illustration of this belief. Crystal 
 was used medicinally in powder, mixed with wine, and 
 given in cases of dysentery; pieces, also, were held 
 against the tongue in fevers to assuage thirst. 
 
 The value of the ordinary crystal in the rough, for 
 such sizes as will cut into lenses, varies from 2s. to i$s. 
 per pound avoirdupois, depending on the quality ; but 
 pieces of large size bring very high prices, particularly 
 when cut, as the operation of cutting so hard a substance 
 from the solid mass into a hollow vase, cup or dish, is, 
 of course, attended with danger, and requires a great 
 expenditure of time and labour. The stone is cut on 
 a copper wheel by means of emery, and polished with
 
 156 Rock Crystal. 
 
 tnpoli. If required to be drilled, splinter of diamond 
 is used; for engraving, diamond-powder is necessary, 
 and sometimes a pattern or device is etched on it 
 with fluoric acid. Strass, or paste, is very often sold for 
 crystal when quite pure and free from air-bubbles, but it 
 is easily detected by its inferior hardness and greater 
 weight. 
 
 The green, pink, and other coloured beads which are 
 sold in Switzerland and Germany are made of crystal, 
 coloured by artificial means. They are heated to red- 
 ness, and then thrown into various chemical solutions, 
 according to the colour desired to be produced. The 
 sudden change of temperature causes the crystal to 
 fissure or crack all over, and the liquid permeates the 
 pores of the mineral. These cracks are very minute 
 and imperceptible to the naked eye, and give the crystal 
 the effect of being coloured through the mass. 
 
 At the time of the French revolution of 1791 the 
 Crown treasures were valued, and amongst them were 
 a great number of pieces ot crystal, in goblets, vases, urns, 
 etc. j some merely polished, and some beautifully carved 
 and engraved. The whole collection was, even then, 
 estimated at more than 1,000,000 francs. 
 
 THE AMETHYST. 
 
 The next variety of the vitreous portion of the quartz 
 family is called amethyst, which is of a fine violet 
 colour, passing from while to a deep purple, sometimes
 
 Amethyst. 157 
 
 in the same specimen. The deep purple-coloured spe- 
 cimens are frequently called oriental, even by jewellers 
 and lapidaries, although the oriental amethyst is an en- 
 tirely different stone, which has already been described 
 under the head of sapphire. The colour of this gem is by 
 some supposed to be derived from a trace of the oxide of 
 manganese. Later analyses, however, have discovered 
 also silica, iron, and soda. Heintz obtained, from a 
 very deep purple Brazilian amethyst, 
 
 Oxide of iron .... 0-0187 
 
 Lime 0-6236 
 
 Magnesia 0-0133 
 
 Soda 0-0418 
 
 The amethyst is found in India, Ceylon, the Brazils, 
 Persia, Siberia, Hungary, Saxony, Spain, etc. A fine 
 vein is said to exist near Kerry, in Ireland. In Oberstein 
 it is found in a trap rock, in geodes of agate. These 
 geodes are sometimes as much as two feet in diameter, 
 hollow, and rilled with crystalized amethyst of a fine 
 colour. Similar geodes are also said to exist in India. 
 
 This variety of quartz, in common with some other o f 
 the vitreous members of the family, possesses a pecu- 
 liarly minute, wrinkled, or wavy fracture on the fresh- 
 broken surface, resembling the impression of the skin 
 of the thumb on a waxy substance. Sir David Brew- 
 ster classes all kinds of quartz having this peculiarity as 
 amethysts, without regard to their colour. 
 
 This gem is found in pieces of considerable size, and,
 
 158 Amethyst. 
 
 from its beautiful colour and play, is much used in 
 jewellery. Many years ago, amethysts were of consider- 
 able value, ranking next to the sapphire, and when fine 
 selling at 305. per carat ; but immense quantities having 
 been sent from the Brazils, they became common, era 
 dually went out of fashion, and became nearly value- 
 less. Latterly, however, the taste for them has revived, 
 and at the present time they are gaining ground in 
 public estimation. A fine clear deep-coloured amethyst, 
 of the size of a two-shilling piece, is worth from a^io 
 to s6i$ ; smaller sizes and inferior qualities are sold at 
 from 2s. to loo*. 
 
 The amethyst is cut in various ways ; but the mode 
 which best shows the beauty of the stone is the brilliant- 
 cut with a rounding table, that is to say, cut like a dia- 
 mond, but with the table, or flat part of the stone, slightly 
 domed. Very few amethysts are cut in this country, 
 as the price of labour is too high : great quantities are 
 sent to Germany, where it is far cheaper. This stone 
 appears to the greatest advantage when set with diamonds 
 or pearls. By candlelight it loses a part of its beauty, 
 being apt to appear of a blackish hue. The amethyst is 
 cut on a copper wheel with emery, and polished on tin 
 with tripoli. This stone takes a very fine polish. 
 
 The name amethyst is from the Greek d/ieflvoros, de- 
 rived from a /ne$va>, "not to inebriate," in allusion to 
 the superstition that this stone had the power of dissi- 
 pating drunkenness. Pliny says that the gem was so 
 called from the fact of its approaching near to the colour
 
 Cairngorm, Cinnamon Stone, etc. 159 
 
 of wine, but not quite reaching it. In the Middle Ages, 
 it was believed to dispel sleep, sharpen the intellect, and 
 lo be an antidote against poison. In 1652 an amethyst 
 was worth as much as a diamond of equal weight. 
 
 CAIRNGORM, CINNAMON STONE, FALSE TOPAZ, ETC. 
 
 As a variety of quartz, the cairngorm possesses pre- 
 cisely those physical characteristics mentioned at p. 152, 
 in treating of the subject generally. This stone takes 
 its name from the fact of its being found in the Cairn- 
 gorm mountains, in Scotland. It is commonly supposed 
 that only the smoky varieties have a right to the name 
 of " cairngorm"; but it really is very difficult to decide, 
 as the name appears to run through all shades of colour 
 from black to yellow. Jewellers and lapidaries call these 
 stones Brazilian topaz, Mexican topaz, Spanish topaz, 
 smoke-stone, etc., just as their fancy dictates, and always 
 appear to have a separate name ready for every tint of 
 colour. This, however, would not be of so much con- 
 sequence if they confined this loose nomenclature to the 
 varieties of quartz ; but utterly regardless of chemical 
 composition, they call all pale green stones aquamarine, 
 all pale yellow stones topazes, etc. etc. 
 
 The lapidaries of Edinburgh cut the cairngorm in a 
 way which displays the colour of this stone in a most 
 remarkable manner, causing great brilliancy. They 
 cover the underside of the stone entirely with oblong 
 facets arranged in regular rows ; while the table is .<?ur-
 
 I6o Avanturine. 
 
 rounded with triangular facets, keeping the stone as 
 thick as possible, which produces the deep orange-coloui 
 observed in them. Some lapidaries have a mode of 
 changing the colour of these gems by heat ; in thin 
 stones, used by spectacle-makers for optical purposes, 
 there is a method employed of taking the colour en- 
 tirely away. 
 
 The cairngorm is found in every part of the world 
 in Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, Siberia, the United 
 States, and in Ireland and Scotland usually in crystals, 
 sometimes in water-worn pebbles. In Siberia, crystals 
 of smoky quartz are occasionally found penetrated by 
 crystals of beryl, in the same manner as crystals of 
 white quartz are found with crystals of topaz running 
 through them. 
 
 False topaz is only another name for cairngorm. 
 
 Cinnamon is the name applied to those deep-coloured 
 crystals, mostly fcmnd in the Brazils, and which differ 
 in no other respect from the cairngorm. The French 
 term this stone pierre de cannelle. 
 
 This stone is very little used for articles of jewellery, 
 except in Scotland, where it adorns the handles of snuff 
 mulls, dirks, powder-horns, and other articles of High- 
 land costume. It is also much used in Birmingham for 
 mounting in brass and gilt work. 
 
 AVANTURINE, OR AVENTURINE. 
 This is another vitreous variety of quartz, of a pearly
 
 Avanturine. 161 
 
 grey, brown, or reddish-brown colour, and contains mi- 
 nute spangles of mica, which give it a glistening ap- 
 pearance. Its lustre is vitreous, inclining to resinous. 
 The stone is found on the shores of the White Sea, 
 in Bohemia, Silesia, and in India ; but the finest quality 
 comes from the Cape de Gata, in Spain, and from 
 Ekatherinenberg, in Siberia. The green variety is appa- 
 rently coloured by copper, but it has not the peculiar 
 nickel green of the chrysoprase. There is a kind of 
 mica schist, of a reddish colour, which is frequently 
 sold for aventurine. It occurs in many localities, but 
 both are used for snuff-boxes and cane-handles, although 
 very rarely for purposes of jewellery. 
 
 The artificial aventurine is far more beautiful than the 
 real. It is made by heating together, for a considerable 
 time, eight parts of ground glass, one part protoxide of 
 copper, and two parts of oxide of iron, the mixture 
 being allowed to cool very slowly. It is said that the 
 name of aventurine arose from a workman in the glass 
 factory at Venice letting fall by accident (per aventurd) 
 some brass filings into a pot of melted glass, and the 
 product thence received the name of " aventurine." 
 
 The Emperor of Russia had two large vases cut out 
 of this material, which he presented to Sir Roderick 
 Murchison. 
 
 CHRYSOPKASE. 
 
 This stone belongs to the chalcedonic variety of 
 quartz, and is found massive in thick layers, which are 
 
 M
 
 162, Chrysoprase. 
 
 never crystallized. It has an even or fine splintery, or 
 a flat conchoidal fracture. Its hardness is slightly less 
 than the other descriptions of quartz. An analysis by 
 Klaproth obtained the following : 
 
 Silica 96-16 
 
 Oxide of nickel i 'oo 
 
 Lime 0-83 
 
 It is found at Kosemutz, in Silesia, imbedded in 
 serpentine, and associated with a metal called pimelite, 
 also with opal and chalcedony. The kings of Prussia 
 used only to allow the mines in which this stone was 
 found to be opened once in three years, and kept the 
 finest specimens for themselves. It is reported to have 
 been likewise discovered at the Belmont lead-mine, St. 
 Laurence, U.S. 
 
 The chrysoprase, although formerly valuable in this 
 country, is now nearly worthless, not being used for 
 jewellery. On the Continent it is made into snuff-boxes, 
 stick-tops, and even brooches and pins. It is cut en ca- 
 lochon, at the bottom, and with small facets round the 
 edge of the upper side. In the course of time the 
 chrysoprase loses its fine colour, but much more rapidly 
 when kept in a dry warm place : this loss is also occa- 
 sioned by the action of light. It is said that the colour 
 can be restored by a solution of nitrate of nickel. 
 
 The name chrysoprase is derived from two Greek 
 words, xpvo-os and irpaa-ov, signifying " golden leek," on 
 account of its colour. It was much used amongst the 
 ancient Greeks and Romans for rings, and fine intagiios
 
 Onyx and Sardonyx. 163 
 
 and cameos are still in existence of the early Greek 
 period. 
 
 ONYX AND SARDONYX. 
 
 These, the most important members oi all the chalce 
 donic family of quartz, are distinguished from the agate 
 by the position of the stripes or layers. The onyx is 
 generally of a blackish or brownish colour, striped with 
 white 3 occasionally, also, with a greenish layer. The 
 sardonyx is of a deep rich brown, inclining to orange, 
 and, when held against the light, exhibits a deep-red hue. 
 Onyx is found at Yemen in Arabia, at Guzerat, at Ober- 
 stein in Saxony, in the southern part of Russia, in Perth- 
 shire, the Isle of Skye, and at various spots in Ireland. 
 
 The onyx derives its name from the Greek ow, 
 signifying " nail," it being supposed to have a resem- 
 blance to the human nail. The finest onyxes are 
 brought from India, in pieces of a circular or oval form, 
 rounded on the top, with the white stripe running 
 round the brown or black centre near the margin, like 
 the eye of a lynx, which the natives think it resem- 
 bles. These stones are also termed by jewellers " eye- 
 stones." The more concentric rings or layers a stone 
 possesses, the more valuable does it become. Onyxes 
 frequently reach this country in the form of beads ; in 
 that case the white stripe runs through them diago- 
 nally. Sometimes these beads are elaborately carved, but 
 this destroys their value, instead of enhancing it. The
 
 164 Onyx., Sardonyx, etc. 
 
 Indian or Oriental onyxes realize a much larger price 
 than the German ones; and many lapidaries in this 
 country have the erroneous idea that all the translucent 
 ones are Oriental, that they are very much harder, and 
 that it is impossible to stain them artificially, which is 
 quite fallacious, as Indian or Oriental onyxes are of 
 precisely the same nature as the German ones, and are 
 equally susceptible of being coloured. 
 
 The trade in German onyxes is extremely large. At 
 Oberstein and Idar are regular works, established on a 
 large scale, for cutting, slitting, drilling, and staining 
 onyxes and agates ; the mills are driven by the water- 
 power of the river Aar, which runs into the Rhine 
 opposite Bingen. The grinding and cutting wheels are of 
 very large size, some six or seven feet in diameter j and 
 labour being exceedingly cheap, these operations are 
 performed at an incredibly low cost. The labourers lie 
 on their faces, on a bench constructed for the purpose, 
 and hold the stones against the wheels, their feet rest- 
 ing against two supports firmly fixed to the bench, in 
 order to get greater purchase, and to be enabled to 
 work more rapidly.
 
 Onyx, Sardonyx, etc. 165 
 
 Onyxes, agates, etc., are without difficulty stained 
 to any colour by artificial means ; for black, the stone 
 is first boiled in honey, oil, or sugared water, and then 
 in sulphuric acid, which carbonizes tne oil or sugar the 
 stone has absorbed ; for" red, protosulphate of iron is 
 added, thereby leaving the iron in the form of an 
 oxide 5 for the deep blue colour sometimes seen on 
 onxyes, yellow prussiate of potash is added to the proto- 
 sulphate of iron. It must be remarked that it is only 
 the more porous parts of the stone which absorb the 
 sugar, and the carbonization heightens greatly the con- 
 trast between the white and black layers. 
 
 The stones styled nicolo or onicolo are a variety of 
 onyx, having a deep brown ground, overlaid by a layer 
 of bluish- white ; the white layer being excessively thin, 
 the dark colour shows through. These stones are prin- 
 cipally found in Bohemia and the Tyrol. Amongst the 
 ancients they were much valued for engraving cameos 
 and intaglios. The name nicolo is derived from the 
 Greek Ni^oXaos. 
 
 The sardonyx is of a reddish-brown colour, consisting 
 of alternate layers of chalcedony and carnelion. The 
 name is derived from the union of the sard and the onyx., 
 which were formerly considered to be different stones. 
 The sard is supposed to have derived its name from the 
 ancient Sardis, or from the Greek word (rap, flesh, 
 on account of its colour, which somewhat resembles 
 raw flesh. Both onyx and sardonyx are much used in 
 jewellery, especially for signet rings ; the different layers
 
 1 66 Onyx, Sardonyx, etc. 
 
 of the stone affording good contrasts for the display of 
 the engraving ; they are also cut into cups, vases, knife 
 and sword handles, and are much used in beads foi 
 necklaces. 
 
 The onyx was the eleventh stone on the breastplate 
 of the high priest, according to the Authorized Version 
 of the Scriptures, although the almost complete uni- 
 formity of the other traaslations, given on page 36, 
 would lead to a supposition that the eleventh stone was 
 the beryl, and not the onyx. The piecious ring thrown 
 into the sea by die tyrant of Samos, Polycrates, was a 
 sardonyx. The chaplets or rosaries worn by the fakirs 
 of India, from the time of Pliny down to the present 
 day, were and are usually made of onyx beads. 
 
 With regard to the value of these stones, although 
 an onyx when known to be Oriental is of infinitely 
 higher commercial value than a German onyx, yet, as 
 they are identically the same stone, and as there is great 
 reason to believe that those coming from India are fre- 
 quently coloured by the process described on page 165, 
 one is at a loss to understand why there should be any 
 difference when the quality and translucency are iden- 
 tical, more particularly as no lapidary or jeweller can 
 tell one from die other. If a fine stone be shown to 
 a number of competent judges, it will most likely be 
 pronounced German by one half, and Oriental by the 
 other. The writer has seen onyxes sell for as high a 
 price as ,200 each, when of large size, beautiful co- 
 lour, and with many layers.
 
 Onyx, Sardonyx, etc. 167 
 
 The German beads fetch from 6d. to 6,y. each, ac- 
 cording to size and quality, and for those of Indian 
 origin the most widely divergent prices are asked and 
 obtained. 
 
 The onyx and sardonyx have been used for cameos 
 from a very early period ; the darker shades are usually 
 left to form the ground, and the lighter shades cut 
 into figures. In the library of the Vatican at Rome 
 is the renowned cameo said to have belonged to the 
 Emperor Augustus; in the Imperial Library in Paris 
 are the well-known onyx cameos of Marcus Aurelius 
 and Faustina, Agrippina and her two children, Venus 
 rising from the sea surrounded with cupids, and many 
 others. 
 
 A marvellously fine antique sardonyx cameo of five 
 strata, representing the bust of Faustina, was sold at the 
 sale of the effects of the Marquis de Dree for 7000 
 francs. 
 
 The art of cutting cameos, which has long been neg- 
 lected, seems now about to be revived, as some creditable 
 productions have recently appeared both at Paris and at 
 Rome ; and though still far behind the work of ancient 
 and mediaeval artists, are great improvements on the 
 wretched productions which were sent forth a few years 
 ago. 
 
 This stone was supposed in ancient times to cause 
 strife and melancholy, and to be a cure for epileptic 
 fits. Mithridates, king of Pontus, is reported to have, 
 had two thousand cups made of this material.
 
 1 68 The Sard and Cornelian. 
 
 THE SARD AND CARNELION. 
 
 These are two varieties of chalcedony, of bright red 
 and yellow tints; the liver-coloured or brownish-red 
 specimens being called sard, and the bright red, white, 
 and yellow ones carnelions. The best stones of this kind 
 are found at Cambay and Surat, in India, and in 
 Arabia ; they are also found in Saxony, Scotland, Ire- 
 land, and New Zealand. They take a most beautiful 
 polish, and are particularly adapted for seals, as they 
 "deliver" easily from the heated wax, without destroying 
 the impression. This quality was remarked by Pliny, 
 who extolled the stone beyond the sapphire. The name 
 carnelion is derived from the Latin carnis, flesh, on 
 account of its colour. The carnelions are very little 
 used in this country, although popular in Germany and 
 Poland. The specimens found in Europe are generally 
 of a muddy or cloudy tint, far inferior to those coming 
 from India. It is a fact that exposure to the sun for a 
 considerable period makes the colour of the stone brighter 
 and deeper; artificial heat fails to produce the same 
 effect, which would lead to the supposition that light 
 as well as heat exercises an influence in effecting the 
 change in colour, which must arise from the oxidation 
 of the iron contained in the stone. 
 
 CHALCEDONY, MOCHA-STONES, PLASMA, AND AGATE. 
 Chalcedony is a variety of quartz ; according to Fuchs,
 
 Chalcedony, Mocha-stones, etc. 169 
 
 pure quartz, with opal disseminated through it. This 
 stone is usually of a greyish colour, but sometimes oc- 
 curs milky-white, pinkish, or of a smalt-blue : in the 
 latter case it is called sapphirine. It is never found 
 crystallized. Some Indian varieties are yellowish, which 
 is owing to the presence of oxide of iron. It is often 
 found lining agate geodes, in trap rocks, and sometimes 
 stratified, various tints alternating ; it is semi-transpa- 
 rent, translucent (to nearly opaque) and as hard as 
 quartz, but much less fragile, being very tough, and 
 breaking with an even fracture, exhibiting little or no 
 lustre. Before the blowpipe it becomes an opaque 
 white. It is found in flints in most chalk-pits and 
 in Europe is met with in Cornwall, Transylvania, and 
 Iceland. From its hardness and toughness, this stone 
 is well adapted for engraving, and has been used for 
 this purpose from the most ancient period. White 
 chalcedony, with minute blood-red spots, is called St. 
 Stephen's-stone. 
 
 The chalcedonyx is a variety of chalcedony, having 
 alternate stripes of white and grey. Plasma is a faintly- 
 translucent variety which was much used in ancient 
 times for engraving. Many fine gems are extant in 
 this material ; it is of a grass- or olive-green colour, 
 sprinkled with minute yellow and white specks, and 
 possesses a resinous sort of lustre j it is found among 
 the ruins of Rome, in the Schwarzwald, in India and 
 China. The name is derived from the Greek 
 "image."
 
 170 A 'gate. 
 
 The mocha- or moko-stone is a variety containing in- 
 filtrated dendritic oxides of manganese and iron, which 
 give it the appearance of containing vegetable remains. 
 It is found in Arabia, and is said to derive its name 
 from Mocha ; others suppose the name mocha-stone to 
 be a corruption of moschas, or moss-stone. 
 
 AGATE. 
 
 The agate (another variety of chalcedony) is of dif- 
 ferent colours, arranged in bands of various thicknesses, 
 often variegated in small masses in a matrix of chal- 
 cedony. When the lines are thin and zigzag, it is called 
 fortification agate, from its fancied resemblance to the 
 outlines of a fortification ; when in nearly straight 
 lines, it is called ribbon agate ; when containing appa- 
 rent marks of vegetation, moss agate. 
 
 This stone is manufactured into articles of utility as 
 well as ornament ; it is much used for making bur- 
 nishers, mortars for chemical purposes, balances of 
 scales (where great nicety is desired), cups, vases, seal- 
 handles, etc. It may be coloured artificially, in the 
 same manner as the onyx. 
 
 The principal manufactories are at Oberstein, where, 
 however, the supply has fallen off. The rough stones 
 are now brought from the Brazils, India, Australia, etc., 
 coming to Hamburg and other ports in ships with light 
 cargoes as ballast. The numerous specimens termed 
 Brighton, Isle of Wight, Aberystwith, and Irish pebbles
 
 Agate. 171 
 
 as well as those sold at Chamounix, Niagara, etc., are 
 in reality these Brazilian or Indian agates, and are dis- 
 tinguishable from the Oberstein agate by being water- 
 worn j whilst the Oberstein agates are generally covered 
 with a greenish mineral called delessite, a silicate of 
 iron, and frequently have some of the trap rock adhering 
 to them. The beach pebbles, found on the south coast 
 of England, are exported in great quantities to Germany 5 
 they always have the same mixture of colours, clouded 
 with a fine brown, with black and grey. In some spe- 
 cimens fine sections of choanites may be observed, thus 
 proving them to have been formed in the cretaceous age, 
 and to be totally different from real agate. 
 
 The Scotch pebbles, sold in Edinburgh as Scotch 
 jewellery, are frequently cut and mounted in Oberstein, 
 although many are really made from agate quarried 
 near Perth, and manufactured and mounted in Scotland. 
 
 The name agate, according to Theophrastus, is derived 
 from the river Achates, in Sicily, now called Drillo, 
 whence they were first brought. The agate was much 
 esteemed by the Greeks and Romans, more especially 
 those specimens wherein a fanciful resemblance to natural 
 objects occurred. Pliny relates that Pyrrhus possessed a 
 natural agate, in which was depicted Apollo playing on 
 the lyre, and the Nine Muses with their attributes. 
 
 CAT'S-EYE. 
 This is another chalcedonic variety of quartz, found
 
 172 Cats-eye. 
 
 of a yellowish-green, yellowish-brown,, blackish, and 
 hyacinth-red colour. It derives its name from possessing 
 a peculiar opalescent lustre, between resinous and vi- 
 treous, which shows most strongly when cut en cabochon. 
 When held towards the light, it resembles the contracted 
 pupil of the eye of a cat; this singular effect being 
 caused by fibres of amianthoid asbestos running parallel 
 across the stone. It is usually translucent, sometimes 
 quite transparent, very easily broken, and the fracture 
 imperfectly conchoidal. Before the blowpipe it loses its 
 lustre and transparency, and in powder is fusible, although 
 with difficulty. It occurs in a massive form in Bavaria, 
 the Hartz Mountains, and in Bohemia ; but the good 
 quality only comes from Ceylon and the Malabar coast, 
 where it is found in small rounded pebbles. The cutting 
 is usually performed in Ceylon, and when exhibiting the 
 cat's-eye peculiarity in perfection, is much esteemed. 
 
 This gem is frequently confounded by jewellers and 
 lapidaries with the true or chrysoberyl cat's-eye, which 
 they also persist in calling " chrysolite cat's-eye." The 
 chrysoberyl (trrned " cymophane " when opalescent) is 
 a much more beautiful gem, and may easily be distin- 
 guished by its superior hardness and greater specific 
 gravity. 
 
 The cat's-eye is much used in jewellery for rings and 
 pins, and its value has tripled in the last ten years. It 
 is impossible to fix any value which would guide a pur- 
 chaser, the price being a fancy one, dependent on the 
 size and beauty of the gem.
 
 Jasper. 1 73 
 
 The cat's-eye is usually set with a black or gold foil, 
 to heighten its play and brilliancy. This stone was de- 
 dicated to their god Belus by the ancient Assyrians, and 
 was called by classic authors oculus Beli, and XCVKO 
 o</>0oAu,os (wolf's-eye). 
 
 JASPER. 
 
 This stone another of the many varieties of quartz 
 is very compact, and is found of various colours dark 
 green, red, brown, yellow, greyish, and sometimes bluish 
 and black. It is very hard, and takes a fine polish. Oc- 
 casionally it is found banded, or in stripes of different 
 colours, when it is termed ribbon-jasper ; the stripes are 
 usually red and green alternating. Jasper alone is infu- 
 sible before the blowpipe, but it will melt with the 
 addition of carbonate of soda. It is sometimes found 
 imbedded in trap rock, but more frequently in pebbles 
 in the beds of rivers. 
 
 The yellow jasper is found near the Bay of Smyrna, 
 in Greece and other places ; the red in the plains of 
 Argos j the variety known as ribbon-jasper comes from 
 Siberia and Saxony ; and another kind, termed Egyptian 
 jasper, is found on the banks of the Nile. This latter is 
 of a fine brown on the exterior, and clouded with brown 
 of various shades, frequently spotted with black ; the 
 markings in this variety occasionally resembling natural 
 objects. A specimen in the British Museum is thought 
 to exhibit a likeness of t the poet Chaucer. The yellow
 
 1 74 Jasper. 
 
 variety is used in the Florentine mosaic-work called 
 pietra dura. 
 
 The ancients were well acquainted with this stone, and 
 prized it most highly. Onomakritos, 500 years before the 
 Christian era, speaks of the " grass-green jasper, which 
 rejoices the eye of man, and is looked on with pleasure 
 by the immortals." The emeralds spoken of by Roman 
 and Greek authors were most probably green jasper, as 
 we hear of pillars of temples cut out of one piece. 
 Pliny, who describes no less than ten kinds of jasper, 
 relates that it was worn by the natives of the East as an 
 amulet or charm. This stone was much used for cameos ; 
 many specimens are extant, having several layers, and 
 the objects represented are cut deep or shallow, so as to 
 bring the colours into contrast : for instance, in some 
 specimens may be seen the head of a warrior in red 
 jasper, the helmet green and the breastplate yellow. In 
 the collection of the Vatican are two marveUous vases of 
 this substance; one of red jasper with white stripes, the 
 other of black jasper with yellow stripes. 
 
 This stone is cut on copper wheels with fine sand and 
 emery, and polished on wooden or metal wheels with 
 pumice and tripoli. 
 
 Jasper is highly prized in China, the seal of the Em- 
 peror being made of it. In Europe its commercial value 
 in the rough is from is. to $os. per lb., depending on the 
 quality, evenness, and colour. 
 
 The jasper, according to the Authorized Version or' 
 the Scriptures, was the twelfth stone in the breast-plate
 
 Bloodstone or Heliotrope. 175 
 
 of the High Priest. ; and as the Hebrew name is " yasb- 
 peh," which is stiikingly similar to jasper, and almost all 
 the translations agree, there can be little doubt as to its 
 identity. 
 
 Galen, among other sage advice, relates that if a jasper 
 be hung about the neck, it will strengthen the stomach. 
 
 THE BLOODSTONE OR HELIOTROPE. 
 
 Bloodstone is another jasper- variety of quartz, of a 
 dark-green colour, and having those minute blood-red 
 specks disseminated throughout, which give its name. 
 
 The word heliotrope, from ^Xtos, the sun, and Tpoirrj, 
 a turning, is derived from the notion that, when immersed 
 in water, it changed the image of the sun into blood-red. 
 Pliny relates that the sun could be viewed hi it as in a 
 mirror, and that it made visible its eclipses. Marbodus, 
 in his poem on precious stones, thus speaks of it under 
 the name of heliotrope : 
 
 " Ex re nomen habens est heliotropia gemma, 
 Quae solis radiis in aqua subjecto basillo, 
 Sanguine reddit mutato lumine solem 
 Eclipsemque novam terris effundere cogit." 
 
 This stone is found in large quantities in India, Bo- 
 khara, Siberia, and Tartary, and also in the Isle of Rum 
 in the Hebrides, occurring generally in masses of con- 
 siderable size. It is translucent, and susceptible of a 
 beautiful polish ; its commercial value, as in the case of 
 other stones, varies with the quality of the specimen.
 
 176 The Chrysolite, Peridot, etc. 
 
 The bloodstone is used for the same purposes as agate 
 and onyx. 
 
 There is a tradition that at the Crucifixion the blood 
 which followed the spear-thrust fell upon a dark -green 
 jasper lying at the foot of the cross, and from this cir- 
 cumstance sprang the variety. In the Middle Ages the 
 red specks alluded to were supposed to represent the 
 blood of Christ ; and this stone was thought to possess 
 the same medicinal and magical virtues as the jasper. 
 
 Crystal of Peridot. 
 THE CHRYSOLITE, PERIDOT, OR OLIVINE. 
 
 This gem is the true chrysolite, although not ac- 
 knowledged as such by jewellers and lapidaries, who 
 invariably confine that name to the chrysoberyl. It 
 belongs to the monetric system of crystallization, and is 
 the softest of all the gems (numbering from 6 to 7 in 
 the scale) and is easily scratched by quartz. Its lustre 
 is vitreous, and the fracture conchoidal. The specific 
 gravity varies from 3-33 to 3*5, and its chemical com- 
 position is as follows : 
 
 Silica 39.73 
 
 Magnesia 50-13
 
 Chrysolite, Peridot, etc. 177 
 
 Piotoxide of iron 9-19 
 
 Alumina 0*32 
 
 Protoxide of manganese .... O'OQ 
 
 Oxide of nickel o'22 
 
 Before the blowpipe it becomes darker, but is infusible, 
 except in the case of the variety called hyalosidente, 
 which melts into a black magnetic globule. This stone, 
 as its name implies, contains a large quantity of iron. 
 All the varieties give the iron and silica reactions, and 
 are easily and completely dissolved by sulphuric acid into 
 a jelly. 
 
 This stone is called peridot when of a deep olive-green, 
 olivine when of a yellowish-green, and chrysolite when 
 of a lighter, or of a greenish-yellow, colour. Mineralo- 
 gists enumerate many other varieties, but they are ot 
 little interest, except to the mineralogical student. 
 Peridots are found in Ceylon, Pegu, Brazil, and also 
 near Constantinople, in angular or worn pieces, very 
 rarely crystallized ; they are not, however, very plenti- 
 ful. The olivine and chrysolite occur in Egypt, Mexico, 
 in Auvergne, the Tyrol, Scotland, etc., usually in sub- 
 stances of volcanic origin. Specimens have been met 
 v/ith in the lava of Vesuvius. 
 
 None of the varieties of this gem are much used in 
 jewellery, although some of them possess a very beauti- 
 ful deep colour : perhaps the fact of its being scratched 
 very easily may be the cause. They are usually cut in 
 steps, or en cabochon. On the Continent the chrysolite is 
 often cut like a rose diamond, and set with a gold foil
 
 178 The Turquoise. 
 
 a copper wheel being employed in cutting it, and the 
 polish obtained by the use of tripoli and oil. The 
 peridot very closely resembles the green tourmaline, 
 from which, however, it may be readily distinguished 
 by its non-electrical properties when heated, and by its 
 softness. The name chrysolite is derived from xpuo-os, 
 gold, and Ai0os, a stone. Peridot in many oriental 
 languages signifies a gem. The chrysolite is conjectured 
 to have been the so-called topaz of Pliny, who, how- 
 ever, confounds it with the chrysoberyl as well as the 
 topaz. 
 
 The value both of the chrysolite and peridot is very 
 small j fine specimens of good size may be bought at 
 from is. to 15$. the carat. A few years ago they were 
 in tolerable demand for jewellery purposes, when they 
 commanded a much larger price than at present. 
 
 THE TURQUOISE. 
 
 This stone, in ancient times called the Turkis or 
 Turkey stone, is found in reniform or stalactitic masses, 
 never in crystals ; it has a hardness of 6 in the scale 
 (although specimens vary considerably), and a specific 
 gravity of 2*6. It possesses a somewhat waxy lustre, 
 is occasionally translucent, although generally opaque, 
 and has a small conchoidal fracture, with a white 
 streak. 
 
 Its composition is as follows :
 
 .Che Turquoise. 179 
 
 From Silesia. From Persia. 
 Analysis by Fohn. Analysis by Hermann. 
 
 Alumia .... 
 
 44-50 . . 
 
 47'45 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 30-90 . . 
 
 27-34 
 
 Water .... 
 
 19-00 . . 
 
 , . 18-18 
 
 Protoxide of copper 
 
 375 
 
 . . 2'02 
 
 Protoxide of iron . 
 
 1-80 . . , 
 
 , . 
 
 Peroxide of iron . 
 
 . . , 
 
 no 
 
 Peroxide of manganese ... 
 
 0-50 
 
 Phosphate of lime . 
 
 . . 
 
 .V4 1 
 
 Before the blowpipe it decrepitates violently, and yields 
 water ; in the reducing flame it becomes brown, and 
 colours the flame green, but is infusible except with 
 borax or salt of phosphorus ; it dissolves without effer- 
 vescence in muriatic acid. 
 
 The turquoise of commerce comes from Nichabour 
 in Khorasan in Persia, and is found varying from 
 white to a fine azure blue, occasionally greenish ; but 
 it is only the fine blue stones that are of any value. The 
 turquoise is frequently supposed to be found in Russia, 
 but this is an error, and arises from the fact that great 
 numbers are sold to Russians at the fair of Nishni Nov 
 gorod by Persian, Kirghiz, and Tartar merchants j they 
 are stuck upon wax-sticks and sold in bundles like quills. 
 An inferior variety is found in Thibet, China, Silesia, 
 and at Oelnitz in Saxony. Lately there has been disco- 
 vered, by Major Macdonald, in Arabia Petraea, near 
 Mount Sinai, another variety, found in a stratum of 
 red sandstone. The colour of this turquoise is darker 
 and of a finer blue than the best Persian stones, but it 
 
 X 2
 
 180 The Turquoise. 
 
 has the unfortunate peculiarity of changing its hue in 
 the most rapid and mysterious manner ; a fine blue stone 
 will turn on the lapidary's wheel to a sickly green 
 or whitish tint ; other specimens retain their colour for 
 some weeks, breaking out afterwards in an eruption of 
 white specks, which gradually overspread the whole sur- 
 face, whilst others again begin to whiten or to become 
 green first round the edge ; some specimens regain their 
 colour by being soaked in water or weak uric acid, but 
 lose it again as the stone becomes dry. In certain rare 
 instances, however, the colour has remained unchanged 
 for many years ; but, as a rule, it would be well never 
 to give a large price for any turquoise from this mine. 
 They may be readily distinguished from the real tur- 
 quoise de vieille roche by the stratum (in most cases 
 apparent at the back) being of a pale yellowish-red 
 colour, instead of dark brown. 
 
 The Persian turquoise is also subject to change of 
 colour, although in nothing like the proportion of the 
 variety mentioned above ; if not brought into contact 
 with acids, musk, camphor, or other scents, it retains its 
 hue for many years, turning at last to a green or a 
 white, although ancient cameos and intaglios are extant 
 which have retained their colour until the present day. 
 Many persons still hold to the belief that this gem by 
 its changes indicates the state of health of the wearer, 
 and perhaps the fact that turquoises do vary their colour 
 in the most unaccountable manner, may have something 
 to do with this old superstition.
 
 The Turquoise. j$i 
 
 This stone is cut en cabochon on a leaden wheel, with 
 emery, and is polished on a wooden one, with rotten- 
 stone, and finished with rouge. 
 
 The bone or fossil turquoise (or odontolite) found in 
 Languedoc is composed of nothing but bones fossilized 
 and coloured by phosphate of iron j it is sometimes 
 called turquoise Bricard, from the name of the ori- 
 ginal owner of the mine. This so much resembles 
 the real stone as to ' deceive many persons ; the colour 
 is generally fine, but of an inky blue, which is never 
 seen on the Persian turquoise, and its texture, which is 
 very compact, shows in its fibrous lines, sometimes 
 straight and sometimes across each other, traces oi 
 animal structure. This turquoise is sometimes called 
 turquoise de nouvelle roche, but its value is very trifling ; 
 a fine ring-stone may be purchased for 20*., and smaller 
 stones at proportionately smaller prices. 
 
 The Persian turquoise is much used in jewellery, and 
 a great number are sold here and in Paris ; small 
 clear stones bring from 6d, to 2os. each, whilst a fine 
 ring-stone will realize from sSio to ^"40. Large tur- 
 quoises of good quality and fine colour are extremely 
 rare, and realize most extravagant prices ; a perfect stone 
 of the size of a shilling, and of good depth, was sold not 
 long ago for 5^400. The turquoise is much used in ori- 
 ental countries for ornamenting harness, girdles, swords, 
 daggers, and pipes, also for amulets and charms. It is 
 also frequently engraved with the name of Allah, a 
 verse of the Koran, or some device, and then filled hi
 
 i82 The Opal. 
 
 with gold j faulty specimens are generally chosen, as the 
 defects can thus be concealed. The Shah of Persia is 
 supposed to have in his possession all the finest gems, 
 allowing those only of inferior quality to leave the coun- 
 try. 
 
 The turquoise, hi ancient times called the callaite, 
 was well known to the Greeks and Romans. Pliny 
 notices its changing colour from gradual decomposition, 
 and also shares in the oriental belief that this gem was 
 lucky, and brought health and fortune to the wearer 
 Several antique cameos and intaglios cut in this material 
 are extant in the Vatican, some of which still retain 
 their colour. Fragments of turquoise, which appear to 
 have been parts of amulets, are frequently met with in 
 the ruins of ancient towns in Egypt. 
 
 THE OPAL. 
 
 This magnificent gem is composed of silica in an 
 amorphous state, mixed with water, and is in reality the 
 same mineral as quartz, with the addition of 6 or 7 per 
 cent, of water : it never occurs in a crystallized form, it 
 has a vitreous lustre inclining to resinous, is numbered 
 in the table of hardness from 5*5 to 6*5, is scratched by 
 quartz, and has a specific gravity varying from 1*9 to 2-3. 
 
 There are many varieties, the " noble," or precious 
 opal used by jewellers ; the "fire," or reddish opal, 
 which has also occasionally a fine play of colours ; the so- 
 called common opal j the semi- or half-opal ; the hydro-
 
 The Opal 
 
 183 
 
 phane (known in commerce as the Mexican opal) ; 
 another variety of hydrophane called cacholong, of a 
 milk-white colour, nearly opaque, and containing a small 
 percentage of alumina, and about 3*5 per cent, of water j 
 the opal jasper, which contains oxide of iron, and is- 
 found in the neighbourhood of the Geysers of Iceland ; 
 finally, the wood opal, or opalized wood, of which huge 
 masses are met with in Hungary, Tasmania, and other 
 parts, whole trees occasionally being found converted 
 into the ligneous structure called wood opal. There 
 are other varieties, but of such small importance that 
 they need not be enumerated here. The following are 
 the analyses of the varieties of opal : 
 
 
 Fire Opal 
 of Mexico. 
 Analysis by 
 Klaproth. 
 
 Fire Opal 
 of Georgia. 
 
 A BrS. by 
 
 Opal of 
 Hungary. 
 Analysis by 
 Damour. 
 
 Semi-Opal 
 of Han a u. 
 Analysis by 
 Stiicker. 
 
 Fire Opal 
 of Faroe. 
 Analysis by 
 Forcham- 
 mer. 
 
 Silica . . 
 
 92'OO 
 
 91-89 
 
 93'9 
 
 82-75 
 
 8873 
 
 Water . . 
 
 ' 775 
 
 5-84 
 
 6-10 
 
 lO'OO 
 
 7'97 
 
 Peroxide of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iron . 
 
 0-25 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-00 
 
 
 
 Alumina . 
 
 
 
 1-40 
 
 
 
 .rs 
 
 0.49 
 
 Magnesia . 
 
 
 
 0'92 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 1-48 
 
 Lime . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-25 
 
 0-49 
 
 Potash and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soda. . 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 '34 
 
 The opal is infusible before the blowpipe, but gives 
 off water, and becomes opaque 3 those varieties contain- 
 ing iron turn red. It is almost entirely soluble in a cold
 
 1 84 The Opal. 
 
 solution of caustic potash ; in other respects its chemical 
 characteristics are the same as quartz. 
 
 The precious opal is found in claystone porphyry at 
 Czernowitza; between Kaschau and Eperies, in Hun- 
 gary; occasionally near Frankfort ; and at the mines in 
 the province of Gracias, Honduras, South America : the 
 "fire" opal at Zimapan and San Nicolas, in Mexico, the 
 Faroe Islands, etc. : the common opal in Hungary, Faroe 
 Islands, Iceland, Giant's Causeway, Ireland, Cornwall, 
 and near Smyrna : cacholong occurs in small masses on 
 the river Cach, in Bucharia whence its name and 
 also in Iceland. 
 
 The precious, or noble opal is one of the most beau- 
 tiful gems in existence; when held between the eye 
 and the light il .appears of a pale milky-reddish blue, but 
 when seen by reflected light it displays all the colours of 
 the rainbow, in flakes, flashes, or specks, in fact, ah 1 the 
 colours of the most beautiful gems are here united in 
 one. When the colours are in small flakes, distributed 
 over the surface, it is termed by jewellers "harlequin" 
 opal, on account of its resemblance to the motley tints 
 of the harlequin's dress. When fine, these are much 
 prized ; but most persons prefer stones having the 
 variously-coloured fire in large flashes. This marvellous 
 play of colour is thought to be occasioned by nearly in- 
 visible fissures ; the Abbe Haiiy, however, ascribes it to 
 thin films of air filling cavities in the interior. Opals 
 are always cut en cabochon on both sides, and the true 
 beauties of the gem only display themselves when the
 
 The Opal. 185 
 
 stone is moved about, as then a fine opal really appears 
 to have an actual life within itself. 
 
 They are very brittle, and are always much more bril- 
 liant on a warm day. A dealer in precious stones, 
 aware of this peculiarity, invariably holds an opal in his 
 hand before showing it, in order to impart warmth to 
 the gem. Fine stones of large size are rarely found ; 
 they seldom exceed an inch in diameter. At the 
 mines in the locality of Gracias a Dios, in Honduras, 
 specimens have been found equally as fine as the Hun- 
 garian stones, and certainly not to be distinguished from 
 specimens coming thence. 
 
 The hydrophane, or Mexican opal, loses its beauty when 
 exposed to water, and Sir Walter Scott has alluded to 
 this fact in 'Anne of Geierstein,' although in that romance 
 lie ascribes it to supernatural agency. Strange to say, 
 after the publication of the brilliant novelist's fiction, 
 the belief that opals were unlucky obtained such cur- 
 rency that they quickly went out of fashion. Of late years 
 they have again come into vogue, and now promise to 
 become, as they have always deserved to be esteemed, 
 universal favourites j the more especially as they are the 
 only precious stones which defy imitation. In Eastern, 
 nations they have always been highly prized. The 
 Mexican opal can be restored to its original colour by a 
 moderate application of heat. 
 
 The common opal is used in Germany for cheap jew- 
 ellery cane-tops, snuff-boxes, etc. ; the other varieties 
 are not used. The value of the precious opal depends
 
 i86 The Opal. 
 
 entirely on the brilliancy and play of its colours, and any 
 attempt at pricing it would be an idle task ; for large 
 fine gems of extraordinary beauty as much as siooo 
 has been paid; fine ring or brooch stones bring from 
 ,40 to s^ioo, and smaller ones from $s. to 20 per 
 piece ; they are very rarely sold per carat. 
 
 The opal is cut on a leaden wheel with emery, and 
 polished on a wooden one with tripoli and water. Great 
 care must be taken not to heat the stone too much by 
 friction, and, from its fragility, very delicate handling 
 will be requisite. 
 
 The opal was known to the most ancient authors, and 
 was esteemed beyond any other precious stone. Pliny 
 describes it as uniting the colours of the ruby, the ame- 
 thyst, the topaz, and the emerald, in the most marvel- 
 lous mixture, and says that its fire is like the flame of 
 burning sulphur. He relates that a Roman senator, 
 Nonnius, was outlawed and sent into exile by Marcus 
 Antonius, because he refused to give up an opal. The 
 stone valued at 20,000 sesterces, about ,170,000 
 was of the size of a filbert, and set in a ring, but rather 
 than part with it Nonnius submitted to exile, carrying 
 his stone with him. 
 
 Amongst the French crown jewels are two wonderful 
 opals j one is set in the clasp of the imperial cloak. The 
 finest known is in the museum at Vienna ; itwas found 
 at Czernowitza, where mines have been worked since 
 A.D. 1400, and is of immense size and extraordinary 
 beauty. It is said that ^"50,000 has been refused for it.
 
 THE PEARL. 
 
 HIS beautitu] gem, formed by nature in 
 the shells of oysters and of mussels, is 
 found in the beds of rivers and in the 
 sea, in various places in Europe, Asia, and 
 America. 
 
 Its chemical composition is entirely carbonate of lime 
 and organic matter. It possesses a lustre peculiar to 
 itself, which is called pearly : it is easily affected by 
 acids and fetid gases, and calcines on exposure to heat. 
 The specific gravity is 2*5 to 2*7 ; those found on the 
 coast of Souui America, termed Panama pearls, ate 
 somewhat heavier than the oriental ones. 
 
 Naturalists account for the formation of these gems 
 in the endeavours of the animal to rid itself of some 
 foreign body which has intruded into its shell, by cover- 
 ing it with a deposit similar to the interior of the oyster
 
 1 88 The pjarl. 
 
 shell, commonly known by the name of mother-of- 
 pearl j others ascribe it to a disease of the oyster. In 
 some instances, on bisecting a pearl it is found to be 
 composed of a series of layers or skins round a speck of 
 some darker substance ; in others the middle of the 
 pearl is hollow and of a globular or spherical form ; 
 and in others again the pearl appears perfectly solid, 
 and of the same texl ure, colour, and formation through- 
 out. The Chinese, from a very remote period, have 
 been in the habit of inserting small beads, images, etc., 
 in the shells of oysters and mussels, and these have cer- 
 tainly become coated with a pearly substance, but they 
 are generally of a blackish tint, with very little lustre, 
 and far inferior in appearance to the pearls formed in 
 the laboratory of nature. 
 
 The wonderful polish and consequent lustre of a fine 
 pearl, which in a great measure constitutes its value, 
 and has never yet been even passably imitated would 
 appear to be caused by the friction of the soft body of 
 the oyster for a considerable length of time j and this 
 polish in most cases exists only on the outer skin, as on 
 removing the exterior surface the next layers are usually 
 dull in colour and dead in lustre, resembling a fish's 
 eye In some cases, however, a pearl of very bad ex- 
 terior contains a fine and " lively " kernel. 
 
 Pearls are found of almost every imaginable colour, 
 and of the most fantastic shapes j in some instances of 
 considerable size, but tJhose of both fine quality and 
 large dimensions are very rare. Sometimes a shell will
 
 The Pearl. 189 
 
 be opened containing several pearls detached, sometimes 
 with one or more adhering closely to the shell, and 
 occasionally with pearls conglomerated together in a 
 shapeless mass. The oriental pearls are seldom found of 
 any colour but yellow and white, and are usually of a 
 round or button form ; whilst the American or Panama 
 are generally blackish or brownish, and mostly long and 
 drop-shaped. 
 
 The number of fine and large pearls is, however, as 
 may be supposed, very small. 
 
 The sea pearl-oyster, Meleagrina margaritifera, is a 
 large oyster of seven or eight inches in diameter, with 
 very thick shells, rather flat, and of a greenish-black ex- 
 terior ; whilst the interior is of a silver- white hue re- 
 flecting various colours, being, in fact, the ordinary 
 mother-of-pearl of commerce, too well known to require 
 further description here. Some idea of the quantity of 
 this material produced may be gathered from the fact 
 that there are imported into Europe annually some 
 15,000 tons; and, calculating the average weight of a 
 pearl shell, we have the astonishing number of from five 
 to six million oysters which have been fished from the 
 ocean. 
 
 The principal pearl-fisheries are in the East, on the 
 west coast of Ceylon, in the Bay of Manaar, in the Per- 
 sian Gulf, and in the Sooloo Islands (which lie between 
 Borneo and Mindanao) . Pearl-fishing is also carried on 
 in the Aroo Islands ; near the island of Papua, or New 
 Guinea; in the Red Sea; in America, on both the
 
 190 The Pearl. 
 
 Pacific and Atlantic coasts (in California, and latterly on 
 the coast of New Jersey) ; and in several other localities. 
 
 A short account of the pearl-fishery in Ceylon, which 
 is the property of and is conducted by the Colonial 
 Government, may interest the reader. When the sea- 
 son for the pearl-fishery arrives, a fleet of boats, some- 
 times as many as 150, put out, but not before they have 
 gone through numberless ceremonies, which the natives 
 will on no account forego. Under the command of 
 the adanapar, or head pilot, each boat is manned with 
 twenty men and a steersman, ten being rowers and ten 
 divers, besides a ' pillal karras,' or shark charmer. The 
 government keep these men in regular pay, as no diver 
 would descend without their presence. Other conjurors 
 remain on the seashore, mumbling incantations until 
 the boats return. At each side of the boat is a stage, 
 from which the divers descend. The men go down 
 into the sea five at a time ; when the first five come up, 
 the other five go down ; and by this method of alter- 
 nately diving, they give each other time to recruit them- 
 selves for a fresh plunge. 
 
 In order to accelerate the descent of the divers, large 
 stones are employed : 'five of these are taken in each 
 boat for the purpose j they are of a reddish granite 
 common in this country, and of a pyramidal shape, 
 round at top and bottom, with a hole in the smaller 
 end sufficient to admit a rope. Some of the divers use 
 a stone shaped like' a half-moon, which they fasten 
 around their middle when they wish to descend, and thus
 
 The Pearl. 191 
 
 keep their feet free. The stones generally weigh from 
 twenty to twenty-five pounds each. 
 
 The diver, when he is about to plunge, seizes the rope 
 to which one of the stones previously described is at- 
 tached with the toes of his right foot, while he takes 
 hold of a bag of network with those of his left it 
 being customary among all the Indians to use their toes 
 in working or holding as well as their fingers ; and such 
 is the power of habit, that they pick up even the smallest 
 thing from the ground with their toes almost as nimbly 
 as a European could with his fingers. The diver, thus pre- 
 pared, seizes another rope with his right hand, and hold- 
 ing his nostrils shut with the left, plunges into the water, 
 and by the assistance of the stone speedily reaches the 
 bottom. He then with much dexterity and all possible 
 dispatch collects as many oysters as he can while he is 
 able to remain under water, which is usually about two 
 minutes. This done he resumes his former position, 
 makes a signal to those above by pulling the rope in his 
 right hand, and is immediately drawn up into the boat. 
 
 The serious effects of this continual submersion are 
 shown in the discharge of water, and occasionally blood, 
 which takes place from the diver's mouth, ears, and 
 nostrils. But this does not hinder the men from going 
 down again in their turn. They will often make from 
 forty to fifty descents in one day, and at each plunge 
 bring up about a hundred oysters. 
 
 Some rub their bodies over with oil, and stuff cotton 
 into their ears and noses to prevent the water from en-
 
 JQ2 The Pearl. 
 
 taring, while others use no precautions whatever. Al- 
 though from one to two minutes is the time generally 
 passed under water, yet instances are known of four, 
 five, and even six minutes' stay beneath the surface. 
 
 The great dread of the divers is the ground-shark, a 
 common inhabitant of the seas in those latitudes. 
 During the time of the fishery conjurors stand on the 
 shore till the boats return in the afternoon, muttering 
 prayers, twisting their bodies into strange attitudes, and 
 performing ceremonies. All this time they ought to 
 abstain from food or drink ; but they occasionally regale 
 themselves with toddy, till they are no longer able to 
 stand at their devotions. If an alarm be given by one 
 diver, none of the others will descend that day. 
 
 Latterly, the diving bell has been adopted, which, 
 when it is brought into general use, will of course much 
 diminish the danger. On the return of the boats, they 
 are unloaded and the oysters left to putrify in pits or 
 closed vessels. When these are opened the pearls 
 are washed from the decayed oysters, in troughs, with 
 sea-water. On other occasions the shells are opened 
 immediately, and the pearls extracted. The oysters, 
 however, are generally sold unopened, and as their con- 
 tents are alike unknown to both buyer and seller, the 
 transaction takes more the form of a lottery than a com- 
 mercial exchange, in fact, the trade has in it much 
 of the spirit of gambling. Many oysters contain no 
 pearl, whilst others may produce a pearl worth ^200 or
 
 The Pearl. 193 
 
 The government derive a large income from this 
 fishery, and protect it by the strictest regulations. 
 Those places to be fished are buoyed out carefully be- 
 fore the boats leave the land, and are examined from 
 time to time by experienced divers. Latterly, the sup- 
 ply has fallen off so greatly that a recent regulation has 
 directed the fishery to be discontinued for some years, 
 a precaution which is very necessary, as the beds are 
 becoming exhausted. 
 
 The fisheries in the Persian Gulf are carried on in 
 exactly the same manner as those of Ceylon. In ancient 
 times they were known to the Macedonians, and Seleu- 
 cus, king of the Syrians, gave the revenues derived 
 therefrom to one of his satraps. Here, besides the 
 sharks, the divers have to contend with the sword-fishes, 
 which are even more dangerous. Formerly the Portu- 
 guese had possession of the Persian Gulf fisheries, but 
 they are now in the hands of the native rulers ; and it is 
 said that as many as 30,000 persons are employed on 
 them. The Persian Gulf pearls are inferior in colour to 
 those found at Ceylon ; in commerce they are termed 
 " Bombay pearls," as they are mostly sold there. 
 
 The produce of the fisheries on the coast of the Sulu 
 Islands principally goes to China. The Red Sea fisheries, 
 which in the time of the Ptolemies were immensely pro- 
 ductive, now produce very few pearls. 
 
 Great quantities of pearls come from Panama and 
 California, and there is good reason to believe that the 
 fisheries in these parts were well known to the ancient
 
 194 The Peart. 
 
 Mexicans, for we learn from the old Spanish histories 
 that the Aztec kings had in their possession immense 
 numbers of fine pearls, and appeared to be well ac- 
 quainted with the sources from whence they were de- 
 rived.* Pearls are also found in mussel-shells in the rivers 
 of Scotland, Germany, France, Sweden, and Russia. 
 These are generally of a dull and leaden hue, without 
 lustre even when white, and are known in commerce 
 by the name of Scotch pearls. 
 
 Many experiments have been made with the view of 
 ascertaining the length of time required to produce large 
 pearls, and the results would lead to the belief that 
 many years are necessary to develope them. 
 
 From the most remote ages the pearl has been con- 
 sidered one of the richest gifts of nature. It is spoken 
 of in the Book of Job, ch. xxviii., and in the Proverbs 
 of Solomon, ch. iii. Hindu mythology ascribes to the 
 god Vishnu the discovery or creation of pearls, and the 
 numerous idols or gods and goddesses connected with 
 this ancient faith were formerly adorned with them. 
 The ancient Persians, Egyptians, Babylonians, and other 
 oriental nations, held the pearl in great esteem. From 
 these the Romans became acquainted with them, and the 
 mania for their possession grew so great that they were 
 sold for the most fabulous prices : when Pompey con- 
 quered Mithridates, he found in his treasury, besides 
 
 * The Spaniards, by the conquest of Peru and Mexico, came 
 into possession of immense quantities . and the palace of Monte- 
 zuma is reported to have been studded with emeralds and pearls.
 
 The Pearl. 195 
 
 several crowns of this material, a portrait of that king, 
 consisting of pearls in mosaic. Seneca exclaims against 
 die shameful extravagance of Roman ladies in this parti- 
 cular. They termed a drop pearl " unio," and wore a 
 pair in the ear just as ladies do at the present day. The 
 story of Cleopatra's pearls is too well known to require 
 repetition here. The two halves of the second gem, by 
 order of the Emperor Severus, went to adorn the statue 
 of Venus in the Pantheon. Pliny places the pearl next 
 to the diamond in value, and supposes the former to 
 proceed from drops of dew swallowed by the oyster. 
 
 In China, pearls are used as medicine ; a belief exist- 
 ing among orientals that they possess great virtues in 
 syncopes, fluxes of blood, etc. The pearl in Hindo- 
 stanee is called "mod." In Bengal, at one time, virgins 
 wore them on their arms as a preservative of virtue. 
 
 One of the finest pearls at present in existence is called 
 La Peregrina. It was sold to Philip IV. of Spain, in 
 1625, and is said now to be in the possession of a Rus- 
 sian princess. The Shah of Persia has a pearl valued at 
 ^"60,000, and the Imauin of Muscat one for which he 
 refused ^"30,000. The pearl necklace of the Empress 
 of the French is one of die finest known, a remark 
 equally applicable to diat presented to Her Majesty by 
 the East India Company. A very large necklace was 
 presented to die Princess of Prussia on her marriage, 
 but the pearls are misshapen, and of inferior quality. 
 The Marquis of Abercorn, it may be stated, possesses a 
 matchless drop-pearl of great size.
 
 196 The Pearl. 
 
 ON THE VALUE AND DISCRIMINATION OF PEAKLS 
 
 The beauty and value of pearls depend on their form, 
 colour, texture (technically called " skin"), transparency 
 (or water) , and lustre. A pearl, to be perfect, must pos- 
 sess the following qualifications : 
 
 1. It must be perfectly round or drop-shaped, seeming 
 as if fashioned, or turned, into shape. 
 
 2. It must have a perfectly pure white colour. 
 
 3. It must be slightly transparent. 
 
 4. It must be free from specks, spots, or blemish. 
 
 5. It must possess, the peculiar lustre characteristic of 
 the gem. 
 
 These rules, however, only hold good in Europe, as 
 in India and China the bright yellow colour is preferred. 
 When a single round or drop-shaped pearl is examined, 
 it is easy, by means of comparison, for even an inexpe- 
 rienced buyer to judge for himself. Not so when, how- 
 ever, as is frequently the case, they are strung in a row 
 or as a necklace j in this case the pearl-stringer arranges 
 the pearls in such a gradation of colour that the tints 
 imperceptibly blending they appear of one hue, when 
 perhaps, if isolated, they would show several tints. 
 
 The American pearls, called in commerce " Panama 
 oearls," although appearing at first sight very white, 
 nave almost invariably a sort of blackness under the 
 skin, which renders their colour far inferior to the pure 
 white hue of the oriental pearl. In fact, the Panama 
 pearls have often a sort of quicksilvery appearance.
 
 The Pearl. 197 
 
 In the annexed Tables it has been endeavoured to give 
 an approximate value of the different sizes j but it must 
 be remembered that the pearl, more than any other 
 gem, is liable to fluctuation in price. For the last six- 
 teen years the tendency has been towards a rise ; and, 
 in consequence of the Ceylon fishery being for a time 
 interdicted, the price of pearls seems likely still further 
 to increase. 
 
 It would be almost useless to give any value for drop 
 pearls, as when of large size and fine quality they are of 
 so rare occurrence as to command fancy prices ; still, as a 
 slight guide, it may be mentioned that perfect white drop 
 pearls, of 80 to 100 grains, may be estimated at from *j 
 to sSi r per grain ; those of 50 to 80 grains, at from \ 
 to sB'j per grain ; and those of 30 to 50 grains, at from 
 aS^ to g$ per grain ; smaller sizes bring from 2O,y. to 
 6os. per grain. Misshapen pieces are called "barrok 
 pearl" (perles baroques), and are sold at per ounce; the 
 price varying from sSio to sS2oo per ounce, depending 
 on quality, colour, and size. Pearls of the commonest 
 description are exported in great numbers to China, 
 where they are used medicinally ; the next quality are 
 sold in Poland, the south of Germany, Russia, and the 
 Danubian Principalities, where they are worn by the 
 peasantry. It may be mentioned that pearls are much 
 more generally worn on the Continent than in this 
 country. 
 
 The pink pearls, which are found principally in 
 North America and the West India Islands, bring from
 
 198 The Pearl. 
 
 $s. to 40,9. per grain. They seldom occur of regular 
 shape, or even form, and when bad are not very unlike 
 decayed teeth. Although termed "pink," they ate of 
 all colours, from red to pale yeHow, and not unfre- 
 quently of a dead white, like a polished fish's eye. 
 
 Black and lead-coloured pearls bring a large price 
 when fine in shape, and of even colour ; some persons 
 prefer the leaden or plumbago tint, others, the shining 
 greenish-black ; they bring from 3^. to 6os. per grain. 
 
 Grey pearls are worth very little, being nearly useless 
 for mounting in jewellery. 
 
 Pearls deteriorate by age, contact with acids, gas, and 
 noxious vapours of all sorts. Various means for restor- 
 ing them to their pristine beauty have been suggested 
 and tried, but experience shows these to be useless, 
 and only more likely still further to injure than to re- 
 store. The best way to preserve pearls is to wipe them 
 with a clean linen cloth after being worn, depositing 
 them carefully wrapped in linen in a closed box. 
 
 Unbored pearls are termed "virgin," and those which 
 have suffered from wear receive the name of "widows." 
 Tiie^operation of boring requires great care, and is far 
 better done in India than here ; the holes there being 
 drilled much smaller and more straight. In drilling, a 
 bow and string is used with a very fine drill, the pearl 
 being held between two pieces of wood. This operation 
 must be performed slowly and with great caution, so as 
 not to run the risk of breaking the pearl in halves. 
 
 Occasionally a pearl adheres to the shell ; in this case
 
 Prices of the Pearl. 199 
 
 .t is cut out, and the shell part polished off; this r 
 however, notwithstanding the care that may have been 
 employed, leaves a certain portion of mother-of-peail 
 adherent, which reduces its value immensely. Occa- 
 sionally the pearl is a sort of wart, hollow inside ; in this 
 case it is called cog de perle, and is of very little value. 
 
 The curious articles of jewellery by Dinglinger, in the 
 Green Vaults of Dresden, mounted in gold and enamel, 
 to carry out the fanciful resemblance of the pearl to 
 some object, are made of this substance. A pearl of 
 this description, of the form of a strawberry, was shown 
 at the Exhibition of 1862, and was subsequently sold to 
 an English merchant for a ridiculously exorbitant price, 
 its intrinsic value being very trifling. 
 
 When round pearls are used for setting in articles oi 
 jewellery, they are split in halves. Those flat on one 
 side, and convex on the other, are much used ; they are 
 called button pearls (perles boutons), and are worth 
 about 25 per cent, less than round pearls of the same 
 size and quality. 
 
 Jeffries adopted the same mode of valuation for pearls 
 as for diamonds, namely, multiplying the square of the 
 weight by 8$., at which he values a 4-grain pearl. His 
 method of estimation may have been a correct one at 
 that time ; but as it would not be so now, I have sim- 
 ply given the market price of the day, which, it must 
 be noted, may rise or fall according to circumstances. 
 
 Annexed is a list of the valuation of the pearls taken 
 possession of by the Directory of France in 1791, made,
 
 2OO Prices of the Pearl. 
 
 at their order, by the most celebrated jewellers of the 
 time, which may prove interesting. 
 
 Valuation of Pearls in the Crown Treasury of France, 
 1791. 
 
 A perfect white round virgin pearl of 388 grains . . 8000 
 
 2 pear-shaped pearls each ... 214 . i2>ooo 
 
 4 together ... 399 . . 2560 
 
 6 round pearls ,, ... 772$ . 2400 
 
 3 . . . 232 . . 880 
 
 5 . . . 4o8Tif . . 1200 
 
 7 . . . 464^ . . 1320 
 
 8 . . . 628* . . 960 
 
 6 . . . 392* . . 728 
 11 . . . 7121 . . 448 
 
 At the present day, these pearls, which doubtless 
 were of the purest and finest description, would be 
 worth a far larger sum than the amounts named. 
 
 The prices given in the following Table are approxi- 
 mate ones for perfectly white pure round pearls, of a 
 smooth and lustrous skin, perfectly free from specks or 
 discoloration of any sort. 
 
 A pearl of i grain is worth from . . . . zs. to zs. 6d. 
 
 z 6s. 6d. 75. 6d. 
 
 ,,3 .... i2s. i6s. 
 
 ,,4 225. 28s. 
 
 5 35*- 45- 
 
 6 55*. 655. 
 
 ,,8 gos. nos.
 
 Prices of the Pearl. 2,01 
 
 A pearl of 10 grains is worth from 8 to 9 
 
 12 12 ,,15 
 
 H > ..... 15 18 
 
 16 ..... 20 30 
 
 1 8 ..... 30 40 
 
 >, 20 40 50 
 
 24 ,, ..... 60 72 
 
 THE SLIGHTEST TINGE OF COLOUR, SPECKS, IN- 
 EftUALITY OF SHAPE OK OF LUSTRE, REDUCE THESE 
 VALUES CONSIDERABLY. 
 
 Round pearls above this weight are of such rare occur- 
 rence, and command such exceptional prices, that it 
 would be useless to attempt any scale of valuation. 
 
 The above Table of Value refers to the year 1865. 
 A new Table, showing the present value of pearls, is 
 given in the additional matter at the commencement 
 of the work.
 
 SUBSTANCES USED IN JEWELLERY NOT 
 PROPERLY PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 LTHOUGH such substances as jet, coral, 
 moon-stone, lapis lazuli, malachite, etc., 
 do not properly belong to the family of 
 gems ; yet, as they are used for personal 
 adornment, and possess some value, a short description 
 of them may not be out of place in this treatise. 
 
 MOON-STONE. 
 
 Formerly the moon-stone was in fashion in this coun- 
 try, although it is now seldom seen. This variety of 
 felspar or orthoclase has a chatoyant reflection, resem- 
 bling that of the cat's-eye, and is of a pearly-white 
 colour. A description called "adularia," from the 
 name of one of the peaks of the St. Gothard, where
 
 Lapis Lazuli. 203 
 
 it is found, is of inferior colour to the best moon-stones, 
 which come principally from Ceylon. 
 
 In hardness it is 6 hi Mohs's scale 3 the specific gra- 
 vity, 2 '4 to 2 '6; the lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly. 
 Crystals of large size are seldom found. 
 
 The chemical composition is : 
 
 Silica . . 64-00 
 
 Alumina . 19-43 
 
 Lime 0-42 
 
 Potash 14-8 r 
 
 Magnesia 0-20 
 
 Water 1-14 
 
 The stones are cut en calochon, and at present are of 
 very trifling value. An opaque and green variety of 
 the orthoclase, deriving its tint from an admixture of 
 copper, comes from Siberia, where it is called " amazon- 
 stone;" but it is very little known in England. The 
 moon-stone is also known by the name of water or 
 Ceylon opal. At one period considerable value was at- 
 tached to this stone, the ancients employing it frequently 
 in their works of art. 
 
 LAPIS LAZULI. 
 
 This beautifully-coloured stone has been employed 
 from the earliest times for various ornamental purposes. 
 It is rarely found in crystals, and when it does so occur 
 the specimens are small, and of the rhombic dodecahe- 
 dron form. It has an imperfect dodecahedral cleavage,
 
 2,04 Lapis Lazuli. 
 
 and is found in masses; it has a hardness of 5*5, a 
 specific gravity of 2*38 to 2*45, a subvitreous lustre of 
 a rich blue colour, and is opaque. . 
 
 The composition of the Persian variety is, according 
 to Klaproth : 
 
 Silica ..... ... 46-0 
 
 Sulphuric acid 4-0 
 
 Alumina 14*5 
 
 Peroxide of iron 3^0 
 
 Lime . 17*5 
 
 Water z'o 
 
 Carbonic acid jo'o 
 
 It fuses to a white glass, and, if calcined and reduced 
 to powder, loses its colour, and gelatinizes in muriatic 
 acid j with borax it effervesces, and forms a colourless 
 glass. 
 
 Lapis lazuli is usually found in granite or calcareous 
 limestone, with iron pyrites, often disseminated through 
 the mass, which, when polished, gives it the gold- 
 spotted appearance it often exhibits : the finest quality 
 comes from Persia and Beloochistan ; it is also found in 
 China, Bucharia, and in Siberia. Latterly large quan- 
 tities of very inferior quality and colour have been 
 brought from Chili. The deep-coloured pieces are the 
 most esteemed, being extensively used for studs, 
 brooches, and other articles of jewellery, as well as for 
 vases, ornamental furniture, mosaic work, etc. ; when 
 ground to powdei, they form the valuable pigment 
 called ultramarine. Latterly, however, chemists have
 
 Lapis Lazuli. 105 
 
 discovered an artificial substitute, possessing exactly 
 the same constituents and almost the same colour, 
 which can be sold for a three-hundredth part of the 
 price of the genuine ultramarine. This stone was well 
 known in ancient times, and was, doubtless, the sap- 
 phire of the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 Pliny says: 'In sapphiris aurum punctis collucet 
 coerulis ; similis est coelo sereno, propter aurea puncta 
 stellis ornato : ' which may be translated ' In the blue 
 sapphire shine golden specks ; it is like a serene sky 
 adorned with stars, on account of the golden points.' 
 In China and India this stone is carved into cups, vases, 
 dagger-handles, etc. Many fine specimens still exist in 
 the old Italian and Spanish churches, in slabs, pillars, 
 and various adornments to the altars and shrines; also 
 as panels, on which the pictures of saints, etc., have 
 been painted. In the Russian palace of Zarskoe-Selo 
 there is a room, made by order of Catherine II., the 
 walls of which are entirely covered with slabs of lapis 
 and amber. At the present day it is much used in de- 
 corative furniture and mosaic work. 
 
 In ancient times lapis was used in medicine as a purge. 
 The Aiabic name is Azul, meaning blue, whence pro- 
 bably is derived the name lazuli. 
 
 The value of the finest lapis of a deep blue, not 
 too dark, without any admixture of white or golden 
 specks varies from 10,9. to $os. per ounce, according 
 to the size of the piece. Formerly, when used for the 
 manufacture of ultramarine, it was worth much more.
 
 2oo Malachite. 
 
 MALACHITE. 
 
 This beautiful copper ore, in such great demand for 
 ornamental purposes, is a hydrous carbonate of copper, 
 and, apart from its value as a stone, yields so large an 
 amount of metal that it is extensively used for smelting. 
 According to Klaproth, its analysis is 
 
 Carbonic acid .... . . i8'o 
 
 Protoxide of copper 70*5 
 
 Water 11-5 
 
 In a glass tube before the blowpipe it blackens, and 
 yields a globule of copper ; in acids and ammonia it 
 dissolves with effervescence. Its hardness is 3*5 j spe- 
 cific gravity 375 lustre vitreous, sometimes nearly ada- 
 mantine, occasionally silky, and often dull ; colour green, 
 spotted and banded with other shades of the same co- 
 lour ; it takes a very high polish. Out of the thousands 
 of tons annually found, a very small proportion is ad- 
 apted for ornamental purposes, the compact variety sus- 
 ceptible of a high polish being very rare. The finest 
 quality comes from the mines of Prince Demidoff, in 
 Siberia. The doors and vases of malachite exhibited by 
 the Prince in the Exhibition of 1851 created a great 
 sensation, and first drew public attention to the sub- 
 stance. It is also found in the Burra-Burra mines in 
 Australia, in Africa, Cornwall, Hungary, and the Tyrol ; 
 but all these varieties are far inferior in solidity and beauty 
 of marking to Siberian malachite. This stone is some-
 
 Labradorite, o? .Labrador Felspar. 2,07 
 
 times used in jewellery and in cabinet work, but is not 
 of any great value. 
 
 LABRADORITE, OR LABRADOR FELSPAR. 
 
 Although not commonly used in jewellery, this 
 stone is well known; and possesses in some degree 
 the brilliant multicoloured light-flashes of the opal. 
 It belongs to the triclinic system of crystallization, and 
 is found massive. Its hardness is 6; specific gravity, 
 2-675 lustre vitreous (in one direction pearly); easily 
 cleavable, and is usually greyish in colour, sometimes 
 nearly white. The chemical composition of the variety 
 from Labrador is, according to Klaproth 
 
 Silica 5575 
 
 Alumina 26-50 
 
 Peroxide of iron 1*25 
 
 Lime 1 1 'oo 
 
 Soda 4-00 
 
 Water 0-50 
 
 Before the blowpipe on charcoal it acts like felspar, 
 but fuses rather more easily to a colourless glass. When 
 pulverized, it is easily dissolved by heated muriatic acid 
 which does not attack felspar. It is found variously 
 transparent, from translucent to semi-opaque. 
 
 This stone is met with on the coast of Labrador, also 
 in Canada, Norway, and Sweden; occasionally in the 
 lava of Etna and Vesuvius. It is susceptible of a fine 
 polish, and some specimens, owing to their chatoyant 
 reflection, are very beautiful.
 
 208 Jade, or Nephrite. 
 
 JET. 
 
 This substance is a variety of coal much used in 
 England for mourning jewellery : it is much blacker, 
 tougher, and harder than the ordinary Cannel coal, and 
 has a considerable lustre when polished. Its hardness 
 is i\5, and specific gravity 1*3, and it has a conchoidal 
 fracture. Jet is found in detached pieces in clay on 
 the coast of Yorkshire, near Whitby, on the Baltic 
 coast (where it is called black amber), in the forest of 
 Ardennes, and in the Pyrenees. Great quantities of the 
 manufactured jet are sold in Spain and Turkey. This 
 substance is the gagates known to Pliny, Theophrastus, 
 and other ancient authors, and look its name from the 
 river Gagus, in Syria, where in ancient times it was 
 found. Boetius says of this stone, that it secures men 
 from nocturnal fears, spectres, and ghosts ; and Cardanus 
 relates that the saints wore bracelets and rosaries of this 
 substance to number their prayers. In manufacturing 
 this material it requires to be frequently moistened with 
 water, for if it be allowed to get hot by the friction of 
 the cutting or polishing-wheel, it flies into pieces. It is 
 polished with tripoli and oil ; the final polish being given 
 by the hand, with dry tripoli powder. 
 
 JADE, OR NEPHRITE. 
 
 Although seldom used for purposes of jewellery in 
 this country, throughout the whole of Asia this stone
 
 Jade, or Nephrite. 209 
 
 is an extremely favourite one. It is a hard, compact, 
 translucent, and very tough stone, breaking with a 
 splintery fracture and glistening surface. The colour 
 varies from a creamy white to a dark green j die hard- 
 ness is 6*0 to 7*0; specific gravity, 2*9 to 3-15 it is 
 slightly unctuous to the touch, and fuses with difficulty 
 before the blowpipe at the thinnest edges. 
 
 Its composition is variable j as it is not a distinct 
 mineral, two analyses are given here : 
 
 Analysis by Analysis by 
 
 Kattner. Schafhautl. 
 
 Silica 5'5 58*91 
 
 Magnesia .... 31*00 . . . 22*42 
 
 Lime ... 12*28 
 
 Alumina lo'oo . '. . 1*32 
 
 Peroxide of iron . . 5-50 . . . 2*70 
 Oxide of chrome . . 0*05 ... 
 
 Water 2*75 . . . 0*25 
 
 Peroxide of manganese ... 0*91 
 
 Potash ' . . . o'8o 
 
 Jade is found in Egypt, New Zealand, Corsica, in 
 North America, and in China. The name nephrite 
 is derived from the Greek vf(j>pos, a kidney, from the 
 power it was reputed to possess of curing diseases of 
 that organ. In India, China, and Turkey it is carved 
 into dagger- and sword-handles, cups, ornamental vases, 
 etc., and frequently inlaid with precious stones. The 
 most favourite colour is the pale greenish-grey, good spe- 
 cimens realizing a large price. Some fine examples of 
 jade are exhibited* in the South Kensington Museum, 
 and large quantities of ornamental objects in this sub- 
 
 p
 
 2 1 o Amber. 
 
 stance have lately come to Europe from Japan. In New 
 Zealand it is carved into axe- and spear-heads, which are 
 ground to a very fine edge. The variety called soft jade, 
 which is frequently sold for the real, is a kind of stearite, 
 or soapstone ; its inferior hardness will, however, show 
 the difference to the most inexperienced observer. 
 
 AMBER. 
 
 This fossilized gum or resin is found in irregular 
 masses without cleavage, having a very low degree of 
 hardness 2' to 2*5, and a specific gravity of only ro8i ; 
 its lustre is resinous or waxy, and varies from trans- 
 parent to opaque. * Its composition is 
 
 Carbon 80*99 
 
 Hydrogen 7-31 
 
 Oxygen . . . 6-73 
 
 Calcium 1*54 
 
 Alumina no 
 
 Silica 0-63 
 
 It burns readily with a bright yellow flame and gives 
 an agreeable odour, leaving a black carbonaceous residue. 
 At 287 it fuses and is decomposed, yielding water, an 
 empyreumatic oil, and succinic acid. It acquires nega- 
 tive electricity by friction, and is soluble in alcohol. 
 
 Amber is found in abundance on the Prussian coast of 
 the Baltic, from Dantzig to Memelj also on the coast of 
 Denmark, in Sweden, Norway, Moravia, Poland, Swit- 
 zerland, and in France ; it also occurs embedded in clay,
 
 Amber. 211 
 
 on the coast of Essex, Suffolk, and Norfblic j in various 
 parts ot Asia, and many other places. In the United 
 States it has also been found in the Greensand, both 
 imbedded in the soil and in lignite. The colour varies 
 from white and pale yellow to a deep brownish-orange. 
 It is very brittle, and yields to the knife. 
 
 The experiments made by Sir David Brewster, Goe- 
 pert, and others, have established the fact of its vegetable 
 origin, which was surmised by Pliny. Goepert calls 
 the trees which produced it Pinites succinifer, and he 
 supposes amber to have been derived from at least eight 
 other kinds of plants, and enumerates not less than 163 
 species of insects, most of which are unknown to us, 
 except by what we can learn from their remains encased 
 in amber. 
 
 Yellow amber beads used formerly to be in fashion 
 :n this country, and in Turkey and other Asiatic coun- 
 tries the material is still prized, saddles, bridles, and 
 arms being adorned with it. In Oriental countries it may 
 frequently be seen inlaid with gold and precious stones. 
 It is also much used for the mouthpieces of pipes, it 
 being the custom in the East to have the pipe lighted by 
 a servant, the amber being thought incapable of trans- 
 mitting infection. The most valuable variety is nearly 
 opaque, and resembling fresh butter in colour. 
 
 Amber is also employed in chemistry ; the oil of 
 amber and succinic acid being obtained from it by dis- 
 tillation, the residue serving for the manufacture of 
 black varnish. The name amber is probably derived 
 
 P 2
 
 212 Amber. 
 
 trom the Aratxc word 'anabaron,' which designates this 
 substance. 
 
 Amber was well known to the ancients ; its name in 
 Greek was rjkeicrpov, from its power of attracting small 
 substances when rubbed j in Latin succinum, from a 
 supposition that it was the gum of a tree j also lynciirion, 
 because some supposed that it was a deposit of the urine 
 of the lynx that of the males giving a deep, and that 
 of the females a pale tint. Pliny records its medicinal 
 use, and relates that necklaces used to be hung about 
 the necks of young children, to preserve them against 
 the powers of witchcraft and sorcery. The Greeks 
 had a tradition concerning the origin of amber, that 
 it arose from the tears of the sisters of Phaeton, who, 
 lamenting his death, were turned into poplar-trees, and 
 poured forth perpetual tears into the river Eridanus or 
 Padus, which were congealed into the succinum or 
 amber. Hence the lines in Ovid's fable of the Heliades. 
 as given in the second book of his Metamorphoses : 
 
 ' Inde fluunt lachrymae ; stillataque sole rigescunt 
 De ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis 
 Excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis.' 
 Amber is sometimes found in large masses : a piece 
 weighing fourteen pounds is, with other fine specimens, 
 in the Royal Museum at Berlin : the Prussian govern- 
 ment reserves the sole right of searching for amber 
 within its dominions, guarding the monopoly with very 
 stringent regulations. It produces, however, not more 
 than 10,000 dollars, about ^"1500, yearlv.
 
 Coral. 1 1 3 
 
 CORAL. 
 
 Coral is the production of gelatinous mollusks belong- 
 ing to the family of 'polypi.' They form submarine 
 forests of leafless branches in many parts of the globe, 
 and in the Southern hemisphere increase occasionally to 
 such an extent as to form islands, and to- seriously ob- 
 struct navigation. Coral is found of several colours 
 all shades of red and pink, green, brown, and yellow, 
 as well as white and black. Its peculiar plant-like form 
 formerly caused the belief that it was of vegetable origin, 
 a belief which is even now current amongst some, 
 although the researches of distinguished naturalists have 
 identified the form of the insects which produce this 
 wonderful phenomenon of nature. These ' polypi ' re- 
 semble an eight-pointed star, notched on each point, 
 with the mouth in the centre, and appear to have a 
 marvellous organization common to all the others on the 
 same branch ; if one of them be disturbed, the others 
 instantly draw back along with the one touched, so that 
 the separate mollusks on the branch seem to form one 
 body. In certain respects these insects vary in different 
 localities. The coral islands and enormous reefs, which 
 are growing every day with wonderful rapidity, are the- 
 work of these minute objects. Although, as said above 
 coral is found in the seas of many parts of the globe, yet 
 the coral adapted for purposes of ornament comes almost 
 entirely from the Mediterranean, and is found principally 
 on the African coasts. The beds lie at a considerable
 
 2 1 4 Coral. 
 
 depth, sometimes 700 or 800 feet beneath the surface oi 
 the sea, which depth causes the operation of fishing 
 for it to be a difficult and tedious operation ; it is ob- 
 tained by means of nets and iron drags. Although at 
 present the coral fishing is carried on principally by the 
 Italians and Maltese, the industry is of French origin. 
 As early as the year 1450 there existed at Calle a French 
 establishment for the fishery of coral, and this company 
 had a monopoly, on the condition of only employing 
 Proven9al sailors. In 1791 the trade was thrown open ; 
 in 1/94, however, the French ships were protected by a 
 duty laid on those of all other nations. At the present 
 time, more than 150 barques from various ports are 
 employed every season in this fishery. The amount of 
 business carried on in this substance is surprising. Im- 
 mense quantities are yearly exported to China, India, 
 and Persia, where coral is ranked as one of die most 
 precious productions of nature. In some parts of India 
 ivorm-eaten coral is in great demand, and thousands of 
 pounds worth of this commodity, which in European 
 estimation would be worthless, is yeaily sent there. 
 One house in Naples alone exports ^8000 worth to 
 Calcutta, and the total value yearly imported by India 
 is said to amount to ,200,000. 
 
 Coral is principally cut into beads, and boutons or 
 pieces cut en calochon ; drops for earrings ; also in leaves, 
 flowers, and various other shapes, for making the carved 
 ornaments seen in Naples and Genoa ; into charms, worn 
 in bunches, which are supposed to avert the influence
 
 Coral. 215 
 
 of the evil eye, occasionally into cameos, although not 
 so frequently as was the case fifty years ago ; and into 
 stick and whip mounts and handles. The cutting and 
 working of coral occupies a considerable number of per- 
 sons ; the three most important factories being at Ge- 
 noa, Leghorn, and Marseilles. The branches of coral are 
 cut in the most advantageous manner, according to their 
 shape and freedom from fissures and defects, and after- 
 wards ground into beads, etc., and polished with oil. 
 
 The red coral, once the most valuable, is now worth 
 far less than the colour which formerly was nearly worth- 
 less the pale delicate pink, similar to that of the inside 
 of a pale rose-leaf. Coral of this tint is very valuable ; 
 a large bead or drop will realize gS^o to \Q, and 
 smaller pieces are worth from ^120 to ^150 the ounce. 
 
 This stone or substance is not nearly so much sought 
 after in Europe as formerly ; and, as mentioned before, 
 the great bulk goes to the East, where coral is much 
 worn in turbans, and on the handles of daggers and swords. 
 The beads are used by the Brahmins and Fakirs for ro- 
 saries, and the dead are frequently adorned with coral 
 ornaments, to prevent evil spirits from taking possession 
 of the corpse. The deep red colour, which harmonizes 
 well with the olive skin of the Indian, is preferred ; and 
 few of the richer sort of Indian girls are without one 
 or two coral ornaments. Coral is also worn in Spain, 
 and in the West India Islands by the negroes. The 
 white, yellow, and black varieties are of very little value. 
 
 Coral is affected by heat and acids, and is frequently
 
 216 Means of Ascertaining 
 
 imitated by bone, horn, and ivory, stained with cinnabar, 
 also by a composition of gypsum, gum, and cinnabar. 
 One of the Greek names of coral was yopyeia, from 
 the tradition that the blood dropping from the head of 
 Medusa, which Perseus had deposited on some branches 
 near the sea-shore, becoming hard, was taken by the 
 sea-nymphs and planted in the sea. Pliny calls it 
 ' dendrites' and ' corallum,' and it was dedicated by the 
 Romans to Jupiter and Apollo. In the Middle Ages 
 it was used in medicine as an astringent, and given to 
 newly-born infants ; it was also thought to deepen in 
 colour when worn by a man, and to become paler when 
 worn by a woman. Both Boetius and Dioscorides sagely 
 report it as efficacious against the delusions of the devil 
 tvhen worn in the form of an amulet. 
 
 ON THE MEANS OF ASCERTAINING THE 
 IDENTITY OF GEMS. 
 
 The details given under the head of each stone 
 afford ready and simple means for determining, un- 
 aided, the identity of any particular stone ; and a com 
 parison of the results of the experiment, with the dif- 
 ferent headings in Table A, will show at a glance in 
 which division the crystal or cut-stone experimented on 
 should be classed.
 
 the Identity of Gems. 217 
 
 The pink topaz is frequently confounded with the 
 balas ruby, the tourmaline with the emerald, the ja- 
 cinth with the cinnamon stone, and the jargoon and 
 white sapphire with the diamond ; not only by ama- 
 teurs, but even by persons supposed to be acquainted 
 with precious stones. A very little attention to the 
 facts noted under each head, both in the Table A 
 and in the description of each stone, will prevent the 
 errors into which many persons fall, and the possibility 
 of the frauds to which they are occasionally liable. 
 
 In the first place, it may be taken as a general rule 
 that stones, either rough or cut, which are affected by 
 die file, are not precious stones ; and to persons who 
 are accustomed to its use, the difference of the resist- 
 ance, and of the grating sound occasioned, affords a 
 fair criterion of hardness. In the use of this tool, 
 however, care must be taken not to file the delicate 
 edges 5 as even the diamond, the hardest of bodies, 
 might chip, if subjected to the tool on the girdle, which, 
 as has before been said, is as thin as the edge of a knife. 
 
 For example, supposing it were wished to ascertain 
 what gem a white stone was : if it were scratched by 
 a sapphire, it would at once be seen, on reference to 
 the Table A, that it could not be a diamond ; if its 
 specific gravity were less than 3 '9, it could not be a 
 ruby or sapphire ; if it did not acquire electricity by 
 heat, it could be neither a topaz nor a jargoon ; and 
 if it scratched glass, it would be seen that it must be 
 eithei a beryl, or quartz, or rock-crystal. For the pur-
 
 2 1 8 Means of Ascertaining 
 
 pose of ascertaining these facts, a crystal of sapphire 
 (which may be obtained easily and without expense), 
 a piece of quartz or rock crystal, a piece of hard flint- 
 glass, and a pair of scales for the purpose of taking 
 the specific gravity, are all that is necessary. Those 
 persons who are in possession of an electrometer or 
 a polarizing apparatus, have valuable adjuncts to the 
 simple tests here indicated. 
 
 A very common mode of fraud, practised on inex- 
 perienced persons in cut stones, is the "doublet," or 
 " semi-stone." In this case the top of the stone is ge- 
 nuine and the under-part glass, joined together artisti- 
 cally with cement j sometimes, for instance, the top is 
 sapphire, and the under-part a gem of less value, such 
 as garnet. When set, these stones are very difficult to 
 detect, and frequently deceive the most experienced. 
 When the under-part is of glass, however, the applica- 
 tion of the file to the under as well as upper surface 
 will, of course, at once show the imposition. Set stones 
 which are set with a back are generally of pale colour 
 or small lustre, often set with coloured foil, to enhance 
 their beauty. Sometimes, however, stones which are set 
 open, or, to use the technical term, ' azur,' have the in- 
 terior of the setting enamelled or painted, to throw a 
 tint of colour into the gem j or, in the case of the dia- 
 mond, have the inside of the setting of polished silver, 
 to correct a yellowish tinge. In all these cases, to be 
 forewarned is to be forearmed, and a careful examination 
 will prevent any one being deceived by these means.
 
 the Identity of Gems. 219 
 
 "Doublets" are frequently sold by the Cingalese at 
 Colombo to Europeans, and to the passengers by the 
 Peninsular and Oriental steamers ; sometimes blue glass, 
 cut into facets, and sent there from Birmingham and 
 Paris, are palmed off for the real stones. 
 
 Persons residing in countries producing precious 
 stones may find these hints of service, and, if attended 
 to, prevent their incurring expense in sending home 
 worthless pebbles, with the mistaken idea that they are 
 valuable gems. In one instance, a man actually left his 
 business, and, at a very considerable expense, came to 
 this country to sell a quantity of 'stones, which he was 
 assured were diamonds; but which, on examination, 
 proved to be ' nova minas/ or nodules of rock-crystal. 
 
 In the case of pearls, which are frequently imitated 
 with marvellous skill, it will be seen that false pearls are 
 much lighter than real ones ; that generally the former 
 are brittle (although some are made solid, of fish-scales, 
 and do not break so easily) ; and the holes, which in 
 the real pearl are drilled very small, and have a sharp 
 edge, in the false are larger, and have a blunt edge. 
 
 In concluding these hints on the identity of gems, 
 the author would remark that to no honest and respect' 
 able jewel merchant can the publication of such facts 
 prove prejudicial ; on the contrary, he is convinced that 
 the more the public are enabled to test by their senses, 
 or such simple means as may be readily available, the 
 truth of statements made to them, the more will their 
 appreciation of jewels increase.
 
 22C 
 
 TAB LI 
 
 TABLE OF THE DISTINGUISHING 
 
 Name and Colour. 
 
 Lustre. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Hardness. 
 
 No. in 
 Scale o 
 Hard- 
 ness. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 System of 
 Crystalliza- 
 tion. 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 Adamantine; 
 
 3-4 to 3-6 
 
 Scratches al 
 
 10 
 
 Pure Carbon. 
 
 Monometric 
 
 White, pink, yellow, 
 red, blue, green, black, 
 
 reflects 
 prismatic 
 
 
 other pre- 
 cious stones 
 
 
 
 or cubical. 
 
 orange, brown, opales- 
 
 colours. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BOART. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CARBONATE (compact 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 massive variety). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SAPPHIRE. 
 f White, blue, violet. 
 
 Vitreous: 
 very lively. 
 
 3-9 to 4-2 
 
 Scratched by 
 diamond ; 
 
 9 
 
 Alumina . 98'5 
 Oxide of 
 
 Hexagonal 
 or rhom- 
 
 1 RUBY, pink, red. 
 
 
 
 scratches 
 
 
 Iron . 1-0 
 
 bohedral. 
 
 violet-red. 
 
 
 
 all others. 
 
 
 Lime. . . 0-5 
 
 
 tjj TOPAZ, Oriental, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^ . yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o ^ AMETHYST, Orieii- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . tal. purple, violet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? EMERALD, Oriental, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | green, generally 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n I pale. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHRYSOBERYL, or 
 ORIENTAL CHRYSO- 
 
 Vitreous ; 
 sometimes 
 
 3- to 3-8 
 
 Scratched by 
 sapphire, 
 
 8-5 
 
 Alumina . 80-2 Trimetric or 
 Gluctna . . 19'8 rhombic. 
 
 LITE. 
 
 pearly. 
 
 
 etc.; 
 
 
 
 prismatic. 
 
 Bright pale - green, 
 greenish - yellow, red- 
 
 
 
 scratches 
 quartz 
 
 
 (Trace of Per- 
 oxide of Iron. 
 
 
 dish-brown. 
 
 
 
 readily. 
 
 
 of Oxide of 
 
 
 ALEXANDRITE, when 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lead and Cop- 
 
 
 exhibiting a reddish, 
 
 
 
 
 
 per, depending 
 
 
 transmittent light. 
 
 
 
 
 
 on colour and 
 
 
 CYMOPHANE. or 
 
 
 
 
 
 locality.) 
 
 
 CHRYSOBERYL CAT'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EYE, when showing an 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 opalescence like a cat's 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eye 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SPINEL. 
 
 Vitreoiw. 
 
 3-3 
 
 Scratched by 
 
 8 
 
 Alumina . 69-01 
 
 Monometric 
 
 Dark-red, white, blue, 
 
 
 
 sapphire ; 
 
 
 Magnesia . 26 -21 
 
 or cubical. 
 
 PLEONASTE or CEY- 
 
 
 
 scratches 
 quartz 
 
 
 Protoxide 
 of Iron . 0-71 
 
 
 LAN1TE, black. 
 
 
 
 readily. 
 
 
 Silica . 2-02 
 
 
 RUBICELLE, orange. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of 
 
 
 BALAS RUBY, rose-red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chrome. MO 
 
 
 TOPAZ. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 a-6 to S-6 
 
 Scratched by 
 
 8 
 
 Silica . . 34-01 
 
 rrimetric or 
 
 White, greenish, yel- 
 low, orange, cinnamon, 
 bluish, pink. 
 
 
 
 sapphire ; 
 scratches 
 
 
 Alumina . 58-38 
 Fluorine . 15-06 
 Traces of metallic 
 
 rhombic. 
 
 
 
 
 easily. 
 
 
 oxides.
 
 A. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GEMS. 
 
 Form of Crystal. 
 
 Refraction. 
 
 Refractive 
 Index. 
 
 Dispersive 
 Power. 
 
 Electric 
 Properties. 
 
 Fusibility. 
 
 Diaphaneity. 
 
 Transparent, 
 and trans- 
 lucent; 
 Carbonate 
 opaque. 
 
 Cube, 
 Octahedron, 
 Rhombic dodecahedron, 
 Tetrahedron, 
 Hexa-octahedron. 
 
 Single. 
 
 White 2-455 
 Brown 2-487 
 
 0-38 
 
 Acquires 
 positive 
 electricity 
 by friction; 
 non-con- 
 ductor of 
 electricity. 
 
 Infusible ; 
 volatilized 
 by long- 
 continued 
 heat. 
 
 Hexagonal prism; often 
 pointed at each end. 
 
 Doubla, in a 
 small de- 
 gree. 
 
 1-765 
 
 0-026 
 
 Acquires 
 electncity 
 by friction 
 and retains 
 it several 
 hours. 
 
 
 Transparent. 
 
 In flat hexagonal crys- 
 tals ; generally in rolled 
 pebbles. 
 
 Double. 
 
 1-760 
 
 0-033 
 
 Acquires 
 electricity 
 by friction, 
 and retains 
 it several 
 hours. 
 
 Infnslble, 
 alone. 
 
 Transparent 
 and semi, 
 transpa- 
 rent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Octahedron, 
 Rhombic dodecahedral 
 octahedron, 
 Tri-octahedron. 
 
 Single. 
 
 1-755 to 
 1-810 
 
 0-040 
 
 
 Infusible, 
 alone. 
 
 Transparent, 
 translucent. 
 
 Right-rhombic prism, 
 Octahedral rhombic 
 prism. 
 
 Double, in a 
 slight de- 
 gree. 
 
 1-635 
 
 0-025 
 
 Acquires 
 electricity 
 by friction 
 and heat. 
 
 Infusible. 
 
 Transparent, 
 Tanslucent. 
 
 1
 
 TABLE OF THE DISTINGUISHING 
 
 Name and Colour. 
 
 ' Lustre. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Hardness. 
 
 Ho. in 
 
 Scale of 
 Hard- 
 ness. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 System of 
 Crystalliza- 
 tion. 
 
 EMERALD. 
 Fine green. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 2'67 to 2-75 
 
 Scratched by 
 spinel ; 
 
 7-5 to 8- 
 
 Silica . . 68-50 
 Alumina . 1575 
 
 Hexagonal 
 or rhom- 
 
 BERYL or AQUAMA- 
 
 
 
 scratching 
 
 
 Glucina . 12-50 
 
 bohedral. 
 
 RINE, pale sea-green, 
 
 
 
 quartz 
 
 
 Oxide of 
 
 
 blue, white, yellow, 
 
 
 
 (specimens 
 
 
 Iron . . 1-00 
 
 
 rarely pink. 
 
 
 
 vary). 
 
 
 Lime . . 0-26 
 
 
 HYACINTH or 
 
 Vitreous 
 
 4-07 to 4-70 
 
 Scratches 
 
 7-5 
 
 Silica . . 33-0 
 
 Dimetric or 
 
 JACINTH, brownish-yel- 
 
 (almost ad- 
 
 
 quartz 
 
 
 Zirconia . 668 
 
 square 
 
 low, brownish-red, cin- 
 
 amantine) . 
 
 
 slightly. 
 
 
 Peroxide of 
 
 prismatic; 
 
 namon. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron . . 0-10 
 
 pyramidal. 
 
 JARGOON, various 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shades of green, yellow, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 white, brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GARNET. 
 
 Vitreous, in- 
 
 3-5 to 4-3 
 
 Scratches 16-5 to 7"5 
 
 Silica . . 38-25 
 
 Monometric 
 
 fALMANDINE, vio- 
 6 let-red. 
 
 clining to 
 resinous. 
 
 
 
 Alumina . 19 35 or cubical. 
 Red Oxide 
 
 o CARBUNCLE, red, 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 of Iron . 7-33 
 
 3 brownish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lime . . 31-75 
 
 3 CINNAMON- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesia . 2-40 
 
 j STONE, white, yel- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Protoxide 
 
 low, orange. 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Man- 
 
 | PYROPE, vermilion 
 
 
 
 
 
 ganese . 0-50 
 
 p* or Bohemian gar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 t. net 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TOURMALINE. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 2-99 to 3-3 
 
 Scratches 
 
 7- to 7-5 
 
 Fluorine . 2'2& 
 
 Hexagonal 
 
 Green, red, brown, yel- 
 low, blue, black, some- 
 
 
 quartz 
 slightly 
 
 
 Silica . . 38-85 
 HoracicAcid 8-25 
 
 or rhom- 
 bohedral. 
 
 times white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina . 31 '32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red Oxide 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Iron . 1-27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ma-iieMa . 13-89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lime . 1'60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soda. . . 1-28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potash . . 0-2(i 
 
 l 
 
 QUARTZ or 
 ROCK CRYSTAL. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 2-65 
 
 Scratches 
 glass. 
 
 7 
 
 Silica . . 99-37 
 Alumina . 
 
 Hexagonal 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 bohedral. 
 
 AMETHYST, violet. 
 
 
 
 
 1 Amethyst . 
 
 
 CAIRNGORM, yellow, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 
 jSilica . . 97-50 
 
 
 CHRYSOPRASE, fine 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina . 025 
 
 
 apple-green. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red Oxide 
 
 
 CAT'S-KYE, having cha- 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Iron . 0-50 
 
 
 toyant reflection. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of 
 
 
 PLASMA, deep olive- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Man- 
 
 
 green. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ganese 0'25 
 
 JASPER, yellow, red, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 green, black, brown. 
 
 

 
 223 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GEMS Continued 
 
 Form of Crystal. 
 
 Refraction. 
 
 Refractive 
 Inder 
 
 Dispersive 
 Power. 
 
 Electric 
 j Propjrties 
 
 Fusibility. 
 
 1 
 Diaphaneity, 
 
 Hexagonal prism. 
 
 Double 
 {very 
 feeble). 
 
 1-585 
 
 0-026 
 
 Acquires 
 positive 
 electricity 
 
 Slightly 
 fusible be- 
 fore the 
 
 Transparent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 by friction 
 
 blowpipe. 
 
 
 Long square prism, 
 Short square prism, 
 Long square octahedron, 
 The prisms often doubly 
 terminated with square 
 
 Double, in a 
 very high 
 degree, es- 
 pecially in 
 the Jar- 
 
 1-990 
 
 0044 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 Infusible 
 before the 
 blowpipe. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 pyramids. 
 
 goon oi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Rhombic dodecahedron, 
 
 Simple. 
 
 1T69 
 
 0-053 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 Fusible 
 
 Transparent, 
 
 Rhombic dodecahedral 
 
 
 
 
 
 before the 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 cube, 
 
 
 
 
 blowpipe. 
 
 
 Trapezohedrcn, 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 Hexa-octahedron. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Obtuse rhombohedron, 
 Hexagonal prisms. 
 
 Double. 
 
 1-625 
 
 0-028 
 
 Acquires 
 positive 
 and nega- 
 
 Fusible. 
 
 From trans, 
 parent to 
 opaque. 
 
 
 
 
 
 tive elec- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tricity by 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 friction 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 and heat. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hexagonal prism, 
 Bipyramidal, dodecahe- 
 
 Double. 
 
 1549 
 
 0-026 
 
 Acquires 
 positive 
 electricitv 
 by friction. 
 
 Infusible. 
 
 rransparent 
 and trans, 
 lucent. 
 Many varie- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ties nearly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 opaque.)
 
 224 
 
 TABLE OF THE DISTINGUISHING 
 
 Name and Colour. 
 
 Lustre. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Hardness. 
 
 Ko. in 
 Scale of 
 Hard- 
 ness. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Svstem of 
 Crystalliza- 
 tion. 
 
 BLOODSTONE, dark- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 green, with red spots. 
 CARNELION.red, white, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AGATE, various colours. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ONYX, bavins? black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown,and white layers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SARDONYX, having red 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or brownish and white 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 layers. 
 MOCHA-STONE, having 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 infiltrated Oxides of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron or Manganese, 
 producing dendritic ap- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pearances. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHRYSOLITE. 
 PERIDOT, olive-green. 
 OLIVINE. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 3-3 to 3-44 
 
 Scratched by 
 quartz. 
 
 6- to 7- 
 
 Silica . 39-73 
 Mam esia . 50'13 
 Protoxide 
 
 Trimetric or 
 rhombic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Iron . 919 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nickel . 0-32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ganese 0-09 
 Alumina . 0'22 
 
 
 TURQUOISE. 
 Blue, green, white. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 2-62 to 3- 
 
 Scratches 
 glass 
 
 6 
 
 Phos. Acid 27-34 
 Alumina . 47'45 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 feebly. 
 
 
 Oxide of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Copper . 2-05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron . . 1-10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ganese . 0-50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Lime . 3 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water . . 18-18 
 
 
 OPAL. 
 
 Colourless, red. white, 
 green, grey, black, yel- 
 
 Vitreous, In- 
 clining to 
 resinons. 
 
 2-0 to 2-3 
 
 Scratches 
 glass 
 slightly. 
 
 5-5to6'5 
 
 Silica . . 91-32 
 Water . . 8'68 
 
 None. 
 
 low. 
 (Iridescent.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Traces of mineral 
 colouring-mat- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ter. 
 
 
 PEARL. 
 
 White, yellow, pink, 
 black, violet, brown, 
 grey. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 2-5 to 2-7 
 
 Various. 
 
 2-5 to 3-5 
 
 Carbonate ofj Nona 
 Lime, organic 
 
 """ 1 |
 
 
 225 
 
 JHARACTERISTICS OF GEMS Continued. 
 
 Form of Crystal. 
 
 Refraction. 
 
 Refractive Dispersive Electric 
 Index. Power. Properties. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Fusibility. 
 
 | 
 
 Diaphaneity. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' I 
 
 Generally in rolled grains 
 and pebbles. 
 
 Double, 
 
 1-660 
 
 0-033 
 
 "electricity 
 by friction. 
 
 Infusible. 
 
 Transparent 
 and trans- 
 lucent. 
 
 None. 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Nonei. 
 
 Infusible. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Translucent 
 at edges. 
 
 None, 
 Nona. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 Infusible. 
 
 Calcines by 
 moderate 
 heat. 
 
 Semi - traus- 
 
 Opaque ; 
 
 sometimes 
 semi- 
 
 transpa- 
 rent.
 
 226 
 
 TABLE B. 
 NAMES OF STONES IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. 
 
 English. 
 
 French. 
 
 German. 
 
 Italian. 
 
 Agate. 
 
 Agathe. 
 
 Achat. 
 
 Quarzo Agato. 
 
 Almandine Garnet 
 
 Grenat, Alman- j Almandin. 
 
 Amandina. 
 
 
 dine. 
 
 
 
 Almandine Ruby. 
 
 Rubis violet. j Violet Rubin. 
 
 Rubino violetto. 
 
 Amber. 
 
 Succin, Ambre. Bernstein. 
 
 Ambra giallo. 
 
 Amethyst. 
 
 Amethyste. ' Amethyst. i Ametista. 
 
 Aquamarine. 
 
 Acque-maiine. ; Aquamarin. 
 
 Acquamarina. 
 
 Asteria. 
 
 Aste'rie. i Steinstein. 
 
 Asteria. 
 
 Aventurine. 
 
 Aventurine. Aventuriii. j Aventurina. 
 
 
 ] 
 
 Balas Ruby. 
 
 Rubis Balais. Balas Rubin. 
 
 Rubino Balasso. 
 
 BeryL ! Beryl. 
 
 Bcryll. 
 
 Berillo. 
 
 Bloodstone. 
 
 Jaspe sanguin. 
 
 Jaspis. 
 
 Elitropia. 
 
 Boart. 
 
 Boart. 
 
 Diamant Boart. 
 
 Boart. 
 
 Cairngorm. 
 
 Topaze ficossaise. 
 
 Rauchstein. 
 
 Topazio funioso. 
 
 Carbonate of Dia- 
 
 Carbonat. 
 
 Diamantcarbonat. 
 
 Carbonato di Dia- 
 
 mond. 
 
 
 
 mante. 
 
 Carbuncle. 
 
 Escarboucle, Gre- 
 
 Karfunkel. 
 
 Carbuncolo. 
 
 
 nat cabuchon. 
 
 
 
 Carnelion. 
 
 Sardoine. 
 
 Karneol. | Corniola. 
 
 Cat's-eye. 
 
 CEil de Chat, 
 
 Katzenauge. 
 
 Occhio di Gatto. 
 
 
 Quarz chatoyant. 
 
 
 
 Chrysoberyl. 
 
 Chrysobe'ryl, ou 
 
 Chrysoberyll. 
 
 Crisoberillo. 
 
 
 Chrysolite ori- 
 
 
 
 
 entale. 
 

 
 Names of Stones in Different Languages 227 
 
 English. 
 
 French. 
 
 German. 
 
 Italian. 
 
 Chalcedony. 
 Chrysolite. 
 Chrysoprase. 
 Cinnamon stone. 
 
 Coral. 
 Corundum. 
 Crystal. 
 
 Calcedoine. 
 Chrysolithe. 
 Chrysoprase. 
 Topaze fumee, 
 rermeille. 
 Corail. 
 Corindon. 
 distal de Roche. 
 
 Chalcedon. 
 Chrysolith. 
 Chrysopras. 
 Kaneelstein. 
 
 Koralle. 
 Korund. 
 Bergkrystall. 
 
 Calcedonio. 
 Crisolito. 
 Crisoprasio. 
 Pietra cinnamomo. 
 
 Corallo. 
 Korund. 
 Cristallo di Rocca. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Diamant. 
 
 Diamant. 
 
 Diamante, 
 
 Emerald. 
 Essonite. 
 
 fimeraude. 
 Vermeille. 
 
 Smaragd. 
 Essonit. 
 
 Smeraldo. 
 Essonite. 
 
 Felspar. 
 Fire Opal. 
 
 Feldspath. 
 Opale-Feu. 
 
 Feldspath. 
 Feuer Opal. 
 
 Feldspato. 
 Opalo. 
 
 Garnet. 
 
 Grenat. 
 
 Granat. 
 
 Granato. 
 
 Hyacinth. 
 
 Hyacinthe. 
 
 Hyacinth. 
 
 Giacinto. 
 
 Indigo Sapphire. 
 
 Saphir de Bresil. 
 
 Mannlich Sapphir. 
 
 Zaffiro. 
 
 Jacinth or Hyacinth 
 Jade. 
 Jargoon. 
 Jasper. 
 Jet. 
 
 Hyacinthe. 
 Jade. 
 Jargon. 
 Jaspe. 
 Jai'et. 
 
 Hyacinth. 
 Amazonstein. 
 Zirkon. 
 Jaspis. 
 Gagat, 
 
 Giacente. 
 Pietra nefritica. 
 Giacinto. 
 Diaspro. 
 Gagato. 
 
 Labrador. 
 Lapis Lazuli. 
 
 Feldspathopalin. 
 Lapis Lazuli. 
 
 Labrador. 
 Lazurstein. 
 
 Feldspato opalino. 
 Lapis Lazuli.
 
 228 Names of Stones in Different Languages. 
 
 English. 
 
 French. 
 
 German* 
 
 Italian. 
 
 Malachite. 
 
 Malachite. 
 
 Malachit. 
 
 Malacito. 
 
 Marcasite. 
 
 Marcassite. 
 
 Markasit. 
 
 Marcassita. 
 
 Moon-stone. 
 
 Pierre de Lune. 
 
 Mondstein. 
 
 Pietra lunare. 
 
 Moss Agate. 
 
 Agate. 
 
 Moss Achat. 
 
 Agata. 
 
 Olivine. 
 
 Olivine. 
 
 Olivin. 
 
 Olivina. 
 
 Onyx. 
 
 Onyx. 
 
 Onyx. 
 
 Onice. 
 
 Opal 
 
 Opale. 
 
 Opal. 
 
 Opalo, Girasole, 
 
 
 
 
 Scambaia. 
 
 Pearl. 
 
 Perle. 
 
 Perle. 
 
 Margarita, Perla. 
 
 Peridot. 
 
 Peridot. 
 
 Peridot. 
 
 Peridoto. 
 
 Plasma. 
 
 Plasme. 
 
 Plasma. 
 
 Plasma. 
 
 Pyrope. 
 
 Grenat. 
 
 !>>? 
 
 Granato. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 Quarz. 
 
 Quarzo. 
 
 Ruby. 
 
 Rubis. 
 
 Rubin. 
 
 Rubino. 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 Saphir. 
 
 Sapphir. 
 
 Zaffiro. 
 
 Sardonyx. 
 
 Sardoine 
 
 Sardonyx. 
 
 Comiola. 
 
 Smokestone. 
 
 Topaze snfume'e. 
 
 Rauch Topaz. 
 
 Pietra di Fuma. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 Spinelle,ou Rubis. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 Spinello. 
 
 Star Sapphire, 
 
 Saphir chatoyant. 
 
 Stern Sapphir, 
 
 Zaffiro-pianeta. 
 
 Ruby, etc. 
 
 
 oder Rubin. 
 
 
 Topaz. 
 
 Topaze. 
 
 Topas. 
 
 Topazio. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Turmalin. 
 
 Tormalina. 
 
 Twrquoise. 
 
 Turquoise. 
 
 Turkis. 
 
 Turchina. 
 
 Sttto, Fossil 01 
 
 de la nouvelle 
 
 von neuem Pel- 
 
 Do. di Rocca 
 
 Bone. 
 
 Roche. 
 
 sen, oder Zahn 
 
 nuova. 
 
 
 
 Turkis. 

 
 
 22,9 
 
 
 
 TABLE C. 
 
 
 PRECIOUS STONES ARRANGED 
 
 ACCORDING TO 
 
 
 THEIR COLOURS 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Yellow (continued). 
 
 Black. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 Chrysoberyl. 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 Rock-crystal. 
 
 
 Garnet. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 Green. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 Jargoon. 
 
 Emerald. 
 
 
 Topaz. 
 
 Peridot or Olivine. 
 
 Violet. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 Amethyst. 
 
 
 Chrysoberyl. 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 Blue. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 Ruby. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Aquamarine. 
 
 Garnet. 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 T.-Mimalin'-. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 Spinel. 
 Topaz. 
 
 Chrysolite (caileu 
 also Olivine). 
 
 Opalescent. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Topaz. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 Garnet. 
 
 Sapphire. 
 
 
 Jargoon. 
 
 Opal. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 Cat's-eye. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 Ruby. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Ruby. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 Moonstone. 
 
 Jacinth. 
 Garnet. 
 
 Ruby. 
 Chrysoberyl. 
 
 Orange or Reddish- 
 yellow 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 
 
 Topaz. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 Chrysoberyl. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 Garnet or Cinnamon- 
 
 Topaz. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 stone. 
 
 Chrysolite or Olivine. 
 
 Chrysoberyl. 
 
 Topaz. 
 
 Spinel. 
 
 "Garnet. 
 
 Jacinth. 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 Jacinth. 
 
 Ruby. 
 
 Garnet. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Jacinth. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 Rubicelle (or Spinel). 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 

 
 APPENDIX.
 
 THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRECIOUS 
 STONES j 
 
 OH, A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS THAT HAVE 
 
 APPEARED RELATING TO DIAMONDS 
 
 AND OTHER GEMS, 
 
 Comprising nearly every known treatise upon the subject. 
 
 ABEN Ezra (Rabbi),' Commentarium in Decalogum. 
 
 8vo. Hebr. Basel, 1527 
 
 ABICH (H.), De Spinello, dissert, inaug. chem. 8vo. 
 
 Berolini, 1831 
 AGRICOLA (George), De Ortu et Causis Subterraneo- 
 
 rum. De Natura eorum quae effluunt ex Terra. Fol. 
 
 Bos. 1558 
 ALBERTUS Magnus, De Virtutibus herbarum, lapidum, 
 
 animalium, etc., var. ed. Lived about 1230 
 
 ANDRADA (M. d'), An Account of the Diamonds of 
 
 Brezil. Nick. Journ. i. 24. *797 
 
 ANNALES des Mines. Pans
 
 234 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 ARGENVILLE (A. J. D. d'), De 1'Histoire Naturelle 
 eclaircie dans deux de ses parties principales : la 
 Lithologie et la Conchologie. 410. Paris, 1742 
 
 ARGENVILLE, Traite de 1'Oryctologie. Paris, 1740 
 
 ARISTOTLE, Lapidarius, de novo e Graeco translatus. 
 Lucas Brandis. 410. Regia Mersbourg, 1473 
 
 ARNOBIO (Cleandre), II Tesoro delle Gioie, trattato 
 maraviglioso. Venet. 1602 
 
 ATHEN^EUS. Deiphnosophistae (Banquet des Philo- 
 sophes), traduit par Dalechamp. Paris, 1573 
 
 AVICENNA (Abou-Ali-Alhussein-Ben-Adloulah), Ca 
 nones Medicinas, Latt. reddit. Ven. 148.? 
 
 BABINGTON (Charles), A Systematic Arrangement 01 
 Minerals, their Chemical, Physical, and External 
 Characters. 4to. London, 1795 
 
 BACCI (Andrea), De Gemmis ac Lapidibus pretiosis in 
 S. Scriptura. 410, Rome, 1577 5 8vo, Franc. 1628 
 
 BACCI (And.), Le XII Pietre preziose. 4to. Roma? 1587 
 
 BACCI (And.), De Gemmis et Lapidibus pretiosis, trac- 
 tatus ex Ital. Lingua Lat. red. 8vo. Francof. 1605 
 
 BARBOT (Ch.), Traite complet des Pierres precieuses. 
 8vo. Paris, 1858 
 
 BAUMER (John Wilh.), Historia Naturalis Lapidum 
 preciosorum omnium, etc. 8vo. Franc. 1771 
 
 BAUMER (J. W.), Naturgeschichte aller Edelsteine, 
 wie auch der Erde und Steine, so bisher zur Artz- 
 nei sind gebraucht worden. Aus dem Latein. von 
 Karl, Freih. von Meidinger. 8vo. Wien, 1774
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 2,35 
 
 BECHAI BEN ASCHAR, Biur al Hattorah (Exposition of 
 the Law of Moses), A Commentary on Exodus 
 xxviii. 17-20. A.M. 5207 (A.D. 1447*) 
 
 BECKER (John Joachim), Physica Subterranea. 4to. 
 
 Lipsice, 1739 
 
 BEKKERHEIM (Karl), Krystallographie des Mineral- 
 reichs. 8vo. Wien, 1793 
 
 BELLEAU (Rene), Les Amours et nouveaux Echanges 
 des Pierres precieuses. 410. Paris, 1576 
 
 BELLERMAN (J. J.), Die Urim und Thummim. 
 
 Berlin, 1824 
 
 BER&UEN (Robert de), Les Merveilles des indesOrien- 
 tales et Occidentales, ou nouveau Trait6 des Pierres 
 precieuses et des Perles. 410. Paris, 1661 
 
 BERZELIUS (J. Jacob, M.D., F.S.A.), On the Compo- 
 sition of the Topaz, etc. Nick. Journ. ix. 105. 1807 
 
 BEUMENBERGER (J. G.), Der Volkommene Juwelier. 
 
 Weimar, 1828 
 
 BIELHE (Von), Bernstein, ein gewichtiges Naturpro- 
 duct des Konigreichs Danemark. 8vo. 
 
 Hamburg, 1845 
 
 BIELHE (Von), Ueber die Bernstein-Grabereien in Hin- 
 ter-Pommern. 8vo. Berlin, 1802 
 
 BLINDHEIM (J. J.), Ueber den Sibirischen und Tauri- 
 schen Kalzedon. Neue Schrift. der Gesellsch. naturf. 
 Freunde. 4to. Berlin, 1800 
 
 * This work contains an ample account of the properties of pre- 
 cious stones. The edition of 1447 is the earliest, bur it has since 
 been many times reprinted.
 
 236 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 BLUM (Dr. Reinhart), Die Schmucksteine, Heidelberg, 
 1828, und Taschenbuch der Edelsteinkunde, I2ino. 
 
 Stutgart, 1834 
 
 BLUM (J. R.), Lithurgik, oder Mineralien und Felsar- 
 ten, nach ihrer Anwendung in Oekon., Artist, und 
 Technischer Hinsicht systematisch abgehand^lt. 
 
 Stutgart, 1840 
 
 BLUM (J. R.), Verzeichniss der geschnittenen Steine 
 in dem Konigl. Museum zu Berlin. 8vo. Berlin, 1827 
 BLUMENBERG, Dissertatio Medica de Succino. 410. 
 
 Jena, 1682 
 BLUMHOF (J. C.), Lehrbuch der Lithurgik. 
 
 Frankfurt, 1822 
 
 BOCK (Fr. S.), Versuch einer kurzen Naturgeschichte 
 des Preussischen Bernsteins, und einer neuen war- 
 scheinlichen Erklarung seines Ursprunges. 8vo. 
 
 Konigslerg, 1767 
 
 BOETIUS (Anselmus), Tractatus de Lapidibus et Gem- 
 mis, var. ed. 
 
 BONDARY (Jean de la Taille de), Blason des Pierres 
 precieuses. 
 
 GOT (Anselmus Boetius de), Gemmarum et Lapidum 
 Historia. 4to. Hanover, 1690. Recensuit et com- 
 mentariis illustravit Adr. Toll. 8vo. 
 
 Lugd. Batav. 1636 
 
 BOOT (Ans. Boece de), Le Parfaict Joaillier, ou Histoire 
 des Pierreries, de nouveau enrichi de belles Annota- 
 tions par Andre Toll, trad, du Lat. par J. Bachou. 
 8vo. Lyon, 1644
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 237 
 
 BORN (Baron Inigo), Schneckensteine, oder die Sachsi- 
 schen Topasfelsen. 410. Pfag, 1776 
 
 BOUILLON (De la Grange), Analysis of the Substance 
 known by the name of Turquoise. Nich. Journ. xxi. 
 182. 
 
 BOURGET, Lettres sur la Formation des Sels et Cris- 
 taux. i2mo. Amst. 1729 
 
 BOURNON (Count de), An Analytical Description of the 
 Crystalline Forms of Corundum from the East In- 
 dies and China. Pjiil. Trans. Air. xviii. 368. 1798 
 
 BOURNON (Count de>, Description of the Corundum 
 Stone, and its Varieties commonly known as Orien- 
 tal Ruby, Sapphire, etc. Phil. Trans, p. 223. 180. 
 
 BOURNON (C. de), A Descriptive Catalogue of Dia- 
 monds in the Cabinet of Sir Abraham Hume. 410. 
 
 London, 1815 
 
 BOURNON (Le Comte de), Traite de la Chaux Carbo- 
 natee et de 1'Arragonite, auquel on a joint une in- 
 troduction a la Mineralogie en general, une Theorie 
 de la Crystallisation et son Application. 410. 
 
 Londres, 1808 
 
 BOYLE (Hon. Robert), An Essay about the Origin and 
 
 Virtues of Gems, with some Conjectures about the 
 
 Consistence of the Matter of Precious Stones, etc. 
 
 London; 8vo, 1672, and i2mo, 1673 
 
 Several editions in Latin were printed on the Continent. 
 
 BOYLE (Hon. Robert), Experiments and Considera- 
 tions upon Colour, with Considerations on a Dia- 
 mond that Shines in the Dark. 8vo. London, 1663
 
 2,38 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 BK&RD (C. P.), Traite des Pierres precieuses. 
 
 Paris, 1808 
 
 BREITHAUPT (A.), Das Geschlecht der Rhomboedri- 
 schen Turmaline. Schweizzers Jahrluchfilr Chym. 
 und Phys. 8vo. 1829 
 
 BREWSTER (Sir David, LL.D., F.R.S.L., etc.), On the 
 Optical Properties of Muriate of Soda, Fluate of 
 Lime, and the Diamond, as Exhibited in their Action 
 upon Polarized Light. Phil. Trans, viii. 157. 1817 
 
 BREWSTER (Sir David), On a New Optical and Mine- 
 ralogical Property of Calcareous Spar. 410. 
 
 Edinl. 1815 
 
 BREWSTER (Sir David), On the Effects of Compression 
 and Dilatation altering the Polarizing Structure of 
 Doubly-refracting Crystals. 4to. Edinl. 1818 
 
 BREWSTER (Sir David), On the Optical Properties of 
 Sulfuret of Carbon, etc., with Inferences respecting 
 the Structure of Doubly-refracting Crystals. Fol. 
 
 Edinl. 1814 
 
 BRONGNIART, Traite de Mineralogie, avec application 
 aux Arts. Paris, 1807 
 
 BRUCKMANN (Fr. Hier.), A Treatise on Precious Stones. 
 8vo. 1775 
 
 Second edition, corrected and improved. 
 
 BRUCKMANN (U. F. B.), Abhandlung von Edelsteinen. 
 Braunschweig, 1757-73 
 
 BRUCKMANN (U. F. B.), Gesammelte und eigene Bei- 
 trage zu seiner Abhandlung von Edelsteinen. 
 
 Braunschweig, 1778
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 239 
 
 BUCHOZ, Les Dons merveilleux et diversement colories 
 
 de la Nature dans le Regne Mineral. Fol. Paris, 1/82 
 
 BURCH (A.), Handbuch fiir Juweliere. Weimar, 1834 
 
 CADET (Le Jeune), Memoire sur les Jaspes et autres 
 Pierres precieuses de 1'ile de Corse, etc. 8vo. 
 
 Bastia, 1785 
 
 CJESALPINUS (Andreas), De Metallicis Libri tres. 410. 
 
 Rom. 1496 
 
 CAIRE (A.), La Science des Pierres precieuses appliquee 
 aux arts. Paris, 1833 
 
 CAPPELLER (Maur. Ant.), Piodromus Crystallographiae, 
 de Crystallis improprie sic dictis Commentarium. 410. 
 
 Lucernes, 1723 
 
 CARDANUS (Hieronymus), De Lapidibus preciosis, also 
 de Subtilitate, var. ed. 
 
 CAROSI (Johann), Sur la Generation du Silex et du 
 Quarz. 8vo. Cracov. 1783 
 
 CARTON (J.), Englischer Juwelier, Kenntniss, Werth- 
 und Preisschatzung aller Edelsteine, Perlen und Co- 
 rallen, ins Deut. iibersetzt nach der 10 ed. I2mo. 
 
 Grate, 1818 
 
 CATALOGUE des Bijoux nationaux. Paris, 1791 
 
 CELLINI (Benvenuto), Del Arte del Gioiellare. 410. 
 
 Fior. 1568 
 
 CELLINI (Benvenuto), Trattato del' Oreficeria, var. ed. 
 
 CHENEVIX (Richard, Esq., F.R.S.), Analysis of Corun- 
 dum and some Substances that accompany it. Phil. 
 Trans, p. 327. i8oa
 
 240 Bibliography of Precious Stones 
 
 CLAVE (Estienne), Paradoxes, ou Traittez Philosophiques 
 des Pierres et Pierreries, centre 1'opinion vulgaire. 
 8vo. Paris, 1635 
 
 CLUTIUS (Augerius), Calsvee, sive Dissertatio Lapidis 
 Nephritic!, seu Jaspidis viridis, naturam, proprietates, 
 et operationes exhibens Belgice, 8vo. Amsterdam, 
 1621, et Lat. per Gul. Lauremberg, fil. 8vo. 
 
 Rosfochii, 162- 
 
 COHEN (M.), Beschreibendes Verzeichniss einer Samm- 
 lung von Diamanten. Wien, 1822 
 
 COLLINI (Cosmus), Journal d'un Voyage, qui contient 
 differentes observations mineralogiques, particuliere- 
 ment sur les agates, avec un detail sur la maniere de 
 travailler les agates. 8vo. Mannheim, 1776 
 
 COLONNE (Francois Marie Pompee), Histoire Natu- 
 relle de 1'Univers. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1734 
 
 CORSI (Faust), Delle Piedre antiche libri quattro. 
 
 Roma, 1828 
 
 CURIOSE Speculationen. Leipzig, 1707 
 
 DAVY (Sir Humphry), Prof, of Chem., etc. etc., Some 
 Experiments on the Combustion of the Diamond and 
 other Carbonaceous Substances. Phil. Trans, p. 557. 
 
 1814 
 
 DESCRIPTION of the Diamond. Phil. Trans. Air. ii. 
 405. 1/08 
 
 DIAMOND, The, or the Pest of a Day. Fores. 4to. 
 
 London, 179"
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 241 
 
 DINGLEY (Robert, Esq.), On Gems and Precious Stones, 
 particularly such as the Ancients used to engrave on 
 Phil. Trans. Air. ix. 345. 1747 
 
 DIOSCORIDES, De Materia Medica, var. ed. 
 
 DOLCE (Ludovico), Libri tre, nei quali si tratta delle di- 
 verse sorti delle Gemme che produce la Natura. 8vo, 
 
 Fen. 1564 
 
 DREE (Marquis de), Catalogue du Musee Mineralo- 
 gique. 4to. Paris, 1811 
 
 DUTENS (Lewis), Des Pierres precieuses et des Pierre* 
 fines, avec les moyens de les connoitre et de les 
 valuer. Londres, 1776 
 
 Another edition was printed at Paris in the following year. 
 
 ECCHELLENSIS (Abraham), Versio Durrhamani de Me- 
 dicis Virtutibus animalium, plantarum et Gemmarum. 
 8vo. Paris, 1647 
 
 ECKERMAN (N.), Electra, oder die Entstehung des 
 Bernsteins. 410. Halle, 1807 
 
 EKEBERG (Andrew Gustavus), Dissertatio de Topazio. 
 
 Upsal, 1796 
 
 ELLIOTT (John, F.R.S.), On the Specific Gravity of 
 Diamonds. Phil. Trans. Air. ix. 147. 1745 
 
 ENCELIUS (Christoph), De Re Metallica, hoc est, de 
 origine, varietate et natura corporum metallicorum, 
 Lapidum, Gemmarum atque aliarum quae ex fodinis 
 eruuntur Libri iii. 8vo. Francf. 155 1 
 
 ENGELHARDT (Ab. von), Die Lagerstatte derDiamanten 
 im Ural-Gebirge. 4to. Riga, 183 >
 
 2,42 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 EPIPHANIUS, De duodecim Gemmis in veste Aaronis. 
 Gr. Lat. cum corollario Gesneri. 8vo. Tig. 1565 
 
 ERMANN, Beitrage zur Monographic des Marekasit,Tur- 
 nialin und Brasilianischen Topas. From the works of 
 the Berliner Akad. 4to. Berlin, 1829 
 
 EVAX (a King of the Arabs) : a MS. is attributed to 
 him on the properties and effects of precious stones, 
 published by Henry Rantzovius, under the title 
 ' De Gemmis scriptum olim a poeta quodam non in- 
 feliciter carmine redditum et nunc primum in lucem 
 editum.' 4to. Leipsic, 1585 
 
 FALLOPIUS (G.),De Medicatis Aquis atque de Fossilibus, 
 
 tractatus ab Andrea Marcolino collectus. 4to. 
 
 Fenitia, 1564 
 FERNEL (John Francis), Pharmacia, cum Guliel. Plantii 
 
 et Franc. Saguyerii Scholiis. I2mo. Hanov. 1605 
 FISCHER (G.), Essai sur la Turquoise et sur la Calaite. 
 
 Moscou, 1 8 10 
 FISCHER (G. de Waldheim), Essai sur la Pellegrina, ou 
 
 la Perle Incomparable des freres Zozima. Pamph. 
 
 Hist. Nat. 8vo. Moscou, 1818 
 
 FLADE (C. G.), De Re Metallica Midianitarum et Phoe- 
 
 nicorum. 4to. Leipzig, 1806 
 
 FLADUNG, Versuch iiber die Kennzeichen der Edelsteine 
 
 und deren vortheilhaftesten Schnitt. Pesth, 1819 
 FLADUNG (J. A. F.), Edelste/nlnj.n<lc, Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Wien, 1828
 
 Bibliography oj Preciom Stones. 243 
 
 FONTENELLE, Nouveau Manuel Complet du Bijoutier. 
 8vo. Paris, 1853 
 
 FRISCHHOLZ (J.), Lehrbuch der Steinschneidekunst, 
 fiir Steinschneider, Graveurs, etc., und jedens welcher 
 sich uber die Veredlung der Steine zu unterrichten 
 wiinscht. Miinchen, 1820 
 
 FHUCHTVANGER (Dr. L.), A Popular Treatise on Gems, 
 in reference to their scientific value, etc. 8vo. 
 
 New York, 1859 
 
 GAUTIER (J.), Untersuchung liber die Entstehung, 
 Bildung und den Bau des Chalcedons, etc. Jena, 1809 
 
 GENUINE Account of the present state of the Diamond 
 Trade in the Dominions of Portugal, with some au- 
 thentic pieces, in a letter from a Merchant in Lisbon 
 to his Correspondent in London. 410. London, 1785 
 
 GERHARD (C. A.), Disquisitio physico-chemica Grana- 
 torum Silesiae atque Bohemiae. Inaug. Diss. 4to. 
 
 Frankfurt a. d. Oder, 1760 
 
 GESNER (Conrad), Liber de Rerum fossilium, Lapidum, 
 et Gemmarum, maxime figuris, etc. 8vo. Tig. 1565 
 
 GIMMA (D. Giacinto), Delia Storia naturale delle 
 Gemme, delle Pietre e di tutti Minerali, ovvero della 
 Fisica sotteranea. 4to. Napoli, 1730 
 
 GINANNI (Fantuzzi M.), Osservazioni geognostiche sul 
 Coloramento di alcune Pietre e sulla formazione di un 
 Agata nel Museo Ginanni di Ravenna. 8vo. 1857 
 
 GLOCKER (Ernst Friedrich), De Gemmis Plinii, impr- 
 mis de.Topszio. S?c. Vraiislawa! (Breslau], 1^34
 
 244 Bibliography of Precious Stone*. 
 
 GOEPERT (H. R.), Ueber Pflanzenahnliche Einschliisse 
 in den Chalcedonen. 8vo. 1848 
 
 GREGOR (Rev. William, M.A.), An Analysis of a va- 
 riety of the Corundum. Nick. Journ. iv. 2,09. 1803 
 
 GREVILLE (Rt. Hon. Charles, F.R.S.), On the Corun- 
 dum Stone from Asia. Phil. Trans. Air. xviii. 356, 
 1798, and Nich. Journ. ii. 477. 1799 
 
 GUTHE (J. M.), Ueber den Asterios-Edelstein des 
 Cajus Plinius Secundus ; eine antiquarisen-lithognosti- 
 sche Abhandlung. 4to. Munchen, 1810 
 
 GuYTON-MoRVEAU (B. L.), Account of certain Expe- 
 riments and Inferences respecting the combustion of 
 the Diamond and the nature of its composition. Nich. 
 Journ. iii. 298. 
 
 GUYTON-MORVEAU (B. L.), On the singular Crystalli- 
 zation of the Diamond. Nich. Journ. xxv, 67. 1810 
 
 GUYTON-MORVEAU (B. L.), Verbal Process of t.He con- 
 version of Soft Iron into Cast Steel by meani of the 
 Diamond. Nich. Journ. iii. 353. 1799 
 
 I ABDARRAHMANUS (Asiutensis ^Egyptius), De Proprie- 
 tatibus acVirtutibus medicis Animalium, Plantarum ac 
 Gemmarum, ex Arab. Lat. redd, ab Abrahamo Ec- 
 chellensi. 8vo. Paris, 1647 
 
 HABERLE (C. C.), Beobachtungen iiber die Gestalt der 
 Grund- und Keimkrystalle des schorlartigen Berylls, 
 und dessen iibrige oryctognostische und geognostische 
 Verhaltnisse. Erfurt, 1804 
 
 HAIDINGER (W.), Ueber den Pleochroi'smus des
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 245 
 
 Amethysts. Naturwissenschqftliche Abhandlungen. 
 
 4to. Wien, 1846 
 
 HAIDINGER (W.), Ueber den Pleochrolsmus des 
 
 Chrysoberylls. Berichte iiber Mittheilungen von 
 
 Freunden der Naturwissenschaften. 8vo. Wien, 1848 
 HAIDINGER (W.), Pleochroi'smus und Krystallstructur 
 
 des Amethystes. Sitzungsber. der Kais. Akad. 8vo. 
 
 Wien, 1854 
 
 HAIDINGER (W.), Ueber eine neue Varietat von Ame- 
 thyst. Denkschrift. d. Kais. Akad. 410. Wien, 1849 
 HAIDINGER (W.), Der fur Diamant oder noch Werth- 
 
 volleres ausgegebene Topas des Herrn Dupoisat. 
 
 Sitzungsler. der Kais. Akad. 410. Wien, 1858 
 
 HASTING (P.), Description d'un Diamant remarquable, 
 
 contenant des crystaux. Acad. roy. des Sciences. 410. 
 
 Amsterdam, 1850 
 HASSE (J. H. F.), Der Aufgefundene Eridanus, oder 
 
 neue Aufschliisse iiber den Ursprung des Bernsteins. 
 
 8vo. Riga, 1796 
 
 HAUY (Abbe de), Traite dela Mineralogie. Paris, 1780 
 HAUY (Rene Just.), Essay d'uneTheorie sur la structure 
 
 des Cristaux. 8vo. Paris, 1784 
 
 HAUY (Rene Just.), Traite des Caracteres physiques des 
 
 Pierres precieuses, pour servir a leur determination 
 
 lorsqu'elles sont taillees. 8vo. Paris, 1817 
 
 HAUY, Memoire sur les Topazes du Bresil. Ann. du Mus. 
 
 Paris, 1802 
 HAUY, Sur la Reunion de la Pycmte avec le Topaze. 
 
 A to. Paris, 1808
 
 246 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 HAUY, Observations sur les Tourmalines, particuliere- 
 
 ment sur celles qui se trouvent dans les Etats-Unis. 
 
 Mem. du Mus. Paris, 1815 
 
 HERMES Trismegistus, Tabula Smaragdina vindicata. 
 
 I2mo. I ^57 
 
 HERTZ (B.), Catalogue of Mr. Hope's Collection of 
 
 Pearls and Precious Stones, systematically arranged 
 
 and described. 410. London, 1839 
 
 HESSLING (Th. von), Die Perlmuschel und ihre Perlen. 
 
 8vo. Leipzig, 1859 
 
 HILLER (Matth.), Tractatus de Gemmis XII. in Pecto- 
 
 rali Pontificis Hebraeorum. 410. Tubingen, 1698 
 
 HINDMARSH (R.), Precious Stones, being an account of 
 
 the stones mentioned in the Sacred Scriptures. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1851 
 HISTOIRE des Joyaux et des principales Richesses de 
 
 1'Orient et de 1'Occident. I2mo. Geneve, 1665 
 
 HISTORY of Jewels. I2mo. London, 167 i 
 
 HODGSON (Rev. John), Dissertation on an Ancient 
 
 Cornelian. Archceol. ii. 42. 1773 
 
 JEFFRIES (David, Jeweller), Treatise on Diamonds and 
 Pearls, in which their importance is considered, 
 plain rules are exhibited for ascertaining the value 
 of both, and the true method of manufacturing 
 Diamonds is laid down. 8vo, 30 copper plates, pub- 
 lished bv subscription. London, 1750-51 and 1753 
 
 JEFFRIES (David), An Abstract of the Treatise on 
 Diamonds and Pearls, by which the usefulness to all
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 247 
 
 who are any way interested in these jewels will suf- 
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 lity and gentry of this kingdom, and to the traders 
 in jewels. 8vo. Baldwin, London, 175 4 
 
 JEFFRIES (D.), Traite des Diamants et des Perles. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1753 
 
 JOHN (J. F.), Naturgeschichte des Succins, oder des 
 sogenannten Bernsteins. 8vo. Koln, 1816 
 
 JONSTONUS (Johannes), Thaumatographia Naturalis. 
 I2mo. Amst. 1632 
 
 JONSTONUS (J.), Notitia Regni Vegetabilis et Minera- 
 lis. I2mo. Lips. 1661 
 
 JUWELIER, Der Aufrichtige, oder Anweisung aller 
 Arten Edelsteine, Diamanten, und Perlen zu erken- 
 nen, nebst einer aus dem Englischen ubersetzten 
 Abhandlung von den Diamanten und Perlen. 8vo. 
 
 Frankfurt, 1773 
 
 KAHLER (Mart.), De Crystallorum Generatione. 4to. 
 
 Upsal, 1747 
 KALM (P.), Nagra Kannemarken til nyttiga Mineraliens 
 
 eller ford och Baigarters upfinnande. 410. Abots, 1756 
 KIRANI, Kiranides, et ad eas Rhyakini Koronides, sive 
 
 Hysteria Physico-Medica. I2mo. London, 1685 
 
 KIRCHER (Athanase), Le Monde Souterrain. 
 KIRCHER (Athanasius), Mundus Subterraneus in xii. 
 
 Libros digestus. Fol. Amstellodami, 1678 
 
 KLAPROTH (Martin Henry), Analysis of the Spinel. 
 
 Nich. Journ. iii. 549. J 799
 
 248 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 KLUGE, Edelsteinkunde. Leipzig, 1860 
 
 KOHLER (H. K. A. von), Kleine Abhandlungen zur 
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 KOHLER (H. K. A. von), Untersuchung iiber den 
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 KOKSCHAROW (Nic. von), Ueber die russischen Topase. 
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 KONNERITZ (L. von), Mittheilung mannichfaltiger 
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 Weimar, 1841 
 
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 LABARTE (M. Jules), Handbook ot the Arts of the 
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 LACAZE (Duthiers H.), Histoire Naturelle du Corail, 
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 LAET (John de), De Gemmis et Lapidibus Libri ii., 
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 Lugd. i SSI
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 249 
 
 LEISNERUS (Gott. Christ.), De Coralliorum Natura, 
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 LEMNIUS (Levinus), Occulta Naturae Miracula. 8vo. 
 
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 LEONARDUS (Camillus, M.D.), Speculum Lapidum. 
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 LEONARDUS (Camillus), Trattato delle Gemme che 
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 LEONARDUS (Camillus), The Mirror of Stones, in which 
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 LUCRETIUS, De Rerum Natura, var. ed. 
 
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 250 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
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 MARBODJEUS (Gallus), De Gemmarum Lapidumque 
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 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 251 
 
 MIZALDUS (Anton.), Memorabilium Utilium et Jucun- 
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 252 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
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 PETZHOLDT (M.), Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte des 
 
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 PHILOSTRATUS, De Vita Apollonii, var. ed. 
 PIERERUS (G. P.), Lazulus, Dissertatio chymico-me- 
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 PINDEK, De Adamante Commentatio Antiquaria. 
 
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 PISANI (J.), Sur le Grenat octoedrique de 1'Ile d'Elbe. 
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 London, 1861 
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 254 Bibliography of Precious Sto?ies. 
 
 PORTALEONE (Abraham), Shilte Haggeborim (The 
 
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 Mantua, A.M. 5372 (1612) 
 POTT (M. J.), Lithogeognosie, ou Examen chymique 
 
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 POUGET (N.), Traite des Pierres precieuses, et de la 
 
 maniere de les employer en parure, 4to. Paris, 1762 
 PRUFER (V.), Ueber die Krystalform der Lazulith. 
 
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 PSELLUS (Michael Constantinus), De Lapidum Virtu- 
 
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 Lugduni Batavorum, 1795 
 
 RAGOUMOVSKY (Greg. Comte de), Distribution Tech- 
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 RAVIUS (S. F.), Specimen Arabicum, continens descrip- 
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 REGENBOGEN-ACHAT, Vom. 410. Hamburg, 1780 
 
 RHOSNEL, Le Mercure Indien. Paris, 1668 
 
 RITTER (C.), Der Tu-(Yu-)steir, d. i. der Tu-chi der 
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 ROSE (G.), Ueber den Felspatb labrador, etc.. Gil- 
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 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 2,55 
 
 ROSE (G.), De Novis quibusdam Fossilibus quae in 
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 RUDOLPH (A.), Die edeln Metalle und Schmucksteine, 
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 RUENS (F.), De Gemmis aliquot, iis praesertim quarum 
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 RULANDUS (Martinus), Medicina Practica. i2mo. 
 
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 SANBIUS (Christopher), On the Origin of Pearls. Phil. 
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 SARMENTO (James Castro de, M.D.), An Account of 
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 256 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 SCHEEKER (Th.), Ueber den Traversellit und seine Be- 
 
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 SCHMID (Joachimus), De Margaritis. 410. 
 
 Wittelergce, 166 7 
 
 SCHMIDT (C. J.), Das Wichtigste iiber den Opal in 
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 SCHULZE (H.), Practisches Handbuch der Juwelier- 
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 SCHWAKZE (Christ. Aug.), De Smaragdo Veterum. 
 
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 SCHWARZE (Christ. Aug.), De quodam Pseudo-Sma- 
 
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 SCOPOLI (Jo.), Ant. Crystallographia Hungarica. 410. 
 
 Prague, 1776 
 
 SERAPION (John), De Medicamentis tarn simplicibus 
 
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 SLEVOGTII (J. H.), De Lapide Bezoar. 410. Jerus, 1698 
 
 SOTTO (Js.), Le Lapidaire du quatorzieme Siecle. 8vo. 
 
 Wien, 1862 
 STEINBECK, Ueber die Bernstein-Gewinnung. 8vo. 
 
 Brandenburg, 1841 
 
 STENO (Nicolaus), Prodromus to a Dissertation con- 
 cerning Solids naturally contained within Solids. 
 
 London, 1671
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 257 
 
 STRACHAN, Observations on Coral, large Oysters, Ru- 
 bies, etc. Phil. Trans. 1701$ Abr. iv. 711. 
 
 SVEDENSTJERNA (E. Th.), Ueber den Korand zu Gel- 
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 Taschenb. Frankfurl-a.-M. 1816 
 
 SWEDENSTIERNA (E. T.), An Account of the Swedish 
 Corundum, from Gellivara, in Lapland. Geol. Tram 
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 TAVERNIER, Voyages en Turquie, en Perse et aux 
 Indes. 410. Paris, 1676 
 
 TEIFASCITE (Ahmed), Fior di Pensieri sulle Pietre 
 Preziose, opera stampata nel suo originale Arabo di 
 Ant. Raineri. 4to. Firenze, 1818 
 
 TENNANT (Smithson, Esq., F.R.S.), On the Nature of 
 the Diamond. Phil. Trans. 1797, xviii. 97, and Nick. 
 Journ. i. 177, 1797. 
 
 TESORO delle Gioie, Trattato Curioso, 121110. 
 
 Venetia, 1670 
 
 THEOPHRASTUS, De Lapidibus, etc., var. ed. 
 
 THEOPHRASTUS, History of Stones, with the Greek 
 Text and an English Version, and Notes Critical and 
 Philosophical, including the Modern History of Gems 
 described by that author, by Sir John Hill. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1746 
 
 THEOPHYLACTI Opera, a J. F. Bern, de Rubeis et 
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 Venet. 1754 and 1763
 
 258 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 TOLL (Adrianus), Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia. 
 
 8vo. Lugduni, 1636 
 
 TOLL (Adrianus), Le Parfaict Joaillier, ou Histoire des 
 
 Pierreries, oil sont amplement descrites leur naissance, 
 
 juste prix, etc. 8vo. Lyon, 1644 
 
 TRAITE des Pierres de Theophraste, trad, du Grec. 
 
 I2mo. Paris, 1754 
 
 X 
 
 VAUSUELIN (Citizen), Information respecting the earth 
 
 of the Beryl. Nick. Journ. ii. 393. 
 VAU&UELIN (Citizen), Analysis of the Chrysolite of the 
 
 Jewellers, proving it to be Phosphate of Lime. Nick, 
 
 Journ. ii. 414. 
 VAuauELiN (Citizen), Analysis of the Aqua Marine or 
 
 Beryl, etc. Nick. Journ. ii. 358. 
 VEGA (Garcilaso de la), History of the Incas, var. ed. 
 VELTHEIM (A. F. von), Etwas iiber Memnons Bild- 
 
 saule, Nero's Smaragd, Toreutik, und die Kunst der 
 
 Alten in Stein und Glas zu schneiden. 8vo. 
 
 Helmstadt, 1793 
 VELTHEIM (A. F. von), Etwas iiber das Onyx-Gebirge 
 
 des Clesias und den Handel der Alten nach Ost- 
 
 Indien. 8vo. Helmstadt, 1797 
 
 VENETTE (Nicolas), Traite des Pierres. i2mo. 
 
 Amst. 1701 
 VETTERMANN (A.), Kurze Abhandlung iiber einige der 
 
 vorziiglichsten Classen der Bunten oder Gefarbten 
 
 Kdelsteine. 8vo. Dresden, 1830
 
 Bibliography of Precious Stones. 259 
 
 VOLGER (G. H. O.), Versuch einer Monographic des 
 Borazites. Hanover, 18,55 
 
 VOLGER (G. H. O.), Epidot und Granat,Beobachtungen 
 iiber das gegenseitige Verhaltniss dieser Krystalle. 
 4to. Zurich, 1855 
 
 UR, FH. BEN. Ueber den Sarder Onyx und Sardonyx : 
 also, Nachtrag uber, etc., 1804. Braunschweig, 1801 
 
 WECKER, or WECKERUS, Antidotae speciales de Lapi- 
 
 dibus minus pretiosis alterantibus. 
 WULFINII Descriptio Helmintholiti pulcherrimi versi- 
 
 coloris in marmore Corinthiaco. 410. Erlangcn, 1794 
 
 ZAPPE, Mineralogische Abhandlungen. Wien, 1817 
 ZEPHAROVITCH (V. v.), Der Diamant, ein Popularer 
 Vortrag. 8vo. Gratz, 1862 
 
 ZERRENNER (Dr. Carl), De Adamanti Dissertatio. 
 
 Lipsice, 1850 
 
 ZERRENNER (C.),Anleitungzum Diamanten. Waschen 
 aus Seifengebirge, Ufer- urM Flussbett-Sand. 8vo. 
 
 Leipzig, 1851 
 
 The following ancient Manuscripts relating t<> '/>w subject are 
 preserved in the British Museum : 
 
 GALAMAZAR, Liber de virtutibus Lapidum Pretiosorum 
 quern scripsit Galamazar, Thesaurarius Regis Babylo- 
 nie, ipso presenti et precipiente. Harleian MSS. 80.
 
 a6o Bibliography of Precious Stones. 
 
 DE LAPIDIBUS, Avibus et Arboribus Indiae, Arabiae. et 
 
 Africae. Harl. MSS. 80. 
 LAPIDUM PRETIOSORUM usus Magicus, sive de Sigillis. 
 
 Harl. MSS. 80. 
 LIBER HERMETIS, tractans de 15 Stellis et de 15 Lapidi- 
 
 bmetde 15 Herbisetde 15 Figuris. Harl. MSS. So.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ACH 
 
 /\ CHLAMAH, or amethyst, 
 ./X description of, 43. 
 Agate, in High Priest's breastplate, 
 
 36, 43 ; account of, 170-172. 
 Alexandrite, 117. 
 Almandine ruby, 1 1 8, 121 
 Almandine, variety of garnet, 142- 
 
 146. 
 Amber, account of, where found, 
 
 &c. 210-213. 
 
 Amethyst, in High Priest's breast- 
 plate, 36, 435 account of, where 
 
 found, &c. 157-159. 
 Amethyst, oriental, 114. 
 Amsterdam, diamond cutting there, 
 
 67. 
 
 \ncient gems, 7. 
 Ancients, their ideas respecting 
 
 gems, 21-32. 
 Aquamarine, or beryl, 129, 137- 
 
 139- 
 
 Aquamarine, oriental, 115. 
 Aristotle, mention of gems, 24, 25, 
 
 in. 
 Aschentrekker, Dutch name for 
 
 tourmaline, 150. 
 Asteroids, their colour, 9. 
 Australian diamonds, 62. 
 Automalite, 119. 
 ^vanturine, 161. 
 
 CAB 
 
 BACC1US (Andreas), mention 
 of balas ruby, 121. 
 Balas ruby, 118, 121. 
 Eareketh, or carbuncle, description 
 
 of, 39. 
 Berghem (L. van) discoverer of 
 
 art of cutting diamonds, 64, 
 
 65 
 Beryl, in High Priest's breastplate, 
 
 36, 44 ; Scriptural mention, 47 ; 
 
 account of, where found, &c. 
 
 129-139. 
 
 Bloodstone, or heliotrope, 175. 
 Boart, worst quality of diamond, 
 
 62. 
 Boetius, mention of gems, 29, 112, 
 
 208, 216. 
 
 Borneo, diamonds found there, 6l. 
 Bourdon (Count), 102. 
 Braganza diamond, account of, 78. 
 Brazil, diamonds found there, 56 
 
 6 1 ; diamonds belonging to Bra- 
 zilian Government, 85. 
 Brilliants, 70. 
 Brilliolette, or briolet, form of, 77 
 
 value, 96. 
 
 1ABOCHON, or tallov 
 t cut, 99. 
 
 -topped
 
 262 
 
 Index. 
 
 CAC 
 
 Cacholong, variety of opal, 183, 
 184. 
 
 Caillaud, discovered emerald mine, 
 133. 
 
 Cairngorm, 159-160. 
 
 Callaite, ancient name of turquoise, 
 182. 
 
 Cameos, onyx used for, 167 ; jasper 
 used for, 174; turquoise, 182. 
 
 Carbonate, or diamond carbon, 62. 
 
 Carbuncle, in High Priest's breast- 
 plate, 36, 39, 40; Scriptural 
 mention, 46 ; variety of garnet, 
 142, 144. 
 
 Carnelion, 1 68. 
 
 Cat's eye, 115, 117, 172. 
 
 Ceylon, account of pearl fishery in, 
 i90- 193 . 
 
 Ceylonite, 119. 
 
 Chalcedonyx, variety of chalcedony, 
 169. 
 
 Chalcedony, found with chryso- 
 prase, 1 62 ; account of, 1 69. 
 
 Characteristics of gems, table of, 
 220. 
 
 Chemical properties of gems, 3-20 
 analyses of ruby, 102; chryso 
 beryl, Il6j spinel, 120; topaz 
 124; emerald and beryl, 131 
 hyacinth, 139; garnet, 143 
 tourmaline, 149; quartz, 152 
 amethyst, 157} chrysoprase 
 162; chrysolite, 177; turquoise 
 I 79> opal, 183; moonstone 
 203 ; lapis lazuli, 204 ; mala 
 chite, 206 ; labradorite, 207 ; 
 jade, 209; amber, 210. 
 
 Chloro-spinel, 119. 
 
 Chrysoberyl, 115-1185 confounded 
 with cat's eye, 172. 
 
 Chrysolite, in High Priest's breast- 
 plate, 44; account of, 176178. 
 
 Chrysolite, oriental, 115. 
 
 Chrysoprase, chrysoberyl of the 
 ancients, 118; account of, 162. 
 
 DIA 
 
 Cinnamon-stone, variety of garnet, 
 142, 146, 160. 
 
 Classification of gems, 32. 
 
 Colophonite, variety of garnet, 142, 
 146. 
 
 Colour of gems, 8 ; table of stones 
 arranged according to their 
 colours, 229. 
 
 Combustibility of the diamond, 51. 
 
 Coral, Scriptural mention, 46 ; ac- 
 count of, where found, &c. 2 1 3- 
 216. 
 
 Corundums, 101, 114. 
 
 Coster's diamond-cutting mills, 67. 
 
 Crushing diamonds, 70. 
 
 Cumberland diamond, account of, 
 80. 
 
 Cutting gems, art of, 31; diamond 
 cutting, 63-68; cutting coloured 
 stones, 97-100; ruby, 108 ; 
 sapphire, no; chrysoberyl, 117; 
 spinel, 123; topaz, 126; eme- 
 rald, 136; garnet, 145; tour- 
 maline, 150; rock crystal, 156; 
 amethyst, 158 ; cairngorm, 160; 
 chrysoprase, 1 62 ; onyx, 1 64 ; 
 jasper, 175; chrysolite, 177; 
 turquoise, 181; opal, 184, 1 86; 
 moonstone, 203 ; coral, 215. 
 
 Cymophane, 115-118. 
 
 DIAMOND, its material, 3 ; 
 refractive power, 10 ; men- 
 tion by Plato, 24; Pliny, 25, 29; 
 Serapius, 29 ; in High Ptiest's 
 breastplate, 36, 41 ; Scriptural 
 mention, 47 ; account of, its 
 properties, varieties, &c. 48-96 ; 
 cutting, 67 ; polishing, 68 ; 
 crushing, 70; splitting, 71; 
 names of forms, 72 ; account of 
 large diamonds, 78-86 ; value, 
 8796 ; resemblance of sapphire 
 to, 114.
 
 Index. 
 
 263 
 
 DIA 
 
 Diaphaneity of gems, 19. 
 Dioscorides, mention of coral, a 16. 
 Double cutting of brilliant, 66; 
 
 form of, 73. 
 
 " Doublets," false gems, 218, 219. 
 Dresden (Mr.), account of a large 
 
 diamond in his possession, 85. 
 Dyshnite, 119. 
 
 ELECTRICAL properties of 
 gems, 1 6-1 8; of the dia- 
 mond, 50. 
 
 Emerald, in Hig'i Priest's breast- 
 plate, 36, 40, 44; account of, 
 where found, Sec. 129137. 
 
 Emerald, oriental, 115. 
 
 Emery, 102. 
 
 Essonite, variety of garnet, con- 
 founded with jacinth, 140 ; ac- 
 count of, 142, 143, 146. 
 
 Euclase, found with topaz in Brazil, 
 126. 
 
 Eugenie brilliant, account of, 82. 
 
 '^yestones, jewellers' name for onyx, 
 163. 
 
 FACETS in diamond, formation 
 of, 67, 68, 72. 
 
 Florentine brilliant, account of, 82. 
 Fusibility of gems, 19. 
 
 G AGATES, ancient name of 
 jet, 208. 
 
 Galen, mention of jasper, 175. 
 Garnet, spinel mistaken for, 1 21 ; 
 
 account of, where found, &c. 
 
 141-147. 
 Gems, definition of, I ; where 
 
 found, 2 ; requisites for value, 
 
 3 ; material of, 3 ; used for 
 
 medical purposes, 31. 
 Goepert, mention of amber, in. 
 
 JAD 
 
 Golconda, mines of, 54. 
 Grossularite, variety of garnet, 142, 
 146. 
 
 HARDNESS of gems, 6. 
 Hauy, Abbe, work on gems, 
 !? 
 
 Hebrew names of gems, 22, 34 
 47- 
 
 Heliotrope, 175. 
 
 Hercenite, 119. 
 
 Herman, diamond cutter, A.D. 
 1407, 64. 
 
 Herodotus, mention of gems, 25, 
 
 High Priest, stones in his breast- 
 plate, 21, 22, 38-47. 
 
 Homer, mention of gems, 23. 
 
 Hope diamond, account of, 84. 
 
 Hyacinth, in High Priest's breast- 
 plate, 43 ; account of, where 
 found, &c. 139-141 ; garnet 
 sold for, 146. 
 
 Hyalosiderite, variety of chrysolite, 
 177. 
 
 Hydrophane, variety of opal, 183, 
 185. 
 
 TDENT1TV of gems, means of 
 A ascertaining, 216-219. 
 Indecolite, variety of tourmaline, 
 
 147. 
 India, diamonds found there, 54 j 
 
 diamond washing in Sumbal- 
 
 phore, 55 ; diamond cutting, 66. 
 Isidorus, mention of sapphire, in j 
 
 emerald, 134. 
 
 JACINTH, spinel mistaken for, 
 122 ; account of, where 
 found, &c. 139-141; girnet 
 sold for, 146. 
 Jade, or nephrite, 209.
 
 264 
 
 Index. 
 
 JAH 
 
 Jahalum, or diamond, description I 
 of, 41. 
 
 }argoon, 140, 141. 
 ashpeh, or jasper, description of, ' 
 
 Jasper, in High Priest's breastplate, 
 36, 45; account of, 173175. 
 
 Jeffries (David), work on diamonds, 
 57, 87. 
 
 Jet, 208. 
 
 Jewish use of gems, 21, 28. 
 
 KOH-I-NOOR diamond, ac- 
 count of, 79. 
 
 LABRADORITE, or Labrador 
 felspar, 207. 
 Lapis lazuli, 203205. 
 Leshem, or ligure, description of, 
 
 42. 
 Leucite, variety of garnet, 142, 
 
 146. 
 Ligure, in High Priest's breastplate, 
 
 ;*> 4*. 
 
 Lobo, discovered diamonds in Brazil, 
 
 57- 
 
 Lucan, mention of gems, 27. 
 Lustre of gems, 7. 
 
 MALACHITE, 206. 
 Marbodus, mention of 
 
 heliotrope, 175. 
 
 Mattam diamond, account of, 78. 
 Maturan diamond, jargoon so called, 
 
 140. 
 
 Mazarin diamonds, 65. 
 Melanite, variety of garnet, 142, 
 
 146. 
 
 Minerals forming gems, 3. 
 Mixed or brilliant top cut, 99. 
 Mocha stone, variety of chalcedony, 
 
 170. 
 
 ORP 
 
 Moh, scale of hardness, 6. 
 Moonstones, 202-203. 
 Mother-of-pearl, 188, 189. 
 Mythological allusions to gems, 2 1 , 
 23. 
 
 NAMES of gems, table of 
 translations from Hebrew, 
 36; Indian diamonds, 55 ; Bra- 
 zilian, 56 ; forms of cut dia- 
 monds, 72 ; varieties of topaz, 
 127; emerald, 136; beryl, 1385 
 garnet, 142; cairngorm, 159; 
 agate, 170 ; opal, 182 ; table of 
 names of stones in different lan- 
 guages, 226. 
 
 Nassack diamond, 54 ; account of, 
 84. 
 
 Nephrite, or jade, 209. 
 
 Nicolo, or onicolo, variety of onyx, 
 165. 
 
 Nophek, or emerald, description of, 
 40. 
 
 ODEM, or sardius. description 
 of, 38. 
 
 Odontolite, fossil turquoise, 181. 
 Olivine, 176178. 
 Onomakritos, mention of jasper, 
 
 174- 
 Onyx, in High Priest's breastplate, 
 
 36, 43, 44; account of, 163- 
 
 168. 
 Opal found with chrysoprase, 162 ; 
 
 account of, where found, &c. 
 
 182-186. 
 
 Optical qualities of gems, 10. 
 Oriental knowledge of gems, 33. 
 Orloff diamond, account of, 81. 
 Orpheus, or onamacriton, mention 
 
 of gems, 23.
 
 Index. 
 
 265 
 
 PAR 
 
 PARASITE, found with eme- 
 rald in New Granada, 133. 
 
 Pasha of Egypt diamond, account 
 of, 83. 
 
 Pearl, swallowed by Cleopatra, 27 ; 
 account of, 187195 ; value and 
 discrimination of, 196-201 5 false 
 pearls, 219. 
 
 Pebble, 154. 
 
 Peridot, 176-178. 
 
 Peridot, oriental, 115. 
 
 Peruggi, or Peruzzi, introducer of 
 double cutting. 66. 
 
 Pierre de cannehe, French name 
 for cinnamon, 1 60. 
 
 Pietra dura, jasper used in, 174. 
 
 Piggott diamond, account of, 84. 
 
 Pimelite found with chrysoprase, 
 162. 
 
 Pitdah, or topaz, description of, 39. 
 
 Pitt diamond, account of, 8 1. 
 
 Plasma, variety of chalcedony, 169. 
 
 Plato, mention of gems, 24. 
 
 Pleonast, 119. 
 
 Pliny, mention of gems, 25; ruby, 
 107 ; sapphire, 1 j I ; topaz, 129 ; 
 emerald, 1335 beryl, 138; al- 
 mandine, 145; carbuncle, 147; 
 amethyst, 159; carnelion, 1 68; 
 agate, 172; jasper, 174; helio- 
 trope, 175; turquoise, 182; 
 opal, 1 86; pearl, 195; lapis, 
 205; amber, 211, 212; coral, 
 216. 
 
 Polarization of light in gems, 10 
 
 12. 
 
 Polar Star diamond, account of, 
 
 81. 
 Polishing, diamond, 68 ; coloured 
 
 stones, 97. 
 Polo (Marco), mention of balas 
 
 ruby, 121. 
 Portaleone, his work " Shilto Hage- 
 
 borem," on value of diamonds, 
 
 91. 
 
 Portuguese diamond, 85 ; supposed 
 to be a white topaz, 128. 
 
 Pyrope, or Bohemian garnet, 142, 
 H3, 145- 
 
 OUARTZ, varieties of, 
 176. 
 
 151- 
 
 of light in 
 ; in the dia- 
 
 REFRACTION of 
 gems, 10-12 
 mond, 49. 
 Regent or Pitt diamond, account 
 
 of, 81. 
 
 Rock crystal, sold for topaz, 124 ; 
 account of, where found, &c. 
 
 1 5 3-i 5 6 : 
 
 Roman, ancient, taste for gems, 26. 
 Rose diamond, 70 ; form of, 76 ; 
 
 value, 95. 
 
 Rubelite, variety of tourmaline, 147. 
 Rubicelle, 118, 120. 
 Ruby, account of, where found, &c. 
 
 1 02, no ; garnet made to imi- 
 
 tate, 145. 
 Russian treasury, diamond in, 85. 
 
 ST. STEPHEN'S STONE, 
 variety of chalcedony, 169. 
 
 Sancy diamond, cut by Van Ber- 
 ghem, 65 ; account of, 83. 
 
 Sapphire, its colour, 9 ; mentioned 
 in Scripture, 22 ; in High Priest's 
 breastplate, 36, 40 ; account of, 
 where found, Sec. 110114. 
 
 Sapphire, yellow, 115. 
 
 Sapphirine, 119, 169. 
 
 Sappir, or sapphire, description of, 
 40. 
 
 Sard, 1 6 6, 168. 
 
 Sardius, in High Priest's breastplate, 
 36, 38. 
 
 Sardonyx, account of, 163-168.
 
 266 
 
 Index. 
 
 SCO 
 
 Scott (Sir Walter), mention of opal, 
 
 ZOD 
 
 36, 39; account of, where 
 
 185. 
 
 found, &c. 123-129. 
 
 Scriptural mention of gems, 22, 
 
 Topaz, false, or cairngorm, 160. 
 
 33-47; emerald, 135; pearl, 
 
 Topaz, oriental, 115. 
 
 194. 
 
 Tourmaline, or Brazilian ruby, ac- 
 
 Semitic knowledge of gems, 33. 
 
 count of, where found, &c. 147 
 
 Seneca, mention of pearls, 195. 
 
 151; resemblance to chrysolite, 
 
 Shah diamond, account of, 81. 
 
 178. 
 
 Shebo, or agate, description of, 43. 
 
 Trap, or step-cut, 98. 
 
 Shoham, or onyx, description of, 
 
 Turkey, Sultan of, diamonds in his 
 
 44. 
 
 possession, 86. 
 
 Single-cut brilliant, form of, 74, 
 
 Turquoise, superstition regarding, 
 
 75- 
 
 23, 29, 42; in High Priest's 
 
 Skaif, for diamond polishing, 68. 
 
 breastplate, 42 ; account of, 
 
 Specific gravity of gems, 14-16; of 
 
 where found, &c. 178-182. 
 
 the diamond, 49. 
 
 Tuscany, Grand Duke of, diamonds 
 
 Spessartine, variety of garnet, 146. 
 
 in his possession, 86. 
 
 Spinel, found with ruby, 102 ; sold 
 
 
 for ruby, 105; account of, 1 1 8- 
 123; found with emerald, 133. 
 
 UWAROWITE, variety of gar- 
 
 Splitting diamonds, 71. 
 
 net, 142, 147. 
 
 Star-cut, 100. 
 
 
 Star of the South diamond, 61 ; 
 account of, 85. 
 Succinite, variety of garnet, 146. 
 Superstitions regarding gems, 23, 
 
 VALUE of diamonds, 86-96 ; 
 ruby, 109 j sapphire, 112; 
 chrysoberylandcymophane, 1 18 ; 
 spinel, 123 ; topaz, 129 ; eme- 
 
 29 *3*> i7t a?" 
 Syrian garnet, 144. 
 
 rald, 136; beryl, 138; jacinth, 
 141 ; garnet, 146 ; crystal, 155; 
 
 
 amethyst, 158 ; onyx, sardonyx, 
 
 TABLE diamond, form of, 75. 
 Table of present value of 
 brilliants, 93. 
 Table of comparative values of 
 
 &c. 166; jasper, 175; chryso- 
 lite, 178; turquoise, 181 ; opal, 
 185; pearl, 196-201; lapis 
 lazuli, 205 ; coral, 215. 
 
 diamonds, 94. 
 
 
 Tavernier, mention of gems, 3 1 ; 
 of diamonds, 54; rubies, 108. 
 Tharshish, or beryl, description of, 
 
 WASHING for diamonds, 
 hereditary in India, 55 ; 
 mode of, 59. 
 
 44- 
 
 
 Theophrastus, mention of gems, 24- 
 
 
 26 ; ruby, 1 07 ; sapphire, 1 1 1 ; 
 carbuncle, 147 ; agate, 171. 
 
 ZIRCON, or hyacinth, account 
 of, 139-141. 
 
 Topaz, in High Priest's breastplate, 
 
 Zodiac stones, 28. 
 
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 Jezebel's Daughter. 
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 Transmigration. 
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 A Fight with Fortune. 
 
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 Sweet and Twenty. 
 Frances. 
 
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 The ViHage Comedy. 
 You Play me False. 
 
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 Leo. 
 Paul Foster's Daughter. 
 
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 Our Lady of Tears. 
 
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 Sketches by Boz. 
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 Nicholas Nickleby. 
 
 BY MRS. ANNIE EDWARDES. 
 A Point of Honour. 
 Archie Lovell. 
 
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 Felicia. 
 
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 Roxy. 
 
 BY PERCY FITZGERALD. 
 Bella Donna. 
 Never Forgotten. 
 The Second Mrs. Tillotson. 
 Polly. 
 
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 Filthy Lucre. 
 
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 Olympia. 
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 One by One. 
 
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 The Capel Girls. 
 
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 Robin Gray. 
 For Lack of Gold. 
 What will the World Say ?. 
 In Honour Bound. 
 The Dead Heart. 
 In Love and War. 
 For the King. 
 Queen of the Meadow. 
 In Pastures Green. 
 
 BY WILLIAM GILBERT. 
 Dr. Austin's Guests. 
 The. Wizard of the Mountain. 
 James Duke. 
 
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 Dick Temple. 
 
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 Every-Day Papers. 
 
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 Paul Wynter's Sacrifice. 
 
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 Under the Greenwood Tree. 
 
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 Garth. 
 
 Ellice Quentin. 
 Sebastian Strome. 
 
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 Ivan de Biron. 
 
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 A Golden Heart.
 
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 BY VICTOR HUGO. 
 
 BY JEAN MIDDLEMASS. 
 
 The Hunchback of Notre Dame. 
 
 Touch and Go. 
 
 
 Mr. Dorillion. 
 
 BY MRS. ALFRED HUNT. 
 
 
 Thornicroft's Model. 
 
 BY D. CHRISTIE MURRAY. 
 
 The Leaden Casket. 
 
 A Life's Atonement. 
 
 BY JEAN INGELOW. 
 
 A Model Father. 
 
 Fated to be Free. 
 
 BY MRS. OLIPHANT. 
 
 BY HENRY JAMES, Jim. 
 
 Whiteladies. 
 
 Confidence. 
 
 BY MRS. ROBERT O'REILLY. 
 
 BY HARRIETT JAY. 
 
 Phoebe's Fortunes. 
 
 The Dark Colleen. 
 
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 The Queen of Connaught. 
 
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 Patricia Kemball. j Under Two Flaes. Signa. 
 
 The Atonement of Learn Dundas. 
 
 Idalia, In a Winter City. 
 
 The World^Well Lost. 
 Under which Lord P 
 
 Cecil Castle- Ariadne, 
 maine. Friendship. 
 
 With a Silken Thread. 
 
 Tricotrin. Moths. 
 
 The Rebel of the Family. Puck. Pipistrello. 
 
 "My Love!" Folle Farlne. A Village Com- 
 
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 Dear Lady Disdain. 
 
 BY JAMES PAYN. 
 
 The Waterdale Neighbours. 
 
 Lost Sir Massing- Gwendoline's Har 
 
 My Enemy's Daughter. berd. vest. 
 
 A Fair Saxon. A Perfect Trea- Like Father, Like 
 
 Linley Rochford. 
 Miss Misanthrope. 
 
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 Bentinck's Tutor. A Marine Resi- 
 
 Donna Quixote. TcTunty Fa^ Married" Beneath 
 
 BY GEORGE MACDONALD. At Her Mer . c y. 
 
 Paul Faber, Surgeon. 
 
 A Woman's Ven- lv " Pk Abbey. 
 
 Thomas Wingfold, Curate. 
 
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 Cecil's Tryst. 200 Reward. 
 
 Quaker Cousins. 
 
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 The Evil Eye. Foster Brothers, j ^j^One Roof 
 
 Lost Rose. Found Dead. H|gh Sp|p|ts 
 
 BY W. H. MALLOCK. Best of Husbands Carlyon's Year. 
 
 The New Republic. Walter's Word. A Confldentja| 
 
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 BY FLORENCE MARRY AT. 
 
 Fallen Fortunes. Some p rivate 
 
 Open ! Sesame ! 
 
 What He Cost Her Views. 
 
 A Harvest of Wild Oats. 
 
 HumorousStories From Exile. 
 
 A Little Stepson. 
 Fighting the Air. 
 Written in Fire. 
 
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 The Mystery of Marie Roget.
 
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 Valentina. 
 
 BY CHARLES READE. 
 U is Never Too Late to Mend. 
 Hard Cash. 
 Peg Wofftngton. 
 Christie Johnstone. 
 Griffith Gaunt. 
 Put Yourself in His Place. 
 The Double Marriage. 
 Love Me Little, Love Me Long. 
 Foul Play. 
 
 The Cloister and the Hearth. 
 The Course of True Love. 
 Autobiography of a Thief. 
 A Terrible Temptation. 
 The Wandering Heir. 
 A Simpleton. 
 A Woman-Hater. 
 Read i ana. 
 
 BY MRS. RIDDELL. 
 Her Mother's Darling. 
 
 BY BAYLE ST. JOHN. 
 A Levantine Family. 
 BY GEORGE AUGUSTUS SALA. 
 Gaslight and Daylight. 
 
 BY JOHN SAUNDERS. 
 Bound to the Wheel. 
 One Against the World. 
 Guy Waterman. 
 The Lion in the Path. 
 The Two Dreamers. 
 
 BY ARTHUR SKETCHLEY. 
 A Match in the Dark. 
 
 BY T. W. SPEIGHT. 
 The Mysteries of Heron Dyke. 
 
 BY R. A. STERNDALE. 
 The Afghan Knife. 
 
 BY BERTHA THOMAS. 
 Cressida. 
 Proud Maisie. 
 The Violin Player. 
 
 POPULAR NOVELS, continued 
 
 BY WALTER THORNBURY. 
 Tales for the Marines. 
 BY T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE. 
 Diamond Cut Diamond. 
 
 BY ANTHONY TROLLOPE. 
 The Way We Live Now. 
 The American Senator. 
 
 BY MARK TWAIN. 
 Tom Sawyer. 
 An Idle Excursion. 
 A Pleasure Trip on the Continent 
 of Europe. 
 
 BY SARAH TYTLER. 
 What She Came Through. 
 BY LADY WOOD. 
 Sabina. 
 
 BY EDMUND YATES. 
 Castaway. 
 The Forlorn Hope. 
 Land at Last. 
 
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 Why Paul Ferroll Killed his Wife. 
 
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 Jeff Briggs's Love Story. By BRET 
 
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 The Twins of Table Mountain. By 
 
 BRET HARTE, 
 Mrs. Gainsborough's Diamonds. By 
 
 JULIAN HAWTHORNE. 
 Kathleen Mavourneen. By Author 
 
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 Lindsay's Luck. By the Author of 
 
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 Pretty Polly Pemberton. By the 
 
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 Trooping with Crows. By Mrs. 
 
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 The Professor's Wife. By LEONARD 
 
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 The Garden that Paid the Rent. 
 
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