. . PIONEERS OF THE NEOORLD AND THE OLD FRENCH WAR WITH AN ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS INTERESTING CON- TEMPORANEOUS EVENTS WHICH OCCURRED IN THE EARLY SETTLEMENT OF AMERICA, BY JOSEPH BANVARD, D.D. BOSTON: D. LOTHROP AND COMPANY. FRANKLIN ST., CORNER OF HAWLEY. COPYRIGHT BY D. LOTHROP & CO. PRESS OF ROCKWELL AND CHURCHILL, 39 Arch St., Boston. Bancroft Library PREFACE. THE discovery of the New "World by Chris- topher Columbus, and the glowing description which was given of it by Americus Vespucius, aroused the governments of Europe to a per- ception of the importance of forming settle- ments in these new domains, and thus, by vir- tue of the right of discovery, or when this could not be urged, then by priority of possession, ob- taining a title to some portions of its vast ter- ritory, which they might ever after hold as colonial dependencies. Accordingly, towns were built along its coast, and forts erected in the in- terior by subjects of different nations. As time rolled on, and enterprising pioneers pushed their explorations further from the original settle- Vlll P R E F AC E . ments, they came in contact with each other. Then arose mutual accusations of trespassing \ beyond authorized limits. Collisions and wars were the consequence, until, after the expendi- ture of much treasure and blood, the Dutch and the French were subdued, and nearly the whole of North America came into the possession of the English. After this, the British Parliament, by a se- ries of indiscreet and oppressive acts, greatly irritated the colonies, and effectually alienated them from the mother country. The develop- ment of these facts, with an account of other cotemporaneous events of an interesting char- acter in. the history of our country, and espe- cially in connection with Maryland, is the object of the present volume. Kisl ttf L FRONTISPIECE IL ILLUSTRATED TITLE PAGE IIL DOG HUNTING A STAG 86 IV. ENCAMPING FOR THE WINTER 95 V. INDIAN AMBUSH 150 VL HENDRICK AND THE STICKS 166 VIL LANDING AT LOUISBURG 182 Vin. SEARCHING FOR THE DEAD 212 IX. THE INDIAN WARRIOR 217 X. ASCENDING THE HEIGHTS OF ABRAHAM 226 XL HOOD BIDING IN EFFIGY ..285 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAQl Painful Discovery Religious Dissensions Persecutions overruled The Baron of Baltimore An impracticable Measure The Three Calverts An Error The "Ark" and "The Dove" The Arrival at the New World The Jesuit's Narrative Pirates and Perils In- trepid Captain Violent Storm Lights at Masthead "The Dove" disappears Perils and Prayers Insurrection Fears allayed Boat Upset Interview with the Natives Their singular Opinions An adopted Indian A discreet Answer English Policy A Trealy .... 19 CHAPTER II. A fevorable Circumstance First Buildings erected An Indian hon- oredHonor Misunderstood A Gala-day Imposing Ceremonies Whites and Indians living together Nature of the Soil Prepared for Planting Clayborne's Conduct He is frustrated He is conquer- ed and sent to England His Deception there His Trial and Ita Results Clayborne and Ingle Governor Calvert flees Disorder prevails Records lost Session of the Assembly Governor Hill Peculiarities... . W CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. PAQl Colonists to scatter Foresight of Lord Baltimore Conditions of Land- grants Special Instructions Courts Baron and Courts Leet Their Uses Eemnant of the Feudal Ages Manors of Lands Important Feature Failure of the Aristocratic Element a Cause of Thanksgiv- ing 60 CHAPTER IT. Erroneous Inferences Religious Liberty When It is Defective Char- ter and Laws of Maryland Conformity to the Ecclesiastical Laws of England Union of Religion and civil Government Religious Tol- erationReproachful Terms forbidden Penalty for using them Liberty limited Oppressive Laws The Difference in Khode Island Influence of Protestantism Liberal Principles 64 CHAP TER Y. Law against Stealing One's self Arbitrary Distinction Influence of the Roman Catholic Priests Importance of little Knowledge Pecu- liar Law Curious Definition of Drunkenness Its Penalty Law enjoining Fasting Laws respecting Tobacco and Corn Corn to bo twice shaken Corn Hand-mills Water-mill Tax Saw-mill des- troyed In London Reasons for Indian Fears Ancient Feuds among the Indians Indian Opinions Collision with the Indians Warlike Preparations The Maquantequats The Patuxent Indians They are reconciled and protected.. 68 CONTENTS. Xlll CHAPTER VI. PAGH Colonies multiplied Captain Lucas Fox His Voyage to the North- ern Eegions Dangers from the Ice How Ice bergs are formed Description of a Sea Unicorn Variation of the Needle Reasons for it Geological Discovery A White Bear floating upon Ice Its Pur- suit and Capture Petty Dancers Hunting Swans and Seals- Graves Discovered Dog hunting a Stag School of Whales A Dun Fox Kemains of Captain Button's dwellings Going a Berrying A Cross found Seeking a Main yard The Maria met with Cap- tain Fox names various Places Fox's Return 11 CHAPTER VII. Captain James sails for the North His trying Position He Is Frozen in James's Ignorance Dangers to which it leads Encamping for the Winter Peculiar Features of a northern Winter The Scurvy Its Symptoms Effects of Extreme Cold Difficulty of Working Thawing Trees Medical Treatment A singular Phenomenon- Finding the Rudder Disappointment Difficulties multiplied Sick recovering Homeward Departure False Facts. 91 CHAPTER VIII. De Groslle Information from the Ottowas Hunters and Trappers-* De Vries's Voyage Smelling the Land A Dreadful Scene Its Per- petrators unknown The Particulars Effects of Confidence Indian 2 XIV CONTENTS. PAGI Treachery and Revenge Peace concluded Beans wanted Startling Intelligence Boat's Crew murdered A suspicious Circumstance Chiefs Visit Gifts given and refused A Peach-tree found Inter- view with lie English Seven Whales taken Whaling unprofit- able... 105 CHAPTER IX. Gustavus Adolphus His Plans of Emigration A War defeats them Deception of the Swedish Governor Fort Casimer taken by Treach- ery Governor Stuy vesant attacks Delaware Army of Seven Hun- dred Stuyvesant's triumphant Advance He conquers Delaware Eumors of a silver Mountain An Indian brings Ore He is assas- sinatedThe English conquer the Dutch Children stolen by the Savages Their Eedemption-price in Tobacco Commercial Regula- tions The Famous Navigation Act. 120 CHAPTER X. A i-emarkable Fact Political Troubles Seizure of Arms and Ammu- nitionResisting Authority The Governor's Protest A noble Resolution A Boat seized Terrific Threatenings A Council of War The " Golden Lyon" A deceptive Trick Stone fired upon~ A Battle The Victory The Prisoners The first Account sent home Reconciliation between Prrotestants and Catholics. ..... 12> CONTENTS. XV CHAPTER XI. PAGB Peace and Prosperity A great Country Its Possession desirable- Origin of the French "War Chain of Forts Preparation for a Cam- paignFranklin's Patriotism Braddock's Arrival George "Wash- ington becomes Braddock's Aid-de-Camp Washington sick A Wagon his Hospital March of the Army A beautiful Sight An Invisible, terrible Foe Indian Ambush surprises the Army Wash- ington's Perils and Escapes The Killed and Wounded Singular Interview between Washington and an Indian The Indian's Story His Eeverence for Washington 142 CHAPTER XII. Cavages offer their Services The Offer unwisely rejected Washing- ton's Fame Davies's Allusion to him Prophetic Thirst for Blood The Moravians attacked Dreadful State of Things A marvelous Escape Scalp lost Great Panic Eeward often Pounds for an In- dian's Scalp 158 CHAPTER XIII. Design of the French Crown Point Johnson and the Indian Chief Hendrlck Baron Dieskau Indian Mode of numbering Indian Battle An eloquent Indian Chief Important military Principle- Effects of Delay Battle of Lake George Death of Baron Dieskau Retreat of the French Effect of the Victory Johnson highly honored His selfish Meanness,. A new Principle 164 XVI CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIY. Marquis de Montcalm Forts at Oswego Violent Midnight Attack Fort Ontario taken Colonel Mercer killed No aid to be obtained The English capitulate to the French Terms of Capitulation shamefully violated Montcalm destroys the Forts Lord Loudon's Expedition Montcalm's Barbarity Munro's sad Discovery The English yield to Montcalm Terms of Capitulation Wilfull Decep- tionIndignation of the Savages Their horrid Cruelties Effects of the Fall of Fort William Henry The Massacre attributed to Uquor. mt 1T4 CHAPTER XT. Pitt favors Liberty Three important Expeditions Attack upon Louisburg Landing in a Storm Brave Attack and Defense Ameri- can Gibraltar Bombardment The City taken Great Joy In England Soldier's Wit Disappointment in France French com- mander degraded Montcalm at Ticonderoga His Intrenchments Abercrombie on Lake George A Battle in the Woods Lord Howe slain Assault of Ticonderoga The Repulse English want Cannon Disheartening Effects^ 180 CHAPTER XVI. Activity of the French Attempt to intercept them Injudicious Sport A Skirmish the Consequence Putnam a Prisoner to the CONTENTS. Indians Is tied to a Tree to be burned His Thoughts His De- liverance Colonel Bradstreet's Proposition The Expedition against Fort jFrontinac State of Things at Oswego Attack upon Frontinao Indian Deserters Frontinac taken Munitions of War obtained Armed Vessels seized The Fort leveled English encouraged.... 198 CHAPTER XVII. A. new Expedition against Duquesne A new Eoad proposed Wash- ington opposes it The Decision "Washington requesta.to be in the Front of the Army Grant's Folly Unexpected Attack Injudicious Conduct of the Highlanders Panic of the Pennsylvanians Method pf the Marylanders Conduct of Washington Grant, a Prisoner- Council of War Going into Winter Quarters Loyal Banning Another Fight Sad Mistake Indian Policy Indian Deserters- Provincials the best Soldiers Fort Duquesno taken Name altered to Fort Pitt Pay of the Soldiers 196 CHAPTER XVIII. Indian DeputationsAn affecting Duty Searching for the Dead A singular Incident Dreadful Mementoes Tragic Scenes Battle of Niagara French Defeated Surrender of the Garrison No Re- taliation Captive Soldiers sent to Albany Women and Children sent to Quebec French Communication between Canada and Lou- isiana destroyed 2* XV111 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIX. PAQB Bituation of Quebec Its strong Defenses Montcalm's Army HIa Military arrangements A Fleet of Fire-ships How they arc dis- posed of Batteries erected Terrific Fire-stages Battle of Mont- morency Ill-judged Assault The English repulsed The French fire upon the Wounded and the Dead Their Apology for this Cruelty- General Wolfe sick A perilous Project Wolfe approves it Its great Difficulties Courageous Midnight Adventure Heights 36 THE TOAMACOES. tied into the Potomac on the north side, and which Calvert named St. George's, but which has since received the more permanent name of St. Mary's River. After sailing up this stream about tAvelve miles, he came to an Indian town, known in the native dialect as Yoamaco. It was inhabited by a tribe called, from the name of their city, Yoama- coes. As these Indians had experienced much trouble from their more powerful neighbors, the Susquehannas, they were contemplating a re- moval to a place where they hoped to be secure from their encroachments. Indeed, some had already left for that purpose. In a few days all the wigwams which composed the town would be forsaken. After Calvert landed, he frankly informed the Werowance, as the chief was called, that he was in search of a suitable place to establish a colony, and asked him his opinion. The Werowance manifested the usual Indian characteristic taciturnity and said but little. He, probably, did not want these strangers to settle there, and at the same time did not wish to offend them by an expression of his feelings. He, however, gave a hospitable reception to the governor ; invited him into his* cabin ; enter- tained him kindly, and at night relinquished to him his own bed to sleep on. It is not unlikely that by the interview, a favorable impression was made A TBEATY. 37 upon the mind of the chief, for the next day he voluntarily showed Calvert the country, who deter- mined to select this as the place of his first settle- ment. After coming to this decision, it was his policy to pursue such a course as to gain the con- sent of the Werowance and his followers. He, therefore, manifested toward them the greatest friendship. To the chief, and some of his principal braves and counselors he made presents of English cloth, axes, hoes and knives. As these were articles which they could not make, and were yet of great service, they accepted them with evident marks of pleasure. The consequence of this friendly manifestation on the part of the English was, that they secured the consent of the Indians to take up their residence among them immediately; and, to furnish them with something like suitable accommodations, they cheerfully offered to vacate the huts in one part of the town for their present use, with the promise, that so soon as they had harvested their corn, they would relinquish to them the whole town. It was further agreed upon, that until that time, the two parties should live together on terms of friendship, and that each nation should make suitable amends for any injury which any of their own people might inflict upon the other's. After this treaty was agreed upon, Calvert sent 4 38 ORDERS. orders to the men who were in his ships and boats, which had probably remained at St. Clements, to come to him; and on the 27th of March, 1634, they disembarked, and took possession of the town, to which they gave the name of St. Mary's. CHAPTER II. A. favorable Circumstance First Buildings erected An Indian honored The Honor misunderstood A Gala-day Imposing Ceremonies Whites and Indians living together Nature of the Soil Prepared for Planting Clayborue's Conduct He is frustrated He is conquered, and sent to England His Deception there His Trial and its Kesults Clayborne and Ingle Governor Calvert flees Disorder prevails Records lost Session of the Assembly Governor Hill Peculiarities. IT was an extremely favorable circumstance for Calvert's colony that the Yoamacoes were on the eve of abandoning their town, at the time of their arrival, as it furnished them with dwellings of quite a comfortable character, which they might occupy until they could erect others more congenial to their tastes, and better suited to their wants. They answered, at least, for a shelter from the heat, and a covert from the storm. Far different had it been with the colonies of Virginia and Massachusetts. If the Pilgrims who landed on Plymouth Rock, had been so successful as to have found empty dwellings ready for their reception, they would have regarded it as a special providence : and it would have been in perfect keeping with their habits, if they had kept a day of special thanksgiving for so great a 40 AN INDIAN HONORED mercy. The incident would have been hold in con- slant remembrance, by their descendants, and re- peated, at least yearly, in some of their many addresses on the life and labors of their ancestors. After the landing of the colonists at St. Mary's, they proceeded immediately to the erection of two buildings, in one of which to store their food and merchandise, and the other to use as a fort for de- fense. They had not been there long before they were favored with a friendly visit from Sir John Harvey, the governor of the infant colonies of Virginia. This seems to intimate that he did not sympathize very strongly with the opposition which had been made by some of the Virginians to Calvert's set- tling in Maryland. During Harvey's stay at St. Mary's, Calvert was visited by several Indian chiefs, among whom was the Werowance of Patuxent, who had previously passed some time in imprisonment among the English in Virginia. For the gratifica- tion of these chiefs, Calvert gave an entertainment on board the ship. In the arrangements at dinner, a seat of honor was assigned to the Patuxent chief at the table, be- tween the governors of Maryland and Virginia. If this had been understood, it would have been re- garded as a mark of great distinction, and would have afforded a high degree of satisfaction to the IMPOSING CEREMONIES. 41 natives. But the design of the courtesy was strangely misunderstood, and came near converting this social entertainment into a painful tragedy. One of the Patuxent Indians, who came on board the ship, as he looked in the cabin, and saw his chief placed between the two governors, received the im- pression that he was detained there as a prisoner, and carefully guarded, by the English. He was so incensed at this supposed treason, that he not only refused to enter the cabin, but would have plunged overboard to escape similar treatment himself, if the chief had not left his position, come on deck, and convinced him of his mistake. When the store-house was completed, and it be- came necessary to remove the cargo from the vessel into the newly-erected building, the governor thought it desirable that it should be done with as much of pomp and public parade as they could dis- play, in order to excite the surprise, and secure the respect and reverence of the savages. Accordingly the occasion was converted into a kind of gala-day. The flags were brought ashore, to wave their rich and variegated colors in the flashing sun-light. The guns were taken from the armory of the vessel, for the equipment of the men. The colonists were drawn up in military array. The two chiefs of Patuxent and Yoamaco, with many other natives, occupied favorable positions for hearing and seeing 42 REMARKABLE SPEECH. every thing that was said and done. All things being ready, the word of command was given, and immediately the musketry poured forth a volley, which fell upon the ears of the wondering savages, like the crashing of a forest before the blast, Scarcely had the sound died away, before the vessel in the river was seen to pour forth from the holes in her sides, streams of fire and smoke, ac- companied with reports like thunder. This being done repeatedly, was adapted to impress the Indians with the wonderful knowledge and power of the white men, and probably accomplished the object which Calvert had in view. The Patuxent chief, who, during his imprisonment among the English, had probably witnessed other exhibitions of their skill and power, took this occasion to advise the Yoamaco Indians to keep on good terms with them, and by all means not to violate their treaty of amity. This chief remained at St. Mary's several days, and it is reported that, when he left the governor, he made this remarkable speech : " I love the English so well that if they should go about to kill me, if I had breath enough to speak, I would command the people not to revenge my death, for I know they would not do such a thing except it were through my own fault." So judicious was the policy of Calvrrt in his LIVING TOGETHER. 43 treatment of the Indians, that he secured their con- fidence, so that during the remainder of the year, the two nations lived together in the greatest har- mony. They joined each other in the chase, and when the Indians were more successful in hunting or fishing than the English, they readily parted with their game for some trifling articles, as knives or beads, and in this manner kept their new visitors well supplied with fresh food. They even went so far in the exhibition of their confidence in these white strangers, as to allow their women aud chil- dren to labor as domestics in their families. The women taught them how to make bread of their corn, and the men instructed them in the different modes of taking deer and turkeys. It was a fortunate circumstance that the emi- grants arrived in America so early in the season. The severity of the winter was over, and all the changes which took place in the advance of the season, were of an agreeable character and indicated the approach of spring. Another favorable feature was, that the land in the neighborhood of the vil- lage had been cultivated by the Indians. It was not, therefore, in its wild and rugged condition, but broken up and soft, so that when the tune for planting arrived, the soil was found to be in a com- paratively prepared state ; ready for the reception of seed. This saved the colonists the trouble of 44 CLAYBOKNE'S CONDUCT. cutting down trees, removing stones, and effecting a clearance before they commenced planting, as all this had been done. Such was the fertility of the soil that the year following their exports of Indian corn are said to have amounted to ten thousand bushels. This was exchanged with the colonies of New England for salt fish, and other provisions. The pleasant state of harmony between the English and the Indians was interrupted. One William Clayborne, who had been opposed to Calvert's establishing a settlement in Maryland, had formed a trading post, or colony, on the Isle of Kent in the Chesapeake river, and within the boundaries of Lord Baltimore's domain. He, also, had the nucleus of a settlement at the mouth of the Susquehanna. He had done all this under the pro- tection of a license to trade with the natives ; and even went so far as to claim the land in the vicinity of his settlements. When, therefore, Lord Balti- more obtained from the king a grant of land which included what Clayborne had called his property, the latter was offended, and was determined to create all the annoyance in his power. When Lord Baltimore was informed of the facts in the case, he issued orders that if Clayborne would not submit to his authority he should be punished. The attempt to seize him, however, proved unsuc- CLAYBOKNE FRUSTRATED. 45 cessful. To impede the prosperity of the colony at St. Mary's, Clayborne endeavored to excite the In- dians against it. For this purpose he told them that these newly arrived emigrants were Spaniards, ene- mies to the English in Virginia, and presented other motives for the natives to attack and drive them off. At first the simple-minded aborigines believed him, and at once discontinued their intercourse with the settlement of St. Mary's. Their departure and change of conduct awakened the suspicions of Cal- vert and his company that some evil was contem- plated. They, therefore, relinquished work upon their own dwellings, which were then in process of erection, and combined all their efforts upon the fort, which, in the course of six weeks, they completed. After having provided this important means of de- fense, they returned to their own edifices and finish- ed them. Such was the judicious conduct of the English ; so careful were they to avoid all conduct which might awaken the suspicions of the natives, and, so con- stant were they in giving every exhibition of friend- liness when they occasionally met them, that it was not long before the Indians were convinced that the statements made by Clayborne were false, and re- turned again to their accustomed intercourse with the whites. So deepseated was Clayborne's opposition to the 46 CLAYBOENE CONQUEEED. colony, that he was not discouraged by this failure to excite the Indians against it, but resorted to other and more flagrant measures. In 1635 he gave a com- mission to one of his adherents, named Ratcliffe Warren, to capture any of the vessels which be- longed to the emigrants at St. Mary's ; and to aid him in the execution of this object, he furnished him with a pinnace which carried a complement of about fourteen men, over whom Thomas Smith was second in command. In anticipation of a collision, Governor Calvert prepared two boats for the emergency, which he properly armed and manned and placed under the control of Thomas Cornwallis, Esq. It is difficult for vessels belonging to opposing parties, to float in the same waters, with a knowl- edge of each others proximity, without soon find- ing an occasion to develop their belligerent designs. That was the case in the present instance. When the parties met, which was in the month of April, in one of the rivers of Maryland, Clayborne's men opened their fire upon the boats of Cornwallis. Scarcely had the echoes from the shore died away before the insult was resented by the guns of Corn- wallis. The engagement, which was probably of short duration, resulted in the death of one of Corn- wallis's men, and two of Clayborne's, and in the cap- ture of the boat and whole party of the latter. It CLAYBOENE IN ENGLAND. 47 was now an easy task for the conquerors to take possession of the Isle of Kent, on which was Clay- borne's settlement. Clayborne, fearing the threats of Calvert, fled to Virginia and sought shelter under the protection of Governor Harvey. Calvert sent to Virginia to re- claim him as a fugitive from justice; but Harvey considered it best to send him to England for trial, accompanied by the witnesses in the case. After his flight, the colonial assembly of Maryland passed an act of attainder against him and seized his estates. When Clayborne arrived in England he attempt- ed to seek redress for his wrongs. By misrepresent- ations and the influence of powerful friends, he suc- ceeded, for a brief period, in obtaining the favorable consideration of the King. But when the whole matter was examined by the commissioners for the plantations, they sustained the claims of Lord Balti- more, and decided that he possessed the exclusive authority to establish, or permit others to establish settlements, or open commerce with the Indians within the limits of Maryland. Clayborne had been encouraged and assisted in his rebellion by Captain Richard Ingle, who had been arrested upon a charge of treason, but had managed to escape from the authorities. At a later period, under the impulse of revenge for what 48 EECOEDS LOST. they deemed the wrongs which they had received from Lord Baltimore, Clayborne and his party came upon St. Mary's and compelled Governor Calvert to flee, who was glad to find a refuge from them in the colony of Virginia. The insurgents now haa every thing in their own way and the result was that disorder and misrule prevailed. Their domin- ion, however, was of short duration, lasting only a little longer than a year. They managed, however, among other ruinous deeds, to lose, or destroy al most all the early records of the colony. How the affairs of the colony were managed dur- ing the period of Ingle's and Clayborne's rebellion, and what particular incidents occurred, it is now impossible to tell. By the loss of the records, to which allusion has just been made, we have been deprived of authentic documents upon the subject; and cotemporary writers, it appears, did not re- gard the events which transpired of sufficient im- portance to make them the subjects of historical narrative. During Calvert's absence from Maryland, a Mr. Hill was chosen governor ; but when at the latter part of the year 1646, Calvert returned with a little army which he had managed to collect in Virginia the insurgents, after some slight engagements, sub- mitted to him. Mr. Hill "the pretended govern- or" was compelled to relinquish his office, but PECULIAEITIES. 49 this was done upon certain conditions to which he and Calvert mutually subscribed. The first session of the assembly of Maryland which was held after Governor Calvert's restoration to authority, exhibited two remarkable peculiar- ities. During Governor Hill's equivocal administra- tion he called an assembly of the province which, after passing some laws (now unknown), adjourned. After Calvert's reinstatement to office he convened the same assembly again. It appears to us remarkable that Calvert could have had sufficient confidence in an assembly which had been called by Hill during the rebellion (and who are said to have consisted, with two or three exceptions, of Calvert's enemies) to trust them with, the power of enacting laws for the colony. If, how- ever, we were acquainted with all the circumstances, it might be seen that this was an eminently judicious, pacific movement, and was directly adopted to bring back those insurgents, who had been led astray by Clayborne, to afirmadhesion to Calvert's government. The other peculiarity was that at this session of the assembly we have the first instance recorded of the distinction between the upper and lower houses of assembly " and the form practiced of sending for the lower house to attend the governor in the up- per, to hear his speech to them in the manner of an English legislative body." CHAPTER III. Colonists to scatter Foresight of Lord Baltimore Conditions of Land- grants Special Instructions Courts Baron and Courts Leet New Uses Eemnant of the Feudal Ages Manors of Lands Important Fea- tureFailure of the Aristocratic Element a Cause of Thanksgiving. IT will be -appropriate here to consider, on what terms grants of lands were made by Lord Baltimore to individual colonists. It was not expected, when the enterprise of set- tling Maryland was first commenced, that all the colonists would establish themselves in one place, but that as they gathered strength, and secured the good will of the Indians, they would scatter them- selves throughout the region. The intelligent fore- sight of Lord Baltimore induced him to make provi- sion for this, by holding out inducements for the people to emigrate and disperse over the country. In the year 1636 he authorized his brother, the acting governor of the province, to make liberal grants of land to those already in the country, and then " to every other adventurer which shall trans- port any number of persons less than five, a grant of one hundred acres of land for him or herself, and one hundred more for his wife (if he brought any), CONDITIONS OF LAND GRANTS. 51 and as much for every man-servant, and fifty acres more for every child under the age of sixteen years ; and for every maid-servant under the age of forty years, to his or her heirs, forever, for the yearly rent of twelve pence for every fifty acres." Other instructions which were given had a strong tendency to create a permanent aristocracy, which would have entailed a perpetual curse upon the land. They were as follows : every one, two, or three thousand acres thus granted was to be erected into a manor, and named as the adventurer holding it should please. " And we do further authorize you that you cause to be granted unto every of the said adventurers, within every of the said manors respectively, and to his or their heirs a court baron and court leet, to be from time to time held within every such manor respectively." These courts baron and courts leet were courts of which the baron, and sometimes his steward, were the judges for the trial of civil cases.' However repugnant such manors, with their courts and privileges, are to our republican views of the present day, it is evident that at that time they furnished a strong inducement for gentlemen of property in England, to emigrate with their families and adherents to Maryland, as they would be exalted to a baronetcy, with power to hold these feudal courts. 52 ATTEMPT AT FEUDALISM. One feature in these grants of land of a highly important character, was, that they were to be of an " indefeasible estate of inheritance in fee simple, to them and their heirs, forever." That is to say, the conditions on which the lands were originally granted to the adventurers were never to be altered, but were to descend to their heirs forever, on the same conditions. So that the grant of one thousand acres of land for the yearly rent of twenty shillings, to be paid in the commodities, was to remain the same forever. The rent could never be increased. No matter how greatly the value of the land might rise, nor how large might be the income accruing to the tenant or baron who held it, this rent of twen- ty shillings could never be increased. This was the English meaning of fee simple. It is easy to perceive that this was a remnant of the customs which prevailed in the feudal ages, when a king, or great lord granted to noblemen or military officers, for a nominal annuity, a large extent of territory to govern, and from which to derive a revenue for their own benefit. In accordance with the instructions which he gave to the Governor of Maryland, Lord Baltimore laid off, in different parts of the province, manors of lands, some of which were reserved for his own use, others for the benefit of his relatives and friends, and others for any individuals who would FAILURE OF ATTEMPTS AT FEUDALISM. 53 receive them according to the specified condi- tions. But although this attempt to fasten an odious, aristocratic, and feudal element upon our soil, wag thus made in the first settlement of the country, it should be a matter of sincere thanksgiving that it proved a failure. If courts baron or courts leet were ever held in Maryland, the records of them have perished. It is certain that if they were held at all, it must have been but very seldom. CHAPTER IV. . we i eons Inferences Eeligious Liberty When it is defective Charter and Laws of Maryland Conformity to the Ecclesiastical Laws of Eng- land Union of Eeligion and Civil Government Eeligious Toleration Eeproachful Terms forbidden Penalty for using them Liberty limited Oppressive Laws The Difference in Ehode Island Influence of Protestantism Liberal Principles. SOME writers upon the history of our country have used such strong and glowing language re- specting the religious liberty of the young Catholic colony of Maryland as is liable to convey an erroneous impression. And inferences have been drawn from it to show that one of the glorious features of Roman Catholicism is its toleration of all religious sects ! ! A mere reference to Ireland, Italy, Spain or Portugal, when under the dominion of the papacy, would be a sufficient refutation to such an infer- ence. But, as a sober argument to establish this false position is attempted to be made out of the proceedings of the colony of Maryland, it is appro- priate that the facts should here be stated. Religious liberty, or the toleration of all religious EELIGIOFS LIBERTY. 55 sects, is that element of civil government which allows every person to form any opinion upon religious subjects, and practice any religious cere- monies, he pleases, provided he does not interfere with the rights of others. The attempt, by any legal enactments, to bring about a uniformity of belief and practice to fine, imprison, or otherwise punish men for their religious belief, is tyranny. In the degree in which these coercive measures are adopted in any government, is the element of relig- ious liberty defective. Let us see now what were the facts upon this subject in the early history of Maryland. If we turn to the charter, we find that the fourth paragraph, or section, grants to Lord Baltimore and his heirs, authority to erect and found " churches, chapels, and places of worship, in convenient and suitable places within the premises, and of causing the same to be dedicated and consecrated accord- ing to the ecclesiastical law of our kingdom of England." From that it would seem that the extent in which religious liberty could be enjoyed, in accord- ance with the precise construction of the charter, was the degree in which it existed in the mother country. The phrase which we have italicised above, fixed its limits. In the twenty-second section it was provided 56 UNION OF CHURCH ANT) STATE. that no interpretation of the charter should " be made whereby God's holy and true Christian relig- ion, or the allegiance due to us, our heirs, and suc- cessors, may in anywise suffer by change, prejudice, or diminution." While, therefore, the charter, in respect to its phraseology, grants protection to the Christian religion, it attempts no definition of what that religion is. It might be inferred from the fourth section, that it meant the Christian religion as set- tled by "the ecclesiastical laws of England." If we leave the charter and pass on to some of the early laws which were enacted upon this sub- ject, we shall discover the opinions and policy of the colonists themselves. At a meeting of the General Assembly of Mary- land, held in 1649, a law was passed entitled "An act concerning religion," the preamble of which states, "Forasmuch as in a well-governed and Christian commonwealth, matters concerning re- ligion and the honor of God ought, in the first place to be taken into serious consideration and endeavored to be settled, be it therefore ordained, etc." This preamble assumes the right of the Legislature to settle, by legal enactments, the religious institu- tions of the land ; to decide what opinions and practices shall be, and what shall not be, tolerated; EELIGIOUS TOLERATION. 57 it thus goes the whole length of admitting the con- stitutionality of the connection between Church and State the power of the Legislature to erect, by legal enactments, an established religion. Although this principle is now repudiated in the United States, being regarded there as the bane of nations, fraught with almost every kind and degree of political evil, yet at the period of which we treat, it was not peculiar to Maryland. It was generally adopted. It was in practical operation in Virginia, in Massa- chusetts, in England, and the other governments of Europe. So important was the connection between the government and the Church at that time consid- ered, that one of the first duties of the government was supposed to be the protection of the interests of the Church, and therefore this is expressly stated in the above preamble. Although this preamble admits the right of the Legislature to settle " matters concerning religion," yet the law to which it was the introduction, was an exceedingly liberal one, and granted liberty of conscience to all persons " professing to believe in Jesus Christ." Its language is, " Whereas the en- forcing of the conscience in matters of religion, hath frequently fallen out to be of dangerous con- sequence in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this province, and the better to pre- 58 OBJECT OP LORD BALTIMORE. serve mutual love and unity among the inhabit- ants here, be it therefore also, by the lord propriet- ary, with the advice and assent of this assembly, ordained and enacted * * * that no person or persons, within this province * * * profess- ing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be anywise troubled, molested, or discountenanced for, or in respect of, his or her religion, nor in the free exercise thereof, within this province * * * nor any way compelled to the belief, or exercise of any other religion, against his or her consent." It was also enacted that any person who should violate this law by troubling or molesting others, either hi person or estate, on account of their re- ligion, should be compelled to pay treble dam- ages to the party so injured, and for every such offense should, hi addition, forfeit twenty shillings sterling. This was a very liberal provision, and was far in advance of any other government, with the excep- tion of the small, but free and independent, colony of Providence. The object of Lord Baltimore was to increase the number of settlers in Maryland. To accomplish this he adopted a wise policy. Religious persecu- tion was the fashion of the times. Catholics, Puri- tans, and all other sects, except those belonging to the Established Church, were subjected to great PENALTIES FOR REPROACHES. 59 disabilities in England in consequence of their re- ligious tenets ; while in the Roman Catholic coun- tries of Europe, all, except the adherents of the papacy, were the objects of ecclesiastical censure, and criminal prosecution. Liberty to think and act for oneself in religious matters, was nowhere allowed in Europe. The establishment of a colony, therefore, where unfettered freedom of conscience was to be guarantied to all the colonists, must have appeared like a bright spot in the horizon, to the various persecuted sects in the Old World, and must have furnished them with a strong inducement to emigrate, that they might enjoy the peace which was denied them in their own lands. So minute in its details was the law that was passed hi Maryland as to be almost a violation of its own fundamental principle. For instance, it enacted that any person who should, upon any occasion, declare, or call by way of reproach, any other person residing in the province, a Heretic, Schismatic, Idolater, Puritan, Presbyterian, Inde- pendent, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvinist, Anabaptist, Brownist, Anti- nomian, Barrowist, Round-head, Separatist, or other name or term, in a reproachful manner, relating to religion, should, for every such offense, be fined ten shillings sterling. If he had not property suf- ficient to pay this fine, he was then to be publicly 60 CONTRACTED LIBEETY. whipped, and then suffer imprisonment until he should satisfy the offended person by asking his or her forgiveness publicly, in the presence of the officers or chief magistrate of the town where the offense was committed. A law like this would, at the present day, be regard- ed as a great infringement upon liberty of speech. Many of these forbidden terms were used as descrip- tive epithets and saved a circumlocution. They could be used therefore without the exhibition of any disrespect whatever. It is evident also that the execution of the law would involve great difficulty, for how could it be satisfactorily settled in any given instance, whether these terms were used reproach- fully or merely as explanatory as simply descriptive of the parties intended ? Still, the law, taken as a whole, appears to exhi- bit the determination of the colony to protect all individuals from insult and injury on account of their religious opinions. It seems, upon a cursory glance, to offer universal religious toleration. But a more careful examination of its provisions will convince us that this is not the case. In the first place, those to whom toleration was offered were those "professing to believe in Jesus Christ." Consequently all who came not within this description were excluded. Jews, Mohammedans, Hindoos, etc., would not have been allowed the OPPRESSIVE LAWS. 61 unmolested enjoyment of their religious views, if they had been disposed to reside there. Even the Indians, the original owners of the soil, were not protected by this law in their religion. It was very far therefore from granting universal religious lib- erty. In the next place, when we ascertain who are meant by "those professing to believe in Jesus Christ," we shall discover another great contraction in the liberty granted by this law, which would throw without the pale of its protection thousands of individuals who, at the present day, profess to be believers in Christ. It was designed as descriptive of those who are generally known as " evangelical" or " orthodox" in their belief those who hold to the Supreme Divinity of Christ, and the trinity of persons in the Godhead. All such sects had liberty of conscience granted them. But believers in what is now termed Unitarianism, were not only not tol- erated, but were subjected to the severest penalty that could be executed. For the law enacted that " any person or persons, within this province, that shall deny our Saviour Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, or the Godhead of any of the said three persons of the Trinity, or the Unity of the Godhead, or shall use or utter any reproachful speeches, words or language concerning the Holy 6 62 BLENDING OF LIBERTY AND DESPOTISM. Trinity, or any of the said three persons thereof, shall be punished with death, and confiscation, or forfeiture of all his or her lands and goods" ! ! It is a very remarkable circumstance that while, in the Puritan colonies of Massachusetts, Episcopa- lians and other sects were not tolerated, and in the Episcopalian settlement in Virginia, Puritans and others were not allowed a peaceful residence, yet in the Catholic colony of Maryland, Episcopalians and Puritans were both permitted the enjoyment of free- dom of conscience though the same law that grant- ed them that boon doomed every Unitarian to death !* In the same statute it was also enacted that who- ever should utter any reproachful words concern- ing the " blessed Virgin Mary," or any of the apos- tles or evangelists, should be fined five pounds ster- ling, and if he was too poor to pay the fine, he was to be whipped and afterward imprisoned during the pleasure of the lord proprietary, or the governor of the province. For the second offense he was to pay a fine of ten pounds sterling, or, as a substitute, to be " publicly and severely whipped," and for the third ofiense he was to forfeit all his lands and goods arid be forever banished from the colony. In this law there was a strange blending of the * This law, it is said, still exists in Maryland. LIBERTY IN RHODE ISLAISD. 63 elements of religious liberty and spiritual despotism. And how a legislative body which approved of one part of its provisions, could favor another part, is " passing strange." Yet, with all its imperfections, it was on the whole a very liberal enactment, when compared with those of the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Jamestown. It granted more religious freedom than could be enjoyed under any monarchy in Europe. Its spirit of toleration was excelled nowhere upon earth, except by the plant- ations at Rhode Island, where at the first meeting of their General Assembly, held in May, 1647, a code of civil regulations was passed, w T hich concluded as follows : " Otherwise than thus, what is herein for- bidden, all men may walk as their consciences per- suade them, every one in the name of his God. And let the lambs of the Most High walk in this colony without molestation, in the name of Jeho- vah, their God, forever and ever." Some time prior to this, it had been decided by the authorities of the town of Providence, that all persons who settled there should sign a document, in which they promised to submit themselves in active or passive obedience to all such orders or agreements as should be regularly adopted by a majority of the inhabitants, but "only in civil things." This left their religious opinions and practices untouched. 64 INFLUENCE OF THE PROTESTANTS. While, therefore, in Maryland, religious tolera- tion was granted to those only who professed to believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ, and in the trinity of persons in the Godhead (the deniers of these sentiments being doomed to death), in Rhode Island every complexion of religious faith was allowed. Jews and Christians, Mohammedans and Pagans, were alike guarantied the unmolested en- joyment of their religious opinions and practices. None were subjected to any civil disabilities, or other penalty, on account of their faith. Conduct, and not opinions, was there regarded as the only ap- propriate subject of legal adjudication. A man might believe and practice what he chose, provided he did not trespass upon the rights of others. The widest religious liberty was granted that was con- sistent with public order, and therefore, as Gov- ernor Hopkins has said, " Roger Williams justly claims the honor of having been the first legislator in the world, in its latter ages, that fully and efiect- ually provided for, and established a full, free, and absolute liberty of conscience." Notwithstanding the limitations of the law of Maryland, if it should excite any surprise that a statute so liberal on the whole should have been passed there, that astonishment will be lessened when it is known that in the Provincial Assembly were many Protestants. Bozman in his History of LIBERALITY OF LORD BALTIMORE. 65 Maryland, states that " there are strong grounds to believe that the majority of the members of this Assembly of 1649 were Protestants. * * * Gov- ernor Stone and a majority of the Council were Protestants. There are strong reasons for a sup- position that a majority of the members of the other House of Assembly were Protestants also; inas- much as they certainly were at the next session of 1650. We may then fairly presume that the gov- ernor and council sitting with the lower house at this session (for they were not yet divided into two houses, as at the next session) made a majority of Protestants. The acts of this Assembly, therefore, were the legislative proceedings of Protestants." The fact that this law was approved by Lord Bal- timore, who was a Roman Catholic, although it was a wide departure from the established usages of Roman Catholic governments elsewhere, furnishes evidence that he was a man of liberal principles, and for which he ought to receive all due praise. 6* CHAPTER Y. taw against Stealing One'-self Arbitrary Distinction* ^sfluence of the Roman Catholic Priests Importance of little IvL^vted^o Peculiar Law Curious Definition of Drunkenness Its penal^-Law enjoining Fasting Laws respecting Tobacco and Corn Corn to fr% twice shaken Corn Hand-mills Saw-mill destroyed in London Rea* 1 )^^ for Indian Fears Ancient Feuds among the Indians Indian Opint us Collision with the Indians Warlike Preparations The Maquaute^Cats The Patuxent Indians They are reconciled and protected. IN addition to the laws which are alluded to in the last chapter, there were a number of others, that were passed by the Assembly of Maryland, in her early history, that shed light upon the peculiar features of those times. In 1639 it was enacted that "stealth of otie^-self^ which is the unlawful departure of a servant out of service, or out of the colony, without the privity 01 consent of the master or mistress," was to be pun- ished with " the pains of death by hanging, except the offender can read clerk-like, and then he ^hal] lose his hand, or be burned in the hand or fore*- -Bad with a hot iron, and forfeit his lands, goods-,, "^sid chattels." This forfeiture of property was to sbe complete (saving to the widow, her dower, air bo HEADERS EXEMPT FROM PUNISHMENT. 67 the heirs, his or her inheritance, if claims be mad* thereof within three years after judgment is given). The same penalty was annexed to a variety of other crimes, which, by the same law, were declared to be felonies, such as manslaughter, malicious tres- pass, cutting out another's tongue, forgery, assault- ing the lieutenant-general, or beating or assaulting any judge, witness, or juryman in court. It will, doubtless, appear to the reader somewhat singular that the extreme penalty of death could be escaped in these cases, provided the criminal " could read clerk-like." If two individuals were convicted of similar crimes, say forgery, manslaughter, or stealing himself, one of whom could read, and the other could not, the former would escape the gal- lows, but the other would be hung. In accounting for this arbitrary distinction, Boz- man states that the Roman Catholic clergy had obtained such great influence over most of the European nations, that they had secured for them selves an exemption from all punishments aifixed to crimes, except such as were imposed by their own ecclesiastical tribunals. " This privilege originally annexed to their order by the ancient Church, was not abrogated in England by the Reformation. It had so interwoven itself with the common law of the realm, that a total abolition of even so odious an exemption became almost impossible." As, 68 PENALTIES FOR SWEARING. during the middle ages, the ignorance of the masses was so great that but few or any could read, except the clergy, the ability to read clerk- like, or like a clergyman, was regarded as conclu- sive evidence that the reader belonged to the clerical profession, and was, therefore, entitled to exemption from all penalties, except those fixed by the Church. Hence the extraordinary question when about to pass sentence on a criminal, " Can he read, or not read ?" This criterion was trans- ported across the Atlantic, and was practiced in the early history of Maryland, so that an offender's life was suspended upon the question, " Can he read or not ?" This eminently unjust and offensive dis- tinction, continued in use in Maryland till the com- mencement of the eighteenth century ! ! It was also enacted that any one who should remove out of an English plantation to reside among any Indians not christened, without the consent of the colonial government, should be im- prisoned. Swearing, which is described as the " prophane adjuration by God, or some holy creature," should be fined five pounds of tobacco, or one shilling sterling. Various nations have passed laws against drunken- ness, but in not a few instances embarrassments have arisen in the execution of the law, arising from the LAW RESPECTING CORN. 69 difficulty of deciding whether the accused was really guilty or not. What is drunkenness, and to how great a degree must a person be intoxicated, before he be subjected to the penalty ? are questions upon which there have always been different opinions. In the enactment upon this subject passed by the Assembly of Maryland, an attempt was made to de- fine the offense, as follows : " Drunkenness, which is drinking with excess to the notable perturbation of any organ of sense or motion" shall be punished with a fine of thirty pounds tobacco, or five shillings sterling, or otherwise the offender shall be whipped, or by some other corporal shame or punishment cor- rected for every such excess at the discretion of the judge. Eating flesh in time of Lent, or on other days wherein it is prohibited by the law of England, ex- cept in case of sickness, or infirmity, was fined five pounds of tobacco or one shilling sterling for every such offense. Corn was an essential article of existence in Mary- land, and as there was danger that, if the Indians became at variance with the whites, they would withhold their gram, and, by so doing, subject the colonists to great distress, it was considered import- ant to encourage the cultivation of this article ; ac- cordingly, it was enacted that " any person planting tobacco, was yearly, also, to plant and tend two 70 SHAKING DOWN CORN. acres of corn for his own food, arid two acres of corn more for every person in his family planting tobacco, under the penalty of five barrels of corn or other commodities, to the value thereof, for every two acres of corn wherein he shall make default." By the faithful observance of this law, it was be- lieved that they would be to a great degree, if not entirely, independent of the Indians for their sup- plies of grain. Another law, which was passed at the same ses- sion, regulated the manner of measuring this article, which will strike the uninitiated as somewhat pecu- liar ; it reads as follows : " And all contracts made for payment in corn, shall be understood of corn shelled; and a barrel of new corn tendered in pay- ment at, or afore the fifteenth day of October in any year shall be twice shaked in the barrel and after- ward heaped as long as it will lie on ; and at or before the feast of the nativity, shall be twice shaJc- ed and filled to the edge of the barrel, or else not shaked, and heaped as before; and after tne said feast, it shall not be shaked at all, but delivered by strike." Having obtained corn, the next thing was to grind it and convert it to meal. For this purpose small hand-mills were in use. But as this furnished a slow process for providing the requisite amount of meal, it was necessary that a large mill should be SAW-MILL DESTROYED. 71 erected. There being no men of capital among the colonists who were disposed to invest their money in Ji mill, as a business speculation, it was enacted that "Any bargain which the lieutenant-general and council shall make with any undertaker, for the setting up of a water mill for the use of this colony, shall be levied upon all inhabitants of the colony in such manner as the lieutenant-general and council shall appoint, so it exceed not ten thousand pounds tobacco in a year for two years only." Thus the whole colony were taxed for funds to erect a water- mill. It is an interesting coincidence that the first water mill built in Massachusetts was not erected until aftei that colony had been in existence about as long as the colony of Maryland had been, when this mill was built ; and the same year of the erection of the one in Massachusetts, which was 1633, a saw-mill is said to have been built near London, but as it was unpopular, being regarded as a machine which would deprive many of the poor of the employment by which they obtained a livelihood, it was destroyed, perhaps under the influence of mob-law. Thus far the colony of Maryland had succeeded in keeping on such friendly terms with the Indians that there had been no serious outbreak between them. In this respect they had been more success- ful than the other Amerijan colonies. But about 72 INDIAN APPREHENSIONS. the year 1639 these pacific relations were inter- rupted. The more thoughtful and experienced among the aborigines of Maryland and Virginia appeared to foresee their approaching doom, provided these white intruders upon their soil were allowed to in- crease. To their untutored mind, the settlement and habits of these strangers must have been invested with great mystery. They were introduced among them in a surprising manner, coming as they did in great floating houses, with apparently many white wings which they could fold or open at pleasure ; their pale color, their superior attainments in do- mestic life and manufactures, their miraculous weapons which breathed fire, spoke thunder, and sent invisible balls with resistless force ; the fact, too, that they came from unknown lands beyond the sea, and might, for aught they knew, be exceed- ingly numerous all these considerations served to impart, in their view, a deep tinge of the marvel- ous to the coming of these uninvited strangers, and must also have made them anxious to be relieved of their presence. Another thing which served to in- crease the unpopularity of the English, was thek in- terference with the difficulties which existed be- tween different native tribes, and their attempts to prevent wars between them. These tribes being INDIAN CODE OF MORALS. 73 composed of barbarous people, took delight in the excitements of war. Their code of morals not only justified but required revenge. Insult was not allowed to pass with impunity. Blood must be wiped out with blood. As there were ancient feuds existing between different tribes, whenever any of those tribes met, their erroneous motives of honor, patriotism, and religion, rendered it obligatory upon them to sound the startling war-whop, rush at once into bloody conflict, and destroy as many of their long-standing enemies as possible. They deemed themselves culpable, if they allowed them to escape without an effort for their destruction. It is evident that every such collision added to the previously existing causes of hatred between them, and increased the obligation of survivors to seek re- venge. Interference in these matters on the part of foreigners was peculiarly offensive to many of these wild knights of the arrow, the twang of whose bow-string, mingling with the shrieks of those to whom it had sent death, was the most grateful sound that fell upon their ears. It was about this time, 1639, that certain signs of dissatisfaction on the part of the Indians toward the whites began to be manifested. At this period also it is supposed those plots began to be formed which resulted in the dreadful massacre in Vir- 7 74 COLLISION WITH THE INDIANS. ginia,* when the notorious chief Opechancanough secured the sudden slaughter of some hundreds of unsuspecting whites. In Maryland the powerful Susquehanocks were at war with the Piscattoway and Patuxent Indians, and probably with the Yoamacoes. These three, latter tribes were on friendly terras with the En- glish. The colonists therefore sympathized with them in the conflict, and interested themselves to prevent the incursions of the Susquehanocks against them. This of course was not agreeable to the Sus* quehanocks who, Indian-like, would be disposed to suspect the English of taking sides with the enemy. Certain unknown Indians on the eastern shore were also hostile. The consequence was that the colony incurred the anger of the aggressive tribe, and be- came involved in the conflict. All was now anxiety and excitement. At what point, in what manner, or at what time the mur- derous barbarians might come down upon the En- glish like a destructive avalanche, was unknown. It was deemed best not to wait for them, but putting on a bold front and making an incursion upon their own soil, convince them that the English had no fear of the issue. It was accordingly ordered that a u shallop be sent to Virginia for to provide twenty * An account of this massacre we have given in the "First Explorers of North America." WAB WITH THE MAQUANTEQUATS. 75 corselets,* a barrel of powder, four roundlets of shot, a barrel of oatmeal, three firkins of butter, and four cases of hot waters ; and that five able persons be pressed to go with the said shallop, and necessary provisions of victuals be made for them." It was also ordered that a pinnace should be pressed to go to the Isle of Kent and provide four hogsheads of meal, and that another should be sent against the Susquehariocks, sufficiently victualed and manned, and thirty or more good marksmen, with an ade- quate number of suitable officers; and that each marksman be allowed at the rate of a hundred pounds of tobacco per month, or another man in his place to take care of his plantation, and two sergeants who should receive double that rate. Two pinnaces and one skiff, if necessary, and good laboring hands be pressed to supply the places of such planters as shall be pressed upon the service, and be allowed at the same rate of one hundred pounds per month." In addition to these arrangements for an aggress- ive movement, the colonists, and especially those at St. Mary's, were placed in a better state of de- fense. All the inhabitants of the colony able to bear arms were required to train that they might " learn the art and discipline of war." What military operations against the Indians dur- ing the year were the results of these arrangements * A corselet was a piece of armor for the front of the body 76 THE PATUXENTS RECONCILED. we are not informed, but from a commission which was issued next year to Nicholas Hervey, it seems that hostilities had not entirely ceased. For by this commission Hervey was authorized to go with not less than twelve men, well provided with arms, against the Maqnantequats only and " exe- cute and inflict what may be inflicted by the law of war." It wo-uld appear from the limits of this commission to make war only on the Maquan- tequats, that friendly relations had been brought about between the English and the other tribes. We know that this was the case with reference to the Patuxent Indians, because a proclamation was issued, bearing date January 24, 1639, which stated : " We are in peace and unity with the Pa- tuxent Indians our neighbors, and have taken them into our protection, and therefore do prohibit all English whatsoever within our province of Mary- land, for the time being, that they do not oifer any injury or outrage whatsoever, to any of the said In- dians upon pain of such punishment as the offens* shall deserve." CHAPTER TI. Colonies multiplied Captain Lucas Fox His Voyage to the Northern Eegions Dangers from the Ice How Icebergs are formed Descrip- tion of a Sea Unicorn Variation of the Needle Reasons for it Geo- logical Discovery A White Bear floating upon Ice Its pursuit and Capture Petty Dancers Hunting Swans and Seals Graves discovered Dog hunting a Stag School of Whales A Dun Fox Remains of Captain Button's Dwellings Going a Berrying A Cross found Seeking a Main-yard The Maria met with Fox names various Places Fox's Return. WHILE the events, which are narrated in the pre- ceding chapters, were transpiring within the limits of Maryland, efforts were being made to push dis- coveries and establish settlements in other places on the North American coast. To some of the more important of these it is proper that we now refer. Plymouth in New England was settled in 1620. Within a few years other settlements were formed in New England, as at Cape Ann, Salem, and Bos- ton. Colonies had also been established at James- town and other places in Virginia. The old idea of a North-west passage to India was still cherished, and expeditions were sent out to confirm or explode its practicability. In 1631 the same year that Clay- borne first planted himself upon the island of Kent 7* 78 LUCAS FOX. in Maryland, an enterprise was projected in England for explorations along the north-east coast of Amer- ica, with a view to the discovery of the famous Northern passage. It was placed under the direction of Lucas Fox, a seaman of great experience, of whom it might be said that for many years " his path was upon the mountain wave, his home upon the deep." Being disappointed in 1606 in not going as mate with Captain John Knight upon a voyage of discov- ery to the north, as he had expected to, he, from that time, diligently collected all the information he could possibly obtain, by a careful perusal of all the voyages which had been made to the northern frigid zone, and from conversations with men who themselves had seen the ice mountains and felt the sub-zeroic cold of those frozen regions. King Charles I., being informed of the contem- plated voyage of discovery, graciously added a ship of his own, which he fitted with necessaries, and manned with able-bodied seamen in the most com- plete manner. When Captain Fox was introduced into tne pres- ence of his royal patron, his majesty kindly pre- sented him with a map, on which were marked all the discoveries which had then been made. The degree of hope which the king entertained that Fox would make the discovery of the north-west passage may be inferred from his giving to him a FOX'S VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY. 79 letter to the Emperor of Japan, to be delivered in case he should reach the South Sea by the passage he was going out to discover. All things being arranged under the most favor- able circumstances, Captain Fox set sail from Dept- ford on the 5th of May, 1631, in a ship of only eighty tons burden, called, perhaps, after its royal owner, " The Charles." On. the tenth day out, he had the misfortune to break his main-yard, which obliged him to put into the Orkneys for repairs. But being unable to procure a new main-yard there, he was compelled to continue his voyage in this maimed condition. Passing Cape Farewell, the southern point of Greenland, he continued his course a. little north of west, in order to reach Hudson's Straits. As he approached it he saw that the sea before him was dotted with islands, or large pieces of floating ice. He now had to redouble his vigilance to avoid coming in collision with them, as a comparatively slight blow of one of these huge masses would have been sufficient to dash a hole in the vessel and sink her to the bottom. After groping his way through the floating ice as well as he was able, for a number of days, his eyes were finally cheered with a distant view of terra-firma. It proved to be land on the north side of Lumley's Inlet, probably Cape Eliza- beth, the south-eastern point of the Island of Good Fortune. He was desirous of passing through 80 ICEBERGS. Lumley's Inlet into Davis's Straits, but he found, although it was summer, so much ice as to make the attempt dangerous. He directed his course to the Button Islands, several small islands on the northern coast of Labrador. The morning of the 23d opened with a heavy fog, but in the middle of the day, the rays of the sun poured down with such power that not only was the surrounding ice converted rapidly into water, but the pitch on the sides of the vessel began also to melt so sudden and great was the transition from cold to heat. This unusual warmth lasted, however, but a short time. The strait continued to be filled with immense quantities of ice of two kinds ; first, mountainous, composed of large, irregular shaped masses, rising from sixty to a hundred and twenty feet above the surface of the water. When the rays of the sun shone upon them, they were extremely beautiful, presenting every variety of castelated appearance, and reflecting all the hues of the rainbow ; the other was termed flaked ice, and consisted of thin flat cakes of every variety of shape and size, from a rood to several acres square. On the 30th of June they passed by one of these flakes, on which was a quantity of earth and several stones, one of which weighing, as was supposed, five or six tons. An in- teresting question which has excited the attention of scientific men is, how are these ice-mountains DISCOVERIES ON TERRA NTVEA. 81 formed ? Their explanation as given by Mr. John Reinhold Foster is as follows : " These mountains of ice are formed on the shore, by the snow which the wind blows on to the steep brow of some high mountain, to which it adheres, and is compacted into a firm and solid piece of ice, which, in the spring, becomes loose at the approach of a thaw, and rolls into the sea, carrying with it the earth, stones, mud and trees which it before enveloped." " One night a mountain of ice came driving straight on to- R ard the ship, as it was deeper under water than tKe flaked ice, the current consequently made it drive faster than the latter, some of which was be- tween the ship and the mountain, else this huge mass, being already perforated by the action of the water upon it, in consequence of its percussion against the ship, might have burst ; when the broken pieces falling into the vessel, might easily have sunk it, as this mountain was nine or ten fathoms, that is from fifty-four to sixty feet above water, and who can say how much under it ?" On July 1st, Fox was opposite to another island near the Resolution Islands, which was called by some Terra Nivea. The weather was hot, sultry, and calm, a kind of dog-day. They could not start the vessel for want of wind. On the 4th he sent some men ashore, who found several deserted huts which had been formerly occupied by natives, some 4* fc2 A GEOLOGICAL DISCOVEEY. driftwood, and the footprints of animals, supposed to "be stags. On the 20th he came upon a quantity of sea unicorns, one of which was nine feet long, black back, flat tail, transverse with respect to the ridge, and indented between its two peaked ends, its sides were black and white dappled ; its belly, white ; the general shape of the body resembled a mackerel ; its head like that of a lobster, on the front of which was a wreathed horn, six feet long, entirely black, except a small portion at the tip. On the 15th of July, Fox observed that the needle no longer pointed north. It had lost its power. He supposed that this phenomenon was caused by the metallic quality of neighboring mountains, or from the want of motion in the ship, or from the cold benumbing the needle as it be- numbs sentient beings, or from the sharpness of the air between the needle and its attractive point, by which the attractive force was neutralized. He was now in the latitude of sixty-three degrees and twelve minutes, near Nottingham Island. He here made a discovery of considerable geo- logical interest. He noticed that three neighbor- ing islands which lay near the mouth of Hudson's Straits, called Resolution, Salisbury and Notting- ham, were all of them high on their eastern, and low on their western side. "This physico-geo- graphical observation," says Forster, "is of the WHITE BEAR HUNT. 83 highest importance, and seems to me to prove that at that time, when the sea burst impetuously into Hudson's Bay, and tore away these islands from the mainland, it must have come rushing from the east and south east, and have washed away the earth toward the west ; a circumstance which has occasioned their present low position." If the reader will take the trouble to look on a map, and notice the general direction of Hudson's Straits, he will see that the above conjecture is not entirely unreasonable. The same day that this discovery was made, the navigators saw many sea-horses. On the 18th, being near a part of the mainland known as Gary's Swan's Nest, a new object presented itself, which created a high degree of excitement among the men, and furnished them with considerable sport : this was a large white bear floating upon a cake of ice. All hands were soon either upon the deck or among the rigging, making their observations upon the appearance and behavior of this marine bruin. Presently it was proposed that they should endeav- or to take him. Immediately the whole crew were in commotion, and impatient for the chase. All were anxious to share in the pleasure and the honor of taking this white-robed king of the north. This, however, was no easy task. Much time and maneuvering were spent before they succeeded in 84 SWAN AND SEAL HUNTING. inflicting the fatal wound, and securing the victory. After dispatching the huge animal, their next business was to carve and dispose of it. This being done, they tried out its fat, and obtained from it forty-eight gallons of oil. Its flesh, when boiled, they found to be palatable, but when roasted it had a rank, fishy flavor. In the evening of the same day, a dark streak girdled the horizon, and certain lights, or meteors, called the Henbanes or Petty Dancers, were seen flashing and waltzing at the north. These were regarded by Fox as the pioneers of a storm which would show itself within twenty-four hours. He was mistaken ; that time passed away and no storm came. When they arrived at Carey's Swan's Nest, they engaged in another kind of sport, which was the pursuit of swans. They were not, however, so suc- cessful with these as with the bear. As the place abounded with marshes, brooks and pools, with all of which the birds were familiar ; as, too, the game was both shy and swift, the sportsmen, though they chased many, were unable to obtain one. On the 24th a number of seals presented themselves. The 27th was distinguished for the elevated temperature of the air. It was warm even in the night. An island was discovered on the west side of Hudson's Bay which they named Sir Thomas Roe's Welcome. DOG HUNTING A. STAG. 85 They discovered some graves of the natives, and found in them spears headed with iron and copper. The next day the surface of the sea was broken in various directions by large numbers of fish leaping in the water. A whale and many seals were seen. It was not long before Fox came to another island, which he described as a " white island," which he called after Sir John Brook, who was interested in the enterprise, Brook Cobham. It subsequently re- ceived the name of Marble Island. Swans, ducks and other aquatic birds abounded here in great numbers. They had on board the vessel a dog. To give him exercise and to use him in hunting, the quarter- master took him on shore, where he soon started a reindeer, and immediately took after it. The chase continued a long time, but finally, the dog brought the deer to a stand. The animal might then have been killed ; but unfortunately the quarter-master had neither gun nor spear, and was therefore obliged to let him escape. So long and violent had been the pursuit, that the feet both of the deer and the dog were torn, and bled profusely. Near the island were a large school of whales lying so motionless, that Fox concluded they were asleep. Fox contin- ued his course along the western coast off the main- land, which was protected by many small dangerous rocks. On the 20th* he visited a small island, on * This is the date as given by Forster. If the narrative wasi 8 STAG AND FOX HUNTING. which were many sea-fowl. Here he struck a sea- horse, perhaps the walrus, with his lance, but it waa too strong for him to capture alone, and so fled. DOG HUNTING A STAG. He was more fortunate with an arctic or dun-fox, which he pursued, and which he succeeded in taking alive. He also obtained a large quantity of scuf vy- as it appears to be, chronological, this ought to be, probably, the thirtieth. CAPTAIN BUTTON'S DWELLINGS. 87 grass, and took it on board. He there had the juice pressed out, and poured into a hogshead of beer, and ordered that everyone of the crew who desired it might have a pint to drink every morning; but none of them would touch it till it was entirely spoiled and they were all greatly diseased with the scurvy, for which it was believed to be a prevent- ive. This island was named Dun Fox island. On the 31st he reached a cluster of islands which he called Briggs's Mathematics. On the 9th of August he entered the river Nelson, at the mouth of which he saw several white whales. Here he set up a pinnace, and upon looking around he found the remains of some winter dwellings, which had been erected by Captain Button, who visited this place in 1612. On the 15th the weather was very hot. Passing up the river, the crew on the 17th went a-berrying, and were successful in finding blackberries, strawberries, gooseberries and vetches. They also saw the foot-prints of a stag, and near by the wooden framework of a tent, that had the appear- ance of having been recently erected. As they looked around they saw a fireplace, the bones of birds and the hair of deer, with other indications that the place had been occupied by men not a great while before ; but who they were, how many they were, for what purpose they had been there, or where they had gone, it was impossible for them to tell. Various 88 THE MAEIA MET WITH. opinions were given by the men, but nothing could be confirmed with certainty. They found a cross overturned, which had been erected by Captain Button as evidence of his having visited the place and taken possession of it in the name of his monarch. This was to the adventurers an interesting object. Fox engraved an inscription upon a leaden plate, nailed this upon the cross, and then re-erected it for the benefit of any other voyagers who might in future visit this spot. He also named the place New Wales. It being now important that the main-yard which had been lost should be replaced, the carpenter was sent on shore to cut down five of the best trees, which had been marked by the captain as suitable for the purpose. The carpenter found them to be of tolerable size, round, but very short, as all the trees in that region seem to be dwarfed by the cold. By fastening the timber of several of them together, it appeared probable that he might be able to furnish a new main-yard. But, alas, he was doomed to experience disappointment. Of the five trees which had been designated by the captain, not one was suitable for the purpose, as they were all decayed within. Fox now coasted toward the east, and on the 29th of August he fell in with another English vessel. It was to him and his men a source of great delight to know that they were not alone in those northern, inhospitable regions. NARROW ESCAPE FROM SHIPWRECK. 89 When the men in the two vessels discovered each other, they were mutually anxious to visit each other, and exchange an account of their adventures and discoveries. The new vessel proved to be the " Maria," of seventy tons burden, commanded by Captain Thomas James, which had left Bristol in England two days before Captain Fox left Dept- ford, and for the same purpose of discovering, if possible, a north-west passage to India. They were both aware of each other's design before they left home, and it was the intention of their owners that the two vessels should have sailed together on the expedition, and yet this was the first time they had met. After having an opportunity of conversation a short time, they parted. On the 2d of Septem- ber, Fox came to Cape Henrietta Maria, where the direction of the coast changed from east to south. This cape is the north-western corner of James's Bay. Having satisfied himself that there was no westerly passage into the Pacific Ocean along the coast which he had thus far examined, Fox desired to make another attempt beyond Nottingham Island, where, before, he could not penetrate, on account of the ice. On the 6th, the captain and the boatswain were both unwell. On the 7th, they had a narrow escape from being stranded, and perhaps wrecked, on Carey's Swan's Nest, the southern point of the island of Southampton. On 8* 90 FOX'S RETURN. the 15th the vessel was managed with difficulty, on account of the sails being frozen stiff. On the 1 8th he saw an elevated cape, to which he gave the name of King Charles's Promontory, to the north- west of which were three islands, forming a triangle, which he called the Trinity Islands, after the brethren of the Trinity House. He also named various other capes, islands, and inlets, which it is not necessary here to specify, and then set out on his return home. On the 5th of October, the cold being severe, the decks, sides, rigging, and sails of the vessel were completely coated in ice, giving it the appearance of a glass ship. Having reached the Atlantic, the captain perceived that a strong current was sweeping him rapidly to the south. He, however, soon got out of it, crossed the At- lantic, sailed through the British Channel, and reached the Downs on the 31st of October. So fortunate had he been, that he had not lost a single man, and with the exception of his main-yard, he had met with no serious accident to his vessel. He had not, however, discovered, the north-west passage ! As the experience of Captain James was of a Bomewhat different character from that of Fox, and as the account of his adventures is far more interest- ing, a detailed narrative of them will be given in tho next chapter. CHAPTER VII. Captain James sails for the North His trying Position He is frozen In James's Ignorance Dangers to which it leads Encamping for the Win- ter Peculiar Features of a Northern Winter The Scurvy Its Symp- tomsEffects of Extreme Cold Difficulty of Working Thawing Trees Medical treatment A Singular Phenomenon Finding the Eudder Disappointment Difficulties multiply Sick recovering Homeward departure False Facts. CAPTAIN THOMAS JAMES, under the patronage of certain wealthy merchants of Bristol, sailed in a strong built ship, called " The Maria," of only seventy tons, on th 3d of May, 1631. On the tenth of June he was oif Cape Desolation. Many islands of ice were floating in various directions, and among them numerous grampuses were sporting. With a sea of an inky appearance beneath them, and a perpetual, thick, and offensive-smelling fog around them, their condition was far from being pleas- ant. On the 17th they came in sight of Reso- lution Island, placed at the entrance of Hudson's Straits. Here he noticed that the motion of his needle was embarrassed, a circumstance which he attributed to the heavy fogs. His ship was now encrusted with 92 THE MARIA FROZE IN. ice, though this was not the worst of his condition, for mountains and flakes, or large cakes of ice were floating in every direction, which rendered it extremely difficult for him to make headway, and finally stopped him entirely. The ice then closed in around the vessel, and froze together, thus shutting him completely in. He was now drifted hither and thither whithersoever the ice floated. His condi- tion was extremely perilous. The captain seems to have been either a self-conceited, or else an ignorant man, or perhaps both. Two facts which are related of him seem almost incredible. The first is, that he was entirely unacquainted with the voyages which others had made before him to the north, and there- fore knew not the method which they adopted to relieve themselves from difficulties similar to those in which he was now placed. Far different was it with Captain Fox ; he availed himself of every op- portunity to gain knowledge respecting the dangers and the different modes of escape which were adopted in these northern seas. Before he left England, he knew probably all that could be learned concerning the navigation of those waters, without a personal experience of them. In that respect, therefore, he was well fitted for their exploration. The other peculiarity in the case of Captain James was, that he had designedly refused engaging any men as sailors who had, previously to this, made MEETS WITH CAPTAIN FOX. 93 voyages to the north-west or to the frozen regions of Spitzbergen. Being inexperienced himself, he had refused to engage others who had had experi- ence. The consequence of this folly was, that when he was locked up among the immense masses of floating ice, he knew not what measures had been adopted by his predecessors in like circumstances, and there was no one on board who, from their own experience, could inform him. He was obliged, therefore, to fall back upon his own inventive genius to extricate himself from these, to him, un- tried perils. His want of experience, however, sub- jected him to indescribable anxiety and sufferings, and brought him to the very verge of destruction, with his vessel and crew. Through the favor of a kind Providence he succeeded, after an incredible amount of labor, in breaking his little vessel out, and working her through the floating mountains and sharp cakes of ice into Hudson's Bay. He.kept on his westward course, directly across the Bay, until he reached the shore, where his peril was in- creased by the vessel repeatedly striking the rocky bottom. Between Port Nelson and Cape Henrietta Maria, he fell in with Captain Fox. As it was now too late in the season for discov- eries, he occupied himself in searching for a good place to pass the winter. Penetrating to the ex- tremity of James's Bay, which is the southern pro- 94 WINTER ENCAMPMENT. longation of Hudson's Bay, he found a place that seemed adapted to his purpose. " After encounter- ing many storms and thousands of perils, among the ice, and the many rocks which are found in that part of the sea, and his ship having two or three times struck on the shoals, he ran her, him- self, aground on the island which he afterward called Charleton Island. With great difficulty and danger they carried their provisions, cables, sails, rigging, clothes, utensils, and a thousand other necessaries on shore. They made themselves some miserable huts of pieces of wood, which they placed in an inclining posture round a tree, and covered them with boughs of trees, and with their sails, which were soon covered over with a good thick bed of snow. Besides this hut, they built another, and a storehouse. The hands, feet, ears, or noses of every one of them were frost-bitten. Their clothes that had lain under water in the ship, they were obliged to dig out of the ice, and after thaw- ing them by the fire, to dry them again. As they gave their ship entirely up for lost, they set about building a small pinnace, with which they hoped, after having once got over the winter, to save themselves from this dreary place of exile. The cold was most terrible here, in north latitude fifty- two degrees and three minutes. Wine, sack, oil, beer, vinegar, and even brandy froze to solid ice, EFFECTS OF THE COLD. 95 so that they were obliged to cut the first of these liquors with hatchets and axes. A well which they had dug froze also ; but a spring at two or three hundred steps from their dwelling did not ENCAMPING FOR THE WINTER. freeze below the surface, though at the surface it was covered with ice and snow. The sun and the moon appeared on the horizon twice as long as they did broad, on account of the great quantity of vapors with which the atmosphere was filled. The island was quite covered with forests, but contained 96 A DREADFUL DISEASE. but few reindeer and arctic foxes. On the 31st of January, the atmosphere was so clear that Captain James could very plainly perceive more stars by two thirds than he had ever seen before in his life. The sea was frozen every night some two or three inches thick ; but the rising and falling of the tides the next day broke this ice and crowded the cakes over each other, in which condition they would freeze together and then become foundations for other cakes to be heaped upon them and frozen fast, and in a few hours become five, six or ten feet thick. These cakes, or embryo mountains, would then be torn from the shore and float about, cover- ing the waters of the bay, and daily increasing its coldness, though when the men waded in the water, notwithstanding it froze upon them, it did not produce so severe a sensation of coldness as in the month of June. This was, probably, owing to the fact that in the month of June the atmosphere being much warmer than in the winter months, there was a greater contrast then between the temperature of the air and of the water, which would impart a greater sensation of coldness to those who had occasion to wade. In February, the men were afflicted with that horrible disease, the scurvy. They bled at the mouth ; their gums were swollen, and sometimes black and putrid, and all their teeth were loose. Their mouths were so SEVERITY OF THE COLD. 97 sore that they could no longer eat their usual food. Some complained of shooting pains in the head, others in the breast, others felt a weakness in their reins, others had pains in their thighs and knees, and others, again, had swollen legs. Two thirds of the crew were under the hands of the surgeon, and, nevertheless, were obliged to work hard, though they had no shoes to their feet, but instead of shoes, fastened clouts about them. In the open air jthe cold was quite insupportable, no clothes being proof against it, nor any motion sufficient to keep their natural warmth. It froze the hair on their eyelids, so that they could not see, and it was with difficulty that they could fetch their breath. In the woods the cold was somewhat less severe ; yet here they were afflicted with chilblains on their faces, hands and feet. The least degree of cold was within doors. On the outside, the house was cov- ered with snow two thirds of its height, and within- side every thing was frozen and hung full of icicles. Their bedding was quite stiff, and covered with hoar-frost, though their beds were almost close to the fire in their small dwelling. The water in which the cook soaked the salt meat, froze within doors, though it stood but three feet from the fire. But during the night, when the fire was not so well kept up, while the cook slept only for four hours, all was 9 98 THAWING TEEES. frozen in the tub into one lump. When afterward the cook soaked the meat in a copper kettle close to the fire, to prevent it from freezing, the side near the fire was found to be quite warm, while the op- posite side was frozen an inch thick. All their axes and hatchets had been spoiled, and rendered unfit for use by cutting the frozen wood, so that Captain James found it necessary to lock up thfc carpenter's axe, in order to prevent it from being spoiled also. The green wood that they burned in their dwelling, almost suffocated them with smoke ; that which was dry, on the contrary, was full of turpentine, and produced so much soot, that they themselves with all their beds, clothes, and utensils, were covered with it ; and in short they looked like chimney-sweepers. The timber, knees, beams, and bent pieces, wanted for the construction of their pinnace, caused the greatest difficulty, as the trees, before they could fell them, were obliged to be thawed by the fire. After this, the pieces were first hewn out in the rough, then dried again, and at length worked into the last form that was to be given them, and fitted into each other ; for which purpose they were obliged constantly to keep up a large fire near the stock, as otherwise it would have been impossible for them to have worked there. Many of them were disabled by the scurvy, or had frozen limbs, boils and sores; others were every SEAECH FOE THE EUDDEE. 99 morning so contracted in their joints by the rheu- matism that it was necessary to restore the supple- ness and pliancy of their limbs by fomenting them every morning with warm water and a decoction of the fir-tree, before they were able to go a step forward, or to make use of their hands. In the month of March the cold Avas as severe as in the midst of winter. In April the snow fell in greater quantities than it had done during the whole winter, but the flakes were large and rather moist, while in the winter the snow was dry, like dust ; even on the 5th of April, the spring which we mentioned they had found, was frozen. An island that was situated at the distance of four leagues from them they could never see from a small hill in fine weather, and when the air was clear ; but, on the contrary, when the air was thick and full of vapor, the island was visible, even from plain, level ground.* The vessel which had been run aground the year before, and which had suffered from the ice and weather, they began to clear away, in order to see if there was the least possibility of its being able to carry them home. The whole company worked with all the energy and strength they possessed. They were particularly desirous to find the rudder which had been beaten off by the ice many months before, and after a great amount of severe toil, they * Footer. 100 DIFFICULTIES MULTIPLY. discovered this important article, and hoisted it on deck ; they also got the anchor on board, and, to their great joy, found the vessel much less injured than they had feared. At the time they run her upon the shore they bored holes in her bottom for the purpose of letting in water, which, by freezing, might increase her weight, keep her steady, and thus render her less liable of being lifted and dashed to pieces upon the rocks. These holes they now found, and at low water, succeeded in closing them. They also found both of the pumps choked up with ice. These they thawed out, and then used them in pumping the water out of the vessel. On the last day of April, they were favored with a sign of the approach of spring, in the falling of rain. The men hailed this favorable indication with great joy, as it furnished them with grounds of hope of a speedy departure for their own land. They had become heartily wearied of the barrenness, cold- ness and suffering of the frozen north, and were fill- ed with gladness when the rain indicated that their release was at hand. Their joy, however, was of short duration, for on the second of May the atmos- phere was filled with snow, and the weather was ex- tremely cold. By this sudden blighting of their hopes, the men were greatly depressed. The dis- orders of the sick increased to such a degree that they fainted away whenever they were raised from THE SICK RECOVEKING. 101 their bed. Large flocks of geese and cranes now visited the island, but they were too discreet to allow the men to come within musket-shot of them. On the 24th of the month, the party were startled by a loud noise resembling thunder, which they soon discovered was occasioned by the breaking up of the heavy ice in the bay. Though at that time the sun was hot in the day, the water froze at night. On the last day of the month they found a few vetches a pod-bearing plant which they gathered and prepared for the sick. During the whole of May the wind blew chiefly from the north, and on the four first days of June, they had storms of snow, sleet and hail. So severe was the cold in that month, that their newly-washed clothes were frozen stiff on the line, and ice was formed in pitchers within the house. On the 9th the sick had so far recovered as to be able to creep about the house. Some who had been but slightly diseased, had be- come comparatively strong. The green vetch leaves had produced a favorable eflect. They >vere in the habit of eating them twice a day, dressed with vinegar and oil. They also bruised them and mix- ed the juice with their drink. Some preferred to eat them raw with their bread. On the llth they adjusted their rudder in its proper place, and cast out the ballast of the ship. By the 15th, those who were on the sick list were so far recovered that 9* 102 HOMEWARD DEPAETUEE. they could walk about. Their teeth were no longer loose, nor their gums sore, so that they could eat their vetches with beef, which we may suppose was none of the most tender. The water of the bay continued full of ice. On the 16th not only were there thunder and lightning, but the weather was so hot that the men went in bathing to cool and cleanse themselves. The warm weather brought out an immense number of musquitoes, which prov- ed to be great plagues. They were accompanied with ants and frogs. But birds, bears and foxes had totally disappeared. Finally, on the 20th, they got the ship afloat in deep water, although plenty of ice surrounded it. The sailors now engaged with alacrity in rigging the ship, and getting on board their provisions, clothes and other necessaries. All things being ready, on the second day of July they set out on their return, parting with their ice cov- ered dwelling and store, but without the least emo- tion of regret. At Cape Henrietta Maria they gave variety to their employment by landing and engag- ing in the chase after some stags, which they saw there. But neither dogs or men could overtake them. They were probably too much weakened by their privations during the winter, to run with any great speed. With the fowl they were more fortunate, having obtained half a dozen geese. Al- though it was now mid-summer, yet so great JAMES'S OPINIONS. 103 the quantity of ice in the bay as to subject them to very great labor in working through it. However, by persevering through many discouragements, they finally succeeded in reaching Carey's Swan's Nest, and then Nottingham Island. Their stock of pro- visions being limited, and their old crazy vessel leaky, the captain as well as the men were anxious to hurry homeward. They did not therefore stay to make any further discoveries. James was the less inclined to linger any longer, because he was of opinion that no outlet to the north-west could be found there. He based this conclusion upon the following reasons: " First, because the tide in every part of this sea comes from the east through Hudson's Straits, and the further it goes the later it arrives at every place within the strait and bay. Secondly, because these seas contain no small fish, such as cod, stockfish, etc., and few large ones, which likewise are seldom seen. Neither are there any whale-bones nor any sea- horses, or other large fish found on the shore ; nor is there any drift-wood here. Thirdly, because the ice in 65 30' north latitude, lies in large fields, or flakes on the sea, because it is generated in the flat bays, but if there was a great ocean further on, nothing but large mountains of ice would be found, such as are at the entrance of Hudson's Straits, and further on to the eastward. Fourthly, and lastly, because the ice drives eastward through 104 JAMES'S REASONING INCONCLUSIVE. the straits into the great ocean by reason that it comes from the north and has no other way to go out by." James therefore steered at once for Eng- land, and arrived at Bristol on the 22d of October 1632. The argument of Captain James against an out- let from Hudson's Bay to the north or the north- west, are far from being conclusive. Indeed, some of them were based upon false premises. His first reason was true only in its application to certain parts of the bay particularly the southern portion where he wintered. But at Sir Thomas Roe's Welcome, in the north-western part of the bay, the tide rose higher than it did at the mouth of Hud- son's Straits. His second reason was shown false by Captain Cox, who saw many whales and sea- unicorns in the bay. His last reason furnishes an argument against his own conclusion, for as there is always large quantities of water coining from the north, which breaks the ice in the bay, and drives it out eastward through Hudson's Straits, this would seem to indicate that there was an influx in some quarter from the north, pouring its waters into the bay and compelling them to find an outlet through Hudson's Straits, CHAPTER VIII. De Groselie Information from the Ottawas Hunters and Trappers De Vries's Voyage Smelling the Land A dreadful Scene Its Perpetrators unknown The Particulars Effects of Confidence Indian Treachery and Eevenge Peace concluded Beans wanted Startling Intelligence Boat's Crew murdered A suspicious Circumstance Chief's Visit- Gifts given and refused A Peach-tree found Interview with the English Seven Whales taken Whaling unprofitable. CAPTAINS Fox and James were not the only ones who, about that time, made explorations at the north. A Canadian named De Groselie, a man of an adventurous and persevering spirit, who had traveled extensively through various parts of Canada, had learned from the Ottawa Indians the existence of a great bay to the north. When he returned to Quebec he aroused a number of his countrymen to an attempt to reach this bay by water. They joined together, fitted out a bark, and soon after set sail. After meeting with the usual incidents of a sea-voyage to the north, they entered a river which the Indians called the Tearing Stream, probably because its water was torn and rendered wild and turbulent by rocks and rapids in its course, " and which is situated but one league 5* 106 DE GROSELIE. from Port Kelson River, called by the French Riv iere de Bourbon. He fixed his residence on the south side, on an island, three leagues up the river. The Canadians, who were good sportsmen, arrived length, in the midst of winter, at Port Nelso'h River, and there discovered a settlement of Eu- ropeans. He therefore went thither, with his peo- ple, in order to attack them, but found only a miserable hut, covered with turf, and containing six half-starved people." It appeared that these miserable men, whom De Groselie was about to attack, had belonged to a ship from Boston in New England, and had been put on shore to discover a convenient place where the whole crew might safely pass the winter. After they had landed, the ship to which they belonged was driven by the wind and ice, out to sea, and they had heard nothing from her since. Left, as they must have been, without food, fuel, or extra clothing, their condi- tion must have been severely painful. It is left for the imagination to conceive what must have been their suspense, their hopes and fears, as day after day passed away without bringing any tidings of the missing vessel, and what must have been their despair when they abandoned the expectation of ever seeing her again. The same winter De Groselie received informa- tion that about seven leagues from his residence, a HUNTEES AND TEAPPEES. *0 company of Englishmen had formed a settlement on the banks of Port Nelson River. He resolved to make war upon them, and either drive them off or take them prisoners. But having learned that the place of their residence was fortified, he con- cluded to delay his attack upon them until some English holiday arrived, when they would prob- ably be indulging in merry-making and carousal, and so be off their guard. Accordingly, on Twelfth Day, he marched upon them, with fourteen French- men, and, to his great joy, he found the English so intoxicated that, though they numbered eighty, they were unable to offer the least defense ; so he made them all prisoners, and thus became master of all that country. Not long after this, in 1669, the Hudson's Bay Company was formed in England, to whom was given the monopoly of mining, hunt- ing, and trading, within a very large extent of country in the vicinity of Hudson's Bay. They formed friendly relations with the Indians, engaged in trading with them, and from them obtained, in the course of a few years, large quantities of beaver, deer, and elk skins, for which they paid in the cheap trifles and productions of European manufactures. They also engaged hunters and trappers from civil- ized nations, who were allowed to hunt, upon certain conditions, on the lands, and along the streams, belonging to the company ; one of which was that 108 DE VRIES. the skins which they obtained should be disposed of to the Company. It proved to be an extremely profitable corporation. While the adventures which we have narrated were transpiring in the cold and dreary north, and Captains Fox and James were endeavoring to find some channel through which they might thread their way from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and thus shorten the distance between Europe and the remote spice regions of Cathay, another enter- prising navigator was pushing his investigations fur- ther south, and endeavoring to find a convenient place to establish a permanent settlement on land, as yet unoccupied by any European nation. This was David Pieterszen de Vries.* De Vries was a bold, skillful, and experienced * Mr. Bancroft, in a note to his History of the United States, vol. ii., p. 282, says : " The only copy which I have seen of the voyage of De Yries, in the original language, is to be found in vol. i. of the Du Simitiere MSS., in the Philadelphia library. Dr. Julius, of Hamburg, has discovered in the royal library at Dresden, Saxony, a printed copy. The book escaped the re- search of Ebeling, and was not discovered by Lambrechsten. For the use of an English MS. translation, I am indebted to the great liberality of J. W. Moulton." This translation was made from the original Dutch, by Dr. G-. Troost of Philadelphia. It has since been published in the " Collection of the New York Historical Society. New Series, vol. i.," and from it we have drawn up our narrative. As the information which it contains will be new to many of our readers, we shall give it with con- siderable minuteness. COLONY ESTABLISHED. 109 navigato^. He had formed an acquaintance with the climate, the commerce, and the people of the East Indies, by voyages that he had made there. After returning from there, he met with Samuel Godyn, a distinguished merchant of Amsterdam, who offered him an opportunity of visiting North America, under what was then considered favor- able auspices. He accepted the offer, and entered into an agreement or "patronship" with Godyn, Killian Van Rensselaer, Samuel Bloemart, and Jau de Laet, who were all, by the terms of their agree- ment, " placed on an equal footing." Their object was twofold : to establish colonies in what was then called " New Netherlands," extending from the for- tieth to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, and to engage in the whale fishery in the vicinity of the Delaware River, where whales were supposed to be abundant. Accordingly, on December 12th, 1630, De Vries sailed from Texel for the Delaware, which, at that time was called the South River, to distinguish it from the Hudson, which was called the North River. He was accompanied by about thirty emi- grants, who were to constitute the new colony. They successfully reached Delaware Bay, sailed up the river, and just within Cape Henlopen, where Lewistown now stands, they established the new set- tlement, that region of country being then called 10 110 SMELLING THE LAND. Swan's Dale. A block house was built, palisades were erected, and agriculture commenced. De Vries left them with the expectation that they would become a permanent plantation, and returned home. The next year he came back, not to inquire after their welfare for intelligence had reached him that a dreadful catastrophe had occurred, by which the whole colony had been swept away but to as- certain particulars, traffic with the natives, and visit other colonies. December 1st, 1632, he found himself near the coast of America, in fifty-seven fathoms of water. They could plainly smell the fragrant odor of the underbrush, as it was borne to them from the fires which the Indians kindled at that season of the year, in order to render the woods and country more favorable for hunting. " We smell the land, therefore, before it can be seen." When between the latitudes of thirty-four and forty, with the water at thirteen fathoms, they had a view of the coast. On the 5th, they entered Delaware Bay ; they were accompanied by a whale playing around them. " We promised ourselves," says De Vries, " great things ; plenty of whales, and good land for culti. vation." The next day they took the boat, and being weU armed, in order to protect themselves against the Indians, if they should be attacked, they passed up A DREADFUL TRAGEDY. Ill the river, and examined the place where the little colony had been left the year before. It presented a melancholy scene. The blockhouse was destroyed, the parapets burned, and the ground scattered over with the skulls and bones of their murdered country- men. That this dreadful tragedy had been perform- ed by the savages, there was but little if any doubt ; but as to the cause which led to it, or the circum- stances attending it, they were left in impenetrable darkness. It was now the policy of De Vries to discover, if he could, all the facts in the case ; for this purpose he was anxious to obtain an interview with some of the natives. After gazing upon these affecting memorials as long as they desired, the company returned to the vessel, pondering with sad emotions upon the untimely end of these adventur- ous pioneers. After they reached the ship, De Vries ordered a gun to be fired, to see if any of the In- dians would show themselves. The next day two or three were seen near the ruins of the blockhouse. They refused to approach the ship, but signified that they wanted to receive a visit. The next day being December 8th, " We went in the yacht," says De Vries, " up the creek to the house. The Indians came on shore, but would not at first come on board. At last one came. I gave him a dress of cloth, and we told him we wished to make peace with them. There now came more Indians, who expected also 112 INDIAN'S STATEMENT. a dress, but we gave them only some trinkets, and told them that we ha.d presented the other with a dress, because he had shown more confidence in us, as being the first that ventured to enter the boat. Wo told them to come the next day with their chief, whom they called Sakimas, with whom we would make a satisfactory peace, which they called Ran- contynmarenit. One of the Indians remained with us during the night in the yacht." De Yries took advantage of the prolonged, confiding visit of this one, to inquire concerning the particulars of the fate of the destroyed colony, the account of which, as it is the only early statement known to exist in our language, we will give in his own words : " We asked him the reason why they had killed our people. He showed us a place where our people had emp- tied a pillow, to which was attached a piece of tin upon which was figured the emblem of Holland. One of their chiefs wanted to take this piece of tin to make of it tobacco-pipes, not knowing that it was improper. Those who had the command at the house showed much dissatisfaction, so that the In- dians did not know how to make amends. They went away and killed the chief who had taken the tin, and brought a token of it to those who had the command at the house, who told them they had done wrong, that they ought to have come with him to the house, and they would have only told INDIAN REVENGE. 113 him, not to do so again. They then went away; but the friends of the murdered chief (the people having much the character of the Italians, who are greatly addicted to vengeance) had resolved to be revenged. They attacked our people when they were working in the field, leaving but a single sick man in the house, and a large bull-dog, which was chained out of doors. The man who had command of the house stood near the door. Three of the boldest Indians, who were to perpetrate the deed, came and offered him a parcel of beavers to barter, and contrived to enter the house. He went in with them to transact the business. That being done, he went to a garret where the stores were. Com- ing down, one of the Indians cleaved his head with an axe, so that he dropped dead on the floor. They then murdered the sick man and then went to the dog, which they feared most, and shot at least twen- ty-five arrows at him before he was killed. They then went in a treacherous manner to the people in the field, approaching them under the appearance of friendship, and murdered one after the other." Thus fatally terminated the existence of the little colony on the Delaware. The trouble was occasion- ed by the indiscretion of the Indians in murdering the chief who had taken the piece of tin, which per- haps had been hung up as evidence that the Dutch had taken possession of the country. This kindled 10* 114 SEEKING BEANS. the fire of revenge in the bosom of the murdored chief's friends, which could not be extinguished ex- cept with the blood of the whites. On the 9th the chief of the place visited De Vries, accompanied by many of his tribe. They arranged themselves in a circle, entered upon ne- gotiations, and concluded a peace. De Vries thought it best to ask no satisfaction for the slaugh- ter of the colonists, nor even to make the least allusion to it ; for knowing the migratory habits of the natives, he was aware that if they refused to render satisfaction, it would not be in his power to inflict upon them what might be regarded as de- served punishment, and therefore it would be more prudent not to refer to the subject at all. He there- fore ignored the whole matter. He presented them some blankets, bullets, axes, and toys, for which they promised to reciprocate by giving in return some game, which they had re- cently taken. As the Dutch expected great success in catching whales, they now made preparation for lodging on land, and boiling the oil. On the first day of the new year he ascended the Delaware River in the yacht, to obtain, if possible, some beans from the Indians. His hopes of suc- cessful fishery were kept up by seeing a whale in the Bay. Four days afterward he visited a small STARTLING INTELLIGENCE. 115 fort which had been erected by the Dutch in 1623, a few miles below the present site of Philadelphia, on the east bank of the Delaware, and called " Fort Nassau." It was now unoccupied, the attempt at Colonizing here being abandoned. He here met vith a few Indians, who had some furs which they purposed to exchange for European commodities; but as De Vries's stock of goods was limited, he was unwilling to part with any thing, except for beans, especially as he had made them presents at Swan's Dale when they negotiated peace. Being either unable or unwilling to supply them with beans, the Indians advised them to go to the Tim- merkill, now called Cooper's Creek. The prudent counsels which were at the same time given them by an Indian woman, were" probably the means of preserving their excursion from reaching a tragic and perhaps fatal termination. She warned them not to go up to Timmerkill, because they would be attacked. Having received this important informa- tion, they were anxious for more, and therefore gave her a dress of cloth, to induce her to tell all she knew. She then told them that a boat's crew, which had ascended the Count Ernest River, had all been murdered. Although this intelligence did not induce De Vries to relinquish the attempt of reaching the Timmerkill, it made him more cautious and vigilant, and induced him to adopt a different 116 INDIAN PLOT DEFEATED. tone in his dealings with the natives there from what he otherwise would have indulged. He reached the Timmerkill next day, fully pre- pared for any emergency. It was not long before a large party of Roodehoek or Mantes Indians ap- proached the boat, bringing with them beaver skins to barter. Over forty of them entered the yacht, the crew of which numbered only seven. Some of these natives began to play on a rude musical instru- ment, like a flute, so as to prevent awakening sus- picion. Others loitered carelessly around, and others made proposals of trade. After a while De Vries thought it best for them to withdraw, and ac- cordingly ordered them all oif, at the same time threatening, if they did not comply, that he would fire on them. This induced one of the chiefs to offer an armful of beaver skins to them. But the Dutch refused them, and ordered them peremptor- ily ashore, stating that Mantes the Indian name for the Evil One had revealed to them that they intended some wickedness against them. The In- dians then thought it best to retire, and accord- ingly withdrew to the shore. So that, if any villainous plot had been arranged by them, it was entirely defeated through the vigilance and decision of De Vries. A circumstance which increased the suspicion of the captain, and gave weight to the testimony of the woman, concerning the bad char- VISIT OF INDIAN CKIEFS. 117 acter of these fellows was, that some of them wor4 English jackets. As these were never made an article of barter with the natives, it is difficult to conceive how these Indians came, honestly, in the possession of them. If they had ever murdered a boat's crew as the woman had said, they might have stolen them then. The next morning the captain again presented himself in the stream before the fort, which waa soon crowded with Indians, who kept increasing more and more. A canoe put off the shore to the yacht, carrying nine chiefs from different places, among whom was one of those who, the day before, had worn an English jacket, which, however, he had laid aside now, perhaps in order to avoid ex- citing suspicion, or being questioned concerning it. " They sat down in a circle, and called for us, say- ing that they saw that we were in fear of them; that they came on purpose to conclude a permanent peace with us, presented us with ten beaver-skins, the gift of every one being accompanied with some ceremonies, saying at the same time in whose name it was given, as a token of eternal peace ; and that we must now banish all suspicion, as they had re- jected all evil thoughts. I then offered them, by the translator, some presents for each, consisting of an ax, adze, and a pair of small knives ; bnt these they refused, saying that they did not give their 118 DE VKIES VISITS VIRGINIA. presents to receive others in the place of them, but in order to make peace. We told them that we would give them something for their wives; but they told us we must give it them on shore. On the 9th and 10th got some Indian corn and furs on barter of them." Ten days after this he ascended a fine stream ; found the country beautifully diversified with ro- mantic scenery, and, as many luxuriant vines with their rich clusters ornamented the sides of the nar- row river through which he was sailing, he gave it the appropriate name of " Vine Creek." It was the desire of De Vries to explore the Delaware much further than he had done, but as he could not obtain sufficient provision from the In- dians to meet his wants, he concluded to make a voyage to the English setlement in Virginia, in hopes of finding a supply there. On his way thither he noticed that the land was in a more advanced and settled state. He saw, for the first time, a peach-tree (one would suppose from this, that the peach-tree was indigenous.) He had an interview with the Governor of Virginia, who, when he learned that his Dutch visitor had come from the South River, took occasion to inform him that this river was the property of the . English ; that some time before, Lord Delaware had entered and taken possession of it, but as he found it difficult of navi- TAKING WHALES. 119 gation in consequence of numerous sand-banks, he did not ascend it. He also told him that he had sent a sloop there, but as it had never returned he thought that it must have been lost at sea with all on board. De Yries replied to his excellency, that he was mistaken ; that the South or Delaware River had for many years belonged to the Dutch, who Jaad erected a fort on one of its banks, that it was a noble stream, and easily navigable. He also in- formed the governor that the Indians on that river had told him that the crew of an English boat had been murdered there, and that their clothing he had een worn by the natives. The interview seems, on the whole, to have been a pleasant one, for, at its conclusion, the governor gave De Vries six goats to be introduced into his new colony. After purchasing a supply of provisions, the captain returned to the Delaware, and found that those who had been left there to prosecute the whale fishery had taken seven whales, which had furnished thirty-two cartels of oil. This, however, was such a poor return for, the amount of money which had been invested in the business, as to show that the enterprise was unprofitable. After this, De Vries made several voyages to the Dutch set* tlements in New York. CHAPTER IX. Gustavus Adolpbus His plans of Emigration A War defeats them Deception of the Swedish Governor Fort Casimer taken by Treachery- Governor Stuyvesant attacks Delaware Rumors of a Silver Mountain An Indian brings Ore He is Assassinated The English conquer the Dutch Children stolen by the Savages Their Kedemption-price in Tobacco Commercial Regulations Famous Navigation Act. IN 1626, Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, who had received very glowing descriptions of the salubrity of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and the romantic character of the scenery of New Netherlands, published an address to his subjects, earnestly urging them to associate together for the purpose of forming a settlement in this charming country of the New World. His address awakened great attention among the Swedes; led to much conversation, in which the project was probably fully discussed on both sides, and resulted in the adoption of measures for raising a fund by volun- tary subscription for the object. Persons of all classes became interested in the enterprise. An ad- miral, vice-admiral, merchants, assistants, commis- saries, and a military force, were duly appointed. DECEPTION OF RISINGH. 121 It seemed as if every arrangement was made for the establishment of a permanent and flourishing colony ; but the difficulties occasioned by the out- breaking of a German war suspended the opera- tions. In the course of a few years, several different set- tlements were formed on the Delaware by the Dutch and the Swedes, who held the country ia common, until the erection of a fort by the Dutch at Sandhocken, now called Newcastle, excited the anger of the Swedes, and led to hostilities. The Swedish governor, Risingh, demanded that thia fort, which had been named Fort Oasimer, should be delivered to him ; the Dutch, of course, refused. Risingh then resolved to obtain possession of it, either by force or fraud. For this purpose he ap- proached it under the garb of friendship. Having arrived in a boat opposite to the fort, he honored it by firing two military salutes. By this deception the Dutch were effectually thrown off their guard. Risingh then landed thirty men, whom the Dutch, in the simplicity of their hearts, received within their gates as friends. When once in, the Swedes threw off their mask, revealed their true object, overpowered the unsuspecting Dutch, seized tho stores, ammunition, and merchandise of the place, and even compelled some of the conquered Dutch to disown their native country, and swear allegiance 11 122 STUYVESANT'S VICTORIES. to the Swedish Queen. Fort Casimer was DOW in the possession of the Swedes. When the news of this outrage reached the re- doubted Stuyvesant, who was then Governor of New York, he resolved to inflict instant and fear- ful vengeance. As there were several different Swedish settlements on the Delaware, it was the intention of Stuyvesant, under direction of the home government, to sweep them all away, and take possession of the whole of that country. After considerable time was spent in collecting his forces, and completing his arrangements, the Dutch gov- ernor presented himself in the Delaware, with seven vessels, and nearly seven hundred men. The Swedes were alarmed, but could not arrest the pro- gress of this invading fleet. Stuyvesant first at- tacked and took possession of Elsinborg. He then advanced upon the fort of the Holy Trinity. After landing his men, and protecting them behind in- trenchments, he demanded the surrender of the place, threatening, in case of refusal, the severest treatment known in war. The fort capitulated, and soon the flag of the Dutch was seen waving from its walls, where a few minutes before the colors of the Swedes were gayly flaunting in the breeze. He next appeared before Fort Casimer, then under the command of Sven Scutz, and summoned him to yield. Scutz asked permission to consult with the DISCOVERY OF SILVER ORE. 123 governor before replying. Stuyvesant was in no mood to comply with this request, and therefore denied him the privilege of the desired conference. Believing that a conflict would result only in a use- less shedding of blood, Scutz made an honorable surrender. He was permitted to march out in military array, to retain the arms of his troops, and the battery of the fort. Thus Fort Casimer was retaken, and probably some of the old Dutch gar- rison replaced there. Stuyvesant then passed on to another fortress stronger that of Casimer, and called Christina. It was under the command of Risingh himself. He, being equally unable with the the others, to resist the invincible Dutchman, soon followed their example and submitted. All that now remained to the Swedes was New Gottenburg, with its fort and church, but when this was sub- dued, which occurred soon after, the provincial power of New Sweden was effectually destroyed, and the Dutch obtained possession of the Dela- ware. It was said the Swedes discovered some valuable gold and silver mines in Delaware. The account given by Lindstrom in his manuscript journal, as quoted by Gordon, is as follows : " The shore before the mountain is covered with pyrites. When the roundest are broken, kernels are found as large as small peas, containing virgin silver. I have broken 124 GOLD ORE OBTAINED. more than a hundred. A savage Unapois beholding a gold ring of the wife of Governor Printz, demand- ed why she carried such a trifle. The Governor re* plied, ' If you will procure me such trifles, I will reward you with other things suitable for you.' * I know,' said the Indian, 'a mountain filled with such metal.' ' Behold,' rejoined the Governor, * what I will give you for a specimen,' presenting to him at the same time a fathom of red and a fath- om of blue frieze, some white-lead, looking-glasses, bodkins and needles, declaring that he would cause him to be accompanied by two of his soldiers. But the Indian refusing this escort, said that he would first go for a specimen, and if it gave satisfaction he might then be sent back with some of the gov- ernor's people. He promised to give a specimen, kept the presents, and went away. After some days he returned with a lump of ore as large as his doubled fist, of which the Governor made proof, found it of good quality, and extracted from it a con- siderable quantity of gold, which he manufactured into rings and bracelets. He promised the Indian further presents if he would discover the situation of this mountain. The Indian consented, but de- manded a delay of a few days, when he could spare more time. Content with this Printz gave him more presents. The savage, having returned to hia nation, boasted of his gifts, and declared the reason INDIAN OUTKA.GES 125 of their presentation. But he was assassinated by the sachem and his companions, lest he should be- tray the situation of the gold mine, they fearing its ruin if it were discovered by us. It is still unknown." It is not unlikely that what was supposed to be gold was pyrites, which is composed of sulphur, iron, copper and cobalt, or nickel, and which presents a yellowish golden lustre. It has often been mistaken for the precious metal, and has awakened high hopes which were destined in a short time to be utterly blasted. In the year 1664 the English, who for a long time had been jealous of the encroachments of the Dutch, came upon them with a considerable army, and sub- jugated them to British rule. This led to an Europ- ean war between these two nations, and at its close the English held all the places which they had taken, previous to the outbreak of the European conflict. To return again to Maryland, we find that the colonists there were frequently harassed by the In. dians. Laws were passed against them ; companies were recruited to go upon their settlements and punish them for their cruelties. They stole what- ever property they could lay their hands on ; they murdered the men whom they found straying from the towns, and kidnapped children for the purpose of receiving for them a high ransom. On one occasion two children of Mr. Thomas 126 CHILDREN STOLEN. Allen were seized by these savages and carried away. So soon as it was known, the whole colony were greatly excited, and measures were speedily adopted to ascertain where they were taken and by what means they could be recovered. Inquiries were sent to the Indians, and ere long it was dis- covered that they had not been put to death, but were held as captives. It was then asked whether they could be ransomed ; the reply of the savages was, that they would be restored upon the payment of fifteen hundred pounds of tobacco. A circum- stance which rendered this case more affecting was, that these unfortunate children were fatherless. Mr. Allen had died some time before, and the little property which he left was not sufficient to redeem them from bondage. Their case was therefore pre- sented to the provincial court, which, after hearing the facts, referred it to the Assembly. The disposi- tion, which this latter body made of these children reflects no honor upon their generosity. Of the fif- teen hundred pounds of tobacco, which was asked as the redemption price, nine hundred was to be paid for the oldest and six hundred for the youngest. The order by the Assembly was, that " the said two children should serve any inhabitant of the province till they attain to their several ages of twenty one years, as the provincial court shall think fit; such inhabitant paying the said charge of their redemp- FAMOUS NAVIGATION ACT. 127 tion." According to this order the children were to be bound out, until they were twenty-one years old, to any person in the province who would pay the amount required for their ransom. It was equiv- alent to hiring the children for that amount until they were of age. The reason assigned for this singular order in so peculiar a case was, that " the public charge this year being like to be very great and burdensome." As the colonies in America increased, they culti- vated the land, and extended their trade with the Indians, and in these ways were enabled to send to England a considerable amount of merchandise of the natural productions of the country. This gave employment to vessels and men. But as the Hol- landers, or Dutch, would transport freight across the Atlantic at a lower rate than the English, they monopolized nearly all the carrying trade. English merchants themselves employed Dutch vessels. Thus English ships, for want of employment, were going to decay at the wharves, and English sailors were compelled to enter the service of the Dutch. The English Parliament, in order to arrest a state of things so ruinous to their commerce, passed what has been termed " the famous Navigation Act," the leading feature of which was: "That no merchandise either of Asia, Africa, or America, including also the English plantations there, should be imported into 128 DUTCH COMMERCE DESTROYED. England in any but English built ships, and belong- ing either to English, or English plantation, sub- jects, navigated also by an English commander, and three fourths of the sailors to be Englishmen." By this act the business of the Dutch, as carriers of freight between the English colonies and the mother-country, was effectually destroyed, and a fresh impetus given to the employment of English vessels and men for that purpose. CHAPTER X. A remarkable Fact Political Troubles Seizure of Arms and Ammunition Eesisting Authority The Governor's Protest A noble Kesolution A Boat seized Terrific Threatenings A Council of War The Golden Lion A deceptive Trick Stone fired upon A Battle The Victory The Prisoners The first Account sent Home Eeconciliation between Protestants and Catholics. THE efforts which were made by Lord Baltimore, at different times, to increase the number of his colonies, proved successful, though some of the emigrants occasioned him no small amount of trouble. Indeed, it is a remarkable fact, that though Maryland was originally settled as a Roman Catholic colony, in order to provide, among other objects, a safe retreat from persecution for the Catholics in the mother-country, arid though its proprietary and principal officers were, at first, of that religious persuasion, yet in the course of a few years the controlling power passed from them into the hands of the Protestants. Two important events occurred which proved fatal to the political power of the Catholics in Maryland ; the first was the great increase of the Puritans there, especially after they had been driven by persecution from 130 POLITICAL TROUBLES. Virginia, and the other was the seizure by the Puritans of the reins of government in England, under the administration of Oliver Cromwell. At the time of Cromwell's elevation to the supreme power of England, Mr. Stone was gover- nor of Maryland. In 1654 he was compelled, mainly through the influence of the Puritans, to relinquish his office, which he held under Lord Baltimore, in order that the colony might be governed by com- missioners under the Lord Protector of England, as Cromwell was called. When intelligence of this state of things reached England, Lord Baltimore was, as might be expected, greatly displeased. He wrote to Stone, censuring him for his conduct. He was also informed that Cromwell had not taken from Lord Baltimore either his patent or his lands. It followed from this representation that those who had compelled the governor to relinquish his office had acted with- out authority. Stone was stimulated to resume his position as governor. He at once began to appoint military officers and organize an armed force for the purpose of strengthening himself ID the government. Among the commissioners who had assisted in the previous . overthrow of Stone, were Captain Fuller and Mr. Richard Preston, the latter of whom had possession of the records of the provin ce. SEIZTJKE OF ARMS. 131 These records Governor Stone caused to be seized by a company of soldiers whom he sent to the Patuxent river (where Preston lived) for that pur- pose. This bold and decisive act led to fatal hos- tilities. When this seizure of the records was made known to the Council of Commissioners, they sent messengers to make peaceful inquiries of Stone as to his authority for his conduct. " But the said Captain Stone, instead of giving a satisfactory an- swer, imprisoned the messengers, and in much wrath and fury said he would show no power ; at last he affirmed that he acted by authority from Lord Baltimore, and that the Lord Protector had confirmed the Lord Baltimore's power. 'If so, sir,' said one of the messengers, ' if it be confirmed, let that appear and it will satisfy.' ' Confirmed !' said Captain Stone, ' I '11 confirm it ;' and so sent them home."* In addition to the records, Mr. Preston's house contained a considerable amount of arms and ammu- nition. Governor Stone thought that safety re- quired the seizure of all these. He, therefore, sent a company of armed men, twenty in number, to take possession of them. They were under the command of William Eltonhead and Josias Fendal. They cautiously approached Preston's house, and while some, who had been appointed for that pur- * Strong's Babylon's Fall, in Bozman. 132 STONE'S EXPEDITION. pose, surrounded it, others entered it and com- menced a careful search. Preston himself was no- where to be found'. Guns, swords, and ammunition to the value of thirty pounds sterling were discov- ered and seized. They then entered other houses in the neighborhood, and took possession of all weapons and ammunition that they found there. In addition to the seizure of these warlike stores, they also took prisoners Preston's deputy clerk, John Sutton who had been appointed " to attend the records for any who should have occasion to use them, either for search or copy," and also Peter Johnson, who held the office of lieutenant. These were detained as prisoners some twenty days. This first movement of Stone having been so successful, he next attempted the reduction of a settlement called Providence, but now known as Ann Arundel. For this object he collected togeth- er about two hundred men of St. Mary's county, who volunteered their services, and eleven or twelve small vessels to transport them across the mouth of the river, as they intended to march along the shores of the bay. The little army set out in the beginning of April, 1654. On their way, and before they had reached Herring Creek, in Ann Arundel county, they were met by a boat filled with messengers from the government at Ann Arundel, and bringing a letter to Governor Stone, ALAEMING THREATS. 133 .protesting against his proceedings, and asking by what authority he acted, and whether he had re- solved to avoid all negotiation upon the subject, at the same time declaring " that by the help of God they were resolved to commit themselves into the hand of God and die like men, rather than live like slaves." Instead of returning any answer to this message, Stone seized the boat and made the mes- sengers prisoners. They guarded these, however, so negligently that three of them managed to escape, and carry back to the government at Ann Arundel an account of their treatment, and of the approach of Stone with a hostile force. When the governor and his company of volun- teers arrived at Herring Creek, they found there a gentleman who had been appointed one of the com- missioners to manage the affairs of government, after Stone had been deposed. Him they seized and held as a prisoner. As Strong relates it, they " apprehended one of the commissioners, and forced another man of quality to fly for his life, having threatened to hang him up at his own door, and not finding the man, affrighted his wife, and plundered the house of ammunition and provision, threatening Btill what they would do to the people at Provi- dence (Ann Arundel), and that they would force the rebellious, factious Roundheads to submit, and then they would show their power." 12 134 A COUNCIL OF WAR. After this, the governor sent Dr. Barber and Mr. Coursey as his messengers to Ann Arundel with a proclamation, in which he professed he did not come to them to inflict upon them injury, but to bring them to submit quietly to his rule. When these mes- sengers arrived at Ann Arundel, they were per- mitted to read the governor's proclamation, but as they had nothing else to offer, they were then permit- ted to return. This, however, they did not do. The next day Stone sent another messenger; neither did he return, because, perhaps, the near approach of the army seemed to render it unnecessary. As no measures were taken by the people of Ann Arundel to give in their adhesion to the government of Stone, the aggressive army continued their ap- proach, until, on the evening of the day that the last messenger arrived, the whole army of the gov- ernor, consisting, as we have stated, of about two hundred men, and twelve vessels, presented them- selves in the river before the little town, which was filled with excitement at this warlike array. A council of war was immediately called by Captain Fuller, to decide upon the best course of procedure in the trying circumstances in which they were placed. In the river was a merchant ship, named the Golden Lyon, under the command of Captain Hamans. The conclusion which was reached by THE GOLDEN LYON. 135 the council of war was, that Mr. William Durand, the secretary of the government, should go on board the Golden Lyon, and fasten to the main- mast a proclamation, directed to the captain, re- quiring him, " in the name of the Lord Protector and Commonwealth of England, and for the main- tenance of the just liberties, lives and estates of the free subjects thereof, against an unjust power, to be aiding and assisting in this service." Captain Hamans at first declined engaging in the approach- ing contest, but upon further reflection, he offered himself, ship and men, for the service, under the di- rection of Durand. It is supposed that Hamans was actually hired by the government of Ann Arundel to render them assistance, and that this nailing of the proclamation to the mainmast was only a piece of deception to make it appear that he was impressed into their service, the whole trick having been previously agreed upon bv those con- cerned. When the invading fleet had arrived within the outer harbor of Providence, a shot was fired toward them from the Golden Lyon, with a view, it was said, to induce them to send a messenger on board. But Stone, who regarded it as a signal of war, paid no attention to it, but continued to sail on with his fleet, until he entered the mouth of the creek, on the south of the peninsula upon which Annapolis 136 GOVERNOR STONE FIRED UPON. now stands. He then commenced landing hia troops, and while engaged in this, the guns of the Golden Lyon were again opened upon him, sending the shot in such dangerous proximity to him that he considered it best to dispatch a messenger to the Golden Lyon, to inquire into the reason of the firing, and to inform the coimnander of the vessel that Governor Stone thought " the captain of the ship had been satisfied," from which it would seem that Hamans and Stone had previously had some communications with each other, with which Hamans had professed to be, or appeared to be, satisfied. Whatever he might have said before, he now replied, in a rough, blustering manner, to the messenger, " Satisfied with what? I never saw any power Captain Stone had to do as he hath done, but the superscription of a letter. I must and will appear for these in a good cause." Governor Stone, as a precautionary measure, re- moved his vessels under the cover of the night, further up the creek. When this was discovered the other managed to place one or more vessels with two cannons at the mouth of the creek, and in this manner shut Stone in by a blockade. Soon after this Stone paraded his men on the shore, and while going through Avith his military exercises, the cap- tain of the Golden Lyon fired upon arid killed one of their number. This compelled the miniature A BATTLE. 137 array to move further off. During this time Cap- tain Fuller with a hundred and twenty men went further up the creek in boats, then disembarked and marched round to where Stone and his company were prepared to give them a warm reception. Captain Fuller hoping even to the last that Stone and his Marylanders might furnish some satisfactory reason for this invasion, ordered his men, upon pain of death, not to fire a gun, nor make any attack until they had first been fired upon by the invaders. The standard of the commonwealth of England, under which he marched, was planted in a conspic- uous place. At this Stone and his party fired five or six guns and killed one man. This was consider- ed by Fuller a sufficient provocation for an imme- diate onset. " Then the word was given, c In the name of God fall on / God is our strength ! ' that was the word for Providence. The Marylander's word was : ''Hey for Saint Maries? The charge was fierce and sharp for the time ; but through the glorious presence of the Lord of Hosts, manifested in and toward his poor oppressed people, the enemy could not endure, but gave back ; and were so ef- fectually charged home that they were all routed, turned their backs, threw down their arms, and begged mercy. After the first volley of shot, a small company of the enemy, from behind a great tree fallen, galled us and wounded divers of our men, 138 THE VICTORY. but were soon beaten off. Of the whole company of the Marylanders there escaped only four or five, who run away out of the army to carry news to their confederates. Captain Stone, Colonel Price, Captain Gerrard, Captain Lewis, Captain Kendall, Captain Guitter, Major Chandler, and all the rest of the counsellors, officers and soldiers of the Lord Baltimore, among whom, both commanders and sol- diers, a great number being Papists, were taken, and so were all their vessels, arms, ammunition, provision; about fifty men slain and wounded. We lost only two on the field ; but two died since of their wounds. God did appear wonderful in the field, and in the hearts of the people ; all confessing him to be the only worker of this victory and deliverance." Such is the Puritans' account of this unfortunate catastrophe, and which must be received with all due allowance, as coming from those who were parties in the affair. It certainly seems remarkable that there was so great a disparity between the slain and wounded there being fifty on one side, and four on the other, if the whole truth were told. But this was probably not the case. The account gives the whole number of the slain and wounded on the side of the Catholics in one sum, from which we can not tell how many were slain, or how many were only wounded ; as it respects the Puritans, it states only how many were slain, but says nothing A PUBLIC EXECUTION. 139 of the number of the merely wounded. This was not ingenious ; for the casual reader would receive the impression that there were only four of that party anywise injured, while the careful reader has no means of showing that this impression is not correct. Another event connected with this painful colli- sion, and not stated in the Puritan account is, that after the Catholics had all yielded, and were taken prisoners, except the few who fled, a court-martial was held by the Puritans who tried the prisoners, sentenced ten of them to death and executed four. The other six who were condemned were saved by the incessant perseverance of certain good women, who continued interceding for them until their de- liverance was secured. They were aided by some of the soldiers, who sympathized with them in their benevolent efforts. This execution of four prisoners of war, reflects no honor upon either the justice or the humanity of the conquerors. This entire defeat of the Catholic party in their efforts to overthrow the Puritan administration of affairs, served to confirm and strengthen the Puri- tan government throughout the whole province. As Oliver Cromwell at this time was at the head of the affairs of England, and as the Colonies of Maryland were subject to the government of Eng- land, each of the contending parties in the 140 CROMWELL'S DECISION DELAYED. conflict were anxious to present their account of these transactions to Oliver as early as possible, and to justify their conduct before him. Governor Stone and his counsellors were detained as prisoners a considerable length of time at Ann Arundel, and during this period they could not, of course, give any account of their affairs or conduct to the home government. Stone, even, was not al- lowed to write to his wife, except his letters were first examined by his conquerors. This gave the Puritans time to forward their account to Cromwell first. It has been alleged that this was their object in keeping the Catholics prisoners so long. Another measure of the victorious Puritans, which has received the condemnation of historians, was their sequestration of all the property of Gov- ernor Stone and those who had acted with him in the recent conflict. Although the Puritans now had the control of the government of Maryland, they were not des- tined long to hold it. Intelligence of all that had been done was forwarded to Lord Baltimore and to Oliver Cromwell. Every measure was adopted by both parties to secure a decision in their re- spective favor from the lord protector at home. Cromwell, however, was not inclined to enter mi- nutely into the matter. He referred it to others for examination. There was much delay in getting a COMPROMISE. 141 decision. He seemed to treat the Puritans of Mary- land with coolness. The report made by those to whom he referred the subject was favorable to Lord Baltimore. Still, Cromwell did not ratify it. He pleaded a want of time, arising from more press- ing and important affairs. The victorious party in Maryland became satisfied that they would not be protected in their administration of the govern- ment. The indications were that the authority of Lord Baltimore would, before long, become para- mount in Maryland. The Puritans, therefore, thought it would be the wiser course for them to effect a settlement between themselves and the Catholics, upon some basis of compromise that would be acceptable to both parties. Accord- ingly such a basis was drawn up, both parties agreed to it, and upon its being duly signed and sealed, the Puritans relinquished to the Catholics the government of the province. Thus Lord Bal- timore was enabled to resume his authority in Mary, land, after being deprived of it about six years. CHAPTER XL Peace and Prosperity A great Country Its possession desirable Origin of the French War Chain of Forts Preparations for a Campaign- Franklin's patriotism Braddock's arrival George Washington be- comes his Aid-de-camp Washington Sick A Wagon his Hospital March of the Army A beautiful sight -An invisible, terrible Foe An Indian Ambush Surprises the Army Washington's Perils and Escapes The Killed and Wounded Singular Interview between Washington and an Indian The Indian's Story His Keverence for Washington. FOB a long series of years the history of Mary- land was marked by peace and prosperity. Vari- ous misfortunes, which other American colonies experienced, she escaped. New settlements were formed, new towns sprung up, new lands were cul- tivated, and the number of inhabitants, so essential to the power and prosperity of a community, was greatly increased. In 1756 the population of Mary- land was estimated at 154,188, of whom nearly 108,000 were whites, and over 46,000 were blacks. In 1754, a war broke out between the English and French, in which the American colonies took an active part, which furnished occasion for the dis- play of great bravery on the part of officers and troops from Maryland. ORIGIN OF THE FRENCH WAR. 143 To the minds of thoughtful and ambitious men, it was evident that the acquisition of large portions of the American continent was extremely desirable. Here was a country of some thousands of miles in extent ; channeled by mighty rivers, that inter- sected it in every direction ; covered extensively by forests, capable of furnishing wood and timber to meet nearly the demands of the world ; with in- exhaustible stores of mineral wealth ; and a climate so varied as to be favorable to the productions of all the zones. As by the multiplicity of colonies which were dotting its surface, its resources were being developed, it is not at all surprising that the cupidity of individuals and nations was excited to obtain as large a share of these benefits as possible. It was natural also that the French, who were among the earliest explorers and settlers of the continent, should feel that they had a special claim to, at least, a generous share of the New World. As the French, at that time, had settlements in Canada and in Louisiana, the Governor of Canada projected the bold enterprise of connecting these widely separated colonies by a chain of forts, ex- tending along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and occupying, in some places, lands already claimed by the English. Some few years previous to this, there had been grants of territory, west of the Alleghanies, made to an association called the 144 PREPARATIONS FOR WAR. Ohio Company. In order to increase their facilities for trading with the Indians, this Company erected a number of posts extending between the colonies on the Atlantic coast and the Ohio river. To these points the Indians were accustomed to bring their furs and exchange them for English toys and manu- factures. When the Canadian governor commenced the construction of his chain of forts, by which he intended to bind all this vast country to the throne of France, these trading-posts of the English pre- sented obstructions. Not only must they, as points of English jurisdiction, be removed out of the way, but as they occupied important locations, and were known to the different tribes of Indians, they must be destroyed, or be converted to the use of the French. Accordingly, these trading-posts were attacked by the French, taken, and pillaged, and the traders made prisoners. Other positions were also selected and fortified, in order to keep open a communication between Quebec and New Orleans, along the line of the Alleghany, Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This led to an open rupture between the two nations, and a war was the consequence. In this war Maryland took an active part. She sent forth her brave sons, organized into companies of rangers and frontier guards, to assist in the protec- tion of the exposed border settlements, which lay open to the first attacks of the enraged enemy. IP SUPPOET FOR DISABLED SOLDIERS. 145 September, 1753, Captain Dagworthy, Lieutenants Forty and Bacon, having under their commands two companies, departed from Annapolis, for the endangered western frontier. The next year some companies united with those of North Carolina and Virginia in an expedition against Fort Duquesne. Delay ensued in consequence of the small number of the troops, as compared with those of the enemy. Vigorous measures were adopted to increase their number, and insure the success of the enterprise. All the forces which were raised to march against the French on the Ohio were placed under the command of Governor Sharpe of Maryland. As the number of troops was not sufficiently large, the General Assembly of Maryland was convened, and enacted a law to encourage the enlistment of troops, in which was the provision that, if any citizen of the province received wounds which destroyed his ability to support himself, he should be maintained at the public expense. At a subsequent session held in February, the General Assembly passed laws to regulate the transportation of the military stores, and the mode of quartering the soldiers upon the inhabitants. They also prohibited, by severe penalties, every inhabitant from furnishing the enemy with provisions or any material for war. While these preparations were in progress for the anticipated struggle, the hearts of the colonists 13 146 BRADDOCK'S ARRANGEMENTS. were greatly cheered by the arrival from Great Britain of General Braddock with two regiments of regular troops. The confidence of the colonists in the success of the expedition was now fully es^ tablished ; it seemed to them that all that was want- ing to drive the French home, or to whiten the fields with their bones, was the march of the English army to the scene of the coming conflict. But although the enthusiasm of the people was great, yet there was great reluctance on their part to furnish horses, teamsters and wagons for the transportation of the military stores and material of all kinds to the scene pf action. Many, however, were pressed into the service, and many were hired. Benjamin Franklin, with great patriotism, hired a hundred and fifty wagons by giving his own bonds to indemnify the owners against loss. This generous movement subjected him afterward to great inconvenience, as many of these wagons were lost or destroyed. As Braddock was fearful that the French would intrench themselves in large numbers at Fort Du- quesne, now called Pittsburg, he considered it a matter of considerable importance for him to press on, and, if possible, surprise the enemy and cut them off. He accordingly selected twelve hundred men, and pushed forward, leaving the remainder of the army to follow more at their leisure. George "Wash- ington, who bore the rank of colonel, and who had WASHINGTON SICK IN A WAGON. 147 had some experience in actual conflict with the In- dians, accepted an invitation from General Braddock to become his aid-de-camp and one of the members of his military family. He therefore accompanied Braddock on this memorable and fatal enterprise. The army made slow progress toward the field of operations. The roads being new and rough, the usual number of horses were unable to draw the wagons, so heavily were they loaded. To hasten their march, it became necessary to leave behind all superfluous baggage, and take with them only those things that were absolutely necessary. The army, in two divisions, pressed on, General Braddock being with the advanced portion. Unfortunately Colonel Washington was taken down with a violent fever which threatened his life. The physician was alarmed. Braddock ordered him to pause in his march, and go no further until he recovered. It seems as if Washington was not particularly pleased with this order, for the general gave him " a solemn pledge that he should be brought up to the front of the army before it should reach the French fort."* With a wagon for his hospital, he was under the physician's care nearly a fortnight, at the end of which period he was enabled to advance, though very slowly and with great suffering, in consequence of the incessant jolting of the wagon over the rough * Spark's Washington. 148 A BEAUTIFUL SCENE. roads. He succeeded, however, in reaching Brad dock at the Youghiogeny river on the evening pre- ceding the battle. The troops were now in fine spirits. They were within a few miles of Fort Duquesne, and felt fully confident that in a few hours they would be its master. Early on the 9th of July, 1755, the army, with all their train, crossed the river and continued their march along the southern shore of the Monongahela. "Washington was often heard to say during his lifetime, that the most beautiful spectacle he ever beheld was the display of British troops on this eventful morning. Every man was neatly dressed in full uniform; the soldiers were arranged in columns, and marched in exact order; the sun gleamed from their burnished arms ; the river flow- ed tranquilly on their right, and the deep forest overshadowed them with solemn grandeur on their left. Officers and men were equally inspirited with cheering hopes and confident anticipations." They had crossed the river once, but about noon they were obliged to pass over it again. About a mile or so from the shore, on the opposite side, was a hill covered more or less with trees. Up this hill passed the road that led to the fort. All the army safely crossed the river. They were then organized into three divisions. Three hundred, under Colon el AN INVISIBLE FOE. 149 Gage, constituted the advance party, and were sent on ahead. The next consisted of two hundred, after which came General Braddock with the main body of the army, the artillery, and all the baggage. Some distance intervened between these divisions. Having crossed the river without experiencing any embarrassment from the enemy, they cherished the hope of reaching the fort without opposition. Not a single foe was any where to be seen. To all ap- pearance the country was as uninhabited as on the morning of creation. But appearances were deceit- ful. A numerous, courageous, and blood-thirsty enemy were then in front of them, watching every movement, and waiting only for a favorable mo- ment to indicate their presence by sending among the unsuspicious soldiers their iron-messengers of death. About one o'clock, as Colonel Gage's divis- ion were ascending the hill, the whole army were startled by hearing a discharge of musketry. A shower of balls was poured into the front of Gage's company, doing dreadful execution. The enemy were invisible. The blue smoke rising up after every discharge, revealed that the firing came from the trees. The soldiers, taken by surprise, and attacked so vigorously by an unseen foe, were panic- stricken. They fired into the woods at random, but without producing any execution. General Braddock pressed hastily forward with his troops to 13* 150 A FATAL AMBUSH. support them, but before he reached them, Gage's men retreated, and fell back upon the artillery, which was coming to their aid, and threw the t whole army into confusion. Igno- rant as to who the enemy w^re, or what were their number, or in INDIAN AMBUSH. what way they could be effectually reached, and seeing their offi- cers and comrades falling around them, at every COUEAGE OF THE VIRGINIANS. 151 discharge from their mysterious foe, they became so panic-stricken that they huddled together like frightened sheep when wolves are prowling around them; they fired their guns at random, shooting down more of their own company than of the ene- my. The cool and the excited efforts of the officers to restore order were equally unsuccessful. No motives, no appeals, no commands were, by any considerable number, heeded, if we except the pro- vincials from Virginia, who deserve the credit of exhibiting greater coolness and discretion than any others. If their example had been imitated by all the rest of the army, they might have driven the enemy before them, taken possession of the fort, and returned home in triumph. These Virginians adopted the Indian mode of warfare. Each man betook himself to a tree, from behind which he fired, whenever an arm, head, or any portion of an enemy could be seen. But Braddock seems to have despised this skulking mode of battle. It was at variance with the rules of his profession. He there- fore forbade it, and busied himself in vain efforts to form his men, according to the rules of military tactics, into regular platoons and columns. But while he was engaged in these futile endeavors, the French and Indians, in the concealment of ravines, and from behind rocks and trees, were carefully singling out their victims, and deliberately shooting 152 DEATH OF GENERAL BRADDOCK. them down, " producing a carnage almost unparal- leled in the history of modern warfare." Within three hours after this army had crossed the river, with such hopes of success, more than half of them were either killed or wounded ; among the latter was General Braddock himself, whose wound soon after proved mortal. "De Haas, in his History of Western Virginia, maintains, as an unquestionable point of history, that Braddock was shot by one of his own men, by the name of Tom Fausett. Braddock had issued a foolish yet positive order that none of the troops should protect themselves behind trees. Regard- less of this, Joseph Fausett, a brother of Tom, had so posted himself, which Braddock perceiving, rode up, and struck him down with his sword. Tom saw his brother fall, and immediately drew up his rifle, and shot Braddock in the back. The ball was stopped in its passage through the body by a coat of mail in front. Tom Fausett is said to have died in 1828, at the great age of one hundred and fourteen years. The sash of General Braddock (in which he was borne from the field) was presented in 1846 by a gentleman of New Orleans, into whose possession it had come, to General Taylor. It was composed of red silk, and the date of its manufac- ture was interwoven ' 1707.' The blood of Gene- WASHINGTON'S EXPOSURE. 153 ral Braddock had left marks upon it of deep dis- coloration." * It was a remarkable circumstance, and beauti- fully illustrative of a superintending Providence, that Colonel Washington, though he had not recovered from his illness, was constantly moving about the theater of action, exposing himself to the thickest of the fire, and exhibiting, on all occasions, the most admirable courage. Being aide-de-camp to the general, it was his duty to carry his orders to the subordinate officers in all parts of the field. This made him a conspicuous mark to the enemy, who did not fail to take advantage of it. In a letter to his brother he says : " By the all-powerful dispensations of Providence, I have been protected beyond all human probability or expectation ; for I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me,- yet I escaped unhurt, although death was leveling my companions on every side of me." The work of Washington was not done. He was there receiving experience and a training to fit him for greater achievements, and a more glorious career at a future period. The severity of the engagement may be inferred from the fact that out of eighty-six officers, twenty-six were killed, and thirty-seven were wounded, while the killed and wounded of the soldiers amounted to seven hundred * Goodrich's History of the United States. 154 WASHINGTON AND AN INDIAN". and fourteen. Both of the other aides-de-camp of Braddock were wounded; and it seems almost miraculous that Washington escaped. About fifteen years after this battle, Washington, in company with an intimate friend, traveled to the West. While in the vicinity of the junction of the Great Kenawha and Ohio rivers, they were visited by a tribe of Indians, over whom presided a venerable chief. This aged chief told them that having been informed of the approach of Colonel Washington to that part of the country, he had come a long journey on purpose to see him, and then assigned as a reason that, during this very battle of which we have given an account, " he had singled out Washington as a conspicuous object, fired his rifle at him many times, and directed his young warriors to do the same, but to his utter astonishment, none of their balls took effect. He was then persuaded that the youthful hero was under the special guard- ianship of the Great Spirit, and immediately ceased to fire at him. He was now come to pay homage to the man who was the particular favorite of Heaven, and who could never die in battle." CHAPTER III. Bavages offer their Services The Offer unwisely Eejected Washington's Fame Davies' Allusion to him Prophetic Thirst for Blood The Moravians attacked Dreadful State of Things A marvelous Escape- Scalp taken from a living Head Great Panic Eeward of Ten Pounds for an Indian's Scalp. THE question naturally arises, how happened it that the army of General Braddock was allowed to be led into an ambush, when it was well known that that was the Indian mode of warfare, against which he ought to have been particularly on his guard ? The true answer to this question develops an un- desirable trait of character in the commander. While the army were on their march to Fort Du- Quesne, a body of Indians made their appearance, and offered to take sides with the English in the approaching conflict. Washington, who well knew that under certain circumstances they would be able to render important services in the battle, earnestly urged General Braddock to accept of their offer. The General did so, but it was with such cold indifference, as to make a decidedly unfavor- able impression upon these wild volunteers. This 156 BRADDOCK'S UNFORTUNATE DECISION. impression was deepened to so great a degree by the subsequent neglect which the Indians experi- enced from their new friends, that they soon all withdrew. They did not, however, go far, for on the evening before the battle they showed them- selves again, and a second time offered their serv- ices. Washington again endeavored to influence his commanding officer to receive them. He told him of the character of Indians, their practice of laying in ambush, and of fighting from behind trees, and dwelt on the importance of employing these volunteers as scouts to go ahead and reconnoiter the woods and ravines, and in this manner discover any ambuscade that might be in waiting for them. But Braddock, flushed with confidence in the cour- age of his own troops, and disdaining the assistance of these half-naked and ignorant savages, in a de- cided manner sternly refused to accept of their offer. This unfortunate decision sealed the fate of the following day. For if Washington's advice had been followed, and these Indians, or a portion of them, had been employed as scouts to examine the ground in front of the advancing army, they would have discovered the ambush, and, by preventing the surprise, would, it is highly probable, have se- cured the victory to the English. But through the foolish and haughty arrogance of Braddock, they were repulsed, and the consequence was a most WASHINGTON'S FAME. 157 bloody and disgraceful defeat. This, however, re- sulted in no loss of fame to Washington. His fear- lessness, decision, and tact, in the trying emergency of the battle, were witnessed by his brother officers and soldiers, who commended him in the strongest terms. He gathered laurels from the same field where his commander received only dishonor and death. So surprising was his escape from the many perils to which, in that trying conflict, he was ex- posed, that it was deemed worthy of special allu- sion in a sermon preached by Rev. Samuel Davies, not long after, who used the following language, which, to say the least, approximates to the pro- phetic. After an appropriate commendation of the soldier-like qualities which were exhibited on that memorable occasion by the Virginia troops, he added, " As a remarkable instance of this, I may point out to the public that heroic youth, Colonel Washington, whom I can not but hope Providence has hitherto preserved, in so signal a manner, for some important service to his country." * How well this prediction was verified, the subsequent his- tory of Washington has shown. In this engagement the number of the enemy was nearly nine hundred, two thirds of whom were Indians. Fortunately for the English, so eager were tho victorious army to secure the rich spoilg * Sparks's Life of Washington. 14 158 INDIAN COLDNESS. of the conquered, and the scalps of their dead, that, instead of pursuing the English, and cutting them down on their retreat, as they might have done with dreadful effect, they lingered upon the field of carnage, to gather whatever their cupidity or re- venge desired. Still, so great was the panic which had seized the English, that they seemed to have retreated with as much dismay as though the In- dians were howling in close pursuit. At the order of Colonel D unbar, the baggage and stores were destroyed, and the wagons in which they were car- ried were used to convey the wounded. He re- treated to Fort Cumberland, and, before long, marched to Philadelphia. So unpropitious did the prospects of the war seem that, though it was then midsummer, he went into winter quarters, and, by so doing, left all the frontier settlements exposed to the tender mercies of the enraged and pitiless savages. As might have been expected, scenes of terrible barbarity were soon witnessed. The Indians, whatever may have been their motives, manifested a coldness toward that party who were defeated, though they had previously been on friendly terms with them. The Shawanese and the Delawares were in alliance with the English. They had not only been faithful to their white friends, but had frequently expressed a desire to be fiEWARD GIVEN FOR INDIAN HEADS. 159 eent by the English for hostile purposes against the French. Such was their love for the excitements and horrors of battle that they declared if they were not employed by the English they would take sides against them. This thirst for blood had been steadily resisted. But now that the English forces under Braddock had been defeated, and a wide fiel^l for the gratification of their savage propensities was furnished by the French, they abandoned the English and went over to the former.* While they were in sympathy with the English, they had been treated with great kindness and had conferred upon them a great number of presents adapted to their tastes and wants. When, therefore, they de- serted them and united with their enemies, the indignation of the colonists was greatly excited at the perfidy they thus exhibited; and under the influence of this feeling, the citizens of the province of Pennsylvania, who had conferred these favors upon them, offered, with the consent of the gov- ernor, a reward of seven hundred dollars for their heads. The defection of these Indians was soon followed by the most dreadful barbarities. It is extremely difficult for us, surrounded as we are with all the indications of peace, contentment and prosperity, to realize the deep and wide-spread agitation occa- * Gordon's History of New Jersey. 160 DREADFUL STATE OF THINGS. sioned by the horrors of those times. Even tho peace-loving Moravians, who had ever treated the aborigines with uniform kindness, were ruthlessly attacked by them, and some of their number cruelly murdered. The state of things among the English may be inferred from the following extracts of letters which were written about that time. One sent from the Union Iron Works, in New Jersey, December 20th, 1755, says: "The barbarous and bloody scene which is now open in the upper parts of Northampton County, is the most lamentable that has, perhaps, ever appeared. There may be seen horror and desolation populous settlements deserted villages laid in ashes men, women, and children cruelly mangled and massacred some found in the woods, very nauseous for want of interment some just reeking from the hands of their savage slaughterers and some hacked and covered all over with wounds." This letter, as a confirmation of its statements, gave a catal )gue of seventy-eight persons who had been slain, and of over forty settlements which had been burned. Another letter from Easton, written five days later than the one above, contains the following : The country all above this town, for fifty miles, is mostly evacuated and ruined. The people have chiefly fled into the Jerseys. Many of them have thrashed out their corn and carried it off, with their INDIAN ATROCITIES. 161 cattle and best household goods ; but a vast deal is left to the enemy. Many offered half their personal effects to save the rest, but could not obtain assist- ance enough in time to remove them. The enemy made but few prisoners ; murdering almost all that fell into their hands, of all ages and both sexes. All business is at an end, and the few remaining starving inhabitants in this town are quite dejected and dispirited." Thus the borders of Maryland, as well as those of neighboring states, being open to the attacks of the Indians, became the theater where were acted, in all their horrid realities, the sickening tragedies of savage war. Even before the disastrous discom- fiture of Braddock, a war-party of Indians penetrat- ed the settlements, and by their atrocities filled the hearts of the people with terror. The house of Mr. Williams, which was situated in Frederic County, was visited by them, and, true to their nature, they commenced a work of carnage which was not fin- ished until twelve persons of various ages were murdered in cold blood. After Braddock's defeat, a company of settlers, believing themselves to be unsafe in their own dwellings, attempted to escape to Fort Cumberland. On their way they were met by a party of Indians, who attacked them and slew fifteen ; the original number being eighteen, three only escaped. Of these, one was a boy, who had an 14* 162 GREAT PANIC. extremely perilous deliverance. He was struck by the Indians and fell. One of these demons incar- na f e approached him, perhaps, /Jie very one who struck him and finding him senseless deliberately drew his knife, cut a small circle round the top of his head, tore off this circular piece of skin, which is called the scalp, and left him for dead. But the boy afterward revived, and though he suffered much pain, he succeeded in reaching the fort. So great was the panic which was excited through- out the colony, that even the inhabitants of the large towns were fearful of a midnight attack. A writer in Green's Gazette, published at that time, says that the Indians were but a short distance from Annapo- lis, and " that so entire was their defenseless situa- tion that even a small party of twenty or thirty In- dians, by marching in the night and skulking in the day time, might come upon them unawares in the dead of night, burn their houses, and cut their throats, before they could put themselves in a post- ure of defense." This writer, perhaps, took counsel only of his fears, for others believed that " there was no more danger of Annapolis being attacked by the Indians than London." The apprehensions of the people were soon allayed by the return of sev- eral volunteers from the West, who stated that they had seen no Indians on the way except one, ara " that he was ' very quietj for they found him TEH POUNDS FOR A SCALP. 163 The state of the colony during this trying year may he inferred from the fact- that more than twen- ty of the least protected plantations were destroy- ed, and the families of the planters either murdered by the blood-thirsty enemy, or carried away into a hopeless captivity. In order to put the country in a proper state of defense, by the erection efforts and blockhouses at the most exposed points, the Legislature of Mary- land, on the 22d of March 1756, passed a bill, in which provision was made for raising forty thousand pounds for these purposes, and also to provide for the enlistment and payment of troops. It was directed that ten pounds should be paid to any individual who would produce the scalp of any hostile Indian ; the bloody skin being regarded as evidence that its owner had been recently slain. It was slow work, however, to extirpate the Indians in this man- ner. Small parties were sent out from the colonies, who would occasionally fall in with a band of ma- rauding Indians, and then a conflict would ensue in which some on both sides would be slain or wounded. CHAPTER XIII. Design of the French Crown Point Johnson and the Indian Chiei Hendrick Baron Dieskau Indian Mode of Numbering Indian Battle An eloquent Indian Chief Important military Principle Effects of Delay Battle of Lake George Death of Baron Dieskau Ketreat of ;he French Effects of the Victory Johnson highly honored His self- ish Meanness A true Principle. THE persevering design of the French to obtain possession of large portions of the American conti- nent, south of Canada, notwithstanding the defeats with which their armies had met, was further evinced by their subsequent military operations. In 1731 they erected a fort at Crown Point, on the south- western shore of Lake Chainplain, in the territory of the Indians known as the Six Nations, who were the allies of, and under the protection of the English. This was almost equivalent to an invasion of English soil. It attracted but little attention, and excited so alarm among the English at the time, but after- ward it was the occasion of a bloody conflict. By 1755 so serious had become the encroachment? of the French that vigorous measures were neces- sary to arrest them. Accordingly between five and six thousand troops, chiefly from New England and ANECDOTES OP HKJNDK1CK. 165 New York assembled at Albany, an inconsiderable town on the Hudson. They were placed under the command of an Irishman of the name of William Johnson a man distinguished for great muscular power, mental energy, and a bold, enterprising spirit. A prominent reason why he was appointed, arose from his influence with the Six Nations, whom, it was supposed, he would induce to unite in the expe- dition. In accordance with this expectation he prevailed upon Hendrick, one of their leading chiefs, to accompany them with three hundred of the wild warriors of his tribe. Of this chief the following anecdotes are related illustrative of his character : At the time it was in contemplation to send a detachment against Dies- kau, the number of men to compose the detach- ment was mentioned to Hendrick, and his opinion was asked as to whether there were enough. He replied with Indian brevity, "If they are to fight they are too few ; if they are to be killed they are too many." The number was at once increased. Johnson suggested that the detachment should be divided into three parties. To this Hendrick was averse, and to express in an impressive manner his opposition, he took three sticks, and putting them together said to him, " Put these together and you can not break them ; take them one by one and you will break them easily." The hint was not lost, and 166 PREPARATIONS FOR WAR. " Hendrick's sticks saved many of the party and probably the whole army from destruction." General Lyman was the second in command. While Johnson was busily engaged in collecting HENDRICK AND THE STICKS. arms, ammunition and military stores at Albany, Lyman with the troops was industriously laboring to erect a fort at what was termed the " Carryin^ place," between Hudson river and Lake George, about sixty miles from Albany. It received the name of Fort Edward. Johnson, after finishing hia JOHNSON'S DECISION. 167 collection of stores, joined his army and, after leav* ing a part of it to garrison the new fort, he pushed on to meet the enemy. It was his intention to re- duce first the fortifications of Ticonderoga, but re- ceiving the alarming tidings that a strong body of French and Indians were approaching toward him, under the command of the able and experienced Baron Dieskau, he was compelled to abandon this design, and place himself on the defensive. Dies- kau, knowing that the army of the English were in- ferior to his own, calculated upon an easy victory over them, and then he intended to take Albany and lay waste the various neighboring settlements of the English. Unfortunately for Johnson he was unable to learn the probable number or position of the enemy. His Indian scouts, from whom he de- rived all his information, were unable to express with decision any large numbers. When asked how many, they would point to their hair, or to the stars, to signify a large number, but whether they meant that there were five hundred or ten thousand it was impossible to tell. Johnson was not to be in- timidated by rumors of a large army of the enemy of uncertain numbers. Taking counsel from his courage rather than from discretion, he detached a thousand of his brave men, under the command of, Colonel Ephraim Williams, together with two hun- dred Indians under the Mohawk chief Hendrick, to 168 THE BATTLE. intercept the French, and, if possible, drive them back. This detachment marched forward upon their perilous enterprise with more boldness than pru- dence. For Dieskau had judiciously placed his men hi such positions that they formed a perfect ambus- cade. He had arranged the French and Indians on both sides of the road, behind rocks, bushes, trees and whatever else would afford protection, so that they were effectually concealed from the enemy. The English army steadily advanced until they were caught in the ambush. " Whence came you ?" said an Indian on the French side to Hendrick. " From the Mohawks "he replied. " Whence came you?" "From Montreal " was the answer. The battle now began. A few shots fired by the advanced compa- nies indicated to the whole of the two armies that they had met the enemy. The conflict soon became general. Reports of musketry were heard from be- hind every rock and tree. Warriors on both sides fell without knowing by whom they were wounded. Skill, caution and bravery were displayed by both parties. As the French were the most numerous, and as they were endeavoring to surround the Amer- icans, in which, if they had succeeded, they would soon have slain or captured the whole of them, it became necessary for the Americans to retreat. This was judiciously and successfully accomplished, under the command of Nathan Whiting. There A NOBLE CHIEF. 169 was no panic no rout in this retreat. So far from it that the retreating party repeatedly rallied, turned and fired upon their pursuers. The loss to both armies was considerable. On the American side Colonel Williams and the chief Hendrick were both slain. Hendrick was one of nature's noblemen. " He had lived to this day with singular honor, and died fighting with a spirit not to be excelled. He was at this time from sixty to sixty-five years of age. His head was covered with white locks, and, what is uncommon among Indians, he was corpulent. Im- mediately before Colonel Williams began his march, he mounted a stage and harangued his people. He had a strong masculine voice, and it was thought, might be distinctly heard at the distance of half a mile, a fact which has diffused a new degree of prob- ability over Homer^s representations of the effects produced by the speeches and shouts of his heroes. Lieutenant Colonel Pomroy, who was present and heard this effusion of Indian eloquence, said that although he did not understand a word of the lan- guage, yet such was the animation of Hendrick, the fire of his eye, the force of his gesture, the strength of his emphasis, the apparent propriety of the in- flections of his voice and the natural appearance of his whole manner, that himself was more deeply af- fected with this speech than with any other which he had ever heard. In the Pennsylvania Gazette, 15 170 IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE. September 25th, 1755, he is styled the famous Hen- drick, a renowned Indian warrior among the Mo- hawks, and it is said that his son, being told that his father was killed, giving the usual Indian groan upon such occasions, and suddenly putting his hand on his left breast, swore that his father was still alive in that place, and that here stood his son."* On the part of the French, M. St. Pierre, who had all the Indians under his command, was slain. Nothing is more important after a victory than to follow up a retreating army with vigor, without giving them time to pause and intrench themselves, or prepare for another engagement. It is the general testimony of historians that if the French commander, Dieskau, had adopted this method, after the defeat of Colonel Williams, he might have destroyed, or hopelessly scattered, the whole of the army under Johnson. But he did not. He paused sufficiently long for the confusion of the retreat to subside, and for Johnson to prepare to meet him. The consequence was, that when the French made their attack upon the whole force under Johnson (who were established on the banks of the beautiful Lake George, protected by some camion, which they had had time to bring up, and of which Dies- kau was ignorant), they met with such a warm reception as soon caused them to repent of their * Dwight's Travels. THE COURAGE OF DIESKAU. 171 temerity. Johnson had felled some trees, with which he had constructed a breast work for a por- tion of his men. It furnished, however, a very im- perfect protection. The French advanced along the road in regular order, but when Johnson poured into them the unexpected fire of his cannon, the Canadians and the Indians fled and betook them- selves to the shelter of the trees and the rocks. Dieskau was surprised and indignant at their con- duct. Still, acting upon his own motto " Boldness wins," he made a grand central attack with his regulars, which was kept up with courage and spirit several hours. But they could not stand before the artillery. Johnson was wounded soon after the battle began, and was obliged to be carried to his tent, leaving the command to Gene- ral Lyman, who conducted the defense with great boldness and vigor, and eventually succeeded in repulsing the French with great loss. Nearly all the French regulars fell before the well-directed fire of the English. The brave Dieskau was wound- ed three times, but refused to leave the field. When two Canadians approached to perform the humane office of bearing him to his tent, one of them fell dead by his side, pierced by a ball, the other he sent away. He then had his military dresa placed near him, and seated himself on an old stump, where he could hear soldier's music the 172 EFFECT OF THE VICTOEY. whistling and rattling of balls as they flew beside him. Here he was found. " While feeling for his watch to surrender it, one of the soldiers suspecting him to be in search for a pistol, poured a charge through his hips, and he was conducted a prisoner to the English camp." He was afterward carried to England, where he died of his wounds. The retreat of the French was very disorderly. There fell in the engagement about two hundred and twenty slain, and about one hundred wounded. As the French were not immediately followed in their retreat, they paused about four miles from the camp. Here, while they were preparing to refresh their exhausted nature with a meal, they were suddenly attacked by some two hundred men of New Hampshire, under Captain McGinness, and so completely put to flight that they left the whole of their baggage and ammunition a prize to their victors. In this action the brave McGinness fell, mortally wounded. This victory at Lake George was of great importance to the English. The defeat of Braddock had filled the colonies with sadness and despondency. Some successful engagement was necessary to restore them to their accustomed buoyancy and confidence. When, therefore, the intelligence of this defeat of the French, was dif- fused among them, it was like the lifting of a dark cloud. Fearfulness was banished, and joy and hope once more restored. JOHNSON'S MEANNESS. 173 When the account of the victory reached England, the House of Lords regarded it of such consequence that, in a beautiful address, they passed honorable encomiums upon the little army as " brave and faith- ful." Johnson was honored with the dignity of a baronet, with a grant from Parliament of five thou- sand pounds, and in addition thereto, he was ap- pointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs. As Johnson was wounded, and obliged to retire from the field, in the early part of the engagement, leav- ing the responsibility of conducting the battle with General Lyman, by whom it was led to a successful issue, it seems remarkable that such great distinc- tion and emoluments should have been conferred upon Johnson, to the neglect of the other officers. The reason of this, may, perhaps, be found in the fact, that in Johnson's dispatches to the English government, giving an account of the victory, he " assumed the whole merit of it to himself," and thereby robbed the other officers of their proper share. The consequence was that their claims received no attention in England. The meanness of such conduct on the part of Johnson, was una- toned for by all the bravery and energy he pos- sessed. The true principle which should be recog- nized by all commanding officers in their dispatches, giving an account of military engagements, is that of rendering u honor to whom honor is due." CHAPTER XIV. W&rquis de Montcalm Forts at Oswego Violent Midnight AttackFort Ontario taken Colonel Mercer killed No Aid to be obtained The English capitulate to the French Terms of Capitulation Are shame- fully violated Montcalm destroys the Forts Lord London's Expedi- tion Montcalm's Barbarity Munro's sad Discovery The English yield to Montcalm Terms of Submission Willful Deception Indigna- tion of the Savages Their horrid Cruelties Effects of the Full of Fort William Henry The Massacre attributed to Liquor. AFTER Baron Dieskau had received his mortal wound, he was succeeded in the command of the French forces, by the Marquis de Montcalm. This brave and energetic officer marched against Os- wego, a fort at the mouth of the Oswego River, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. This fort con- tained fourteen hundred English soldiers, and a large quantity of military stores. It was strong, being built of stone, surrounded by a wall with four bastions, and was protected by another fort, called Fort Ontario, situated upon a commanding eminence on the opposite -side of the river. Montcalm, with an army of five thousand French and Indians, came suddenly upon Oswego. He first invested Fort Ontario, and at midnight of August 12, 1756, he poured a destructive fire upon it, from thirty-two TEEMS DISGRACEFULLY VIOLATED. 175 cannon, and several mortars and howitzers. The garrison in the little fort replied with becoming spirit. But unfortunately for them their stock of ammunition was very limited and soon exhausted. When this was discovered, the commander, Colonel Mercer, spiked his cannon, and fled with his men to Fort Oswego, which he succeeded in reaching with- out the loss of a single man. The French then took possession of the deserted fort, from which they opened a heavy fire upon the other. Colonel Mer- cer was soon killed, and a breach made in the walls of the fort. Upon the loss of their commander, the English became disheartened, and were unwilling to continue the contest. An effort to obtain aid from Fort George, four miles up the river, having failed, they capitulated, and surrendered themselves prisoners of war. It was stipulated that the prison- ers should receive no cruelty from their conquerors, that they should be protected from plunder, and should be taken to Montreal. These conditions were most dishonorably violated. "It was the duty of Montcalm to guard his en- gagements from the danger of infringement by his savage allies; and yet he instantly delivered up twenty of his prisoners to the Indians who accom- panied him, as victims to their vengeance, for an equal number of their ow r n race who perished in the eiege. Nor was the remainder of the captive gar- 176 EXPEDITIONS ABANDONED. rison protected from the cruelty and indignity with which these savages customarily embittered the fate of the vanquished. Almost all of them were plun- dered, many were scalped, and some were assassin- ated. " In the foils the victors obtained possession of one hundred and twenty-one pieces of artillery, fourteen mortars, and a great quantity of military stores and provisions. A number of sloops and boats at the same time fell into their hands." * After Montcalm had obtained possession of the two forts, instead of putting them in repair and leaving a garrison for their protection, he leveled them both to the ground. This he did in order to secure the confidence and permanent co-operation of the Indians of the Six Nations, who were dis- pleased that they had been erected upon their ter- ritory. These disastrous events filled the English colonies with discouragement and gloom. Several expedi- tions against different points of the enemy's terri- tories, which had been planned, were abandoned or postponed. Fort Edward and Fort Henry, how- ever, were placed in a state of defense. But the next year, 1757, Montcalm, who had derived en- encouragement from the supineness of the English, under the newly-appointed and inefficient gov- * Grahame's History. MONTCALM'S BARBARITY. 177 ernor, Lord London, marched with nine thousand men against Fort Henry. The garrison of the fort consisted of three thousand English and American troops, under the command of Colonel Monroe. As Fort Edward was only fourteen miles distant, with four thousand troops under General Webb, it had been reasonably supposed that it would render as- sistance in case of an attack upon Fort Henry. This, however, was not done. Montcalm pressed the siege of the fort with great spirit. He had promised the Indians who composed a portion of his army that, in case he captured the fort, they should have abundant opportunity of gratifying their barbarous spirit, by practicing their refined cruelties upon as many of the English prisoners as would equal the Indians slain in the battle. They should also have the privilege of plundering their enemy to their heart's content. Motives like these were admirably adapted to excite all the ferocity of the savage allies, and prompt them to fight like so many demons. He also succeeded in stirring up a high degree of warlike enthusiasm in the breast of the volatile French soldiers. The siege was continued with vigor for six days. Thousands of well-directed shots were exchanged by the two armies, when Munroe made the sad dis- covery that his ammunition was failing. As all hopes of assistance from Fort Edward, and from all 8* 178 INDIAN BARBARITIES. other external sources, were blasted, he was com- pelled, reluctantly, to capitulate. The terms of capitulation were, under the circumstances, highly honorable. The conquered garrison agreed not to take up arms against the French for eighteen months, while the victorious Montcalm stipulated, that they should march out of the fort with the honors of war, retain their personal baggage, and be protected from the incensed cruelty of the feroc- ious savages, by a guard of French soldiers, who should escort them to Fort Edward. If these con- ditions had been faithfully executed, it would have saved the English from suffering most atrocious cruelty, and would have protected the honor of the French from a foul blot, which now rests upon them. As it was, the English were woefully de- ceived. For when the Indian allies of Montcalm learned what favorable conditions had been granted to the English, they were indignant, and determin- ed not to abide by them. Hence, so soon as the conquered soldiers marched out of the fort, and yielded up their weapons, the Indians pounced upon them with ruthless barbarity, and with their accustomed fiend-like malice, tore from them their clothing ; robbed them of their baggage, and slew, or made prisoners, all who opposed them. About one thousand and five hundred English soldiers were, in this defenseless manner, slain, or subjected EFFECT OF LTQUOK, 179 to the barbarities of an Indian captivity. The Indi ans who had fought on the side of the English were treated in a still more ferocious manner. They were seized and subjected to the refined cruelty of Indian torture. Of the whole garrison of Fort William Henry hardly one half succeeded in reach- ing Fort Edward, and they were reduced to a most pitiable condition. The fall of Fort William Henry filled the English colonies with painful surprise, and the disgraceful violation of the treaty of capitulation by Montcalm'a Indians kindled within them burning indignation. For this massacre, Montcalm must not be cen- sured too severely. He and his officers exerted themselves to prevent it. It was, in part, the effect of rum. Montcalm had kept spirituous liquors from the Indians, but after the capitulation of the garri- son they obtained it from the English, and under its maddening effects they rushed upon the prison- ers and committed the barbarities we have de- scribed. This, however, does not excuse Montcalm for holding out to the Indians motives of revenge and plunder, in order to excite them the morf intensely against the English. CHAPTER XV. Pitt favors Liberty Three important Expeditions Attack upon Louis- burg Landing in a Storm Brave Attack and Defense American Gibraltar Bombardment The City taken Great Joy in England- Soldier's Wit Disappointment in France French Commander degrad- ed Montcalm at Ticonderoga His Intrenchments Abercrombie on Lake George A Battle in the Woods Lord Howe slain Assault of Ticonderoga The Kepulse English want Cannon Disheartening Effects. WHEN intelligence of the capture of the forts in America, and the further encroachments of the French were known in England, the government saw the necessity of sending over more efficient aid to their feeble colonies. Pitt was called to the head of affairs, as the chief minister of the government. He was a man of enlarged views, powerful oratory, and great executive talents. He was a friend to liberty, and strongly opposed to all tyrannical or unjust legislation toward the colonies. Being con- vinced of the inefficiency of Lord London's adminis- tration of affairs in America, he had him recalled. He also wrote letters to the colonies encouraging them to raise soldiers, and provide, to the extent of their ability, the munitions of war. He also stimulated the government to aid the colonies by ATTACK UPON LOUISBUK^ 181 sending out large numbers of troops, in connection with a fleet of vessels of war. During the year 1758 three different expeditions were undertaken by the English. The object of these expeditions was the conquest of Canada. The first was an attack upon Louisburg, a town situated on the eastern extremity of the island of Cape Bre- ton, and garrisoned by thirty-one hundred soldiers, of whom two thousand five hundred were regulars, the rest being militia. The harbor was protected by one fifty-gun ship, five ships of the line, and five frigates three being sunk across the mouth. On the 2d of June the English fleet and army, consist- ing of twenty ships of the line, fifteen frigates, and ten thousand soldiers, arrived before the town. So violent were the waves, and so well protected was the harbor, that the attempt to land was deemed too dangerous to be undertaken. But on the 8th of the month this important ope- ration commenced. The first division that landed was under the command of General Wolfe. The boats were well filled, and notwithstanding the surf, which continued to roll with much violence, they advanced toward the land. But they met with ob- structions more difficult than the waves. These consisted of a tempestuous storm of bullets, poured upon them by the French from behind their batteries and breastworks, which had been thrown up along 16 182 BKAVE ATTACK AND DEFENSE. the shore to prevent the landing of the invaders. Wolfe would not allow a gun to be fired in return. Bat he kept up the spirits of the men by cheering them onward. When they arrived near the land they leaped in the rolling surf, and in spite of a spir- LANDINOJ AT LOUISBURQ. ited tire kept up by the enemy, they waded through the water, reached the shore, attacked the batteries which had been making the waters of the ocean crimson with the blood of the English, furiously as- sailed those who served the guns, slew them at their posts y or else drove them from their positions, AMERICAN GIBRALTAR. 183 and in a few hours successfully invested the town. In this movement, which was conducted with skill and energy, several of the boats of the English, filled with soldiers, were dashed to pieces by the violence of the waves, and many others were upset, throw- ing their passengers into the turbulent deep. After the English troops were landed, it became desirable to seize a post in the possession of the ene- my, called Light House Point, from which by a well- directed battery the English might greatly annoy the French ships in the harbor, and do effective execution upon the fortifications of the town. Gen- eral Wolfe was accordingly sent with a detachment of two thousand men to take this point. This was no difficult task, for when the enemy saw him ap- proaching, they abandoned the position and fled. The siege of the town was now pressed with cau- tion, yet with great resolution. The fleet was un- der the command of Admiral Boscawen, and the soldiers under Amherst, to whom Wolfe was a sub- ordinate. The garrison of Louisburg was command- ed by Chevalier de Drucourt. So strong were the fortifications of this place, and of such importance was its possession supposed to be, that it was called the American Gibraltar. But it could not stand before the resistless energy of the English. A well- directed bomb set fire to one of the largest French ships, which soon blew up, scattering its burning 184 STJRREiSDER OF THE GARRISON. fragments in every direction. This set fire to two others, which were also consumed. The admiral now sent off boats with six hundred men to destroy, or take possession of two ships of the line. Under the cover of night they engaged in this perilous en- terprise. One of the ships was aground. This they set on fire, and notwithstanding a violent shower of musket and cannon-balls, which were pouring upon them, they succeeded in triumphantly towing the other away. The English admiral now had command of the harbor. Breaches had also been made in the fortifications that protected the town. The firing was kept up with vigor. The town was reduced nearly to ruins. By the 25th of July it was apparent to the French commander that it was useless to hold out any longer. The fleet was destroyed, and the enemy controlled the harbor. Of fifty-two cannon, forty had been rendered useless. Longer oppo- sition would only lead to unnecessary slaughter. The Chevalier de Drucourt proposed to capitulate. The terms he offered were rejected by the English, who demanded that the garrison should yield as prisoners of war, or, in case of refusal, be simultane- ously assaulted by sea and land. These conditions were so humiliating that the spirit of the French commander revolted at them, but there being no other alternative, he was compelled to yield. By JOY IN ENGLAND. 185 this important victory there came into the hands of the English two hundred and twenty-one pieces of cannon, eighteen mortars for the throwing of bombs, with an immense quantity of stores and ammunition. In achieving this triumph the English lost about four hundred men, and the French fifteen hundred. The most important effect of this victory was, that it greatly weakened the power of France on the eastern coast of America. For not only was Louisburg, but also Isle Royal, St. John's and their dependencies, at this time surrendered to the English. The island of Cape Breton was also taken, and French authority fell. The inhabitants of Cape Breton were carried back to France in English ships, but the garrison of Louisburg, consisting of more than five thousand six hundred men, were sent as prisoners of war to England, where the news of this important victory excited a high de- gree of joyous enthusiasm. The French flags which were taken at Louisburg were used to grace a grand procession in London, from Kensington Palace to the Cathedral at St. Paul's. The assistance of the God of battles w r as at the same time also recog- nized. A special form of thanksgiving was prepared and appointed to be read in all the churches. Amid the roar of battle and of carnage illustra- tions of wit are sometimes furnished from incidents which, to one unaccustomed to war, would seem to 16* 186 THE FRENCH GENERAL DEGRADED. be suggestive of any other feeling than that of cheerfulness. Here is an instance : While com- manding the soldiers in the trenches before Louis- burg, a bomb from the fort grazed the skull and knocked off the hat of General Lawrence, but with- out inflicting a serious wound. This furnished oc- casion for a humorous remark of Captain Charles Lee. "I'll resign to-morrow," exclaimed Lee. "Why so?" was the reply. "Because," said the wit, " none but a fool will remain in a service in which the generals' heads are bomb-proof." By this defeat the French government were both pained and chagrined. They had spent an immense amount of money upon the fortifications of the town ; but all in vain. They expected much also from the fleet sent to its assistance. So indignant were they at the conduct of Marquis De Gouttes who com- manded the fleet on this occasion, and was so unfor- tunate as to be conquered, that " he was condemned in France to be degraded from his rank of nobil- ity, to have his patent burned by the common hang- man, and to be imprisoned for twenty-one years." The depression of the French was not of long continuance. They were soon called upon to rejoice over a victory which, though of not so much im- portance as the capture of Louisburg, yet redounded greatly to their honor, and was the means of restor- ing spirit and enthusiasm to their army. CHARACTER OF LORD HOWE. 187 After the conquest of Cape Breton, the English iiext directed their movements against Ticonderoga, situated at the southern extremity of Lake Cham- plain. A fort had been built on a point of land formed by the lake and a small river, which con- ducted the water of Lake Horicon into that of Champlaiu. Here Montcalm, the French com- mander, was intrenched, with forces numbering over thirty-six hundred. Knowing that the En- glish intended to make a powerful attack upon this place with a formidable army, Montcalm made every preparation to give them a suitable reception. In addition to a high breastwork which was erect- ed, he ordered his men to cut down trees and branches, sharpen the ends, and thickly strew them with their points toward the enemy, so as to en- tangle them and impede their approach to the fort. On the 5th of July, 1758, the whole English sol- diery, amounting to upward of fifteen thousand men the largest army from the Old World which had ever congregated in the New took their departure from their place of encampment on Lake George, and directed their course toward the north. They were commanded by General Abercrombie; under him was Lord Howe, a young officer of great merit, who, by his soldier-like qualities, his courage, deci- sion, good sense, and humanity, had secured the respect of his brother officers, and the affectionate 188 FEENCH ADVANCE GUARD EETEEAT. esteem of the whole army. In the dawn of the morning, these fifteen thousand soldiers, under the direction of their subordinate officers, embarked in one hundred and thirty-five whale-boats, and nine hundred other small boats of a different craft. Their artillery was borne on rafts, constructed for the purpose. When this fleet of over a thousand boats left the shore, breaking the glassy surface of the beautiful Lake George, and sending the ripples, like so many couriers, in every direction with their gorgeous banners streaming over their heads, and the shores echoing the strains of their soul- inspiring music they presented a magnificent sight. The soldiers, flushed with recent victory, were sanguine of further success. After they disembarked, they were arranged into four columns, the British regulars forming the center, and the American provincials the flanks. In this manner they set out toward Ticonderoga, drawing an immense train of artillery, ammunition, and stores after them. They fell in with an advanced guard of the French, of three hundred men, under the command of De Trepezee, who had been sent to observe the movements of the English. Upon the approach of Abercrombie, De Trepezee left his encampment, and retreated. The English pressed on over the hills and valleys, and through the woods, as rapidly DEATH OF LOKD HOWE. 189 as the natural obstructions of the country would allow. As Lord Howe was advancing with the right central column, he fell upon De Trepezee and nis three hundred, who had become bewildered and lost, on their return to Fort Carillon. A severe skirmish at once ensued. The English poured upon these fugitive wanderers a scorching fire, which was returned with spirit. Though attacked so suddenly, the enemy exhibited great promptitude and courage in their defense. Concealing them- selves in the bushes and behind the trees, they poured forth successive volleys of musketry, and came near putting their pursuers to flight. The provincials, who were better acquainted with the mode of fighting adopted at this time by the French and their Indian allies, maintained their ground, and prevented a disastrous retreat. De Trepezee was vanquished. Of his three hundred, some were drowned in a neighboring stream, some slain, and about one hundred and sixty taken prisoners. Yet this victory was purchased at a severe loss ; Lord Howe fell in the first of the engagement and died almost immediately. His loss was a great affliction to the army : he was the pride and confidence of the soldiers. Great reliance was placed upon his judgment, skill, promptitude, and energy in the approaching attack upon Fort Carillon at Ticonde- roga. His fall, therefore, was followed by great 190 ASSAULT OF TICONDEROGA, gloom and depression in the army. It was, also, deplored throughout the American colonies. The colony of Massachusetts voted to erect a monument to his honor in Westminster Abbey. The night following this skirmish the English passed in the woods. On the 8th, General Abercrombie sent his chief engineer to reconoiter the French position. He did so, and brought back word that their de- fenses were weak, and would present but little obstruction. Other officers of better judgment differed from him in opinion. However, Aber- crombie resolved upon making an attack. With- out waiting for his cannon to be brought up, which would have rendered essential assistance, he gave orders for an immediate assault. His army ap- proached in three lines. Montcalm, the French commander, when he saw them advancing, threw off his coat and ordered his men to retain their fire till further orders. The English came for- ward in three columns, so as to attack three dif- erent points simultaneously. But they soon found themselves impeded and thrown into confusion by the trees and pointed branches which the French had strewn before their defenses. At the com- mand of Montcalm, the French now poured upon the besiegers a galling fire from muskets and swivels, which produced great execution. The offi- THE KEPULSE. 191 eers and men who were entangled in promiscu- ous confusion among the branches, logs and rub- bish, which the French had strewn in front of their breastworks, furnished so many marks for the be- sieged to aim at ; the consequence was, large num- bers of them fell. Nothing daunted, the English came again and again to the attack with great cour- age and intrepidity. Until late in the afternoon were these assaults continued, but all in vain. If Abercrombie had waited until his cannon had ar- rived, before he commenced the attack, or if he had continued the conflict until they were on the ground, it is believed that he would have subdued the fort. There were heights in the vicinity from which he could have poured into the fort a destruct- ive fire of heavy balls that would have reduced it to ruin in a short time. Even Montcalm, himself, said, "If I had to besiege Fort Carillon, I would ask for but six mortars and two pieces of artillery." Abercrombie unwisely attempted the reduction of the place without cannon, and when he found that this was impossible, instead of postponing fur- ther measures until his artillery arrived, he inglori- ously ordered the siege to be raised and his army to retreat. So great was the confusion and the ignorance of the English respecting the position of their own troops, that they fired upon their friends, producing more execution than among the enemy 192 INGLORIOUS EETEEAT. The engagement continued four hours, during which time the English lost in killed and wounded, one thousand nine hundred and forty-four, and then precipitately retreated to the boats on the lake, which they had left at the landing place. The next morning they embarked, leaving the French, who were only about one fourth as numerous as themselves, to glory in their success. This disas- trous result of an expensive and magnificent enter- prise, from which so much had been hoped, filled the colonies with gloom, and the British court with* sadness. The disheartening effects were almost equal to those produced by the defeat of Braddock, CHAPTER XVI. Activity of the French Attempt to Intercept them Injudicious Sport A Skirmish the Consequence Putnam a Prisoner to the Indians Is tied to a Tree to be burned His Thoughts His Deliverance Colonel Bradstreet's Proposition The Expedition against Fort Frontinac- State of Things at Oswego Attack upon Frontinac Indian Deserters Frontinac taken Munitions of War obtained Armed Vessels seized The Fort leveled The English encouraged. AFTER the dishonorable retreat of the English from Ticonderoga, and " while Abercrornbie wearied his army with laborious idleness in lining out a fort, the partisans of Montcalm were present every where. Just after the retreat of the English they fell upon a regiment at the half-way brook, between Fort Ed- ward and Lake George. A fortnight later they seized a convoy of wagoners at the same place. To intercept the French on their return some hundred rangers scoured the forests near Woodcreek, march- ing in Indian file, Putnam in the rear, in front the Commander Rogers, who with a British officer be- guiled the way by firing at marks. The noise at- tracted hostile Indians to an ambuscade. A skirm- ish ensued, and Putnam, with twelve or fourteen more, was separated from the party, His com- 17 194 ATTACK UPON FORT FRONTINAC. rades were scalped ; in after-lite he used to relate how one of the savages gashed his cheek with a tomahawk, bound him to a forest- tree and kindled about him a crackling fire ; how his thoughts glanced aside to the wife of his youth and the group of children that gamboled in his fields, when the brave French officer Marin descried his danger and res- cued him from death, to be exchanged in the au- tumn."* After the repulse from Ticonderoga Colonel Brad- street proposed to go against Fort Frontinac. This proposal being approved by a council of war, Aber- crombie placed under his command about three thousand troops, nearly all of whom were American provincials. His artillery consisted of eight cannons and three mortars. When they arrived at Oswego, where the two forts had stood from which the En- glish had been driven by Montcalm, they found noth- ing but ruins the forts having been destroyed, as previously related, by Montcalm. A large wooden cross had been left as a memorial. After viewing the spot with other than pleasant emotions, they embarked in open boats, crossed Lake Ontario, and on the 25th of August landed near Frontinac. The soldiers soon went to work erecting their bat- teries. So near to the fort were they planted that, when they opened upon the French, almost every * Bancroft. EFFECTS OF VICTORY. 195 shot took effect. The commandant finding that re- sistance would prove unavailing, surrendered at dis- cretion on the second day. The Indian auxiliaries of the French, probably believing that the fort would be obliged to capitulate, deserted, and made their escape, so that when the place was taken, Bradstreet found only a hundred and ten prisoners a small number to cope with nearly three thousand of the enemy. He also found sixteen small mortars, forty- six pieces of cannon, and an immense collection of various kinds of military stores, provisions, and mer- chandise. These stores were destined for Fort Du- quesne and other French posts. In addition to these he took possession of nine armed vessels, each bear- ing fro 'ii eight to eighteen guns. He leveled the fort to the ground, destroyed seven of the vessels, sent two to Oswego, and then took away as much of the stores as his army could carry. The reduction of Fort Frontinac was as dispirit- ing to the French as it was encouraging to the En- glish. It inspired the latter with increased energy in their next expedition, which had for its object the subjugation of Fort Duquesne. CHAPTER XVII. A new Expedition against Duquesne A new Eoad proposed Wash- ington opposes it The Decision Washington requests to be in the Front of the Army Grant's Folly Unexpected Attack Injudicious Conduct of the Highlanders Panic of the Pennsylvanians Method of the Mary landers Conduct of Washington Grant a Prisoner Council of War Going into Winter Quarters Loyal Hanning Another Fight Sad Mistakes Indian Policy Indian Deserters Provincials the best Soldiers Fort Duquesne taken Name altered to Fort Pitt Pay of the Soldiers. As Fort Duquesne was one of the strongest posts of the enemy in this part of the country, it was considered by the English of great importance that it should be taken from them. Although Braddock's attempt to reduce it had resulted in such a disastrous aud fatal defeat, yet the spirit of the colonists was by no means destroyed, nor their desire for its possession in the least degree lessened. As, however, its reduction was regarded as a work of great magnitude, and as all the colonies were deeply interested in the success of the enterprise, no one colony was willing to undertake it alone. It being admitted to be a matter of general interest, the various provinces of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Carolina, united their forces for its A NEW ROAD PROPOSED. 191 overthrow. The army was under the command of General Forbes, assisted by Colonel Washington, who commanded the Virginia forces, and Colonel Dagworthy who led the Maryland soldiers. The whole army numbered some six thousand. It was a fortunate circumstance for the colonists that Mr. Pitt was the controlling genius of the British min- istry in England. Being deeply impressed with the value of the colonies, and with the importance of protecting them from the inroads of the Indians and the aggressions of the French, he addressed the colonies upon the importance of union among them- selves against the common enemy, and proposed to furnish the soldiers with provisions, ammunition, tents, and weapons, at the expense of the English government. This would throw upon the colonies the responsibility of providing only the clothes and the wages of the men. This proposition was re- ceived with gladness, as the colonies themselves were poorly able to defray the expenses of the cam- paign. General Forbes was in favor of cutting open a new road through Pennsylvania to the Ohio for the troops to pass through. To this, Washington was strongly opposed. The old road, by which Braddock had marched, was open, and by that route the army could pass without obstruction; but to prepare a new road through a primeval forest, over 17* 198 WASHINGTON'S BEQUEST. mountains and across rivers, would necessarily oc- cupy a great amount of time, besides greatly in- creasing their exposure to ambuscades and sudden attacks of the enemy, under circumstances which would render it extremely difficult to repel them. Washington used every argument in his power to dissuade him from this injudicious measure, but was unsuccessful. Orders were given for the new road to be opened. Although Washington was fully convinced of the bad policy of this movement, and exerted himself in every possible way to divert General Forbes from it, yet so soon as it was de- cided upon by his superior officers, he suppressed his own dissatisfaction, and devoted himself zeal- ously to the execution of the plan. He asked the privilege of being placed with the Virginia troops in the advance of the main army, that they might act as pioneers in breaking the way, and as scouts on the look-out for lurking foes. This request was granted, and Washington with his brave Virgin- ians were sent ahead to prepare the way, to guard against surprise, and to provide intrenchments at suitable places where the army might pause in its march. This work of cutting a new road through a wilderness was extremely slow. When they were about fifty miles from Fort Duquesne, winter had set in with its unwelcome attendants of frost, rain, sleet and snow. A council of war was held, whicl; GRANT'S FOLLY. 199 decided that it was impracticable to advance any fur- ther at present, and therefore operations must cease till spring. While making arrangements to go into their winter encampment, three of the enemy were taken prisoners. They were closely examined re- specting the condition of Fort Duquesne, and gave such a statement of its weaknesss, that the decision to go into winter quarters was reversed, and orders were given to push on with as much alacrity as possible. In the latter part of the month of September Ma- jor Grant was sent forward for the purpose of re- connoitering the enemy ; he took with him a picked corps of between eight and nine hundred men,* among whom were more than three hundred High- landers, one hundred and fourteen royal Americans, one hundred and seventy-six Virginians, ninety-five Marylanders, one hundred and twelve Pennsylva- nians and thirteen Carolina troops. Under the cover of night he took up his position on a hill, a short distance from Fort Duquesne. Not satisfied with having taken, unknown to his enemy a strong po- sition, he resorted to other measures which were adapted to irritate them and excite them to a des- perate defense. In the morning by way of taunt and bravado he ordered the reveille to be beaten upon the drums, and the bag-pipes to be sounded * Green's Gazette in McSherry's History of Maryland. 200 CONDUCT OF WASHINGTON. in various places. As soon as the garrison discov ered Avhat had been done, a party of Indians sallied from the fort, and stealthily pursued their way under the protection furnished by the banks of the river, until they gained an eminence higher than that which was occupied by Grant. It was not long before they surrounded the English, and opened upon them their fire. The Highlanders adopted the most in- judicious method of procedure under the circum- stances which could have been devised. They "were drawn out in close array," which made them a conspicuous mark for the enemy, and on Tvhich every discharge of their muskets produced fatal effects. The consequence was that after many of them were slain, the rest retreated. The troops from Pennsylvania were panic-stricken and fled at the first fire. But the Marylanders and Carolinians adopted the Indian mode of warfare. They betook themselves to the bushes and woods, and under the protection which they furnished, fired at the ene- my. Washington unfortunately at that time was two miles in the rear, where he had been order- ed to protect the baggage of the army. As soon as the noise of the engagement reached him, he urged his men rapidly on to the scene of conflict to assist Grant. The Indians fought with great vigor. The English were unable to maintain their ground, and after a loss of two hundred and seventy-three PAINFUL INTELLIGENCE. 201 killed and forty-two wounded they were compelled to flee. The Maryland ers, who had exhibited great bravery on the field, with a small number of Vir- ginians performed the responsible and perilous duty of covering the retreat of the army. Nearly one half of the Maryland troops was either killed or wounded. Many prisoners were taken by the In- dians, among whom was Major Grant himself. It will be remembered that at Braddock's defeat before this same fort, the forces under Colonel Dun- bar rapidly retreated without pausing at any point to make a stand, or to retrieve the fortunes of the day. The Indians supposed it would be the same on the present occasion ; they did not therefore at- tempt any pursuit, but contented themselves with what plunder and prisoners they could take from the immediate scene of action. A large number of them withdrew from the fort and returned to their own grounds, notwithstanding the earnest entreaties of the French for them to remain with them. This, as we shall presently see, operated favorably for the English. The soldiers who had been defeated were an advanced detachment. The main body, under Forbes, was slowly following. On the 5th of No- vember, they reached a military post at Loyal Hanning. They here received the painful intelli- gence that the advanced guard had been totally 2IAN POLICY. of a dense fog prevailing at the time, they were mistaken for a new detachment of the enemy, and unfortunately fired upon as such, by those whom they had come to help, before the error was discov- ered. Among the instances of individual prowess which were displayed on that occasion, it is related that Captain Evan Shelly, who commanded the Maryland Volunteers, had a personal encounter with a prominent Indian chief, and succeeded, with- out any help, in giving him a mortal wound, and leaving him dead upon the field. As intelligence of this victory was diffused among the colonies, it banished despondency and awakened hope of the successful issue of the campaign. The disheartening effects of the previous defeat sub- sided, and an increased spirit of patriotic enterprise was developed. Among the favorable results of this battle was the disgust which was awakened in the minKEPAR4TIONS FOB BATTLE. 227 and roots that protruded from the bank, they man- aged to reach the top. Here a little firing scattered the sentinels, and when the sun rose above the horizon, its rays were reflected from the weapons of the whole English army. The Heights of Abra- ham were successfully gained. When the intelli- gence was conveyed to Montcalm, he could not be- lieve it possible. "It can be," said he, "but a small party come to burn a few houses and then retire." But when assured that the whole army of the British had gained the heights, he was startled. "Then they have finally reached the weak side of this miserable garrison," said he; but, nothing daunted, he immediately added, " We must give battle, and crush them before mid-day." Fully realizing the peril of his position, and the immense interests dependent upon his movements, he at once made arrangements for an engagement. Leaving his camp at Montmorency, he passed over the St. Charles, hastened onward to the Heights of Abraham, and disposed his forces in order of bat- tle. Wolfe was soon prepared for his reception. The comparative strength of the two armies was about equal, each embracing about five thousand men. The French had three small cannon, the English only one or two. The two commanders, personally, took their positions directly opposite 228 BATTLE OF QUEBEC. each other, Montcalm being on the left of the French army, and Wolfe on the right of the En- glish ; they thus confronted each other. The can- non of the two armies opened their fire and con- tinued sending their balls with more or less effect for two hours. An attempt was made by a portion of the French troops to attack the English upon the side of their line, and force them down the high bank into the St. Lawrence. This attempt was frustrated by Wolfe, who sent a detachment of his soldiers to the threatened position, where they were formed with a double front. Montcalm sent for fresh troops to come to his aid, but his ardent dis- position could not wait for their arrival. He rushed forward with his soldiers, and attacked the English line with great bravery. They were received with firmness. When Wolfe saw them approaching, he ordered his men not to fire till the French were within forty yards of them. They then poured into them a rapid discharge of small arms, with fatal effect. The advance of the French was checked, and their ardor quenched, by the galling fire to which they were subjected. They soon began to waver. Wolfe, seizing an auspicious moment when the French companies were broken and irregular, ordered his soldiers to charge them with fixed bayonets ; they obeyed. They dashed upon them with great impetuosity, put the broken troops of WOLFE'S DEATH IN VICTORY. 229 Montcalm to flight at all points, and forced them to retreat in a disorderly manner. In the early part of the action, Wolfe was wound- ed in the wrist. Wrapping his handkerchief around his arm, he continued to command and animate his troops till he received another wound in his groin. Still he would not retire from the field. Conceal- ing his misfortune from his men, he led his grena- diers to the charge, when a ball struck him in the breast, and laid him prostrate upon the ground. He was immediately carried to the rear. While being supported by one of his lieutenants, he heard the cry, "They run, they run!" "Who run?" asked the dying Wolfe. "The French," replied the officer ; " they have given way at all points." " What," said the expiring general, " do they run already ?" After sending a few orders to his officers to make arrangements to head off the fugitives, so that they might not escape, he added, " Now, God be praised, I die happy ;" and soon after expired upon the field of victory. Graham says of Wolfe : " He was intensely studious, and yet promptly and vigorously active ; heroically brave and determined, adventurous and persevering ; of a temper lively and even impetuous, yet never reproached as vio- lent and irascible ; generous, indulgent, courteous and humane, Wolfe was the pattern of his officers, and the idol of his soldiers. The force and compass 20 230 CAPITULATION OF QUEBEC. of his genius enabled him practically to distinguish, what inferior minds never discovered at all, the dif- ference between great difficulties and impossibilities ; and being undiscouraged by what was merely, how- ever, mightily difficult, he undertook and achieved what others would have accounted and found to be impossible." It is a noteworthy coincidence that Montcalm found his death upon the same field, and in the same conflict. While animating his soldiers at the head of his battalion, he received a mortal wound. When informed by the surgeon that he could not recover, his reply was, " I am glad of it." He then asked, " How long shall I live ?" " Ten or twelve hours ; perhaps less." " So much the better," said he, " I shall not live to witness the surrender of Quebec." When De Ramsay, the commander 01' the garrison of Quebec, consulted him respecting the practicability of defending the city, he replied, " To your keeping I commend the honor of France. As for me I shall pass the night with God, and pre- pare myself for death." About five o'clock the next morning he died. In a few days (September 17) the garrison of Quebec capitulated. The En- glish immediately took possession of it, and found in it about ten thousand persons in addition to the troops. By the terms of capitulation, the inhabitants were A FORTUNATE EVENT. 231 to be allowed the free exercise of their religion, during the continuance of the war, but their politi- cal disposition was left to be decided by the home governments at the close of hostilities. The day after the capitulation, a thousand prisoners were sent in transports to Europe. It was a fortunate thing for the English that Quebec surrendered so soon, as the defeated French forces had rallied, had received reinforcements, and were prepared to tnrow themselves into the city to assist the garrison on the very day it surrendered. It was not long after the Capitulation of Quebec before Montreal fell into the hands of the English. By this series" of successful engagements, the govern- ment of Great Britain obtained complete possession of Canada which she has retained ever since. CHAPTER XX. Oppressive Acts of Parliament American Opposition to them Famous Stamp Act Its Design Its Eftect in Maryland The Maryland Gazette Treatment of Zechariah Hood Stamped Taper not allowed to be landed A ridiculous Ceremony Hood burnt and whipped in Effigy Popular Feeling more powerful than Government The Times doleful and dollar-less Stamp Act repealed. AFTER the subjugation of Canada, the Parliament of Great Britain adopted various injudicious and unpopular measures toward her American colonies. Without allowing them the right of sending a rep- resentative to Parliament, to give a proper state- ment of their condition, and to vote in their behalf, various oppressive acts were passed that only served to irritate the colonies and Avean their affec- tion from the mother country. Messages, remon- strances, protests, and appeals were published by the colonists. Numerous exciting meetings were called, at which their grievances were discussed, and measures of resistance proposed. During these painful collisions between England and her Ameri- can dependencies, which prepared the way for the American Revolution, Maryland uniformily exhib- FAMOUS STAMP ACT. 233 ited a bold front to her oppressors. She took an early and a decided stand against the unjust en- croachments of the home government. A memor- able instance of this was exhibited in her opposition to the famous Stamp Act. This was an act making it obligatory upon the colonists to use paper having the king's stamp upon it, in the ordinary transactions of business. If a re- ceipt, or note, or any other important business document was written upon paper that was not stamped, it was not legal, and could not be prose- cuted in a court of law. If this paper had been as cheap as any other kind, the law requiring its use would have been comparatively harmless. But it was not. The stamps were to be paid for. It was a measure that was designed to increase the income of the British treasury. This act consisted of fifty- five specific duties, laid on as many different docu- ments recorded on paper. Two pounds were im- posed upon a college diploma ; for a license to sell wine, twenty shillings ; for a deed, one shilling and six pence ; newspapers were taxed a penny ; pamph- lets, a shilling per sheet ; advertisements, two shil- lings, and almanacs, four pence. This was in 1765. When intelligence of the passage of this act reached America, it excited deep animosity. Maryland was not behind the other colonies in giving expression to the most decided opposition. The Maryland 20* 234 STAMPED PAPER REJECTED. Gazette was converted into a channel through which the burning indignation of the people found vent. The pungent articles which there appeared served to increase and give permanency to the de- testation of the community against this tyrannical measure. But the writing of newspaper articles was not the only way in which the displeasure of the public was developed. On the 27th of August, 1765, a meeting was held at Annapolis, to show the abhorrence of the people against the Stamp Act, and the measures which had been adopted to circulate the stamped paper among the community. A Mr. Zechariah Hood, a native of the province of Maryland, who had been to Eng- land and purchased a cargo of goods, had been ap- pointed to deliver the stamped paper in the province. When this fact was known, and also that he had brought with him a quantity of the obnoxious paper for distribution, the people were determined that he should not execute his mission, and that the stamped paper should not be landed. When the vessel arrived in the harbor of Annapolis, they rush- ed to the dock in crowds to prevent Hood from dis- embarking. So great was the excitement that a fight ensued, and one of the crowd, Thomas McNier, had his thigh broken. Although this was the seat of government, so little influence had the officers of the crown, that they could not prevent the excited HOOD PARADED IN EFFIGY. 235 populace from the accomplishment of their purpose. Hood was obliged to draw off, and effect a landing secretly. At the public meeting, which was called " to show their detestation of, and abhorrence to, some late tremendous attacks on liberty and their dislike to a certain late arrived officer, a native of HOOD BIDING IN EFFIGY. this province ! they curiously dressed up the figure of a man, which they placed in a one-horse cart, malefactor like, with some sheets of paper in hia hands before his face. In that manner they paraded 236 VIOLENT INDIGNATION. through the streets of the town, till noon, the bell at the same time tolling a solemn knell, when they proceeded to the hill, and after giving it forty lashes save one, which they called giving it the Mosaic law, at the whipping-post, placed it in the pillory, from whence they took it and hung it on a gibbet, there erected for that purpose, and set fire to a tar- barrel underneath, and burned it till it fell into the barrel. By the many significant nods of the head, while in the cart, it may be said to have gone off very penitently." Hood, who was in this indignant manner whipped, pilloried, hung and burned in effigy, found that Annapolis was a poor market for his cargo of merchandise. The people would not trade with him. He was compelled therefore to go else- where, which he did just before he was executed in effigy. In his haste to tlee lie left behind a quantity of tar and feathers with which his fellow- citizens in- tended to cover him, as an appropriate reward for the zeal he had displayed in the execution of the Stamp Act. So violent was the indignation of the people against this measure of Parliament, that the colonial officers in the correspondence with their home government expressed their inability to see it executed. As a specimen of the nature of this correspondence, the following extract of a letter is inserted. It is from Governor Sharpe to the Earl of Halifax, and dated CEOWN OFFICEES PARALYZED. 237 Annapolis, 5th September, 1765. After giving an account of the treatment of Mr. Hood, he says, " To what length people, who have made such a begin- ning, may go to render the act of Parliament inef- fectual, I can not tell, but am very apprehensive that if the stamped paper was to arrive here and be landed at this time, it would not be in my power to preserve it from being burned, as there is no place of security here wherein it might be lodged ; and the militia is composed of such as are by no means proper to be appointed a guard over it ; if therefore a vessel should soon arrive here with the stamped paper, I shall caution the master against landing it, and shall advise him either to lie off at a distance from the shore, or return to the men-of-war station- ed in Virginia until the people show a better dis- position, or I have the satisfaction to receive from your Lordship some instructions about it." This acknowledgment of weakness on the part of the civil authorities is additional evidence of the deep- seated opposition of the people and of the danger which attended the enforcement of this oppressive law. The acts of Governor Sharpe were in harmony with the above letter. For in the following Decem- ber another vessel arrived at Annapolis, having on board a quantity of the stamped paper for the pro- vince of Maryland. But as no person who was 238 TIMES DOLEFUL AND DOLLARLESS. authorized to receive and distribute it was there to take charge of it, and as the Lower House of the provincial Legislature were opposed to its reception, it was never landed. Three boxes of this obnoxious paper were sent back to England by Governor Sharpe in a merchant ship the same month. It is the proud boast of Maryland that her soil was never polluted with any of this odious paper none was ever landed there. Among other modes of expressing the extreme regret of the people at the unpopular measure, a supplement of the Maryland Gazette was issued in deep mourning. Rather than submit to the " intol- erable and burdensome terms," which were imposed on all newspapers, the editor determined to discon- tinue printing the Gazette^ stating in a quaint alli- teration that The times are Dreadful, Dismal, Doleful, Dolorous, Dollarless. As in the course of a few weeks it became appar- ent that the Americans would not submit to this unjust measure of Parliament, the editor issued what was termed " an apparition of the late Maryland Gazette," and resolved to republish his paper, under STAMP ACT REPEALED. 239 the firm conviction that the government would bo unable to carry into effect the odious Stamp Act. Opposition similar to that of Maryland was exhibited in various colonies. As it was utterly impossible for the officers of the king to carry the stamp act into execution, it was soon repealed by Parliament. This gave great joy to the colonies. The repeal was everywhere cele- brated with the firing of cannon, bonfires, illu- minations, and various other demonstrations of gladness. CHAPTER XXL Arrival of a New Governor Burning of Tea The Destruc- tion of the Totness Naval Engagement Arrival of Lord Howe Battle of Long Island Trenton Taken Prince- ton Seized The Affair of Brandy wine Battle of Ger- mantown Valley Forge Savannah Attacked Battle of Carnden Cowpens Eutaw Springs. As the treatment of the colonies by the mother country was so harsh and arbitrary, it produced a high degree of excitement throughout the com- munity. Events which, in ordinary times would have attracted no especial attention, now awak- ened anxious inquiry. Hence, when on the fifth of June, 1769, a ship was seen entering the harbor of Annapolis, it produced no little commotion. Its flags indicated that it had on board some dis- tinguished personage. Who can it be? What has he come for? What will he do? Will he take sides with the colonies or with the op- pressor? Presently the ship dropped her an- chor, and then fired a salute of seven guns. As this was a peaceful demonstration, it was replied to by an equal number. It was now ascertained that the distinguished passengers on board were Robert Eden, Esquire, his lady and family. He 240 THE NEW GOVERNOR. 241 had been appointed by the home government to supercede Sharpe in the administration of the affairs of the colony. When this new Governor landed in the after- noon, all the members of the council then in town, and a large number of the citizens met him and gave him a formal welcome. In addition to this, he was honored by a discharge of all the can- non on the battery. A few days afterward, at about ten o'clock in the morning he entered the council house, and there in the presence of his lordship's honorable council and the officers of the colony, the credentials of his appointment were opened and read. As all parties were satisfied with the legality of his appointment, it was pub- lished to the colony, and he quietly entered upon the duties of his office. But he found the admin- istration of affairs no easy task. The people were so opposed to the measures of Great Britain, and the British Parliament were so determined to re- duce them to subjection, that the unfortunate Governor found himself between two fires. The state of things was bad when he arrived, but they constantly grew worse, making his condition more and more trying. But in the year of our Lord, 1776, when the United Colonies declared their independence of Great Britain, and when the provisional government of Maryland was es- tablished, he acted on the principle that " Discre- tion is the better part of valor," withdrew from 242 OPPOSITION TO IMPORTATION. the country and returned to- England. He is said to have been " a gentleman easy of access, cour- teous to all, and fascinating by his accomplish- ments." But he was on the wrong side, and not- withstanding his courteous and fascinating man- ners, he was an obnoxious tory, a sympathizer with Great Britain, and opposed to the freedom of the colonies. After the war of Revolution was ended, and the independence of the colonies was secured, Eden returned to Annapolis, and en- deavored to seek the restitution of his property. But shortly after his arrival he died. His place of burial was under the pulpit of the Episcopal church, north of Severn, and within some two or three miles of Annapolis. England had been in the habit of sending to the colonies large quantities of manufactured goods, articles of luxury, and various kinds of superflui- ties. They found here a large market. After the breaking out of the difficulties between the two countries, measures were adopted to prevent the importations of these. In this movement Mary- land took an active part. In June, 1769, a large meeting was called at the city of Annapolis. At the appointed time a drum was heard in the street calling the people to the meeting, which was composed not only of the cit- izens of Annapolis, but of gentlemen of the several counties of the Province, who formed an organi- zation to prevent the importation of "British MEETING AT ANNAPOLIS. 243 superfluities, and for promoting frugality, econ- omy, and the use of American manufactures." The articles of agreement which they adopted might by some have been regarded as rather stringent. Yet at this meeting it was " Resolved, unanimously, that the said articles be most strictly adhered to, and preserved inviolate ; and that each and every gentlemen present at this meet- ing will use his utmost endeavors to those lauda- ble ends." This was no child's play. These men were sin- cere and earnest, as was proved by the following facts. Next February the British brig, Good Intent, arrived at Annapolis, laden with a cargo of British goods. As soon as it was known, a meeting was called, at which a committee of three were appointed to investigate the matter. They did so, and reported " that the goods were ordered and shipped contrary to the articles of their association, and ought not to be landed." This was taking a bold stand. But the commit- tee stuck to it, the public sustained them, and the result of their firmness was that the brig was compelled to return to London, carrying back her cargo of European goods, to the value of fifty thousand dollars. The correspondents and agents of the British merchants saw by these movements how utterly useless would be the attempt to dis- pose of English goods in the colony. They there- fore came to the determination "not to ship in 244 BRIG PEGGY STUAET. future any goods to Maryland but such as would be agreeable to the association." Another incident involving similar principles and action was connected with the brig Peggy Stuart. This vessel arrived at Annapolis on the fifteenth of October, 1774, having on board two thousand three hundred and twenty pounds of tea consigned to Thomas Charles Williams and Company. So soon as this was known, a great excitement ensued, and a large public meeting was held. After the matter was examined it was ascertained "that the Messrs. Williams had, on this occasion, imported a larger quantity of that detestable plant, as it was then termed, than by any former opportunity; and that Mr. Anthony Stew- art, the proprietor of the vessel, had paid the duties thereon, though he was not in any manner concerned in the shipment of the tea. This being deemed a submission to the contested claim of the British Parliament, very severe censures were passed on the parties concerned, and a general spirit of resentment appears to have predom- inated." Another meeting was appointed to consider the important questions, How shall we act in this emergency, and What shall be done with the tea ? It was determined to prevent the landing of the tea. The importers of the "detestable plant,'" and the officers of the vessel gave public explana- tions of their conduct, in order to mollify the in- CARGO OF TEA. 245 dignation which had been aroused. The document of Stewart and the Williams' is of so remarkable a character, that we insert it here entire. Noth- ing but a high state of public excitement and a sense of great personal danger, would have in- duced these gentlemen to send forth such an humbling and penitential paper as this : "We, James Williams, Joseph Williams, and Anthony Stewart, do severally acknowledge that we have committed a most daring insult and act of the most pernicious tendency to the liberties of America; we, the said Williams', in importing the tea, and said Stewart, in paying the duties thereon, and thereby deservedly incurred the displeasure of the people now convened, and all others interested in the preservation of the con- stitutional rights and liberties of North America, do ask pardon for the same; and we solemnly declare for the future, that we will never infringe any resolution formed by the people, for the sal- vation of the people, and to show our desire of living in amity with the friends of America, we request this meeting, or as many as may choose to attend, to be present at any place where the people shall appoint, and we will there commit to the flames, or otherwise destroy, as the people may choose, the detestable article, which has been the cause of this, our misconduct." This was signed by the three offenders. But even this penitential confession and promise of amend- 246 BURNING OF TEA. ment, was not satisfactory to all ; for Stewart had made himself so offensive by what was deemed bis too great readiness to pay the duties, that some were anxious to clothe him in a coat of tar and feathers, whilst others demanded the de- struction of the brig, but a third party said that the confession of the offenders with their unex- torted proposition to commit the tea to the flames, was sufficient punishment and satisfaction. Fi- nally, Stewart was induced, especially through the advice of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, to offer to set fire to the vessel himself. This proposition being received with favor, Stewart immediately went on board the brig, ordered her to be run aground near Wind Mill Point, where he applied to her the torch, and soon converted her into a whole burnt offering upon the altar of American Liberty. The vessel with all her cordage, spars, sails and cargo, was converted to ashes. This was not the only instance in which the in- dignation of the people was exhibited towards this offensive article. In the winter of 1774, it was discovered that John Parks had a chest of it. When this became known another excitement was created. A committee waited upon Mr. Parks, and demanded of him that he give up the tea. He consented to deliver it on a certain day. At the appointed time a meeting was held for its re- ception in Elizabeth Town (now Flagerstown). The committee in their report accused Parks of MOKE TEA BUKNING. 247 falsehood, but after carefully considering the sub- ject they finally decided " That John Parks should go with his hat off, and lighted torches in his hand, and set fire to the tea, which he accordingly did, and the same was consumed to ashes amid the ac- clamations of a numerous body of people" The committee also expressed the opinion that no one ought to have any intercourse with Parks, and all the friends of Liberty were requested to shun him. This, however, was not severe enough to satisfy all. There were those who thought a heavier punishment ought to have been inflicted, and they could not be satisfied until they had as- saulted his house, breaking in the windows and clashing down the door. These tea-burnings in Maryland, viewed as exhibitions of the love of Liberty, of determina- tion to resist the usurpations of Great Britain, and of self-denial in the defense of colonial rights, are worthy of being recorded on the same page with the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor. In some respects the Marylanders dif- fered widely in their mode of operation from the Bostonians. Everything which they did was open. There were no secret meetings, no decep- tion, no disguise. Their discussions upon the subject were public. The men who presided and those who took part in the proceedings, were willing to be known, and instead of assuming the appearance of Indians and destroying the tea 248 BURNING OF THE TOT/NESS. secretly, they publicly appointed the importers and the owners of it to apply the torch whilst they openly aided in the mutter. They were willing to assume the whole responsibility. Another incident, involving similar principles as those developed in the burning of the tea, was the following: The ship Totness, Captain Hard- ing, on her voyage from Liverpool to Baltimore, in coming up the bay, unfortunately ran aground, in the vicinity of the Three Islands, at the mouth of West River. When information of this acci- dent was communicated to the committee, they immediately called a meeting, and considered what course should be pursued. It was ascer- tained that the cargo consisted of salt and dry goods. After deliberation the committee decided to allow her to proceed to Baltimore. When this became known to the public it met with strong opposition. They regarded it as a flagrant infringement of the principles adopted by the continental association, and were determined that it should not be carried into effect. They would not allow British manufactures to be entered at the custom house. Excitement ran high, until finally a number of the more determined and earnest ones cut the controversy short by going on board the obnoxious vessel and setting her on fire! ISTot only were the Marylanders determined to bum offensive merchant vessels that might enter EXCITEMENT AND INDIGNATION. 249 her harbors, but they were ready also to attack naval ones when the occasion offered. On the fifth of March, 1776, intelligence reached Annapolis that a British man-of-war, accompanied by two other vessels, was coming up the Bay. It was also stated that they had cap- tured a New England schooner. All this was startling news. In a few hours she could be be- fore Annapolis and bombard the city. The whole community were in commotion. Swift expresses were sent to Baltimore and other places, to give the alarming information. Providentially a storm arose, which hindered the progress of the vessels, so that, although the news of their approach was received on Tuesday, it was not until Thursday afternoon that they arrived opposite the city. In the mouth of the harbor was a small vessel ladened with oats. This they seized, as they came up, and set on fire. Its destruction in- creased the excitement and indignation of the colonists, and they prepared, as well as they were able, for the reception of the unwelcome visitors, who proved to be the sloop-of-war, Otter, and two tenders. Another large vessel in their company was an American ship, commanded by Captain Hudson, loaded with wheat and flour, which the Otter had seized as a prize. At Balti- more was the ship Defence, and the general im- pression of the people was that the Otter was going there to cut it out of the harbor, but if this 250 RECAPTUKE OF VESSELS. were impossible, then to destroy it. The Balti- moreans having received information of the movements of the Otter, immediately got the Defence ready for action; manned her with a crew of brave hearts, throbbing with a desire for an opportunity to test their courage and their skill in an engagement with the enemy, and then towed her down the river, accompanied by sev- eral smaller crafts, filled with men ready to assist in the conflict, if any should occur. It was the plan of Captain Nicholson, of the Defence, to re- take Hudson's vessel from the tenders, which were protecting it, and if the Otter made any at- tempt to prevent this, then to attack her. He got away early on Saturday morning, and as the weather was thick and hazy, the Defence got much nearer to them before discovery than they had hoped for. So soon as the crew of the tenders discovered her approach, they appeared greatly alarmed, and pushed off with the greatest haste, but finding themselves making slow prog- ress, they gave a signal to the Otter for help, who immediately sent them more hands to aid in rowing them from danger. Captain Nicholson succeeded not only in recapturing Hudson's ship, but also in taking three or four other small prizes, which were under the protection of the tenders. After these successes, and after man- ning Hudson's ship, he prepared the Defence for action with the Otter, and waited for her to come PKEPAEING FOR WAR. 251 to the attack, as he expected she would. But she did not come. She waited farther down the Bay, some two hours, as if expecting the Defence to move down to her, and then bore away to Annapolis, leaving Nicholson in the unmolested possession of his prizes, and master of the situa- tion. The war between Great Britian and America was now in full blast. The whole of the thirteen colonies were aroused, and had united in one com- mon cause. In Maryland, as in the other prov- inces, great meetings had been called, spirited, patriotic and soul-stirring addresses had been de- livered, and had been received with the heartiest applause. Recruiting offices had been opened in the different cities and towns, and large numbers of the young and the brave had enlisted for the defence of their liberties and their rights. They were not allowed to remain long in their camps. In July, 1776, intelligence reached Maryland from Philadelphia, of the following purport: "General Howe has. landed a great body of troops on Staten Island. * * * The battalions of our city (every one of them) are marching to Trenton and Brunswick in the Jerseys. * * * It is expected that the lower counties and Maryland will immediately march their quotas of militia, to compose the flying camp, (under the command of General Washington) to this city, to defend it in the absence of its own battalion. -Your hour of 252 A BATTLE FOTTGHT. trial is come, your plighted faith, your honor, the love of your country, and its dearest liberties, in this moment of imminent danger, de- mand that you instantly fly to the assistance of a sister colony." Another letter said : "An express has just ar- rived from General Washington. Howe's army consists of ten thousand men. Admiral Howe is hourly expected with a hundred and fifty sail, having on board twenty thousand troops. The enemy's grand army will consist of thirty thou- sand. The whole militia of this province is ordered to the Jerseys. We are in anxious ex- pectation to hear from Maryland, nor can we for a moment entertain a doubt, that our brethren will not desert us in the hour of our distress. The farmers here have left their harvest, and cast away the scythe for the musket. I should rejoice to hear you have imitated such an example." The Marylanders did imitate this glorious ex- ample. In August of this year an important battle was fought on the southern part of Long Island, in the vicinity of New York. The British had landed some twenty-four thousand troops at Grass End Bay. The army of the Americans, consisting of fifteen thousand men, were assem- bled at the Wallobout, an expansion of the East River, between New York and Long Island, just above Brooklyn. When the two armies were arranged in order of battle, they were on oppo- THE AMERICANS DEFEATED. 253 site sides of a range of hills, covered with a thick wood. The Americans were commanded by Washington, and the British by Howe. Both sides fought with great courage and skill. Dur- ing the progress of the battle, the British managed to turn the left flank of their opponents, by throwing a portion of their army in the rear of the Americans. This brought that portion of the Americans between two fires, which soon de- feated them. The other divisions were equally unsuccessful, so that after a bloody day's work, the Americans were defeated, and the English left masters of the field. Lossing says that the whole number actively engaged on this occasion was about five thousand Americans, and fifteen thousand of the enemy. Admitting that there were three to one, it is not surprising that the British conquered, neither was it a victory that justified great boasting. Yet on account of it the King of England conferred the honor of knighthood on the British commander, so that he became Sir William Howe. The British loss in this engagement was about four hundred, and that of the Americans twelve hundred, including about a thousand who were taken prisoners. The part which the Marylanders took in this engagement, and their conduct on the occasion, is shown in the following extracts from letters written immediately after the conflict: "New York, August 27, 1776. I sit down in the midst 254 BRAVERY OP AMERICAN TROOPS. of confusion to tell you that our people have been engaged with the enemy on Long Island, all this morning, and are at it yet; we cannot get par- ticulars. " ?. S. The first battalion of New York, Col- onel Lasher, and the Pennsylvania and Maryland battalions behaved with the greatest bravery, even to a fault. They were commanded by Lord Stirling. We forced the enemy into their lines." "PHILADELPHIA, AUGUST 31. " You will no doubt be very anxious to receive a particular account of the late engagement be- tween our troops and the enemy on Long Island. Small-wood's battalion of Marylandcrs were dis- tinguished in the field by the most intrepid courage, the most regular use of the musket, and judicious movements of the body. When our party was overpowered and broken by superior numbers surrounding them on all sides, three companies of the Maryland battalion broke the enemy's lines and fought their way through. Captain Veasey and Lieutenant Butler are among the honorable slain. The Maryland battalion lost two hundred men and twelve officers severe fate. It is said our whole loss is five or six hun- dred." Another letter from New York, September 1st, states, "Last Monday morning we went over to Long Island, and about midnight we were WASHINGTON CROSSES THE DELAWARE. 255 alarmed. Upon which three thousand men were ordered oat, consisting chiefly of the Pennsylvania and Maryland troops. * * Our orders were not to lire until the enemy came within fifty yards of us, but when they perceived we stood their fire so coolly and resolutely, they declined coming any nearer, though treble our number. In this situation we stood from sunrise to twelve o'clock, the enemy firing upon us the chief part of the time, when the main body, by a rout we never dreamed of, had entirely surrounded us, and drove within the lines, or scattered in the woods, all our men except the Delaware and Maryland battalions, who were standing at bay with double their number, broke the enemy's lines and forced their way through. * * * When they began the attack, General Washington wrung his hands, and cried out, ' Good God! what brave fellows I must this day lose". " After the battles on Long Island and at White Plains, General Washington retreated with his army into New Jersey. He successfully crossed the Delaware and established some of his troops in Philadelphia. The British, with some fifteen hundred Hessians, were at Trenton. Other smaller detachments occupied Bordentown, Bur- lington, Black Horse and Mount Holley. When General Washington received information of the scattered condition of the enemy, he said, "Now is the time to clip their wings, they are so spread." 256 ATTACK ON TRENTON. He determined to recross the Delaware, and at- tack the Hessians at Trenton. His plan was to break his army into three divisions, put one under General Cadwallader, another under General Ewing, and reserve the third for himself. These divisions were to cross the river at different points. As it was winter, and a great amount of floating ice was in the river, the divisions of Cad- wallader and Ewing were unable to cross. Wash- ington alone was successful. It was the night of the twenty-fifth of December. Washington had hoped to -have gotten across by midnight, but the severe cold weather and the numerous blocks of floating ice created delay, so that he did not get his troops over until three o'clock in the morning. At four they commenced their march. Colonel Rahl, who commanded the Hessians at Trenton, had received information that he would probably be attacked on Christmas night. He had therefore made preparations for the reception of the Americans. Now it so happened that Captain Washington (not the General) had been for some days on a scouting party in the Jerseys, with a company of fifty soldiers on foot. He knew nothing of the GeneraFs contemplated attack on Trenton. So he approached it him- self, met the pickets, exchanged a few shots, and then retreated. The Hessians supposed that this was the threatened attack, and after the invaders retreated they felt secure. Captain Washington SURRENDER OF THE HESSIANS. happened to retreat by the very way along which the General was coming towards Trenton. When they met, he joined his force with that of the conimander-in-chief. At first it was feared that the Captain's visit might have put the Hessians on their guard, but as the Delaware was crossed, and the army had come for the very purpose of attack, it was determined to press on without delay. The night was intensely cold, accom- panied with sleet, snow, and slippery roads. The army was formed into two divisions, one com- manded by General Sullivan, the other by Gen- eral Green. General Washington was with the latter. They reached Trenton about eight o'clock in the morning, and immediately attacked the city at two different points at the same moment. The Hessians, after a slight resistance, attempted to retreat to Princeton, but were prevented by the Americans. Finding themselves surrounded, they were obliged to surrender themselves pris- oners of war. The casualties of the engagement consisted of between thirty and forty Hessians killed, including Colonel Rahl, their commander. Of the Americans only ten were killed and wounded. The advantages gained were nearly a thousand prisoners, Hessians, six brass cannon, a thousand stand of arms and a considerable quan- tity of ammunition. This sudden and brilliant victory was a great surprise to the British, and a great encouragement to the colonists, who had 17 1 Become despondent on account of the ill-success of their arms. It showed two important things first, that the tide of victory was turning, and second, that the Hessians were not the terrible and invincible foes which they had been described to be. Though at that time Philadelphia was held by the Americans, many of the citizens sym- pathized with the British, and hoped they would succeed in suppressing Avhat was called the American rebellion. This party denied that the Hessians had been conquered. Washington there- fore had the prisoners taken to Philadelphia, and marched through the streets, that friends and foes might have visible evidence of the reality and ex- tent of the victory. A week after the capture of the Hessians, Washington's force was increased by the addition of those of Generals Mifflin and Cadwallader, making the whole number about five thousand men. Lord Cornwallis was at Princeton. Know- ing that Washington remained at Trenton, he collected his army, and moved towards him. Washington moved his force across the Assump- nick Creek, which ran through the town, arid erected entrenchments and barriers for his protcc~ tion. The attempt of the British to cross tho Creek was met with strong opposition. Corn- wallis, finding all tho passes strongly guarded, concluded to wait for reinforcements till next day, before commencing a general engagement. AN ENGAGEMENT. 259 Washington, believing that in view of the strong force of the enemy, a battle would be hazardous, and that, in case of defeat, he would be unable to take his retreating array safely across the Dela- ware, still filled with floating cakes of ice, he re- solved upon another course. After dark, and when the enemy were asleep, he quietly drew off his forces from Trenton, leaving only a few men working with pickaxes, and a few fires burning, to give the enemy's sentinels the impression that they were still there, and engaged in measures for their protection. About dawn these few men left, and hastily followed after the retiring army, which was rapidly inarching towards Princeton, with the intention of defeating the force which Cornwallis had left there, and then hastening to New Brunswick and capturing the large quantity of military stores which the English had col- lected at that place. On his way to Princeton, Washington met two regiments, which Cornwallis had ordered to join him at Trenton. This was about a mile and a half from Princeton. An engagement at once began. The British com- mander sent back to Princeton for another regi- ment, which soon came up. After fighting about an hour, the American militia became frightened, and fell back in great confusion. General Mercer strove hard to rally them, and in so doing re- ceived from the enemy a fatal wound. The British DOW charged with fixed bayonets. Wash- 260 BRITISH TAKEN PRISONERS. ington, seeing that the van of his army were being driven back, immediately brought up the main body and attacked the enemy with great spirit. He was well sustained by the soldiers who had aided him in taking Trenton a week before, who fought with such bravery that they succeeded in reaching Princeton, driving the enemy before them, one party of whom fled to the college, but after receiving a few discharges of cannon, came out and delivered themselves up as prisoners of war. The majority of those who had been left, or been driven there, made a rapid re- treat towards New Brunswick. About one hun- dred of the British were killed, and three hundred taken prisoners. The Americans lost about a hundred. When the day broke at Trenton, Comwallis and his army were greatly surprised to find no enemy in front of them. Believing that the cap- ture of the stores at New Brunswick was their object, he at once pursued them. His van arrived at Princeton about the same time that the rear- guard of the Americans did. This placed "Wash- ington in a critical position. For two days his soldiers had had no rest. They were so ex- hausted that after the battle at Princeton, many of them actually fell down overpowered for want of sleep. Washington knew that they were in no state to fight another battle : he therefore relin- quished the idea of pressing to New Brunswick, and retreated northwardly, to Morristown. BATTLE OF BKANDYWINE. 261 On the eleventh of September the two armies met again by the river Brandywine. The British troops were under the direction of Howe, Cornwallis, and Knyphausen, whilst the Americans were commanded by Washington, Sullivan and Armstrong. The battle was opened by an attack upon the division of Knyphausen, which was unsuccessful. The object of Knyphau- sen was to keep the Americans engaged so as to give Cornwallis an opportunity of turning their flank, and getting in their rear without being dis- covered. Washington suspected this manoeuvre, and sent patrols in that direction to ascertain the facts. A message from Gen. Sullivan informed him that a large number of the British were crossing the Brandywine. Washington ordered Sullivan to attack them at once, whilst he would treat Knyphausen in the same manner. But nothing was accomplished. The movements of Cornwallis had been made so early, secretly and swiftly, that he succeeded in gaining a command- ing height within two miles of Sullivan's flank. So soon as Sullivan saw the red coats crowning the hill, he commenced making arrangements to attack them, but before they were completed, the troops of Cornwallis bore down upon him with great fury, broke his line, threw all the rest into confusion, and drove them from the field. So soon as Knyphausen heard the firing in that direction, and knowing that it indicated the suo- 262 LAFAYETTE AND PULASKI WOUNDED. cess of Cornwallis' movement, he changed his position, crossed the Brandywine, and attacked the American entrenchments at Chad's Ford. General Wayne defended the post with great courage. But as he had only a single division to oppose to one half of the British army, his efforts, though very gallant, were unable to resist the overwhelming numbers of the enemy. General Green's division occupied a portion be- tween Wayne's and Sullivan's, where it could send assistance to either, as emergencies might require. Hence, when Sullivan retreated, Green sent troops to cover the retreat. These reinforcements, after seizing a pass about a mile from Dilworth, at- tacked the enemy, arrested their pursuit of Sul- livan and carried on for some time a warm engagement. When the firing here ceased, the battle ended leaving the British in possession of the field. According to Marshall, the English had in this engagement eighteen thousand men, and the Americans only eleven thousand. It was in this battle that two distinguished foreigners, who had espoused the American cause, were wounded ; the first was Count Pulaski, a coura- geous Polander, whose bravery was such that he was soon after made a Brigadier General. The other was the Marquis de Lafayette. He was disabled for two months by a wound in the leg, and would have been made a prisoner at the time he was wounded, if his aid-de-camp, M. ATTACK OJT GERMANTOW^. 263 Gemat, had not placed him upon his horse, and escaped with him. A line of Maryland soldiers were in this battle, and shared the fortunes of the day. The British troops now pressed forward, and although they met with opposition, it was not sufficient to prevent them from entering and taking possession of Philadelphia. After making the necessary arrangements to keep possession of that city, Howe pushed forward as many troops as he could spare to Germantown. The posses- sion of Philadelphia by the British was a great blow to the Americans, as that was the capital of the country. It was the design of Washington to attempt its recapture so soon as circumstances seemed to be favorable. When, therefore, he heard that several detachments of the English army had been sent away from Germantown on different expeditions, and that in this way the army there was considerably weakened, he con- sidered it an auspicious time to make an attack there, and so open the way to the capital. Ac- cordingly on the evening of the third of October, he broke up his camp and started for German- town. After marching fourteen miles in the darkness, he surprised the British in the morning, by showing himself before Germantown. Sulli- van, who led the advance, accompanied by Washington, drove in the pickets, engaged the light infantry and forced them from their ground. The English lieutenant, Colonel Musgrove, on his 264 HARD FIGHTING. retreat, took possession of a strong stone house, and as the Americans came up, he ordered his soldiers to fire upon them from the doors and windows. In that way he did much execution, killing and wounding not a few. Washington called up a brigade and ordered them to surround the house. But the gallant Musgrove continued to fight. Four pieces of -cannon were then brought up and pointed against the house. Still Musgrove refused to surrender. He endured the fire of the cannon with great bravery and pa- tience, until Major General Gray, with the third brigade, and Brigadier General Agnew, with the fourth, presented themselves for his relief. These attacked the Americans with great zeal. General Green now arrived with his troops, and engaged the right wing of the British. A part of this wing were sent to attack the Americans on the opposite side of the town, while General Grant was engaged in assisting Green's column. As it was a dim, misty morning, rendered more gloomy by the smoke of the battle, the Americans found it difficult to discover the precise state or location of their moving enemy. Embarrassments also sprang up among themselves, which gave the enemy time to recover from the consternation into which they were thrown by the suddenness of the arrival of the Americans. Judging from appearances, it would seem as if the Americans ought to win the day. Sullivan's division has WINTER QUARTERS. 265 pushed itself far into the town. If the other divisions show similar spirit, the battle will be ours; but instead of this the main body of the army begins to retreat. Their officers endeavor in vain to prevent it, and soon the whole army follow their unfortunate example, leaving two hundred killed, six hundred wounded, and four hundred prisoners; whilst the killed and wounded of the British are six hundred. Many Maryland volunteers were engaged on this occasion, not a few of whom lost their lives, amongst whom was the " patriotic Cox," captain of one of the Mary- land companies. As the cold weather approached, Washington sought a suitable place for his winter quarters. Not only did he desire a comfortable position, but one sufficiently near the enemy to have his eye upon them, and to keep them within somewhat straightened limits. After examining several places, he finally selected a deep, dreary, but safe valley or hollow, between the hills, about twenty miles north-west of Philadelphia, and known as Valley Forge. The soldiers were so miserably clad that to oblige them to spend the winter months in canvas tents could not be thought of. So Washington ordered a large number of huts to be erected, composed of logs filled in with mortar or clay, each sufficiently large to accom- modate twelve men. This was done, and the men made their home in these extemporized bar- 266 PRIVATIONS AND racks. Now commenced one of the most painful experiences of the war. An army of over eleven thousand was there encamped, many of whom were utterly without shoes or stockings, and nearly naked, obliged to sit up night after night, shivering round their miserable fires to keep them- selves from freezing, instead of going to sleep and obtaining the repose which their exhausted na- tures required. Food also became scarce, and famine stared them in the face. When the men passed from hut to hut, or appeared on parade, many of them did it with naked, lacerated feet, which left their blood-marks in the snow. As the men had to collect their own fuel, and as there were but a few horses in the army, they were obliged to construct rough sleds, yoke themselves to them, and draw their wood from the forest into camp. Others performed the service of pack horses, and carried heavy bundles of faggots upon their backs. Yet, notwithstanding all their suf- ferings, the army, as a general thing, exhibited great patience. Patriotism sustained them. The love of self was absorbed in the love of country. General Washington in a letter to Congress said, f< For some days there has been little less than famine in the camp. A part of the army have been a week without any kind of flesh, and the rest three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we cannot 'enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiers, that they SUFFERINGS. 267 liave not been ere this excited by their suffering to a great mutiny and dispersion. Strong symp- toms, however, of discontent have appeared in particular instances ; and nothing but the most active efforts everywhere can long avert so shocking a catastrophe." A letter from a com- mittee, appointed by Congress, to Mr. Laurens, president of that body, says, "Indeed nothing could surpass their suffering, except the patience and fortitude with which it was endured by the faithful part of the army." Unprepared as the soldiers were to keep their thin matrasses from the cold, wet ground, they were often obliged to sleep in damp, freezing beds. This, combined with their miserable food and thin clothing, brought on diseases which rapidly thinned their ranks. Out of the whole number of eleven thou- sand ninety-eight, when their encampment in Valley Forge commenced, two thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight were unfit for duty. Before the flowers of spring began to shed their fragrance in the valley, many of those poor fel- lows, with others who were well when they en- tered there, had laid down to their long last *leep. In these privations and sufferings Mary- land officers and soldiers endured their share. In the early part of 1778 a legion of cavalry and infantry was raised, composed in part of soldiers from Maryland, and placed under the command of Count Pulaski, a distinguished COUNT PULASKI. Polaiider, who came to this country after his own had lost its independence by a coalition of Austria, Russia and Prussia, who under the guise of protection, robbed Poland of its freedom. In February, 1779, the gallant Pulaski, with his newly formed legion, commenced his march to South Carolina, for the purpose of putting him- self under the orders of General Lincoln. He reached Charleston, May 8, and was surprised to find the Governor and council considering the expediency of surrendering the city to the British army. He vigorously opposed the project, and it was defeated. The British, who were then in front of the city, soon after withdrew. They knew that General Lincoln was coming to the relief of the city. Pulaski with his legion pressed on to Savannah. About the same time Count D'Estaing arrived with a fleet of twenty sail of the line, two of fifty guns, and eleven frigates. As soon as Lincoln heard of his ar- rival he commenced his march towards Savannah. Orders were also sent out for the militia of Georgia and South Carolina to assemble at the same place. Before the army of Lincoln ar- rived, Count D'Estaing demanded the surrender of the town to the arms of France. Prevost, the commanding officer of the city, asked, in reply, for twenty-four hours cessation of arms in order to prepare terms. Unfortunately his re- quest was granted, and this gave time for the ATTACK ON CHARLESTON. 269 British Colonel, Maitland, to arrive with eight hundred men. This timely increase of their army strengthened and encouraged them so greatly, that instead of preparing terms of surrender, they sent a defiant answer to the Count, that they would defend the city to the last extremity. It was now decided to besiege the city. On the fourth of October, the batteries of the besiegers were opened with nine mortars, thirty-seven pieces of cannon from the land side and fifteen from the water. It being at length ascertained that considerable time would be necessary to re- duce the garrison by regular approaches, it was determined to make an assault. In pursuance of this determination, while two feints were made with the militia, a real attack was made on Spring Hill battery just as daylight appeared, with two columns, consisting of thirty-five hundred French troops, six hundred continentals, and three hun- dred and fifty of the inhabitants of Charleston. The principal of these columns, commanded by Count D'Estaing and General Lincoln, marched boldly up to the lines; but a heavy and well directed fire from the galleys threw the front of the column into confusion. The places of those who fell being instantly supplied by others, it still moved on, until it reached a redoubt, where the contest became more fierce and desperate. Captain Tawse fell in defending the gate of his redoubt, with his sword plunged in the body of 270 FALL OP PTJLASKI. the third assailant whom he had slain with his own hand, and a French and American standard was for an instant planted on the parapet; but the assailants, after sustaining the enemy's fire fifty- five minutes, were ordered to retreat. Of the French, six hundred and thirty-seven, and of the continentals and militia two hundred and forty- one were killed or wounded. Immediately after this unsuccessful assault, the militia almost uni- versally went to their homes, and Count D'Estaing, re-embarking his troops and artillery, left the continent.* When the engagement was at its height, the brave Count Pulaski, with two hundred light horse, endeavored to enter the town so as to at- tack the British rear. He charged with great speed at the head of his troops, and might have succeeded had he not received a fatal wound. When his men saw him fall, they were terror- stricken, wheeled about and retreated in great confusion. How many Mary landers were slain or wounded in this unsuccessful assault we have no means of knowing. But history informs us that they were there and performed their part on that memorable day. Early in the spring of 1780, Washington saw that there was a necessity of a larger force in the Carolinas ; he therefore made arrangements to send troops from Maryland and Delaware there. * Holmes' American Annals. GATES APPOINTED COMMANDER. 271 He also called out the militia of Virginia and North Carolina. Baron de Kalb, an eminent German officer, who from the love of liberty had identified himself with the Americans, was placed in command of these forces. Soon after this, General Gates was appointed by Congress com- mander of the whole southern army; then of course De Kalb was obliged to act under him. Gates' march southward was so slow that he did not reach Camden in South Carolina until the be- ginning of August. Lord Rawdon, the com- mander of the British forces, had drawn his army together at that point. Cornwallis at this time was at Charleston. And so soon as Rawdon heard of the approach of the Americans, he sent word to him, when he immediately set out to form a union of his forces with those of Rawdon. This being accomplished, Rawdon determined to commence operations against the Americans. Gates had also purposed to move upon Rawdon. Accordingly, after dark, on the fifteenth of August, both generals, with their arnies, moved towards each other for the purpose of an attack, and both were ignorant of each other's move- ments or design. They met before daylight, and commenced the engagement in the dark. As nothing effective could be accomplished without light, they ceased firing and waited for the morn- ing. At early daybreak the battle was renewed. The British regulars made a terrible charge, with 272 DEATH OF BAKON DE KALB. fixed bayonets, upon the raw and inexperienced Virginia and Carolina militia, and put them to flight. The Maryland and Delaware troops ex- hibited more courage, and fought more bravely. Several times their fire was so hot as to compel the British to retire, and it seemed as if they were on the way to victory. But after the militia was dispersed, then the whole force of the enemy was concentrated upon these two corps, upon whom they poured such a terrible shower of balls, as to make them waver, and when the troops of Cornwallis charged them with fixed bayonets, they yielded, and commenced to flee. Colonel Tarlton, seeing this, charged upon them with his calvary, and cut them up with great slaughter. Baron de Kalb exerted himself on this occasion most heroically to prevent the loss of victory, but after receiving eleven wounds, he died. As the Maryland forces were in his corps, they had a share in the most sanguinary part of the battle. The death of Baron de Kalb was greatly regretted by the soldiers and by the country generally. The American Congress or- dered a monument to be erected to his memory in the city of Annapolis. This was done, and the Marquis de Lafayette laid the corner stone. The following is its inscription : MONUMENT TO BARON DE KALB. 273 Sacred to the memory of THE BARON DE KALB, Knight of the royal order of merit, Brigadier of the armies of France, and Major general in the service of the United States of America. Having served with honor and reputation for three years, He gave a last and glorious proof of his attachment to the liberties of mankind and the cause of America, In the action near Camden, in the state of South Carolina, On the 16th of August, 1780, Where, leading on the troops of the Maryland and Delaware lines against superior numbers, and animating them by his example to deeds of valor, He was pierced with many wounds, and on the 19th following expired in the 48th year of his age. The Congress of the United States of America, In gratitude to his zeal, services and merit, Have erected this monument. Bancroft Librai Another engagement in which the Maryland soldiers fought with bravery and honor is called the battle of the Cowpens. At first the tide of the battle was against the Americans, and the 18 274 BATTLE OF THE COWPENS. British, supposing that the day was theirs, pressed on after the retreating foe with speed and some disorder. When the Americans halted they were not more than twenty yards from their pursuers. Colonel Howard then gave the order for them to turn and face the enemy. They did so instantly, and poured at once into their whole line a volley of balls. This unexpected warm reception threw them into great confusion. When Howard saw this, he perceived that it gave a favorable oppor- tunity for another demonstration, so he imme- diately ordered his regiment to charge with the bayonet. So soon as the British saw the flashing steel points coming to them with such speed, they were terrified, and fled from the field. Howard and Washington pressed after them until they captured the artillery and a great part of the in- fantry. It was a decisive victory, and cost the Americans less than eighty men in killed and wounded. Marshall says, " Seldom has a battle in which greater numbers were not engaged, been so important in its consequences as that of the Cowpens. By it Lord Conwallis was not only deprived of a fifth of his numbers, but lost, so far as respected his infantry, that active part of his army, which, in the species of war about to be en- tered on, is most useful to those who possess it, and most terrible to an enemy. Had the issue of the engagement been such as was to have been expected from the relative strength of the two BATTLE OF EUTAW SPRINGS. 275 detachments, and Morgan's corps, like that of Buford, been cut to pieces, it is impossible to say what consequences would have resulted to the Southern States." The battle of Eutaw Springs was another of the most important fought on Southern soil. On the morning of the eighth of September, the en- gagement was opened in a woods, where the two advance parties had met. The Americans poured in their shot so fast that the British began to give way. Now the cavalry dashed upon their rear, driving before them the British horsemen and foragers and scattering the infantry like leaves before the wind. After these were dispersed, another corps of the British were met, and the battle was renewed. The artillery of both armies was now brought into action, and whilst the op- ponents of each were falling beneath each other's fire, both armies got themselves into full battle array, and then the fighting became general. One corps followed another into action, until nearly the whole of both armies were engaged. A portion of the American militia, being in ad- vance of the other troops, drew upon themselves two regiments from the British center, who, after a short, sharp struggle, compelled them to retreat. Then they rushed on to the American left flank, flushed with enthusiasm at their recent success, but the force which was stationed here under Lieutenant Colonel Henderson received the shock, 276 FURIOUS FIGHTING. as the rock-bound coast receives the shock of the foam-crested billows ; and as the rocks roll back the waves, so did Henderson's troops roll back their flushed and hopeful enemies. They poured into them volleys of iron hail with such rapidity and deadly effect as prevented further advance, and restored the battle, which had previously seemed to be going in favor of the ^British. En- couraged by this heroic and successful conduct of Henderson's brave boys, General Green ordered up the center of the second line, which was under the command of General Sumter, and directed it to move into the chasm which was made by the retiring militia. At the word of command," on came the center with loud huzzas. The battle now became fiercer and bloodier than before. Men were falling, killed or wounded, at every volley. Such destruction could not continue long. In a short time the British at this point were driven back to their old position. Lieuten- ant Colonel Stewart, the English commander, now hurried up the infantry, which were waiting in- actively in the rear of his left wing. These fresh forces increased the fury of the fight. "The con- flict was then terrible. Regiments were sweeping along under galling fires ; the hot sun was beam- ing and dancing over thousand of bayonets, and helmets and sabres; cavalry were thundering from rank to rank, the sheaths of the dragoons ringing across the field, while the ground, air, and GREAT SLAUGHTER. 277 woods rocked with the rushings of angry thou- sands, the rattling of musketry, the loud roaring of cannon. The plumes of officers were leaping here and there between the volumes of smoke; charge after charge was crushing scores to the earth ; and the love of life, the strong universal tie, was suspended in the whirlings of passion." General Green, observing how close was the en- gagement, and that a trifle more weight on either Bide would determine the victory, determined upon a sharp, quick, decisive movement. He or- dered the Maryland and Virginia troops to the front. They responded to the order with loud, enthusiastic shouts. They had been listening in- actively to the firing of others long enough. They were burning for an opportunity to render some service in securing the fortunes of the day themselves. They opened fire upon the enemy like the blast of a volcano. Hundreds fell before them. Whole companies were so thinned by their bloody execution as to be reduced to mere skeletons. The British line began to waver, when Major Majoribanks, seeing the peril, brought up his battalion of grenadiers, ordered them into action, and thereby strengthened the line and pre- vented it from being put to flight. But Green being determined on victory, called up one of his regiments and directed it to attack Majoribanks; and then galloping rapidly along the lines, he or- dered them to charge. Instantly the firing on 278 AMERICAN TRIUMPH. the side of the Americans ceased, the bayonets were fixed, and the whole line moved forward to the charge. Terrible volleys aimed at their faces were poured into them. Many fell at every fire. Still they faltered not, but pressing on, gained every moment increased nearness to the foe. Lieutenant Colonel Lee now observed that the American line was longer than that of the enemy, that one end was beyond their flank. He ordered a company to turn that flank. This being done, the enemy were attacked in front and rear in front by the bayonet, on flank by mus- ketry. Cold steele on one side of them, and hot shot on the other, they could not stand. Their line was soon broken, and then they fled in every direction, leaving their camp a prize to the Amer- icans. But though they gained the day, there were two unfortunate events which prevented the victory from being as full and complete as it otherwise would have been. Lieutenant Colonel Washington, who had been ordered to oppose Majoribanks at the time he came into action, be- came with his regiment involved in a marsh where he could move neither one way nor an- other. As this marsh was near the route taken by the British, he was exposed to the fire of their retreating forces. Many of his officers and men were killed, his horse was shot under him, and himself taken prisoner, after being wounded by a bayonet. One half of his troops were destroyed. LEE RETREATS. 279 Another sad event was that when Lieutenant Colonel Lee had possession of all the roads which commanded the retreat of the British, a corps that ought to have sustained him failed to come up, and when it was sent for could not be found. If it had made its appearance, much more injury would have been inflicted upon the enemy, and probably some regiments would have been taken prisoners. But in consequence of the failure of this corps to show itself, Lee was obliged to re- treat, and sacrifice the splendid advantage which he had gained. This gave the English Colonel Stewart opportunity to restore his broken line and renew the conflict. By this movement he re- gained his captured camp, and took two Ameri- can cannon. If Colonel Washington had not been entangled in the swamp, and had the last corps come up at the proper time, it would have been an undisputed American Victory. But as it was, both parties claimed the day, though the ad- vantages were entirely on the side of the Ameri- cans. The losses on both sides were unusually great. One-fifth of the British and one-fourth of the Americans were killed and wounded. The enemy made sixty prisoners, all wounded, and the Americans about five hundred. Such was the battle of Eutaw Springs, and in it the Maryland troops bore an honorable share. The war between Great Britaiu and the colo- nies was continued seven years, when England 280 AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. saw the hopelessness of subduing them, and then acknowledged their independence. From the first, Maryland took a decided position in favor of the colonies, and firmly maintained it to the last. FOR THE MEMBERS OF THE C. L. S. C. AND THE C. Y. F. R U. The following Special Club Rates are arranged : Wide Awake, enlarged. Containing the Required readings, per year, $2.5 O Also the following books which are also included in the Required readings : Stories from English History* 2 vols - - 20 Behaving, by Shirley Dare. ( Usual Edition, $1.00.) .50 The Story of English Literature, by Mrs. John Lillie. Illustrated. ( Usual Edition, $1.25.) .75 #3-95 All these books will be sent to any member, postage paid, on receipt of $3.00, by D. LOTHROP & CO., PUBLISHERS, 32 FRANKLIN STREET, BOSTON. A further special offer is made to those who are or will become members. Where the names are sent at one time as a club, five copies of WIDE AWAKE will be mailed to different addresses for one year for $10.00. D. LOTHROP & CO., PUBLISHERS, 32 FRANKLIN STREET, BOSTON. EECENT AND CHOICE BOOKS TOE S, S, LIBEAEIES. By I-:. A. Kami. Pushing Ahead, . . . Roy's Dory, . . . i 25 Little Brown-Top, . . i 25 By Marie Oliver. After the freshet, . . i 25 beba s Discipline, . . $1 50 By Margaret Sidney. 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So long as there exists in the human mind an admiration for heroism in a good cause, for cour- age under extraordinary difficulties, for inflexible persever- ance in the face of obstacles seemingly insurmountable, and for faith remaining unshaken amidst disheartening sur- roundings, so long will the memory of David Livingstone be held in respect and reverence. The simple arid un- adorned story of the wanderings and sufferings of the mis- sionary explorer in the wilds of Africa possesses a stronger fascination than the most skilfully-devised romance. More than thirty of the most active years of the life of Living- stone were spent in Africa. Going to that country at the early age of twenty-seven to engage in missionary work, for nine years he mingled with the native tribes, acquiring their language, teaching, and making such explorations as were incidental to his labors. At the end of that time, fired with the desire of opening up the mysteries of that almost unknown country, he set out upon a journey of exploration, the particular aim being the discovery of Lake Ngami. He succeeded, and collected, besides, a vast amount of scientific and geographical information which was entirely new. In 1852, having sent his family to Eng- land, he started on another journey of exploration, being absent four years, and traversing in that lime over eleven thousand miles. On his return he published his first book, in which he detailed his discoveries. He paid a short visit to England, where he was received with open arms by scholars and scientific men, and every honor was accorded him. In 1858 he began his third voyage of exploration, ac- companied by his wife, who died on the way. He returned in 1868, but immediately set out with a more extended plan in view. For more than four years nothing was heard from him except in the way of rumors. Then letters came, long delayed, detailing his plans, followed by a silence of two years. In 1871 he was found at Ujiji, alive and well, by Henry M. Stanley, who had been sent in search of him by the New York Herald. He joined Stanley, who had been given a carte blanche for explorations, and was with him until he died, May 1, 1873, at Ilala, in Central Africa, The present volume is an intensely interesting account of these several journeys compiled from the most authentic sources, the chief being Livingstone's owuUescriptious. and journals. NEW PUBLICATIONS. THE OLD OAKEN BUCKET. By Samuel Wood worth. Quarto Holiday edition. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co. Price $1.50. Of all the illustrated quarto presentation books yet issued, this is by all odds the most artistic and tasteful. The art of the designer, engraver and printer has in turn been exhausted to bring it as near perfection as possible. The drawings are from the skilful pencil of Miss Humphrey, and represent her best work. 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CHIPS FIIOM THE WHITE HOUSE. 12 nio. 480 pp. $1.50 What the press says of it: In this handsome volume of five hundred pages have been brought together some of the most important utterances ol our twenty presidents, carefully selected from speeches and Addresses, public documents and private correspondence, :. id touching upon a large variety of subjects. Golden. Rule, Boston. Most of the extracts are dated and accompanied by brief explanations of the circumstances under which they were written, and the volume, therefore, if judiciously read, will give a clearer idea of the character of the men than can be gathered elsewhere by reading a small library through. New York Graphic. The selections are made with judgment and taste, and represent not only the political status of the distinguished writers, but also their social and domestic characteristics. The book is interesting in itself, and specially valuable as a convenient book of reference for students of American history. Its mechanical presentation is all that can be asked. Providence Journal. Each chapter is prefaced by a brief synoposis of the life and services of its subject, and most of the extracts are dated, with brief explanations of the circumstances under which they were written. The work, in fact, is a handbook. It is convenient for reference of American history. It is printed in clear, large type, is tastefully and strongly bound, and is supplemented by a very full index. Woman's Jour- nal, Boston. The book is thoroughly good ; none better could be placed in the hands of young persons. By the light of these they can see the reflection of the character of the grand men who have been called to rule over the Nation during its existence. No other nation ever had such a succsssion of rulers, where so few have proved failures.- Inter Oceav, Chicago. ' BOOK NOTICES. Walks to Emmaus. By the late Rev. Nehemiah Adams Z>. D. Edited by his son, Rev. William H. Adams. Firs*- series. January-February. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co. 12mo. pp360. Price, $1.00. " This is the first volume of one of the largest and most promising homiletical works of the age. It will embrace two sermons for every Sabbath of an entire year. It is " a Christian year," yet not confined to the liturgy of any single denomination of Christians, but aiming to include within this compass one discourse on each topic of ordinary paste- rial use, or the needs of the religious reader. It is adapted for the vacant pulpit, the sick room, and the private library. It is agreed that no modern writer is better suited to all classes and capacities than Dr. Adams. Encomiums of his extensively circulated religious publications, " The Friends of Christ," " Christ a Friend," " Communion Sabbath," " Cath- arine," "At Eventide," &c., &c. Have justified this selec tion of more than a hundred and twenty sermons from the forty years' ministry of Rev. Dr. Adams, with the hope o\ their wide circulation among all religious denominations. Each of the six volumes now in preparation, to be issued every year or two, will be complete in itself although form- ing a part of this work designed as "one years discourses." For, one of the "fifth sabbath sermons" may be employed instead of one for a special occasion, for example "a new year's discourse." Every evangelical minister, theological student, and household should possess this crowning work of an eminent divine, and standard religious writer. The volume is tastefully printed and bound." NEW PUBLICATIONS. YENSIE WALTON'S WOMANHOOD. By Mrs. S. R. Graham Clark. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co. Price $1.50. Nine out of ten Sunday-school scholars have read Yensie Walton, one of the best and most interesting books that ever went into a Sunday-school library. The present volume introduces Yensie in a new home and under new conditions. She enters the family of a friend as an instructor of the younger members, and the narrative of her experiences will especially interest those who have to do with the moral and mental training of children. The author shows that all children are not made after the same pattern, and that one line of treatment is not of universal application. In one of her pupils, a boy of brilliant mental endowments, whose mind has become embittered because of a physical deformity, Yensie finds much to interest as well as to discourage her. She perseveres, however, and by studying his character carefully and working upon him from the right side, she gradually works a change in his disposition and brings his better qualities into active exercise. This is scarcely accom- plished when a call from Valley Farm reaches her. Ever prompt to do duty's bidding, Yensie quits this happy home for the sterner requirements of her uncle's family, where she lauored with unflagging interest and determination until that iir.ich-loved relative says his last good-by. It is then that the hitherto silenced wooer refuses to be longer quiet, ami our heroine goes out from the old red farm-house to her wedded home, where as a wife and mother she makes duty paramount to pleasure, and every circumstance of life is met with that same fortitude characteristic of the Yensie Walton you so much admire. Besides the characters with which the reader is already familiar through .the former work, others are introduced which are equally well drawn, and which serve to round out the story to completeness. THE MOTHER'S RECORD OF THE MENTAL, MORAL AND PHYSICAL LIFE OF HER CHILD. Boston : D. Lothrop & Co. Quarto, $1.00. This work is valuable as it is unique. It is prepared by a Massachusetts woman, and though originally intended for her own benefit, has been published for the help of mothers everywhere. It is intended for a yearly chronicle of the child's growth and development, menial and physical, and will be an important aid to mothers \vho devote themselves to conscientious training of their little ones. NEW PUBLICATIONS. ORIGINALITY. By EVias Nason. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co. Price $.50. Mr. Nason has here made a reply to Wendell Phillips' ''Lost Arts," which is well worth read- ing for its point and suggestiveness. He endeavors to show the meaning of the word, and what important results have come from the originating powers of a few bright men since the beginning of civilization. He takes up, one by one, the points made by Mr. Phillips in his famous lecture, and shows on what slight grounds they rest, and of how little weight they really are when examined and analyzed. Mr. Nason does not believe that any of the useful arts have been lost. The ancients had few to lose. They made glass, but they did not know how to use it. They could embalm dead bodies; but of what use were embalmed dead bodies ? They Lad some knowledge of mathematics, but a school-boy's arithmetic to-day contains more mathematical knowledge than has come out of all the exhumed cities of the Orient. There were more marvels of art displayed at the Centennial exhihition than in the ancient world for twenty centuries. Mr. Nason insists that the aesthetica! productions of the. ancients have been vastly over-estimated. The periods of Demosthenes," he says, "yield in Titanic force to the double-compact sentences of Daniel Webster. Mr. Phillips himself has sometimes spoken more eloquently than Cicero. Homer never rises to the sublimity of John Milton." The world grows wiser and better. Age hy age, it has been de- veloping its resources and adding pearl to pearl to the diadem of its wisdom ; sometimes slower, sometimes quicker, hut always upward and onward. Mr. Nason writes in a fresh and sparkling style, and the thousands who have listened with rapt attention to Mr. Phillips' eloquent presentation of his side of the question will find equal pleasure and greater profit in reading this charming essay, which is equally elo- quent and unquestionably sounder in its conclusions. THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF CHARLES DICKENS. By Phebe A. Hanaford. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co. Price $1.50. A life of Dickens, written by a popular author and upon a new plan, will be sure to meet with favor at the hands of the public. Mrs. Hanaford has not attempted to write a critical and original analysis of the great author from her own point of view, but, while sketching the main incidents of his life, has quoted liberally from his works to illustrate his genius, and from the correspondence and writings of Ilia personal friends to show the estimation in which lie was held by them as a man, a philanthropist and a Christian. The volume commends itself to every lover of Dickens, and deserves to be widely known and read. NEW PUBLICATIONS. TIIK LOIII/S PuusEBEAKEiis. By IJesba Stretton. Boston. D. Lothrop & Co. Price $1.25. The name of Ilesba Stretton is too- well known in English literature to render it necessary to make special commendation of any work from her pen. No writer of religious fiction stands higher in England, and there is not a Sunday-school library where some one of her volumes may not be found. She has the faculty of entertaining and instructing at the same time. The present publishers have made special arrangements with her for the production in this country of her latest work, and the probabilities are that all her future books will bear their imprint. In The Lord's Pursebearers the author draws a terrible picture of life among the vicious poor in London streets, and shows by what shifts the professional beggars and thieves of the great Babylon manage to live and thrive on the mis- placed charity of the pitying well-to-do population. She arouses a strong feeling of sympathy for the children who are bred in the haunts of vice, and who are instructed in crime before they are old enough to know the meaning of the word. The story is one of intense interest, and the characters, especially those of old Isaac Chippendell, his granddaughter Joan, and little Lucky, are forcibly drawn. One can hardly believe that such places exist or that such deeds are perpetrated as are here described, but one who is familiar with London and its streets knows that they are no exaggerations. The volume is illustrated. THE AFTERGLOW OF EUROPEAN TRAVEL. By Adelaide L. Harrington. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co. Price $1.50. This pleasant record of experiences abroad will delight those who have gone over the same ground, as well as those who have never strayed beyond the bounds of their own country. It is not a connected story of travel, but consists of reminis- cences and descriptions of various spots and objects which made the deepest aiid most lasting impression upon the writer. LINKS IN REBECCA'S LIFE. By "Pansy." Price, $1.50. Boston: D. Lotbrop & Co. "Pansy" has no rival as an author of the best class of Sunday-school books. Her "Ester Eied" and "Chautauqua Girls" series are models in that important line of literature. Her new book, " Links in Rebecca's Life," is worthy of a place in the same list. This book is an admirable one. Its tone is healthy and stimulating, without a trace of senti- mentalism or cant: and its characters are thoroughly natu- ral, such as any reader can recognize in the community in. which be happens to live. The heroine, Rebecca, is intense- ly human, with a noble nature in which many weaknesses hide themselves and come often to the surface. But she is a Christian of the best type, and her aspirations and hard- fought battles inspire enthusiasm in a reader. The Com- mittee on International Lessons couldn't do a better thing than to circulate this book in every part of the land. It shows how the lessons may be made helpful in the daily life, and how the Old Testament may be taught with in- terest to an Infant School, or to men and women of every congregation. ECHOING AND RE-ECHOING. By Faye Huntington. Price $1.50. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co., publishers. It shows great ignorance of the Sunday-school literature of our day, when one calls it weak and n am by-stuff, with an equal mixture of love-stories, and impossible adventures. The censure is just for a certain class of books, but a large library may be gathered of first-class works admirable alike in moral tone and in literary execution, books which every- body can read with delight and profit. "Echoing and Re- echoing" is a book of this sort, a well-told story, abounding with practical lessons, and inciting to a noble Christian life. The most intelligent opponent of religious novels will find his prejudices giving way in reading it, and a fastidious lit- erary reader will be thankful that children have such good books for moulding their literary tastes. "PANSY" BOOKS. Probably no living author has exerted an influence upon the American people at large, at all comparable with Pansy's. Thou- sands upon thousands of families read her books every week, and the effect in the direction of right feeling, right thinking, and right living is incalculable. Each volume 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50. FOUR GIRLS AT CHAUTAUQUA. MODERN PROPHETS. CMAUTAUQUA GIRLS AT HOME. ECHOING AND RE-ECHOING. RUTH ERSKINE'S CROSSES. ESTER RIED. JULIA RIED. KING'S DAUGHTER. WISE AND OTHERWISE. ESTER RIED ' ' YET SPEAKING. LINKS IN REBECCA'S LIFE. FROM DIFFERENT STAND- THREE PEOPLE. [POINTS. THE HALL IN THE GROVE. HOUSEHOLD PUZZLES. MAN OF THE HOUSE. AN ENDLESS CHAIN. Each volume 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.25. CUNNING WORKMEN. GRANDPA'S DARLING. MRS. DEAN'S WAY. DR. DEAN'S WAY. Each volume 16mo. NEXT THINGS. PANSY SCRAP BOOK. FIVE FRIENDS. SOME YOUNG HEROINES. Each volume 16mo. Cloth. Price, $.75. GETTING AHEAD. JESSIE WELLS. Two BOYS. DOCIA'S JOURNAL. Six LITTLE GIRLS. HELEN LESTER. PANSIES. BERNIE'S WHITE CHICKEN. THAT BOY BOB. MARY BURTON ABROAD. SIDE BY SIDE. Price, $.60. The Little Pansy Series, 10 vols. Boards, $3.00. Cloth, $4.00. Mother's Boys and Girls' Library, 12 vols. Quarto Boards, $3.00. Pansy Primary Library, 30 vol. Cloth. Price, $7.50. Half Hour Library. Octavo, 8 vols. Price, $3.20. THOSE BOYS. THE RANDOLPHS. TIP LEWIS. SIDNEY MARTIN'S CHRISTMAS. DIVERS WOMEN. A NEW GRAFT. THE POCKET MEASURE. MRS. SOLOMON SMITH. Miss PRISCILLA HUNTER and MY DAUGHTER SUSAN. WHAT SHE SAID and PEOPLE WHO HAVEN'T TIME. Cloth. Price, $1.00. MRS. HARRY HARPER'S AWAKENING. NEW YEAR'S TANGLES. CHEERFUL WOKDS.* In the whole range of English literature we can call to mind the works of no single author to which the title, ''Cheerful Words," can more properly apply than to those of George Macclonald. It exactly expresses the element which permeates everything from his pen, whether sermon, essay, story or poem an element which strengthens while it cheers, which instills new light and life into the doubting or discouraged soul, and incites i'j to fresh effort. In the volume before us the editor has brought together, with a careful and judicious hand, some of the choicest pas- sages from Macclonald's works, written in various keys and upon various subjects, but all marked by healthy sentiment and sunshiny feeling. In quoting what a late critic has said of the "electrical consciousness" which characterizes his writings, the editor remarks : "The breadth and manliness of tone and sentiment, the deep perceptions of human nature, the originality, fancy and pathos, the fresh, out-of- door atmosphere everywhere apparent; above all, the earnest, wholesome, but always unobtrusive religious teaching that underlies all his writings, give to the works of George Mac- donald a certain magnetic power that is indescribable." And in the selections here made that power is singularly ap- parent. By turns they touch the heart, fire the imagination, moisten the eyes, arouse the sympathies, and bring into active exercise the better feelings and instincts of mind and heart. The introduction to the volume is from the pen of James T. Fields, a persona/ friend and ardent admirer of the au- thor. He regards Macdonald as a master of his art, and believes in holding up for admiration those like him, who have borne witness to the eternal beauty and cheerful capa- bilities of the universe around us, and who are lovingly reminding us, whenever they write, of the " holiness of help^ fulness." * Cheerful Words. By George Macdonald. Introduction by James T. Fields, and Biography by Emma E. Brown. Spare Minute Series. Boston? D. Lothrop & Co. Price $1.00.