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 THE LIBRARY 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 MAP OF THE WORLD 
 
 BY 
 
 ALONZO DE SANTA CRUZ 
 
 -1542. 
 
 EXPLANATIONS 
 
 BY 
 
 E. W. DAHLGREN. 
 
 STOCKHOLM 
 
 BOTAL PKINTINO OFFICE, r. A. XOnSTEPT & SÓSEK 
 
 1892. 
 
 .A MAP LIBRARY 
 
 ^ 
 
 -7 nil 1Q71
 
 UNIVERSITY of Ca^^FORMÍ/í 
 
 AT 
 
 ..-« Í. t-.
 
 MAP OF THE WORLD 
 
 BY 
 
 ALONZO DE SANTA CRUZ 
 
 1542. 
 
 EXPLANATIONS 
 
 BY 
 
 E. W. DAHLGREN. 
 
 STOCKHOLM 
 
 ROYAL PRINTING OFFICE. P. A. NORSTEDT Si SÓNER 
 
 1892.
 
 Map 
 Library 
 
 
 r 
 
 The maps drawn by Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian 
 chartographers in the age of the great discoveries, have 
 been preserved till the present time in bnt few instances. 
 
 Investigators of historical geography must especially 
 deplore the loss of the great Spanish model map, el Padrón 
 Beal, the laying down of which was entrusted to chartograph- 
 ers belonging to the Council of Indian Affairs at Sevilla, who, 
 on account of their position, had access to all the geographi- 
 cal material furnished by the discoveries constantly taking 
 place in the New World. Special interest is therefore taken 
 in the other chartographical productions which, not having 
 been subject to the destruction caused by carelessness and 
 vandalism, can more or less closely be traced to the work 
 of the Sevillan school of chartography. These, as well as 
 other maps from the period inmiediately following the dis- 
 covery of America, are now scattered throughout the different 
 countries of Europe, but the praiseworthy zeal of the present 
 age has made most of them, at least the most important 
 ones, accessible by facsimile reproductions. 
 
 Among the chartographical originals as yet published, 
 the works of one of the most renowned of the Sevillan 
 chartographers, Alonzo de Santa Cruz, are almost entirely 
 lacking. The large collection of maps and charts which he 
 left at his death has been scattered and probably, with but a 
 few exceptions, destroyed. In Spain there seems to be only a 
 map of the Gulf of Mexico extant. This map Mr. Henry 
 Harrisse in his recently published Cartographia Americana 
 Vetustissima,' assigns to the year 1536. A number of maps 
 
 ' H. Harkisse, The Discovery of North America, Paris, 1892, p. 624. 
 
 i aaoi O
 
 are also included in the work b}^ Alonzo de Santa Ckuz, 
 Islario general del Mundo, existing in two manuscript copies 
 and still unpublished. One of these maps, Tierra que 
 descubrió el piloto Estevan Gomez, has been reproduced in 
 facsimile by Mr. Harrisse in his work cited above (Plate 
 XI). ^ 
 
 Meanwhile, a peculiar circumstance has brought two of 
 Alonzo de Santa Cruz's maps to the far North. One of them 
 is a most remarkable map of the City of Mexico, which is 
 reproduced in reduced facsimile in Baron Nordenskiold's 
 Facsimile Atlas (p. 109), and on which I have written a short 
 article in the journal Ymer.^ This map belongs to the Uni- 
 versity Library of Upsala. The other map which is preserved 
 in the Royal Library at Stockholm is the map of the world 
 which is here reproduced in facsimile. As far as my know- 
 ledge goes, only a few brief notices are given to this work 
 in the printed literature of the day; namely, in Ymer, 1881, 
 p. 52, by Dr. Simon Nordstrom, in Nordenskiold's Facsimile 
 Atlas, p. 94, and the above mentioned article in Ymer, from 
 my pen.^ 
 
 How these two maps found their way to Sweden, is not 
 known. Probably, together with other literary treasures, they 
 were purchased by Johan Gabriel Sparpvenfeldt while on 
 the journey he made during the years 1689 — 94, travelling 
 through several of the countries of Europe (Spain among 
 others) for the purpose of looking for old manusciipts, books, 
 inscriptions, etc., referring to the ancient Goths, who at 
 that time, on account of the archeological ñmcies of Olaus 
 Rudbeck, were supposed to have come from Scandinavia. 
 Printed lists of Sparpvenpeldt's contributions both to the 
 
 ' Mr. Harrisse's supposition (Ibid. p. 621), that "a manuscript of the 
 Islario is to be found in some public institution at Stockholm " is not correct. 
 However, we think that we have grounds for believing that the manuscript of 
 this Islario which, according to Navarretk, was to be found in tlie Royal 
 Library at Madrid, and which, according to Mr. Harrisse, disappeared from 
 there within the last forty years, is nothing else than the Islario, bearing the 
 name of Andres Garcia de Céspedes, still preserved in the same library. 
 
 ^ Ymer, tidskrift ntgifven af Svenska Sallskapet for Antropologi och 
 Geografi. Árg. 9, Stockholm, 1889, p. 3. 
 
 3 1889, p. 12.
 
 library at Stockholm and that at Upsala are extant,^ but in 
 neither of these lists is there any mention made of these 
 
 maps. 
 
 It is unnecessary here to attempt a minute description 
 of the hfe and works of Alonzo de Santa Cruz. All that 
 is known about him is contained in the works by Nicolao 
 Antonio,^ Navarrete,^ Harrisse/ and Jiménez de la Espada,^ 
 and I have nothing of importance to add to what they have 
 said. I need only remind the reader that Santa Cruz par- 
 ticipated in Sebastian Cabot's unsuccessful expedition of 1526 
 —30, the object of which was to take the same course as 
 Magellan, though it did not extend farther than to Rio de 
 la Plata. It is quite probable that not only on this expedi- 
 tion, but even after his return to Spain, Santa Cruz busied 
 himself with navigation and chartography, and acquired suf- 
 ficient skill in these subjects to entitle him to the appella- 
 tion, mathematicarmn omnium arfium peritissimus.^ As early 
 as 1536 we find him, together with other cosmographers, 
 entrusted with finishing el Padrón General, and in the same 
 year he partook in a junta of pilots and cosmographers who 
 assembled in Sevilla for the purpose of advising in regard 
 to this work. By means of a royal cédula bearing the date 
 of July 7, 1536, Santa Cruz was appointed cosmógrafo real 
 with a salary of 30,000 maravedís. In 1542 we find that 
 he gives himself the title of Ccssaris Caroli V. arcliicosmogra- 
 
 1 Écloga sive Catalogus librorum tiiin ¡VIS""'"' turn impressorum, Hispanici 
 prajsertim idioinatis, quibus Regiam Bibliothecam adaiixit vir ilkistris JoH. 
 Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt. . . rec. Gustavus Peringer Lilieblad. Stockholmife 1706. 
 
 Catalogiis centuria^ librorum rarissimorum . . . qua anno 1705 bibliotbecani 
 publicara acadeniiífi Upsalensis ausit et exornavit Joan. Gabb. Sparvenfeldius. 
 [Rec. Er. Benzelius.] Ups. 1706. 
 
 - Bibliotheca Hispana, autore Nicolao Antonio, T. I, Romte 1672, p. 37. 
 
 3 Noticia biográfica de Alonso de Santa Cruz, Madrid 1835. Reprinted 
 in Navarrete's Opúsculos, T. lí. 
 
 * Jean et Sébastien Cabot, Paris 1882, p. 173. — The Discovery of 
 North America, Paris, 1892, p. 736. 
 
 5 Relaciones geográficas de Indias, puhlicalas el Ministerio de Fomento. 
 Perú. T. 2, Madrid, 1885, p. XXI. 
 
 ^ Nic. Antonio, Ibid. Vol. I, p. 37.
 
 'pJius, which seems to be the Latin for cosynógrafo mayor, but 
 after his death he is again officially mentioned as royal cos- 
 mographer {cosmógrafo de Su Magestad). After devoting him- 
 self to the writing of history he was honoured by Philip II. 
 with the title, Historicus Regius. Alonzo de Santa Cruz 
 died in Sevilla, 1572. 
 
 Besides the above mentioned Islario and a few works 
 on history, heraldry, and genealogy, there is still extant a 
 treatise on navigation by Santa Cruz. This work, preserved 
 in manuscript in the Royal Library at Madrid, bears the 
 title Libro de las longitudes y manera que hasta agora se ha 
 tenido en el arte de navegar con sus demonstr aciones y exem.plos. 
 The question as regards the manner of determining long- 
 itude at sea, which remained an unsolved problem for two 
 centuries, seems to have been a favourite object of study for 
 Santa Cruz. As early as 1536 he is said at the above 
 mentioned junta in Sevilla to have presented an invention for 
 this purpose, and among the papers left at his death is 
 mentioned a treatise in manuscript "sobre la orden que se ha 
 tenido en el dar de la longitud.^' 
 
 All that we have left of the chartographical works of 
 Santa Cruz has already been mentioned. That this is only 
 a small portion of the chartographical material which during 
 a long lifetime he either produced himself, or in his official 
 capacity collected, is quite obvious from the inventory made 
 at his death. This inventory, which is dated in Madrid, 
 Oct. 12, 1572, is made by Juan de Ledesma "escribano de 
 Cámara de Gobernación de Consejo de las Indias," in the 
 presence of three witnesses, and accompanied by a receipt 
 with a date two days later than that of the inventory, signed 
 by Juan Lopez de Velasco. In this receipt Juan Lopez, the 
 successor of Santa Cruz as Royal Cosmographer, acknow- 
 ledges the reception of this collection of maps, pictures, 
 and manuscripts, amounting to no less than 87. By two
 
 separate receipts of Oct. 29 and Nov. 4, 1572, the same 
 Juan Lopez de V^elasco has acknowledged receiving yet 
 another lot of maps, which obviously also belonged to 
 those in the care of Alonzo de Santa Cruz. Among these 
 are some maps whose titles 1 will here mention, because I 
 think it quite probable that in them we shall find the famous 
 Padrón., now lost. They are recorded in the above mentioned 
 receipts as follows: — 
 
 Una descripción grande en pergamino de las provincias del Peru 
 y tierra del Brasil y costa de la Tierra firme, de punto grande, hasta 
 principio de Chile. 
 
 Otra descripción del Brasil, costa de Tierra firme, Peru y Chile 
 hasta el Estrecho, de punto grande, menor que el de la precedente. 
 
 Otra descripción en pergamino desde las provincias que hay desde 
 Panama y Nombre de Dios hasta pasado la Cacaleo [Zacatula?] y Yu- 
 catan, de punto muy grande. 
 
 Un rollo de pergamino grande en que está descrito la Florida, 
 Nueva España, Tierra Firme é islas. 
 
 Otro rollo de pergamino grande, en que está descrita la Nueva 
 Espafia desde Tequantepeque hasta rio de Palmas, por una parte, y 
 por la otra hasta Gercay [Tierra de Garay?]. 
 
 If we exclude No. 2, which is obviously a later aug- 
 mented edition of No. 1 on a reduced scale, we find that 
 the other four maps together embrace what in 1536 might 
 be said to be "the islands and continent which had then 
 been discovered," or at least those portions of the New 
 World which were then under the Spanish or Portuguese 
 rule. Now what could four maps forming such a complete 
 series, and in the possession of the man whose duty it was 
 to be responsible for el Padrón^ be, if not the very Padrón 
 itself? Researches in the Escurial, where in 1635 we probably 
 find the last traces of Alonzo de Santa Cruz's chartographi- 
 cal collections/ would perhaps give a decisive answer to 
 this question. 
 
 Now on closely examining the two maps preserved in 
 Sweden, we come to the conclusion that these must also 
 have belonged to the collection recorded in the inventory 
 
 ^ Vide Haruisse, Discovery of North America, p. 620.
 
 mentioned above. The fact that they are both dedicated to 
 the Emperor Charles V. and are decorated with his arms, does 
 not necessarily signify that they have been among the per- 
 sonal possessions of this monarch, for many of the maps, 
 which Santa Cruz had in his possession till his death, are 
 said to have been provided with imperial or royal arms, 
 and some of his manuscripts have been dedicated to the 
 reigning sovereign {dirigado al reij nuestro señor). 
 
 The Map of Mexico seems to be designated by the 
 following entry in the inventory: — 
 
 "Otra pergamino de la descripción de la ciudad de Méjico." 
 
 On the other hand the map of the world we here pre- 
 sent to the public is more difficult to identify, for the inven- 
 tory speaks of no less than 24 such maps, being very briefly 
 described. Since the work, in which this inventory has been 
 published,^ is not very easy of access, I will here give a 
 list of the titles of these mappemondes. They are as follows: — 
 
 Una descripción de todo el Orbe, en pergamino, con las armas 
 reales y un tafetán naranjado que la cubre. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe, grande, en pergamino, en puntas, con 
 un escudo de las armas reales con un tafetán naranjado. 
 
 Otro pergamino en que está In descripción del Orbe, en dos globos, 
 con las armas reales. 
 
 Una descripción universal en dos emisferios en figura de corazones, 
 con un escudo de las armas reales, con un tafetán amarillo que cubre 
 la descripción. 
 
 Una descripción universal en figura de un sol, con un escudo de 
 las armas reales cubierto el pergamino con un tafetán naranjado. 
 
 Un rollo de pergamino con una descripción universal, en cuatro 
 ovados ó cuarterones, de la superficie de un globo, con un escudo de 
 las armas reales cubierto con un tafetán carmesí. 
 
 Otro rollo de pergamino con una descripción universal en figiira 
 de un corazón, con un escudo de las armas reales con un tafetán morado 
 que le cubre. 
 
 Otro rollo de pergamino con una descripción universal, con un 
 escudo de bis armas reales y un tafetán morado que cubre el pergamino; 
 está en forma de corazón alffo ancho. 
 
 ' Relaciones geográficas de Indias. Tomo II, Antecedentes, p. XXX- 
 XXX VI.
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe en dos círculos redondos, con las armas 
 reales y el tafetán amarillo. 
 
 Otra descripción en pergamino del Orbe, en dos globos, con un 
 escudo de las armas reales y tafetán amarillo. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe en dos círculos á manera de corazones, 
 armas reales y tafetán encarnado. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe en pergamino grande, largo, con un 
 tafetán de tornasol con un escudo de las armas reales. 
 
 Otro pergamino en que está la descripción del Orbe en un círculo 
 redondo con dos óvalos Norte Sur, armas reales, cubierto con un tafe- 
 tán encarnado. 
 
 Otro pergamino en que está la descripción del Orbe en dos círculos 
 aovados puestos en cruz, con las armas reales, cubierto de tafetán 
 
 amarillo. 
 
 Otro pergamino en que está la descripción del Orbe en un redondo 
 astrelábico; armas reales, tafetán encarnado. 
 
 Otro pergamino en que está la descripción del Orbe á manera de 
 estrella, con un escudo, armas reales, cubierto con un tafetán naranjado. 
 
 Otra descripción en pergamino de todo el Orbe, en dos círculos 
 redondos, divididos por la equinocial, tafetán naranjado. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe en dos círculos redondos con escudo 
 real con unas rayas á manera de destrolabio, tafetán naranjado. 
 
 Otro pergamino en que está en dos círculos redondos el Orbe á 
 manera de destrolabio; armas reales, tafetán encarnado. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe en figura oval con un escudo, armas 
 reales, tafetán amarillo. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe en figura de esfera, con las armas re- 
 ales, un tafetán naranjado. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe por las figuras celestes, en dos círculos 
 redondos; escudo de armas reales, tafetán naranjado. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe en pergamino en globo prolongado; 
 armas reales, tafetán amarillo. 
 
 Otra descripción del Orbe en figura de concha; un escudo, armas 
 reales, cubierto con tafetán morado. 
 
 As this list shows, the man who made the inventory 
 took great care to note the occurrence of the royal arms 
 and even the colour of the cloth surrounding the map; but 
 the details which chart ographically chai'acterize the maps, 
 he despatched quite summarily. However, from the brief 
 statements made, we draw the conclusion, that Alonzo de 
 Santa Cruz's chartographical collection included specimens 
 of the larger portion of the projections common in the IGth
 
 10 
 
 century, and besides these of some which, to judge from the 
 incomplete descriptions, are not known anywhere else. The 
 map wdiich seems to be most closely identical to the one 
 here reproduced in facsimile, is the one mentioned in the 
 inventory as : — 
 
 Otra descripción en pergamino de todo el Orbe, en dos círculos 
 redondos, divididos por la equiuocial. 
 
 That this map also has been of significance as an at- 
 tempt at finding a projection, I shall try to prove further on. 
 
 The general appearance and arrangement of the map 
 will be understood by the accompanying general chart. The 
 original is drawn on three connected sheets of parchment, 
 the total dimensions of which are 1440X790 millimetres. 
 The globe is divided into two hemispheres, — the north and 
 the south, — composed respectively of 36 gores, each of 
 which measures 10 degrees. The length of the equatoiial 
 degree is 3*4 millimetres. Thus the whole represents a globe 
 with a radius of 194'8 millimetres. 
 
 That the map was not, however, intended to be cut up 
 and pasted on a globe, is evident from the rest of its ar- 
 
 rangement. 
 
 It is surrounded by a border 20 millimelres wide. The 
 border has a red background and consists of arabesques 
 finely executed in wdiite and gold. A scroll with red edges, 
 and bearing the following inscription, runs along the whole 
 length of the map. 
 
 Nova vorior ct integra totius orbis dcscriplio nunc primum in 
 luccm edita per Alfonsum de Sancta ('ruz C:esaris Charoli X. archi- 
 cosinograplium. A. 1). MDXLII. 
 
 In the lower left-hand cornei-, surrounded by a lichly 
 ornamented border, is a dedication to the emperor, the word- 
 ing of which I will return to later on, and between the
 
 11 
 
 two hemispheres is a black eagle with the imperial arms, a 
 reproduction of which ornaments the title page of this work. 
 
 The coast-line is marked with green and the land is 
 pale yellow. The mountains are green and the rivers dark 
 bine; small islands being blue or gilded. In the interior of 
 the continents, which are almost totally devoid of names of 
 places, there are rude pictures of men wdth spears, or bows 
 and arrows, and several different kinds of animals, such as 
 deer, camels, elephants, ostriches, crocodiles, basilisks, etc. 
 Of the effigies of the rulers of diff'erent countries so common 
 on the maps of the sixteenth century, there is only one on 
 this map, viz., a figure representing Préster John of Ethiopia. 
 Under this figure there is an inscription given on page 38. 
 Representations of ships are entirely wanting. 
 
 The names, which amount to about 1,240, are written 
 with black and red ink, in a dainty hand which is some- 
 times very difficult to read on account of its being so ex- 
 tremely minute. 
 
 Every fifth meridian and every tenth parallel are drawn 
 in black; the equator, tropics, polar circles and prime meri- 
 dians are gilded. The degrees of longitude are reckoned 
 both east and west from a prime meridian (Meridinmis rerus) 
 which runs a little west of the island of Fayal in the Azores, 
 and in the eastern hemisphere passes through Java and Anam, 
 thus showing Asia extending about 40 longitudinal degrees 
 too far to the East. Long. 10° E. from this prime meridian 
 we find what is called '' Meridianus Tholomcei" This meri- 
 dian, which is the Fortunate Meridian of the ancients, passes 
 between the Gran Canaria and Teneriffe islands. On long. 
 20° W. we find the papal line of demarcation [Meridianus 
 Part i clon is). It crosses America at the mouth of the Ama- 
 zon, but assigns all the land east of the mouth of the Ganges 
 to '' Hemisperium Regis CasteUeJ' which is distinguished from 
 '" Hemisperium Regis Fortugalie" by the flags of Spain and 
 Portugal drawn on the southern hemisphere on either side 
 of the line of demarcation. 
 
 Besides the usual division into latitudinal degrees, 
 the map is provided with climates and par(dJel zones. This
 
 12 
 
 division is made according to two methods, — an old and a 
 new one. The old one, which at the first meridian of the 
 southern hemisphere is mentioned as, ''paralellos y climas 
 según los antiguos — los días maiores que ay en alturas hasta 
 63 grados^' in perfect harmony with Ptolemy embraces 7 
 climates and 21 parallel zones. The new one mentioned as: 
 ''climas i paralellos según los mas modernos^' represents at 
 160° W. long, of the north hemisphere no less than 24 cli- 
 mates and 68 parallel zones, with the longest days being 
 respectively 24 hours and 170 days. I am not informed 
 who are the "modern" authorities, here mentioned; neither 
 have I seen a similar division into climates and parallels on 
 any map which has come under my observation. 
 
 The map is also provided with a scale af miles (Scala 
 leucarum) which shows the length of the equatorial degree 
 to be 17^/2 Spanish leagues. 
 
 The map is in most respects very well preserved. A 
 crack in the parchment, beginning north of the Black Sea 
 and extending through the whole of Asia across China to 
 the edge of the map, has been mended by fastening a strip 
 of parchment on the back of the map the whole length of 
 the crack. On the east coast of South America, several 
 names have been obliterated by spots made by some kind 
 of fluid, and have afterwards been touched up by an un- 
 skilful hand. ^ At a later date the map has been bordered 
 with green silk ribbon and mounted on black wooden rollers. 
 It is now preserved in a cylindrical pasteboard case bearing 
 the following inscription: — 
 
 Alfonsus de Sancta Cruz, 
 
 Totius orhls descriptio 
 
 1542. 
 
 On the back of the parchment, "No. 51" is twice written, 
 probably not later than the 17th century. 
 
 * Vide page 40 below,
 
 13 
 
 We have a somewhat more extensive description of one 
 of Alonzo de Santa Cruz's maps of the world than the brief 
 information contained in the inventory cited above. This 
 description, cited by Haekisse,^ is to be found in a work by 
 Vanegas de Busto, bearing the title of Las diferencias de 
 libros que ay en el Universo, Toledo, 1540. Here we hnd in 
 Chap. XVI the following: — 
 
 Ora nuevamente Alonso de Santa Cruz, a petición del Emperador, 
 ha hecho una carta abierta por los meridianos, desde la cquinocial á 
 ios polos; en la qual, sacando por el compás la distancia de los bhmcos 
 que hay de meridiano á meridiano, que da la distancia verdadera de 
 cada grado, reduciendo la distancia, que (jucda, á leguns de linea mayor. 
 
 Here reference is very evidently made to a map, which 
 must be at least two years older than the one before us. 
 But the expression: "open along the meridians from the 
 equator to the poles," does not allow of the slightest 
 possible doubt that the map which Venegas de Busto has 
 described was executed in the same manner as the one here 
 presented. Mr. Harrisse has expressed the supposition that 
 the former map was "an application of the method which 
 the celebrated cosmographer had invented for obtaining the 
 longitude at sea," but the words (juoted from Vanegas seem, 
 more probably, to infer that this map is an essay toward a 
 projection by means of which the whole surface of the earth 
 might be represented without distorting distances and pro- 
 portions. This is supported by the above mentioned dedi- 
 cation on the map of 1542, which is as follows: — 
 
 Potentiss. Cses. Carolo V. Vsi sumus et hie ad terrae, marisque 
 simul, demonstractionem, sectione alia, Augustiss. Ciesar, per equi- 
 notialem lineam Polum quemque, dividui ipsius globi, singula medietas 
 obtinens, depressoque utroque in planum Polo, equinotialem ipsam 
 secantes, rationem prospectivam servavimus, quemadmodum et in alia, 
 veluti solutis Polis, itidem in planum discisis meridianis propalavimus, 
 neque pretermissis hie longitudinum latitudinumquc graduum paral- 
 lelorum climaturaque dimensionibus. Vale. 
 
 ^ The Discovery of North America, p. 620. 
 
 - A map in similar projection by Antonius Floüianus Utinknsis was 
 published by Baron Nordenskiold in his Facsimile Atlas, Fig. 48.
 
 14 
 
 O powerful Cnpsar! wc liavc, here also in tins map of land and 
 sea, made use of a new division of the globe; namely, at the equator, 
 so that each half of the globe thus divided has one of the poles as its 
 centre. By depressing the pole to the plane of the equator and by 
 making incisions from the equator to the pole, we have made a pro- 
 jection similar to that presented to the public on the other map witli 
 detached poles and with the meridians separated on the same plane, 
 without disregarding tlie correct dimensions of the longitudes, lati- 
 tudes, degrees, parallels, and climates. 
 
 The words "ei Mc' and "ei in alia' probably refer to a 
 similar but older map, very likely the one mentioned by 
 Vanegas, and the last sentence in the dedication shows that 
 the object of the map was, more than everything else, to 
 preserve correct proportions. 
 
 This map of the world by Alonzo de Santa Ckuz is 
 dated 1542, but does not, however, take into considera- 
 tion all the chartographical works then published, neither 
 are all the discoveries recognized that were made up to 
 that time. 
 
 If, in trying to determine the anthorities used by Santa 
 Ckuz, we direct our search toward Scandinavia, we find that 
 here the map is in pei-fect harmony with Diego Ribeko's map 
 of the world of 1529,^ which again, in this regard, is only a 
 slightly altered copy of the map of the North, first printed 
 in Ulm 1482^, the origin of which we can trace to Scandi- 
 navia's oldest chartographer, the Dane, Claudius Clavus or 
 Niger, living in the beginning of the 15th century. Thus 
 we find that Santa Cruz was not acquainted with either 
 
 ' I here refer to the Ribero map, preserved in Collegium de Propaganda 
 fide at Rome, and which I know through (he facsimile prepared by W. Griggs, 
 1887. Of RiBERo's Weimar map I only know Kohl's reproduction of the 
 American part and Lelewel's reduced map of Africa. 
 
 - Facsimile in: A. E. Nordenskióld, The Voyage of the Vega round 
 Asia and Europe, Vol. I, London 1881, PI. 1.
 
 15 
 
 Jacobus Ziegler's map of 1532,^ or Olaus Magnus's iar better 
 map which was issued in Venice in 1539." 
 
 According to the type of maps followed in Scandinavia, 
 Greenland is connected with Europe, but to the North be- 
 tween the old and the new world a faintly indicated connec- 
 tion in the shape of a curve extends up to about hit. 7G° N. 
 A similar connection is to be found on Jacob Ziegler's map 
 of the North, and on the maps of the world by Ruscelli 
 (1544)^ and Pedrezano (1548),* the two Italian editors of 
 Ptolemy; but the tlieory of a connection between Europe 
 and America does not seem to have won many supporters 
 and soon disappears entirely from chartographical Hterature. 
 
 In mapping the British Isles and western Europe, Santa 
 Cruz has followed the usual Portolano type, with such altera- 
 tions as w^ere necessary for its adaption to the network of 
 paiallels and meridians. Still greater have been the altera- 
 tions with regard to the Mediterranean, which, even as late 
 as Diego Ribero, retains the nearly correct form given it by 
 the Portolanos, but which has here been enlarged to a length 
 of about 57 k^ngitudinal degrees, thus falling but little short 
 of the exaggerated proportions given it by Ptolemy. The 
 names on the shores of the Mediterranean are, on the con- 
 trary, entirely taken from the Portohanos, although only a 
 small part of the names used by the Portolanos could be 
 given on account of the reduced scale. 
 
 The coast-Hnes of Africa are mapped out in harmony 
 with' the charts which, in the very beginning of the six- 
 teenth century, were drawn up while the Poi'tuguese voyages 
 of discovery were going on. For instance, the Cantino 
 map of 1502,-' Nicolas de Canerio's map,*^ and the so- 
 
 1 Facsimile. Ibid. PL 2. 
 
 - Facsimile in original size from the only existing copy at Municli, pu- 
 blished by G. E. Klemming 1887. Reduced facsimile in Clirisliania Vidcnskabs- 
 Selskabs Forhandlinger 1886 N:o 15. 
 
 3 Vide Narrative and Critical History of America, ed. by Justin Winsor, 
 Vol. II, Lond. 1886, p. 432. 
 
 "* NoRDENSKióLD, Facsimile Atlas, Tab. XLV. 
 
 ^ Published by Harrisse as appendix to his work, "Les Corte-Real," Paris 
 1883. 
 
 •^ Le portulan de Nicolas de Cancrio par L. Gallois. Lyon 1890.
 
 16 
 
 called "King Chart," ^ wliicli last two are supposed to have 
 been made shortly after the above mentioned year, and the 
 two maps of Africa in the edition of Ptolemy, printed at 
 Strasbiii-g in 1513.^ On all these maps the mapping of the 
 Red Sea is borrowed from Ptolemy, but Santa Ckuz shows 
 ns this sea as it was better known after the journeys of 
 Albuquerque (1513), Lopo Soarez (1516), and Rodrigo de 
 Lima (1520). Santa Chuz's map differs from those of Diego 
 Ribero in the Isthmus of Suez being given its proper width. 
 
 The coasts of Arabia, Persia, and India are copied by 
 Santa Cruz from Ribero, or from a common authority, but 
 the first mentioned map has several by no means immaterial 
 improvements. For instance the Persian Gulf is more cor- 
 rectly drawn, the West-Indian Peninsula is given greater 
 width, and to the Gulfs of Siam and Tonkin, which Ribero has 
 only indicated, yjerfect coast-lines are given by Santa Cruz. 
 
 On both maps the name farthest to the east of the 
 mainland of Asia is Isla de Santa Cruz, an island situated 
 a little east af Canton, the most remote eastern point then 
 explored. 
 
 Concerning the mapping of the East Indian Archipelago 
 this map offers no improvements to that of 1529 except 
 that the south coast of Java, and the east coast of Gilolo 
 have been drawn. Of course the outline of the coasts of 
 Asia is founded on Portuguese authorities of later date and 
 more complete than the maps of the Reinels ^ and Francisco 
 Rodriguez, ■* the only ones preserved till our day. 
 
 The representation of the New World is, of course, the 
 most interesting feature of the Santa Cruz map. Not only 
 the drawing, but the names, show the characteristic features 
 
 ' Notice sur une niappemoiide portugaise anonynie de 1502. Par. E.-T. 
 Hamv. (BulL de géograpliie historique et descriptive. Paris 1887). 
 
 - NoRDENSKioLD, Facsimile Atlas. Fig. 8 & 9. 
 
 ^ L'oeuvre géographique des Reinel et la découverte des Moluques, par 
 E.-T. Hamy, Paris 1891. 
 
 '* Facsimile in Santarem's Atlas.
 
 17 
 
 of the Sevillan scliool of cliartography. Here we find for 
 the first time the name Tierra de Panfilo Narvaez given to 
 those tracts called by older maps "Tierra de Garay"; but 
 since the interior of America, as well as that of the other 
 continents, is quite unnoticed, we cannot expect to find any 
 other feature to remind us of the unfortunate 'expedition of 
 Narvaez in 1528. Farther to the North we find — here as 
 on RiBERo's maps — the names, Tierra del Licenciado Aillon 
 and Tierra de Stevan Gomez, designating the places visited 
 by them in 1525. But farther north we find nothing on the 
 map which intimates any knowledge of Cartier's journeys 
 of 1534 and 1535. 
 
 That part of Santa Cruz's map with which we should 
 think he had taken the most pains, and where we should 
 naturally expect to find the most important and latest in- 
 formation, is the domains of the present Argentine Republic. 
 For as we have already said, Santa Cruz had himself taken 
 part in Sebastian Cabot's expedition to these parts. Mean- 
 while the information resulting from this voyage had already 
 found a place on Ribero's two maps of 1529,^ and besides 
 this the map of 1542 has nothing of importance to present. 
 It may be remarked, however, that we here find for the first 
 time the name. Bio de la Plata, whose origin is uncertain, 
 and that the name Buenos Aires, which also occurs here for 
 the first time, shows a knowledge of Pedro de Mendoza's 
 expedition of 1535, which founded what is at present the 
 largest city of South America. 
 
 Kohl and Harrisse have directed our attention to 
 OviEDo's description of the whole eastern coast of America 
 in his Historia genercd y natural de las Indias. Of this Kohl 
 says: ^ 
 
 • With regard to how this probably took place, see Kohl's "Die beiden 
 altesten General-Karten von Arnerika." Weimar, 1860, p. 147. 
 - Discovery of Maine, p. 307. 
 
 3
 
 18 
 
 Oviedo relates, that in the year 1536, the Emperor Citarles V. 
 issued an order to this effect: "that the charts for navigators and the 
 padrones should be examined and corrected by some learned and ex- 
 perienced persons," whom he selected for the purpose. In pursiiance 
 of this order, a map was constructed and issued by Alonzo de Chaves, 
 representing- the new Spanish discoveries, and the entire geographical 
 knowledge of the time. Unhappily neither the original, nor even a 
 good copy of this remarkable and important map of Chaves, has come 
 to our knowledge. But Oviedo had it before him when he wrote his 
 most interesting description of the east coast of America. 
 
 If OviEDo's description be compared with the map of 
 Santa Cruz, we fiud their correspondence to be most sur- 
 prising, which proves this map to be almost identical with 
 Alonzo de Chaves's lost map; one part of Oviedo's description 
 is, indeed, still more closely rebated to the Santa Cruz map. 
 
 Oviedo's description of the coast begins at Cape Vir- 
 gines on the Straits of Magellan and extends thence to 
 the North as far as to Rio de La Plata. He here abandons 
 the direction towards the North and begins again at Cape 
 S. Angustin, in order to follow the coast from that place 
 towards the South, to Rio de la Plata. The reason for his 
 so doing is, that in addition to the map of Chaves, for 
 mapping this part of the coast, he has had access to a de- 
 scription by Alonzo de Santa Cruz, and he consequently 
 follows the track of the latter during the afore mentioned 
 voyage of Cabot in 1526. Of this Oviedo says: ^ 
 
 As I have not navigated on this coast and as I have found dis- 
 similarities and some confusion of names on the maps, I am now going 
 to describe it witli exactness such as it is laid down by Alonzo de 
 Chaves on the ncAv map and sucli as I have heard it described by 
 word of mouth by Alonzo de Santa Cruz, "el capitán y muy enseñado 
 caballero y cierto cosmographo," who has navigated there and planned 
 the coast during that voyage which was made by the Captain and 
 "Piloto mayor" Sebastian Cabot and as I have been made acquainted 
 with it by other persons who arc of the same opinion as the said 
 Santa Cruz. 
 
 ' Historia general y natural do las Indias. Piibl. por D. José Amador 
 DE i.os Ríos. T. II, Madrid 1852, p. 114.
 
 19 
 
 It is evident from this that Oviedo has not had access 
 to any map by Santa Cruz, but that he has followed a de- 
 scription given by him verbally. In order to give the reader 
 an opportunity of comparing the map here published with this 
 description, as well as with that of the map of Chaves, a 
 summary of Oviedo's expressions with regard to that part of 
 the South American coast under discussion will be added. 
 
 The first landfall on Tierra Firme, made by Sebastian Cabot 
 on the other side af the Equator, was that which is above the port or 
 river Fernanbuco, which is situated in lat. 8° S., wlience a caravel 
 went to look for water on the coast and arrived to that river caUed 
 Rio de las Piedras, which is nearer to the Equator and seven de- 
 grees to the south thereof Right between these rivers there is an- 
 other, which is called Rio de las Virtudes. In Fernanbuco the armada 
 was compelled to remain for three months on account of south-easterly 
 and south-south-easterly winds which did not permit them to weather 
 Cabo de Sanct Augustin; which is 12 leagues farther on by land, this 
 Cape being situated in lat. 8V2' S. After three months, starting on 
 Sanct Miguel's Day, they sailed round the said cape and arrived 
 off Rio de Sanct Ale.vo, situated 24 or 25 leagues beyond the Cape. 
 Cabot's armada kept on its course and came to the sea outside the 
 river, called Rio de Sanct Francisco, which is situated lat. 10>/2° S- 
 or a little less, and half-way between this river and Rio de Sanct Alexo 
 another river, called Rio de Sanct Matheo, disembogues. Alonzo de 
 Chaves's new and correct maps name these rivers, between Cabo de 
 Sanct Augustin and Rio de Sanct Francisco, Rio Primero and Rio^ Se- 
 gundo, but their proper names, which they were given by the Christians, 
 are, as mentioned, Rio de Sanct Alexo and Rio de Sanct Matheo. From 
 the said Cape to Rio de S. Francisco the distance is about 45 leagues, 
 and to Rio de Sancta Ana it is \V¡^ leagues, which last mentioned 
 river is situated in lat. 11\V §• Beyond Rio de S. Ana is Rio de 
 Sanct Roque and then Puerto Real, and farther south another river 
 called Bio de Sanct Hieróninio, in the mouth of which there is a small 
 island with a cHff. Then there comes Balda de Todos Santos in lat. 
 131/0° S., which is 90 leagues distant from Fernanbuco. 
 
 ' Proceeding hence towards the South we arrive to a river called 
 Rio de los Comws and, farther on, to Rio de S. Augustin, v^'hich is 
 situated in lat. 15^ S., and the distance thence from Bahia is 20 lea- 
 gues, but the map makes it 30. 
 
 In Bahia de Todos Santos there is a small Bay called GoJfo de 
 Todos Santos. After Rio de S. Augustin there comes another, which is 
 called Rio de Sanct Jorge and, further on, towards the south Rio de la 
 Magdalena, Rio de Sancta Elena, Rio de Sanct Gregorio, Rio de Sanct
 
 20 
 
 Johan, and Rio de, Sanct Chripstóbal, oue after the other. Here that 
 coast begins outside which are situated the shoals called los Panjos, 
 which are 42 leagues in length, but Eio de S. Chripstóbal is 63 leagues 
 farther distant than Eio de S. Augustin, and the former is situated in 
 18' .3' S. From Rio de S. Chripstóbal to Rio de S. Bárbara the distance 
 is 12 leagues and this last mentioned river is situated in lat. lOV's" ^• 
 Thence we arrive to an island, which is also called Sancta Bárbara, 
 and which is situated 25 leagues to the east from Tierra Firme. It is 
 situated in the same latitude as the mouth of the river, and the whole 
 space between the island and the land is full of shoals. 
 
 Lest the reader may wonder at my deviation from the new maps, 
 especially from the one just corrected by the Emperor's order (of which 
 padrón I have a copy from the hand of the Royal Cosmographer Alonzo 
 DE ChaA'Es), I now, before I proceed, must give an account respecting 
 the difference existing between this map and that which is here said 
 respecting the coast-line from Rio de S. Augustin to Rio de S. Bárbara. 
 This coast-line I have described according to the accounts eiven to me 
 by Alonzo de Santa Cruz, a man of learning and experience, who has 
 travelled there and who, according to what I have already said, was 
 one of Sebastian Cabot's principal companions during liis voyage; he 
 was, besides, one of the deputees appointed to amend and correct the 
 sea-charts {para la correpion de las cartas de navegar). Some of the 
 names he mentioned to me I have not found in the aforesaid new map 
 and I am in consequence going to give an account of what it contains. 
 
 From Rio de S. Augustin to the river, which ought to be Rio de 
 S. Bárbara, but of which the map does not give the name, — yet men- 
 tioning the island, which has been called Sancta Barbara here above — 
 the distance is 70 leagues and, at the end of this line, the map places 
 Baxos de Abreojos. To the south of Rio de S. Augustin the map 
 places Golfo de la Playa and still farther to the south Rio de las Ostras, 
 Rio de Sancta Ana, Rio de los Cosmos, Rio de las Virgines, Punta 
 Segura, Rio del Brasil, and Rio de Sanct Jorge, and, about 20 leagues 
 farther on, we come upon Cabo de Abreojos situated W. of the afore- 
 mentioned island Sancta Barbara. This cape and the island the map 
 places in scarcely 19° S. Thus there is a difference in latitude of more 
 than 20 min. 
 
 In the open sea the map furthermore places three islands, one to the 
 east of the other. The first, is situated 40 leagues towards the east 
 and is called Ascension; 30 leagues to the cast thereof is the island 
 Trinidad and at 50 leagues still more east the island Sancta Maria de 
 Agosto is situated. From thence to the said Cabo de Abreojos on the 
 continent it is not much less then 200 leagues in a direction from 
 E. to VV. Again two islands without any name are drawn on the map: 
 the one 20 leagues S.S.E. of the island Sancta Maria de Agosto, the
 
 21 
 
 other 30 leagues towards S.E. 1 know not whether they are passed 
 over by the drawer of the map or whether he has been ignorant re- 
 garding their names, and for this reason I do not mention them.^ 
 
 Returning to the account of Alonzo de Santa Cruz, lie places 
 the cape called Caho de San Pedro 20 leagues to the south of Kio de 
 S. Barbara, in lat. 20\V S. Hence to Eio Hermoso, where Baxos 
 de Pargos cease, he makes the distance 10 leagues, and from this cape 
 the coast bends towards S.W. 74 leag-ues as far as to Cubo Frio which 
 is situated in a little short of 23\/V S. Between the two last men- 
 tioned capes there is first of all Balda de San Salvador, which is 
 28 leagues distant from the former and situated fully in 21 ^'2° S. 
 At its mouth it encloses an island and a cliff". From this bay to 
 Rio de Sand Alfonso we count ITVo oi" 18 leagues, and this river, which 
 at its mouth encloses three islands, is situated in lat. 22^/^" S. Hence 
 it is about 24 leagues to Cabo Frio and midway are sitiuited those 
 mountains, that are called Sierras de Santa Lticia. All these names of 
 rivers and capes have been given by the Portuguese, who journey in 
 this country and still farther on to Bahía de Jenero, which is situated 
 16 leagues more distant in lat. 237^° S. 
 
 I am now going to relate what the map tells us regarding the coast 
 from the cape or river de Santa Barbara, alias Cabo de Abreojos, to 
 Cabo Frio, which it places at a distance of 20 leagues from Cabo de 
 San Jenero, which, again, is situated in rather more than lat. 19.V S. 
 Between the cape last mentioned and Cabo de Abreojos lies Balda 
 de Santa Lucia; 20 leagues farther on we come upon Balda de Angla 
 and another 10 leagues to the south are the Baxos de los Pargos. Yet 
 10 leagues more and we come to Caho de San Thome and 10 leagues 
 farther on still, to Rio de San Salvador, from whence the distance to 
 Cabo Frio is given as being 40 leagues. Between Rio de S. Salvador 
 and Cabo Frio we have first Golfo Hermoso and then Rio Delgado 
 and the coast- line between Cabo de Abreojos and Cabo Frio measures 
 95 leagues in length. I have considered it my duty to mention these 
 disagreements between cosmographers and pilots, as my book at some 
 time may fall into the hands of those who may want to examine what 
 I have said about these coasts. 
 
 If we proceed on the way south towards Rio de La Plata, we 
 find that the map gives 100 leagues from Cabo Frio to the line of 
 demarcation towards the territory of the Portuguese, on the other side 
 of which neither they nor anybody else may sail without permission 
 from the Emperor, our sovereign, as the land belongs to the crown 
 of Castile. The line mentioned crosses a cape called Buen Abrigo, 
 
 ^ Alonzo de Santa Cruz names on his map one of lliese two islands Isla 
 de Juan Steves; neither of them exists in reality.
 
 22 
 
 where lie the mountains called Sierras tie Scm Sebastian. Through 
 these the Tropic of Capricorn passes. On the said line of 100 leagues 
 we meet first, 30 leagues from Cabo Frio, the mouth of a gulf into 
 which two rivers, Bio Joulan and Rio del Sombrero disembogue; and 
 the country, which borders this gulf on the south side, is Tierra de 
 Jenero. Twenty leagues farther on there is a large bay, in which lay 
 one large and a few small islands, and this bay is called Passu de las 
 Ahnadias; inside the same is the land called Tierra de los Magos; while 
 10 leagues farther on we come to Golfo de los Reyes and then to 
 Jslas de Coles and Rio de Cidpare and, finally, to the Cape and the 
 Mountains of San Sebastian. Cabo Frio is situated in nearly 23° S. and 
 the mountains spoken of, from whence the line of demarcation is count- 
 ed, in full 23' S.; but the Tropic passes A° to the south of Cabo de S. 
 Sebastian, because the Southern as well as the Northern Tropic is 23.J° 
 from the Equator. 
 
 To return to the cosmographer Alonzo de Santa Cruz, he says 
 that 16 leagues separate Cabo Frio from Baliia de -Jenero, which he 
 places lat. 23^"" S., and that the coast runs, he declares, 80 leagues from 
 E. to W. from Cabo Frio to Bahia de San Vicente. Chaves's map 
 states this distance to be more than 130 leagues, as the coast turns 
 to W.N.W. 30 leagues or more from the above named mountains of S. 
 Sebastian. Santa Cruz therefore gives 50 leagues less than the map. 
 Santa Cruz says further that in Bahia de Jenero a river disembogues 
 called Rio de la India, and that there are two uninhabited islands in 
 the bay, and moreover at its mouth five small, likewise desolate isles. 
 He gives 10 leagues from Bahia de Jenero to Bahia de los Reyes, 
 which bight has two uninhabited islands at its mouth. And then 5 or 
 6 leagues farther on, near to the coast, there is an island, which is 
 called Isla de las Coles, and 10 leagues farther on still another which 
 is called Isla de los Puercos, because of the numerous wild boars liv- 
 ing there. Right opposite to this island and 8 or 10 leagues out in 
 the sea, there are two small islands on which a Portuguese vessel was 
 wrecked and the crew saved themselves in a boat to the Boar island 
 and thence to San Vicente. 
 
 Alonzo de Santa Cruz says, that 12 leagues from the last men- 
 tioned island Rio de San Sebastian is situated, at the mouth of which 
 there is a large island and from thence it is 6 leagues to a small island 
 called Biten Abrigo, which name it received during Cabot's voyage, his 
 armada obtaining shelter there from a hard gale. Alonzo DE Chaves 
 places this island exactly on the line of demarcation and riglit opposite 
 the Sierras de San Sebastian, more than 20 leagues on this side of Ba- 
 hia de S. Vicente; and half-way on the last mentioned coast-line he 
 places the Biver and Harbour of San Sebastian. Alonzo DE Santa Cruz 
 on the other hand counts 17 leaixues from the Island and Harbour of
 
 23 
 
 S. Sebastian to the Harbour of S. Vicente and places on this line two 
 round little islands. In the Bahia de S. Vicente there are two islands 
 and between them an islet. Botli islands, the southernmost of which 
 is inhabited by the Portuguese, are crescent-shaped and are drawn 
 in the same form by Alonzo de Chaves. 
 
 1 fully comprehend that those readers, wlio are not familiar 
 with similar matters will find what 1 am now writing very unenter- 
 taining; but for the mariner and the cosmographer it should be very 
 interesting and useful, as they will therefrom learn better than from the 
 sea-chart itself, to know the country, where it is inhabited, where 
 Christian people dwell, and which places are safe to call at and which 
 they should avoid. To return to Cabot's voyage, Santa Cruz says 
 that 12 or 15 men, who had got tired of the sea, left the armada, 
 and set off for a small Portuguese village in this port. Thence they 
 betook themselves to Bahia de la Cananea, in the mouth of which 
 there are two islands and another smaller island nearer to the coast 
 and another still farther out towards the open sea. From this port the 
 distance to Bahia de San Vicente is about 23 leagues. Bahia de la 
 Cananea is situated at a little less than 25V S. Between these two 
 bays, two rivers discharge their waters, of which the first is small 
 but the second, which is called Uhai/, is a very large and splendid 
 river. The distance is stated by both authors to be the same or 25 
 leagues, but with regard to the position Chaves places Bahia de la 
 Cananea in somewhat less than lat. 25.^° S. Both the authors beino; 
 trustworthy I cite the one as well as the other. Santa Cruz has 
 visited and seen these regions and he, who made the map, has drawn 
 it from hearsay, and thus the reader may himself decide which of 
 the two he ought to give precedence. 
 
 Rio de Ubay is 50 leagues on the other side of the line of de- 
 marcation and of the Sierras de S. Sebastian. From Bahia de la Cananea 
 it is 27 i leagues to Rio de San Francisco which is situated in fully 
 26^" lat. S. On the way between the two places last mentioned there 
 are two rivers, Rio sin fondo and Puerto de la Barca. The last has 
 its name from Don Rodrigo de Acuíia, one of the captains in 
 Garcia de Loaysa's armada, because he lost his boat there. Though 
 called a river, it is no such thing; as it is but a large island sepa- 
 rated from the mainland by a narrow channel, which appears like a 
 river. This distance of 27 i leagues, as given by Alonzo de Santa 
 Cruz from Rio de S. Francisco to Bahia de la Cananea, amounts ac- 
 cording to Chaves's map to 30 leagues and he places the river in lat. 
 27" S. From Rio de S. Francisco to Puerto de los Patos it is 22 lea- 
 gues, and this port is situated in lat. 21 V. Midway there is a large 
 island being in length aboi;t 12 leagues and in breadth 6. It is in- 
 habited and on its northern side has a harbour, wdiich was named
 
 24 
 
 Puerto de San Sebastian by the Spaniards on Cabot's voyage, but the 
 ishmd is called Santa Cathalina. All around there are numerous is- 
 lands and rocks, and 3 leagues more south there is an island, 
 called Isla de Reparo. At a distance of 7 or 8 leagues to the south 
 of Puerto de los Patos is the Puerto de Don Rodrigo de Acuña in lat. 
 29° S. and it contains two rocky islands close to the land. The map 
 also places this port in the same latitude, 30 leagues to the south of 
 Rio de S. Francisco. On tbe other side of Puerto de Don Rodrigo, 
 12 leagues off, there is another harbour called Farallón in lat. 291° S. 
 Here there is a large and splendid river and a numerous Indian popula- 
 tion; in the mouth is an island and 8 leagues away in the sea, a rock, 
 whence the harbour has got its name Puerto del Farallón. On the 
 map this river is called Rio Poblado, and the distance from Puerto de 
 Don Rodrigo is given by it as 20 leagues. On the middle of this 
 line there is another river called on the map Rio cerrado. Rio Po- 
 blado is placed in lat. 30 J- ° S. From Rio Poblado, alias del Farallón, 
 the distance is about 37 leagues to Rio Tibiquari which is a very 
 mighty river in lat. 32° S. On the other side of this river there is 
 another called Etiquari. As regards the distance, the map of CllAVES 
 states this to be the same and places, as does Santa Cruz, the centre of 
 the mouth of the large river Tibiquari in lat. 32' S. From this river 
 it is about 48 leagues to Cabo de Santa Alaria, and this cape is situat- 
 ed in lat. 35 ' S. The whole coast is inhabited by a people called 
 Junase Vequaes, who are of a large growth like Germans or even 
 larger. Four or five leagues before we arrive at the last mentioned 
 harbour there is a large bay into which a large river opens out; 
 and close to the said cape there is an island, which is called Isla de 
 las Palmas, behind which many vessels can lay in security. Towards 
 the Equator this cape borders on the bay of discharge of Rio de la Plata, 
 called Rio de Parama by the Indians. The Christians mostly call it 
 Rio de Solis, after its discoverer the pilot Juan Diaz de Solis. The 
 map places it in lat. 34 f° S. The said island is not called by Chaves 
 Isla de las Palmas, but Isla de Lobos, and 20 leasrues S.W. of the 
 said cape there is another island, called hla de Christóval Jaques. 
 A few other small islands are situated outside the same river in an 
 easterly direction and they arc called Islas de Rodrigo Alcarez. Thus 
 there are altogether four islands, one more easterly than the other. 
 The bay of discharge of Rio de la Plata is 30 leagues broad from 
 Cabo de Santa ]\Iaria to Cabo Blanco, which, according to Santa Cruz, 
 is situated in lat. 27 1' S., but the map gives a breadth of only 20 leagues 
 to the mouth and places Cabo Blanco in lat. 35 i °, which seems to me 
 to be a difference far too considerable. The Cosmographer DiEGO Ribero, 
 who was considered to be a man of experience, places Cabo de Santa 
 Maria in lat, 35" S. and savs that the mouth of the river has a breadth
 
 25 
 
 of 20 leagues from Cabo de Santa Maria to Cabo Blanco, which he names 
 Cabo de Antonio and places in lat. 36° S. But, for my part, I believe 
 the statements of Alonzo de Santa Cruz regarding the distances and 
 latitudes to be the most reliable. 
 
 Of all the names that can with certainty be distinguished 
 as mentioned on the map of Alonzo de Santa Cruz as being 
 on the coast-line from Rio de Piedras to Cabo Blanco, there 
 are only eight vvhich do not appear in the description given 
 here. These names are: — 
 
 Rio de San Miguel. 
 
 Rio de Cana Fistula. 
 
 Rio real. 
 
 Rio de laduda. 
 
 Rio de Juan Stevez. 
 
 Cabo de San Julian. 
 
 Rio baxo. 
 
 Rio ciego. 
 
 That the description contains many more names than 
 the map is not to be wondered at, considering the reduced 
 scale of the latter. 
 
 With the same prolixity Oviedo continues his descrip- 
 tion of America's eastern coast as far as to "la tierra que 
 llaman de Labrador" in the North. The last part of the 
 description from Florida tow^ards the North, has been made 
 the subject of a critical discussion by Kohl, who says that 
 the description "is much more correct and more in accor- 
 dance with the features of the coast, as represented on 
 modern maps, than the map of Ribero of 1529"/ The map 
 of Alonzo de Chaves being, as mentioned, lost, the map of 
 Alonzo de Santa Cruz ought to be of great interest when 
 compared with Oviedo's description, with which it agrees in 
 every essential point. This interest is increased by the fact, 
 that the map of Chaves has been, as shown by Harrisse, a 
 copy of el Padrón Beal, regarding which we are thus able 
 to obtain, through Santa Cruz, a tolerably correct idea. 
 
 ' J. G. Kohl, The Discovery of Maine, Portland 1869, p. 307. 
 
 4
 
 26 
 
 On turning to the west coast of America, we find that 
 Peru is represented according to the descriptions collected 
 by Fkancisco Pizarro and Bartolomé Ruiz on their voyages 
 of discovery along the coast, and related by the former on 
 his return to Spain in 1528. The southernmost point thus far 
 discovered was Puerto de Santa (lat. 9° S.). Several names 
 on Santa Cruz's map, for instance, Quaqiie (Coaque), Puerto 
 viejo, and Fachacama, show that he was not ignorant of Pi- 
 ZARRo's incursions up to 1534, when this conqueror sent his 
 brother Hernando home with the royal share of the ransom 
 for Atahualpa. Not far south of Puerto de Caya are seen four 
 names, — Los Pieies, which is the original name of the cit}^ 
 of Lima founded 1535, Vcd de Salaga, Puerto de Arequipa, 
 founded 1540, and Tarapaca. But whether these are con- 
 temporaneous with the making of the rest of the map, cannot 
 now be determined, for the original writing has been ei-ased 
 and afterwards touched up in a dauby and unskilful manner. 
 South of these we find a row of names (from Bahía de Todos 
 Santos in the North to Arracifes in the South), some of which 
 seem to indicate a knowledge of Almagro's march to Chili, 
 in 1536 — 37. But all these have most likely been written on 
 the map at a later date, perhaps by Alonzo de Santa Cruz 
 himself Even the few names in the interior of the South 
 American continent are written more recently. All these 
 later names are distinguished by itaHcs in the list below. 
 
 On the west coast of Mexico, we see two remarkable 
 inscriptions. California is called "the island discovered by 
 Marquis del Valle," and the coast north of this point is called 
 "the land to which Don Antonio de Mendoza sent out an 
 exploring expedition." Here we have the two latest geo- 
 graphical dates which have been given a place on the map. 
 Hernando Cortés, being appointed "marques del Valle de 
 Oaxaca" in 1529, took formal possession of the Californian 
 peninsula on the 3rd of May, 1535, although the news did 
 not reach Spain till after 1537, when Cortés returned 
 to Acapulco. The expedition, however, which the map tells 
 us was undertaken at the comnjand of the viceroy Mendoza, 
 was either the journey of the monk, Marcos de Niza,
 
 27 
 
 1539, undertaken for the purpose of searching' for the rich 
 countries and cities of which Cabeza de Vaca had brought 
 home fabulous accounts, or the grand expedition to these 
 same tracts, fitted out in the same year by Coronado. 
 
 On Santa Cruz's map there is no distinct coast-Hne 
 north of California. Thus the map shows no connection 
 between America and Asia, as is the case with many maps 
 made at the same time, the earliest of which is the map 
 of the world by Franciscus Monachus, 1525. Excepting 
 the above mentioned connection between Europe and America, 
 Santa Cruz, like the other Spanish chartographers, was not 
 fettered by the geographical hypotheses of his times. 
 
 Thus on his map of the world we find no trace of a 
 Terra Austrcdis. The broad expanse of the Pacific is only 
 interi'upted by the Island of San Pablo, the Tiburones, and the 
 Ladrones, discovered by Magellan, and the Islas de Pintados, 
 discovered by Saavedra in 1528. 
 
 As has here been shown, Santa Cruz's map does not 
 treat of any discovery later than 1539. It remains for 
 us to point out an inscription on the map which refers to 
 a fixed date. At the mouth of the Congo we read that 
 "there were many converted to Christianity at this place 
 thirty years ago." On Ribero's map of 1529 (The Propaganda 
 Map), we read in almost the same words that the conver- 
 sion here took place "twenty years ago." Both accounts 
 refer to 1509, when the Portuguese missionary work in 
 Congo gained a firmer footing. Thus it seems probable 
 that, on his map of 1542, Santa Chuz copied without any 
 change an inscription, which he wrote down as early as 
 1539; and it is not improbable that this was on the very 
 map of which we gain a knowledge from the above quotation 
 from Vanegas de Busto.
 
 28 
 
 It is not in the plan of this brief description to try to 
 give an analysis of all the names on the map. Such an 
 attempt would be almost useless since in regard to the names 
 from the Portolanos in Europe and on the Asian and African 
 coasts of the Mediterranean, 1 can refer the reader to the woi'ks 
 of Lelewel ^ and Desimoni,^ and as regards the names in the 
 New World we have the comprehensive works of Kohl ^ and 
 Harrisse * as authorities. Although those names on the coasts 
 of Africa and Asia which originated in the Portuguese voyages 
 of discovery, have not been the subject of any thorough ex- 
 amination, some of the works cited in this paper contain much 
 that is of interest with regai'd to the explanation of these 
 names. On the other hand, in the hope of benefiting geo- 
 graphical research, I have given a complete list of all the 
 names on the map. In making this list I have consulted all 
 the facsimiles of contemporary chartographical works, which 
 are within my reach. ^ It is possible, however, tbat some mis- 
 takes have occurred in copying a few names which were 
 not plainly written. To exclude the possibility of such mis- 
 takes it would require a course of study which, owing partly 
 to the comprehensiveness of the subject, and partly to the 
 lack of proper sources of information, I have not been able 
 to pursue. 
 
 I will close these elucidations with a few remarks with 
 regard to some Scandinavian names on the map, the mean- 
 ing and derivation of which are not commonly known. 
 
 ^ Portulan general, in the Atlas to his "Géographie du moyen age", Brux- 
 elles 1850. 
 
 - Atlante idrografico del medio evo annotato da C. Desimoni e L. T. 
 Belgrano, in: "Atti della Societa Ligure di storia patria", Vol. V, Genova 1867. 
 ^ Die beiden altesten General-Karten von Amerika, Weimar 1860. 
 
 * The Discovery of North America, Paris 1892, p. 753—784. 
 
 ^ Besides the two ninps of Diego Ribero, more than once cited, the 
 so-called Cabot mappeinonde of 1544 has been of most use in this comparison, 
 though the facsimile of it, published by Jomard does not seem to be very 
 trustworthy. Out of the 198 names given by Santa Cruz on the east coast 
 of America, from Cape Race to Cape Virgines, we find no less than 138 on 
 the Cabot map.
 
 29 
 
 In the extreme North we read '' Engrovelanf and "il/ar- 
 garister'. 
 
 The first name, which means Greenland, w^e find on the 
 well-known Nancy map of the North,' in the form ''Engrome- 
 landi\ but it is here placed to the northern part of Nor- 
 way, while Greenland bears the more correct name, " Gron- 
 landia Provincia". Professor Gustav Storm of Christiania 
 has given us an ingenious interpretation, w^hich I fully cor- 
 roborate; namely, that '' Engromeland" is an incorrect spelhng 
 of '' Engromannelafid'\ and means the province of Angerman- 
 land in the northern part of Sweden.^ This word's resemblance 
 in sound to Groneland has caused it to be transferred to Green- 
 land, and there we find it with a few variations, together 
 with the more correct forms, " Gronelandia\ and " Gronclantli\ 
 not only on the Zamoiski map of Warsaw, but also on two 
 of the Scandinavian maps lately discovered in Florence.^ 
 
 It is hardly necessary to point out the fact that the 
 form '' Engroveland" has played a part in the long contention 
 with regard to the correct meaning of the Zeno map. 
 
 '' Margarister" , which occurs on other maps in the forms 
 '' 3Iagar ester ' and ''Magarescer'\ Professor Storm "^ has shown 
 to be "Magero", the most northern point in Norway, the 
 island on which North Cape is situated. 
 
 In the peculiar compound '' Svetia et aliti lonasa" we ñnd 
 another remarkable example of the distortion of names which 
 may be brought about by a whole series of misunderstand- 
 ings and mistakes in writing. Santa Cruz seems to have 
 borrowed this inscription from Ribero (The Propaganda Map) 
 who writes the name, '' Svecia que aliter lonasas\ AVe find 
 that this name is taken from the map of Scandinavia {Tabula 
 
 ^ Vide the facsimile in: A. E. Nordenskiói.d, Stiidier ocli forskuiiigor for- 
 anledda af mina resor i boga Norden, Stockholm 1883, PI. 2, and in Ymer, 
 1891, PI. 1. 
 
 - Den danske Geograf Claudius Clavus eller Nicolaus Niger af Prof. Dr. 
 Gustav Storm, in: Ymer, 1891, p. 3G. 
 
 ^ Bidrag till Nordens /ildsta kartografi, vid fyrahundraársfesten till minne 
 af nya verldens upptackt, utg. af Svenska Sallskapet for Antropologi och Geo- 
 grafi, Stockholm 1892, PL 2 & 3. 
 * Ymer, 1891, p. 20.
 
 30 
 
 moderna Priissie, Liiwnie, Norvegie et Goftie) contained in the 
 Roman edition of Ptolemy, 1507. There above the unmis- 
 takable contours of Venern, the largest lake of Sweden, we 
 read the following words: — 
 
 • SVETIA • QVE ET- 
 • ALIT lONALAS • 
 
 The Spanish chartographer has apparently supposed 
 that these tw^o lines form one sentence, ahhough it is quite 
 obvious that the continuation of the upper line is to be 
 found on the map a little way to the south-east, where we 
 read the words: — 
 
 GOTTIA OCCIDENTALIS • 
 On the other hand, it is not so easy to say where the words 
 in the lower line do belong. We find them in piint for the 
 first time on the Scandinavian map in Ptolemy, Ulmae 1482, 
 where we read in the same connection as above: "«/¿f 
 ionalac^J' That this was misunderstood even by contempo- 
 rary writers appears from the text of Ptolemy Uhna^ 1486, 
 where we find a place called ''Aliter ionasas". It is quite 
 evident, however, that these words ought to be read together 
 with the inscription occurring on both the above mentioned 
 printed maps beloiv Lake Vener; namely: — 
 
 SCHPtESE LAC[VS]. 
 That this is the case is clearly proved by the map dis- 
 covered in Warsaw by Baron Nordenskiold (see Facsimile 
 Atlas, Plate XXX) where in the same connection we read 
 the words: yona vel schrese lacus. The solution lies near at 
 hand. In the text of Claudius Clavus' map in the Nancy 
 manuscript of Ptolemy, we find in the place of yona the 
 better foi'm Vone lacus; and Schrese is equivalent to the 
 Lacus Scarsa given by the Portolanos. The denomination, 
 of which the map now presented to the pubHc shows the 
 first part in an incorrect combination, we interpret as: Venern 
 or the Lake of Skara.
 
 I 
 
 LIST OF NAMES 
 
 ON 
 
 ALONZO DE SANTA CRUZ'S 
 
 MAP OF THE WOPxLD 
 
 1542. 
 
 N. B. — The names here printed in red are written with red ink on the original. 
 
 [Atlantic Coast of Europe.] 
 
 Pl. II. mare congelatum 
 Engrovelant 
 margarister 
 
 nuruega 
 
 pontus balteatus 
 horcades 
 
 Suetia et Datia 
 
 gotia meridionalis 
 Suetia et aliti lonasa 
 ofotia orientalis 
 
 [The Baltic] 
 
 goticum mare 
 
 gotia 
 
 sabulosus pontus 
 
 mare germanicum 
 
 selandia 
 
 datia 
 
 Pl. II. 
 
 Scania 
 
 RvsiA Alba siue moscrouia 
 Sarmatia in europa 
 livonia 
 alba Rusia 
 Russia 
 alani montes 
 iperborei montes 
 Riphei montes 
 
 polonia maior 
 polonia minor 
 podalia
 
 32 
 
 Pl. II. Germania Magna 
 marca nova 
 prussia 
 turingia 
 franconia 
 bohemia 
 austria 
 stiria 
 
 melo-enburg; 
 bauaria 
 
 sueuia 
 
 Saxonia 
 
 Reni provintia 
 
 suiceti 
 
 flandria 
 mare germanicum 
 
 chitunier 
 
 an burg 
 
 Riol 
 
 amasus 
 
 frisa 
 
 norovet 
 
 selanda 
 
 olanda 
 
 grabesen 
 
 artemna 
 
 arremna 
 
 branca 
 
 Anglia 
 
 Scotia 
 
 Irlanda 
 
 anglicum [mare] 
 
 Galia 
 
 canpania 
 
 burgundia 
 
 avernia 
 
 bela francia 
 
 borbonia 
 
 picardia 
 
 bretana 
 
 poituxo 
 
 berri 
 
 guiana 
 
 gasconia 
 
 [The Channel] 
 cales 
 ostenda 
 
 galicum [mare] 
 Rochela 
 burdes 
 carcaxan 
 
 Hispania 
 
 navarra 
 
 vescouia 
 
 galicia 
 
 Icon 
 
 castilla 
 
 castilla 
 
 andaluzia 
 
 murcia 
 
 aragon 
 cantabricum [mare] 
 
 fuente 
 
 Sebastian 
 
 bilbao 
 
 castro 
 
 lare 
 
 aviles 
 
 ciba 
 
 corunna 
 
 c. finisterre 
 
 s. tiaffo 
 
 Portuo;al 
 vila 
 porto 
 buar 
 
 berlingas 
 
 lisboa 
 
 setubal 
 
 santarem 
 
 traia 
 
 c. de s. viceinte 
 
 lassos 
 
 arena 
 Sevilla
 
 33 
 
 Mare Mediterranevm. 
 
 Pl. II. HiSPANIA 
 
 beticum mare 
 gibraltar 
 estepona 
 málaga 
 salobreña 
 almeria 
 e. de gata 
 Cartagena 
 ibericum [mare] 
 c. de pa[los] 
 alicante 
 c. de denia 
 salina 
 tortosa 
 salsas 
 balearicum [mare] 
 mallorca 
 menorca 
 Ivi(;a 
 formentera 
 
 Galia 
 galicum [mare] 
 
 narbona 
 
 Ruisellon 
 
 aguas muertas 
 
 R. arles 
 
 odoclie 
 
 R. odoche 
 
 marsella 
 
 frejus 
 
 Italia 
 
 saboia 
 
 lombardia 
 
 valesia 
 
 calabria 
 
 lapulia 
 ligusticum [mare] 
 
 ni^a 
 
 villafranca 
 
 saona 
 
 arasim 
 
 genova 
 
 nerui 
 
 puerto fin 
 
 puerto venere 
 
 puerto specie 
 
 pisa 
 tirrenum [mare] 
 
 liorno 
 
 ciuita vieja 
 
 roma 
 
 terra nova 
 
 napol 
 
 sales 
 
 rijolis 
 sardoum [mare] 
 
 cor^ega 
 
 cerdeña 
 Sicilia 
 
 malta 
 
 pantanalea 
 
 lampadosa 
 mare adriaticura 
 
 otranto 
 
 loreto 
 
 Venecia 
 
 limara 
 
 cavjle 
 
 grado 
 
 aquile 
 
 Pl. II. 
 
 esclavonia 
 
 triste 
 
 i stria 
 
 cita nova 
 
 sore 
 
 novia 
 
 sparge 
 
 scordi 
 
 cataro 
 
 dulcino
 
 34 
 
 Pl. II. 
 
 duraco 
 
 palomo 
 
 lavelona 
 
 Grecia 
 ionicum [mare] 
 
 la morea 
 creticum [mare] 
 
 candía 
 egeum [mare] 
 
 achaia 
 
 neo-roponte 
 
 Seruia 
 
 macedonia 
 
 flaloniche 
 
 tracia 
 
 casandria 
 propontidis 
 
 costantinopla 
 
 valachia 
 moldavia 
 transsilvania 
 hunoaria 
 
 PONTVS EVXINVS 
 
 mauro 
 
 varraa 
 
 glocia 
 
 su[lina] 
 
 licostania 
 
 falconera 
 
 naria 
 
 moncastro 
 
 flordelis 
 
 boristenes fi. 
 Tartaria moscoviensis 
 
 pidea 
 
 megaria 
 
 salina 
 
 táurica chersonesu^ 
 
 siordi 
 
 tabardi 
 
 tanais fl. 
 
 Sarmatia asiática 
 marilocos 
 c. toxeto 
 puerto migelo 
 
 COLCHOS 
 
 goto 
 
 timesa 
 
 garbida 
 
 negopotine 
 
 polisterno 
 
 Lobati 
 Iberia 
 Asia Minor 
 
 capadocia 
 
 galacia 
 
 licia 
 
 caria 
 
 panphilia 
 
 silisia 
 
 armenia minor 
 
 armenia maior 
 
 trapisonda 
 
 sirizonda 
 
 s. thorn as 
 
 s. virgen 
 
 leona 
 
 caroso 
 
 castelas 
 
 tripolj 
 
 suxasti 
 
 paterni 
 
 max i a 
 
 Sfiron 
 
 troas 
 
 dardania 
 
 tola 
 
 tulac 
 
 C. coxme 
 
 selidonia 
 
 laiasa 
 rodum [mare] 
 
 rod US 
 siriacum [mare] 
 
 chipre
 
 35 
 
 Pl. II. Siria 
 
 pheoicia 
 
 samaria 
 
 judea 
 
 iherusalem 
 
 palestina 
 
 alexandria 
 
 soldi 
 
 tripol 
 
 tiro 
 
 sidou 
 
 pesara 
 
 barut 
 
 areata 
 
 Jafa 
 
 berardo 
 Marmarica et Egipthvs 
 egitiacuin [mare] 
 
 c. de gal 
 
 raxalceto 
 
 damiata 
 
 casar boguer 
 
 alexandria 
 
 puerto viejo 
 
 golfo de arabo 
 
 c. daraos 
 
 lagoseco 
 
 palberton 
 
 ClRENAICA 
 
 cirenaicum [mare] 
 
 racaQales 
 
 lucho 
 
 trabuco 
 
 patriarca 
 
 forgeli 
 
 bonandria 
 
 docia 
 
 c. Rasancen 
 
 tolometa 
 
 Sirtes 
 Libia 
 libicura [mare] 
 
 berinche 
 
 y. de coles 
 
 licodia 
 
 c. desorta 
 
 casar mahomet 
 
 lasura 
 
 mexorata 
 
 tripol de berbería 
 
 casar sansón 
 
 tripol viejo 
 
 y. de los gerbes 
 
 capis 
 
 áfrica 
 
 nobia 
 Africa 
 aphricum [mare] 
 
 tunez 
 
 c. cartago 
 
 c. soler 
 
 tonbarca 
 
 bona 
 
 c. ferré 
 
 alcol 
 
 bujaramen 
 
 bugia 
 
 c. del cabrón 
 
 NVMIDIA 
 
 numidicum [mare] 
 
 tedelis 
 
 argel 
 
 brisqui 
 
 tenes 
 
 mostagán 
 
 arcem 
 
 oram 
 
 c. falco 
 
 one 
 Mavritania 
 barbaricum [mare] 
 
 guardia 
 
 melilla 
 
 alcudia 
 
 belez 
 
 taraxa 
 
 tituan 
 
 ceta 
 
 Pl. II.
 
 36 
 
 [West Coast of Africa.] 
 
 Pl. II. jNIavritania 
 
 atblanticum [mare] 
 anafe 
 azanior 
 c. de cantin 
 9afin 
 
 R. de los esclavos 
 mogodor 
 c. de seru 
 moniser 
 c. de nan 
 ansoler 
 R. grande 
 c. del bojador 
 pedrera 
 tierra alta 
 Getvlia 
 
 R. del oro 
 matas del gino 
 c. de s. maria 
 c. bianco 
 
 GVINEA 
 
 loLOPH Regio 
 
 yslas de los eneros 
 
 argaim 
 
 puerto de s. Julian 
 
 c. de s. motas 
 
 c. darca 
 
 canaca 
 
 c. verde 
 Mandinga Regio 
 
 R. de gavia 
 
 c. Roso 
 
 gomasa 
 
 socidi 
 sierraleona 
 
 c. ganoso 
 
 R. del pichel 
 
 R. del salvador. 
 
 R. de cafe 
 
 sierraleona 
 
 R. nuevo 
 c. mesurado 
 
 b. de islas 
 R. del Junco 
 
 c. de las baxas 
 R. del ginoves 
 plaia Ruvia 
 
 Lamina 
 
 R. de s. viceinte 
 
 R. de palmas 
 
 R. de maio 
 
 c. de 3 puntas 
 
 la mina 
 
 c. corQo 
 
 aldea de la barca 
 Costa de Malagveta 
 
 R. de la buelta 
 
 c. de s. palos 
 
 quatro palmas 
 
 c. de lamota 
 
 R. del lago 
 
 plaia del ginoves 
 
 R. primero 
 
 R. de los esclavos 
 
 c. de s. benito 
 
 R. del infante 
 
 golfo del rey 
 
 pesquería 
 BiAFAR Regio 
 
 R. de los camaróes 
 
 p. delgada 
 
 c. del isleo 
 
 R. del campo 
 
 R. dangla 
 
 y. de coriseo 
 
 c. de lope goncjales 
 
 c. de catalina 
 
 sierras de santi spiritus 
 
 c. primero 
 
 golfo de la iudia 
 
 los montes 
 
 Pl. V.
 
 37 
 
 Pl. V. Manicongo aqui iiy muchos cliristi- 
 anos convertidos de 30 anos 
 aestaparte. 
 
 R. de nianicoDgo 
 
 la mad alen a 
 
 R. de mondega 
 
 c. ledo 
 
 R. de s. lázaro 
 
 R. de s. Joan 
 
 c. de lobos 
 
 tierra alta 
 
 monte negro 
 
 golfo de aldeas 
 
 manga de las arenas 
 
 c. neo;ro 
 
 c. de las balsas 
 plaia de rui perez 
 c. del padrón 
 plaia 
 
 puerto de la coucibíciou 
 plaia de lagunas 
 golfo de s. antonio 
 g. de s. tliome 
 íjolfo de las bueltas 
 ysla[s] secas 
 monte de bjamjdos 
 R. del infante 
 Capvt Bone Spei 
 c. de las agujas 
 
 Pl. V. 
 
 [East Coast of Africa.] 
 
 c. del infante 
 c. de las varas 
 pesquería 
 
 b. hermosa 
 
 R. de la laguna 
 
 yslas llanos 
 
 R. del infante 
 
 p. primera 
 
 tierra de navidad 
 
 postiera terra de navidad 
 
 pesquería 
 
 R. de los reyes 
 
 R. de laguna 
 
 aguada de buena paz 
 
 plaia 
 
 c. de corrientes 
 c. de s. maria 
 c. del pichel 
 9ofala 
 
 b. perrada 
 
 costa de recha 
 
 R. de buenas señales 
 
 R. dangoja 
 
 yslas seguidas 
 
 angoja 
 
 mocambique 
 
 R. de s. antonio 
 
 R. de s. gil 
 
 c. derecho 
 
 c. delgado 
 
 aquiloa 
 
 los tres hermanos 
 
 monfra 
 
 b. de rafael 
 Zanzibar 
 
 y. penda 
 
 monba^a 
 
 melinde 
 
 pater 
 
 brada 
 
 mongodoxo 
 
 opim 
 
 asum 
 
 c. de guardafuy 
 SiNVS Arabicvs 
 
 y. blanca 
 Mare Rvbrvm 
 mandaba 
 y. blanca 
 macuá 
 maque 
 
 Pl. V. 
 
 Pl. II. 
 
 A ¿yiyf^á i^
 
 38 
 
 [Interior of Africa.] 
 
 Pl. II. Egipthvs 
 
 elefantina 
 
 Ethiopia svb Egitho 
 meroe 
 
 Troglodítica Regio 
 
 aqui abita el preste Juan de 
 las indias, tienen tres bautis- 
 mos de agua y fuego y sangre, 
 ouardan ladotrinades.matheo. 
 
 Deserta pl. ii. 
 
 Deserta Libie 
 llbie interioris pars 
 Mavritania Cesariensis 
 Ethiopia 
 
 Montes Lvne ab is montibus pa- Pl. V. 
 ludes nili suscipiunt nives. 
 
 [Coast of Asia.] 
 
 Pl. ii. Arabia Pétrea 
 cuez 
 plaia 
 R. negó 
 sal medina 
 puerto guida 
 Arabia Felix 
 clibon 
 
 casa de meca 
 guida 
 Jazan 
 plaia 
 alli 
 
 mocha 
 
 estrecho de moca 
 adem 
 xabeque 
 c. Raso 
 fartan 
 macera 
 c. de forteca 
 diulfar 
 falcahat 
 anbez 
 muria 
 calhat 
 tibi 
 V. de macera 
 
 ScALONiTA Regio 
 
 curiata 
 
 c. de resalgat 
 
 calaiate 
 
 tibi 
 
 marl o 
 
 c. de mancandan 
 SiNvs Persicvs 
 
 tabla 
 
 igni 
 
 naban 
 
 tibi 
 
 beroa 
 
 cüliar 
 
 xucar 
 
 mohi 
 
 lima 
 
 horbaz 
 Persia 
 
 hacera 
 
 comohorque 
 
 gues 
 
 bagan 
 
 conche 
 
 R. fondable 
 
 genga 
 
 reger 
 
 y. de quexome 
 
 Pl. ii.
 
 39 
 
 Pl. II. y- 'Í6 oromuz 
 
 Carmania 
 
 affostau 
 
 c. de Jasque 
 
 mantaque 
 
 costaderia 
 
 vtaques 
 
 dulcinde 
 
 plaia 
 
 aquí comienza la primera in- 
 dia 
 Gedrosia 
 
 guzai'ate 
 
 dabul 
 
 gandel 
 
 gucirate 
 
 bremia 
 
 magalor 
 
 y. de diu y cibdad 
 
 plazel 
 
 indus fl. 
 Cánbaia Regio 
 
 canbala Reino 
 
 ranel 
 
 curate 
 
 baxan 
 
 chaul 
 
 R. de mamdüba 
 
 dabul 
 
 R. de betela 
 
 goa 
 
 c. de Ramas 
 Narsinga Regio 
 
 baticola 
 
 magalor 
 
 monte deli 
 
 cananor 
 
 calicut 
 
 cochin 
 
 trava 
 
 C. comori 
 
 geiam 
 
 punta pauifil 
 
 ' Under the "R. ciego" written with 
 in black the words "las neuve." 
 
 negopata pj^ jj 
 
 acanamor 
 c. cole 
 S. tome 
 arremogan 
 culetare 
 bimgan 
 montepole 
 paracote 
 penttipolin 
 R. 9Íego 
 punta hermosa 
 caligan 
 ranagran 
 nequepatan 
 R. baxo 
 CO mura 
 vripegan 
 calicote 
 camara^an 
 coiera9an 
 punta solida 
 bengala 
 R. gauges 
 bengala 
 poralen 
 
 Reino de berma 
 candubi 
 
 Reino de pegu 
 Ansian Regio 
 tamal 
 plaia 
 tamari 
 marten a 
 yslas quedas 
 R. ciego 1 
 R. ciego 
 c. Ranba 
 malaca 
 
 R. hermoso 
 
 pulopulo 
 
 c. de 9Íncapulla 
 
 de condor 
 
 red ink there seems to have been written
 
 40 
 
 Pl. II. canboia 
 
 tierra de arenas 
 h. de las sierras 
 sierras primeras 
 puerto arenoso 
 R. del arena 
 yslas corrientes 
 barrasa 
 y. cotan 
 
 yslas de s. peilan 
 c. de anam? 
 V. de golfo? 
 
 y. de baxa 
 ilastigui 
 Lachina 
 cantan 
 matam 
 b. del rey 
 aguada d. s. tiago 
 R. de la acension 
 R. de sal 
 y. de s. 4* 
 
 [Islands of the Indian Ocean.] 
 
 Pl. II. aldenarinia 
 
 Qacatora 
 
 ba de padua 
 
 yslas de maldiuar 
 
 Zeilan 
 
 aden^o 
 
 yslas de cancafalla 
 
 yslas de nicobar 
 
 nicobar 
 
 ysla de oro 
 Pl. V. los 7 hermanos 
 
 abre ojo 
 
 yslas que hallo vasco de acuña 
 
 ysla de la galera 
 
 y. de area 
 
 y. Uva 
 
 sancti spiritus 
 Insvla Divi Lavrentii 
 
 c. salido 
 
 c. de 8. maria 
 
 yslas de s. lorenzo 
 
 manapata 
 
 matan 
 
 manasora 
 
 cacacanbo 
 
 aguada de s. anton 
 
 c. de niaio 
 
 cianpero 
 
 b. de s. Sebastian 
 
 S. andres 
 
 tierra de s. antonio 
 
 b. del plazel 
 
 tieiTa delsrado 
 
 ba. de la judia 
 de Juan de lisboa 
 8. apolonia 
 ysla de mascarenas 
 
 la despoblada 
 
 [East Indian Archipelago.] 
 
 Pl. II. Zamatra Trapobana 
 paran 
 ysla blanca 
 
 tuuuan 
 
 yslas de pescadores 
 y. ara
 
 41 
 
 Pl. II. plazel 
 
 y. de savallos 
 Pl. V. de savalos 
 
 mandelia 
 
 b. grande 
 
 salida de canel 
 Iava 
 
 y. de aboy 
 
 y. blanca 
 
 aguada 
 
 ahurban 
 
 Jupara 
 
 mandalia 
 
 lagrama 
 Provincia de Malyco 
 
 Japora 
 
 manope 
 
 nicopora 
 
 crimona 
 
 madora 
 Pl. IV. matra 
 
 ti mor 
 
 atafunfum 
 
 burney 
 
 anbon 
 
 machian 
 
 motil 
 
 GiLOLO 
 
 y. del rey 
 
 tidori 
 
 terrenate 
 
 candingar 
 
 burneo 
 
 San pedro 
 
 s. raaria 
 
 cagayan 
 
 mendanao 
 
 b. hola 
 
 poluguan 
 
 siquios 
 
 (^ubu 
 
 matan 
 
 cailon 
 
 hanham 
 
 Pl. IV. 
 
 Pl. III. 
 
 Pl. II. 
 
 Pl. III. 
 
 [Interior of Asia.] 
 
 Pl. II. Albania 
 
 Mare Caspivm 
 
 HiRCANIA 
 
 Mesopotania 
 eufrates fl. 
 tigris fl. 
 
 Babilonia 
 
 caldea 
 
 Media 
 
 ]\Iargiana 
 
 Batriana 
 
 Paropanisvs 
 
 Deserta Carmanie 
 
 Aracosia 
 
 Dragiana 
 
 SCITHIA 
 
 Tartaria pertotvm 
 
 SOITHIA INTRA ImAVM MoNTEM 
 
 Sacarym Regio Prima 
 
 MVREYLI ReGNVM 
 
 SciTHIA EXTRA ImAVM MoNTEM 
 
 India intra Gangem 
 India extra Gangem 
 Los Sencios 
 Provincia Mangi 
 Provincia Cathai 
 Amagoch 
 
 Cairan Provincia 
 Tangvt 
 
 Pl. II.
 
 42 
 
 [Islands of the Atlantic] 
 
 pl. in. 
 
 yslanda 
 
 
 hierro 
 
 Pl. 
 
 Ill 
 
 de brasil 
 
 
 Insule 
 
 portugalensium que vocan- 
 
 
 
 las maid as 
 
 
 tur de cabo verde 
 
 
 
 y. baxa 
 
 
 y- 
 
 de sal 
 
 
 
 y. verde 
 
 
 buena vista 
 
 
 
 y^ de juan 
 
 Steves 
 
 y- 
 
 de maio 
 
 
 
 la Bermuda 
 
 
 s. 
 
 tiago 
 
 
 
 [nsule portugalensium que vocan- 
 
 8. 
 
 miculas 
 
 
 
 tur de los adores 
 
 8. 
 
 luzia 
 
 
 
 s. mar i a 
 
 
 S. 
 
 viceinte 
 
 
 
 s. miguel 
 
 
 S. 
 
 anton 
 
 
 
 la tercera 
 
 del prin9Ípe 
 
 
 S. Jorge 
 
 
 ya 
 
 Pl. 
 
 II. 
 
 o 
 
 
 y" 
 
 de s. thome 
 
 
 
 graciosa 
 
 
 
 annobom 
 
 
 
 faial 
 
 
 y" 
 
 Pl 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 matheo 
 
 
 
 V. de flores 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 lacension 
 S. -i- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 la madera 
 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 elena 
 
 
 
 salvosas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "nsule fortunate 
 
 que vocantur de 
 
 de 
 
 fer^'*' loroña 
 
 Pl. 
 
 IV 
 
 
 ys 
 
 * de Juan stevez 
 
 
 
 canaria 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fuerte ventu 
 
 
 s. 
 
 maria 
 
 
 
 
 
 trinidad 
 
 
 
 lan9arote 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 acension 
 
 
 
 canana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tenerife 
 
 
 de 
 de 
 
 tristan dacuña 
 Juan Steves 
 
 Pl. 
 
 V. 
 
 gomera 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 la palma 
 
 
 de 
 
 sansón 
 
 Pl. 
 
 IV. 
 
 [West IndiesJ 
 
 Pl. III. bahama 
 
 yucaiones 
 abacoa 
 cigateo 
 y urna 
 yameto 
 triangulo 
 ynagua 
 caicos 
 aruana 
 ba. de babueca 
 
 CVBA 
 
 c. de s. anton 
 Spañola 
 
 8. domingo 
 c. del tiburón 
 
 Jamaica 
 San Juan 
 
 S. -í- 
 
 virgines 
 
 anegada 
 
 Pl. III.
 
 43 
 
 Pl. III. 
 
 sonbrero 
 
 barbada 
 
 monsarrate 
 
 guadalupe 
 
 la deseada 
 
 barbudos 
 
 tabago 
 
 La ti-injdad 
 
 s. luzia 
 
 s. viceinte 
 
 ofranada 
 
 margarita 
 
 orcbilla 
 
 V. de aves 
 
 boinare 
 aruba 
 la serrana 
 s. catalina 
 
 s. andres 
 
 caimanes 
 
 alacranes 
 
 sarca 
 
 triangulo 
 
 de arenas 
 
 la bermeja 
 
 tortugas 
 
 mártires 
 
 Pl. III. 
 
 [West Coast of North America.] 
 
 Pl. III. Tierra del Labrador 
 
 b. de las islas , 
 Tierra de Bacallaos 
 
 C. Raso 
 
 C. de 8. maria 
 
 C. de s. m[ar]co(?) 
 
 y. de S. elmo 
 
 tierra de bretones 
 
 C. grueso 
 
 R. de dos bocas 
 
 c. bretón 
 S. Juan 
 
 canal de S. julian 
 
 R. o-rande 
 
 C. de la vuelta 
 
 b. de la ensenada 
 R. del castañar 
 
 Tierra de Stevan Gomez 
 
 c. de montanas 
 golfo 
 
 costa de medanas 
 R. de los gamos 
 C. de muchas isl. 
 
 arcipielago 
 C. de arracifes 
 R. de S. eTuan bautista 
 R. de buena madre 
 C. de s. pedro 
 montanas 
 Tierra del licenciado Aillon 
 R. de S. antonio 
 b. de s. xl [cristóval] 
 
 b. de s. tiago 
 
 c. de s. tiago 
 
 C. de las arenas 
 
 C. de S. jiiau 
 
 R. salado 
 
 R. del spiritu santo 
 
 c. de Resalgat 
 
 R. de baxo 
 
 c. de canoas 
 
 R. Jordan 
 
 C. de s. Roman 
 
 C. de ►^ 
 
 R. de rincón 
 
 Pl. III.
 
 44 
 
 [Gulf of Mexico and Isthmus.] 
 
 Pl. III. Laflorida 
 b. honda 
 ancón baxo 
 b. de miruelo 
 b. de los baxos 
 Tierra de Panfilo de Narvaez; 
 DICHA LA Florida 
 K. de las baxas 
 arenal 
 
 b. de nieves 
 arracifes 
 R. de flores 
 matas del saluador 
 culata 
 
 mar pequeña 
 R. del spiritu santo 
 C. de -h 
 plazel 
 C. desierto 
 R. de montañas 
 R. del oro 
 R. de pescadores 
 R. de la madalena 
 C. bravo 
 R. de palmas 
 R. de panuco 
 tierra de pavos 
 C Raso 
 R. de s. pedro y s. pablo 
 
 La Nueva España 
 la vera 4^ 
 villarica 
 S. Juan delua 
 R. de banderas 
 R. de alvarado 
 R. negro 
 
 IVCATAN 
 
 R. de dos bocas 
 
 R. de grixalba 
 
 boca de tierras 
 
 R. de la gartos 
 
 catoche 
 
 g. de la yegüeras 
 
 C. de 3 puntas 
 
 p. de caballos 
 
 trihonfo de la 'i* 
 
 C. de honduras 
 
 C. del camarón 
 
 cartago 
 
 C. de gracias a dios 
 
 cerenaro 
 
 veragua 
 
 veragua 
 
 belén 
 
 nombre de dios 
 
 [North Coast of South America.] 
 
 Pl. Ill acia 
 
 carie 
 uraba 
 Provincia de Cartagena 
 c. caribana (?) 
 R. del oro 
 Cartagena 
 
 Provincia de S. Marta 
 R. grande 
 C. del aguja 
 concha 
 tucaraca 
 S. marta 
 R. salado
 
 45 
 
 Pl. III. puerto delarada 
 
 seturna 
 
 c. lávela 
 Provincia de Valencvela 
 
 c. de S. Roman 
 
 g. triste 
 
 p. flechado 
 
 R. oinare 
 
 c. delacodera 
 
 raaracapana 
 
 S. fe 
 
 R. cumana 
 
 p. de araja 
 Provincia de Paria 
 
 c. de 3 puntas 
 
 aldea 
 caraibes 
 R. de paria 
 c. Raso 
 La Nveva Andalvzia 
 R. dulce 
 R. salido 
 R. verde 
 R. salado 
 R. baxo 
 R. de arracife 
 R. de arazifes 
 R. desclavos 
 R. marañon 
 
 Pl. III. 
 
 Pl. IV. 
 
 [West Coast of South America.] 
 
 Pl. IV. Costa del Brasil 
 
 b. de todos santos 
 
 b. de Juan de lisboa 
 
 c. de corrientes 
 p"* de fuegos 
 
 c. deloeste 
 
 tierra de s. viceinte 
 
 tierra de humos 
 
 b. del plazel 
 C. del palmar 
 p*^ primera 
 
 c. blanco 
 
 c. de S. Roque 
 
 plazel 
 
 c. del pichel 
 
 R. primero 
 
 R. de piedras 
 
 R. de virtudes 
 
 pernambuco 
 
 C. de S. agustin 
 
 S. alexo 
 
 R. de s. miguel 
 
 R. de s. francisco 
 
 R. de cana fistula 
 
 R. Real 
 
 R. de laduda 
 
 b. de todos santos 
 
 ba 
 
 R. de Juan stevez 
 
 R. de s. agustin 
 
 R. del brasil 
 
 R. de s. jorge 
 
 C. de S. Julian 
 
 salvador 
 
 C. frió. 
 
 R. de la judia 
 
 b. de genero 
 
 y. de coles 
 
 b. de los reyes 
 
 sierras de san Sebastian 
 
 R. de s. Sebastian 
 
 s. viceinte 
 
 de buen abrigo 
 
 vbuay (?) 
 
 la canauea 
 
 R. baxo 
 
 puerto de s. francisco 
 
 puerto de s. Sebastian 
 
 y. de s. catalina 
 
 puerto de los patos 
 
 puerto de don Rodrigo 
 
 R. ciego 
 
 Pl. IV.
 
 46 
 
 PL. IV 
 
 faraiol 
 tibiqueri 
 vbuai (?) 
 
 ? 
 
 c. de s. raaria 
 Provincia del Rio de la Plata 
 r. de la plata 
 R. vruay 
 R. parana 
 R. paraguai 
 ipitin 
 
 Sti spiritus 
 buenos aires 
 c. bianco 
 arenas gordas 
 b. anegada 
 tierra baxa 
 
 barreras blancas 
 c. de 3 puntas 
 
 b. sin fondo 
 arracife de lobos 
 
 c. de s. domingo 
 p. de los leones 
 c. blanco 
 
 b. de Juan serrano 
 b. de los trabaxos 
 tierra de baxos 
 sierras hermosas 
 
 b. de s. Julian 
 R. de s. 4* 
 
 c. de las virgines 
 estrecho de magellanes 
 
 Pl. IV. 
 
 [Tierra del Fuego.] 
 
 Pl. IV. sierras de humos 
 
 del lago 
 sierras nevadas 
 
 canpaua de Roldan 
 ys. nevadas 
 
 Pl. IV. 
 
 [Pacific Coast of America.] 
 
 Pl. IV. Pro. del Estrecho Magallanes 
 b. de la vitoria 
 arcipielago del cabo deseado 
 arracifes ^ 
 la grabara 
 
 li. (le manco [maule?] 
 chile. 
 
 hormigas 
 antipoJo 
 despoblada 
 La Nveva Toledo 
 
 h. de todos santos 
 
 tarapaca 
 
 puerto de arecj/uip>a 
 
 val de salaga 
 
 los reies 
 puerto de caya 
 yslas de ecos ^ 
 Provincia del Perv 
 chincha 
 pachacara 
 
 puerto de la concibicion 
 palmonga 
 sierra morena 
 de sardinas 
 puerto de paita 
 c. blanco 
 S. miguel 
 c. de languilla 
 R. de tun)bes 
 
 Pl. IV 
 
 ' The names in italics are of later date. See page 2() above. 
 - "Ecos" is also written at a later date instead of an erased word wiiicli was 
 probably "lobos."
 
 47 
 
 c. de s. elena 
 
 de clara trihala 
 
 callao 
 
 puerto viejo 
 
 pasao 
 
 quaque 
 
 c. de s. francisco 
 
 b. de s. mateo 
 R. de s. tiago 
 
 R. de s. francisco 
 y. del gallo 
 
 c. quemado 
 p. decierta 
 R. primero 
 s. miauel 
 
 panamá 
 
 natan 
 
 punta de guerra 
 
 R. de gerra 
 
 y. de s. maria 
 
 ys. de buena matia 
 
 p. de la bórica 
 
 y. del campo 
 
 punta de s. maria 
 
 golfo de s. lucas 
 
 g. de faraiol blanco 
 
 golfo de sau tiago 
 
 nicaragua 
 
 R. de mesa 
 
 b. de fonseca 
 
 c. hermoso 
 
 b. de quirotega 
 R. del campo 
 R. grande 
 
 los frailes 
 
 guatimala 
 
 golfo de gua<jocan 
 
 punta de cortes 
 
 coira 
 
 tegucantepeque del marques 
 
 R. ^errado 
 
 los pelagios 
 
 tegucantepeque 
 
 ^acatula 
 
 c. delisleo 
 colimac 
 plaia 
 ancón 
 
 La Nveva Galizia 
 R. grande 
 y. blanca 
 golfo salido 
 R. del spiritu santo 
 colimar 
 y*"* que descubrió el marques 
 
 del valle 
 tierra que enbio a descubrir 
 
 don antonio de mendo9a 
 
 Pl. Til. 
 
 El Qvifo' 
 caxamalca 
 
 [Interior of South America.] 
 
 I pachacama 
 
 el cuzco 
 
 Pl. IV 
 
 [Islands of the Pacific] 
 
 yslas bj \_scainas ?~\ 
 d. s. pablo 
 de tiburones 
 
 yslas de negros 
 yslas de pintados 
 yslas de los ladrones 
 
 Pl. III. 
 
 ' The names in italics are of later date.
 
 Of the pliototypic facsimiles representing Santa Cruzas map 
 one hundred copies are printed.
 
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