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WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS 
 OF SAVAGE RACES 
 
WEAPONS 
 AND IMPLEMENTS 
 
 OF SAVAGE RACES 
 
 (AUSTRALASIA, OCEANIA, AND AFRICA) 
 
 BY 
 
 LIEUT.-COL. L. A. D. MONTAGUE 
 
 FULLY ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR FROM SPECIMENS 
 MOSTLY IN HIS COLLECTION 
 
 LONDON 
 
 "THE BAZAAR, EXCHANGE & MART" OFFICE 
 
 WINDSOR HOUSE, BREAM'S BUILDINGS, E.C.4 
 
 1921 
 
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 UL^l 
 
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 6- ^>» 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The fact that works on ethnographical specimens are 
 few in number, and that reliable information concerning 
 these interesting objects is hard to obtain, has led to 
 the re-publication in book form of a series of articles 
 on the subject which I have contributed to The Bazaar 
 during the last four years. The study of weapons 
 and implements of savage races has been taken up by 
 an increasing number of collectors, and also by many 
 outside that fraternity ; it is therefore hoped that this 
 little work may at any rate go some way towards 
 supplying a want. 
 
 The subject is such an extensive one that its 
 adequate treatment would entail the publication of 
 many volumes, and the present attempt claims to be 
 nothing more than a handbook or guide. It contains 
 as full a description of specimens from Australasia, 
 Oceania, and Africa as its size permits ; but it was 
 impossible to include any from Asia or America without 
 unduly curtailing the other sections. 
 
 The specimens illustrated are mostly in my own 
 collection, and I have made every effort correctly to 
 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 identify and describe them. It is, however, often 
 extremely difficult to trace ethnographical specimens 
 with certainty to the place of origin, so it is quite 
 possible that mistakes of attribution may be dis- 
 covered. Still, as in doubtful cases I have consulted 
 the authorities connected with our public collections 
 (for whose courteous assistance I must here offer my 
 thanks), I think that the information I have got 
 together may be taken as up to date and generally 
 
 correct. . 
 
 LEOPOLD A. D. MONTAGUE. 
 
 September, 1921. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 PAGE 
 I 
 
 PART I 
 
 AUSTRALIA ____.. 6 
 
 NEW ZEALAND - - - 50 
 
 EASTER ISLAND - - - - - 64 
 
 MARQUESAS ISLANDS - - - - -67 
 
 AUSTRAL (TUBUAl) ISLANDS - - - - 68 
 
 HERVEY (OR COOK'S) ISLANDS - - "73 
 
 TONGA AND SAMOA - - - - "77 
 
 NIUE" OR SAVAGE ISLAND - - - 8 1 
 
 FIJI - - - - - -86 
 
 GILBERT ISLANDS - - - - "95 
 
 NEW CALEDONIA - - - - - IOI 
 
 NEW HEBRIDES - - - - - I05 
 
 SANTA CRUZ (QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS) - - I08 
 
 THE SOLOMON ISLANDS - IO9 
 
 ADMIRALTY ISLANDS - - - - - Il8 
 
 NEW BRITAIN, NEW IRELAND, AND ADJACENT ISLANDS - 122 
 
 THE MASSIM DISTRICT - - - - 1 24 
 
 NEW GUINEA - - - - - - 1 27 
 
 vii 
 
Vlll 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PART II 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA - 
 
 BECHUANALAND 
 
 ANGOLA - 
 
 BELGIAN CONGO AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 KAMERUN - 
 
 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 SOUTHERN NIGERIA - 
 
 CENTRAL AFRICA - 
 
 NYASS ALAND PROTECTORATE - 
 
 EAST AFRICA - 
 
 THE KIKUYU DISTRICT 
 
 SOMALILAND - - 
 
 HINTS TO COLLECTORS 
 
 PAGE 
 138 
 
 151 
 
 153 
 
 154 
 
 185 
 187 
 
 215 
 217 
 219 
 221 
 227 
 229 
 
 2 3 l 
 
 INDEX 
 
 2 35 
 
WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS 
 OF SAVAGE RACES 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 To most of us, whether we have the collecting instinct 
 or not, there is a peculiar fascination connected with 
 the strange weapons, implements, and other objects 
 coming from the less civilized parts of the world, where 
 mankind, in many cases, is still in a stage of evolution 
 which could only have been paralleled in this country 
 some centuries before the Roman invasion. That 
 most of the savage races producing these objects are 
 gradually becoming civilized or are dying out, renders 
 it all the more important that no time should be lost 
 in gathering all possible information concerning their 
 history, religion, art, and customs, and preserving 
 specimens of their handiwork, which, not many years 
 hence, may be very difficult to obtain. 
 
 But, apart from the scientific study of ethnography, 
 there is a romantic interest about a collection of South 
 Sea, African, or other specimens of native work which 
 makes a general appeal. These curious clubs of 
 
2 INTRODUCTION 
 
 polished wood, spears barbed with human bones, and 
 swords edged with sharks' teeth take us mentally to 
 the coral islands of the Pacific, and call up reminis- 
 cences of many a tale of adventure in the South Seas ; 
 whilst the sight of African fetishes, war-knives, and 
 throwing-spears instantly transports an imaginative 
 individual to the mysterious forests of the Dark Con- 
 tinent, suggesting perils encountered by Stanley and 
 the other explorers, human sacrifices, and what not. 
 
 The ethnographical room in a museum is therefore 
 always popular, but, curiously enough, the scientific 
 study of ethnographical specimens was greatly 
 neglected up to quite a late period in the last century, 
 and the only obtainable general work on the subject 
 was (and would seem still to be) Wood's "Natural 
 History of Man, " to illustrate which the author formed 
 a private collection. Nearly every local museum pos- 
 sessed, it is true, a certain number of specimens, but 
 these were seldom properly arranged, and were in- 
 correctly labelled almost as often as not. Even at 
 the present day there is much room, for improvement 
 as far as some of the small provincial museums are 
 concerned, but the magnificent ethnographical collec- 
 tion at the British Museum, re-arranged since the War, 
 offers an excellent example of modern classification, 
 followed by the museums at Oxford, Cambridge, 
 Exeter, and others of the same standing. 
 
 Collecting such curiosities upon scientific lines is 
 now being taken up to an increasing extent, and will 
 
INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 undoubtedly become quite a fashionable hobby before 
 long, causing the prices, already fairly high, to rise 
 still further. The bargains of the last century are now 
 rarely obtainable, though, unless one goes in for rarities 
 such as ancient Maori productions, it is by no means 
 too late to begin collecting. The nucleus of a collec- 
 tion may be found on the walls of the entrance-hall or 
 staircase of many a residence, for it has long been 
 customary to hang up such weapons as decorations, 
 although in many cases their present owner has a very 
 hazy notion of what they really are and where they 
 came from. 
 
 No doubt ethnographical specimens will be faked as 
 the demand for them increases, but at present they 
 are imitated to a less extent than other things collected. 
 West African curios, particularly fetish figures and 
 carved work, are made to order by the natives, and 
 also counterfeited by Europeans for sale to passengers 
 on the West Coast steamers (if not for the English 
 market) , yet I have never come across faked weapons 
 such as spears and war-knives. The costly Maori 
 antiquities are doubtless imitated now and then, when- 
 ever deception is possible, though, as far as I am 
 aware, the faker has not yet concerned himself with 
 Australian weapons. South Sea clubs and spears do 
 not lend themselves to fraudulent imitation, and it 
 would never pay a European carver to copy the in- 
 tricate designs on some of the paddles, axe-hafts, and 
 other implements ; but the collector should fight shy 
 
4 INTRODUCTION 
 
 of new-looking weapons in unused condition, as these 
 are turned out by the natives in Fiji and probably on 
 other islands now more or less civilized, for sale to 
 visitors. These specimens can hardly be called fakes, 
 being really made by the natives from old patterns, 
 yet nevertheless are of little interest or value when 
 compared with weapons actually constructed for use 
 in warfare, and probably so used. Antiquity is, in 
 fact, a great factor in the value of all curiosities pro- 
 duced by savages, really old examples usually fetching 
 three or four times the price of modern ones. This 
 not only applies to such things as Benin brasses, West 
 African jujus, axes, and the like, but to such common 
 weapons as throwing-spears and knives. 
 
 The size of this little work renders it necessary to 
 restrict the specimens described and illustrated to 
 those coming under the head of weapons and imple- 
 ments, which eliminates many articles of equal interest 
 not properly belonging to either class. These are not, 
 however, so generally collected or so suitable for ex- 
 hibition on the walls of a private house, many of them 
 being of anything but a decorative character. For 
 instance, the funeral and fetish masks of West Africa 
 and the Congo are repulsively ugly, though of peculiar 
 interest to a student of native superstitions, secret 
 societies, and ceremonies ; whilst large carvings, fur- 
 niture, costumes, and even personal ornaments are 
 more suitable for a museum than for a private collec- 
 tion. The same may be said of native musical instru- 
 
INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 ments (though there are a few collectors of these), 
 and miscellaneous productions requiring glass cases to 
 exhibit properly. I should have liked to include at 
 least a few specimens of these classes, but they arc 
 hardly within the scope of a guidebook mainly intended 
 to help in the identification of specimens likely to be 
 in the possession of its readers, or, at any rate, to 
 be obtainable by them should they take up collecting 
 on the lines suggested. For the same reason most of 
 the specimens illustrated are not of any special rarity, 
 but are such as are frequently seen in the dealers' 
 shops, and are pretty sure to be come across sooner 
 or later. I regret that I was unable to include drawings 
 of weapons from many of the lesser-known Pacific 
 islands, as also from several African districts, having 
 no specimens from which to make them ; but have 
 endeavoured to make up for this omission by very fully 
 describing the examples (over 200 in number) here 
 figured, which comprise the principal types brought 
 home. 
 
PART I 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 Clubs 
 
 Australian clubs are fairly easily distinguishable 
 from those of the Pacific islands, though often difficult 
 to identify as coming from any particular part of the 
 immense island continent. This is specially the case 
 with the short club usually called a waddy, which 
 seems to be made, with but slightly varying pattern, 
 in most parts excepting the west, where clubs appear 
 to be in less general use and assume a distinctive 
 shape. The typical waddy is usually fairly straight, 
 shaped like an elongated bud, and made from euca- 
 lyptus or other tough wood, and most specimens 
 finding their way to this country come from Victoria 
 or New South Wales. 
 
 No. i of Fig. i shows a characteristic specimen of 
 the Victoria type, said to be called a nulh-nulla. It 
 is 28 inches in length, with a considerable swell run- 
 ning to a conical point, and is of a yellowish-brown 
 wood (eucalyptus?) brought to a dull polish. The 
 head is incised with a kind of herring-bone pattern 
 
AUSTRALIA 7 
 
 filling rectangles alternating with blank spaces, 
 between longitudinal herring-bone borders. The 
 section is circular, but in many specimens it is oval 
 or irregular. Fig. i, No. 2, was presented to my 
 son (the late P. D. Montague) by the West Aus- 
 tralian Museum at Perth, W.A., and shows the type 
 of club used in the north-west as contrasted with that 
 of the south-east. It is a straight cylinder, 33^ inches 
 long, slightly tapering towards the extremities, with 
 surface grooved by the marks of the tool with which 
 it was dressed. It is thickly covered with red ochre, 
 which may have been applied to prevent it from slip- 
 ping in the hand as much as for decorative purposes, 
 and must have been frequently renewed, as it comes 
 off freely when the Weapon is handled. This specimen 
 came from the Drysdale River, North Kimberley, and 
 is of a pattern not often brought home. 
 
 Returning to the waddy, this is occasionally ren- 
 dered more formidable by a series of diverging spikes 
 cut round the head, as in the mace-like example No. 1 
 of Fig. 2, which came from New South Wales. This 
 has six rows of teeth, with ten teeth in each row, the 
 top being pointed, making the weapon effective for 
 thrusting as well as striking. The conical part, as 
 well as the lower part of the head, is coloured with red 
 ochre, and white clay (?) shows between the teeth. 
 The butt is conical, with grip roughened : length 
 31^ inches. I recently bought this specimen from a 
 dealer, price ten shillings. No. 2 of Fig. 2 is a waddy 
 
8 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 of superior workmanship and exceptional length, 
 measuring 34^ inches. It is of a dark wood, 
 smoothed, and has three chains of roughly circular 
 
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 Fig. i.— (1) Waddy of Victoria 
 Type. (2) Club covered with 
 Red Ochre, Drysdale River, 
 North Kimberley, 
 
 Fig. 2.— (i) Toothed Waddy, 
 New South Wales. (2) Long 
 Waddy. 
 
 hollows running from the point to some distance below 
 the slightly swelling head, probably intended to make 
 a blow bite the better. The butt ends squarely, and 
 is roughened for a very short distance. I do not know 
 
 / 
 
AUSTRALIA 9 
 
 the district of origin, but should place it in the south 
 or south-east. Fig. 3 is of a waddy with leaf-shaped 
 head running to blunt edges, and a pointed tapering 
 handle pierced for a cord near the end. It is 25 J inches 
 long, and is remarkable for the carved designs upon 
 
 Fig. 3. — Waddy with Carved Designs, probably from 
 South-Eastern Australia. 
 
 it. A double zigzag (suggesting waves) runs down 
 the head upon one face, the other being divided 
 checkerwise as shown in the illustration. It is a very 
 nice specimen of somewhat unusual form, and was 
 
IO 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 bought with No. i of Fig. 2, so is probably from the 
 south-east. The pointed handle of this variety of 
 waddy is of use to scratch up the earth with which 
 the combatants cover their hands, in order to get a 
 better grip, during the extraordinary native duels in 
 which they alternately present their heads to be 
 bludgeoned. 
 
 Fig. 4.— (i) " Deadum-deadum," Southern Australia. (2) Leah, or 
 Toothed Waddy. (3) Missile Waddy. (4) Parrying-Stick. 
 
 (.4// from Exeter Museum.) 
 
 The objects sketched in Fig. 4 are all in the Exeter 
 Museum. No. i is labelled as a deadum-deadum 
 (suggestive name!) from South Australia, and the 
 handle tapers to a point in a series of diminishing and 
 overlapping rings. No. 2 is called a leak, or toothed 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 1 1 
 
 waddy, and is also attributed to South Australia. It 
 has a four-sided head, with the edges cut into sharp 
 teeth. No. 3 is a missile waddy, and No. 4 a parry- 
 ing-stick (south-eastern region ?) . 
 
 The parrying-stick is used to strike aside the kylie 
 (boomerang) and spear, but no doubt serves as a light 
 
 Fig. 5. — (1) and (2) Parrying-Sticks from Kookynie District. (3) 
 Beaked Club (Malga), South- Eastern Australia. (4) Ditto, 
 Victoria Type. 
 
 club upon occasion. Two specimens from the Koo- 
 kynie district of West Australia are seen in Nos. 1 
 and 2 of Fig. 5. They are dressed from small branches 
 (naturally curved), the longer one measuring 27 inches 
 and having the butt covered with a lump of Black- 
 boy gum. The grips are scored, the tops rounded, 
 
12 AUSTRALIA 
 
 and both specimens covered with red ochre. They 
 were presented by the West Australian Museum. 
 
 In Nos. 3 and 4 we see specimens of a beaked club 
 known as a malga or leowal, made from a bent branch 
 so that the grain follows the angle or curve of the 
 head. The object of this shape is to reach round the 
 parrying-shield (which the waddy would not do), and 
 get in a peck with the sharp beak. The malga is a 
 favourite club for use in the native dances ( ' ' corrob- 
 borees"), for beating time by clashing one with 
 another or on a shield. No. 3 measures 29 inches in 
 a line drawn from the tip of the beak to the butt, which 
 tapers in a series of rounded rings, the shaft being 
 longitudinally grooved round the grip. The head is 
 almost at right angles to the shaft, and measures 
 1 1\ inches. No. 4 (from Victoria) is a smaller weapon 
 of much the same pattern, but with the head less 
 angular and broader in proportion. 
 
 Spears 
 
 Australian spears in a complete state do not often 
 come to this country, probably on account of their 
 great length, which makes them troublesome to bring 
 home ; but even in Australia the earlier stone-headed 
 examples are becoming more and more difficult to 
 procure, so that it is not surprising they should fetch 
 high prices when put up for sale in London. The 
 Australian spear is, in most districts, only used as a 
 
AUSTRALIA 13 
 
 missile, being hurled by means of a contrivance known 
 as a woomero, or spear-thrower, which, acting as a 
 lever, gives the weapon an extra impetus. The natives 
 can usually aim so accurately as to be fairly certain 
 of hitting a moving mark at any range up to 60 yards, 
 whilst the extreme distance to which spears can be 
 thrown is said to be surprising. 
 
 The spears vary greatly in workmanship, the com- 
 moner sort being little more than long, pointed sticks, 
 generally not even straight, but those with stone or 
 glass heads show considerable skill in construction. 
 The specimens here described were all brought home 
 by my son, the late Paul D. Montague, and were 
 either obtained by him from the natives or presented 
 to him by the West Australian Museum at Perth. 
 They are therefore accurately localised, which adds 
 considerably to the scientific value of the collection. 
 
 Fig. 6, No. 1, gives the upper part of an ordinary 
 West Australian specimen from the Upper Murchison 
 (Gascoyne division) . This is 8 feet 7^ inches in length, 
 and is formed from a barked stick running to a flat- 
 tened, tapering point, below which is lashed a pointed 
 wooden barb, the binding being apparently of sinew. 
 The butt-end is hollowed for the insertion of the hook 
 of the woomero. No. 2 is 7 feet 9 inches long, and 
 has a flattish, leaf-shaped, wooden barb, attached by 
 a thread-like binding smeared with Blackboy gum. 
 Below the barb the shaft is decorated with ten or 
 eleven black patches, perhaps tribal marks. This 
 
H 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 spear came from the south-western part of West 
 Australia. The black gum used so extensively in the 
 manufacture of Australian weapons is made from either 
 the Spinifex or the Grass-tree (known as the Black - 
 
 Fig. 6. — West Australian Wood-Barbed Spears, (i) Upper 
 Murchison. (2) South- West of Western Australia. 
 
 boy). Spinifex is a kind of spiky grass, and the 
 gum is found at the roots. The Blackboy is a small 
 tree with a tuft of grass-like foliage, from the middle 
 of which springs the flower-stalk, thus looking from a 
 distance something like a native carrying a spear 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 i5 
 
 (hence its popular name). The black gum or wax 
 forms on the stem, and is found on the ground beneath, 
 especially after bush fires. In Western Australia the 
 Blackboy only grows in the southern regions, and the 
 gum used on all objects from the northern districts is 
 from the Spinifex. This is like pitch, and is of a 
 brownish-black colour, containing many fibres. 
 
 Fig. 7. — (1) Wooden Spear-Head from Minderoo, Ashburton River. 
 (2) From neighbourhood of Gerald ton, West Australia. 
 
 Fig. 7, No. 1 , shows a spear-head of a light-coloured 
 wood, picked up by my son in a deserted native camp 
 at Minderoo, about 22 miles up the Ashburton River. 
 It is armed with five long barbs, cut out on one side, 
 and there is some attempt at decoration in the way 
 of scratched transverse bands. No. 2 is from the 
 
i6 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 Geraldton district (west coast), and is an example of 
 the barbless type with tapering conical point, flattened 
 for a few inches. The length of this spear is 7 feet 
 1 1 \ inches, and it has the usual hollow at the butt-end. 
 
 f*x3 
 
 1 
 
 Fig. 8. — Stone-headed Spears from Wyndham, Kimberley, 
 North-West Australia. 
 
 Fig. 8 represents two valuable specimens the heads 
 of which might well be mistaken for products of the 
 European Neolithic period of untold centuries B.C. 
 The head of No. 1 is of red quartz, chipped to a leaf 
 shape, and embedded in a lump of Spinifex gum. This 
 is lashed by vegetable fibre to a fore-shaft 55 inches 
 long, made from a more or less straight stick of some 
 
AUSTRALIA 17 
 
 hard wood, which enters a shaft of considerably greater 
 diameter, made from a reed rather like bamboo, the 
 total length being 11 feet 2\ inches. There is a 
 lashing at the junction and another at the butt-end, 
 to prevent it from splitting from the insertion of 
 the hook of the spear-thrower. The shaft and fore- 
 shaft are daubed with white clay. This is considered 
 to be one of the finest specimens ever brought to 
 England, and is as good as anything in the West 
 Australian Museum. No. 2 has a triangular head of 
 whitish stone (probably quartz), and is 10 feet 4 inches 
 long. The details are much the same as in No. 1, 
 but there is a kink in the stick forming the fore-shaft. 
 Both specimens are from Wyndham, Kimberley, in 
 the north-west. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 3 of Fig. 9 show two unmounted stone 
 spear-heads, also from Wyndham. No. 2 is 3^ inches 
 long, beautifully chipped from white and pink quartz, 
 and markedly Neolithic in its suggestion. No. 3 is 
 of some hard, brownish stone, and looks like a Palaeo- 
 lithic specimen, but this is due to its being unfinished. 
 These stone heads are probably a good many years 
 old, but after the appearance of European settlers the 
 natives began to make spear-heads of glass, using any 
 suitable fragment picked up. No. 1 of Fig. 9 shows 
 a very fine glass-headed spear from Turkey Creek, 
 East Kimberley. The head is chipped exactly in the 
 same manner as the stone heads, but the material is 
 merely greenish bottle-glass. This weapon is other- 
 
18 AUSTRALIA 
 
 wise similar to the Wyndham specimens : total length, 
 10 feet if inches ; fore-shaft, 5 feet 8 inches long, 
 made from a straight stick, blackened. 
 
 In Fig. 10 we see two unmounted glass spear- 
 heads — No. 1 a large example (about 5f inches long), 
 
 Fig. 9. — (1) Glass-headed Spear from Turkey Creek, East Kimberley. 
 (2) and (3) Stone Spear-Heads from Wyndham, Kimberley. 
 
 probably made from the side of a broken wine-bottle. 
 It is of an attractive orange-brown colour, and the 
 point is so fine that it would certainly break even on 
 striking the ground, so it is difficult to understand why 
 the natives should take so much trouble in chipping 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 19 
 
 and fixing glass heads of this description, which could 
 hardly be serviceable after a throw or two. Some 
 specimens are more finely and regularly chipped than 
 this one, but the operation possibly takes only a short 
 time after constant practice. No. 2 is of transparent 
 white glass, and came from Turkey Creek ; No. 1 
 from Wyndham. 
 
 Fig. 10. — Australian Spear-Heads of Bottle-Glass. (i) From Wynd- 
 ham, KimberJcy. (2) From Turkey Creek, East Kimberley. 
 
 In some parts of Australia long thrusting-spears are 
 used, but I have seen no examples. There are also 
 spears with two or more points, probably used only 
 for fishing. Very few of the throwing-spears are 
 perfectly straight, and some are so crooked that one 
 would say that they could not be thrown with any 
 
20 AUSTRALIA 
 
 accuracy. The Australian native, however, imparts 
 a peculiar quivering motion to the weapon before 
 throwing it (in fact, shaking his whole body in a 
 very ludicrous manner), and thus seems somehow to 
 counteract the sagging of the long and slender shaft. 
 
 Spear-Throwers 
 
 The curious appliance by which the long Australian 
 spear is hurled takes various forms, many districts 
 having some distinctive pattern, but it may be recog- 
 nized by the hook or peg at the end, usually made 
 from bone, hard wood, or other material, bound on 
 with a lashing, though some tribes cut the hook as 
 an integral part of the implement. The natives of 
 Western Australia call it a woomero, but it probably 
 has other names in other parts, Wood calling it a 
 wummerah, or midlah. By the early settlers it was 
 termed a "throw-stick," but " spear-thrower " seems 
 a better designation. 
 
 To throw the spear the woomero is held over the 
 shoulder, with the spear resting upon it, the butt-end 
 of the latter, which is usually hollowed, being in 
 contact with the point of the hook or peg. A forward 
 jerk slings the spear on its flight, the spear-thrower 
 thus acting as a lever, and giving the effect of a throw 
 from an enormously long arm. In the north of West 
 Australia the woomero is sometimes of great length, 
 though never very broad ; but in the south it is shorter 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 21 
 
 and of considerable width, either flat or slightly con- 
 cave on the front. Fig. n gives two very fine 
 examples (presented by the West Australian Museum) 
 from the Kookynie district. The largest measures 
 
 Fig. ii.— Carved Spear-Throwers, Kookynie District, 
 
 West Australia. 
 
 30J inches in length and 5J inches across at the 
 broadest part, the smaller being 27} inches long. 
 The fronts are concave (the better to hold the spear 
 in position) and are decorated with carved zigzag 
 
22 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 bands, effectively grooved slantwise, the grooving out- 
 side the bands being more or less vertical. The wood 
 is rather thin, light in weight, and coloured with red 
 ochre. The pegs are whitish, and apparently of some 
 hard wood, lashed on with sinew, the handles tapering 
 
 Fig. 12.— West Australian Spear-Throwers, (i) Ashburton 
 District. (2) South-West District. 
 
 and ending in small projections, one showing traces of 
 black gum. 
 
 No. 1 of Fig. 12 is from the Ashburton district, and 
 is fish-shaped, flat, and ornamented in front with 
 obliquely grooved bands, three of which form angles, 
 the spaces between being grooved in various directions, 
 upright grooving filling in the portions outside the 
 
AUSTRALIA 23 
 
 bands. The peg is of bone, its binding covered with 
 Spinifex gum, a flattish disc of which also forms, or 
 covers, the handle-end. This spear-thrower is of 
 darkish wood, and is 23 inches long by 4J inches 
 broad at the widest part. No. 2 is shuttle-shaped, 
 without decoration of any kind, and with a lump of 
 Blackboy gum set at an angle on the end of the 
 handle. The bone peg is very small, with Blackboy 
 gum covering its binding. This specimen is from the 
 south-west district (where Blackboy gum and not 
 Spinifex gum is in use). 
 
 Leaving the southern and central regions, Fig. 13 
 shows the types used in the north-west and north . 
 No. 1 is of surprising length (4 feet 3^ inches) and 
 gives little idea of its actual object, looking like some 
 strange weapon. It is rounded on the sides, being 
 3 inches wide above the very short grip, from which 
 point it gradually tapers up to the peg. Below the 
 grip, which has a binding, it spreads out again into 
 an oblong terminal. Peg of bone, with sinew binding 
 covered with Spinifex gum. Obtained at Wyndham, 
 Kimberley. No. 2 is of the same pattern, but shorter, 
 and has been painted white, the tribe from which it 
 was taken having looted some white paint from a 
 station. This specimen came from Turkey Creek, 
 East Kimberley. No. 3 is from the northern territory 
 of Central Australia (governed by South Australia). 
 It is 37 inches long, rather thin, and edged at the 
 sides, being of a reddish -brown colour. The hook 
 
24 AUSTRALIA 
 
 looks more like a claw than anything else, and is 
 attached with the usual binding covered with Spinifex 
 gum. The Rev. J. G. Wood states that the binding 
 of most spear-throwers and other Australian imple- 
 ments is made from sinew taken from the tail of the 
 kangaroo, this sinew making a flat lashing, as on all 
 the specimens here described. 
 
 Fig. 14 is from a spear-thrower of quite a different 
 type, attributed to South-Eastern Australia, probably 
 Victoria. In this case there is no peg attached, but 
 a barb-like projection, serving the same purpose, has 
 been cut out at the end. The wood is of a rich brown 
 colour, and the rounded handle runs to a point. On 
 the central part, which is flattened and barely i\ 
 inches wide about the middle, an attempt has been 
 made to carve an inscription in capital letters, followed 
 by what may possibly be intended for the representa- 
 tion of a high boot. The inscription is quite meaning- 
 less, and may have been cut by a native learning to 
 read, or merely copying the letters on some notice. 
 This specimen is 31 inches long, and was brought 
 home many years ago. 
 
 One more variety of spear-thrower appears as 
 No. 1 of Fig. 15, but this may be called a spear- 
 throwing club, being serviceable as a handy light club 
 should such a weapon be needed. It comes from 
 Queensland, and has a slender shaft spreading out 
 into a flattish head with angular edges (the handle- 
 end when used as a thrower, and the head when used 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 25 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^3 
 > 
 
 CI. 
 
 Fig. 13. — Long Woomeros. (1) 
 From Wyndham, Kimberley. 
 (2) From Turkey Creek, East 
 Kimberley. (3) From the 
 northern territory of Central 
 Australia. 
 
 Fig. 14. — 
 Thrower, 
 Victoria. 
 
 j ^ 
 
 Inscribed 
 probably 
 
 Spear - 
 from 
 
AUSTRALIA 27 
 
 as a club), the total length being 34 inches. Wood 
 figures a similar specimen (" Man," vol. ii., p. 43), 
 but this has the usual hook bound to the slender end, 
 the absence of which on my specimen prevented me 
 from recognizing it as a spear-thrower until I com- 
 pared it with the illustration mentioned. 
 
 The Weet-Weet 
 
 No. 2 shows a curious Australian missile called a 
 weet-weet, or "kangaroo rat," the latter name being 
 given to it on account of its fancied resemblance to 
 that animal when in action. This type is of the form 
 of a bulrush, carved from a solid piece of wood, with 
 the stem, or handle, slender and flexible, the length 
 of my specimen being 26 inches. 
 
 The weet-weet may possibly be used for bringing 
 down small animals, but is more of a toy than any- 
 thing else, and is employed in throwing competitions. 
 When properly hurled it strikes the ground not very 
 far in front of the thrower, and then leaps along in a 
 succession of bounds to an incredible distance. It is 
 used in New South Wales and Victoria, some examples 
 being rather longer than mine, or made with a handle 
 fixed into the head instead of being all in one piece. 
 Specimens are rather rare in this country, and not 
 often offered for sale. 
 
28 AUSTRALIA 
 
 Digging-Sticks 
 
 Unfortunately I have up to the present been unable 
 to identify the strange Australian weapon or imple- 
 ment sketched as No. 3, but attribute it to Victoria 
 or New South Wales. It is 41^ inches long, and 
 has a swelling head running to a slightly bent beak, 
 sharply pointed, the opposite extremity being also 
 pointed. It would be a formidable club, or might 
 be used as a short spear, though possibly it has a 
 more peaceful use, such as that of a digging-stick. 
 The Australian katta, or digging-stick, is often used 
 as a weapon, especially by the gins (women) when 
 they fall out between themselves ; but its primary 
 use is that of an agricultural implement. With it 
 holes are dug for planting tubers, and, despite its 
 inconvenient shape, it takes the place of a spade, 
 being also serviceable to dig out burrowing animals. 
 No. 4 of Fig. 15 represents a very fine specimen, 
 47 inches in length, brought from the Drysdale 
 River, North Kimberley. It is made of some hard 
 and heavy wood, the surface showing the marks of 
 the dressing tool, and the point, as is usually the case, 
 appears to have been hardened by charring. « 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 29 
 
 
 Fig. 15. — (1) Spear-Throwing Club from Queensland. (2) Weet- 
 Weet, or " Kangaroo Rat," from Victoria or New South Wales. 
 (3) Uncertain Weapon or Implement from South-Eastern 
 Australia. (4) Katta, or Digging-Stick, from Drysdale River, 
 North Kimberley. 
 
AUSTRALIA 31 
 
 Boomerangs and "Bull-Roarers" 
 
 The most widely known Australian weapon is the 
 boomerang, which the natives of the west and north- 
 west call a kylie, and now use principally for knocking 
 down birds and other game, though the heavier kind 
 was a formidable weapon in the old days of intertribal 
 warfare. It is hardly necessary to say much about 
 the peculiar flight of this missile, which proverbially 
 returns to its sender should it miss its mark ; but 
 although this is true in the case of the light and thin 
 varieties used for fowling, etc., it is not so with the 
 heavy type originating as a weapon of war. 
 
 The shape of the boomerang is very variable, some 
 specimens being only slightly curved, while others 
 almost form a half-circle or are more or less angular ; 
 but one side is usually flatter than the other, and the 
 edge is always on the inner curve, the weapon being 
 thrown with the flat side underneath and the edge 
 forward. As the boomerang seems to be used in most 
 parts of Australia, it is not easy to localize specimens 
 without data, but in the West Australian examples 
 the tool-marks are not smoothed off, and those from 
 the north-west often have sharply pointed ends (see 
 Fig. 16), whilst a covering of ochre is another charac- 
 teristic of many kylies from the same region. The 
 measurements here given are taken in a straight line 
 from end to end, across the curve. 
 
 Fig. 16, No. 1, centrally angular, with sharply 
 
32 AUSTRALIA 
 
 pointed ends, showing tool-marks and apparently once 
 rubbed over with red ochre, 23J inches. From Isdell 
 Ranges, Kimberley. No. 2, angular, with one end 
 sharply pointed, 23 inches. From West Kimberley. 
 No. 3, broad, tapering to acute points, and with 
 
 Fig. 16. — Kylies from North- West Australia. (1) Isdell Ranges, 
 Kimberley. (2) West Kimberley. (3) Kimberley. 
 
 angular head, decorated with transverse bands of red 
 and pinkish-white (red ochre and white clay tinged 
 with red ochre, respectively), 21 J inches. From 
 Kimberley. Presented with Nos. 1 and 2 by the 
 West Australian Museum. 
 
 Fig. 17, No. 1, slightly curved, a heavy hunting 
 
AUSTRALIA 33 
 
 kylie or light war kylie, 24J inches. Bought from 
 a native at Onslow. No. 2, hunting kylie, almost 
 forming an obtuse angle at the centre, 23 inches. 
 Onslow. No. 3, narrow and light kylie, probably 
 used for bringing down birds, 24! inches. From the 
 
 Fig. 17.— West Australian Kylies. (i) Bought from a native at 
 Onslow. (2) Hunting Kylie, Onslow. (3) From head of Ash- 
 burton River. (4) From Hardy Junction, Ashburton River. 
 
 head of the Ashburton River. No. 4, a broader type 
 of hunting kylie, 22 inches. From Hardy Junction, 
 Ashburton River. These specimens all show tool- 
 marks, and the wood from which they are made is 
 slightly aromatic. 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 Fig. 1 8, No. i, long boomerang of the type used 
 in South- Eastern Australia ; tool-marks almost entirely 
 smoothed away ; little difference between upper and 
 lower faces ; 27 inches. No. 2, war kylie, heavier 
 
 Fig. 18. — (1) Boomerang from South-Eastern Australia. (2) War 
 Kylie from Hardy Junction, Ashburton River. (3) Small Bull- 
 Roarer (Witarna), Western Australia. 
 
 and thicker than the hunting types, 25 inches. From 
 Hardy Junction, Ashburton River. 
 
 The object shown as No. 3 of Fig. 18 is a small 
 bull-roarer, as used throughout Australia and New 
 Guinea. It is 12^ inches long, made of a dark -brown 
 wood, and carved in front with a branching design, 
 
AUSTRALIA 35 
 
 the back being rounded and showing tool-marks. It 
 was brought from Western Australia by my son, but 
 was not labelled with the exact locality. The bull- 
 roarer appears to have been an invention of the 
 remotest antiquity, and is thought by some to have 
 been employed in the mysteries of Pan. Curiously 
 enough, bull-roarers of the same character as the 
 Australian and New Guinea examples are used not 
 only in Central and West Africa, but on the American 
 continent, the natives of the interior of Brazil being 
 mentioned among the tribes making them. The 
 Australian type is of elongated ovoid shape, flat or 
 slightly concave in front, and slightly rounded behind, 
 a hole being invariably bored near one end for the 
 attachment of a cord. Holding the end of this cord, 
 the user rapidly whirls the roarer round and round in 
 the air, which causes it to emit a weird roaring or 
 booming sound, the deepness of the note depending 
 upon the size of the instrument. The native name is, 
 according to Wood, witarna, and he gives an account 
 of its employment in the rites by which youths are 
 initiated as men. He says that the cord by which it 
 is whirled is of human hair, and goes on to say : ' ' The 
 witarna is kept by the old men of the tribe, and is 
 invested with sundry and somewhat contradictory 
 attributes. Its sound is supposed to drive away evil 
 spirits, and at the same time to be very injurious to 
 women and children, no uninitiated being allowed to 
 hear it. Consequently the women are horribly afraid 
 
36 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 of it, and take care to remove themselves and their 
 children so far from the place of initiation that there 
 is no chance of being reached by the dreadful sound." 
 Two fine bull-roarers are seen in Fig. 19 — No. 1 
 from Wiluna, and No. 2 from the Kookynie district, 
 Western Australia. The first is 21 inches long, and 
 
 Fig. 19.— Bull- Roarers used in Initiation Ceremonies, (i) From 
 Wiluna. (2) From the Kookynie District. 
 
 might at first sight be taken for a small shield. It is 
 of a dark-brown colour, probably mainly due to ochre, 
 and is ornamented with a carved design very similar 
 to that upon the Kookynie spear-throwers. No. 2 
 is an inch longer, though not so broad, the front in 
 this case longitudinally concave. The carved orna- 
 
AUSTRALIA 37 
 
 mentation is roughly executed in grooves, and consists 
 of diminishing squares divided by transverse grooving, 
 the wood being of a very light colour. Australian 
 bull-roarers seldom appear in the curiosity shops, but 
 boomerangs of the common variety are plentiful, and 
 should not cost more than 5s. each. 
 
 Shields 
 
 The shields used by the Australian natives are of 
 two types — the parry ing-shield, intended to deflect 
 missiles, and one of a broader type for the protection 
 of the body. The former is sometimes so curiously 
 shaped that there is little suggestion of a shield about 
 it, though, in the hands of a native, it is a most 
 efficient defence against the boomerang or throwing- 
 spear, a dexterous twist by means of the central handle 
 causing one or other of the shield's extremities either 
 to turn aside or to break such weapons, just before 
 reaching the mark intended. The Australian parry- 
 ing-shield would therefore gain nothing through being 
 broad, but must be of solid construction and fairly 
 heavy, as the missiles against which it is employed 
 are thrown with considerable force and velocity. 
 
 Fig. 20 is of a parry ing-shield known as a tamarang, 
 of a shape used in South-Eastern and probably parts 
 of Southern Australia. I do not know exactly where 
 the specimen came from, but attribute it to Victoria. 
 It is very heavy, with the central part bulging out 
 
38 AUSTRALIA 
 
 longitudinally, and is much deeper than it is wide, the 
 front being keeled. The front faces are carved with 
 a simple but effective pattern of diminishing lozenges, 
 
 Fig. 20. — Parrying-Shield (Tamarang), South-Eastern Australia. 
 
 and the sides of the back converge to a rounded ridge, 
 forming a short handle at the centre, round which an 
 oblong opening has been cut out so that it may be 
 grasped. This opening is of the small size charac- 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 39 
 
 teristic of Australian shields in general, the hands of 
 the Aborigines being remarkably slender. The ends of 
 this tamarang are prolonged and reduced to the diam- 
 eter of a stout stick, and appear to have been har- 
 dened by charring. Length, 3 feet ; width, 2^ inches ; 
 
 fiCCTION 
 
 <t- 6IP6 
 
 view. 
 
 Fig. 21. — Parrying-Shield, Victoria (?). 
 
 depth at centre, 6 inches. The tamarang is used 
 in native dances, and in shape is curiously like a 
 shield of the African Dinkas, from which, however, 
 it may be distinguished by the carved ornamentation. 
 Fig. 21 shows a shuttle-shaped parry ing-shield from 
 the same region. It is cut from a thick piece of hard 
 
4Q 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 wood, and has a triangular section, the front face 
 being 4 inches across at the widest part, and the sides 
 2f inches. The opening at the handle is hardly more 
 than 2 J inches in length, and is cut from one of the 
 converging sides to the other, as before. The front 
 is decorated with carved grooving, once filled with 
 
 Fig. 22. — Bark-Shield (Mulabakka), Victoria. 
 
 white clay, divided by transverse bands coloured with 
 red ochre. Length, 2 feet 2 inches. 
 
 Fig. 22 is from a specimen of the bark -shield called 
 a mulabakka, as made in Victoria. Being cut from a 
 longitudinal strip of bark, the back is naturally con- 
 cave, and this example has a projecting handle cut 
 out ; but in many specimens the handle is formed from 
 
AUSTRALIA 41 
 
 a bent piece of stick, the ends of which pass entirely 
 through the bark. The mulabakka is generally shuttle- 
 shaped, and sometimes runs to considerably prolonged 
 extremities of little strength. It is broader than the 
 usual parrying-shields (the specimen figured being 
 9 inches across the middle) , and seems to be an inter- 
 mediate type between the parrying and covering shield. 
 The ends of my specimen may once have had the 
 prolongations above mentioned, which would easily be 
 broken off in striking aside a spear or a boomerang, as 
 the bark, though tough, could hardly resist a strong 
 blow where it is reduced to a narrow strip. On the 
 whole, the mulabakka seems to be a readily-made 
 substitute for the more effective shield of hard wood, 
 though as a rule considered worth ornamenting with 
 wavy grooving of the usual character, often painted 
 with ochre. 
 
 Australian covering-shields are much rarer than the 
 parrying-shields, and would appear to be used by a 
 limited number of tribes. One, in the Exeter Museum, 
 is of ovate shape, measuring about 2 feet by 1 foot, 
 and is made of a variety of soft wood that is very 
 heavy when first cut, but becomes as light as cork 
 when dry. This shield bears no carved ornamentation, 
 but the central part is blackened, possibly by fire. An 
 aperture for the hand is cut at the back. 
 
 In North-Western and West Australia the shields 
 are generally of the parrying type, being of elongated 
 shape with rounded ends. Fig. 23 shows a fine 
 
42 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 example from Cygnet Bay, West Kimberley, pre- 
 sented to my son by the West Australian Museum in 
 191 2. It is of solid construction, with an opening 
 for the fingers cut through the back, as in specimens 
 from the south-east. The front is somewhat rounded, 
 
 Fig. 23.— Shield from Cygnet Bay, West Kimberley, 
 North- West Australia. 
 
 and it has a slight longitudinal curve backwards, the 
 edges being rather acute. It is painted with the 
 usual red ochre, and decorated with carved bands of 
 diagonal grooves, alternating in direction. Dimen- 
 sions, 33 inches by 6\ inches. 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 43 
 
 / 
 
 The pattern used in the Ashburton district of West 
 Australia is shown in Fig. 24, this specimen having 
 been bought by my son from a native at Onslow. 
 The length is about 32 inches and the breadth 
 5 J inches. The front is flattish, but the ends have 
 
 Fig. 24. — Shield bought from a Native at Onslow, West Australia. 
 
 a slight curve backwards, and in the centre, behind, is 
 a wooden handle, left projecting when the shield was 
 carved out. The front is decorated with bands of 
 red and white, longitudinal at the top and bottom, 
 but running diagonally at the centre — a very charac- 
 teristic West Australian design. A second specimen, 
 
44 AUSTRALIA 
 
 of identical pattern, was obtained at the head of the 
 Ashburton River. These shields are rather thin, and 
 lighter than the wooden parrying-shields of Victoria. 
 
 The small Kookynie shield illustrated in Fig. 25 is 
 very much the same make as the Ashburton examples . 
 The front has shallow grooves alternately red and 
 white, running in the peculiar manner above described, 
 
 Fig. 25. — Small Shield from Kookynie District, West Australia. 
 
 this arrangement being probably intended to dazzle 
 the eyes of an enemy during a fight, when the shield 
 is kept in constant motion. The measurements of this 
 little shield are 22^ inches by 5 inches. 
 
 Axes and Message-Sticks 
 
 The axe appears to be unknown as a weapon of 
 war in Australia, but is largely used by the natives 
 
AUSTRALIA 45 
 
 in tree-climbing. Honey, which is much esteemed, 
 is often only procurable at a considerable height in 
 some decayed tree, and birds' eggs, nuts, small 
 arboreal animals, and other articles of the "black- 
 fellow's" diet, can only be obtained by ascending 
 trees, which sometimes have smooth trunks and no 
 branches within many feet from the ground. To meet 
 the difficulty of climbing under such circumstances 
 the native hunter usually carries a small axe, with 
 which he cuts a succession of little notches, only large 
 enough for the insertion of the big toe, on the surface 
 of the trunk, by means of which he has, from an early 
 age, acquired the art of mounting with safety and 
 remarkable rapidity. The ascent of the trunk having 
 been accomplished, the axe is of further use in cutting 
 out honeycomb or getting at nests in the hollow 
 branches, and the implement is, no doubt, also em- 
 ployed for ordinary work. In the old days the axes 
 had blades of stone, but on the introduction of iron 
 these were superseded by iron blades of the type 
 shown in Fig. 27. 
 
 Fig. 26 is drawn from a specimen of a pattern 
 formerly used in West Australia, particularly in the 
 region of the Swan River. The head is of a very 
 rough, dark grey stone, 5! inches long, fixed at the 
 middle to a slender wooden handle, pointed at the 
 end, the total length being 14 inches. The head has 
 a double edge, blunt and irregular, and is probably 
 lashed to the haft with kangaroo-tail sinew, but this 
 
4 6 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 is entirely hidden by a covering of Blackboy gum. 
 Stone-headed axes of this form are now rare and 
 valuable, and one (which from the catalogue descrip- 
 tion seems to have been like the specimen here figured) 
 
 Fig. 26.— Stone Axe used in Tree-Climbing, Western Australia. 
 
 sold for £2 7s. 6d. at a sale held by Mr. J. C. Stevens 
 not long ago. 
 
 The iron-bladed axe shown in Fig. 27 came from 
 Wyndham, Kimberley, and is of the variety incor- 
 rectly called a tomahawk. The flat blade is about 
 
AUSTRALIA 47 
 
 7 1 inches long, and the short haft made from a thin 
 strip of pliable wood, the middle part of which passes 
 round the blade, and is then doubled below it and 
 bound with what seems to be twisted human hair, the 
 extremities below the binding gaping apart. The head 
 is therefore fixed in a loop, but is further secured by 
 a cord lashing, a coating of Spinifex gum covering 
 the part of the haft round it. 
 
 Fig. 27. — Iron-headed Axe for Tree-Climbing, Wyndham, 
 Kimberley. 
 
 The curious objects in Fig. 28 are known as 
 "message-sticks," and are sent when one tribe wishes 
 to communicate with another. Each stick is covered 
 with some distinctive pattern, picked out in black, 
 which, no doubt, bears a definite meaning to the 
 recipient. It seems likely that each head-man has 
 a design of his own, so that a stick on which it appears 
 serves as a credential in the hands of a messenger. 
 
4 8 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 Otherwise the pattern may itself convey the message, 
 though this seems to be less probable. The two 
 examples figured are from the Ashburton River (north- 
 
 Fig. 28. — Australian Message-Sticks, Ashburton River, N.W. 
 
 west). No. 1 is 8f inches in length, and is merely a 
 solid section of a small barked branch. The outline 
 of the pattern is deeply scratched, and the dots are 
 small punctures. To make the design stand out, the 
 
AUSTRALIA 49 
 
 stick was probably rubbed over with black wax 
 ( ? Spinifex gum) , and afterwards wiped or scraped on 
 the surface, the wax remaining in the scratches and 
 punctures. No. 2 is cigar-shaped and 7 inches long. 
 It bears a scratched and blackened design, not inar- 
 tistic, and is of a reddish wood. The message-sticks 
 from Queensland are of rougher make, the patterns 
 on them being rudely cut. Some show spirals or 
 zigzags, or are merely notched. 
 
 Another speciality of the Australian ' ' blackfellow 
 is a mysterious object known as a churinga, usually 
 nothing more than a shuttle-shaped piece of wood, 
 decorated after the manner of the shields. I have a 
 specimen from Beagle Bay, 17 \ inches long, grooved 
 on the front and adorned with numerous transverse 
 bands of red ochre, alternating with narrower bands 
 of a light colour. The front is flat and the back 
 rounded and coloured red. Churingas of stone are 
 also known, but these are extremely rare. 
 
 As far as my son could discover in his explorations, 
 the churinga is a kind of tribal fetish, kept hidden 
 in some secret place by the person functioning as 
 medicine-man or priest, and brought out (before the 
 men only) on special occasions, to be anointed and 
 invoked with incantations. Specimens are very difficult 
 to get, even in Australia. 
 
NEW ZEALAND 
 
 Clubs 
 
 The old New Zealand war-clubs are quite unlike those 
 made in any other islands of the Pacific, so are very 
 easy to identify, although now hardly ever come 
 across outside important collections. They are, in 
 fact, all extremely rare, as their manufacture for 
 practical use ceased long ago, few being less than 
 fifty years old, whilst many probably date back some 
 centuries. 
 
 The characteristic Maori club is known as the men, 
 mere, or merai, and was made of wood, stone, or bone, 
 and although bluntly edged was intended to crush 
 rather than to cut. The wooden type (called the patu- 
 parawa) is usually from 17 to 18 inches long, and 6 or 
 7 inches wide at the broadest part. In section it is 
 fairly thick at the centre, tapering to a double or single 
 edge, and it is variously formed with an outline roughly 
 resembling that of a ham, billhook, or fiddle. Two 
 remarkably fine antique specimens of the "ham" 
 and ' ' billhook ' ' types (from the Albert Memorial 
 Museum, Exeter) appear in Fig. 29. The top of 
 the handle of the first is carved to represent a 
 
 50 
 
NEW ZEALAND 
 
 5i 
 
 grotesque head with tattooed face, protruding jaw 
 and open mouth, under this head being an opening 
 entirely piercing the handle, with spiral ornamentation 
 carved below. The blade, running to a blunt edge, 
 spreads out towards the rounded end to a breadth of 
 
 Fig. 29. — Two Fine Specimens of the Patu-Parawa. 
 (Exeter Museum.) 
 
 about 6f inches, and the total length is approximately 
 17 inches. The material is a heavy brown wood 
 taking a nice polish. 
 
 The other club is remarkable for the curious little 
 goggle-eyed figure cut out so as to project at the base 
 of the concave edge just above the handle. He looks 
 more like a frog than a man, and has only three 
 fingers on the hand visible ; and he is probably intended 
 for Tiki, the God of Creation. Above this figure the 
 blade curves forward, and there is a square hole, for 
 
52 NEW ZEALAND 
 
 a wrist-cord, cut through the handle, the end of which 
 is carved in the usual Maori style. 
 
 Fig. 30 shows a still more interesting example at 
 Exeter, labelled as supposed to have belonged to a 
 chief named Rangiaho at Poverty Bay, North Island. 
 It is of the "fiddle " pattern (note the curious outline 
 of the back) , and is remarkable for a carved figure of 
 
 Fig. 30. — Old Maori Wooden Club from Poverty Bay. 
 (Exeter Museum.) 
 
 an old Maori, apparently crucified by means of bands 
 passing over his wrists and ankles. This figure stands 
 out at the base of the inner edge, and may perhaps 
 represent a prisoner of war, though such images are 
 possibly mythological. As usual, there is a hole in 
 the handle for a cord, and the end is carved with 
 spirals, etc. A club of this pattern figured by Taylor 
 
NEW ZEALAND 53 
 
 is called he ko kuti. Such clubs as these cannot be 
 closely valued, as they are now rarely obtainable, 
 though the Maoris parted with them more readily than 
 with the stone meris, which took much longer to make. 
 The stone meri (see Fig. 31, No. 1) was usually made 
 of dark-green basalt, and is simpler in shape and not 
 so broad as the wooden club. It is smoothly polished 
 and with little or no ornamentation, of elongated 
 
 Fig. 31.— (1) Stone Meri {Exeter Museum) ; (2) Bone Meri (Author's 
 Collection) ; (3) Handle of Green Jade Meri (Exeter Museum). 
 
 elliptical shape, and always straight. The handle 
 narrows to form a grip, and is invariably pierced with 
 a drilled hole. In section the weapon is oval, running 
 to a double blunt edge. It is not surprising that these 
 stone meris should have been considered far too 
 precious readily to barter away, as it must have taken 
 months or even years of patient rubbing to convert a 
 fragment of hard volcanic rock into a well-balanced 
 
54 NEW ZEALAND 
 
 and evenly-proportioned weapon like this. The most 
 valuable of all the meris are of green jade — a stone 
 rarely found in fragments large enough for their manu- 
 facture. Only chiefs of the highest rank possessed 
 such a treasure, which was guarded as a sacred heir- 
 loom, buried with the owner, but dug up again within 
 the year at the ceremony of "bone-cleaning," when 
 it became the property of his successor. A perfect 
 specimen of a royal jade meri would fetch a big price.* 
 The handle of a broken one in the Exeter Museum is 
 sketched as No. 3, Fig. 31. 
 
 Yet another material from which the meri was carved 
 is the jaw-bone or blade-bone of the cachalot whale. 
 A fine example in my own collection (Fig. 31, No. 2) 
 is cut from the jaw-bone, and is 17^ inches in length ; 
 weight, 12 ounces. It is similar in shape to the stone 
 clubs, but is much thinner and consequently more like 
 a short sword. The front is smooth, but the back 
 shows the cell cavities of the bone, the top of the 
 handle ornamented with carved ridges down to the 
 hole for the wrist-cord. I value this specimen at about 
 £1. At the Exeter Museum there is a long Maori 
 club fashioned from a whale's jaw-bone, the upper 
 end squared and decorated with a carved pattern. It 
 is not of a form generally used, being three or four 
 times as long as the typical meri. 
 
 * 'Although one sold for only £6 6s. at a sale held by 
 Mr. J. C. Stevens, September 24, 191S; but this could hardlv have 
 been a choice example. 
 
NEW ZEALAND 55 
 
 Maori Staves and Weapons 
 Although none of the old Maori curiosities may 
 now be called plentiful, the hani, or chief's staff of 
 office, is much oftener come across than any other 
 weapon or implement of New Zealand, which is a 
 curious fact, considering that this object was not 
 permitted to be carried by anybody below the rank 
 of chief, and leads me to suppose that chiefs were 
 remarkably numerous. The hani was not, strictly 
 speaking, a weapon, although no doubt used as such 
 in cases of emergency, being well adapted either to 
 thrust with as a spear or to strike with as a club, the 
 butt-end being spatulate, with blunt edges, like the 
 Maori meri. 
 
 Ordinarily the hani was carried merely as a badge 
 of office, and it is always of the same pattern, though 
 the size varies greatly. The head suggests that of 
 a spear, but is a conventional representation of the 
 (double) face of the God of Defiance, with his long 
 tongue protruded in mockery of an enemy. 
 
 Fig. 32 shows the upper part of a magnificent hani 
 in my own collection, and it will be noticed that the 
 tongue of the god is entirely covered with most artistic 
 spiral patterns, boldly and accurately carved. There 
 is a similar face on the other side, the tongue being 
 common to the two, and the eyes are of paua (haliotis) 
 shell. This specimen is an uncommonly long one — 
 6 feet 6J inches — and is of a heavy dark wood. The 
 
56 NEW ZEALAND 
 
 shaft is round down to the upper part of the butt, 
 where it gradually spreads out and flattens. Fig. 33 
 illustrates another hani in its entirety. This one is 
 5 feet 10J inches long, and is ornamented with a tuft 
 
 Fig. 32.— Head of Hani, or Chief's Staff of Office. 
 
 of feathers and dogs' hair, bound on with blue worsted, 
 below the head. The tongue is carved with the same 
 pattern as the last, but the eyeballs in this case are 
 painted red. The shaft of the hani is usually 
 plain, but is occasionally entirely covered with one of 
 
NEW ZEALAND 
 
 57 
 
 the beautiful carved patterns in which the Maoris 
 delighted, and which are far more artistic than any 
 ornamentation produced in the other Pacific islands. 
 These designs are mostly of the curve, coil, and spiral 
 
 p IG 22- — Hani and Tewha-Tewha. 
 
 order, and are supposed to have been executed with 
 nothing more effective than a sharp stone, shell, or 
 shark's tooth. The protruding tongue, as an emblem 
 of defiance, is found on a great number of Maori 
 
58 NEW ZEALAND 
 
 carvings, and its special significance on the hani is 
 that the act of pointing the staff towards an enemy 
 was supposed to convey a deadly insult. 
 
 The prices of specimens range from 15s. to 30s. 
 for those with plain shafts, but any unusual feature, 
 such as a carved shaft, would increase the value. 
 
 The other object sketched in Fig. 33 was a favourite 
 Maori weapon known as a tewha-tewha. It is made 
 from a single piece of heavy wood, and has a blade 
 projecting at right angles from one end, roughly 
 resembling an axe-head, but with the lower corner 
 rounded off. The curved edge is not, however, the 
 one used in action, this being upon the opposite side 
 of the head, below the sharp angle at the top. The 
 other extremity is pointed, and some way above the 
 point is carved a grotesque face with slanting eyes, 
 and open mouth surrounding the shaft, so that the 
 end of the weapon may be taken to represent its 
 tongue. At the base of the projecting part is bored 
 a hole for the attachment of a tuft of feathers. Total 
 length, 4 feet 6 inches. 
 
 The tewha-tewha as a weapon is quite unique, as 
 it combined the functions of a club, quarter-staff, and 
 spear. It was held horizontally in both hands, and 
 whirled about until an opportunity occurred of either 
 getting in a blow from the edged back of the projecting 
 head or a stab from the spear-like end, the object of 
 the tuft of feathers being to confuse the enemy. Some 
 specimens are minus this tuft, and the proportions of 
 
NEW ZEALAND 
 
 59 
 
 head and shaft are very variable. This weapon is 
 comparatively common, and 15s. should buy a very 
 good example. 
 
 Much rarer is the beautiful carved axe-haft, details 
 
 Fig. 34. — Designs on Haft of Maori Battle-Axe. 
 
 of which are represented in Fig. 34. This was 
 specially made for use with one of the trade axe-heads 
 which early voyagers bartered with the natives, and 
 which the warlike Maoris mounted as battle-axes. It 
 
6o NEW ZEALAND 
 
 is 4 feet 5 inches long, of oval section, keeled front 
 and back, and has a slight curve backwards. Down 
 to 14^ inches from the pointed butt it is entirely 
 covered with zigzag and slanting designs, divided by 
 horizontal bands, the lower part of the carved portion 
 ending with a conventional head ( ? the God of 
 Defiance), as upon the tewha-tewha, the pointed butt 
 forming its tongue. At the top a flat piece is cut to 
 fit into the European axe-head, above three crescent- 
 shaped bands on each side, ornamented with spirals. 
 This fine specimen is in my own collection, and is 
 probably worth £2 or so. 
 
 The spear among the Maoris went out of use as a 
 weapon a very long time ago, but was afterwards 
 sometimes made as an emblem of hospitality. I once 
 possessed a specimen with a plain barbless point and 
 of no great length, its only decoration being a pair of 
 slanting eyes and vague suggestions of the usual face, 
 carved round the lower part of the shaft. Good 
 specimens of Maori spears are now very rare and fetch 
 high prices. 
 
 Maori Walking-Sticks 
 
 The Maori seems to have been fond of carrying a 
 carved stick (the toko-toko), and most of these are 
 very quaint. Some represent figures of men or gods, 
 single or in pairs, cut out at intervals, and the least 
 ornate have some interesting subject, such as a face, 
 if not an entire figure, carved on the handle. I have 
 
NEW ZEALAND 
 
 61 
 
 drawn in Fig. 35 two views of an old Maori walking- 
 stick given to me, about 1881, by a friend who had 
 brought it from New Zealand. It will be seen that it 
 has a crook handle terminating in a head with disc- 
 shaped eyes — possibly the head of some bird, as it 
 
 Fig. 35.— Handle of Old Maori Walking-Stick. 
 
 seems to have a beak and is distinctly owl-like when 
 viewed from the front. The handle rises from the 
 head of a nude Maori (or one of the Maori gods), 
 who sits cross-legged, raising his right hand to his 
 mouth and concealing his meri, grasped in the left 
 hand, behind his back. This attitude probably has 
 
62 
 
 NEW ZEALAND 
 
 some special significance, as there is more in most 
 Maori carvings than meets the eye. The lower part 
 of the stick, which is 33 J inches long, is quite plain, 
 the wood of a rich brown colour. 
 
 Fig. 36. — Faces carved on Head of Old Maori Walking-Stick, and 
 Design on Shaft. 
 
 Fig. 36 gives another type, having a four-sided 
 handle of ovate form. On what may be called the 
 front and back are boldly cut the two faces repre- 
 sented, each with an open mouth showing the tongue, 
 but differing in the moko, or tattooing, on the fore- 
 head, though the series of tattooed lines round the 
 mouth are much the same. The sides of the handle 
 
NEW ZEALAND 63 
 
 are ornamented respectively with a bold spiral and a 
 design of three horizontal bands each of three stripes, 
 with vertical ridges between the bands (a pattern 
 previously noted in the case of the haft of a Maori 
 battle-axe) . The peculiarity of this handle is that the 
 stick issues from the top of the double-faced head, 
 which is therefore upside-down when the stick is held 
 handle upwards. About two-thirds of the way down, 
 the shaft is surrounded by the carved head of a weird 
 monster with saucer-shaped eyes and eight large teeth 
 in the upper jaw, but the butt does not issue from the 
 mouth, as in weapons previously described. This 
 stick is exactly the same length as the other one, and 
 is a very old one. I have not drawn it in its entirety, 
 as the parts not shown are unornamented. 
 
EASTER ISLAND 
 
 Few of the small Pacific islands have aroused more 
 attention than Rapa Nui (Waihu), or Easter Island, 
 which is a lonely volcanic isle only 47 square miles in 
 area, lying nearly half way between the Low Archi- 
 pelago in Polynesia and the coast of Chile, to which 
 country it belongs. It is chiefly interesting on account 
 of the enormous stone statues, relics of a bygone race, 
 which were set up on terraces over the sea, and which 
 have been a standing puzzle to antiquaries — an ethno- 
 graphical expedition going out there not long ago . This 
 island was discovered on Easter Day, 1722 (hence its 
 name) , and was then fairly densely populated ; but by 
 1882 there were only 150 of the natives left, the 
 decrease being mainly due to polyandry and emigration. 
 In the old days a few clubs were brought home from 
 this out-of-the-way locality, as the natives then made 
 weapons, probably for intertribal warfare ; but it would 
 appear that nothing of the sort has been manufactured 
 there for a very long time, so Easter Island weapons 
 are now of the highest degree of rarity. Many years 
 ago I was lucky enough to pick up, at quite a moderate 
 price, the fine example of a club shown in Fig. 37. It 
 
 64 
 
EASTER ISLAND 
 
 65 
 
 is 53 inches long, the end somewhat oar-shaped, and is 
 made from a heavy dark-brown wood. The handle 
 terminates in a human janiform head, strongly suggest- 
 ing the heads carved on a type of paddle-shaped war- 
 club from Bouka, in the Solomons, but is of much 
 
 Fig. 37.— A Rare War-Club from Easter Island (Rapa Nui). 
 
 better workmanship. The two faces are identical, with 
 overhanging brows and rather long noses, and with 
 curious bands passing from the outer ends of the eyes 
 over the ears. The eyes were originally filled with 
 obsidian (volcanic glass), but in my specimen (other- 
 wise quite perfect) this has disappeared. At the Exeter 
 
 5 
 
66 EASTER ISLAND 
 
 Museum there is a smaller specimen with the obsidian 
 discs remaining in the eyes ; otherwise it is similar in all 
 respects to mine. Some collectors call these objects 
 "staves," but I think that there is no doubt that they 
 are clubs, the blade being bluntly edged towards the 
 end, as in the Solomon Islanders' weapons of almost 
 the same shape. There cannot be many specimens in 
 this country outside the large museums. 
 
MARQUESAS ISLANDS 
 
 The natives of the Marquesas Islands use clubs, 
 spears, and slings. The most distinctive club is of 
 considerable size, made from a heavy dark wood, 
 almost black. The head spreads out and is carved in 
 front with the suggestion of a face, the pupils of the 
 goggle eyes, and also the nose, taking the form of 
 small human faces, carved in relief. There is a pro- 
 jection on each side, in line with the nose, and the 
 neck is ornamented with well-executed carved patterns. 
 These clubs are of considerable value and rarity, and 
 the wood is said to have been hardened by being buried 
 in mud for a considerable time. Another Marquesan 
 club is very long, with an ovate head. 
 
 67 
 
AUSTRAL (TUBUAI) ISLANDS 
 
 Granting that the New Zealanders were the most 
 artistic carvers in the South Seas, the second place 
 should be given to the natives of the Austral Islands, 
 or, at any rate, to those of the island called Raivavai 
 (marked Vavitu or Vavitao on most atlases), locally 
 known to traders as High Island. The carving of these 
 natives is perhaps more meticulously executed than that 
 of the Maoris, but it has not the same originality, and 
 shows nothing to equal the beautiful spiral and flowing 
 designs, often pierced or in high relief, of the old 
 New Zealanders. The Raivavai Islanders' carving is, 
 however, very effective, consisting of numerous geo- 
 metrical patterns usually covering every inch of the 
 object decorated, and most accurately drawn, though, 
 as a rule, in fairly low relief. It is, in fact, a kind of 
 chip carving except on the handle-ends of paddles and 
 some other objects, where deep work is quite success- 
 fully executed, and, considering that the designs on the 
 older articles were cut before the introduction of steel 
 or iron tools, their accuracy and finish are simply 
 wonderful. 
 
 The finest work is found on the decorative paddles,* 
 
 ° Formerly attributed to the Hervey (or Cook's) Islands. 
 68 
 
AUSTRAL (TUBUAI) ISLANDS 69 
 
 Fig. 38. — Official Paddle from Raivavai (High Island) in the 
 Austral (Tubuai) Group. 
 
 Fig. 3 9. — Rubbing from Centre of Paddle- Blade from Raivavai. 
 
AUSTRAL (TUBUAI) ISLANDS 71 
 
 one of which I have drawn in Fig. 38, giving the 
 terminal of the shaft on a larger scale, and in Fig. 39 
 the patterns carved about the middle of the convex side 
 of the blade. These so-called paddles were not intended 
 for use in the canoes, but are said to have been carried 
 by chiefs as an emblem of authority, just as the Maori 
 chiefs carried the hani. They are sometimes labelled 
 as paddle-shaped clubs, but the blades are too thin and 
 fragile for anything more than temporary use as 
 weapons. This specimen is a trifle over 4 feet 1 inch 
 in length, and is of the typical pattern. The side of 
 the blade shown is convex (almost running to a broad 
 rounded ridge down the middle) and the reverse side is 
 slightly concave. Both sides of the blade are divided 
 into vertical bands, each filled in with a varying pattern, 
 and the convex one has a broad ornamental border. 
 The shaft is round, entirely covered with the same style 
 of design, but ends like the spreading capital of a 
 column, surrounded by six faces (all the same) with 
 owl-like eyes. These faces represent, I believe, the 
 principal native god, but in this I am open to cor- 
 rection. Some of these "paddles" have a squared 
 shaft, and a rectangular flat terminal sometimes takes 
 the place of the capital-shaped type. Some twenty 
 years ago specimens were fairly common in this 
 country, but are now becoming rare, and their value 
 rising. Quite recently one was sold by auction in 
 London for £1 6s. ; but I have lately purchased one 
 for £1 from a provincial dealer. It closely resembles 
 
72 AUSTRAL (TUBUAI) ISLANDS 
 
 the example figured, but is larger, measuring 56 inches 
 in length, and the shaft is of an oval section, the 
 blade being quite flat on one side. The carved pat- 
 terns are much the same as before, and there are nine 
 faces (three or four unfortunately broken) round the 
 terminal, which has a circular design at the end. 
 
HERVEY (OR COOK'S) ISLANDS 
 
 The Hervey Islanders used spears, slings, and clubs, 
 but specimens of the last are conspicuous by their 
 absence, even in most of the big collections, and the 
 reference works I have consulted give no illustrations 
 of them. Many axes and adzes have, however, been 
 brought home, including a limited number of the curious 
 memorial adzes (see Fig. 40) of which I am fortunate 
 to possess a specimen. These puzzled collectors for 
 a long time because their enormous deeply-carved 
 hafts render them obviously useless as either weapons 
 or tools, and it was supposed (even by the late 
 Rev. J. G. Wood) that they were produced merely as 
 examples of the carver's skill, until their true object 
 was discovered. It would appear that when a Man- 
 gaian died (these adzes mostly come from Mangaia) 
 his relatives removed the stone head of his working 
 adze and refitted it to a specially carved haft of the 
 conventional type illustrated, to hang up as a memorial 
 to the deceased, its head never to be used again in 
 canoe making. Sargeaunt (in "Weapons," Plate 2, 
 No. 3) figures a specimen with a squared haft and 
 describes it as a "long war hatchet," but it is plain 
 
 73 
 
74 HERVEY (OR COOK'S) ISLANDS 
 
 that the sharp edges of its thick handle would injure 
 the hands of any one trying to strike with it. The 
 haft of my example is 9 inches in circumference and 
 30^ inches in length. It may be called octagonal in 
 section, and is divided into eight columns, each cross 
 cut into 34 repetitions of a figure like an X with an I in 
 
 Fig. 40. — Memorial Stone-headed Adze (with portion of the haft 
 on a larger scale), Mangaia. 
 
 the middle (see Fig. 40), in high relief. This design 
 is said to be a degraded and conventionalized repre- 
 sentation of a god or man standing with his legs apart 
 and arms extended, but I do not know upon what 
 evidence. The head of the adze is of diorite, attached 
 to the haft by most elaborate cross bindings of sennit 
 
HERVEY (OR COOK'S) ISLANDS 75 
 
 (spelt sinnet by Wood), which is a kind of flat string 
 plaited from the finer fibres of the coconut. These 
 memorial adzes are now of considerable rarity, a good 
 specimen being worth several pounds. 
 
 Fig. 41.— Spear-Paddle converted into War-Club (?), Mangaia. 
 
 The puzzling object shown in Fig. 41 is of a greenish- 
 brown polished wood, and is 4 feet 11J inches long. 
 The shape is Samoan, but the ornament on the shaft is 
 distinctive of Mangaia, in the Hervey Islands. Nobody 
 seems to know of any club quite like it, but it has been 
 
76 HERVEY (OR COOK'S) ISLANDS 
 
 suggested that it may have been cut down from one of 
 the spear-shaped paddles (or paddle-shaped spears) 
 from Mangaia, which have the same ornament on the 
 shaft. These objects have a diamond-shaped blade 
 running to an acute point, and if one were to be cut 
 across below the widest part of the blade, and the 
 butt-end somewhat shortened, the remainder would be 
 formed like my specimen. Possibly, having broken the 
 blade of his long paddle, some ingenious islander 
 carried out the alteration indicated ; but there seems to 
 be no reason why the Mangaians should not have 
 designed clubs of this pattern (suggested by the Ton- 
 gan and Samoan examples) and reproduced thereon 
 the ornamentation familiar on their spear-paddles. 
 
TONGA AND SAMOA 
 
 The war-clubs made at Tonga (Friendly Islands) and 
 Samoa (Navigators' Islands) are usually difficult, and 
 sometimes almost impossible, to distinguish. This is 
 mainly due to the intercommunication between the 
 groups, as weapons either traded from distant islands 
 or taken in marine encounters or raids were commonly 
 used, and it by no means follows that because a weapon 
 was procured at a certain island it was of local manu- 
 facture. This is responsible for many errors in the few 
 published works dealing with South Sea ethnography, 
 and even in Wood's valuable "Natural History of 
 Man" a club of a well-known Marquesas pattern is 
 figured as Samoan, at least one from Samoa as Fijian, 
 and one from New Britain as Tongan. The same sort 
 of mistake is likely to be made by any one attempting 
 to write on the subject, and even our large museums 
 have frequently to alter their labels as old attributions 
 are corrected. 
 
 The two clubs drawn in Fig. 42 are almost certainly 
 from Tonga, as they are of types figured as Tongan 
 in the handbook of the ethnographical collection in the 
 British Museum. No. 1 is 43^ inches long, and cut 
 
 77 
 
78 
 
 TONGA AND SAMOA 
 
 from a piece of light coloured wood of no great thick- 
 ness. It is double-edged, and terminates in an 
 obtusely-pointed head, almost leaf-shaped, with 
 doubly arched base below which are six projecting 
 bands, the head, blade, and bands all having a some- 
 what elongated diamond-shaped section. No. 2 is of 
 
 Fig. 42.— Clubs with Transverse Bands, Tonga. 
 
 a darker wood, and spreads out to a head, the top 
 of which rises slightly from the centre to the sharp 
 corners, and is surrounded by a projecting grooved 
 band with three similar bands at intervals underneath. 
 The length is 41 inches, and at the end of the butt 
 is a flat curved projection, pierced for a cord (a feature 
 found on many clubs from Samoa, and once considered 
 
TONGA AND SAMOA 79 
 
 almost distinctive of clubs from that group). This 
 projection may be also seen in No. i of Fig. 43, though 
 I attribute this club to Tonga, on account of the carved 
 patterns (see Fig. 44) with which the head is covered, 
 one of these patterns being identical with the Fijian 
 zigzag divided by bands, and so suggesting that the 
 
 Fig. 43. — (1) Probably from Tonga. (2) From Samoa. 
 
 weapon comes from some island nearer to Fiji than is 
 Samoa. The existence of other Tongan specimens 
 of the same shape, the carving on which is still more 
 strikingly of the Fijian character, supports this attri- 
 bution, though the club resembles a Samoan type in 
 general outline. This specimen is 24-^ inches long, 
 and thicker in the middle than the longer clubs already 
 described. 
 
8o 
 
 TONGA AND SAMOA 
 
 The mace-like club shown in the same figure is 
 2 inches shorter, made from a heavy wood of light 
 colour, and with the head cut into a series of sharp 
 spikes. This also has the pierced addition to the butt, 
 and I think is likely to be Samoan rather than Tongan, 
 owing to its affinity to the larger clubs with serrated 
 
 
 Fig. 44.— Carved Patterns on Club (1) of Fig. 43. 
 
 heads now assigned to Samoa. Another type, un- 
 doubtedly from Samoa, is of a flattish form with cross 
 ridges at the base of the head, these joining medial 
 ridges running to an obtuse point, the edges curving 
 outwards from the point, but recurving above the cross 
 ridges where the blade widens again. 
 
NIUE, OR SAVAGE ISLAND 
 
 Niu£ is a small island, only about thirty miles in cir- 
 cumference, lying not far south of Samoa, and was 
 named Savage Island by Cook, from the fact that the 
 natives killed all strangers landing, out of fear that they 
 might introduce disease. 
 
 In their intertribal wars the Niueans used clubs and 
 bows, and also balls made of stalagmite, which were 
 thrown by hand ; but the only weapons from the island 
 likely to be now obtainable are spears, which were 
 made in great variety of type and pattern. 
 
 The curious object reproduced in Fig. 45 is usually 
 described as a spear, though it seems much better 
 adapted for use as a canoe-paddle or steering-oar. 
 It is 7 feet 5 inches in length, and has a spreading 
 blade with tapering end, not pointed, and hardly strong 
 enough to serve as a thrusting weapon of any reliability. 
 Still, these objects would not be called spears by most 
 of the authorities unless some evidence supported this 
 title, and it is probable that they were used as spears 
 in cases of emergency, though primarily designed as 
 paddles. This specimen is beautifully made from wood 
 of a rich brown colour, and has a sharp ridge running 
 
 81 6 
 
J 
 
 82 Niu£, OR SAVAGE ISLAND 
 
 up the middle of the blade on both faces, the butt 
 being pointed, with a collar on the rounded shaft. 
 Fig. 46 represents the head and central ornament 
 
 : &CCTION 
 
 CO LIAR. 
 
 m 
 
 Fig. 45. — Spear or Spear-shaped Paddle, Niue (Savage Island). 
 
 of what is undoubtedly a war spear. This is 8 feet 
 7 inches long, carved from a piece of heavy, dark 
 brown wood with black cloudings, polished. The head 
 is tapering, armed with twelve pairs of barbs (less one 
 
NIU£, OR SAVAGE ISLAND 
 
 83 
 
 Fig. 46. — War Spear, Niue 
 (Savage Island). 
 
 Fig. 47. — Spear with Prongs of 
 Sago - Palm, Niue (Savage 
 Island). 
 
NIU£, OR SAVAGE ISLAND 85 
 
 barb missing), the section at this part being diamond- 
 shaped, under which it is rounded and then hexagonal 
 to a point 3 feet 8^ inches from the tip, where there is 
 a slightly projecting carved zigzag band making six 
 acute angles. The lower part of the shaft is rounded, 
 tapering to the butt-end. 
 
 The two-pronged spear shown in Fig. 47 may pos- 
 sibly be a weapon, but is more suggestive of a fishing- 
 implement. The prongs are made from the black wood 
 of the Sago-palm (frequently used for spears of this 
 island), and are curiously serrated, one of them with 
 barbs running in opposite directions. They are lashed 
 to a rounded shaft of light wood by means of fibre 
 string, but the original length of the shaft is uncertain, 
 as it has unfortunately been shortened, probably to 
 facilitate packing. 
 
FIJI 
 
 Fijian clubs are probably more frequently seen in the 
 curio shops than any others from Oceania, so the 
 number of old specimens brought home must have been 
 very large, to say nothing of modern examples carved 
 by the natives for sale to visitors. The Fijian clubs 
 are usually of a very imposing appearance, looking 
 remarkably well as wall trophies, and there are many 
 different patterns, though the lines of certain types are 
 rarely departed from, and the carved pattern with which 
 the handles and other parts are decorated is in most 
 cases a series of zigzags between parallel bands which 
 are arranged vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. 
 
 Three types of club (shown in Fig. 48) are made 
 from a certain small hard-wooded tree which has a 
 strong tap-root and numerous smaller roots diverging 
 from a woody mass of bulbous form, these lower parts 
 being admirably adapted for fashioning into a club- 
 head of a knobby or spiky order. In Fig. 48, No. 1, 
 we see a straight weapon of almost classical shape, 
 suggesting the club of Hercules, made from the stem 
 and roots of the tree in question, the tap-root having 
 been cut to form a flat-ended terminal for the head, 
 
 86 
 
FIJI 8 7 
 
 and the other roots rounded into knobs. This beautiful 
 specimen is 3 feet 9 inches long, and very heavy. The 
 lower portion of the butt is surrounded to the length 
 of 9 inches by a carved pattern of zigzags in vertical 
 
 Fig. 48. — Clubs made from Stems and Roots of Trees, Fiji. 
 
 bands, and a blemishing cavity in the shaft has been 
 beautifully filled in with some kind of cement. This 
 particular type must be rare, for I have never come 
 across any example except the one figured, which I 
 
88 FIJI 
 
 bought some thirty years ago. Usually the head of 
 the club is turned at right angles to the shaft, as in 
 Nos. 2 and 3, the roots round the bulbous part being 
 trimmed into bands of sharp teeth, and the tap-root 
 formed into a terminal spike. 
 
 This sort of club was called a toko, and as the grain 
 follows the bend (for otherwise the spike would soon 
 break off) the method of construction seems rather 
 puzzling, though the explanation is simple. When 
 sufficiently young to be quite pliant the tree was bent 
 over and pegged to the ground, afterwards growing 
 at the desired angle to its root until large enough to 
 dig up to form a club. These tokos must have there- 
 fore taken some years in the making, and might be con- 
 sidered specially valuable on that account, but this is 
 not the case, as they are among the commonest of 
 Fijian weapons. No. 2 measures 3 feet i\ inches in a 
 line drawn from the tip of the spike to the butt, and is 
 undecorated. No. 3 measures 2 feet 11 inches, and is 
 ornamented with three equidistant diminishing strips 
 of zigzag pattern running up the spike, and the same 
 pattern in slanting and vertical bands is carved round 
 the handle to a length of 9I inches, and even on the 
 butt-end. Nos. 4 and 5 represent varieties of a smaller 
 club, called ula, used as a missile as well as at close 
 quarters. These are made from the same sort of tree 
 as the others, though at a younger stage of growth, 
 and the root in one case is deeply divided into lobes 
 or flutings, and in the other is fashioned into a more 
 
\S 
 
 FIJI 
 
 89 
 
 or less solid ball. No. 4 is 1 foot 5 J inches long, and 
 No. 5 1 foot 4! inches. The handles are carved with 
 the usual pattern, and that of No. 4 is pierced for 
 a cord near the butt-end. This is slightly cupped, 
 and more deeply so in the other specimen. 
 
 A common Fiji club has a flat double-edged blade 
 spreading out to an arc at the end and with a medial ridge 
 
 Fig. 49. — Clubs with Spreading Heads, Fiji. 
 
 on each side ; the shaft of diamond-shaped section with 
 edges rounded off. Two specimens appear in Fig. 49, 
 one plain and the other carved on the spreading part 
 with the characteristic patterns, the designs being in 
 compartments, some containing zigzags in partly folded 
 bands. The undecorated specimen is lighter and 
 slenderer, the handle terminating in a diamond-shaped 
 projection. Length 3 feet ; the other is 2 feet 9 \ inches 
 
9Q FIJI 
 
 long. In another and rarer form the blade is lengthened 
 above the angles, curving in again and rising to an 
 obtuse point, making the club paddle-shaped. Some 
 of these paddle-shaped clubs are of great width and 
 very heavy, lavishly decorated with carved designs. 
 The club on the right of Fig. 50 is rather difficult 
 
 Fig. 50.— Clubs cut from Branches, Fiji' 
 
 to describe, the top being something like a short boot 
 with an exaggerated heel, which has a ridge down the 
 middle. The weapon is curved, and the head is bluntly 
 edged on the inner curve, this part being artistically 
 carved, apparently in imitation of bark. The shaft is of 
 circular section and terminates with a projection at the 
 
FIJI 91 
 
 butt. Total length 3 feet if inches. I take it that this 
 club was made from an upwardly curving branch, and 
 that a small portion of the trunk, at its junction with the 
 branch, was cut out to form the head. The other 
 specimen seems to be cut from a forked bough, and 
 there is not a quarter of an inch on any part of it 
 (excepting only the butt-end) undecorated with the 
 usual pattern. There is a ridge at the bifurcation and 
 another at the end of the projecting head, the total 
 length being 3 feet 1 inch. This is a rare type, and 
 worth £1 or more. 
 
 The next illustration (Fig. 51) shows three clubs of 
 truncheon shape, all more or less cylindrical. No. 1 is 
 4 feet 2 \ inches long, and has a rounded head and 
 cupped butt-end. To nearly half way from the head 
 it is covered with zigzag and other patterns executed 
 in circular punctures — an unusual mode of decoration. 
 No. 2 is ornamented with a spiral band of three 
 grooves, starting from the upper part of the rudely- 
 decorated handle and ending at the top, which is flat, 
 the butt-end being cupped. Length 3 feet 10 inches. 
 No. 3 is 3 feet long, with top and butt-end both flat ; 
 handle nicely carved with the zigzag pattern. Repre- 
 sentations of faces, etc., are almost unknown on Fijian 
 clubs, but one at Exeter ends in the head of some 
 flat-faced animal, roughly but effectively carved. 
 
 In Fig. 52 is given the upper part of a Fijian club 
 of a type already described, but decorated with a 
 pattern which might be called "nail-head." The 
 
9 2 
 
 FIJI 
 
 spears of Fiji are often of great length, and are usually 
 barbed, a favourite material for the point and barbs 
 being the sharp tail-bone of the sting-ray, which breaks 
 off in a wound, causing great agony. Wood tells us 
 
 
 Fig. 51. — Cylindrical Clubs, 
 Fiji. 
 
 Fig. 52. — Upper Part of Heavy 
 Fijian War Club. 
 
 that, "Other barbs are made of a wood which has 
 the properties of swelling up when moistened, and 
 bursting in the wound, so that it can hardly be ex- 
 tracted ' ' ; but many Fijian spears have less objection- 
 able barbs, merely cut out of the wood forming the 
 
FIJI 
 
 93 
 
 shaft. I have a specimen, attributed to these islands, 
 which has no barbs at all. It is 10 feet in length, 
 with a plain point of round section, and is probably 
 made from some variety of palm-wood. At the place 
 
 II 
 
 Fig. 53. — Canoe Paddle, attributed to Fiji. 
 
 where it would be grasped is a broad band of coconut 
 sennit, ornamentally laid on to give a better grip. 
 Spears with multiple points are not uncommon, but 
 these are said to be used for spearing fish. 
 
 The paddle sketched in Fig. 53 is assigned to Fiji 
 
94 FIJI 
 
 by an authority consulted, but is of a pattern also used 
 in other groups. It is 4 feet 3! inches long, cut from 
 a heavy wood of very dark colour, one face of the 
 blade being quite flat and the other almost so. There 
 is no decoration of any kind, and the pattern is a simple 
 and practical one for canoe work. South Sea paddles 
 are less often brought home than weapons, so are rare 
 here, though not consequently of high price, weapons 
 being in greater demand. 
 
GILBERT ISLANDS 
 
 The Gilberts consist of about sixteen coral atolls and 
 two hilly islands, lying at the eastern extremity of 
 Micronesia, the group being bisected by the equator. 
 Some of these islands, if not all of them, were formerly 
 called the Kingsmill Islands ; but this name seems to 
 have entirely gone out of use, modern maps marking 
 the group " Gilbert Islands," after Gilbert who, with 
 Marshall, discovered them in 1788. 
 
 The Gilbert islanders of the old days were extremely 
 limited as to materials from which to make weapons, 
 as coral islets grow few trees except coco-palms, and 
 furnish no stones suitable for spear-heads or axe-blades . 
 The natives therefore had to make the best of what was 
 available, so long ago hit on the idea of using the teeth 
 of the. sharks infesting their waters wherewith to edge 
 the spears, swords, and knives, which could be made 
 from the palm or other wood procurable, the fibre from 
 the coconut, converted into the string called sinnet (or 
 sennit), as also strips cut from the rib of the palm-leaf, 
 serving to bind on the teeth and keep them in position. 
 The result was the evolving of very curious weapons 
 of types not found elsewhere, these being evidently 
 
 95 
 
96 
 
 / 
 
 GILBERT ISLANDS 
 
 intended for cutting rather than stabbing, and capable 
 of inflicting most painful wounds, though hardly likely 
 to kill immediately. 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 -Four-bladcd Weapon edged with Shark's Teeth, 
 Gilbert Islands. 
 
 Clubs and bows appear to have been unknown, and 
 all the weapons from the Gilberts seem to be of the 
 same class — edged with sharks' teeth and varying 
 but little in the method of manufacture. The strangest 
 is perhaps the object drawn in Fig. 54, which might 
 be described as a short, four-bladed sword. This is 
 
GILBERT ISLANDS 97 
 
 made of palm- wood, and is 1 foot 8f inches in length, 
 the straight portion being of round section, tapering 
 to a point, and armed above the handle with four rows 
 of sharks' teeth ; two of these rows being originally of 
 twenty-five teeth, alternating with two shorter rows 
 of eighteen teeth. On one side, just above the handle, 
 is an auxiliary curved blade, 10^ inches long, with 
 sixteen teeth on each edge, opposite twin blades of the 
 same pattern, with respectively thirteen and fourteen 
 teeth on each edge. The twin blades are about an 
 inch apart at all points, and all three auxiliary blades 
 are lashed on with coconut sennit. The total number 
 of teeth was 172, each tooth pierced with a hole near 
 the middle, through which the sennit, which passes 
 round the wood, binds on the teeth in pairs or fours. 
 The teeth are kept in position by double strips of 
 leaf -rib, these strips being ingeniously secured with 
 the same sennit binding, and there is a black binding, 
 for ornament, at intervals. The extremities are un- 
 armed and not sharply pointed, so that the weapon 
 could be only serviceable for slashing or sawing. 
 
 The next illustration (Fig. 55) is of a long sword, 
 measuring over 3 feet 6 inches, with a portion on a 
 larger scale. It is of a light-coloured wood, and 
 originally had 45 teeth on each edge, bound on in the 
 same manner as before described. Below the teeth 
 there is an ornamental band of strips of palm-leaf 
 plaited with sennit, giving a checkered effect, this 
 band covering the ends of the four leaf-rib strips that 
 
98 GILBERT ISLANDS 
 
 secure the teeth. The handle terminates in a pro- 
 jecting cone, like the four-bladed weapon. In the 
 same figure appears a curved knife, i foot long, of 
 similar make to the sword. 
 
 Fig. 56 illustrates a knife of a stronger and simpler 
 pattern, probably from some island of this group. 
 Here there are no strips to keep the teeth in a line, 
 but a groove for their reception is cut in each edge, 
 and there is a separate binding for each tooth, the 
 sennit passing through a hole in the blade. There 
 are ten such holes down one side and thirteen on the 
 other, but the two lower ones have no teeth attached, 
 as otherwise the hand grasping the handle would be 
 wounded, and they were apparently pierced in error. 
 It is rather like the tooth-edged knives, said to be 
 used for cutting up human flesh at cannibal feasts, 
 which come from other Pacific islands ; but the 
 Gilbert islanders, although once addicted to tasting 
 the flesh of dead enemies to gratify revenge or from 
 superstitious motives, never adopted cannibalism as 
 a regular practice. Long lances, of the same pattern 
 as the sword of Fig. 55, also come from these islands, 
 some having cross pieces, armed with the usual teeth, 
 at intervals. 
 
GILBERT ISLANDS 
 
 99 
 
 Fig. 55. — Sword and Curved 
 Knife, Gilbert Islands. 
 
 Fig. 56.— Knife, Gilbert 
 Islands (?). 
 
NEW CALEDONIA 
 
 Clubs from New Caledonia are considerably rarer in 
 this country than those from Fiji, and are less often 
 met with than specimens from the Solomon Islands. 
 They may usually be distinguished by a swell at the 
 butt-end — the last few inches of the handle is of 
 slightly greater diameter than the rest of the shaft, 
 this thicker part ending in a narrow squared shoulder. 
 The specimens I have had opportunities of examining 
 mostly come under either the bird -headed or the 
 mushroom - headed class, the former often more or 
 less resembling the beaked club of south-eastern 
 Australia, known as the leowal or malga. The finest 
 examples, however, show that the beaked head is 
 unquestionably intended for that of a bird, as its eyes 
 are carved in relief, though whether they represent 
 some particular bird of the island or are merely fanciful 
 I cannot say. 
 
 Fig. 57, No. i, shows a typical example which one 
 would say was intended for some kind of heron or 
 pelican. It has a very sharp beak, protruding eyes, 
 and what may be meant for a crest or plume falling 
 over the back of the head. The wood is heavy and 
 
io2 NEW CALEDONIA 
 
 of a rich brown, taking a high polish. Length 
 34 \ inches. In 19 14 my eldest son was conducting 
 an ethnographical and biological expedition round New 
 Caledonia, and he told me on his return that such 
 a specimen was now quite unobtainable on the island. 
 I bought this one some thirty years ago, and the type 
 is represented in our public collections. The smaller 
 bird-headed club shown in the same figure is sketched 
 from a specimen in the Exeter Museum. The beak 
 in this case is of a different shape, possibly indicating 
 some other kind of bird, and there is no falling plume 
 behind the head. The handle is decorated with loops 
 of coconut sennit. 
 
 In Fig. 58 are shown two New Caledonian clubs of 
 the other type, both in my own collection. No. 1 is 
 33 inches in length, slightly curved, and made from 
 some black wood, highly polished. The head is some- 
 thing like a hat with a pointed crown, and is brought to 
 an edge before and behind. The swelling part under the 
 brim is decorated with numerous incised herring-boned 
 bands, and the butt-end has the characteristic swell. 
 No. 2 has a head of mushroom shape, indented on one 
 side. It is nearly straight ; 26 inches long. Round 
 the shaft is a short binding of some white material 
 (? flax) ; butt-end as the last; heavy brown wood, 
 unpolished. 
 
NEW CALEDONIA 
 
 103 
 
 Fig. 57. — Bird-headed Clubs, 
 New Caledonia. 
 
 Fig. 58. — Mushroom-headed 
 Clubs, New Caledonia. 
 
NEW HEBRIDES 
 
 The New Hebrides will be found at the eastern end 
 of Melanesia, lying W. of Fiji and N.E. of New 
 Caledonia. They consist of about thirty islands, 
 some of volcanic and others of coral formation, the 
 larger being Espiritu Santo, Mallicolo, Erromango, 
 Vate, and Ambrym. Clubs from these islands are 
 comparatively rare, and the specimens drawn in 
 Fig. 59 are the only ones I have been able to pro- 
 cure, though our museums contain several other 
 patterns. 
 
 The larger club in Fig. 59 appears to be the favourite 
 type on several of the islands. The head is double- 
 edged, the edges curving inwards, and has a sharp 
 projecting blade in the middle on each side, terminating 
 not quite half-way up, the edges of these blades also 
 curving inwards so that the pair form a head of the 
 same shape as the principal head, but at right-angles 
 to it. The shaft is rounded, and terminates in a pro- 
 jecting ornament carved with a zigzag pattern. The 
 wood is heavy and of a rich brown colour ; length 
 42^ inches. The lighter club is 39^ inches long, and 
 has a small mushroom-shaped head. It tapers towards 
 
 105 
 
io6 
 
 NEW HEBRIDES 
 
 the butt, but swells out into a rim a few inches from 
 the terminal, which ends in a cone. In another pattern 
 the rim of the mushroom-shaped head is cut into points, 
 
 Fig. 59. — Clubs from New Hebrides. 
 
 making it suggestive of a star, and the butt-end of 
 many specimens terminates in a circular projection 
 carved with a pattern on the exposed face. 
 
NEW HEBRIDES 107 
 
 Bows and Arrows 
 
 The natives of the New Hebrides also use bows and 
 arrows, and the following specimens in my collection 
 have been assigned to some part of the group. Bow, 
 6 feet \ inch long, of tough brown wood. Down the 
 side forming the outer curve runs a hollow, widest at 
 the middle, suggesting that the weapon was cut longi- 
 tudinally from the half of the stem of some kind of 
 palm (or, less probably, reed) of tubular growth, or 
 with a soft core. The ends of the bow are round and 
 tapering, with shoulders swelling out to prevent the 
 string from slipping, projecting lips being cut in a 
 slanting direction towards these shoulders from the 
 ends of the medial groove. The inner side is rounded 
 and smoothed, the workmanship being excellent 
 throughout. Arrow, 33^ inches in length, with shaft 
 made from a slender reed, unnotched and without 
 feathers ; bound at both ends with fibre. The head 
 and foreshaft are cut from a black wood, the former 
 angular with a pair of barbs, below which, on a four- 
 sided neck, are forty minute barbs arranged in fours at 
 the corners. This arrow may possibly have been in- 
 tended for shooting birds, as it seems to be too light 
 for an effective war weapon. The barblets are beauti- 
 fully cut, and much trouble must have been expended 
 on its manufacture. 
 
SANTA CRUZ (QUEEN CHARLOTTE 
 ISLANDS) 
 
 A BOW, attributed to the Santa Cruz Islands, Mela- 
 nesia, is a very powerful weapon, 6 feet g\ inches long, 
 almost straight when unstrung. It is made of a brown 
 wood, its peculiarity being that on the outer side are 
 two elongated hollows, united by a fine cleft passing 
 down the centre, these being apparently artificial, 
 perhaps to give more elasticity. At each end is a 
 peg-like terminal, over which the loops of the bow- 
 string would pass, one of them being encircled by a 
 narrow band of sennit. The inner side of this bow is 
 rounded and it has blunt edges. 
 
 108 
 
THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 
 
 The Solomon Islands lie in Melanesia between New 
 Guinea and the New Hebrides, and, before the War, 
 were partly British and partly German, but now are all 
 British. The islanders have always had a bad name 
 for treachery and ferocity, and are apparently still 
 cannibals. They use clubs, spears, bows and arrows, 
 and many of their clubs are extremely curious. Fig. 60 
 is from a paddle-shaped club, or wooden sword, made 
 from the heavy and beautifully striated wood of the 
 coco-palm. It is 4 feet in length and flattish, double- 
 edged, and spreading out towards the extremity. The 
 handle ends in the double-faced head of a man or god 
 with enormous circular eyes, the features being incised. 
 The part where the grip should be is cut into a series 
 of teeth which would make it very unpleasant to grasp, 
 and the middle of this portion is ornamented on both 
 surfaces with carving, the designs on the side shown 
 comprising concentric squares and that on the opposite 
 face a kind of diamond pattern. This weapon probably 
 came from Bouka (or Buka), one of the ex-German 
 islands on the western extremity of the group. It 
 
 should be worth £1 nowadays. 
 
 109 
 
no 
 
 THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 
 
 A still stranger club, attributed to the same island, 
 appears in Fig. 61 , which gives two views of the carved 
 portion. In this case the faces of the janiform head 
 stand out, divided by a spreading head-dress ( ?) sug- 
 gestive of a halo, which has an obtuse point at the 
 
 Fig. 60. — Palm-wood War-Club, Solomon Islands 
 (probably Bouka). 
 
 top and was seemingly more or less circular or oval 
 before its sides were broken off. The faces are exactly 
 like those on the club last described, but on this 
 specimen the hair, eyes, and lips are painted black, 
 the cheeks white, and the rest of the faces red. The 
 
THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 
 
 in 
 
 Fig. 6i. — Upper Part of Paddle- 
 shaped Club, probably from Bouka. 
 
 
 t 
 
 Fig. 62. — Club and 
 " Dance-Stick " from 
 Solomon Islands (the 
 latter probably from 
 Bouka). 
 
THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 113 
 
 dividing halo was white with a red border, and the 
 carved designs on the flattish surface below the head 
 are black and red, being geometrical, composed of 
 a number of squares and triangles increasing in size 
 from a common centre, the same on both sides of the 
 club. The blade is distinctly paddle-shaped towards 
 the end, its broadest part measuring over 6\ inches. 
 The wood is reddish-brown, unpolished, and rather 
 rough; total length, 4 feet. This weapon could be 
 used as a two-handed sword, and the type is not often 
 brought to this country. 
 
 Of quite a different type are the two clubs sketched 
 in Fig. 62. The first has a leaf -shaped head with 
 a medial ridge on each side, and a slightly tapering 
 handle ending in a projecting conical tip. It is made 
 from a heavy wood very dark in colour, and is 3 feet 
 7 inches in length. The head suggests that of a broad- 
 bladed spear, and would be efficient for thrusting as 
 well as striking. The other specimen looks like a 
 boomerang with a handle, but is apparently only used 
 in dances. The curved blade is really the conventional 
 representation of a fish — the handle coming out of its 
 mouth — as on some specimens of this shape the details 
 of the fish are clearly shown by carving. This one is 
 1 foot 6 inches long and very light in weight, so would 
 be almost useless as a weapon, not even being edged. 
 A specimen in the Exeter Museum is labelled ' ' Dance- 
 stick," but one would like to know exactly how the 
 
 thing is used, as one can only guess that it is for 
 
 8 
 
ii4 THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 
 
 beating time. This pattern is found in Bouka, but 
 I do not know which of the islands the other club 
 comes from. Either specimen might be worth from 
 ios. to 15s. 
 
 No. 3 of Fig. 63 shows a war-club of a pattern not 
 uncommon in several of the Solomon Islands. Its 
 length is 43 \ inches, the blade gradually broadening 
 towards the head, which has blunt edges curving to 
 a point, and is 85 inch in thickness at the centre, 
 where a small medial ridge runs down on both faces 
 for a distance of 13 inches from the extremity. The 
 handle is broader than it is thick, and ends in a point 
 at the butt, with a hole pierced about an inch from 
 the end, under a line running across. The wood is 
 a hard one of a rich brown colour. The shafts of 
 some clubs of this shape are ornamented with bands 
 of grass woven in patterns. 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2 of the same figure represent the type 
 of spear used in Malaita and San Cristoval. No. 1 is 
 8 feet 10 inches long, made entirely from a piece of 
 the wood of the Coco-palm, prettily striped. The 
 head is conical, running to a slender point, with a 
 squared projection at the base, ornamented on two 
 adjacent sides with carving. Below this projection is 
 a yellow binding made from grass or palm-leaf strips, 
 fixed with pitch, and the shaft gradually tapers, and 
 is extremely slender at the butt-end, which is finished 
 off with a small conical button. 
 
 No. 2 is 9 feet 3^ inches long, made of unpolished, 
 
THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 
 
 "5 
 
 £ 
 
 Fig. 63. — Spears and Club, 
 Solomon Islands. 
 
 Fig. 64. — Spear, Solomon Islands 
 (probably from San Cristoval). 
 
THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 117 
 
 reddish palm-wood. The head is long and tapering, 
 of square section, armed with 25 barbs (apparently of 
 black wood), arranged in five bands at intervals, fixed 
 by a continuous fibre lashing covered with some variety 
 of pitch . The shaft and head are decorated in various 
 places with the bright yellow binding as on No. 1, the 
 principal band fixed with a longitudinal line of pitch. 
 Shaft rounded and tapering towards the butt. 
 
 Another variety, of similar fabric, appears in Fig. 64 
 (with principal parts on an enlarged scale), its pecu- 
 liarity being the swelling, marked with a pattern, below 
 the barbed head. The British Museum has a similar 
 specimen from San Cristoval, so this one may come 
 from that island. It has been blackened on most parts 
 of the head and fore-shaft, but seems to be mainly 
 made of Coco-palm. Length 9 feet 1^ inches. 
 
ADMIRALTY ISLANDS 
 
 The Admiralty Islands, some of which are volcanic, 
 lie in the northern part of the Bismarck Archipelago 
 (lately belonging to Germany), N.E. of New Guinea. 
 From them come weapons made of obsidian (a natural 
 volcanic glass), from which the natives quite recently 
 chipped knife-blades, spear-heads, etc., showing them 
 to be still in the Neolithic Age — hardly yet passed 
 away in a few remote spots where metal is difficult 
 to obtain. 
 
 A typical specimen of a dagger or a knife is seen 
 in Fig. 65. The total length is 11J inches, and the 
 curved obsidian blade is of triangular section, with 
 three very sharp edges. The hilt is of wood, running 
 to a point and painted with red ochre, and on each 
 side of it a grotesque face of triangular outline is 
 roughly carved within a J toothed border ; border black, 
 eyes and nose red, remainder of face white. The 
 material is very brittle, so such knives cannot last 
 long, though keen enough till broken. Specimens are 
 not scarce, fetching about 5s. each at present. 
 
 The upper part of a beautiful specimen of the ob- 
 sidian-headed spear of these islands is drawn in 
 
 118 
 
ADMIRALTY ISLANDS 
 
 119 
 
 3 
 
 Fig. 65. — Obsidian Knife, 
 Admiralty Islands. 
 
 Fig. 66.- — Spear with Obsidian 
 Head, Admiralty Islands. 
 
ADMIRALTY ISLANDS 121 
 
 Fig. 66. The head closely resembles black glass, 
 but shows greenish-brown towards the edges when 
 held up to the light. It is flaked to very sharp edges 
 and point, being flat on one face and with a rough 
 central ridge on the other. This head is fixed to a 
 reed shaft, some kind of gum, coloured with red ochre, 
 being neatly moulded round it, and forming a sym- 
 metrical swelling over the shaft for some inches below. 
 The uncovered part of the head is 5 inches long, and 
 the total length of the spear 49 \ inches. These spears 
 are rare when in perfect state, being very easily 
 broken. Value, from 15s. 
 
NEW BRITAIN, NEW IRELAND, AND 
 ADJACENT ISLANDS 
 
 New Britain (late Neu Pommern) and New Ireland 
 (late Neu Mecklenburg) are large islands forming the 
 eastern boundary of the Bismarck Archipelago, and 
 revert to the names originally given to them now that 
 the Germans, who annexed them in 1884, are no 
 longer in possession. 
 
 The long club illustrated in Fig. 67 is attributed to 
 New Britain, and certainly either comes from that 
 island or from New Ireland. The Rev. J. G. Wood 
 figures a specimen of similar type as Tongan, but 
 this is a mistake, probably due to the club having 
 been obtained in Tonga, to which it had found its way. 
 My own specimen measures 47 inches in length, and 
 is made of a heavy dark -brown wood. The head is 
 of mushroom-shape, and towards the butt the weapon 
 spreads out again in the form of two cones, base to 
 base, with the space between them rounded out. 
 Under this part is the grip, bound with coconut sen- 
 nit, the butt being in the form of an inverted cone 
 with a terminal. The top of the head and parts of the 
 lower projecting portions are painted red, and below 
 
NEW BRITAIN AND NEW IRELAND 123 
 
 the head the shaft is ornamented with a fringe made 
 from a number of cords of sennit on each of which is 
 
 Fig. 67.— War-Club, New Britain. 
 
 bound a group of from three to six small univalve 
 sea-shells with the tops knocked off. A club of this 
 type is rare, and is probably worth at least 30s. 
 
THE MASSIM DISTRICT 
 
 The term " Massim district " is applied to the south- 
 eastern extremity of old British New Guinea, together 
 with the numerous islands, large and small, lying off 
 its coast, including the Trobriand and D'Entrecasteaux 
 Islands (Goodenough, Fergusson, and Normanby 
 islands) and the whole of the Louisiade Archipelago. 
 
 Highly interesting weapons come from this region, 
 but it is often almost impossible to assign them to any 
 particular island, or to distinguish the examples made 
 on the islands from those of South-Eastern New 
 Guinea, when the locality of origin has not been 
 recorded. The following specimens are probably from 
 some part of this extensive region, but have not as yet 
 been identified with any certainty, though drawings 
 and particulars of them have been submitted to the 
 leading authorities. 
 
 Fig. 68, No. i. War-club, 46 inches long, and 
 very heavy, widening towards the head, which is 
 double-edged, the section being oval elsewhere. The 
 handle is of a shape not usually met with in South 
 Sea clubs, having a narrow grip with projecting ter- 
 minal. The material is the wood of the Sago-palm, 
 
 which is jet black, close-grained, and takes a high 
 
 124 
 
THE MASSIM DISTRICT 
 
 I2 5 
 
 polish on the part from the exterior of the trunk, but 
 is fibrous towards the interior (from the middle of 
 which the sago is produced) . 
 
 Fig. 68, No. 2. Spear, 7 feet 2 inches long, with 
 flattish head, cut into fantastic barbs on both edges. 
 
 Fig. 68. — Club and Spear made from the Black Wood of the 
 Sago-Palm, Melanesia (?). 
 
 It is made from a single piece of Sago-palm wood, not 
 very thick. It was bought with No. 1. 
 
 The five-pronged spear of Fig. 69 appears to be 
 a fishing implement. It is attributed to Goodenough 
 Island, in the D ' Entrecasteaux group, a short distance 
 from the northern coast of the eastern promontory of 
 
126 
 
 THE MASSIM DISTRICT 
 
 New Guinea. In construction it suggests a broom, 
 five blades of Coco-palm being bound round a shaft 
 of whitish wood by a binding looking something like 
 bass, though possibly of reed-strips, and kept together 
 
 Fig. 69.— Fishing-Spear, probably rom Goodenough Island (with 
 two of the prongs on larger scale). 
 
 by two fibre bindings higher up. Four of these blades 
 or prongs have the edges alternately barbed, but the 
 fifth has barbs, fairly close together, on one edge 
 only. Shaft tapering ; length 7 feet 1 inch. 
 
NEW GUINEA 
 
 Spears 
 
 Not counting Australia, New Guinea is the largest 
 island in the world, being about 320,000 square miles 
 in area ; and as the greater part of it has yet to be 
 explored, our knowledge of its weapons is confined to 
 the types used by the tribes on the coast, or inhabiting 
 such districts as have been, so far, opened up or 
 traversed. We can therefore identify patterns in use 
 in certain districts of old British New Guinea, but do 
 not know very much about the spears, clubs, etc., 
 made by tribes in the territory given to Germany in 
 1884 (now no longer "Kaiser Wilhelm Land"), and 
 probably still less concerning those of the Dutch sec- 
 tion. The classification of New Guinea weapons is 
 therefore, at present, more or less speculative, and 
 many unlocalized specimens now vaguely attributed 
 to Polynesia or Melanesia, will probably eventually 
 be traced to some portion of this mysterious island. 
 
 The remarkably fine spear, partly shown in Fig. 70, 
 bears certain details suggesting that it comes from the 
 mainland of New Guinea rather than from one of its 
 outlying islands, but it has not yet been localized with 
 
 127 
 
128 
 
 NEW GUINEA 
 
 any certainty. It is beautifully made from the jet- 
 black wood of the Sago-palm, and is 9 feet 1^ inches 
 long, the head being brought to an edge on one side, 
 where it is cut into a series of long barbs, each of the 
 
 Fig. 70. — Spear of Sago-Palm, New Guinea. 
 
 lower three forming a group with three shorter ones. 
 A series of ridges is carved half-way round the shaft 
 under the lowest barb, and the lower half of the shaft 
 tapers towards the butt. 
 
 The spear of which the front and side views of the 
 
NEW GUINEA 
 
 129 
 
 head are given in Fig. 71 is attributed to the North- 
 East of British New Guinea, and is made from the 
 wood of the Coco-palm. The back of the head is 
 rounded, but the front cut flat, with serrations and 
 
 iM 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 Fig. 71.— Front and Side Views of Spear-Head, probably 
 from North-East British New Guinea. 
 
 barbs on the edges, and a line of decorative punctures 
 down the middle. The barbs are in the same style as 
 on the specimen last described, and this one has similar 
 ridges on the upper part of the shaft, suggesting a 
 
 9 
 
i3° 
 
 NEW GUINEA 
 
 common origin. The shaft is of circular section, 
 tapering ; the total length 8 feet 3^ inches. 
 
 A spear in my collection, assigned to (late) German 
 New Guinea, is a very slender weapon of Sago-palm, 
 8 feet in length. As it is impossible to give a good 
 idea of such a spear by means of a small drawing (in 
 which it would appear merely as a straight line), I 
 
 11111 '""t KM— I "mi 
 
 J^ffi^C 
 
 Fig. 72. — Pattern carved on Shaft of Spear from (late) German 
 New Guinea. 
 
 have confined myself to reproducing a very curious 
 band of carving which surrounds the shaft 3 feet from 
 the butt-end, the design being a somewhat remarkable 
 example of native art (see Fig. 72). The head of the 
 spear runs to a fine point, with a slight knot-like pro- 
 jection about 11 inches below it. Being so slender, 
 the weapon may have been perhaps used as a missile. 
 
NEW GUINEA 131 
 
 Arrows and Arrow-like Weapons 
 
 The Papuan tribes inhabiting New Guinea and its 
 adjacent islands use a great variety of arrows and 
 arrow-like weapons which, from their larger size, may 
 possibly be light throwing-spears. 
 
 Three interesting specimens from the territory 
 recently German are represented in Fig. 73. No. 1 
 is 52 inches long, with head and fore-shaft (measuring 
 about 1 1^ inches) made of palm-wood. The head is of 
 triangular section, with three barbs, and the fore-shaft 
 is carved with a pattern forming a band 2'i inches 
 broad. The fore-shaft enters an unfeathered shaft of 
 reed, with a plaited binding at the junction. No. 2 is 
 58^ inches in length, the head and fore-shaft (together 
 i8f inches long) being of whitish wood coloured black. 
 The head is slender and conical, with a swelling at the 
 neck, below which is some ornamental carving. The 
 shaft is of reed, coloured black, and the binding round 
 the junction with the fore-shaft is covered with some 
 kind of gum or pitch. No. 3 has a conical head of 
 palm-wood, with slight swell ; coconut sennit binding, 
 with lower part covered with gum ; shaft of reed. 
 
 The arrows of old British New Guinea are com- 
 paratively common, but are often very beautifully 
 made. I have a set (of which the specimens measure 
 from 3 feet to 3 feet 7^ inches) with heads shaped in 
 the form of a porcupine-quill, some made from the 
 wood of the Coco-palm, and others of a red-brown 
 
132 
 
 NEW GUINEA 
 
 wood, in both cases polished, the longest head measur- 
 ing i foot 9 inches. They fit into knotted reed shafts, 
 notched but unfeathered, bound at the junction of the 
 head with a ring of grass, and with a broader band of 
 
 Fig. 73.— Large Arrows from (late) German New Guinea. 
 
 the same at the other end. Another set in my collec- 
 tion is of considerably stouter make, about 3 feet 
 8 inches long. The heads are of unpolished palm- 
 wood ; the shaft-ends unnotched and unbound. Other 
 specimens are ornamented with rough vertical groov- 
 ing at the lower part of the head, coloured red, white, 
 
NEW GUINEA 
 
 J 33 
 
 and black, the point sometimes having a thin capping 
 apparently of gum, or binding covered with gum. 
 
 Stone-headed adzes are used throughout New 
 Guinea, but the patterns are much the same as those 
 made in other islands of the Pacific. Such imple- 
 ments are therefore often very difficult to localize in 
 
 Fig. 74. — Stone-headed Adze, attributed to the Port Moresby 
 District, New Guinea. 
 
 the absence of data, but the form of the beautiful 
 little adze drawn in Fig. 74 suggests that it comes 
 from the neighbourhood of Port Moresby (southern 
 coast of eastern New Guinea). The chisel-shaped 
 blade is of a hard blackish stone ( ? basalt or diorite) , 
 and is attached to a haft made from a small forked 
 branch, by a thick plaited binding of bass or reed- 
 
134 NEW GUINEA 
 
 strips. It will be noticed that the blade is fixed to 
 the shorter arm of the branch, which has been cut 
 off just below the fork, the longer arm (measuring 
 13^ inches) forming the handle. Old stone-headed 
 implements of this kind are now in considerable demand 
 and fetch high prices. 
 
 Many old war-clubs from British New Guinea have 
 heads of stone, perforated in the middle for the shaft 
 to pass through. These heads are of various forms — 
 globular, pebble-shaped, disc-shaped, star-shaped, or 
 like a pineapple — and usually have a tuft of feathers 
 above the stone. Specimens are not infrequently 
 offered at sales held by Mr. Stevens, but are seldom 
 seen in the curio shops, and are rather expensive when 
 obtainable. 
 
 The implement seen in Fig. 75 is not a club, but 
 a beater used in the manufacture of bark-cloth (usually 
 known as tapa), and is attributed to the Collingwood 
 Bay district (northern coast of the eastern promon- 
 tory). It is 19 inches long and of oval section, the 
 upper part of the head being cross-cut into rectangular 
 divisions on one of its flatter faces, which slightly 
 curves inwards ; this design serving to impress a pat- 
 tern suggesting weaving upon the soaked bark beaten 
 out by it in the process of felting. The black wood of 
 which this beater is made is that of the Sago-palm. 
 
 Fig. 76 gives two singular weapons sometimes 
 described as arrows. They are, however, so long and 
 thick that it would require a bow of uncommon strength 
 
NEW GUINEA 
 
 135 
 
 to propel them any distance, and their elaborate 
 construction and the absence of any notch at the butt- 
 end point to the theory that they are light throwing- 
 spears. They are said to come from one of the 
 islands in Torres Straits (between North Australia and 
 
 F IG . 75.— Beater used in making Bark-Cloth, probably from 
 Collingwood Bay, New Guinea. 
 
 New Guinea), and are of a distinctive type. The 
 larger drawing shows the carved portion of an example 
 originally about 5 feet 4 inches long, the head measur- 
 ing 1 foot 6 inches. This is of some light wood, and 
 is pointed and barbed with a piece of bone, lashed to 
 the head with fibre coated with black pitch. Lower 
 
136 
 
 NEW GUINEA 
 
 down, sixteen blunt barbs, in sets of four, carved from 
 the wood, over a grotesque human head and shoulders, 
 the barbs and figure coloured black, picked out with 
 white. Head fixed to reed shaft by a broad binding 
 
 
 tnmi 
 
 Fig. 76. — Light Spears, Torres Straits Islands. 
 
 of twisted sennit, above a narrower band similar to the 
 binding at the point ; shaft partly coloured black. 
 The total length of the other weapon is 5 feet 
 4^ inches. It is similar to the one described, tipped 
 with a slender combined point and barb of bone ; shaft 
 
NEW GUINEA 137 
 
 black. The idol-like figures on these specimens appear 
 to wear a falling head-dress behind, and a kind of 
 cloak, both ornamented with beading. They have 
 open mouths, with pointed teeth, and possibly repre- 
 sent some local god. 
 
PART II 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 Kaffir Tribes 
 
 The throwing and stabbing spears known as assegais 
 are used by all the Kaffir tribes of South Africa, as 
 also by other natives in that region, so that it is by 
 no means easy to assign most specimens to any par- 
 ticular tribe in the absence of data. The assegai may 
 be distinguished from the throwing-spear of the Gabun 
 and of East Africa by having a tanged head which 
 enters the end of the shaft and is kept in its place by 
 a binding or tube of hide, or by a band of plaited vege- 
 table fibre ; but the shape of the head is very variable, 
 some being leaf-shaped with plain blade and longish 
 fore-shaft ; others with head of ogee section, more or 
 less elongated and showing no fore-shaft above the 
 binding, or with the head formed as a spike, rounded 
 or four-sided (a pattern favoured by the Gaikas). 
 Barbs are hardly ever found except on examples of 
 BaSuto origin. 
 
 Assegais are of three varieties — the throwing- 
 
 assegai, used as a missile only, the stabbing-assegai, 
 
 «8 
 
SOUTH AFRICA 139 
 
 and an intermediate type which might be used either 
 for throwing or thrusting. The true throwing- 
 assegai is a very light weapon with tapering shaft, 
 usually made of ' ' assegai wood ' ' (Curtisia faginea) , 
 which is a brittle brown wood, soon twisting, but 
 capable of being easily re-straightened. A kind of 
 reed or bamboo is also used in some districts. The 
 binding, when of hide, is always applied fresh, so that 
 it shrinks as it dries, firmly attaching the head. It 
 may be made from a narrow strip, wound round, with 
 the ends tucked under, or be a tube-like piece skinned 
 from the tail of some animal, passed up the shaft, 
 and allowed to contract round the junction of the shaft 
 with the tang. Other specimens have plaited or 
 woven bindings of some tough vegetable material 
 often difficult to identify. A flat binding suggesting 
 bass is common, and others seem to be of wire-like 
 ( ? grass) stems, strips of reed, etc. 
 
 In Fig. 77 we see four assegais of Zulu type. 
 No. 1 . Stabbing-assegai. Length just over 52^ inches. 
 Elongated, leaf-shaped head with medial ridges, show- 
 ing a thick neck § inch long above the binding, which 
 is of neatly woven stems or strips, and resembles 
 basket-work. Shaft of light-brown wood, tapering 
 towards the butt, where it swells out again a few 
 inches from the end. No. 2. Stabbing-assegai. Length 
 49 J inches. Elongated, leaf-shaped head, almost flat 
 (except towards the base) , 15^ inches long. Shaft of 
 light-brown wood, spreading at the butt-end. Binding 
 
140 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 made from a tubular piece of skin taken from the tail 
 of an animal ( ? cow or calf) with black hair. No 3. 
 Assegai of intermediate type. Length 45-g inches. 
 Plain leaf-shaped head with a fore-shaft 5J inches 
 long, attached by a tubular piece of hairless hide 
 ( ? animal's tail). Shaft of the same wood as the others, 
 
 Fig. 77. — Stabbing- and Throwing- Assegais of Zulu Patterns. 
 
 somewhat tapering and with squared end. No. 4. 
 Throwing-assegai . Similar to No. 3, but with longer 
 head and longer fore-shaft. Binding of plaited strips 
 of vegetable material. Another in my collection (not 
 figured) is of precisely the same pattern, 57^ inches 
 long, and swells slightly at the butt. 
 
SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 141 
 
 Fig. 78, No. 1. Throwing-assegai probably of the 
 Gaika tribe of Kaffraria, Cape Colony. Length 
 Spike-shaped head, 14J inches long, 
 
 62 J inches, 
 
 round at the base, but four-sided higher up. Binding 
 
 ; 1 
 
 Fig. 78. — Gaika and Zulu Throwing-Assegais. 
 
 of a strip of hide or intestine, wound round. Shaft of 
 rich brown wood (" assegai wood "), tapering to small 
 diameter at the butt, and now considerably bent. 
 No. 2. Throwing-assegai, probably of the Gaika tribe 
 (though the same pattern is made by the Zulus). 
 
H2 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 Length 63^ inches. Head of ogee section (showing no 
 neck), 12J inches long. Binding of a strip of hide, 
 wound round. Shaft as No. 1. No. 3. Throwing- 
 assegai, said to be Zulu. Head of ogee section, with 
 slender fore-shaft. Tubular binding from tail of animal. 
 Shaft of bamboo. Kaffir assegais are not, as a rule, 
 expensive, and can be obtained at about 2s. apiece. 
 Some of the specimens figured cost me even less than 
 this, though I have been asked 5s. for no better ones. 
 Numbers were brought home after our various South 
 African campaigns. 
 
 Staves 
 
 The elegant staff drawn in Fig. 79 belonged to 
 a chief of the Gaikas — one of the principal Kaffir 
 (Bantu) tribes, which inhabits Kaffraria, in Cape 
 Colony, south-east of Natal. These staves (of which 
 Fig. 80 shows another example) appear to have been 
 a kind of sceptre indicating, on his walks abroad, that 
 the bearer was a chief ; a much longer staff, with fan- 
 tastically shaped head, being used (at any rate, in the 
 Amatola Mountains) for ceremonial occasions. 
 
 On the staff in Fig. 79 (length 55^ inches) are 
 carved three spotted snakes, rising up the shaft in 
 spiral folds, the snake being a favourite ornamentation 
 of Gaika objects. The serpent is reverenced by 
 Kaffirs in general, and is supposed sometimes to em- 
 body the spirit of an ancestor ; but whether this has 
 anything to do with the snakes on Gaika staves I 
 
SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 H3 
 
 do not know, and possibly these may represent a 
 tribal totem or be connected with the chief's title. 
 This specimen is of a dark-brown wood, light in 
 weight, and though it has a knobbed head and a sharp 
 
 o 
 
 Fig. 79.— Staff of a Gaika Chief. 
 
 point, it would not be of much use as a weapon. 
 Fig. 80 is of much the same type, but the snakes are 
 replaced by a fourfold rounded spiral, most neatly and 
 accurately carved in high relief, this spiral running in 
 the opposite direction to the one composed of serpents. 
 
i 4 4 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 At each end of the spiral the shaft is cut into an 
 ornament of hexagonal section, these being charred 
 black, as are also a few other parts of the staff, which 
 is of lighter coloured wood than the other, and 
 53 \ inches long. 
 
 The Gaikas are undoubtedly the cleverest carvers 
 
 Fig. 80. — Gaika Chiefs Staff with Spiral Carving. 
 
 among the Kaffirs, and the various animal figures with 
 which they decorate these chiefs' staves are always 
 curious, and sometimes remarkably lifelike. An excel- 
 
SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 H5 
 
 lent example is shown in Fig. 81. This staff has a 
 plain shaft, to which, towards the upper part, a most 
 realistic monkey is clinging ; this animal, although not 
 absolutely correct in its anatomy, showing that the 
 carver possessed considerable artistic ability. The 
 eyes were evidently burnt out with the end of a red-hot 
 
 Fig. 8i. — Carved Monkey on 
 Gaika Staff. 
 
 Fig. 82. — Coiled Snakes forming 
 Head of Gaika Staff. 
 
 wire, and were left blackened, giving a very good 
 effect. The head of the staff (see Fig. 82) is fashioned 
 as two snakes coiled together with their heads on the 
 top, their eyes and markings being executed by char- 
 ring. This staff is now about 37 inches long, but has 
 probably been shortened by a foot or so for use as a 
 walking-stick. It is of a light coloured wood. 
 
146 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 Fig. 83, which is from a staff 47 inches in length, 
 has the usual smooth orange-shaped head, and is re- 
 markable for the extraordinary reptile carved crawling 
 up the shaft. It is more like a prehistoric saurian than 
 
 Fig. 83. — Curious Reptile carved on Gaika Staff. 
 
 anything else, though it may be taken to represent 
 some kind of lizard found in the district. Its nose is 
 about 7 inches from the upper end of the staff, and 
 its tail tapers down to about a foot from the bottom, 
 making it 28 inches long. Its back and legs are closely 
 
SOUTH AFRICA 147 
 
 covered with charred spots, the neck and tail bearing 
 a series of X-shaped markings. From opposite the 
 clasping fore-legs and hind-legs, projects a kind of 
 handle, cut out from the shaft to a length of about 
 7 inches, the part of the shaft on the inside of the open- 
 ing being deeply grooved. The wood is of a brown 
 colour, smoothed, but not polished. 
 
 I have also a very curious walking-stick, attributed 
 to the Gaika tribe, which shows a regular menagerie, 
 drawn either by cutting or charring, in fine black lines 
 on the light coloured wood. One can distinguish quite 
 characteristic representations of horses, oxen, deer and 
 antelopes, walking or grazing ; also ostriches, a cock, 
 hens and other birds, some of which are in flight. The 
 outlines of the larger animals can only be followed by 
 turning the stick round, so the drawings are not easy 
 to copy. They remind one of the work of the ancient 
 cave-dwellers, and prove that the Kaffirs could become 
 quite decent artists with a little tuition. On this stick 
 charred bands and ornaments divide the parts where 
 the animals are to be found. The handle is rather 
 roughly formed as a bird's head, the top of which, as 
 also the back, is charred black. The total length is 
 35^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 84, No. 1, gives a staff of another kind, being 
 a variety of the long knobstick or kerrie, useful as a 
 club as well as a walking-stick. The shaft of this 
 specimen is entirely covered with fine brass and iron 
 wire, woven in such a way that it forms a spiral design 
 
148 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 of alternate brass and iron bands, which must have 
 given a very striking effect when the wire was new. 
 The neatness with which the wire is applied is remark- 
 able, and the method of producing the design is by no 
 
 Fig. 84.— (i) Wire-bound Staff or Knobstick. (2) Ball-headed 
 Kerrie. 
 
 means clear. The wire is woven across the spiral, so 
 the two kinds of wire are probably in separate layers, 
 one passing over and then under the other on the lines 
 edging the spiral bands. It would certainly puzzle any 
 European craftsman to reproduce this intricate wire- 
 
SOUTH AFRICA 149 
 
 work, and the " savage " executing it must have pos- 
 sessed considerable artistic and technical skill. The 
 knob is of brown wood, polished, and the length of the 
 staff is just over 36 inches. It should be a production 
 of one of the Bantu tribes, but I do not know which. 
 The wire binding gives considerable weight, so we see 
 here a knob-kerrie of formidable type. I have another 
 specimen, covered with a most intricate woven pattern 
 of silver and copper wire, which came from the West- 
 minster Estate, Orange River Colony. No. 2 of 
 Fig. 84 is from a good specimen of the ball-headed 
 kerrie used by the Zulus and other Kaffir tribes. It 
 is cut from a single piece of wood, and the head has 
 a whitish patch on one side, the rest of the weapon 
 being dark. Three other knob-kerries appear in 
 Fig. 85, No. 1 being of a short and heavy type, used 
 as a missile or hand weapon according to circum- 
 stances. This is carved from dark wood, the head 
 blackened and showing rasp marks. The handle is 
 naturally rather crooked, and branches slightly at the 
 end, which is pierced for a cord (not a usual feature in 
 Kaffir kerries) . It differs from any Zulu pattern I have 
 seen, but is sufficiently like the ordinary Kaffir type to 
 be attributed to some part of South Africa. The 
 Hottentots use short missile kerries, as also probably 
 other tribes outside the Bantu race. Nos. 2 and 3 
 are walking-sticks (serviceable as kerries) as carried 
 by the Zulus when etiquette demands that the assegai 
 should be left behind. No. 2 is of a light yellowish 
 
J 5o 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 wood ( ? acacia), and curves towards the knob. It is 
 ornamented with curious figures executed by charring 
 the wood with a red-hot iron point used as a pencil, the 
 principal varieties of these designs being shown in my 
 
 Fig. 85. — South African Knobsticks, with Charred Designs 
 on No. 2. 
 
 drawing. No. 3 is thin and light, with head formed 
 of three knobs, one of which has a human face roughly 
 carved upon it. Both specimens came from Zululand 
 or its neighbourhood. 
 
BEGHU AN ALAND 
 
 Iron-bladed axes are almost universal in Africa, but 
 the most interesting specimens come from the Congo 
 region and the West, where theaxe is used in warfare, 
 
 Fig. S6. — Battle-Axe, BeChuana or BaMangwato. 
 
 for beheading prisoners, and for ceremonial purposes. 
 Such axes are usually of more or less ornate design, 
 which distinguishes them from the ordinary imple- 
 
152 BECHUANALAND 
 
 ments used for cutting wood, made by most of the 
 tribes, and of no particular interest. 
 
 Going northwards beyond the Orange River, the 
 first tribes with a reputation as axe-makers are the 
 BeChuana and BaMangwato (of British Bechuana- 
 land and the Bechuanaland Protectorate further 
 north). These tribes are famous for their battle-axes, 
 of which a magnificent example appears in Fig. 86. 
 The haft is of dark polished wood, and is club-shaped, 
 23 J inches long ; covered, excepting the grip, with 
 strips and variously shaped pieces of copper, nailed 
 on to form patterns. The blade is lunate, 9 \ inches 
 broad, on a flat neck 4 inches long and 1^ inches 
 broad, fixed to the swelling part of the haft by a 
 tang passing through it. 
 
ANGOLA 
 
 FlG. 87 represents a light axe from Angola, used both 
 in warfare and for chopping wood, which was sent 
 home by the Vice-Consul at Benguela. The haft is 
 15 inches long, of a hard brown wood, the upper and 
 lower parts, which are of slightly greater diameter than 
 
 Fig. 87. — Axe from Angola. 
 
 the middle, being blackened, and adorned with (Euro- 
 pean) brass-headed nails. The haft turns back at the 
 top, the iron blade being driven in at the angle, which 
 gives it a downward slant. It is ornamented on the 
 side not shown with a punctured design. 
 
 153 
 
BELGIAN CONGO AND FRENCH 
 CONGO 
 
 An exceptionally interesting specimen of an ancient 
 war-axe, attributed to the southern BaMbala tribe, is 
 illustrated in Fig. 88. It is of a pattern made on the 
 banks of the Lukuga River (about 6 degrees S. 
 
 Fig. 88.— Axe, BaMbala Tribe, Lukuga River. 
 
 28 degrees E.), which is a tributary of the Lualaba 
 and runs out of Lake Tanganyika. The peculiarity 
 of this weapon is the human head, probably intended 
 to represent a BaMbala hero or tribal god, and 
 
 154 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 155 
 
 carved with considerable skill in hard wood, serving 
 as a terminal to the haft. The back of this head 
 appears to be covered by some sort of crown, 
 formed by two broad bands, ornamented with zig- 
 zags, and crossing at the centre one over the other. 
 The eyes are shuttle-shaped, with lids almost closed, 
 and just in front of each ear are two rectangular 
 swellings which may possibly be tribal marks. The 
 greater part of the haft is covered with sheet copper, 
 formed into a rounded spiral at the grip, and the 
 blade is fixed by means of a tang passing entirely 
 through a racket-shaped termination framed with 
 copper, the exposed wood on each face being or- 
 namentally grooved in checkers. These faces are 
 only slightly convex, and the thickness at the end is 
 about \ inch only. The blade is of iron, spreading to 
 a curved edge towards which it has a series of trans- 
 verse curved ridges, and it is decorated on each face 
 with an engraved border and central design. Length 
 of haft, i\\ inches. I gave £1 for this specimen, 
 which is certainly of considerable rarity, and appears 
 to be antique. 
 
 Fig. 89 is from a ceremonial axe coming from the 
 Kasai district of the Congo State. The blade is nearly 
 10 inches across at the edge, and is of most peculiar 
 construction, the middle portion being cut out on either 
 side of a central strip which is joined by four curved 
 ones starting from the upper angles, these being 
 strengthened by two twisted connections from the 
 
156 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 direction of the haft. From each face of the central 
 strip projects a head of native type, in full relief, the 
 whole being a marvellous example of wrought-iron 
 work. The haft is 15J inches long, and is covered 
 with a sheathing of copper, apparently nailed to wood 
 of some kind. The end has a rounded swelling through 
 
 Fig. 89. — Ceremonial Axe, Kasai District, Belgian Congo. 
 
 which the tang of the blade passes. Axes of this 
 pattern are not so rare as one would suppose, and are 
 said to be still manufactured. As far as I can re- 
 member, this specimen, which must be many years 
 old, cost 15s. 
 
 It is difficult to attribute many Central African 
 arrows to any particular tribe, but the specimens repre- 
 sented in Figs. 90, 91, and 92 are from the district of 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 157 
 
 the Kasai River, a tributary of the Congo, joining it 
 from the south. The iron heads of these arrows are all 
 socketed (in which they differ from the Nigerian type, 
 which is tanged), and some are remarkably large and 
 of very striking appearance. All of them bore traces 
 of poison, dried by time to the likeness of varnish, and 
 usually coating the hollow side of the ogee-shaped 
 head ; but not thickly smeared over the neck or fore- 
 shaft as on Nigerian and East African specimens. All 
 Nigerian arrows I have seen are featherless, but these 
 Kasai ones have each four short feathers attached by 
 binding, at some distance from the notched end. The 
 shafts are made from what is considered to be the 
 midrib of a palm-leaf, giving a very curious section, 
 sometimes almost triangular and in other cases nearly 
 square, but always with one rounded face ( ? the out- 
 side of the rib) . Perhaps the most distinctive of these 
 arrows have the wooden fore-shaft cut into a series of 
 vicious-looking barbs, the iron head having none. 
 
 Fig. 90, No. 1. Length 29 inches. Head with two 
 barbs, one cut away higher than the other ; wooden 
 fore-shaft attached to the shaft by a tough binding 
 ( ? narrow strip of palm-leaf) ; shaft and feathers as 
 described above ; notched end bound for 2*25 inches 
 below the feathers. Fig. 90, No. 2. Length 
 28*25 inches. Leaf-shaped head of ogee section, 
 4'3 inches long. Fig. 90, No. 3. Length 29 inches. 
 Diamond-shaped ogee head, 2*4 inches long. Fig. 91, 
 No. 1. Length 27*5 inches. Triangular head of ogee 
 
158 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 section with two long barbs curved inwards at the 
 ends ; wooden fore-shaft cut into five barbs (one or two 
 possibly missing). Fig. 91 , No. 2. Length 28*5 inches. 
 Triangular head of ogee section, 2' 4 inches wide and 
 39 inches long (to base of socket). Fig. 91, No. 3. 
 Length 29' 1 inches. Head similar to No. 1 ; no barbs 
 on fore-shaft. 
 
 Fig. 92, No. 1. Length 265 inches. Spreading 
 head with curved edge at the top ; wooden fore-shaft 
 cut into 12 long barbs, in three groups of four. Fig. 92, 
 No. 2. Length 28 inches. Head as No. 1 ; wooden 
 fore-shaft cut into 20 hooked barbs, in five groups of 
 four. 
 
 Fig. 92, No. 3. Length 29' 1 inches. Leaf-shaped 
 head of ogee section with plaited collar at base of 
 socket ; wooden fore-shaft cut into seven groups of 
 barbs (probably once 28 in number). The details of 
 the shafts and feathers of all these arrows are more or 
 less the same, so they all appear to belong to the same 
 tribe. 
 
 No. 1 of Fig. 93 is from an arrow attributed to the 
 Kasai region, but presumably from a different tribe. 
 It is 29 inches in length, and has a deeply barbed head 
 attached to the shaft not by a socket but by a tang. 
 The shaft is of some kind of smooth reed or cane, and 
 is very deeply notched, and plumed with four short 
 feathers. No. 2 shows a most interesting and rare 
 arrow or dart, attributed to one of the Pygmy tribes 
 which inhabit the Equatorial Forest of the Congo 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 159 
 
 Fig. 90. — Arrows, Kasai River 
 Region, Belgian Congo. 
 
 Fig. 91. — Broad-bladed Kasai 
 
 Arrows. 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 161 
 
 Fig. 92. — Arrows with Barbed 
 Wooden Fore-Shafts, Kasai 
 °1 River. 
 
 Fig. 93. — Congo Arrows. (1) 
 Kasai District. (2) Attributed 
 to Pygmy Tribe of the Equa- 
 torial Forest. 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 163 
 
 region, and are found sporadically throughout Central 
 Africa. This specimen is only 179 inches long, and 
 has an elongated barbed head with a socket (obtained 
 from one of the agricultural tribes, as the Pygmies do 
 not work iron). The shaft is of brown wood, flattish, 
 and ornamentally scored near the end. It has a split, 
 2' 5 inches long, down the centre, at about the same 
 distance from the unnotched extremity, and in this 
 slit is inserted the remains of a leaf (conjecturally 
 restored in the drawing), used instead of a feather to 
 give the missile a straight course. Pygmy weapons 
 seem to be very rarely brought home, and not much 
 is known of these dwarf negroes. The arrow came 
 with the Kasai specimens. 
 
 The short swords, daggers, cleavers, etc., used by 
 the various tribes inhabiting the banks of the mighty 
 Congo River are among the most interesting of African 
 weapons. They are collectively known as "war- 
 knives,' ' and are often of very fantastic pattern. Many 
 would be almost useless in the hands of a European, 
 though each type probably owes its form to the special 
 object for which it was made. To localize the different 
 patterns is very difficult, and I am greatly indebted to 
 Mr. Joyce, of the British Museum, for kindly identify- 
 ing the specimens here illustrated, all of which I picked 
 up at curiosity shops in 191 5. The appearance of 
 Congo weapons in unusual numbers was attributed at 
 that time to their having been brought to this country 
 by Belgian refugees who had obtained them in pre-war 
 
1 64 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 days from the Belgian Congo, but I cannot vouch for 
 the truth of this story. At any rate, they were fairly 
 cheap, and well worth adding to my collection. 
 
 Fig. 94, No. i. Length 18^ inches. Top of hilt 
 
 Fig. 94. — Congo War-Knives. (1) Probably from Sanga. (2) From 
 neighbourhood of Upoto. (3) Tofoke Tribe, near Stanley Falls. 
 
 flat and projecting, covered with sheet brass engraved 
 with concentric circles, inside which is a "St. Andrew's 
 Cross," with a series of diminishing squares in the 
 centre ; under surface of top also engraved. Wooden 
 grip covered with flattened brass wire. Double-edged 
 blade spreading towards the bottom ; central space 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 165 
 
 engraved on both faces with a series of deep grooves 
 following the curves ; pointed ridge in centre of upper 
 part of blade on both faces. Probably from Sanga, 
 Congo State. 
 
 Fig. 94, No. 2. Length 23^ inches. Wooden hilt 
 bound with sheet copper in spiral band round grip ; 
 pommel capped with membrane attached by fibre cord. 
 Blade with medial ridge having a blood-channel on its 
 right side ; curved blood-channel above centre of right 
 side of blade, above which is an ornament of incised 
 lines ; fourteen copper rivets, in pairs, passing through 
 the blade, perhaps merely for decoration. Between 
 the hilt and the blade there are two arc-shaped open- 
 ings, the outline here being ovoid ; the edges of these 
 openings, as also the outer sides of this portion and 
 the medial ridge of the blade, decorated with short 
 diagonal incisions. Both faces of the blade are alike 
 in all details. From Upoto, on the north bank of the 
 Mid-Congo, in the Mondunga district, Congo State. 
 
 Fig. 94, No. 3. Length 17^ inches. Wooden hilt 
 with diamond-shaped terminal . Double-edged blade with 
 sloping shoulders and acute point ; each face of blade 
 finely engraved, a portion on the right side being filled 
 in with lines close together, following the curves ; orna- 
 mentation down the middle and on the upper part of 
 the left side, branching from the top. Tofoke tribe ; 
 made near Stanley Falls, but brought from the San- 
 kuru River, tributary of the Kasai, tributary of the 
 Congo. 
 
1 66 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 Fig- 95, No. i. Length 12J inches. Wooden hilt 
 with grip bound with copper wire (over-bound with 
 some other material towards the top) ; spreading 
 double-edged blade below a squared upper part, with 
 central slit on the principal faces ; medial line orna- 
 mented with punctures. Above the point are two 
 holes, \ inch apart, in horizontal position. From 
 Stanley Falls district (formerly in the Mountmorris 
 collection) . 
 
 Fig. 95. — (1) From Stanley Falls District. (2) Probably from 
 Ubaiiifi River. 
 
 Fig- 95, No. 2. Length 14J- inches. Hilt with 
 spreading top covered with engraved sheet brass and 
 ornamented with brass-headed nails ; grip bound with 
 copper wire, above which is a binding of crimson wool 
 or silk. Single-edged chopper-shaped blade with 
 square end, having projecting ridges at the back. 
 Probably from the Ubangi River, French Congo. 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 167 
 
 Fig. 96, No. 2. Length 17^ inches. Plain wooden 
 hilt ; curved blade broadening to a head with two 
 points. The blade on one face is strengthened by two 
 
 Fig. 96. — (1) Probably of the Azandeh (Niam-Niam) Tribe. 
 (2) From north bank of Middle Congo. 
 
 ridges following the curves of the edges, and a round 
 hole pierces the head just behind its centre. From 
 north bank of Middle Congo. This might be used 
 either as a war-axe or as a missile, and is of rare form. 
 
1 68 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 The Azandeh Tribe 
 
 Weapons of the Niam-Niam, or Azandeh cannibals 
 of Equatorial Africa, are considerably rarer than those 
 of the Fangs, with which they are sometimes confused. 
 The Niam-Niam tribe (called the Neam-Nam by Wood) 
 was first located in the country crossed by the northern 
 border of the Congo State (roughly extending from the 
 third to the sixth degree N.) but has probably shifted 
 its boundaries since its name appeared on the atlas. 
 It is described as a warlike race of an olive colour, and 
 little seems to have been known of it before the explora- 
 tions of Petherick. The weapons of the Azandeh 
 (which is the name now most generally used) consist 
 of spears, "war-knives" of very peculiar shapes, 
 and the curious throwing-knives to be described 
 presently . 
 
 Fig. 96, No. 1, shows a rare type of "war-knife," 
 probably of Azandeh manufacture, though, with less 
 likelihood, it might be Aruwimi. Length 19! inches. 
 Hilt of wood ; grip covered with a sort of crochet-work 
 above a binding. The back part of the curved neck 
 of the blade is squared and thick, with a series of semi- 
 circular scoops cut through its edges ; the central part 
 of the neck engraved with lines of incisions. The 
 interior curve is edged, running to an obtusely-pointed 
 axe-like head with a sharp point at the back. This 
 weapon might be used as a missile. 
 
 The falchion shown in Fig. 97 is attributed to the 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 169 
 
 Mundu sub-tribe of the Azandeh, and is of a distinctive 
 Azandeh pattern. It might be described as a short, 
 crooked sword, and it is used to charge with after the 
 throwing-knives have been hurled, being worn with 
 the hilt downwards, usually in a leathern sheath. This 
 
 Fig. 97.— Azandeh (Mundu) Falchion. 
 
 specimen measures 23^ inches over all, disregarding 
 the curve. The blade is two-edged, and is decorated 
 on one face only with incised designs. The short 
 wooden hilt is partly bound with flattened iron wire, 
 and its junction with the blade is covered with a deep 
 cord binding ; the tang, which passes through the hilt, 
 
170 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 being turned over at its top. A distinctive feature is 
 a projection with expanded head at the base of the 
 blade on the front edge. From this projection a cord 
 would be tied loosely to the handle, the loop passing 
 over the wrist of the user, after the manner of a sword- 
 knot. These knives vary a good deal in outline, some 
 being shaped more like a sickle, but all have the pro- 
 jection for the wrist-cord, by which they may be 
 identified. 
 
 We now come to the famous Azandeh throwing-knife, 
 which is different in shape from the throwing-knife 
 of the Fang tribe. Describing it, the Rev. J. G. Wood 
 writes : ' The weapon is wholly flat, the handle in- 
 clined, and is about the thickness of an ordinary sword- 
 blade. The projecting portions are all edged, and 
 kept extremely sharp, while the handle is rather thicker 
 than the blade, and is rounded and roughened so as 
 to afford a firm grip to the hand." Concerning the 
 use of this missile, the same author says : " When the 
 Neam-Nam comes near his enemv, and before he is in 
 range of a spear-thrust, he snatches one of these 
 strange weapons from his shield and hurls it at the 
 foe, much as an Australian flings his boomerang, an 
 American Indian his tomahawk, and a Sikh his chakra, 
 giving it a revolving motion as he throws it. Owing to 
 this mode of flinging, the weapon covers a considerable 
 space, and if the projecting blades come in contact 
 with the enemy's person they are sure to disable if not 
 to kill him on the spot. ' ' 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 171 
 
 These Azandeh throwing-knives were rare in this 
 country up to the last decade, but are now offered for 
 sale fairly frequently. The fine specimen shown in 
 Fig. 98 was bought from a London dealer for 10s. 6d. 
 The length from the point of the central blade to the 
 end of the handle is 16 inches, and all three blades are 
 double-edged, bevelled on the side shown, but quite 
 
 Fig. 98. — Azandeh Throwing-Knives. 
 (The one on tlie right is from the Exeter Museum.) 
 
 flat upon the other. The handle is flat, the grip being 
 bound with strips apparently of snake-skin, in- 
 geniously knotted down the centre of what may be 
 called the reverse side. It is a light missile, weighing 
 only 9 ounces, and is beautifully balanced, so could 
 be thrown with accuracy to a considerable distance, 
 the whirling blades, which are very sharp, being 
 certain to inflict a serious wound should any part of 
 
172 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 the knife strike its mark. The illustration on the right 
 is from a specimen of differing pattern in the Exeter 
 Museum. 
 
 The Fang Tribe 
 
 This cannibal tribe inhabits the country to the north 
 of the Gabun River, in the French Congo, and is 
 stated to have gradually worked its way down that 
 river from the interior, a hundred miles or more, along 
 the southern border of the Cameroons. This tribe is 
 not a negro one, but is of a brown colour, and has been 
 known under various names — the Osheba, the Pasuen, 
 the BaFanh, the Fan, and the Fang, the last spelling 
 presumably being the most correct, as it is now used 
 at the British Museum. 
 
 These Fangs are very proficient in forging iron, and 
 are armed with spears, crossbows, and throwing-knives. 
 The Fang throwing-knife (Figs. 99 and 100) is (on the 
 authority of a museum label) called a hunga-munga, 
 and it has a pointed head transverse to the handle, 
 supposed to represent the head of some bird, the eye 
 being indicated by a triangular opening. The back of 
 the head is edged, and there is a sharp spur behind 
 the neck, just above the handle, so that when the 
 weapon is hurled by an overhand throw it revolves 
 vertically in the air, and if it fails to strike with the 
 beak is likely to do so with the edge at the back of 
 the head or with the spur, thus inflicting a wound at 
 any point of its revolution. 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 173 
 

 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 175 
 
 The specimen shown in Fig. 99 is a remarkably 
 large one, the blade measuring 12J inches from the 
 point of the beak to the back edge. This heavy type 
 has the neck nearly straight, but in the lighter type 
 (Fig. 100) the neck is considerably curved. The 
 handle of the big one is bound with brass wire, and has 
 a conical ornament covered with sheet brass at the end. 
 The blade of the smaller specimen is hardly 10 inches 
 in length, and the handle is bound with copper wire, 
 the termination being of wood. 
 
 The ordinary war-knives of the Fangs (Fig. 101) 
 are of a pattern also used by neighbouring tribes, and 
 have an average measurement of 21 inches in total 
 length, so they might be called short swords. The 
 blade is either channelled or plain, with a slight medial 
 ridge, and is barbed like the head of a spear, the 
 barbs being below a neck, the centre of which is 
 covered on both faces by the prolongation of the 
 wooden handle. The grip is either of polished wood 
 or bound with iron or copper wire, and is protected by 
 a short cross guard. The double-edged blade is of an 
 elegant outline, with edges curving inwards and then 
 outwards to a fair breadth, afterwards running to a 
 fine point. A few inches near the hilt are almost 
 always decorated with some simple though remark- 
 ably effective incised pattern (see Fig. 102), which 
 shows that these cannibal savages have considerable 
 artistic talent. I have four fine specimens of Fang 
 war-knives of this type, but only one of them (in 
 
176 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 Fig. 10 1) still has its sheath. This is covered with the 
 skin of some large snake of a dark colour banded with 
 yellowish white, the contrast being very effective. 
 Hide scabbards are also used by the Fangs. 
 
 A knife or dagger of quite a different pattern is seen 
 in Fig. 103. This is nf inches long, and has a very 
 
 Fig. 102. — Engraved Patterns on 
 War-Knives (probably Fang) 
 from French Congo. 
 
 Fig. 103. — Fang Broad-bladed 
 Knife. 
 
 broad double-edged blade let into a wooden handle 
 with grip carved into a series of balls. 
 
 Fang crossbows are much rarer than their other 
 weapons, but I was fortunate, many years ago, in 
 procuring a fine specimen (Fig. 104). The stock is 
 made from dark-brown polished wood, the bow being 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 177 
 
 of almost square section and of enormous power, 
 though the late Rev. J. G. Wood writes that the 
 range at which such crossbows are used rarely exceeds 
 fifteen yards. The mechanism of the Fang crossbow 
 is very peculiar, the stock being split horizontally to 
 
 Fig. 104. — Fang Crossbow. 
 
 a point about 2 inches beyond the notch which catches 
 the string when the weapon is strung, so that the upper 
 and lower halves of the stock can open out. Within 
 the notch is a square wooden peg, fixed to the lower 
 portion and passing freely through a hole in the upper, 
 this peg closing the notch when the two parts are 
 
178 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 together, but allowing the string to rest in it when 
 they are apart. Before stringing the bow, the stock 
 must therefore be kept open by a piece of wood or 
 otherwise, and the string can only be released by 
 removing the obstruction and allowing the separated 
 parts of the stock to spring together, with the effect 
 that the peg pushes the string out of the notch. This 
 clumsy method — which, of course, prevents any ac- 
 curacy of aim— accounts for the short range at which 
 the crossbow is used ; but the little darts that it dis- 
 charges are treated with a vegetable poison, the com- 
 position of which is, as usual, a secret. These darts 
 are merely pointed sticks of light wood, about a foot 
 long, and are kept in place by a dab of adhesive gum, 
 the traces of which may still be seen on this specimen. 
 There is some carved ornamentation on the upper side 
 of the stock, which measures 2 feet 10 inches, the 
 bow being just 2 feet across. I have never seen a 
 similar weapon offered for sale, but the value is probably 
 about £1. 
 
 The natives of the French Congo, like the Kaffir 
 tribes, use throwing-spears, but these are easily to be 
 distinguished from the South African assegais, as the 
 heads are made with socketed fore-shafts instead of 
 tangs. The pattern of the head varies greatly, but 
 the principal types (all from specimens in my own col- 
 lection) are shown in the accompanying drawings. 
 No doubt several tribes are represented, but a good 
 many of the spears are probably Fang, though only 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 179 
 
 in a few cases attributable to that tribe with certainty. 
 All have some connecting feature, such as the wood of 
 the shaft or the engraving decorating the head or 
 socket, indicating a common geographical origin, 
 which is the Gabun region. Spears of these types 
 
 Fig. 105. — Throwing-Spears, Gabun River. 
 
 (with the exception of the variety shown in Fig. 108) 
 are fairly common, and may be roughly valued at 
 2s. 6d. to 5s. each. The details of the specimens 
 figured are as follows : 
 
 Fig. 105, No. 1. Length 5 feet 8 inches. Double- 
 
180 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 barbed head of ogee section ; squared fore-shaft (origin- 
 ally) with 8 barbs, the four upper ones being cut on 
 two of the angles and the four lower ones in opposite 
 pairs, the points of each pair brought together. Fore- 
 shaft ends in a socket, open at one side and ham- 
 mered round the shaft. Shaft of brown wood with 
 longitudinal striations or small ridges. 
 
 Fig. 105, No. 2. Length 5 feet 8^ inches. Double- 
 barbed head of ogee section ; squared fore-shaft with 
 notched edges, ending in four rudimentary barbs ; 
 socket ending in a point ; shaft as No. 1. 
 
 Fig 105, No. 3. Length 5 feet 8^ inches. Similar 
 to No. 2, but the squared part of the fore-shaft ends 
 in four small barbs (cut from the angles) with the points 
 of the opposite pairs brought together. All from the 
 Gabun River and made by the same tribe. 
 
 Fig. 106, No. 1. Length 5 feet 10J inches. Plain 
 triangular head ; flattish squared fore-shaft with 8 barbs 
 cut from opposite angles under a horizontal ridge at 
 the neck ; socket open on one side ; shaft of smooth 
 brown wood, with slight swell towards the butt. 
 
 Fig. 106, No. 2. Length 5 feet 9 inches. Leaf- 
 shaped head with flat medial ridges ; short squared 
 fore-shaft swelling to socket ; shaft of same wood as 
 the last, bound for 3^ inches below the socket with 
 brass wire. Fang tribe. 
 
 Fig. 106, No. 3. Length 5 feet 4 inches. Plain, 
 obtusely-pointed head with medial chain of decorative 
 incisions on each face ; round fore-shaft with projecting 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 181 
 
 Fig. 106. — Throwing-Spears, 
 French Congo Types. 
 
 Fig. 107. — Throwing- Spears, 
 (2) and (3) with Long Fore- 
 shafts, French Congo. 
 
BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 183 
 
 collar at neck ; socket as before, but with edges round 
 the opening ornamented with notching ; head and fore- 
 shaft covered with ( ? European) gold paint ; shaft of 
 the same wood as the others. ( ? Fang tribe.) 
 
 rfflpj 
 
 BUTT 
 
 Fig. 108. — Fang Spear, French Congo. 
 
 Fig. 107, No. 1. Length 5 feet 6 inches. Plain 
 head with ridge across the neck ; flat, squared fore- 
 shaft, notched at edges and with medial chain of 
 incisions on each face ; socket with notched edges of 
 side opening ; shaft of the ribbed wood before described. 
 
1 84 BELGIAN AND FRENCH CONGO 
 
 Fig. 107, No. 2. Length 6 feet 3 J inches. Small 
 leaf-shaped head ornamented with medial chain of 
 incisions on each face ; long round fore-shaft with 
 shoulder below neck, ending in socket as No. 1 (length 
 from point to end of socket, 32^ inches) ; shaft of 
 ribbed brown wood. 
 
 Fig. 107, No. 3. Length 6 feet \ inch ; 31 inches 
 from point to base of socket. Small leaf-shaped head 
 with medial line of punctures on each face ; fore-shaft 
 swells out to shoulder ; shaft as the last. 
 
 Fig. 108. Length 7 feet 7 J inches. Spreading head, 
 3^ inches wide at lower angles ; base of blade engraved 
 with a pattern ending in the usual chain up the middle ; 
 slender fore-shaft with the usual socket ; shaft of 
 smooth brown wood, bound with brass wire for 
 7 inches below the socket, and fitted into the socketed 
 fore-shaft of another spear (broken across the lower 
 part of the head), 31-3- inches long, serving as a butt, 
 and giving extra weight. A spear-head of this type is 
 given as of the Fang tribe in the British Museum 
 Handbook (Fig. 164). This is a very curious speci- 
 men of some value. 
 
KAMERUN 
 
 Fig. 109 shows a war-knife from the Kamerun River 
 in the conquered German territory. In a provincial 
 museum, many years ago, I saw a similar specimen 
 
 Fig. 109. — War-Knife from Kamerun River. 
 
 labelled "Jumba, or Executioner's Knife; West 
 Africa," but I fancy it is usually carried, like other 
 African war-knives, as a weapon, and is not specially 
 used for executions. In Sargeaunt's " Weapons " an 
 
 185 
 
1 86 KAMERUN 
 
 almost identical knife is described as showing a Man- 
 dingo dagger (French Sudan), but as in the same plate 
 a Fang war-knife is attributed to East Africa, not much 
 reliance can be placed on this work. An example just 
 like mine is labelled ' ' Kamerun River ' ' in the Exeter 
 Museum, so I think that there is little doubt that this 
 is the correct attribution. My specimen is nearly 
 21 inches long, and has a wooden handle with a mush- 
 room-shaped termination, and the grip carved into 
 three ball-like projections, under which the hilt expands 
 to cover the blade, curving upwards over it. The 
 blade has a medial ridge on both faces, and is double- 
 edged, with inward curves towards the rather slender 
 point. 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 AMONG a number of weapons specially collected for 
 the writer in the northern provinces of Nigeria, are 
 several curious war-knives of which drawings are here 
 given. 
 
 Fig. no.— War-Knife with Fish-tail Sheath, Beri Beri Tribe, 
 Bornu Province. 
 
 Fig. 1 10 comes from the Beri Beri tribe of the Bornu 
 Province, and is i8J inches long. Hilt and blade 
 appear to be made in one piece, but the grip is covered 
 with dark leather having the appearance of plaited 
 
 187 
 
1 88 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 strips, the shoulders of the blade, as also the lower 
 part of the oddly-shaped termination of the hilt, being 
 similarly covered. The hilt ends in a flat triangle of 
 uncovered metal, having a medial ridge on each face, 
 and the surface of the blade on both faces is almost 
 covered with finely executed engraving, the central 
 part being ornamented with checkers, etc. It is 
 double-edged and runs to a fine point. The sheath is 
 more remarkable than the knife, terminating like the 
 tail of a fish, and having a high ridge down the centre. 
 The fish-tailed portion is of white metal (perhaps tin), 
 and is stamped with a pattern on the side showing in 
 the position in which the weapon is carried, which is 
 along the left arm, the hand passing through a band 
 attached near the mouth of the sheath. This band, 
 as also the upper part of the sheath, is covered with 
 a silky crimson material, a strip of green velvet, sewn 
 across the sheath, adding to the gaudy effect. 
 
 Fig. in shows another Bornu weapon — a dagger 
 14! inches long. Hilt and blade are in one, but above 
 the grip is a curiously shaped brass ornament with open 
 centre and cones at the angles, the base being of 
 square section. The steel hilt is covered on both faces 
 with criss-cross engraving, but the blade is plain, with 
 medial grooves. The sheath is of stamped leather, 
 mounted with brass and tin, and decorated with cloth 
 of two colours. The band to pass up the arm is of 
 leather, and very ornate, with brass studs and an open- 
 work design in brass, showing red and green cloth 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 189 
 
 Fig. hi.— Bornu Dagger. 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 191 
 
 underneath, whilst in front is a metal plate having a 
 four-sided conical ornament of brass, between four studs 
 of the same. 
 
 
 Fig. 112.— Bornu Knife with Animals engraved on the Blade. 
 
 In Fig. 1 1 2 we have a small dagger or knife much of 
 the type of Fig. no, so probably from the same tribe. 
 It is 1 of inches long, the hilt being covered with 
 narrow strips of dark coloured leather, most ingeni- 
 ously plaited round the grip, the shoulders of the blade, 
 
192 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 and the base of the flat terminal, which in this case is 
 decorated with punctures round the curved rim, and 
 with a herring-bone design running up the centre. On 
 one side of the blade is engraved a curious animal with 
 a long tail, suggesting a tortoise or a fat lizard, and on 
 the other side an attenuated animal with long legs and 
 a very long tail forming a loop at the end. These 
 curious figures are executed chiefly in lines of punc- 
 tures, and are shown by the drawing of the dagger in 
 its sheath. They are engraved below a design of tri- 
 angles and diamonds at the upper part of the blade. 
 The sheath is covered about half-way down with black 
 stamped leather, and the lower portion with whitish 
 leather decorated with patterns of black stitching 
 executed in narrow strips of black. There is no band 
 to slip over the arm, but a twisted leather thong, with 
 runners, is laced to the sheath, and by this the knife 
 could be securely attached to the arm, from which it 
 is probably suspended. 
 
 Fig. 113 represents a knife from Northern Nigeria, 
 13 \ inches long. The terminal of the hilt runs to lateral 
 points, and the entire hilt is covered with black leather 
 with a seam down one side. The blade has a series of 
 engraved lines following the curves of the edges, the 
 central portion being left plain. The sheath is covered 
 with stamped leather of a dark colour, and has a trans- 
 verse band of whitish leather ornamented with stitched 
 checkers in black. An arm band is laced on in the 
 usual manner. 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 i93 
 
 The term ' ' man-catcher ' ' has been applied to any 
 implement devised by savages with the object of stop- 
 ping the flight of an enemy, but although one or two 
 patterns are well known, these are not of African origin, 
 
 Fig. 113. — Dagger from Northern Nigeria. 
 
 and the specimen drawn as No. 1 of Fig. 114 is the 
 first I have come across which, without any doubt, 
 comes from Africa. It was obtained in the Ilorin 
 Province of Northern Nigeria by Mr. E, C. Pickwoad, 
 
7 
 
 194 
 
 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 of the Nigerian Civil Service, and was regarded out 
 there as a rarity, this particular weapon (if such it may 
 be termed) being very difficult to get. It is called by 
 the natives a kra km, and is of Yoruba manufacture, 
 
 Fig. 114.— (i) Man-Catcher {Kra Kra). (2) Double Spear, 
 Ilorin Province, Northern Nigeria. 
 
 being in the form of two slightly diverging hooks of 
 iron, socketed to a shaft similar to the ordinary spear- 
 shaft of the district. 
 
 The sharp hooks might on occasion be struck into 
 the flesh, but are probably intended to catch an enemy, 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 195 
 
 especially when running away, round the neck or by a 
 limb, thus arresting him or tripping him up so that the 
 war-knife might be used. The kra kra would, however, 
 serve as a weapon in a combat, though not so effective 
 as a spear, and it is to be presumed that it would not 
 be employed unless its user carried other arms as well. 
 
 The total length of my specimen is 63 inches, the 
 iron part having a socket open on one side, and being 
 13 inches long. On opposite sides of the socket are 
 two projecting diamond-shaped ornaments of brass, 
 similar to those on the Yoruba spears of the Ilorin 
 Province. The shaft is of some tough wood, and is 
 surrounded not far from the socket by a band ap- 
 parently cut from a tobacco or provision tin, as 
 stamped lettering is visible thereon, probably reading 
 " Pull cutter towards centre." 
 
 Another strange weapon from the Ilorin Province is 
 the double spear shown as No. 2 of Fig. 114. Opinions 
 in Nigeria seem to differ as to whether the two spears 
 are used in combination or separately, for although it 
 may be argued that they are only lashed together for 
 convenience in carrying, the lashing is of such a per- 
 manent character that it would take a long time to 
 unfasten, and it is so neatly executed, in hide strips, 
 as to suggest that it was never intended to be removed. 
 The fore-shafts are bound together at a distance of 
 9 \ inches from the points, and the shafts in three 
 places — 34f inches from the points, and at 1 inch and 
 3 inches from the butts. The two iron heads are of 
 
196 
 
 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 identical design, being of flattish quadrangular form, 
 tapering to a point. On one face of each head are 
 transverse scorings, this scored face being turned out- 
 wards in the case of one spear and inwards in the 
 other. The heads have sockets, open down one side, 
 
 Fig. 115. — Ancient Spear, Ilorin Province, Northern Nigeria. 
 
 each being attached to its shaft by a nail with a pro- 
 jecting head. The shafts are of some wood with a 
 rather rough bark. 
 
 The antique spear of which details are given in 
 Fig. 115 is a very heavy one, measuring 6 feet 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 197 
 
 6J inches in length. This also came from Ilorin, and 
 is attributed to the Yoruba tribe. The blade is of elon- 
 gated leaf -shape, and has a high medial ridge on both 
 faces. It has a split socket decorated with four of 
 the brass bosses similar to those on the kra kra, but 
 these are of vesica shape. On the shaft beneath the 
 socket are two projecting iron collars, 5 inches apart, 
 the space between them covered with sheet brass 
 stamped with a band of diagonal lines at the top. The 
 shaft is of polished wood, showing a very light colour 
 where the surface is broken, and socketed to this is an 
 iron butt, nf inches long, with a projecting collar 
 of iron above it. This part of the Yoruba spears is 
 usually flattened out, with squared sides. 
 
 I have another specimen similar in every detail to 
 the above, though varying slightly in the proportions. 
 It was obtained in the Bornu Province, but both spears 
 are obviously the work of the same tribe. 
 
 A still longer Ilorin spear in this collection measures 
 6 feet 11 inches. The ridged leaf-shaped blade runs 
 into an elongated socket decorated with the usual brass 
 bosses. The greater part of the shaft is covered with 
 a woven binding of narrow hide strips, alternating with 
 coverings of glossy black leather. It has the curious 
 iron collars and other distinctive details of the last two 
 spears referred to. These are all thrusting spears, but 
 the Hausas of the Kano and Sokoto Provinces use 
 throwing-spears not unlike some of the Gabun types. 
 
 Fig. 116 shows a typical Hausa spear from Kano. 
 
198 
 
 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 The head is of plain leaf-shape, the fore-shaft being 
 squared, with twelve barbs cut from two of the diagon- 
 ally opposite corners. The broader faces of the fore- 
 shaft are engraved with zigzags, etc., above the usual 
 socket (see this portion of the spear drawn on a larger 
 
 Fig. 116. — Typical Hausa Spear from Kano. 
 
 scale). The shaft is formed of a stick, rather knotty, 
 and by no means straight. At the butt is the character- 
 istic North Nigerian flattened iron termination, perhaps 
 useful to balance the weapon when thrown. From 
 Birnin Kebbi, Sokoto, I have a somewhat lighter spear 
 of much the same type, but having nearly thirty small 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 199 
 
 barbs on the fore-shaft, cut along the four edges just 
 below the blade. 
 
 A much rarer form of Hausa spear was procured by 
 Mr. Pickwoad at Asbinawa, Kano Province. This is 
 made entirely of iron or steel, and is 73^ inches in 
 length. The blade is of elongated leaf-shape, g\ inches 
 long and only 1 inch broad at the widest part, with 
 high medial ridges, and cut into two barbs at the base, 
 though these barbs lie close to the shaft. On the 
 shaft, 14J inches from the point, is another pair of 
 barbs hardly projecting at all. The shaft is decorated 
 with six or seven groups of golden-coloured bands, 
 apparently let into the metal, with bands of incised 
 lines running round above and below most of the 
 groups. The central portion of the shaft is covered 
 for a distance of about 13 inches with brown hide, 
 serving as a grip, and this may possibly hide further 
 bands of decoration on the metal. 
 
 But the most curious feature of this interesting 
 weapon is its butt, which is beaten flat for a length of 
 20 inches, and spreads out at the end to a slightly 
 curved edge over i\ inches long. At the junction of 
 the flattened part with the rounded shaft there is an 
 edged circular projection. 
 
 This spear is too slender to make a good drawing, 
 but is well worth a full description. The object of the 
 spud-like termination is rather puzzling, unless the 
 natives use this part for digging up roots or getting 
 at burrowing animals. It does not seem to add to the 
 
200 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 efficiency of the spear, which is presumably intended 
 to be thrown. 
 
 Figs .117 and 118 show a quiver and four of the fifteen 
 poisoned arrows it contained, the locality of origin being 
 some part of Nigeria, probably the upper region. The 
 quiver is made from a piece of bamboo about if inches 
 in diameter and 21^ inches long, the lower end being 
 bound with black, hide, as is also the upper part, which 
 may or may not have had a cover. A strap for sus- 
 pension is attached to an upper hide band, but exactly 
 how it was originally arranged is obscure, as the strap- 
 ping is imperfect. To the strapping was suspended 
 a small black horn of some kind of antelope, over the 
 upper part of which raw hide has been shrunk, holding 
 it firmly as a pendant, with a plaited runner above it. 
 This horn was probably a charm of the-ju-ju class, for 
 luck in warfare or hunting. The arrows have light 
 yellow reed shafts, and are deeply notched, but not 
 feathered, the ends being strengthened by a binding of 
 varying depth. The heads are all of iron, with longish 
 tanged fore-shafts, and show traces of the usual West 
 African sticky poison. Fig. 118, No. 1, measures 
 27 \ inches, and has a leaf -shaped head of ogee section, 
 with a pair of barbs underneath it (the commonest type 
 of Nigerian arrow-head). No. 2 has a more elongated 
 head, and in No. 3 (29 inches) the fore-shaft is twisted 
 into a spiral, ending under the barbs in the middle of 
 the head. This spiral fore-shaft occurs on arrows from 
 Lower Nigeria, and a few examples are to be found in 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 20 1 
 
 Fig. 117. — Nigerian Bamboo 
 Quiver, with Ju-ju Charm 
 (Antelope's Horn) attached. 
 
 Fig. 118. — Nigerian Poisoned 
 Arrows. 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 203 
 
 most quivers from the upper districts. No. 4 is like 
 No. 1 , but has a smaller head, rounded instead of ogee. 
 This also is a favourite pattern, apparently used by 
 several tribes. The remaining arrows of this set are 
 slight variants of the patterns figured, but mostly re- 
 
 Fig. 119. — Bow and Quiver, Nigeria. 
 
 sembling Nos. 1 and 4. The price paid was 10s., about 
 the average for a Nigerian quiver and its contents. 
 
 Fig. 119 is of a bow and quiver procured by the 
 Curator of the Botanical Gardens at Lagos, to which 
 port they no doubt found their way from the interior. 
 
204 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 The quiver has an elongated cover, from the top of 
 which hang a number of leather strips stamped with 
 a St. Andrew's cross pattern, together with narrow 
 tags, their object being evidently decorative. A long 
 round plaited cord acts as a suspender, and the whole 
 article (26 inches long) is covered with dark-brown 
 leather. The bow coming with it is of stout make 
 and 55^ inches in length, of round section with slightly 
 flattened back, and of smoothed brown wood. To 
 one extremity is sewn a 4-inch hide band, and on the 
 other is a band of iron \ inch deep. The string is 
 thick, made of twisted sinew, with a knot about the 
 middle. This quiver contained thirteen poisoned 
 arrows, the upper parts of four being drawn in Fig. 120 
 and two more in Fig. 121. The shafts are of pale 
 yellow reed, notched but unfeathered, and many of 
 the arrows are so like Nos. 1 and 4 of Fig. 118 that 
 the same district is indicated, if not the same tribe. 
 Some of the fore-shafts seem to have been loosely 
 wrapped with a thickly-poisoned binding, now in a 
 brittle condition — the binding probably to keep the 
 poison damp. Many of the heads are more or less 
 one-sided, and the number of barbs is from one to 
 three. I have another set from the same region, the 
 quiver being a plain cylinder with a long cover, made 
 of (or covered with) almost black leather, stamped 
 with a saltire cross here and there. The arrows are 
 of the same type as in the first one, but a few have 
 heads in the form of a sharp spike. 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 205 
 
 1 J 
 
 Fig. 120.— Arrows from the Quiver shown in Fig. 119- 
 
 Fig i2i -Arrows from Northern Nigeria. (1) Three-barbed type. 
 (I? With binding over poisoned fore-shaft. (3), (4), (5) Munshi 
 poisoned arrows. 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 207 
 
 The arrows Nos. 3, 4, and 5 of Fig. 121 belong 
 to a set captured in the expedition against the Munshi 
 tribe of Northern Nigeria, under Col. Sir Frederick 
 Lugard. They were in a quiver of the usual cylindrical 
 form, constructed of light wood covered with smooth 
 yellowish hide, sewn up the side and across the bottom. 
 It was suspended by a sling of black net material 
 (European), passing through two loops in the hide 
 covering and forming bands near the ends. It had 
 no cover, and measured 23 inches. The bow is 
 44^ inches long, and of very stiff wood coloured black ; 
 strung with twisted sinew or hide, the string passing 
 through a hole at one end of the bow, and wound 
 spirally round it for 17 inches, ending in a plaited 
 band. The string is whipped for some inches with soft 
 thread (to protect it from being chafed by the notch 
 of the arrow), but the position of this binding leads 
 one to suppose that the arrow was not discharged 
 from the centre of the bow. The range, however, is 
 said to be surprising. The arrows (18) average 
 25 inches in length, and have (with the exception of 
 one which has a needle-shaped point) elongated barbed 
 heads of ogee section. The shafts are of reed, un- 
 feathered, the lower ends covered with flat black bind- 
 ing, diagonally crossing. The heads and fore-shafts 
 are thickly covered with pitch-like poison, said to kill 
 in eight minutes, for which the natives pretend to 
 know no antidote. The best way to exhibit African 
 arrows is to wire them tightly to a panel, as this 
 
2o8 
 
 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 diminishes the risk of being accidentally scratched by 
 them. They should on no account be kept loose, and 
 it is as well to clean the points and barbs with the 
 carborundum rubber now sold. Some collectors even 
 go to the length of cleansing the heads by fire, but 
 this might easily ruin an interesting specimen. 
 
 Fig. 122. — Munshi Archer's Dagger. 
 
 Fortunately many of these African poisons are only 
 effective when fresh and in a damp state, and arrows 
 treated with them usually become fairly harmless in 
 time. I know of a case where a deep wound was 
 accidentally inflicted by one of these poisoned arrows, 
 and the injury healed quite normally. 
 
 A dagger of very peculiar design (Fig. 122) is made 
 and used by this Munshi tribe, a loop, forged with the 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 209 
 
 blade, taking the place of a hilt. It is worn over the 
 palm of the Munshi archer's right hand, so as to be 
 available the very moment his poisoned arrow is dis- 
 charged, its looped hilt permitting it to be thus held 
 without in the least interfering with the use of the bow. 
 The usual length is a little under 6 inches, the blade 
 being quite short, triangular in shape, and with medial 
 ridge. 
 
 The Fulani horsemen of Nigeria use long lances, of 
 which a specimen in my collection is said to be an 
 example. It has a shaft of dark-brown polished wood, 
 with a swell 3 inches below the end of the socket, 
 gradually increasing in diameter towards the butt, 
 which is strengthened by an iron band. The head runs 
 to an angle on each side, and is plain, the socketed 
 fore-shaft having a curious ball-shaped collar. Total 
 length, 7 feet. 
 
 I have another Nigerian spear which has a leaf- 
 shaped head with midribs, a brass collar divided into 
 three projecting ridged bands, and a socketed fore- 
 shaft engraved with bands and four X-shaped figures, 
 this part being strengthened by two shuttle-shaped 
 pieces of iron, riveted to opposite sides. The wooden 
 shaft is neatly covered with leather, joined by a sewn 
 seam, and is decorated by four plaited bands of leather 
 thongs, under which are tassels of leather thongs, 
 coloured red. The shaft terminates in a short iron 
 spud-shaped butt, socketed and nailed on. This 
 weapon may possibly come from some part of the 
 
 14 
 
2io NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 lower Niger, but the shuttle-shaped ornaments on the 
 fore-shaft are very like those on the spears obtained at 
 I lor in and in Bornu. 
 
 Nigerian canoe-paddles (one of which is represented 
 in Fig. 123) come in large numbers from Lagos, and 
 are therefore easily obtainable in this country at 
 moderate prices, looking very well as wall ornaments. 
 It is difficult to assign them to any particular district, 
 as the same pattern seems to be used in both Lower 
 and Upper Nigeria, on the lagoons and rivers, including 
 the Niger far up from the coast. These paddles are 
 carved and pierced with open-work on both the blade 
 and the termination of the shaft, the blade being of 
 remarkably tapering leaf-shape, running to a fine point, 
 and usually with a long and narrow opening cut com- 
 pletely through the centre, with semi-circular openings 
 above and below. The shafts are also often pierced 
 near the middle, either divided into two small columns 
 or in the form of a chain-link, the end spreading out 
 into a flat ornament, ornamentally pierced and termin- 
 ating in a point. The opening in the shaft must 
 weaken these paddles considerably, and those in the 
 blade must somewhat diminish the effect of a stroke 
 in the water ; but ornament appears to be the chief 
 thing aimed at, as, besides the piercings, the blades 
 and terminals are covered with zigzag and other carved 
 decoration. The wood is usually of a light colour, 
 unpolished, and two specimens in my collection are 
 each 5 feet 5 inches long. Many examples are no 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 211 
 
 Fig. 123. — Nigerian Paddle. 
 
NORTHERN NIGERIA 213 
 
 doubt specially carved for sale as curios, for at Lagos 
 and other West African ports, there is a great trade 
 in native carvings turned out to order for the European 
 market. 
 
 Amongst miscellaneous objects from Northern 
 Nigeria I have a drum of peculiar construction. It is 
 made of wood, and is 1 7 J inches in length, with circular 
 parchment heads about 6 J inches in diameter. Each 
 of these heads is enclosed by a rounded leather hoop, 
 these hoops being connected by 87 twisted hide thongs, 
 by pressing which it is said that the note of the drum 
 can be altered. The wooden body is narrow at the 
 centre, but bulges out at the ends. It is painted red, 
 and ornamented with incised patterns of checkers and 
 diagonals picked out in white, and has a longitudinal 
 patch of some pitch-like substance, possibly covering 
 a crack. Inside are several large seeds and shells of 
 money cowries, to rattle when the drum is beaten. A 
 broad band of canvas-like material (probably European) 
 is attached for suspension. 
 
 The neck of the short drumstick bends at a con- 
 siderable angle, its spreading head, with a flat end, 
 being almost at right angles to the handle. The neck 
 is covered with black leather, and there is another 
 broad band lower down. The head is carefully made, 
 apparently from a separate piece of wood, but the 
 handle is rather rough. 
 
 This type of drum is common throughout British 
 West Africa, and is probably used to transmit mes- 
 
2i 4 NORTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 sages to a distance, though how this is done has long 
 been a puzzle to Europeans. It is certain, however, 
 that the natives in many parts of Africa have some 
 system by which they can send information by drum- 
 beating, the news being passed on, from drummer to 
 drummer, until it reaches places incredibly remote. 
 Drums much of the same shape as this one, but without 
 the thongs, are used in Morocco, and I have a speci- 
 men, the body of which is of painted pottery. 
 
SOUTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 The remarkable specimen seen in Fig. 124 at first 
 sight looks like a war weapon, but is, in fact, one of 
 
 Fig. 124. — Ibibio Memorial Spear. 
 
 the memorial spears which the Ibibio tribe of the Eket 
 District of Southern Nigeria set up before the shrines 
 
 215 
 
216 SOUTHERN NIGERIA 
 
 of their ancestors. Its total length is 45 inches, the 
 shaft being of whitish wood, carved into a series of 
 reels, discs, etc., and terminating with a grotesque 
 human head, suggesting that of a music-hall comedian 
 wearing a ridiculously small top hat. This, however, 
 is no doubt intended to be a complimentary portrait 
 (possibly of the deceased), and the three black patches 
 on each side of the face may be tribal marks. The 
 shaft is ornamented in black and white, and is fixed 
 into a socketed head of iron or steel-, this being leaf- 
 shaped, with openings cut to leave a central connec- 
 tion with two barbs, but as these are enclosed by an 
 outer border they are probably merely ornamental. 
 I picked up this specimen at a curio shop in Bristol, 
 and it is probably an old one. I have seen nothing 
 similar, but the type is known at the museums as 
 distinct from the spear made in the same region for 
 ordinary use. 
 
CENTRAL AFRICA 
 
 On the White Nile and its tributaries are to be found 
 several tribes concerning which we have not much in- 
 formation, one of the most important of them being the 
 Shilluks. These are pure negroes, inhabiting the north 
 bank of the White Nile south of Fashoda, and the atlas 
 marks the district of the Upper Sobat as Shilluk terri- 
 tory, though this is perhaps now incorrect. Other 
 tribes of the group are the Nuer, the Jer, the Dor, and 
 the Dinkas — the last a scattered pastoral people. 
 
 From the neighbourhood of the White Nile come 
 "mushroom-headed" clubs, of which Fig. 125 is a 
 fine example, attributed to the Shilluks or one of the 
 related tribes. It is 27 inches in length, and has a 
 heavy head and a tapering shaft with pointed end, 
 this part being covered with the skin of some reptile, 
 probably the Monitor Lizard. This would give a good 
 grip, and a leather thong, to wind round the wrist, 
 passes through the shaft 3J inches from the point of 
 the butt. The workmanship is excellent, the wood, 
 which is of a lightish colour, being carefully smoothed, 
 but not polished. A Dor type of mushroom club has 
 the head more expanded, and with a sharp edge, and 
 
 217 
 
218 CENTRAL AFRICA 
 
 I have seen mushroom clubs from this part of Africa 
 which might be mistaken for specimens from the South 
 Seas. The Dinkas use wooden parrying-shields almost 
 
 Fig. 125. — Mushroom-headed Club, White Nile Region. 
 
 exactly like certain Australian patterns, which is re- 
 markable considering the impossibility of any connec- 
 tion between the natives of Central Africa and those of 
 Australia. 
 
NYASSALAND PROTECTORATE 
 
 Fig. 126 shows one of a pair of elephant-spears from 
 the Nyassaland Protectorate. It weighs 5 pounds, is 
 
 Fig. 126. — Elephant-Spear, Nyassaland Protectorate. 
 
 70^ inches long, and is remarkable for the bulge at the 
 
 bottom of the shaft, this part being coloured black. 
 
 219 
 
22o NYASSALAND PROTECTORATE 
 
 The head is of elongated leaf-shape, with medial 
 ridges, and has a long rounded fore-shaft entering a 
 thick wooden shaft, the upper part of which has a hide 
 binding covered with some kind of brownish gum or 
 wax. This binding shows a corded appearance, which 
 is, I fancy, deceptive. The central part of the shaft is 
 uncoloured. The other spear is of the same construc- 
 tion, though rather shorter. 
 
 A kind of harpoon is used for elephant-killing by 
 some East African tribes, and hippopotamus harpoons 
 come from the Congo State. I take it that these 
 Nyassaland spears are hurled, and their heavy weight 
 should easily drive the head through the elephant's 
 tough hide .; but it must need much courage and agility 
 to dispatch an elephant by means of such clumsy 
 weapons without mishap to the hunters. 
 
EAST AFRICA 
 
 I HAVE two war-knives procured by a relative at Lamu, 
 a port on the coast of British East Africa, one of which 
 
 Fig. 127.— (i) War-Knife from Lamu, East Africa. (2) Masai 
 Dagger. 
 
 is sketched in Fig. 127, No. 1. This is 25 inches 
 long, and has a plain leaf-shaped blade on a long and 
 
222 EAST AFRICA 
 
 narrow neck which is bevelled at the sides. The handle 
 is of wood, slightly projecting at the pommel, and the 
 grip is covered with black leather. The sheath is of 
 brown leather, sewn down the back, and with a leather 
 strap for suspension attached in front. The second 
 specimen is of similar size and shape, but the blade is 
 slightly ridged on both faces, the bevelling becoming 
 more acute on the neck. 
 
 The Masai Tribe 
 
 Masai-land, running across the boundary which 
 separated British and German East Africa before we 
 conquered the latter, furnishes the next specimens to 
 be described. Fig. 127, No. 2, shows a Masai knife 
 or dagger, 11^ inches long, called a banyoro, which 
 has a very sharp double-edged blade like the head of 
 an assegai, the hilt being a rectangular piece of wood, 
 unornamented in any way. As the sheath is missing 
 it cannot be described. 
 
 The most characteristic Masai weapon is the spear 
 (Fig. 128, No. 1), which has an enormously long 
 sword-like blade quite unlike any other African pattern. 
 I have two examples, brought home by Mr. H.J. Lind, 
 the blade of one measuring no less than 33! inches, 
 not counting a 4-inch socket, whilst the blade of 
 the other measures 32! inches. The wooden shafts 
 are remarkably short, respectively exposing the wood 
 to a length of only 6\ inches and \\ inches, each 
 
EAST AFRICA 
 
 22' 
 
 spear having a heavy iron butt, pointed at the end, 
 socketed to the shaft in order to balance the elongated 
 head. Masai spears seem to be intended for throwing, 
 and their points are said to be rendered innocuous, 
 
 Fig. 128. — (1) Masai Spear. (2) Somali Spear. (3) Spear from 
 Kikuyu District. 
 
 when not in use, by balls of ostrich feathers impaled 
 upon them. The average weight is a little over 
 3 \ pounds ; the heads have prominent ridges, and there 
 is no decoration upon my specimens except a band of 
 
224 EAST AFRICA 
 
 copper wire below the socket of the butt upon one of 
 them. 
 
 A most interesting archery outfit is given in Figs . 1 29 
 and 130. The bow is of tough light-coloured wood, 
 strengthened by a binding of fine iron wire, leaving the 
 wood exposed for the space of 6 h inches at the centre, 
 where the weapon is grasped, and at the extremities, 
 which terminate in button-shaped ornaments. The wire 
 
 Fig. 129. — Masai Bow and Quiver. 
 
 was originally very tightly wound, but has now become 
 loose in places. The cord is fairly thick, twisted from 
 some kind of fibre of a dark-brown colour. This bow, 
 although only 3 feet 10 inches long, is a very powerful 
 and durable weapon, and great pains have been taken 
 in its manufacture. The quiver is of a very striking 
 pattern, being decorated with a funereal black plume 
 apparently made from dyed ostrich feathers. Each 
 
EAST AFRICA 225 ) 
 
 feather is carefully bound to a leather band by two-4aide y 
 laces, this band encircling the upper part of the quiver, 
 which is suspended by a strap passing under the band 
 and also under a plain one at the centre. The quiver 
 is cylindrical, 2 feet 2 \ inches long, and is stoutly made 
 
 Fig. 130. — East African Poisoned Arrows. 
 
 of leather, very neatly sewn up the side. The top is 
 covered by a leather cap, attached to the end of the 
 suspending strap, so that it cannot be lost. 
 
 This Masai quiver contained, when brought home, 
 eleven poisoned arrows, two of which are shown in 
 Fig. 130. These probably belonged to it, but if not 
 
226 EAST AFRICA 
 
 Masai are from one of the neighbouring tribes. The 
 shafts are very neatly bound with light and dark thread, 
 and are triply feathered. The iron heads are flat and 
 triangular, and, with the fore-shafts, are thickly 
 smeared with a viscous poison of a black colour, which 
 in each specimen is prevented from drying up, or being 
 rubbed off, by a long strip of thin hide, wound spirally 
 up the fore-shaft and round the head. This covering 
 would protect the owner from accidental injury, and 
 could be removed in a few moments when the arrow 
 might be required. The heads are intended to become 
 detached on striking, remaining in the wound to give 
 the poison time to get into the system. The shafts 
 are of unknotted reed, the total length being about 
 25^ inches. This outfit was bought at Mombasa. 
 
THE KIKUYU DISTRICT 
 
 KlKUYU is a district crossed by the railway line from 
 Mombasa to Uganda, and the tribe inhabiting it is 
 called the AKikuyu. A fine spear from this 
 region is figured with Masai and Somali spears in 
 Fig. 128. The total length is 5 feet 5^ inches, the 
 head being 14J inches long and 3 \ inches broad, with 
 an octagonal fore-shaft, 3^ inches in length, socketed 
 to the shaft, which is of a dark wood. On the lower 
 end of the shaft is socketed a square iron spike, 
 13-I inches long, by which the weapon is balanced. 
 The octagonal fore-shaft seems to indicate a Somali 
 influence. 
 
 Fig. 131 gives a Kikuyu war-knife, with hilt of 
 ebony-like wood, ending in a conical octagonal copper 
 pommel, silvered over. The blade is almost flat, and 
 is of irregular outline, the workmanship of this part 
 being very inferior when compared with that of the 
 hilt. The scabbard is flat, made of two thick pieces of 
 leather, sewn over a thinner piece by means of slender 
 thongs of animal tissue ; and the upper part of the 
 front, which is white, is ornamentally stitched with red 
 and green laces. There are two diagonally-placed 
 
228 
 
 THE KIKUYU DISTRICT 
 
 projections on the sides of the scabbard for the attach- 
 ment of the suspending strap, which has a rude iron 
 
 Fig. 131. — War-Knife, Kikuyu. 
 
 buckle. Arabic influence is strongly marked. Length 
 of knife, 17^ inches. 
 
SOMALILAND 
 
 Returning to Fig. 128 we see a Somali spear in 
 No. 2. This has a much elongated double-edged head, 
 measuring 28 -J inches from point to base of socket, 
 with central ridge at the base, between grooves, above 
 which it runs to the point as an obtuse angle. The 
 socket is octagonal, the shaft of roughish wood, look- 
 ing as if it may have been stained, and possibly a 
 replacement. Total length, 7 feet f inch. A lighter 
 specimen came with it, this one being 5 feet 2 \ inches 
 in length. The head is sharply pointed, of flattened 
 diamond-shaped section, and has a slight squared pro- 
 jection at each side of the neck, above a long octagonal 
 socket — this seeming to be a feature of Somali spears. 
 Neither of these spears seems adapted for throwing, 
 but as weapons in a hand-to-hand fight they would be 
 extremely formidable, being well-balanced, and with a 
 stouter shaft than is usual in most parts of Africa. 
 
 A different Somali type, apparently intended for 
 throwing, is noticeable through having two arc-shaped 
 depressions, divided by a central ridge, on each face of 
 
 the blade. I have a specimen about 5 feet 6\ inches 
 
 229 
 
23o SOMALILAND 
 
 long, the head and socketed fore-shaft together measur- 
 ing 14J inches, the latter being octagonal, with a raised 
 rim at the end. The shaft is of light-coloured wood, 
 fairly slender, terminating at the butt in a curious 
 projecting spiral ornament. 
 
HINTS TO COLLECTORS 
 
 As many persons seem to be taking up the collecting 
 of curious weapons formerly made by the savage tribes, 
 now in many cases rapidly disappearing, a few hints as 
 to the best way of displaying and preserving ethno- 
 graphical specimens may not come amiss. The writer 
 has made a hobby of collecting such objects since boy- 
 hood, so may venture to offer some suggestions founded 
 on personal experience. Firstly, having acquired, say, 
 a few clubs and spears, the buyer naturally considers 
 how best to display them, and the appliances he will 
 require for the purpose. 
 
 In a museum the walls are usually covered with re- 
 movable wooden panels to which the specimens are 
 wired, the wire passing over the object at a suitable 
 place and disappearing through holes in the panel, 
 being fastened behind. This is an ideal method, but 
 too elaborate and expensive for the average collector 
 who merely desires to hang a few specimens on the wall 
 of his hall or staircase. Well, experience has proved 
 that the best means of attachment is the more pliable 
 kind of picture-wire, except for specimens of very light 
 
 weight, for which fine brass wire (as sold for noosing 
 
 231 
 
232 HINTS TO COLLECTORS 
 
 rabbits) would be sufficiently strong. Copper bell-wire 
 or iron wire should be avoided, being too rigid and 
 liable to kink, and most kinds of cord or string are un- 
 reliable, as they perish in time. The nails should have 
 heads of moderate size, and straight objects (such as 
 spears) when to be hung vertically are best attached 
 in the following way : Make a neat loop at each end 
 of a piece of wire long enough, when the loops are 
 made, to be double the circumference of the object 
 (which we will suppose to be a spear) . Pass the middle 
 part of the wire round the shaft, draw it tight, and give 
 it a couple of twists behind, turning the looped ends 
 outwards, to pass over the heads of two nails, just clear 
 of the shaft on each side. The wire should be under 
 some projecting part, such as the spear-head, to 
 prevent the specimen from slipping downwards ; and 
 suspended in this way it will always hang straight, 
 which it would not do from a single nail. When 
 weapons are arranged in a slanting or horizontal posi- 
 tion two wire bands will be needed, but only one nail 
 for each, and the loops should be made to pass over 
 the nail-heads with ease, so that the weapon may be 
 easily detached for inspection or cleaning, without 
 having to untwist any wire. 
 
 Now as to cleaning. Steel and iron parts should be 
 cleared of rust as thoroughly as possible, and then be 
 painted with one of the preservatives procurable from 
 ironmongers. Steel weapons hung in a hall or passage 
 are exposed to unsuspected damp, and if at all high up 
 
HINTS TO COLLECTORS 233 
 
 may get into a deplorable state before their condition 
 is noticed. To clean them periodically causes needless 
 trouble, as a good preservative will keep them bright 
 for years, and does not in any way spoil their appear- 
 ance. In the initial scouring care must be taken not 
 to leave visible scratches, which are often caused by 
 the coarse emery-paper now sold, so it is wiser to use 
 knife-powder or, better still, a twopenny slab of the 
 rust-rubber (indiarubber containing powdered carborun- 
 dum) known as "Rasrust." Weapons of the harder 
 dark woods are much improved in appearance by an 
 occasional rubbing with linseed or other oil, and those 
 of soft wood are preserved from the attacks of wood- 
 boring beetles by the application, now and then, of 
 paraffin. I have found that the heavy South Sea clubs 
 are practically immune from these pests, but they seem 
 particularly keen on African curios of light-coloured 
 wood. 
 
 Every specimen should be scientifically labelled with 
 details (when known) of the locality and tribe ; but no 
 known cement, glue, paste, or gum will attach a label 
 for any length of time to some specimens, owing to the 
 wood being greasy. It is therefore better to type the 
 label and paste it to an oblong slip of stout card, 
 attaching it to the specimen with thin wire, passing 
 through the end of the card. Labels should hang 
 loosely, to escape being torn off by the housemaid's 
 brush. Specimens from the same region should be 
 grouped together, as mixed trophies never look well. 
 
234 HINTS TO COLLECTORS 
 
 I should, in fact, advise the beginner to specialize in 
 the weapons of some selected class (say, African, 
 Australian, Polynesian, or Asiatic) rather than to form 
 a heterogeneous collection of anything he may pick up 
 cheaply. Arrows look best when wired, side by side, 
 on a panel painted some light colour, and may be 
 arranged fan-wise if desired. The African ones should 
 not be fixed with the points projecting, as they are 
 usually poisoned. 
 
 Now as to buying. The number of specimens in the 
 curio shops is surprising, but the dealers hardly ever 
 know where they come from, and have the vaguest 
 ideas about their respective rarity. Still, most dealers 
 have the notion that all these things are now valuable, 
 and often begin by asking quite a ridiculous figure for 
 anything selected. No doubt the values of really 
 desirable specimens (such as Maori, Easter Island, and 
 certain other South Sea weapons) will steadily rise, as 
 they have long ceased to be made ; but bargains are 
 still to be found. Mr. J. C. Stevens, of 38, King 
 Street, Covent Garden, holds sales of such curiosities 
 every fortnight, and though the prices obtained for 
 rarities are often quite high, bundles of interesting 
 specimens may often be picked up at these auctions 
 far more cheaply than if the weapons were bought 
 separately from the dealers. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Admiralty Islands, 118-121 
 
 Adze, memorial, 73-75 ; from 
 New; Guinea, 133, 134 
 
 Africa, Central, 217, 218; East, 
 221-230; South, 138-150; 
 West, 153, 185-216 
 
 AKikuyu tribe, 227, 228 
 
 Angola, 153 
 
 Animals on Gaika walking- 
 stick, 147; on Bornu knife, 
 191, 192 
 
 Arrows, East African, 225, 226; 
 Kasai, 156-163 ; Munshi, 205, 
 207; from New Guinea, 131- 
 133; New Hebrides, 107; 
 Nigerian, 200-207; Py£ m y> 
 158, 161, 163 
 
 Asbinawa (Kano Province), 
 spear from, 199, 200 
 
 Ashburton District (Western 
 Australia), spear - thrower 
 from, 22, 23 
 
 Ashburton River, kylies from, 
 33, 34 ; message-sticks from, 
 47, 48; spear from, 15, 16 
 
 Assegai, varieties of, 138, 139; 
 Gaika types, 141 ; Zulu tvpes, 
 139-142 ' 
 
 Assegai wood, 139 
 
 Austral Islands, 68-72 
 
 Australia, 6-49 
 
 Axe from Angola, 153; Aus- 
 tralian, 44-47; BaMbala, 154, 
 155; Bechuanaland, 151, 152; 
 Kasai, 155, 156 
 
 Azandeh tribe, falchion of, 168- 
 170; throwing-knives, 170- 
 172 ; war-knife probably of, 
 167, 168 
 
 B 
 
 BaMangwato tribe, 151, 152 
 
 BaMbala tribe, 154 
 
 Bantu tribes, 138-152 
 
 Banyoro, 222 
 
 Bark-cloth beater, 134 
 
 Bark shield, 40, 41 
 
 Basalt meris, 53 
 
 Battle-axe from Bechuanaland, 
 
 151, 152 ; Maori, 59, 60 
 Beagle Bay, chnringa from, 
 
 49 
 BeChuana tribe, 151, 152 
 Bechuanaland, 151, 152 
 Belgian Congo, 154-172 
 Beri Beri tribe, war-knife of, 
 
 187 
 Binding of assegais, 139 
 Bird-headed clubs, 101-102 
 Birnin Kebbi, throwing-spear 
 
 from, 198 
 Bismarck Archipelago, 122 
 Blackboy gum, n-15, 23, 46 
 Blackboy tree, 14, 15 
 Bone-cleaning ceremony, 54 
 Bone clubs, 54 
 Bone - tipped throwing - spears, 
 
 136, 137 
 Boomerangs, 31-34 
 Bornu Province, spear from, 
 
 197; war-knives from, 187- 
 
 192 
 Bouka, clubs from, 109-111, 
 
 114 
 Bow, East African, 224 ; 
 
 Munshi, 207 ; from New 
 
 Hebrides, 107; Nigerian, 203, 
 
 204; from Santa Cruz Island, 
 
 108 
 Bull-roarers, 34-37 
 
 -35 
 
236 
 
 INDEX 
 
 c 
 
 Carved patterns from Fiji, 86- 
 91 ; Mangaia, 73 ; New 
 Guinea, 130 ; NewZealand, 57 ; 
 Raivavai, 68-72 ; Tonga, 80 
 Carvings, Gaika, 143-147 
 Central Africa, 217, 218 
 Ceremonial axe, Kasai, 155, 156 
 Chiefs' staves, Gaika, 142-147; 
 
 Maori, 55-58 
 Clubs from Australia, 6-12 ; 
 Central Africa, 217, 218; 
 Easter Island, 64-66; Fiji, 86- 
 92; Hervey Islands, 75, 76; 
 Marquesas Islands, 67; Mas- 
 sim district, 124, 125; New- 
 Britain, 122, 123; New Cale- 
 donia, 101-103; New Guinea, 
 134; New Hebrides, 105, 106; 
 New Zealand, 50-54 ; Samoa 
 and Tonga, 77-80; Solomon 
 Islands, 109-1 13 ; South Africa 
 (see kerries) ; bone, 54 ; cylin- 
 drical, 7, 91, 92; missile, 88, 
 89; mushroom-headed, 102, 
 106, 217, 21S; pineapple, 134; 
 star-headed, 106, 134 ; stone- 
 headed, 134 
 Coco-palm, club of, 109 ; spears 
 of, 114, 128, 129; arrows 
 partly of, 131, 132 
 Collingwood Bay, cloth-bark 
 
 beater probably from, 134 
 Congo, Belgian, 154 - 172 ; 
 
 French, 172-184 
 Cook's Islands, 73-76 
 Crossbow, Fang, 176-178 
 Cygnet Bay (Western Aus- 
 tralia), shield from, 41, 42 
 
 D 
 
 Dagger, Bornu, 188, 189; 
 
 Masai, 221, 222; Munshi, 
 
 archer's, 208, 209 
 Dance-stick, in, 113 
 Deadum deadum, 10 
 Digging-stick, 28, 29 
 Dinka tribe, parrying-shields of, 
 
 resembling an Australian 
 
 type, 218 
 
 Diorite, adze-blade of, 74 
 
 Dogs' hair, 56 
 
 Dor tribe, mushroom-headed 
 
 clubs of, 217, 218 
 Double spear, 194-196 
 Drum, Nigerian, 213, 214 
 Drysdale River (Western Aus- 
 tralia), club from, 7, 8; 
 digging-stick from, 28, 20 
 
 East Africa, 221-230 
 Easter Island, 64-66 
 Eket district, memorial spear 
 
 from, 215, 216 
 Elephant-spears, 219, 220 
 
 Falchion, Azandeh, 168-170 
 
 Fan tribe. See Fang 
 
 Fang tribe, 172-184; crossbow 
 of, 176-178; throwing-knives, 
 I 7 2 " I 75 ; throwing-spears, 180- 
 184; war-knives, 173-176 
 
 Fiji, 86-94 
 
 Fishing-spears, 85, 125 
 
 French Congo, 172-184 
 
 Friendly Islands (Tonga), 77- 
 So 
 
 Fula tribe, 209 
 
 Fulani horseman's lance, 209 
 
 G 
 
 Gabun River, throwing-spears 
 from, 178-180 
 
 Gaika assegais, 138, 141, 142; 
 staves, 142-147; walking- 
 stick, 147 
 
 Geraldton district (Western Aus- 
 tralia), spear from, 15, 16 
 
 Gilbert Islands, 95-99 
 
 Glass-headed spears, 18, 19 
 
 God of Defiance, Maori, cc- 
 60 
 
 Goodenough Island, fishing- 
 spear attributed to, 125, 126 
 
 Grass tree, 14, 15 
 
INDEX 
 
 237 
 
 H 
 Hani, 55-58 
 Hausa spears, 197-200 
 He ko kuti, 53 
 Hervev Islands, 73-76 
 High Island (Raivavai), 68-72 
 Hints to Collectors, 231 
 llunga-munga, 172, 173 
 
 I 
 
 Ibibio tribe, 215, 216 
 
 Ilorin Province, double spear 
 from, 195, 196; man-catcher 
 from, i93- x 95; thrusting- 
 spears from, 196, 197 
 
 Isdell Ranges (Western Aus- 
 tralia), kylie from, 31, 32 
 
 J 
 Jade, Maori tneris of, 53, 54 
 
 ]umba, 185 
 
 K 
 
 Kaffir tribes, 138-150 
 Kamerun (the Cameroon?), 185 
 Kamerun River, war - knife 
 
 from, 185 
 • Kangaroo Rat," 27, 29 
 Kangaroo-tail sinew, 24 
 Kano Province, spears from, 
 
 197-200 
 Kasai district, arrows from, 156- 
 
 163 ; ceremonial axe from, 
 
 155. 156 
 
 Katta, 28, 29 
 Kerries, 148-150 
 Kikuvu district, 227, 228 
 Kimberley (Western Australia), 
 
 kylie from, 32 
 Kingsmill (Gilbert) Islands, 95- 
 
 99 
 
 Knife, edged with sharks' teeth, 
 98, 99; obsidian, 118, 119 
 
 Knobsticks, 147, 148 
 
 Kookynie district (Western Aus- 
 tralia), bull-roarer from, 36, 
 37 ; parrving-sticks from, 1 1 ; 
 shield "from, 44; spear- 
 throwers from, 21, 22 
 
 Kra kra, 193-195 
 
 Kylies, 31-34 
 
 Lamu, war-knives from, 221, 
 
 222 
 Lance, Fulani, 209 
 Leah, 10 
 Leowal, 12 
 Lukuga River, axe from, 154, 
 
 M 
 Maisai tribe, 222-226; arrows of, 
 
 224-226; bow, 224; dagger, 
 
 221 ; spears, 222-224 
 Malaita, 114 
 Malga, 11 
 
 Man-catcher, 193-195 
 Mangaia, memorial adze from, 
 
 73 > 75 
 Maori carving, 57 
 Marquesas Islands, 67 
 Massim district, 124-126 
 Memorial adze, 73-75; spear, 
 
 215, 216 
 Meri, 50-54 
 Message-sticks, 47-49 
 Middle Congo, curious weapon 
 
 from, 167 
 Midlah, 20 
 Missile clubs, 88, 89; knives, 
 
 170-175 
 Monitor lizard, skin of, on club, 
 
 217 
 Monkey carved on staff, 145 
 Mulabakka, 40, 41 
 Mundu (Azandeh sub-tribe), 168, 
 
 169 
 Munshi tribe, 207 ; archer's 
 
 dagger of, 208, 209 ; arrows 
 
 of, 205-207 ; bow, 207 
 Murchison, Upper, spear from, 
 
 13. !4 
 Mushroom-headed clubs, 102, 
 
 106, 217, 21S 
 
 N 
 
 Nail-head pattern, 91, 92 
 Navigators' Islands (Samoa). 
 
 77-80 
 New Britain, 122, 123 
 New Caledonia, 101-103 
 
2 3 8 
 
 INDEX 
 
 New Guinea, 127-134 
 
 New Hebrides, 105-107 
 
 New Ireland, 122, 123 
 
 New Zealand, 50-63 
 
 Niam Niam (or Neam Nam) 
 
 tribe. See Azandeh tribe, 16S- 
 
 172 
 Nigeria, Northern, 187-214; 
 
 Southern, 215, 216 
 Niue, (Savage Island), 81-85 
 Nulla-nulla, 6 
 Nyassaland Protectorate, 2 19, 220 
 
 O 
 
 Obsidian, 65, 66, 118, 119 
 Onslow (Western Australia), 
 
 kylie from, 32, }}; shield 
 
 from, 43 
 Ostrich feathers on Masai 
 
 quiver, 224 
 
 Paddle, decorated official, 
 wrongly attributed to Hervey 
 Islands, 69-72 ; Fijian pattern, 
 93, 94; Nigerian, 210-213 
 
 Paddle-shaped clubs, no, in, 
 
 "3 
 Parrying-shields, 37-40 
 
 Parrying-sticks, 10, n 
 
 Patu-pannva, 50, 51 
 
 Paua (Haliotis shell), 55 
 
 Poisoned arrows, Kasai, 156- 
 
 163 ; Masai, 225, 226 ; Munshi, 
 
 205, 207; Nigerian, 200-207; 
 
 Pygmy, 158, 161, 163 
 Port Moresby, adze probably 
 
 from, 133, 134 
 Poverty Bay, Maori club from, 5: 
 Pygmy tribe, 158 
 
 Q 
 
 Queen Charlotte Islands (Santa 
 
 Cruz), 108 
 Queensland, spear - throwing 
 
 club from, 24, 27, 29 
 Quivers, Masai, 224, 225 ; 
 
 Nigerian, 200-207 
 
 R 
 
 Raivavai (High Island), 68-72 
 Rapa Nui (Easter Island), 64- 
 
 66 
 Red ochre on weapons, 7, 12, 22, 
 
 49 
 
 S 
 
 Sago-palm, beater of, 134, 135; 
 
 weapons of, 85, 124, 125, 128, 
 
 130 
 Samoa, 77-S0 
 San Cristoval, spears from, 114, 
 
 "5i ll 7 
 
 Sanga, war-knife probably from, 
 
 164, 165 
 Santa Cruz Island, 108 
 Savage Island, 81-85 
 Sennit (or Sinnet), 75, 97, 98, 
 
 102, 122, 123 
 Sharks' teeth on weapons, 95-99 
 Shields, Australian, 37-44; bark, 
 
 40, 41 ; parrying, 37-40; of the 
 
 Dinka tribe, 218 
 Shilluk tribe, club attributed to, 
 
 217, 218 
 Snakes carved on staves, 142, 
 
 143' J 45 
 Sokoto Province, throwing- 
 
 spears from, 197-199 
 
 Solomon Islands, 109-117 
 
 Somaliland, 229, 230 
 
 South Africa, 138-150 
 
 Spears, Admiralty Islands, 118- 
 121; Australia, 12-20; Bornu, 
 197; Fiji, 91-93; Gilbert 
 Islands, 9S ; Goodenough 
 Island, 125, 126; Hausa, 107- 
 200; Kikuyu, 223, 227; Masai, 
 222-224; Massim district (?), 
 125; New Guinea, 127-130; 
 New Zealand, 60 ; Savage 
 Island, 81-85; Solomon 
 Islands, 114-117; Somali, 22.;. 
 229, 230 ; Torres Straits 
 Islands, 134-137 ; Yoruba, i<).S- 
 107; elephant, 219, 220; fish- 
 ing, 85, 125; glass-headed, 18, 
 19; obsidian-headed, 118, 121 ; 
 stone-headed, 16, 18. See 
 also Assegais 
 
INDEX 
 
 239 
 
 Spear-paddles, 75, 76, 81, 82 
 Spear-throwers, 13, 20-27 
 Spear-throwing club, 24, 29 
 Spinifex gum, 14-16, 47 
 Spinifex plant, 14 
 Stanley Falls district, war-knife 
 
 from, 166 
 Star-headed clubs, 106, 134 
 Staves, Gaika, 142-147; Maori, 
 
 55-58 
 
 Stone-headed adzes, 73-75, 133, 
 134; axe, 45, 46; clubs, 134; 
 spears, 16, 18 
 
 Swan River, climbing-axe prob- 
 ably from, 45, 46 
 
 Tatnarang, 37, 39 
 
 Tapa (bark-cloth), 134 
 
 Tewhtt-tewha, 57, 58 
 
 Throwing - spears, French 
 Congo, 178-184; Gaika, 138, 
 141, 142; Hausa, 197-200; 
 Somali, 229, 230; Torres 
 Straits Islands, 134-137; Zulu, 
 139-142 
 
 Tiki (Maori god), 51 
 
 Tofoke tribe, war-knife of, 164, 
 
 165 
 Toko, 88 
 
 Toko-toko, Maori, 60-63 
 
 Tonga, 77-80 
 
 Torres Straits Islands, darts or 
 
 throwing-spears from, 134-137 
 Tubuai (Austral) Islands, 68-72 
 Turkey Creek, East Kimberley, 
 
 spear from, 17, 18; spear-head 
 
 from, 19 ; spear-thrower from, 
 
 23. 25 
 
 U 
 
 Ubangi River, war-knife prob- 
 
 ablv from, 166 
 Via, 88 
 Upoto, war-knife from, 164, 165 
 
 Yavitau (Raivavai), 68-72 
 Victoria, shields from, 37-41 
 
 w 
 
 Waddy, 6-10 
 
 Walking-sticks, Gaika, 147 ; 
 
 Maori, 60-63 
 War-knives, AKikuyu, 227, 228; 
 
 Congo, 163-176; Kamerun, 
 
 1S5, 186; Lamu, 221, 222; 
 
 Northern Nigerian, 187-193 
 Weet-weet, 27, 29 
 West Kimberley, kylie from, 
 
 32 
 
 Wiluna (Western Australia), 
 
 bull-roarer from, 36 
 
 Wire binding on knobsticks, 
 
 .M7-I49 
 II itarna, 35, 36 
 
 Wuumero, 13, 20-27 
 
 Wyndham, Kimberley, axe 
 from, 46, 47 ; spears from, 
 16, 17 ; spear-thrower from, 23 
 
 Yoruba tribe, 193-197 
 
 Zulu assegais, 139-142 ; kcrries, 
 149. 150 
 
 Printed in Great Britain by Billing and Sons, Ltd., Guildford and Esher. 
 

 
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