THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 ADOPTED BY THE 
 
 CONVENTION OF 1901-2. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY -^ UTOI^^i AUTHORITY, 
 
 RICHMOND : 
 1902. 
 
 I > > 1 J i ^ i Jit jj J
 
 « « 
 
 V • •
 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 to 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 BILL OF RIGHTS. 
 
 Sec. 1. Equality and rights of men. 
 Sec. 2. People the source of power. 
 Sec. 3. Government instituted for common benefit. 
 
 Sec. 4. No man entitled to exclusive emoluments or privileges; offices not to 
 be hereditary. 
 c/> Sec. 5. Legislative, executive and judicial departments of States should be 
 separate; elections should be periodical. 
 Elections to be free. 
 Laws should not be suspended. 
 Concerning criminal prosecutions generally. 
 
 Excessive bail or fines and cruel and unusual punishments prohibited. 
 General warrants of search or seizure prohibited. 
 No person to be deprived of property without due process of law; 
 
 trial by jury to be held sacred. 
 Freedom of the press and of speech. 
 Militia the proper defence of a free State; standing armies should be 
 
 avoided; military should be subordinate to civil power. 
 Government should be uniform. 
 
 Qualities necessary to preservation of free government. 
 Religious freedom. 
 Construction of the Bill of Rights. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 ELECTIVE FRANCHISE AND QUALIFICATIONS FOR OFFICE. 
 
 Qualifications of voters. 
 
 Registrations of voters; who are entitled to register prior to 1904. 
 
 Who may register after 1904. 
 
 Conditions for voting. 
 
 Payment of poll tax by veterans of Civil War not prerequisite to 
 
 their right to vote; when payment of poll tax enforced. 
 Persons excluded from registering and voting. 
 Who not deemed to have gained legal residence. 
 Directions to General Assembly in regard to registration and transfers. 
 
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 iv CONTENTS. 
 
 Sec. 26. Persons qualified to vote at next election shall be admitted to regis- 
 tration. 
 
 Sec. 27. Method of voting. 
 
 Sec. 28. Ballots. 
 
 Sec. 29. Privileges of voters during elections. 
 
 Sec. 30. General Assembly may prescribe property qualification for voting in 
 county, city or town elections. 
 
 Sec. 31. Electoral boards; appointment and composition; powers and duties of; 
 who ineligible. 
 
 Sec. 32. Qualifications of officers and of notaries public. 
 
 Sec. 33. When terms of officers to begin and end. 
 
 Sec. 34. Oath to be prescribed. 
 
 Sec. 35. Primary elections, who may vote. 
 
 Sec. 36. General Assembly shall enact laws to regulate elections. 
 
 Sec. 37. Voting machines. 
 
 Sec. 38. Duties of treasvn-ers, clerks of county and corporation coui'ts and 
 sheriff's in regard to making, filing, delivering and posting list of 
 unpaid poll taxes; how same corrected. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 DIVISION'S OF POWERS. 
 
 Sec. 39. Departments to be distinct. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 legislative department. 
 
 Sec. 40. General Assembly to consist of Senate and House of Delegates. 
 
 Sec. 4L Number and election of senators. 
 
 Sec. 42. Number and election of delegates. 
 
 Sec. 43. Apportionment of State into senatorial and house districts. 
 
 Sec. 44. Qualifications of senators and delegates; who ineligible; removal from 
 
 district vacates office. 
 Sec. 45. Salaries of members of General Assembly to be fixed by law; members 
 not to be elected or appointed to civil offices of profit except by 
 election by the people. 
 Time and duration of meetings of General Assembly; adjournments; 
 majority shall be a quorum; power of smaller number than a quorum. 
 Powers of each house of General Assembly to elect its presiding ofllicer, 
 make its own rules, fill vacancies, and judge of the election and 
 qualification of members, and punish and expel members. 
 Privileges of members of General Assembly. 
 Journal of proceedings. 
 
 Enactment of laws; tax laws shall specifically state the tax and re- 
 quire a vote of majority of members. 
 Sec. 51. Standing committee on special, private and local legislation. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 46 
 
 Sec. 
 
 47 
 
 Sec. 
 
 48 
 
 Sec. 
 
 49 
 
 Sec. 
 
 50
 
 Sec. 
 
 53. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 54. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 55. 
 
 CONTENTS, ' -V 
 
 Sec. 52. Law shall embrace but one object, which shall be expressed in its 
 title; how laws revived or amended. 
 Time when laws take effect. 
 
 Impeachments; proceeding under; extent of judgment under; indict- 
 ment, etc., to lie. 
 Apportionment of State into congressional districts by General 
 Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 56. Directions to General Assembly concerning elections and declaring 
 offices vacant. . 
 
 Sec. 57. Power of General Assembly to remove disabilities. 
 
 Sec. 58. Prohibitions on General Assembly as to suspension of writ of habeas 
 corpus, and enactment of laws referring to religion and other laws. 
 
 Sec. 59. General Assembly shall not incorporate churches or religious denomina- 
 tions; may secure church property. 
 
 Sec. 60. Lotteries and sale of lottery tickets prohibited. 
 
 Sec. 61. Formation and division of counties. 
 
 Sec. 62. Power of General Assembly to enact liquor laws. 
 
 Sec. 63. Powers which General Assembly shall confer on courts; cases in which 
 General Assembly shall not enact special laws. 
 
 Sec. 64. General Assembly shall enact general laws in cases mentioned in pre- 
 ceding section, and wherever general laws will apply; amendment or 
 partial repeal of general law shall not enact special law; restrictions 
 as to laws. 
 
 Sec. 65. Powers of local and special legislation may be conferred by General 
 Assembly, by general law, on supervisors and councils. 
 
 Sec. 66. Clerk of House of Delegates to be Keeper of the Rolls, without com- 
 pensation; General Assembly shall prescribe number and compen- 
 sation of its clerks and employees. 
 
 Sec. 67. Limitations on appropriations by General Assembly to charitable and 
 other institutions; exceptions. 
 
 Sec. 68. Auditing Committee, appointment and constitution; powers and duties. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 executive department. 
 
 Sec. 69. Governor, term of office. 
 
 Sec. 70. How and when elected; how result ascertained; how tie or contested 
 
 elections decided. 
 Sec. 71. Qualifications of Governor. 
 Sec. 72. His place of residence and salary. 
 Sec. 73. Duties and j^owers of Governor. 
 Sec. 74. Further powers of Governor. 
 
 Sec. 75. Commissions and grants; how they shall run and how attested. 
 Sec. 76. Bills, duties of Governor in regard to; proceedings of General Assembly 
 
 in passing bills over veto of Governor; effect of failure of Governor 
 
 to sign. 
 Sec. 77. Lieutenant-Governor, election and qualifications. 
 Sec. 78. Duties of Lieutenant-Governor.
 
 Sec. 
 
 81 
 
 Sec. 
 
 82 
 
 Sec. 
 
 83 
 
 Sec. 
 
 84 
 
 Sec. 
 
 85 
 
 Sec. 
 
 86 
 
 Vi CONTENTS. 
 
 Sec. 79. Lieutenant-Governor shall be President of Senate; compensation as 
 
 such. 
 Sec. 80. Secretary of the Commonwealth, election and duties; disposition of fees 
 
 received by him. 
 State Treasurer. 
 Auditor of Public Accounts. 
 Salaries of officers of Executive Department. 
 Checks and balances on officers entrusted with collection of revenue, 
 
 establishment of. 
 Bond of officers handling state funds. 
 Bureau of Labor and Statistics. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec. 87. Composition and jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. 88. Supreme Court of Appeals, composition and jurisdiction; exceptions 
 to jurisdiction; temporary vacancies, how filled. 
 
 Sec. 89. Special Court of Appeals. 
 
 Sec. 90. Opinions of Supreme Court of Appeals shall be written. 
 
 Sec. 91. Qualifications and terms of judges of Supreme Court of Appeals; how 
 chosen. 
 
 Sec. 92. Officers of Supreme Com-t of Appeals. 
 
 Sec. 93. Sessions of Supreme Court of Appeals. 
 
 Sec. 94. Judicial circuits, number and constitution. 
 
 Sec. 95. Powers of General Assembly to rearrange judicial circuits; limitations. 
 
 Sec. 96. Circuit judges, election, qualifications; residence and term of office. 
 
 Sec. 97. Terms of circuit courts; judges may be required to hold terms in 
 other circuits. 
 
 Sec. 98. Division of cities into classes; courts of each class; additional courts 
 for cities, how provided; abolition and cessation of corporation or 
 city court. 
 
 Sec. 99. Judges of city courts, election, qualifications and residence; residence 
 and privilege of judge of corporation court of city of less than five 
 thousand inhabitants; judges of city courts of cities of first class 
 may be required or authorized to hold terms in other circuits. 
 
 Sec. 100. Courts of Land Registration. 
 
 Sec. 101. Clerks of circuit courts, jurisdiction in cases of wills, insane per- 
 sons, etc. 
 
 Sec. 102. Judges, how commissioned; salaries and allowances, terms of office; 
 vacancies. 
 
 Sec. 103. Salaries of judges. 
 
 Sec. 104. Removal of judges for cause. 
 
 Sec. 105. Judges shall not practice law or hold office of public trust; exception. 
 
 Sec. 106. Writs and indictments. 
 
 Sec. 107. Attorney-General, election, commission, duties and compensation; 
 how removable. 
 
 Sec. 108. Justices of the peace. 
 
 Sec. 109. Applications for bail.
 
 CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT OF COUNTIES. 
 
 Sec. 110. County officers, number, terms and compensation. 
 
 Sec. 111. Magisterial districts, supervisors; how chosen, powers and duties. 
 
 Sec. 112. Elections for county and district officers, when held; terms of officers. 
 
 Sec. 113. No person shall hold more than one office at the same time. Additional 
 
 security may be required of officer. 
 
 Sec. 114. County not responsible for acts of sheriff. 
 
 Sec. 115. Examination of books, accounts, etc., of officers handling public funds. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 Sec. 116. Definitions of "cities" and "towns." 
 
 Sec. 117. General Assembly shall enact general laws for government of cities 
 and towns; how special act therefor passed: as to city charters 
 existing at adoption of Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 118. Clerks of city courts, elections, duties and number; only one in city 
 of less than thirty thousand inhabitants. 
 
 Sec. 119. Commonwealth's Attorney in cities; Commissioner of Revenue in 
 cities. 
 
 Sec. 120. City officers, their titles, election, powers and duties. 
 
 Sec. 121. City council, composition, how elected, powers and duties; ineligibility 
 of members to certain offices; powers and duties as to reapportion- 
 ments; when mandamus against council lies. 
 
 Sec. 122. Election and terms of office of city officers. 
 
 Sec. 123. Ordinances, proceedings to pass over veto of Mayor; as to appropria- 
 tion ordinances vetoed. 
 
 Sec. 124. Consent of corporate authorities necessary to use of streets, alleys, 
 or public grounds by certain companies or persons. 
 
 Sec. 125. Sale of corporate property and granting of franchises by cities and 
 towns. 
 
 Sec. 126. Corporate limits, contraction or extension of, General Assembly shall 
 provide for. 
 
 Sec. 127. Concerning bonded indebtedness of cities and towns. 
 
 Sec. 128. Assessment of real estate therein. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 EDUCATION AND PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Sec. 129. Free schools to be maintained. 
 
 Sec. 130. State Board of Education, composition; vacancies, how filled. 
 Sec. 131. Superintendent of Public Instruction, how elected, term of office; 
 how vacancies filled, duties.
 
 Viii CONTENTS. 
 
 Sec. 132. Powers and duties of State Board of Education. 
 
 Sec. 133. School districts; school trustees. 
 
 Sec. 134. Literary fund. 
 
 Sec. 135. Appropriations for school purposes, school age. 
 
 Sec. 136. Local school taxes. 
 
 Sec. 137. Agricultural, normal, manual training and technical schools. 
 
 Sec. 138. Compulsory education; exceptions. 
 
 Sec. 139. Free text-books. 
 
 Sec. 140. Mixed schools prohibited. 
 
 Sec. 141. State appropriations prohibited to schools or institutions of learning 
 not owned or exclusively controlled by State or some subdivision 
 thereof; exceptions to rule. 
 
 Sec. 142. Boards of visitors and trustees of educational institutions, how ap- 
 pointed, and term of office. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 agriculture and immigration. 
 
 Sec. 143. Department of agriculture and immigration, where maintained, how 
 
 controlled, composition, qualification of members, how appointed 
 
 and term of office. 
 Sec. 144. Powers and duties of same. 
 Sec. 145. Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration; term of office; how 
 
 elected; powers and duties. 
 Sec. 14G. President of Agriculture and Immigration to be ex-officio member of 
 
 Board of Visitors of Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND PRISONS. 
 
 Sec. 147. State penitentiary. 
 
 Sec. 148. Board of directors of same, number, how appointed, powers; super- 
 intendents and surgeons. 
 
 Sec. 149. Boards of directors for State hospitals for the insane, number of 
 members; how appointed, powers and terms of office. 
 
 Sec. 150. General board of directors of State Hospital for the Insane, compo- 
 sition and powers. 
 
 Sec. 151. Superintendents of State Hospital for the Insane; how appointed; 
 how and for what removable; powers; how other resident officers 
 of insane hospitals appointed; terms of office of superintendents. 
 
 Sec. 152. Commissioner of State Hospitals for the Insane; how appointed; term 
 of office, powers and duties; bond, salary. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 CORPORATIONS. 
 
 Sec. 153. Definition of terras used in article; article not to conflict with Federal 
 Constitution.
 
 CONTENTS. IX 
 
 Sec. 154. As to chartering of corporations and legislation relating thereto by 
 General Assembly; surrender of charters; special acts regulating 
 corporations prohibited. 
 
 Sec' 155. State corporation commission; how appointed; term of office; how 
 vacancies filled; who ineligible; qualifications of at least one mem- 
 ber; how removed or impeached; oflncers, how elected; rules of 
 order and procedure; general provisions; salaries; election of 
 members after January 1, 1908; how vacancies then filled. 
 
 Sec. 156. Powers, duties and method of procedure of commission. 
 
 Sec. 157. Fees from corporations. 
 
 Sec. 158. Effect of amendment of previously obtained charter of corporation. 
 
 Sec. 159. Eminent domain and police power of State never abridged. 
 
 Sec. 160. Concerning rates of transportation and transmission companies. 
 
 Sec. 161. Free transportation of members of General Assembly and of state, 
 county, district, or municipal officers, except members and officers 
 of state corporation commission, prohibited; penalty; policeman 
 and fireman excepted. 
 
 Sec. 162. Fellow-servant doctrine abolished to extent stated. 
 
 Sec. 163. As to foreign corporations. 
 
 Sec. 164. Right of regulation and control of common carriers and public service 
 corporations never surrendered or abridged. 
 
 Sec. 165. General Assembly shall enact laws preventing trusts, combinations 
 and monopolies inimical to the public welfare. 
 
 Sec. 166. Right to parallel railroads; as to building road parallel to Richmond, 
 Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Company; duties of con- 
 necting railroads. 
 
 Sec. 167. Concerning issuance of stocks and bonds by corporations; penalty for 
 violation. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 TAXATION AND FINANCE. 
 
 Sec. 168. Taxable property; taxes shall be uniform as to class of subjects and 
 
 levied and collected under general laws. 
 Sec. 169. How property assessed; General Assembly may grant cities and towns 
 
 right to reduce taxation for a period of years on land added to 
 
 corporate limits; right of General Assembly to segregate property 
 
 for purposes of taxation. 
 Sec. 170. Income, license and franchise taxes; paving and sewer taxes; abutting 
 
 land owners. 
 Sec. 171. Reassessments of real estate. 
 Sec. 172. Assessment of coal and mineral lands. 
 Sec. 173. State, county, and municipal capitation taxes. 
 Sec. 174. Statute of limitations shall not run against state taxes; failure to 
 
 assess not to defeat subsequent assessment and collection of taxes; 
 
 exception as to bona fide purchaser for value. 
 Sec. 175. Natural oyster beds. 
 Sec. 176. Assessment and taxation of railroad and canal companies.
 
 X CONTENTS. 
 
 Sec. 177. Franchise tax of railroad and canal companies. 
 
 Sec. 178. Amount and ascertainment of such franchise tax. 
 
 Sec. 179. Reports of corporations to Corporation Commission. 
 
 Sec. 180. Application by corporation for relief from assessment for taxation; 
 proceedings thereunder. 
 
 Sec. 181. Taxation of corporations as stated in sections 176 to 180 inclusive to 
 remain fixed from January 1, 1903, to January 1, 1913, and there- 
 after until modified by General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 182. Taxation of shares of stock of trust or seciu-ity companies and incor- 
 porated banks. 
 
 Sec. 183. Property exempt from taxation. 
 
 Sec. 184. Contraction of debts and issue of evidences of indebtedness by State 
 prohibited with certain exceptions. 
 
 Sec. 185. Lending of credit to, or subscription to stock of, corporations or per- 
 sons by state, county, city or town prohibited; State shall become 
 interested in no work of internal improvement except public roads. 
 Exception as to counties, cities and towns. 
 
 Sec. 186. Collection and disposition of state revenue; payment of money from 
 state treasury; what appropriations shall not be made. 
 
 Sec. 187. Sinking fund for state debt; every law creating a debt to provide 
 for a sinking fund for its payment. 
 
 Sec. 188. Limit of tax or revenue. 
 
 Sec. 189. Rate of taxation; application of proceeds; pensions. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 miscellaneous provisions. 
 
 Sec. 190. Homestead exemptions; when not to apply. 
 
 Sec. 191. In what property homestead exemptions cannot be claimed. 
 
 Sec. 192. Manner and conditions on which homestead may be set apart, to be 
 
 prescribed by General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 193. Homestead previously claimed not invalidated. 
 
 Sec. 194. Stay laws prohibited; exception. 
 
 Sec. 195. Heirs of property; children of slaves. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 FUTUKE changes IN THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Sec. 196. Amendments. 
 
 Sec 197. Constitutional Convention; how called.
 
 SCHEDULE. 
 
 Common and statute laws; how long in force. 
 
 Effect of ordinances of Convention. 
 
 Actions, writs and causes of action to continue; jurisdiction of courts. 
 
 Escheats, fines and forfeitures, etc. 
 
 Recognizances, obligations, etc., remain binding and valid. 
 
 Supreme Court of Appeals. 
 
 County Courts. 
 
 Clerks of courts. 
 
 Governor and State officers. 
 
 Members of General Assembly ; county officers. 
 
 Terms of other oflicers. 
 
 State boards. 
 
 Charters. 
 Secs. 14 and 15. City officers. 
 Sec. 10. Vacancies in office. 
 Sec. 17. Bonds. 
 
 Sec. 18. Qualifications of voters. 
 Sec. 19. Extra session of General Assembly. 
 Sec. 20. Powers, duties, etc., of General Assembly. 
 Sec. 21. Clerks of Senate and House of Delegates. 
 Sec. 22. Oath to support the Constitution. 
 Sec. 23. Official copy of Constitution. 
 Sec. 24. Proclauuition of Governor. 
 Sec. 25. When Constitution and Schedule take effect. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 1. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 2. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 4. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 5. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 G. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 7. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 8. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 9. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 10. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 11. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 12. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 13.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Wlu'i-ea^, ])ursuant to an act of ilie General Assembly of Virginia, ap- 
 proved March tlio fifth, in the year of our Lord nineteen lumdred, the 
 question, "shall there be a convention to revise the Constitution and 
 amend the same ?" was submitted to the electors of the State of A^irginia, 
 qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, at an election held 
 throughout the State on the fourth Thursday in May, in the year nine- 
 teen hundred, at which election a majority of the electors so qualified 
 voting at said election did decide in favor of a convention for such pur- 
 pose; and, 
 
 Whereas, the General Assembly at its next session did provide hy buv 
 for the election of delegates to such convention, in pursuance whereof the 
 members of tliis Convention wwv elected by the good peopk' of Virginia, 
 to meet in convention for such purpose. 
 
 We, therefore, the people of Virginia, so assembled in Convention 
 through our representatives, with gratitude to God for His past favors, 
 and invoking His blessings upon the result of our deliberations, do ordain 
 and establish the following revised and amended Constitution for the 
 government of the Commonwealth : 
 
 AETTCLE I. • ' 
 
 BILL OF RIGHTS. 
 
 A DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, made hij tlie rc^.i-cscntatives of ike 
 good people of Virginia assembled in full and free Convention : 
 udiicli ri gilts do pertain to tlirni and their posterity, as the Basis and 
 Foandalion of Government. 
 
 Section 1. That all men are l)y nature equally free and independent, 
 and have certain inherent rights, of wliieh, when they enter into a state of 
 society, they cannot, liy any com]iact. deprive or divest tlieii" ]iosterity;
 
 2 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring 
 and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and 
 safety. 
 
 Sec. 2. That all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the 
 people; that magistrates are their trustees and servants, and at all times 
 amenable to them. 
 
 Sec. 3. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common 
 benefit, protection and security of the people, nation or community; of 
 all the various modes and forms of government, that is best, which is 
 capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and safety, and is 
 most effectually secured against the danger of maladministration; and, 
 whenever any government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these 
 purposes, a majorit}' of the community hath an indubitable, inalienable, 
 and indefeasible right to reform, alter or abolish it, in such manner as 
 shall be judged most conducive to the public weal. 
 
 Sec. 4. That no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive or separate 
 emoluments or privileges from the communit}', but in consideration of 
 public services ; which not being descendible, neither ought the offices of 
 magistrate, legislator or judge to be hereditary. 
 
 Sec. 5. That the legislative, executive, and judicial departments of 
 the State should be separate and distinct; and that the members thereof 
 may be restrained from oppression, b}" feeling and j)articipating the bur- 
 thens of the people, they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private 
 station, return into that body from which they were originally taken, and 
 the vacancies be supplied by regular elections, in which all or any part of 
 the former members shall be again eligil)le, or ineligible, as the laws may 
 direct. 
 
 Sec. 6. 'J'hat all elections ought to be free; and that all men, having 
 sufficient evi.lence of permanent common interest with, and attachment 
 to, the community, have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed, or 
 deprived of, or damaged in, their property' for public uses, without their 
 own consent, or tbat of their representatives duly elected, or bound by 
 any law to which (hey have not, in like manner, assented for the public 
 good. 
 
 Sec. 7. That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by 
 any authority, withoul <-onsent of the representatives of the people, is 
 injurious to their rights, nnd ought not to be exercised. 
 
 Sec. 8. That no man simll be deprived of his life, or liberty, except by 
 the law of the land, or the judgment of his peers; nor shall any man be 
 c-ompelled in any criminal pmceeding to give evidence against himself, 
 nor be put twice in jeopardy for the same offence, but an appeal may be
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 6 
 
 nl lowed to the Comiiionwealtli in all prosecutions for the violation of a 
 law relating to the state revenue. 
 
 That in all criminal prosecutions a man hath a right to demand the 
 cause and nature of his accusation, to l)e confronted with the accusers and 
 witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, and to a speedy trial hy an 
 impartial jury of his vicinage, without whose unanimous consent he can- 
 not be found guilty; provided, however, that in any criminal case, upon 
 a plea of guilty, tendered in person by the accused, and with the consent 
 of the attorney for the Commonwealth, entered of record, the court shall, 
 and in a prosecution for an offence not punishable by death, or confine- 
 m(>nt in the penitentiary, upon a plea of not guilty, with the consent of 
 the accused, given in person, and of the attorney for the Commonwealth, 
 both entered of record, the court, in its discretion, may hear and deter- 
 mine the case, without the intervention of a jury; and, tliat the General 
 Assembly may provide for the trial of offences not punishable by death, 
 or confinement in the penitentiary, by a justice of the peace, without a 
 jury, preserving in all such cases, the right of the accused to an appeal to 
 and trial by jury in the circuit or corporation court; and may also pro- 
 vide for juries consisting of less than twelve, but not less than five, for 
 the trial of offences not punishable by death, or confinement in the peni- 
 tentiary, and may classify such cases, and prescribe the number of jurors 
 for each class. 
 
 Sec. 9. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines 
 imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 Sec. 10. That general warrants, whereby an officer or messenger may 
 be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact com- 
 mitted, or to seize any person or persons not named, or whose offence is 
 not particularly described and supported by evidence, are grievous and 
 oppressive, and ought not to be granted. 
 
 Sec. 11. That no person sliall be deprived of his property without due 
 process of law; and in controversies respecting property, and in suits 
 between man and man, trial by jury is preferable to any other, and ought 
 to be held sacred; but the General Assembly may limit the number of 
 jurors for civil cases in circuit and corporation courts to not less than 
 five in cases now cognizable by justices of the peace, or to not less than 
 seven in cases not so cognizable. 
 
 Sec. 12. That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of 
 liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments ; and 
 any citizen may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all sub- 
 jects, being responsible for the al)use of that right.
 
 4 coMSTiTr rioN or vJJ!t;iNiA. 
 
 Sec. 13. Tliat a well-regulated luililin. composed of the body of the 
 people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural and safe defence of a free 
 state; that standing armies, in time of peace, should be avoided as dan- 
 gerous to liberty; and that in all cases the military should be under strict 
 subordination to, and governed by, the civil power. 
 
 Sec. 14. That the people have a right to uniform government; and, 
 therefore, that no government separate from, or independent of, the gov- 
 ernment of A^irginia, onght to be erected or established within the limits 
 thereof. 
 
 Sec. I-'). That no free government, or the blessing of liberty, can be 
 preserved to any people, but by a firm adherence to justice, moderation,, 
 temperance, frugality and virtue, and by frequent recurrence to funda- 
 mental principles. 
 
 Sec. 16. That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and 
 the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and convic- 
 tion, not by force or violence; and, therefore, all men are equally entitled 
 to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; 
 and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, 
 love and charity towards each other. 
 
 Sec. 17. The rights enumerated in this Bill of Eights shall not l)e con- 
 strued to limit other rights of the people not therein expressed. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 ELECTIVE FRANCHISE AND QUALIFICATIONS FOR OFFICE. 
 
 Sec. 18. Every male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of 
 age, who has been a resident of the State two years, of the county, city, or 
 town one year, and of the precinct in which he offers to vote, thirty days, 
 next preceding the election in which he offers to vote, has been registered, 
 and has paid his state poll taxes, as hereinafter required, shall be entitled 
 to vote for members of the General Assembly and all officers elective by 
 the people ; but removal from one precinct to another, in the same countv, 
 city or town shall not deprive any person of his right to vote in the pre- 
 cinct from which he has moved, until the expiration of thirty days after 
 such removal. 
 
 Sec. 19. There shall be general registrations in the counties, cities and 
 towns of the State during the years nineteen hundred and two and nine- 
 teen hundred and three at such times and in such manner as may be pre- 
 scribed by an ordinance of this Convention. At such registrations everv 
 male citizen of the United States having the qualifications of age and
 
 CUXbTlTUTlOX Oi' \il;GiMA. O 
 
 residence required in seel ion J'ligliloen sliall l)e entitled to register, if he 
 be: 
 
 First. A person who, prior to the adoj)tioii of lliis Constitution, served 
 in time of war in the army or navy of the Ignited States, of the Confed- 
 erate States, or of any stale of tlie Tniled States or of tlic Confederate 
 States; or. 
 
 Second. A son of any such person ; or. 
 
 Third. A person, who owns |)roperty, u])on which, for tlie year next pre- 
 ceding that in which he offers to register, state taxes aggregating at least 
 ■one dollar have heen paid ; or. 
 
 Fourth. A person ahle to read any section of this Constitution sub- 
 mitted to him l)y tlie otficers of registration and to give a reasonable ex- 
 planation of the same; or, if unable to read such section, able to under- 
 stand and give a reasonable explanation thereof when read to him by the 
 ■officers. 
 
 A roll containing the names of all persons thus registered, sworn to and 
 •certified by the otticers of registration, shall be filed, for record and pre- 
 servation, in the clerk's office of the circuit court of the county, or the 
 ■clerk's office of the corporation court of the city, as the case may be. 
 Persons thus enrolled shall not be required to register again, unless they 
 shall have ceased to be residents of the State, or become disqualified by 
 section Tw^enty-three. Any jierson denied registration under this section 
 shall have the right of appeal to the circuit court of his county, or the 
 •corporation court of his city, or to the judge thereof in vacation. 
 
 Sec. 20. After the first day of January, nineteen hundred and four, 
 •every male citizen of the United States, having the qualifications of age 
 ^md residence required in section Eigliteen, shall be entitled to register, 
 provided : 
 
 First. That ho has personally paid to the proper officer all state poll 
 taxes assessed or assessable against him, under this or the former Con- 
 stitution, for the three years next preceding that in wliich he offers to 
 register; or, if he come of age at such time that no poll tax shall have 
 been assessable against him for the year preceding the year in which he 
 •offers to register, has paid one dollar and fifty cents, in satisfaction of the 
 first year's poll tax assessable against him ; and. 
 
 Second. That, unless physically unable, he make application to regis- 
 ter in his own hand-writing, without aid, suggestion, or memorandum, in 
 the presence of the registration officers, stating therein his name, age, 
 date and place of birth, residence and occupation at the time and for the 
 two years next preceding, and whether he has previously voted, and, if so, 
 the state, county, and precinct in which he voted last ; and,
 
 Q CONSTITUTIOX OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Third. That he answer on oath any and all questions affecting his. 
 qualifications as an elector, submitted to him by the officers of registra- 
 tion, which questions, and his answers thereto, shall be reduced to writing,, 
 certified by the said officers, and preserved as a part of their official re- 
 cords. 
 
 Sec. 21. Any person registered under either of the last tw^o sections, 
 shall have the right to vote for members of the General Assembly and all 
 officers elective by the people, subject to the following conditions: 
 
 That he, unless exempted by section Twenty-two, shall, as a prerequisite 
 to the right to vote after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and 
 four, personally pay, at least six months prior to the election, all state 
 poll taxes assessed or assessable against him, under this Constitution, 
 during the three years next preceding that in which he offers to vote;, 
 provided that, if he register after the first day of January, nineteen hun- 
 dred and four, he shall, unless physically unable, prepare and deposit his 
 ballot without aid, on such printed form as the law may prescribe; but 
 any voter registered prior to that date may be aided in the preparation of 
 his ballot by such officer of election as he himself may designate. 
 
 Sec. 22. No person who, during the late war between the States, served 
 in the army or navy of the United States, or the Confederate States, or- 
 any state of the United States, or of the Confederate States, shall at any- 
 time be required to pay a poll tax as a prerequisite to the right to register 
 or vote. The collection of the state poll tax assessed against any one 
 shall not be enforced by legal process until the same has become three- 
 years past due. 
 
 Sec. 23. The following persons shall be excluded from registering and 
 voting : Idiots, insane persons, and paupers ; persons w^ho, prior to the- 
 adoption of this Constitution, were disqualified from voting, by convic- 
 tion of crime, either within or witliout this State, and whose disabilities 
 shall not have been removed ; persons convicted after the adoption of this 
 Constitution, either within or without this State, of treason, or of any 
 felony, bribery, petit larceny, obtaining money or property under falsfr 
 pretences, endiozzlement, forgery, or perjury; persons who, while citizens 
 of this State, after the adoption of this Constitution, have fought a duel 
 with a deadly weapon, or sent or accepted a challenge to fight such duel,, 
 either within or without this State, or knowingly conveyed a challenge, 
 or aided or assisted in any way in the fighting of such duel. 
 
 Sec. 24. No officer, soldier, seaman, or marine of the United States 
 army or navy shall be deemed lo have gained a residence as to the right of 
 suffrage, in the State, or in any county, city or town thereof, by reason of 
 being stationed therein; nor shall an inmate of any charitable instiiu-
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 7 
 
 tion or a student in any institution of learning, be regarded as having 
 either gained or lost a residence, as to the right of suffrage, by reason of 
 his location or sojourn in snch institution. 
 
 Sec. 25. The General Assembly shall provide for the anniuil registra- 
 tion of voters under section Twenty, for an appeal by any person denied 
 registration, for the correction of illegal or fraudulent registration, there- 
 under, and also for the proper transfer of all voters registered under this 
 Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 26. Any person who, in respect to age or residence, w^ould be quali- 
 fied to vote at the next election, shall be admitted to registration, not- 
 withstanding that at the time thereof he is not so qualified, and shall be 
 entitled to vote at said election if then qualified under the provisions of 
 this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 27. All elections by tlio people shall be by ballot ; all elections by 
 any representative body shall be viva voce, and the vote recorded in the 
 journal thereof. 
 
 The ballot-box shall be kept in public view during all elections, and 
 shall not be opened, nor the ballots canvassed or counted, in secret. 
 
 So far r:S consistent with the provisions of this Constitution, the abso- 
 lute secrecy of the ballot shall be maintained. 
 
 Sec. 28. The General Assembly shall provide for ballots without any 
 distinguishing mark or symbol, for use in all state, county, city, and 
 other elections by the people, and the form thereof shall be the same in 
 all places where any such election is held. All ballots shall contain the 
 names of the candidates, and of the offices to be filled, in clear ])rint and 
 in due and orderly succession; but any voter may erase any name and 
 insert another. 
 
 Sec. 29. No voter, during the time of holding any election at which he 
 is entitled to vote, shall be compelled to perform military service, except 
 in time of war or public danger; to attend any court as suitor, juror, or 
 witness; and no voter shall be subject to arrest nnder any civil process 
 during his attendance at election or in going to or returning therefrom. 
 
 Sec. 30. The General Assembly may prescribe a property qualification 
 not exceeding two hundred i\m\ fifty dollars for voters in any county or 
 subdivision thereof, or city or town, as a prerequisite for voting in any 
 election for officers, other than the members of the General Assembly, to 
 be AvhoUy elected by the voters of such county or subdivision thereof, or 
 city, or town; such action, if taken, to be had upon the initiative of a 
 representative in the General Assembly of the county, city or town 
 affected : provided, that the General Assembly in its discretion may make
 
 8 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 8ucli exemptions from the operation of said property qualification as shall 
 not be in conflict with the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 31. There shall be in each county and city an electoral board, 
 composed of three members, appointed by the circuit court of the county 
 or the corporation court of tlic city, or the judge of the court in vacation. 
 Of those first appointed, one shall he appointed for a term of one year, 
 one for a term of two years, and one for a term of three years; and there- 
 after their successors shall be appointed for the full term of three years. 
 Any vacancy occurring in any board shall 1)G filled by the same authority 
 for the unexpired term. 
 
 Each electoral board shall appoint the judges, clerks, and registrars of 
 election for its county or city; and, in appointing judges of election, rep- 
 resentation as far as possible shall be given to each of the two political 
 parties which, at the general election next preceding their appointment, 
 cast the highest and next highest number of votes. 
 
 Xo person, nor the deputy of any jocrson, holding any oflEice or post of 
 profit or emolument, under the United States Government, or who is in 
 the employment of such government, or holding any elective office of 
 profit or trust in the State, or in any county, city, or town thereof, shall 
 be appointed a member of the electoral board, or registrar, or judge of 
 election. 
 
 Sec. 32. Every person qualified to vote shall be eligible to any office of 
 the State, or of any county, cit}', town, or other subdivision of the State, 
 wherein he resides, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, and 
 except that this provision as to residence shall not apply to any office elec- 
 tive by the people where the law provides otherwise. Men and women 
 eighteen years of age shall be eligible to the office of notary public, and 
 qualified to execute the bonds required of them in that capacity. 
 
 Sec. 33. The terms of all officers elected under this Constitution shall 
 begin on the first day of February next succeeding their election, unless 
 otherwise provided in this Constitution. All officers, elected or appointed, 
 shall continue to discharge the duties of their offices after their terms of 
 service have expired until their successors have qualified. 
 
 Sec. 34. Members of the General Assembly and all officers, executive 
 and judicial, elected or appointed after this Constitution goes into effect, 
 shall, before they enter on the performance of their public duties, sev- 
 erally take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation : 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 1 will support the Constitution 
 of the United States, and the Constitution of the State of Virginia or- 
 dained by the Convention which assembled in the city of Richmond on 
 the twelfth day of Juno, nineteen hundred and one, and that I will faith-
 
 COXSTITITIOX OF VIKGIXIA. 9 
 
 fully and iiiipai'lially (liscliai'go and ])crfoi-iii all ilw, dutii's incumbent on 
 
 nie as , according to the best of ni\' ability; so help nie 
 
 God." 
 
 Sec. 35. Xo pci'soii shall noIc at any h'galizcd primary cdoction for iho 
 nomination of any candidate for othce unless h<^ is at the time registered 
 and qualitied to vote at the next succeeding election. 
 
 Sec. 36. The General Assembly shall enact such laws as are necessary 
 and proper for the purpose of securing the regnhirity and pnrity of gen- 
 eral, local and primary elections, and preventing and punishing any cor- 
 rupt practices in connection therewith; and shall have power, in addition 
 to other penalties and punishments now or hereafter prescribed by law 
 for such offences, to provide that joersons convicted of them shall there- 
 after be disqualified from voting or holding office. 
 
 Sec. 37. The General Assemhly may provide for the use, throughout 
 the State or in any one or more counties, cities, or towns in any election, 
 of machines for receiving, recording, and counting the votes cast thereat : 
 provided, that the secrecy of the voting be not thereby impaired. 
 
 Sec. 38. After the first day of January, nineteen hnndred and four, 
 the treasurer of each county and city shall, at least five months before 
 each regular election, file with the clerk of the circuit court of his county, 
 or of the corporation court of his city, a list of all persons in his county 
 or city, who have paid not later than six months prior to such election, 
 the state poll taxes required Ijy this Constitution dnring the three years 
 next preceding that in which such election is held; which list shall be 
 arranged alphabetically, by magisterial districts or wards, shall state the 
 white and colored persons separately, and shall be verified by the oalli of 
 the treasurer. The clerk, within ten days from the receipt of tht' list, 
 shall make and certify a suificient number of copies thereof, and sball 
 deliver one copy for each voting place in his county or city, to the shn'itf 
 of the county or sergeant of the city, whose duty it shall be to post one 
 copy, without delay, at each of the voting-places, and, within ten days 
 from the receipt thereof, to make return on oath to the clerk, as to the 
 places where and dates at which said copies were respectively posted; 
 which return the clerk shall record in a book kept in his office for the 
 puqjose; and he shall keep in his office for public inspection, for at least 
 sixty days after receiving the list, not less than ten certified copies thereof, 
 and also cause the list to be published in such other manner as may be 
 prescribed by law; the original list returned by the treasurer shall be 
 filed and preserved by the clerk among the public records of his office for 
 at least five years affer receiving the same. Within tliirly days after tht' 
 list has been so posted, any person who shall have paid his caititalinn tax,
 
 10 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 but whose name is omitted from the certified list, may, after five days' 
 written notice to the treasurer, apply to the circuit court of his county, or 
 <?orporation court of his cit}^ or to the judge thereof in vacation, to have 
 the same corrected and his name entered thereon, which application the 
 •court or judge shall promptly hear and decide. 
 
 The clerk shall deliver, or cause to be delivered, with the poll-books, 
 at a reasonable time before every election, to one of the judges of election 
 •of each precinct of his county or city, a like certified copy of the list, 
 which shall be conclusive evidence of the facts therein stated for the pur- 
 pose of voting. The clerk shall also, within sixty days after the filing of 
 the list by the treasurer, forward a certified copy thereof, with such cor- 
 rections as may have been made by order of the court or judge, to the 
 Auditor of Public Accounts, wdio shall charge the amount of the poll 
 taxes stated therein to such treasurer unless previously accounted for. 
 
 Further evidence of the prepapnent of the capitation taxes required 
 by this Constitution, as a prerequisite to the right to register and vote, 
 may be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE in. 
 
 DIVISION OF POWERS. 
 
 See. 39. Except as hereinafter provided, the legislative, executive, and 
 judiciary departments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exer- 
 cise the powers properly belonging to either of the others, nor any person 
 €xercise the power of more than one of them at the same time. 
 
 ARTICLE lY. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec. 40. The legislative power of the State shall be vested in a General 
 Assembl}^ which shall consist of a Senate and House of Delegates. 
 
 Sec. 41. Thie Senate shall consist of not more than forty and not less 
 than thirty-three members, who shall be elected quadrennially by the 
 voters of the several senatorial districts, on the Tuesday succeeding the 
 first Monday in November. 
 
 Sec. 42. The House of Delegates shall consist of not more than one 
 hundred and not less than ninety members, who shall be elected bi-enni-
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIKGINIA. 11 
 
 iiUy by the voIits of the several house districts, on the Tuesday succeeding 
 the first Monday in November. 
 
 Sec. 43. Tlic apportionment of the State into senatorial and house dis- 
 tricts, made by the acts of the General Assembly, approved April tlie 
 .second, nineteen hundred and two, is hereby adopted; but a re-apportion- 
 ment may be made in the year nineteen hundred and six, and sha]] be 
 made in the year nineteen Imudrod nud twelve, and every tenth year iliei'e- 
 .after. 
 
 Sec. 44. Any person may be elected senator who, at the time of election, 
 is actually a resident of the senatorial district and qualified to vote for 
 members of the General Assembly; and any person may be elected a mem- 
 ber of the House of Delegates who, at the time of election, is actually a 
 resident of the house district and qualified to vote for members of the 
 General Assembly. But no person holding a salaried office under the 
 state government, and no judge of any court, attorney for the Common- 
 wealth, sheriff, sergeant, treasurer, assessor of taxes, commissioner of the 
 revenue, collector of taxes, or clerk of any court, shall be a member of 
 •either house of the General Assembly during his continuance in office, 
 and the election of any such person to either house of the General Assem- 
 bly, and his qualification as a member thereof, shall vacate any such office 
 held by him ; and no person holding any office or post of profit or emolu- 
 ment under the United States Government or who is in the employment 
 of such government, shall be eligible to either house. The removal of a 
 senator or delegate from the district for which he is elected, shall vacate 
 his office. 
 
 Sec. 45. The members of the General Assembly shall receive for their 
 services a salary to be fixed by law and paid from tlie public treasury; 
 but no act increasing such salary shall take effect until after the end of 
 the term for which the members voting thereon were elected; and no 
 member during the term for which he shall have been elected, shall be 
 appointed or elected to any civil office of profit in the State except offices 
 filled by election by the people. 
 
 Sec. 46. The General Assembly shall meet once in two years on tlie 
 second Wednesday in January next succeeding the election of the mem- 
 bers of the House of Delegates and not oftener unless convened in the 
 manner prescribed by this Constitution. No session of the General As- 
 sembly, after the first under this Constitution, shall continue longer than 
 sixty days; but with the concurrence of three-fifths of the members 
 •elected to each house, the session may be extended for a period not ex- 
 ceeding thirty days. Except for the first session held under this Constitu- 
 tion, members shall be allowed a salary for not exceeding sixty days at
 
 1'^ t'OXSTlTUTIOX OF VIKGIXIA. 
 
 any regular session, and for not exceeding thirty days at any extra ses- 
 sion. Neither hoiise shall, withont the consent of the other, adjourn to- 
 another phice nor for more than three days. A majority of the members 
 elected to each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a 
 smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall have power ta 
 compel the attendance of members in such manner and under such pen- 
 alty as each house may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 47. The House of Delegates shall choose its own speaker; and, in 
 the absence of the Lieutenant-Governor, or when he shall exercise the 
 office of Governor, the Senate shall choose from their own body a presi- 
 dent pro tempore. Each house shall select its officers, settle its rules of 
 procedure, and direct writs of election for supplying vacancies which may 
 occur during flic session of the General Assembly; but, if vacancies occur 
 during the recess, such A\rits may be issued by the Governor, under such 
 regulations as may be prescribed by law. Each house shall judge of the 
 election, qualification, and returns of its members; may punish them fo~ 
 disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 
 member. 
 
 Sec. 48. Members of the General Assembly shall, in all cases, except 
 treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during 
 the sessions of their respective houses; and for any speech or debate in 
 either house shall not be questioned in any other place. They shall not be 
 subject to arrest, under any civil process, during the sessions of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, or the fifteen days next before the beginning or after the 
 ending of any session. 
 
 Sec. 49. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall 
 be published from time to time, and the yeas and nays of the members of 
 either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those pres- 
 ent, be entered on the journal. 
 
 Sec. 50. No law shall be enacted except by bill. A bill may originate 
 in either house, to be approved or rejected by the other, or may be 
 amended by either, with the concurrence of the other. 
 
 Xo bill shall become a law unless, prior to its passage, it has been, 
 
 (a) Referred to a committee of each house, considered bv such com- 
 mittee in session, and reported; 
 
 (b) Printed by the house, in which it originated, prior to its passage 
 therein ; 
 
 (c) Read at length on three different calendar days in each house: 
 and unless, 
 
 (d) A yea and nay vote has been taken in each house upon its final 
 passage, the names of the mombrr? voting for and against entered on the
 
 CON.STITLTION OF VIIIGIXIA. 13 
 
 journal, and a majority of tliose voting, which shall include at least two- 
 fifths of the members elected tq each house, recorded in the affirmative. 
 
 And only in the manner required in subdivision (d) of this section 
 shall an amendment to a l)ill by one liouse be concurred in by the other, 
 -or a conference rejiort be adopted by eitlier house, or either liouse dis- 
 ■charge a commitee from the consideration of a bill and consider the same 
 &s if reported ; provided that the printing and reading, or either, required 
 in subdivisions (b) and (c) of this section, may be dispensed with in a 
 hill to codify the laws of the State, and in any case of emergency by a 
 vote of four-fifths of the members voting in each house taken by the yeas 
 and nays, the names of the members voting for and against, entered on 
 tlie journal ; and provided further, that no bill which creates, or estab- 
 lishes a new office, or which creates, continues, or revives a debt or 
 ■charge, or make,?, continues or revives any appropriation of public or 
 trust money, or property, or releases, discharges or commutes any claim 
 ■or demand of tiie State, or which imposes, continues or revives a tax, 
 shall be passed except by tlie affirmative vote of a majority of all the mem- 
 bers elected to each house, the vote to be bv the veas and navs, and the 
 names of the members voting for and against, entered on the journal. 
 Every law imposing, continuing or reviving a tax shall specifically state 
 ■such tax and no law shall be construed as so stating such tax, which re- 
 quires a reference to any other law or any other tax. The presiding 
 officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he pre- 
 sides, sign every bill that has been passed l)y both houses and duly en- 
 rolled. Immediately before this is done, all other business being sus- 
 pended, the title of the bill shall 1)C publicly read. The fact of signing 
 shall be entered on the journal. 
 
 Sec. 51. There shall be a joint committee of the General Assembly, 
 consisting of seven members appointed by the House of Delegates, and 
 five members appointed by the Senate, which shall be a standing commit- 
 tee on special, private, and local legislation. Before reference to a com- 
 mitteee, as provided by section Fifty, any special, private, or local bill 
 introduced in either house shall be referred to and considered by such 
 joint committee and returned to the house in which it originated with a 
 statement in Avriting whether the object of the bill can be accomplished 
 Tinder general law or by court proceeding; whereupon, the bill, with the 
 accompanying statement, shall take the course provided by section Fifty. 
 The joint committee may be discharged from the consideration of a bill 
 hy the house in which it originated in the manner provided in section 
 Fifty for the discharge of other committees. 
 
 Sec. .")?. Xo law shall embrace more than one object, which shall l)e ex-
 
 14 CONSTITUTION" OF VIKGIXIA. 
 
 pressed in its title; nor shall any law be revived or amended with refer- 
 ence to its title, but the act revived or the section amended shall be re- 
 enacted and published at length. 
 
 Sec. 53. Xo law, except a general appropriation law, shall take effect 
 until at least ninety days after the adjournment of the session of the- 
 General Assembly at which it is enacted, unless in case of an emergency 
 (which emergency shall be expressed in the body of the bill), the Gen- 
 oral Assembly shall othervsise direct by a vote of four-fifths of the mem- 
 bers voting in each house, such vote to be taken by the yeas and nays, and 
 the names of the members voting for and against entered on the Journal. 
 
 Sec. 54. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Attorney-General,. 
 Judges, members of the State Corporation Commission, and executive 
 ofhcers at the seat of government, and all officers appointed b;^ the Gov- 
 ernor or elected by the General Assemblv, offending against the State by 
 malfeasance in office, corruption, neglect of duty, or other high crime or 
 misdemeanor, may be impeached by the House of Delegates, and prose- 
 cuted before the Senate which shall have the sole power to try impeach- 
 ment. When sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be on oath or 
 affirmation, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of 
 two-thirds of the senators present. Judgment in case of impeachment 
 shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to- 
 hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the State ; Ijut 
 the person convicted shall nevertheless be subject to indictment, trials 
 Judgment, and punishment according to law. The Senate may sit during 
 the recess of the General Assembly for the trial of impeachments. 
 
 Sec. 55. The General Assembly shall by law apportion the State into dis- 
 tricts, corresponding with the number of representatives to which it may 
 be entitled in the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United 
 States; which districts shall be composed of contiguous and compact ter- 
 ritory containing, as nearly as practicable, an equal number of inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 Sec. 56. The manner of conducting and making returns of elections,, 
 of determining contested elections, and of filling vacancies in office, in 
 cases not specially provided for by this Constitution, shall be prescribed 
 by law, and the General Assembly may declare the cases in which any 
 office shall be deemed vacant where no provision is made for that purpose 
 in this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 57. The General Assembly shall have power, by a two-thirds vote, 
 to remove disabilities incurred under section Twenty-three, of Article 
 Two, of this Constitution, with reference to duelling. 
 
 Sec. 58. The privilege of the writ of habeas cornvs shall not be sus-
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIKGINIA. 15 
 
 pended unless when in eases of invasion or rebellion, tlie public safety 
 may require. The General Assembly shall not pass any bill of attainder, 
 or any ex post facto law, or any law impairing the obligation of contracts,- 
 or any law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. Jt shall not; 
 enact any law whereljy private property shall be taken or damaged for 
 public uses, without just compensation. No man shall be compelled to 
 frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, 
 nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or 
 goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or 
 belief; but all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, 
 their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in no wise dimin- 
 ish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. And the General Assembly 
 shall not prescribe any religious test whatever, or confer any peculiar privi- 
 leges or advantages on any sect or denomination, or pass any law requiring 
 or authorizing any religious society, or the people of any district within 
 this State, to levy on themselves or others any tax for tlie erection or 
 repair of any house of public worship, or for the support of any church 
 or ministry; but it shall be left free to every person to select his religious 
 instructor, and to make for his support such private contract as he shall 
 please. 
 
 Sec. 59. The General Assembly shall not grant a charter of incorpora- 
 tion to any church or religious denomination, but may secure the title ta 
 church property to an extent to be limited by law. 
 
 Sec. GO. No lottery sliall hereafter be authorized by law; and the buy- 
 ing, selling, or transferring of tickets or chances in any lottery shall be 
 prohibited. 
 
 Sec. 61. No new county shall be formed with an area of less than six 
 hundred square miles; nor shall the county or counties from which it is 
 formed be reduced below that area ; nor shall any county be reduced in 
 population below eight thousand. But any county, the length of which is 
 three times its mean breadth, or which exceeds fifty miles in length, may 
 be divided at the discretion of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 62. The General Assem]»ly shall have full power to enact local 
 option or dispensary laws, or auy other laws controlling, regulating, or 
 prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. 
 
 Sec. 63. The General Assembly shall confer on the courts power to 
 grant divorces, change the names of persons, and direct the sale of estates 
 belonging to infants and other persons under legal disabilities, and shall 
 not, by special legislation, grant relief in these or other cases of which 
 the courts or other trilnnials may have jurisdiction. The General Asseui- 
 bly may regulate the exercise by courts of the right to punish for con-
 
 ]0 CONSTITUTION OF VIKGINIA. 
 
 tempi. Tlie General Assembly shall not enact any local, special, or pri- 
 vate law in the following cases: 
 
 1. For the punishment of crime. 
 
 •2. Providing a change of venue in civil or criminal cases. 
 
 ■A. Kegulating the practice in, or the jurisdiction of, or changing the 
 rules of evidence in any judicial proceedings or inquiry before, the courts 
 or other tribunals, or providing or changing the methods of collecting 
 d'ebts or enforcing judgments, or prescribing the etfect of judicial sales 
 of real estate. 
 
 4. Changing or locating county seats. 
 
 5. For the assessment and collection of taxes, except as to animals 
 which the General Assembly may deem dangerous to the farming in- 
 terests. 
 
 6. Extending the time for the assessuient or collection of taxes. 
 T. Exempting property from taxation. 
 
 S. Eemitting, releasing, postponing, or diminishing any obligation or 
 liability of any person, corporation, or association, to the State or to any 
 political subdivision thereof. 
 
 !). Refunding money lawfully paid into the treasury of the State or 
 the treasury of any political subdivision thereof. 
 
 10. Granting from the treasury of the State, or granting or authorizing 
 to be granted from the treasury of any political subdivision thereof, any 
 extra compensation to any public officer, servant,- agent, or contractor. 
 
 11. For conducting elections or designating the places of voting. 
 
 ^2. liegulating labor, trade, mining or manufacturing, or the rate of 
 interest on money. 
 
 13. Granting any pension or pensions. 
 
 14. Creating, increasing, or decreasing, or authorizing to be created, 
 increased, or decreased, the salaries, fees, percentages, or allowances of 
 public officers during the term for which they are elected or appointed. 
 
 15. Declaring streams navigable, or authorizing the construction of 
 booms or dams therein, or the removal of obstructions therefrom. 
 
 If). Affecting or regulating fencing or the boundaries of land, or the 
 running at large of stock. 
 
 17. Creating private corporations, or amending, renewing, or extending 
 the charters thereof. 
 
 IS. Granting to any private corporation, association, or individual any 
 special or exclusive right, privilege or immunitv. 
 
 19. Xaming or changing the name of any private corporation or asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 20. Eemitting the forfeiture of the charter of any private corporation
 
 CON.S'n'J TTION OF VIHGIXIA. 17 
 
 except ujion lliu contliliun thai .-ucli curporalioJi shall ihereaCter hold its 
 charter subject to the pi'ovisions of this Constitution and the hiws passed 
 in pursuance thereof. 
 
 Sec. G4. In all the eases enumerated in the last section, and in every 
 other case which, in its jndgment, niav be ])rovided for by general laws, 
 the General Assemlily shall enact general laws. Any general law shall be 
 subject to amendment or repeal, Ijut the amendment or partial re})eal 
 thereof shall not operate directly or indirectly to enact, and shall not have 
 the effect of the enactment of a special, private, or local law. 
 
 No general or special law shall surrender or suspend the right and 
 power of the State, or any political subdivision thereof, to tax corpora- 
 tions and corporate property, except as authorized by Article Thirteen. 
 No private corporation, association, or individual shall be specially ex- 
 empted from the operation of any general law, nor shall its operation be 
 suspended for the benefit of any private corporation, association, or in- 
 dividual. 
 
 Sec. ()"). The General Assemljly may, by general law^s, confer upon the 
 boards of su])ervisors of counties, and the councils of cities and towns, 
 such ])owcrs of local and special legislation, as it may from time to time 
 deem exjiedicnt, not inconsistent with the limitations contained in this 
 Constitution. 
 
 Sec. (SQ>. The Clerk of the House of Delegates shall be Keeper of the 
 Eolls of the State but shall receive no compensation from the State for 
 his services as such. 
 
 The General Asscmldy by general law shall prescribe the number of 
 employees of the Senate and House of Delegates, including the clerks 
 thereof, and fix their compensation at a per diem for the time actually- 
 employed in the discharge of their duties. 
 
 Sec. 67. The General Assembly shall not make any approiiriation of' 
 public funds, of per^^onal pro])erty, or of any real estate, to any church, or 
 sectarian society, association, or institution of any kind whatever, which 
 is entirely or ])artly, directly or indii-ectly, controlled by any church or 
 sectarian society; nor shall the General Assembly make any like ap])ro- 
 priation to am- charitable institution, which is not owned or controlled 
 by the State; except that it may, in its discretion, make appropriations to 
 non-sectarian institutions for the reform of youthful criminals; but 
 nothing herein contained shall prohibit the General Assembly from au- 
 thorizing counties, cities, or towns to make such appropriations to any 
 charitable institution or association. 
 
 Sec. 68. The General Assembly shall, at each regular session. a]ii)oint 
 a standing committee, consisting of two meml)ers of the Senate and three
 
 IS CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 members of the House of Delegates, which shall be known as the Auditing 
 Committee. Such committee shall annually, or oftener in its discretion, 
 examine the books and accounts of the First Auditor, the State Treasurer, 
 the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and other executive officers at the 
 seat of government whose duties pertain to auditing or accounting for the 
 state revenue, report tlie result of its investigations to the Governor, and 
 cause the same to be published in two new^spapers of general circulation 
 in the State. The Governor shall, at the beginning of each session, sub- 
 mit said reports to the General Assembly for appropriate action. The 
 committee may sit during the recess of the General Assembly, receive 
 such compensation as may be prescribed by law, and employ one or more 
 accountants to assist in its investigations. 
 
 ARTICLE y. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec. 09. The chief executive power of the State shall be vested in a 
 Governor. He shall hold oflSce for a term of four years, to commence on 
 the first day of February next succeeding his election, and be ineligible 
 to the same office for the term next succeeding that for which he w^as 
 elected, and to any other office during his term of service. 
 
 Sec. TO. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified voters of the 
 State at the time and place of choosing members of the General Assembly. 
 Eeturns of the election shall be transmitted, under seal, by the proper 
 officers, to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, who shall deliver them to 
 the Speaker of the House of Delegates on the first day of the next session 
 of the General Assembly. The Speaker of the House of Delegates shall, 
 within one week thereafter, in the presence of a majority of the Senate 
 and of the House of Delegates, open the returns, and the votes shall then 
 be counted. The person having the highest number of votes shall be 
 declared elected ; but if two or more shall have the highest and an equal 
 number of votes, one of them shall be chosen Governor by the joint vote 
 of the two houses of the General Assembly. Contested elections for Gov- 
 ernor shall be decided by a like vote, and the mode of proceeding in such 
 cases shall be prescribed by law\ 
 
 Sec. 71. ISTo person except a citizen of the United States shall be eligi- 
 ble to the office of Governor; and if such person be of foreign birth, he 
 must have been a citizen of the United States for ten years next preceding 
 his election; nor shall any person be eligible to that office unless he shall
 
 CONSTITI 'i'lOX OF \'ll!(ilN]A. ] !> 
 
 have attained the age of thirty years, and have been a resident of the 
 State for five years next preceding his election. 
 
 Sec. 72. The Governor sliall reside at the seat of government; shall 
 receive five thousand dollars for caeli year of liis service, and while in 
 office shall receive n.o other emolument from this or anv other o-Qvern- 
 ment. 
 
 Sec. 73. The Governor shall take care iliat the laws l)e faiilifullv rxe- 
 euted; communicate to the General Assembly, at every session, tlie con- 
 dition of the State; recommend to its consideration sucli measures as he 
 may deem expedient, and convene the General Assembly on application 
 of two-thirds of the mcml)ers of both houses thereof, or wlien, in his 
 opinion, the interest of the State may require. He shall be commander- 
 in-chief of the land and naval forces of the State; have power to embody 
 the militia to repel invasion, suppress insurrection and enforce the execu- 
 tion of the laws ; conduct, cither in person or in stu-Ii manner as shall be 
 prescribed by law, all intercourse with other and foreign states; and, 
 during the recess of the General Assembly, shall have power to suspend 
 from office for mis1)ehavior. incapacity, neglect of official duty, or acts 
 performed without due authority of law, all executive officers at the seat 
 of government except the Lieutenant-Governor; l)ut. in any case in which 
 this poAver is so exercised, the Governor shall report to tlie General As- 
 sembly, at the beginning of the next session thereof, the fact of such 
 suspension and the cause therefor, whereupon the General Assembly shall 
 fletermine whether such officer shall l)e restored or finally removed; and 
 the Governor shall have power, during the recess of the General Assem- 
 bly, to appoint, pro tempore, successors to all officers so suspended, and to 
 fill, pro tempore, vacancies in all offices of the State for the filling of 
 which the Constitution and laws make no other provision ; but his ap- 
 pointments to such vacancies shall Ijo l)y commissions to expire at the end 
 of thirty days after the commencement of the next session of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly. He shall have power to remit fines and penalties in such 
 cases, and under such rules and regulations, as may be prescribed by law, 
 and except when the prosecution has been carried on by the House of 
 Delegates, to grant reprieves and pardons after conviction ; to remove 
 political disabilities consequent upon conviction for ofPences committed 
 prior or subsequent to the adoption of this Constitution, and to commute 
 capital punishment ; but he shall communicate to the General Assembly, 
 at each session, particulars of every ca.se of fine or penalty remitted, of 
 reprieve or pardon gi-anted, and of punishment commuted, with his rea- 
 sons for remitting, granting, or commuting the same. 
 
 Sec. 74. The Governor may require information in writing, under
 
 20 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 oath, from the officers of the executive department and superintendents 
 of state institutions upon any subject relating to the duties of their re- 
 spective offices and institutions; and lie may inspect at any time their 
 official Jjooks, accounts and vouchers, and ascertain the condition of the 
 public funds in tlieir charge, and in that connection may employ ac- 
 countants. He may require the opinion in writing of the Attorney-Gen- 
 eral upon any qiu^stion of law affecting the official duties of the Governor. 
 
 Sec. 7."). Commissions and grants shall run in the name of the Com- 
 monwt'ahb of \'irgiiiia. and Ix' attested by the Governor, with the seal of 
 the Connnonwi'alth anne.\i'(h 
 
 Sec. 76. Every bill, which shall have passed the Senate and House of 
 Delegates, shall, before it liecomes a law, be presented to the Governor. 
 If he approve, he shall sign it ; but. if not, he may return it with his ob- 
 jections to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objec- 
 tions at large on its journal and proceed to reconsider the same. If, after 
 such consideration, two-thirds of tlie members present, which two-thirds 
 shall include a majority of the members elected to that house, shall agree 
 to pass the l»ill it sliall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
 house, by wliich it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- 
 thirds of all the members present, which two-thirds shall include a ma- 
 jority of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law, not- 
 withstanding the objections. The Governor shall have the power to veto 
 any particular item or items of an appropriation bill, but the veto shall 
 not affect the item or items to which he does not object. The item or 
 iienis objected to shall not take effect except in the manner heretofore 
 provided in this section as to bills returjied to the General Assembly with- 
 out his approval. If lie approve the general purpose of any bill, Init dis- 
 approve any part or narts thereof, he may return it. with recommenda- 
 tions for its amendm':'nt. to the house in which it originated, whereupon 
 the same proceedings shall be had in both houses upon the bill and his 
 recommendations in relation to its amendment, as is above provided in 
 relation to a bill which he shall have returned without his approval, and 
 with his objections thereto : provided, that if after such reconsideration, 
 both houses, bv a vote of a maioritv of the members present in each, shall 
 agree to amend the bill in accordance with his recommendations in rela- 
 tion thereto, or either house by such vote shall fail or refuse to so amend 
 it, then, and in either ease the bill shall be again sent to him, and he mav 
 act upon it as if it were then before him for the first time. But in all the 
 cases aiiove set forth the votes of both houses shall bo determined by ayes 
 and noes, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill. 
 or item or items of an appropriation bill, shall be entered on the journal
 
 coNs'iiTL'JioN OF \ii;gixia. "21 
 
 of eacli lioiise. If any hill shall not he rclnnicd l)_v the Governor within 
 live tlin-s (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, 
 the same shall he a law in like mannt'i' as if he had signed it, unless the 
 General Assembly shall, by (Inal adjouniineiit, })revent such return; in 
 which case it shall be a law if ap])rove(l by the Governor in the manner 
 and to the extent above provided, within ten days after such adjourn- 
 ment, but not otherwise. 
 
 Sec. 7T. A Lieutenant-Governor shall he elected at the same time and 
 for the same term as the Governor, and his (lualilieations and the man- 
 ner and ascertainment of his election, in all respects, shall be the same. 
 
 Sec. 78. In case of the removal of the Governor from office, or of his 
 death, failure to qualify, resignation, removal from the State, or inability 
 to discharge the powers and duties of the oftiee, the said office, with its 
 compensation, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor; and the Gen- 
 eral Assembly shall provide by law for the discharge of the executive 
 functions in other necessary cases. 
 
 Sec. 79. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the Senate, but 
 shall have no vote except in case of an equal division ; and while acting as 
 such, shall receive a compensation equal to that allowed to the Speaker of 
 the House of Delegates. 
 
 Sec. 80. A Secretary of the Commonwealth shall be elected by the 
 qualified voters of the State at the same time and for the same term as 
 the Governor; and the fact of his election shall be ascertained as in the 
 case of the Governor. He shall keep a daily record of the oflhcial acts of 
 the Governor, which shall be signed by the Governor and attested by the 
 Secretary, and, when required, he shall lay the same, and any papers, 
 minutes and vouchers pertaining to his office, before either house of the 
 General Assembly. He shall discharge such other duties as may be pre- 
 scribed by law. All fees received by the Secretary of the Commonwealth 
 shall be paid into the treasury monthly. 
 
 Sec. 81. A State Treasurer shall be elected by the qualified voters of 
 the State at the same time and for the same term as the Governor; and 
 the fact of his election shall be ascertained in the same manner. His 
 powers and duties shall be ])rescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 82. An Auditor of Public Accounts shall be elected by the joint 
 vote of the two houses of the General x\ssembly for the term of four years. 
 His powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 83. The salary of each officer of the Executive Department, except 
 in those cases where the salary is determined by this Constitution, shall be 
 fixed by law ; and the salary of no such officer shall be increased or dimin- 
 ished during the term for which he shall have been elected or appointed.
 
 23 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Sec. 84. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the establish- 
 ment and maintenance of an efficient system of checks and balances be- 
 tween tbe officers at tlie seat of government entrusted with the collection,, 
 receipt, custody, or disbursement of the revenues of the State. 
 
 Sec. 8."). All stale officers, and tlieir deputies, assistants or employees, 
 charged witli the collection, custody, handling or disbursement of public 
 funds, shall be required to give bond for the faithful performance of such 
 duties; the amount of such bond in each case, and the manner in which 
 security shall be furnished, to be specified and regulated by law. 
 
 Sec. 8(). The General Assembly shall have power to establish and main- 
 tain a T^urenu of Labor and Statistics, under such regulations as may be 
 prescribed b}- law. 
 
 AETICLE VI. 
 
 Jl'DICIARY DEPAHTMENT. 
 
 Sec. 87. The Judiciary Department shall consist of a Supreme Court 
 of Appeals, circuit courts, city courts, and such other courts as are here- 
 inafter authorized. The jurisdiction of these tribunals and the judges 
 thereof, except so far as conferred by this Constitution, shall be regu- 
 lated by law. 
 
 Sec. 88. The Supreme Court of Appeals shall consist of five judges, 
 any three of whom inay hold a court. It shall have original jurisdiction 
 in cases of liaheas corpus, mandamus, and prohibition; but in all other- 
 cases, in which it shall have jurisdiction, it shall have appellate jurisdic- 
 tion only. 
 
 Subject to such reasonable rules, as may be prescribed by law, as to the 
 course of appeal, the limitation as to time, the security required, if any, 
 the granting or refusing of appeals, and the procedure therein, it shall, 
 by virtue of this Constitution, have appellate jurisdiction in all cases in- 
 volving the constitutionality of a law as being repugnant to the Constitu- 
 tion of this State or of the United States, or involving the life or liberty 
 of any ])(>rs()n ; and it shall also have appellate jurisdiction in such other 
 cases, within the limits hereinafter defined, as may be prescribed by law; 
 ])Ut no appeal shall be allowed to the Commonwealth in any case involv- 
 ing the life or liberty of a person, except that an appeal by the Common- 
 wealth may be allowed hy law in any case iiivolving the violation of a law 
 relating to the state revenue. Xo liond shall be required of any accused 
 person as a condition of appeal, Init a supersedeas bond may be required 
 where the only punishment imposed in the court below is a fine. 
 
 The court shall not have jurisdiction in civil cases where the matter in
 
 CONSTlTUTlUiX OF VIRGINIA. 23 
 
 controversy, exclusive of costs and of interest accrued since the judgment 
 in the court below, is less in value or amount than three hundred dollars,, 
 except in controversies concerning the title to, or boundaries of land, the 
 condemnation of jiropert}', the probate of a will, the appointment or quali- 
 fication of a personal representative, guardian, committee, or curator, or 
 concerning a mill, roadway, ferry, or landing, or the right of the State,, 
 county, or municipal cor])oralion, to levy tolls or taxes, or involving the 
 construction of any statute, ordinance or county proceeding imposing 
 taxes; and, except in cases of Jiabeas corpus, mandamus, and prohibition, 
 the constitutionality of a law, or some other matter not merely pecuniary. 
 After t]ie year nineteen hundred and ten the General Assembly may 
 change the jurisdiction of the eoui't in matters merely pecuniary. The 
 assent of at least three of the judges shall be required for the court to 
 determine that any law is, or is not, repugnant to the Constitution of this 
 State or of the United States; and if, in a case involving the constitu- 
 tionality of any such law, not more than two of the judges sitting agree 
 in opinion on the constitutional question involved, and the case cannot be 
 determined, without passing on such question, no decision shall be ren- 
 dered therein, but the case shall be reheard by a full court ; and in no case 
 where the jurisdiction of the court depends solely upon the fact that the 
 constitutionality of a law is invohed, shall the court decide the case upon 
 its merits, unless the contention of the appellant upon the constitutional 
 question be sustained. Whenever the requisite majority of the judges 
 sitting are unable to agree upon a decision, the case shall be reheard by 
 a full bench, and any vacancy caused by any one or more of the judges 
 being unable, unwilling, or disqualified to sit, shall be temporarily filled 
 in a manner to be prescribed hy law. 
 
 Sec. 89. The General Assembly may, from time to time, provide for a 
 Special Court of Appeals to try any cases on the docket of the Supreme 
 Court of Appeals in respect to which a majority of the judges are so 
 situated as to make it improper for them to sit: and also to try any cases 
 on said docket which cannot be disposed of with convenient dispatch. 
 The said special court shall be composed of not less than three nor more 
 than five of the judges of the circuit courts and city courts of record in 
 cities of the first class, or of the judges of either of said courts, or of any 
 of the judges of said courts togetluT with one or more of the judges of 
 the Supreme Court of Appeals. 
 
 Sec. 90. When a judgmmit or decree is reversed or affirmed by the 
 Supreme Court of Appeals the reasons therefor shall be stated in writing 
 and preserved with the record of the case. 
 
 Sec. 91. The judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals shall be chosen
 
 2i CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Ijv the joint \ote of the two liourics of the General Assembly. They shall, 
 when chosen, have held a judicial station in the United States, or shall 
 have practiced law in this or some other state for five years. At the first 
 election under this Constitution, the General Assembly shall elect the 
 judges for terms of i'oiir, six, eight, ten, and twelve years respectively; 
 and thereafter they shall be elected for terms of twelve years. 
 
 Sec. 92. The officers of the Supreme Court of Appeals shall be ap- 
 pointed by the court or by the judges in vacation. Their duties, compen- 
 sation, and tenure of office shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 93. The Supreme Court of Apj^eals shall hold its sessions at two 
 or more places in the State, to be fixed by law. 
 
 Sec. 94. The State shall be divided into twenty-four judicial circuits, 
 as follows: 
 
 Tlie counties of Norfolk, Princess Anne, and the city of Portsmouth, 
 shall constitute the first circuit. 
 
 The counties of Nansemond, Southampton, Isle of Wight, and the city 
 of Norfolk, shall constitute the second circuit. 
 
 The counties of Prince George, Surry, Sussex, Greenesville, and Bruns- 
 wick, shall constitute the third circuit. 
 
 The counties of Chesterfield, Powhatan, Dinwiddle, Nottoway, and 
 Amelia, and the city of Petersburg, shall constitute the fourth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Prince Edward, Cumberland, Buckingham, Appomat- 
 tox, and Charlotte, shall constitute the fifth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Halifax, Campbell, and the 
 city of Lynchburg, shall constitute the sixth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Pittsylvania, Franklin, Henry, and Patrick, and the 
 city of Danville, shall constitute tlu^ seventh circuit. 
 
 The counties of Amherst, Nelson, Albemarle, Fluvanna, and Gooch- 
 land, shall constitute the eighth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Rappahannock, Culpeper, Madison, Greene, Orange, 
 and Louisa, shall constitute the ninth circuit. 
 
 The county of Henrico and the city of Pichmond, shall constitute the 
 tenth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, and the city 
 of Newport News, shall constitute the eleventh circuit. 
 
 The counties of Richmond, Northumbei-land, Westmoreland, Lancas- 
 ter, and Essex, shall constitute the twelfth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Gloucester, Mathews, King and Queen, King William, 
 and Middlesex, shall constitute the thirteenth circuit. 
 
 The counties of New Kent, Charles City, York, Warwick, James City, 
 and the city of Williamshurg, shall constitute the fourteenth circuit.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIl.MilXIA. 25 
 
 The counties of Kiii^- George, Stafford, Spolsylvntiia, Caroline, and 
 Hanover, shall ((mstilulc llie fiftceiitli circuit. 
 
 The eounlics of l^iu(|iiici-, Loudoun, ]'riiici' William, Fairfax, and 
 Alexandria, and the cit\- of Alexandria, shall constitute the sixteenth 
 circuit. 
 
 The counties of Frederick, Clarke. Warren, Shenandoah, and Page, 
 shall constitute the seventeenth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Rockingham, Angnsta, and J^ckbridgc, shall consti- 
 tute the eighteenth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Highland, Bath, Alleghanv, Craig, and Botetourt, shall 
 constitute the nineteenth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Bedford, Eoanoke, Montgomery, and Floyd, ami the 
 city of Roanoke, shall constitute the twentieth circuit. 
 
 The counties of Pulaski, Carroll. Wythe, and Grayson, shall constitute 
 the twenty-first circuit. 
 
 The counties of Bland, Tazewell, Giles, and Buchanan, shall constitute 
 the twenty-second circuit. 
 
 The counties of AVashington, Russell, and Smyth, shall constitute the 
 twenty-third circuit. 
 
 The counties of Scott, Lee. Wise, and Dickenson, sliall constitute the 
 twenty-fourth circuit. 
 
 Sec. 95. After the first day of January, nineteen hundred and six, as 
 the public interest requires, the General Assembly may rearrange the 
 said circuits and increase or diminish the number thereof. But no new 
 circuit shall be created containing, by the last United States census or 
 other census provided by law, less than forty thousand inhabitants, nor 
 when the effect of creating it will l)e to reduce the innnbcr of inhabitants 
 in any existing circuit below forty thousand according to such census. 
 
 Sec. 96. For each circuit a judge sliall be chosen by the joint vote of 
 the two houses of the General Assembly. He shall, when chosen, possess 
 the same qualifications as judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals, and 
 during his continuance in office shall reside in the circuit of which he is 
 judge. At the first election under this Constitution, the General Assembly 
 shall elect, as. nearly as practicable, one-fourth of the entire number of 
 judges for terms of two years, one-fourth for four 3'ears, one-fourth for 
 six years, and the remaining fourth for eight years, respectively; and 
 thereafter they shall be elected for terms of eight years. 
 
 Sec. 97. The numlx'r of terms of the circuit courts to be held for (\ich 
 county and city, shall be prescribed by law. But no separate circuit court 
 shall be held for anv citv of the second class, until the citv shall abolish
 
 -0(5 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 its existing city court. The judge of one circuit may be required or au- 
 thorized to hold court in any other circuit or city. 
 
 Sec. 98. For the purposes of a judicial system, tlie cities of the State 
 shall be divided into two classes. All cities shall belong to the first class 
 which contain, as shown by the last United States census or other census 
 provided by law, ten thousand inhabitants or more, and all cities shall 
 belong to the second class which contain, as thus shown, less than ten 
 tliousand inhabitants. In each city of the first class, there shall be, in 
 addition to the circuit court, a corporation court. In any city containing 
 thirty thousand inhabitants or more, the General Assembly may provide 
 for such additional courts as the public interest may require, and in 
 every such city the city courts, as they now exist, shall continue until 
 otlierwise provided by law. In every city of the second class, the corpora- 
 tion or hustings conrt existing, at the time this Constitution goes into 
 effect, shall continue hereafter under ihe name of the corporation court 
 of such city ; but it may be abolished by a vote of a majority of the quali- 
 fied electors of such city, at an election held for the purpose, and when- 
 ever the office of judge of a corporation or hustings court of a city of the 
 second class, whose salary is less than eight hundred dollars, shall become 
 and remain vacant for ninety days consecutively, such court shall thereby 
 cease to exist. In case of the abolition of the corporation or hustings 
 court of any city of the second class, such city shall thereupon come in 
 every respect within the jurisdiction of the circuit court of the county 
 wherein it is situated, until otherwise provided by law, and the records of 
 such corporation or hustings court shall thereupon become a part of the 
 records of such circuit court, and be transferred thereto, and remain 
 therein until otherwise provided by law ; and during the existence of the 
 corporation or hustings court, the circuit court of the county in w^hich 
 such city is situated, shall have concurrent jurisdiction with said cor])ora- 
 tion or hustings court in all actions at law and suits in equity. 
 
 Sec. 99. For each city court of record a judge shall be chosen by the 
 joint vote of the two houses of the General Assembly. He shall, when 
 chosen, possess the same qualifications as judges of the Supreme Court of 
 Appeals, and during his continuance in office shall reside within the juris- 
 diction of the court over which he presides; but the judge of the corpora- 
 tion court of any corporation having a city charter, and less than five 
 thousand inhabitants, may reside outside its corporate limits; and the 
 same person may be judge of such corporation court and judge of the cor- 
 poration court of some other city having less than ten thousand inhabit- 
 ants. At the first election of said judges under this Constitution, the 
 Oeneral Assembly shall elect, as nearly as practicable, one-fourth of the
 
 CONSTITUTIOX OF VIRGIMA. 27 
 
 ■entire number for terms of two years, one-fourth for four years, one- 
 fourth for six years, and the remaining fourth for eight years; and th(^re- 
 after they shall be elected for terms of eight years. The judges of city 
 ■courts in cities of the first class may be I'cquired or authorized to hold 
 the circuit courts of any county and the cii'cuit courts of any city. 
 
 Sec. 100. The General Assembly shall have power to establish sucli 
 court or courts of land registration as it may deem proper for the admin- 
 istration of any law it may adopt for the purpose of the settlement, regis- 
 tration, transfer, or assurance of titles to land in the State, or any part 
 thereof. 
 
 Sec. lOL The General Assembly shall have power to confer upon the 
 clerks of the several circuit courts jurisdiction, to be exercised in the man- 
 ner and under the regulations to be prescribed by law, in the matter of 
 the admission of wills to probate, and of the appointment and qualifica- 
 tion of guardians, personal representatives, curators, appraisers, and com- 
 mittees of the estates of persons wdio have been adjudged insane or con- 
 victed of felony, and in the matter of the substitution of trustees. 
 
 Sec. 102. All the judges shall be commissioned by the Governor. They 
 shall receive such salaries and allowances as may be determined by law 
 within the limitations fixed l)y this Constitution, the an]ount of which 
 shall not be increased or diminished during their terms of office. Their 
 terms of office shall commence on the first day of February next follow- 
 ing their election, and whenever a vacancy occurs in the office of judge, 
 his successor shall be elected for the unexpired term. 
 
 Sec. 103. The salaries of the judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals 
 shall be not less than four thousand dollars per annum, and shall be paid 
 by the State. 
 
 The salary of the judge of each circuit court shall be not less than two 
 thousand dollars per annimi, one-half of which shall he paid by the State, 
 the other half by the counties and cities composing the circuit, according 
 to their respective population; except that of the salary of the judge of 
 the circuit court of the city of Richmond, the State shall pay the propor- 
 tion which would otherwise fall to the city of Richmond. The salary of a 
 judge of a city court in a city of the first class shall be not less than two 
 thousand dollars per annum, one-half of which shall be paid by the State, 
 the other half by the city. The wdiole of the aforesaid salaries of said 
 judges shall be paid out of the state treasury, the State to be reimbursed 
 by the respective counties and cities. Any city may, by an ordinance, in- 
 crease the salaries of its city or circuit judges, or any one or more of them 
 as it may deem proper, and the increase shall be paid wholly by the city, 
 but shall not be enlarged or diminished during the term of office of the
 
 28 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 judge. Each city containing less than ten thousand inhabitants shall pa}^ 
 the salary of the judge of its corporation or hustings court. 
 
 Sec. 104. Judges may be removed from office for cause, by a concurrent 
 vote of both houses of the General Assembly; but a majority of all the 
 membei's elected to each liouse must concur in such vote, and the cause of 
 removal shall be entered on the journal of each house. The judge against 
 whom the General Assembly may be about to proceed shall have notice 
 thereof, accompanied by a copy of tlie causes alleged for his removal, at 
 least twenty days before the day on which either house of the General 
 Assembly shall act thereon. 
 
 Sec. 105. Xo judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals, of the circuit 
 court, or of any city court of record shall practice law, within or without 
 this State, nor shall he hold any other office of public trust during his 
 continuance in office; except that the jndge of a corporation or hustings 
 court in a city of tlie second class, may hold the office of commissioner in 
 chancery of the circuit coui't for the county in which the city is located. 
 
 Sec. 106. Writs shall run in the name of the "Commonwealth of Vir- 
 ginia," and be attested l)y the clerks of the several courts. Indictments 
 shall conclude "against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth." 
 
 Sec. 10?. An Attorney-General shall be elected by the qualified voters 
 of the State at the same time and for tlie same term as the Governor; and 
 the fact of his election shall be ascertained in the same manner. He 
 shall be commissioned by the Governor, perform such diities and receive 
 such compensation as may be ])rescril>ed liy law, and shall be removable in 
 the manner prescribed for the removal of judges. 
 
 Sec. 108. The General Assembly shall provide for the appointment or 
 election and for the jurisdiction of such justices of the peace as the public 
 interest may require. 
 
 Sec. 109. The General Assembly shall provide h\ whom, and in what 
 manner, applications for bail shall be heard and determined. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. ^ 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT OF COUNTIES. 
 
 Sec. 110. Tlierc siiall be elected l)y the qualified voters of eac\ county, 
 one county treasurer, who shall not Ije elected or serve for more than two 
 consecutive terms, nor act as deputy of his immediate successor; one 
 sheriflp, one attorney for the Commonweallb, and one county clerk, who 
 shall be the clerk of the circuit court. There shall be elected or ap- 
 pointed, for four years, as the General Assembly may provide, commis-

 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIKGINIA. 29 
 
 sioners of the revenue, for each county, the number, duties and compensa- 
 tion of whom shall be prescribed by law ; but should such commissioners 
 of the revenue be chosen by election by the people then they shall Ije in- 
 eligible for re-election to the ofhce for the next succeeding term. 
 
 There shall be appointed, for each county, in such manner as may be 
 provided by law, one superintendent of the poor, and one county surveyor. 
 
 Sec. 111. The magisterial districts shall, until changed by law, remain 
 as now constituted : provided, that hereafter no additional districts shall 
 be made containing less than thirty square miles. In each district there 
 shall be elected by the qualified voters thereof, one supervisor. The super- 
 visors of the districts shall constitute the board of supervisors of the 
 county, which shall meet at stated periods and at other times as often as 
 may be necessary, lay the county and district levies, pass upon all claims 
 against the county, subject to such appeal as may be provided Ijy law, and 
 perform such duties as may be required by law. 
 
 Sec. 112. All regular elections for county and district officers shall be 
 held on Tuesday after the first IMonday in Xovember, and all of said 
 officers shall enter upon the duties of their offices on the first day of Janu- 
 ary next succeeding their election, and shall hold their respective offices 
 for the term of four years, except that the county clerk shall hold office 
 for eight years; provided that the term of the clerks first elected under 
 this Constitution shall begin on the first of February, nineteen hundred 
 and four, and end on the first of January, nineteen hundred and twelve. 
 
 Sec. 113. No person shall at the same time hold more than one of the 
 offices mentioned in this article. Any officer required by law to give bond 
 may be required to give additional security thereon, or to execute a new 
 bond, and in default of so doing his office shall be declared vacant. 
 
 Sec. 114. Counties shall not be made responsible for the acts of the 
 sheriffs. 
 
 Sec. 115. The General Assembly shall provide for the examination of 
 the books, accounts and settlements of county and city officers who are 
 charged with the collection and disbvirsement of public funds. 
 
 AKTICLE YIII. 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND GOVEriNMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 Sec. 116. As used in this article the words "incorporated communi- 
 ties" shall be construed to relate only to cities and towns. All incorpo- 
 rated communities, having within defined boundaries a population of five 
 thousand or more, shall be known as cities ; and all incorporated commu-
 
 30 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 nities, having within defined boundaries a population of less than five 
 thousand, sliall be known as towns. In determining the population of 
 such cities and towns the General Assembly shall be governed by the last 
 United States census, or such other enumeration as may be made by au- 
 thority of the General Assembly; but nothing in this section shall be 
 construed to repeal the charter of any incorporated community of less 
 than five thousand inhabitants having a city charter at the time of the 
 adoption of this Constitution, or to prevent the abolition by such incor- 
 porated communities of the corporation or hustings court thereof. 
 
 Sec. 117. General laws for the organization and government of cities- 
 and towns shall be enacted by the General Assembly, and no special act 
 shall be passed in relation thereto, except in the manner provided in 
 Article Four of this Constitution, and then only by a recorded vote of two- 
 thirds of the members elected to each house. But each of the cities and 
 towns of the State having at the time of the adoption of this Constitu- 
 tion a municipal charter may retain the same, except so far as it shall be 
 repealed or amended by the General Assembly : provided, that every such 
 charter is hereby amended so as to conform to all the provisions, restric- 
 tions, limitations and powers set fortli in this article, or otherwise pro- 
 vided in this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 118. In each city which has a court in whose office deeds are ad- 
 mitted to recordi, there shall be elected for a term of eight years by the 
 qualified voters of such city a clerk of said court, who shall perform such- 
 other duties as may be required by law. 
 
 There shall be elected in like manner and for a like term all such addi- 
 tional clerks of courts for cities as the General Assembly may prescribe, 
 or as are now authorized by law, so long as such courts shall continue in 
 existence. But in no city of less than thirty thousand inhabitants shall 
 there be more than one clerk of the court, who shall be clerk of all the 
 courts of record in such city. 
 
 Sec. 119. In every city, so long as it has a corporation court, or a sepa- 
 rate circuit court, there shall be elected for a term of four years by the 
 qualified voters of such city, one attorney for the Commonwealth, who- 
 shall also, in those cities having a separate circuit court, be the attorney 
 for the Commonwealth, for such circuit court. 
 
 In every city there shall be elected, or appointed, for a term of four 
 years, in a manner to be provided by law, one commissioner of revenue, 
 whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law; but should he 
 be elected by the people, he shall be ineligible for re-election to the office 
 for the next succeeding term. 
 
 Sec. 120. In every city there shall be elected by the qi;alified voters-
 
 COKSTITUTIUX OF VIKGIXIA. 3i 
 
 thereof one city treasurer, for a term of four years, hui lie sliall not be 
 eligible for more than two consecutive terms, nor act as deputy for his 
 immediate successor; one city sergeant, for a term of four years, whose 
 duties shall be prescribed by law ; and, a mayor, for a term of four years, 
 who shall be the chief executive officer of such city. All city and town 
 officers, whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Con- 
 stitution, shall be elected by the electors of such cities and towns, or of 
 some division thereof, or appointed by sueli authorities thereof as the 
 General Assembly shall designate. 
 
 The mayor shall see that the duties of the various city officers, mem- 
 bers of the police and fire departments, whether elected or ap|)ointed, in 
 and for such city, are faithfully performed. He shall have power to in- 
 vestigate their acts, have access to all books and documents in their offices,, 
 and may examine them and their subordinates on oath. The evidence 
 given by persons so examined shall not be used against them in any crimi- 
 nal proceedings. He shall also have power to suspend such officers and 
 the members of the police and fire departments, and to remove such 
 officers, and also such members of said departments when authorized by 
 the General Assembly, for misconduct in office or neglect of duty, to be 
 specified in the order of susp<>nsion or removal; but no such removal shall 
 be made without reasonable notice to the officer complained of, and an 
 op])ortunity afforded him to be heard m person, or by counsel, and to 
 present testimony in his defense. From such order of suspension or re- 
 moval, the city officer so suspended or n'moved shall liave an appeal of 
 right to the corporation court, or, if there be no such court, to the circuit 
 court of such city, in which court the case shall be heai'd cle novo by the 
 judge thereof, whose decision shall be final. He shall have all other 
 powers and duties which may be conferred and imposed upon him by 
 general laws. 
 
 Sec. 121. There shall be in every city a council, composed of two 
 branches having a difl'erent nuinber of members, whose powers and terms 
 of office shall be prescribed by law, and whose members shall be elected bv 
 the qualified voters of such city, in the manner prescribed by law, but so 
 as to give as far as practicable, to each ward of such city, equal represen- 
 tation in each branch of said council in proportion to the population of 
 such ward; but in cities of under ten thousand population the General 
 Assembly may permit the council to consist of one branch. iSTo member 
 of the council shall be eligible during his tenure of oftice as such member, 
 or for one year thereafter, to any office to be filled by the council by elec- 
 tion or appointment. The council of every city may, in a manner pre- 
 scribed bv law, increase or diminish the number, and change the boun-
 
 22 CONSTITUTION OF VIKGINIA. 
 
 claries, of the wards thereof, and shall, in the year nineteen hundred and 
 three, and in every tenth year thereafter, and also whenever the bounda- 
 ries of such wards are changed, re-apportion the representation in the 
 council among the wards in a manner prescribed by law; and whenever 
 the council of any such city shall fail to perform the duty so prescribed, a 
 mandamus shall lie on behalf of any citizen thereof to compel its per- 
 formance. 
 
 Sec. 122. The mayors and councils of cities shall be elected on the 
 second Tuesday in June, and their terms of office shall begin on the first 
 day of September succeeding. All other elective officers, provided for by 
 this article, or hereafter authorized by law, shall be elected on the Tuesday 
 after the first Monday in November, and their terms of office shall begin 
 on the first clay of January succeeding, except that the terms of office of 
 clerks of the city courts shall begin coin'^idently with that of the judges 
 of said courts: provided, that the General Assembly may change the time 
 of election of all or any of the said officers, except that the election and 
 the beginning of the terms of mayors and councils of cities shall not be 
 made by the General Assembly to occur at the same time with the election 
 and beginning of the terms of office of the other elective officers provided 
 for by this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 123. Every ordinance, or resolution having the effect of an ordi- 
 nance, shall, before it becomes operative, be presented to the mayor. If 
 he approve he shall sign it, Init if not, if the council consist of two 
 branches, he may return it, with his objections in writing, to the clerk, or 
 other recording officer, of that branch in which it originated; which 
 branch shall enter the objections at length on its journal and proceed to 
 reconsider it. If after such consideration two-thirds of all the members 
 elected thereto shall agree to pass the ordinance or resolution it shall be 
 sent, together with the objections, to the other branch, by which it shall 
 likewise be considered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the members 
 elected thereto, it shall become operative notwithstanding the objections 
 of the mayor. But in all such cases the votes of both branches of the 
 council shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the mem- 
 bers voting for and against the ordinance or resolution shall be entered 
 on the journal of each branch. If the council consist of a single branch, 
 the mayor's objections in writing to any ordinance, or resolution having 
 the effect of an ordinance, shall be returned to the clerk, or other record- 
 ing officer of the council, and be entered at length on its journal ; where- 
 upon the council shall proceed to reconsider the same. Upon such con- 
 sideration the vote shall be taken in the same manner as where the council 
 consists of two branches, and if the ordinance or resolution be approved
 
 CONSTITUTION -OF VIRGINIA. o'o 
 
 by Iwo-tliirds of nil IIk' iiionibcrs elected to the council, it shall bocoiiic 
 operulive notwithstanding tlie objections of tlie nui_V()r. if any oiilinance 
 or resolution shall not be returned by the mayor within live days (Sunday 
 excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, it shall become opera- 
 tive in like nmnner as if he had signed it, unless his term of office, or that 
 of the council, shall expire within said five days. 
 
 The mayor shall have the power to veto any particular item or items 
 of an appropriation ordinance or resolution ; but the veto shall not affect 
 any item or items to which he does not object. The item or items ob- 
 jected to shall not take effect except in the manner provided in this sec- 
 tion as to ordinances or resolutions not approved by the mayor. No ordi- 
 nance or resolution appropriating money exceeding the sum of one hun- 
 dred dollars, imposing taxes, or authorizing the borrowing of money, 
 shall be passed, except by a recorded affirmative vote of a majority of all 
 the members elected to the council or to each branch thereof wdiere there 
 are two; and in case of the veto by the mayor of such ordinance or resolu- 
 tion. It shall require a recorded affirmative vote of two-thirds of all the 
 members elected to the council, or to each branch thereof wdiere thi're are 
 two, to pass the same over such veto in the manner provided in this sec- 
 tion. Nothing contained in this section shall operate to repeal or amend 
 any provision in any existing city charter requiring a two-thirds vote for 
 the passage of any ordinance as to the appropriation of money, imposing 
 taxes or authorizing the borrowing of money. 
 
 Sec. 124. No street railway, gas, water, steam, or electric heating, elec- 
 tric light or power, cold storage, compressed air, viaduct, conduit, tele- 
 phone, or bridge, company, nor any corporation, association, person or 
 partnership, engaged in these or like enterprises, shall be permitted to use 
 the streets, alleys, or public grounds of a city or town wnthout the previous 
 consent of the corporate authorities of siich city or town. 
 
 Sec. 135. The rights of no city or town in and to its water front, wharf 
 property, public landings, wharves, docks, streets, avenues, parks, bridgt's. 
 and other public places, and its gas, water, and electric works shall be 
 sold except by an ordinance or resolution passed by a recorded affirmative 
 vote of three-fourths of all the members elected to the council, or to each 
 branch thereof where there are tAvo, and under such other restrictions as 
 m'ay be imposed by law; and in case of the veto by the mayor of such an 
 ordinance or resolution, it shall require a recorded affirmative vote of 
 three-fourths of all the memhers elected to the council, or to each branch 
 thereof where there are two, had in the manner heretofore provided for in 
 this article, to pass the same over the veto. No franchise, lease or right 
 of any kind to use any such pulilie property or any other pul)lie property 
 3
 
 34 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 or easement of any description, in a manner not permitted to the general 
 public, shall be granted for a longer period than thirty years. Before 
 granting any snch franchise or privilege for a term of years, except for a 
 trunk railway, the municipality shall first, after due advertisement, re- 
 ceive bids therefor publicly, in sucli manner as may be provided by law, 
 and shall then act as may be required by law. Such grant, and any con- 
 tract in pursuance thereof, may provide that upon the termination of the 
 grant the plant as well as the property, if any, of the grantee in the 
 streets, avenues, and other public places shall thereupon, without com- 
 pensation to the grantee, or upon the payment of a fair valuation there- 
 for, be and become the property of the said city or town; but the grantee 
 shall be entitled to no payment by reason of the value of the franchise; 
 and any such plant or property acquired by a city or town may be sold or 
 leased, or, if authorized by law, maintaijied, controlled and operated, by 
 such city or town. Every such grant shall specify the modie of determin- 
 ing any valuation therein provided for, and shall make adequate provision 
 by way of forfeiture of the grant, or otherwise, to secure efficiency of pub- 
 lic service at reasonable rates, and the maintenance of the property in 
 good order throughout the term of the grant. Nothing herein contained 
 shall be construed as preventing the General Assembly from prescribing 
 additional restrictions on the powers of cities and towns in granting fran- 
 chises or in selling or leasing any of their property, or as repealing any 
 additional restriction now required in relation thereto in any existing 
 municipal charter. 
 
 Sec. 126. The General Assembly shall provide by general laws for the 
 extension and the contraction, from time to time, of the corporate limits 
 of cities and towns; and no special act for such purpose shall be valid. 
 
 Sec. 137. jS[o city or town shall issue any bonds or other interest-bear- 
 ing obligations for any purpose, or in any manner, to an amount which, 
 including existing indebtedness, shall, at any time, exceed eighteen per 
 centum of the assessed valuation of the real estate in the city or town 
 subject to taxation, as shown by the last preceding assessment for taxes : 
 provided, however, that nothing above contained in this section shall 
 apply to those cities and towns whose charters existing at the adoption of 
 this Constitution authorize a larger percentage of indebtedness tlian is 
 authorized by this section : and provided further, that in determining the 
 limitation of the power of a city or town to incur indebtedness there shall 
 not be included the following classes of indebtedness : 
 
 (a.) Certificates of indebtedness, revenue bonds or other obligations 
 issued in anticipation of the collection of the revenue of such city or 
 town for the then current year; provided that such certificates, bonds or
 
 CONS'I'ITI-Tinx OF \ IKUIXIA. 35 
 
 ■other obligations mature wiiliiii one year from the date of their issue, and 
 be not past due, and do not exceed the revenue for such year; 
 
 (b.) Bonds authorized by an ordiiiance enacted in accordance with sec- 
 tion One Hundred and Twenty-three, and approved by the affirmative vote 
 of the majority of the qualified voters of the city or town voting upon the 
 question of their issuance, at the general election next succeeding the 
 enactment of the ordinance, or at a special election held for that purpose, 
 for a supply of water or other specific undertaking from wliieli llio city 
 or town may derive a revenue ; but from and after a period to be deter- 
 mined by the council, not exceeding five years from the date of such elec- 
 tion, whenever and for so long as such undertaking fails to produce suffi- 
 cient revenue to pay for cost of operation and administration (including 
 interest on bonds issued therefor, and the cost of insurance against loss by 
 injury to persons or property), and an annual amount to be covered into 
 a sinking fund sufficient to pay, at or before maturity, all bonds issued on 
 .account of said undertaking, all such bonds outstanding shall be included 
 in determining the limitation of the power to incur indebtedness, unless 
 the principal and interest thereof be made payable exclusively from the 
 receipts of the undertaking. 
 
 Sec. 128. In cities and towns the assessment of real estate and personal 
 property for the purpose of municipal taxation, shall be the same as the 
 <issessment thereof for the purpose of state taxation, whenever there shall 
 he a state assessment of such property. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 EOUCATrON AND PUBLIC IXSTRUCTION. 
 
 Sec. 139. The General Assembly shall establish and maintain an effi- 
 •cient system of public free schools throughout the State. 
 
 Sec. 130. The general supervision of the school system shall be vested 
 in a State Board of Education, composed of the Governor, Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and three experienced educa- 
 tors to be elected quadrennially by the Senate, from a list of eligibles, 
 consisting of one from each of the faculties, and nominated by the respec- 
 tive boards of visitors or trustees, of the University of Virginia, the Vir- 
 ginia Military Institute, the Virginia PoMechnic Institute, the State 
 Eemale Normal School at Earmville, the School for the Deaf and Blind, 
 «.nd also of the College of William and Mary, so long as the State con- 
 tinue its annual appropriation to tlie last named institution. 
 
 The board thus constituted shall select and associate with itself two
 
 CONSTITUTJOX OF VIKGIXIA. oO 
 
 •other obligations mature witliin one 3ear from tire date of their issue, and 
 be not past dne, and do not exceed the revenue for such year; 
 
 (b.) Bonds authorized by an ordinance enacted in accordance with sec- 
 tion One Hundred and Twenty-three, and approved by the aflfirmative vote 
 of the majority of the qualified voters of the city or town voting upon the 
 question of their issuance, at the general election next succeeding the 
 enactment of the ordinance, or at a special election held for that purpose, 
 for a supply of water or other specific undertaking from which the city 
 or town may derive a revenue; but from and after a period to be deter- 
 mined by the council, not exceeding five years from the date of such elec- 
 tion, whenever and for so long as such undertaking fails to produce suffi- 
 cient revenue to pay for cost of operation and administration (including 
 interest on bonds issued therefor, and the cost of insurance against loss by 
 injury to persons or property), and an annual amount to be covered into 
 a sinking fund sufficient to pay, at or before maturity, all bonds issued on 
 .account of said undertaking, all such bonds outstanding shall be included 
 in determining the limitation of the power to incur indebtedness, unless 
 the principal and interest thereof be made payable exclusively from the 
 receipts of the undertaking. 
 
 Sec. 128. In cities and towns the assessment of real estate and personal 
 property for the purpose of municipal taxation, shall be the same as the 
 -assessment thereof for the purpose of state taxation, whenever there shall 
 he a state assessment of such property. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 EDUCATION AND PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Sec. 129. The General Assembly shall establish and maintain an effi- 
 cient system of public free schools throughout the State. 
 
 Sec. 130. The general supervision of the school system shall be vested 
 in a State Board of Education, composed of the Governor, Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and three experienced educa- 
 tors to be elected quadrennially by the Senate, from a list of eligibles, 
 ■consisting of one from each of the faculties, and nominated by the respec- 
 tive boards of visitors or trustees, of the University of Virginia, the Vir- 
 ginia Military Institute, the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, the State 
 Eemale Normal School at Farmville, the School for the Deaf and Blind, 
 ■and also of the College of William and Mary, so long as the State con- 
 tinue its annual appropriation to the last named institution. 
 
 The board thus constituted shall select and associate with itself two
 
 Pii\ C0-\:ST1TUTI0X OF VIRGIXIA. 
 
 division superintendents of schools, one from a county and the other from 
 a city, who shall hold office for two years, and whose powers and duties 
 shall he identical with those of other memhers, except that they shall not 
 participate in the appointment of any public school official. 
 
 Any vacancy occurring during the term of any member of the board 
 shall be filled for the unexpired term by said board. 
 
 Sec. 131. The Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall be an 
 experienced educator, shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State 
 at the same time and for the same term as the Governor. Any vacancy 
 in said office shall be filled for the unexpired term by the said board. 
 
 His duties shall be prescribed by the State Board of Education, of 
 which he shall be ex-o/ficio president; and his compensation shall be 
 fixed by law. 
 
 Sec. 132. The duties and powers o^ the State Board of Education 
 shall be as follows : 
 
 First. It may, in its discretion, divide the State into appropriate 
 school divisions, comprising not less than one county or city each, but no 
 county or city shall be divided in the formation of such divisions. It 
 shall, subject to the confirmation of the Senate, appoint, for each of such 
 divisions, one superintendent of schools, who shall hold office for four 
 years, and shall prescribe his duties, and may remove him for cause and 
 upon notice. 
 
 Second. It shall have, regulated by law, the management and invest- 
 ment of the school fund. 
 
 Third. It shall have authority to make all needful rules and regula- 
 tions for the management and conduct of the schools, which, when pub- 
 lished and distributed, shall have the force and effect of law, subject to 
 the authority of the General Assembly to revise, amend, or repeal the 
 same. 
 
 Fourth. It shall select text books and educational appliances for use 
 in the schools of the State, exercising such discretion as it may see fit in 
 the selection of books suitable for the schools in the cities and counties 
 respectively. 
 
 Fifth. It shall appoint a board of directors, consisting of five mem- 
 bers, to serve without compensation, which shall have the management 
 of the State Library, and the appointment of a librarian and other em- 
 ployees thereof, subject to such rules and regulations as the General 
 Assembly shall prescribe : but the Supreme Court of Appeals shall have 
 the management of the law library and the appointment of the librarian 
 and other em]iloyees thereof. 
 
 Sec. 133. Each magisterial district shall constitute a separate school
 
 COXSTlTlTiOX OF VIKGIXIA. 37 
 
 district, unless otherwise provided by law. In each school district there 
 shall be three trustees selected, in the manner and for the term of office 
 prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 134. The General Assembly shall set apart as a permanent and 
 perpetual literary fund, the present literary fund of the State; the pro- 
 ceeds of all public lands donated by Congress for public free school pur- 
 poses; of all escheated property; of all waste and unappropriated lands; 
 of all property accruing to the State by forfeiture, and all fines collected 
 for offences committed against the State, and such other sums as the 
 General Assembly may appropriate. 
 
 Sec. 135. The General Assembly shall apply the annual interest on the 
 literary fund ; that portion of the capitation tax provided for in the Con- 
 stitution to 1)0 paid into the state treasury, and not returnal)le to the 
 counties and cities; and an annual tax on property of not less than one 
 nor more than five mills on the dollar to the schools of the primary and 
 grammar grades, for the equal benefit of all of the people of the State, 
 to be apportioned on a basis of school population; the number of chil-- 
 dren between the ages of seven and twenty years in each school district 
 to be the basis of such apportionment : but if at any time the several 
 kinds or classes of property shall be segregated for the purposes of taxa- 
 tion, so as to specify and determine upon what subjects state taxes and 
 upon what subjects local taxes may be levied, then the General Assembly 
 may otherwise provide for a fixed appropriation of state revenue to the 
 support of the schools not less than that provided in this section. 
 
 Sec. 136. Each county, city, town if the same be a separate school dis- 
 trict, and school district is authorized to raise additional sums by a tax 
 on property, not to exceed in the aggregate five mills on the dollar in any 
 one year, to be apportioned and expended by the local school authorities 
 of said counties, cities, towns and districts in establishing and maintain- 
 ing such schools as in their judgment the public welfare may require: 
 provided, that such primary schools as may be established in any school 
 year, shall be maintained at least four months of that school year, before 
 any part of the fund assessed and collected may be devoted to the estab- 
 lishment of schools of higher grade. The boards of supervisors of the 
 several counties, and the councils of the several cities, and towns if the 
 same be separate school districts, shall provide for the levy and collec- 
 tion of such local school taxes. 
 
 Sec. 137. The General Assembly may establish agricultural, normal, 
 manual training and technical schools, and such grades of schools as 
 shall be for the public good. 
 
 Sec. 138. The General Assembly may. in its discretion, provide for the 
 
 447494
 
 38 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 compulsory education of children between the ages of eight and twelve 
 years, except such as are weak in body or mind, or can read and write, or 
 are attending private schools, or are excused for cause by the district 
 school trustees. 
 
 Sec. 139. Provision shall be made to supply children attending the 
 public schools with necessary text-books in cases where the parent or 
 guardian is unable, by reason of poverty, to furnish them. 
 
 Sec. 140. White and colored children shall not be taught in the same 
 school. 
 
 Sec. 141. N"o appropriation of public funds shall be made to any school 
 or institution of learning not owned or exclusively controlled by the 
 State or some political subdivision thereof : provided, first, that the Gen- 
 Rral Assembly may, in its discretion, continue the appropriations to tne 
 College of William and Mary ; second, that this section shall not be con- 
 strued as requiring or prohibiting the continuance or discontinuance by 
 the General Assembly of the payment of interest on certain bonds held 
 by certain schools and colleges as provided by an act of the General 
 Assembly, approved February twenty-third, eighteen hundred and ninety- 
 two, relating to bonds held by schools and colleges; third, that counties,, 
 cities, towns, and districts may make appropriations to non-sectarian 
 schools of manual, industrial, or technical training, and also to any 
 school or institution of learning owned or exclusively controlled by 
 such county, city, town, or school district. 
 
 Sec. 143. Members of the boards of visitors or trustees of educational 
 institutions shall be appointed as may be provided by law, and shall hold 
 for the term of four years: provided, that at the first appointment, if the 
 board be of an even number, one-half of them, or, if of an odd number,, 
 the least majority of them, shall be appointed for two years. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 AGrJCULTURE AND OmiGlLVTTON. 
 
 Sec. 148. There shall be a Department of Agriculture and Tmmigra- 
 tion, which shall be permanently maintained at the capital of the State, 
 and which shall bo under the management and control of a Board of 
 Agriculture and Immigration, composed of one member from each con- 
 gressional district, who shall be a practical farmer, appointed by the 
 Governor for a term of four years, subject to confirmation bv the Senate, 
 and the president of the Virginia Polyteclmic Institute, who shall be
 
 CONSTlTrTlOX OF VIKGINIA. 39 
 
 ex-officio a member of the board : provided, that members of the board 
 first appointed under this Constitution from the congressional districts 
 bearing odd numbers shall hold ofhce for two years. 
 
 Sec. 144. The powers and duties of the board shall be prescribed by 
 law: provided, tliat it shall have power to elect and remove its officers, 
 and establish elsewhere in the State subordinate branches of said depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Sec. 145. There shall be a Commissioner of Agriculture and Immi- 
 gration, whose term of office shall be four years, and who shall be elected 
 by the qualified voters of the State, and whose powers and duties shall 
 be prescribed by the Board of Agriculture and Immigration until other- 
 wise provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 146. The president of the Board of Agriculture and Immigration 
 shall be ex-officio a member of the Board of Visitors of the Virginia 
 Polytechnic Institute. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND PRISONS. 
 
 Sec. 147. There shall be a state penitentiary, with such branch prisons 
 and prison farms as may be provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 148. There shall be appointed by the Governor, subject to con- 
 firmation by the Senate, a board of five directors which, subject to such 
 regulations and- requirements as may be prescribed by law, shall have the 
 government and control of the penitentiaiT, branch prisons, and prison 
 farms, and shall appoint the superintendents and surgeons thereof. The 
 respective sujierintendents shall appoint, and may remove, all other 
 officers and employees of tlie penitentiary, branch prisons, and prison 
 farms, subject to the approval of the board of directors. The superin- 
 tendents and surgeons shall be appointed for a term of four years, and 
 be removable by the board of directors for misbehavior, incapacity, neglect 
 of official duty, or acts performed without authority of law. The terms 
 of the directors first appointed shall be one, two, three, four, and five 
 3'ears, respectively; and thereafter, upon the expiration of the term of a. 
 director, his successor shall be appointed for a term of five years. 
 
 Sec. 149. For each state hospital for the insane now existing, or here- 
 after established, there shall be a special board of directors, consisting of 
 three members, who shall be appointed by the Governor, subject to con- 
 firmation by the Senate; such board shall have the management of the 
 hospital for which it is appointed, under the supervision and con-
 
 10 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 trol of the general board of directors hereinafter constituted. The terms 
 of the directors first appointed shall be two, four, and six years, respec- 
 tively, and thereafter, upon the expiration of the term of a member, his 
 successor shall be appointed for a term of six years. 
 
 Sec. 150. There shall be a general board of directors for the control 
 and management of all the state hospitals for the insane now existing or 
 hereafter established, which shall consist of all the directors appointed 
 members of the several special boards. The general board of directors 
 shall be subject to such regulations and requirements as the General 
 Assembly may from time to time prescribe, and shall have full power and 
 control over the special boards of directors and all of the officers and 
 employees of the said hospitals. 
 
 Sec. 151. The general board of directors shall appoint for a term of 
 four years a superintendent for each hospital, who shall be removable 
 by said board for misbehavior, incapacity, neglect of official duty, or 
 acts performed without authority of law. The special board of each 
 hospital, shall, subject to the approval of the general board, appoint for a 
 term of four years all other resident officers. The superintendent of 
 each hospital shall appoint, and may remove, with the approval of the 
 special board, all other employees of such hospital. 
 
 Sec. 152. There shall be a Commissioner of State Hospitals for the 
 Insane, who shall be appointed by the Governor, subject to confirmation 
 Ijy the Senate, for a term of four years. He shall be ex-officio chairman 
 of the general and of each of the special boards of directors, and shall be 
 responsible for the proper disbursement of all moneys appropriated or 
 received from any source for the maintenance of siich hospitals ; he shall 
 cause to be established and maintained at all of the hospitals a uniform 
 system of keeping the records and the accounts of money received and 
 disbursed and of making the reports thereof. He shall perform such 
 other duties and shall execute such l)ond and receive such salary as may 
 be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 CORPORATIONS. 
 
 Sec. 153. As used in this article, the term "corporation" or "com- 
 pany" shall include all trusts, associations and joint stock companies 
 having any powers or privileges not possessed by individuals or unlimited 
 partnerships, and exclude all municipal corporations and public institu- 
 tions owned or controlled by the State; the term "charter" shall be con-
 
 CUNSTITITION OK VIKOIXIA. 41 
 
 strued to mean tlic cliartor of incorporation by, or under, which any such 
 corporation is formed; liic Icnn "transportation company" shall include 
 an}^ company, trustee, or other person owniji^i-, leasing or operating for 
 hire a railroad, street railway, canal, steamboat or steamship line, and 
 also any freight car company, car association, or car trust, express com- 
 pany, or company, trustee or jierson in any way engaged in l)usiness as a 
 common carrier over a route acquired in whole or in part under llie right 
 of eminent domain; the term "rate"' shall be construed to mean "rate of 
 charge for any service rendered or to l)C rendered"; the terms "rate," 
 "charge" and "regulation," shall include joint rates, joint charges, and 
 joint regulations, respectively ; the term "transmission company" shall 
 include any company owning, leasing, or operating for hire, any tele- 
 graph or telephone line ; the term "freight" shall be construed to mean 
 any property transported, or received for transportation. l)y any trans- 
 portation company ; the term "public service corporation" shall include 
 all transportation and transmission companies, all gas, electric light, 
 heat and power companies, and all persons authorized to exercise the 
 right of eminent domain, or to use or occupy any street, alley or public 
 highway, whether along, over, or under the same, in a manner not per- 
 mitted to the general public : the term "person," as used in this article, 
 shall include individuals, partnerships and corporations, in the singular 
 as well as plural number; the term "bond" shall mean all certificates, or 
 written evidences, of indebtedness issued by any corporation and secured 
 bv mortgage or trust deed ; the term "frank" shall be construed to mean 
 anv writing or token, issued by, or under authority of, a transmission 
 company, entitling the holder to any service from such company free of 
 charge. The provisions of this article shall always be so restricted in 
 their application as not to conilict with any of the provisions of the Con- 
 stitution of the United States, and as if the neccssaiT limitations upon 
 their interpretation had l)een herein expressed in each case. 
 
 Sec. 154. The creation of corporations, and the extension and amend- 
 ment of charters (whether heretofore or hereafter granted), shall be pro- 
 vided for by general laws, and no charter shall be granted, amended or 
 extended by special act, nor shall authority in such matters be con- 
 ferred upon any tribunal or officer, except to ascertain whether the ap- 
 plicants have, by complying with the requirements of the law, entitled 
 themselves to the charter, amendment or extension applied for, and to 
 issue, or refuse, the same accordingly. Such general laws may be 
 amended or repealed by the General Assembly; and all charters and 
 amendments of charters, now existing and revocable, or hereafter granted 
 or extended, may be repealed at any time by special act. Provision shall
 
 42 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 be made, by general laws, for the voluntary surrender of its charter by 
 xiny corporation, and for the forfeiture thereof for non-user or mis-user. 
 The General Assembly shall not, by special act, regulate the affairs of 
 any corporation, nor, by such act, give it any rights, powers or privileges. 
 Sec. 155. A permanent commission, to consist of three members, is 
 hereby created, which shall be known as the State Corporation Commis- 
 sion. The commissioners shall be appointed by the Governor, subject to 
 confirmation by the General Assembly in joint session, and their regular 
 terms of office shall be six years, respectively, except those first appointed 
 under this Constitution, of whom, one shall be appointed to hold office 
 until the first day of February, nineteen hundred and four, one, until 
 ihe first day of February, nineteen hundred and six, and one, until the 
 Irst day of February, nineteen hundred and eight. Whenever a vacancy 
 in the commission shall occur, the Governor shall forthwith appoint a 
 qualified person to fill the same for the unexpired term, subject to con- 
 firmation by the General Assembly as aforesaid. Commissioners ap- 
 pointed for regular terms shall, at the beginning of the terms for which 
 appointed, and those appointed to fill vacancies shall, immediately upon 
 their appointments, enter upon the duties of their office; but no person 
 so appointed, either for a regular term, or to fill a vacancy, shall enter 
 upon, or continue in, office after the General Assembly shall have refused 
 to confirm his appointment, or adjourned sine die without confirming 
 the same, nor shall he be eligible for re-appointment to fill the vacancy 
 eaused by such refusal or failure to confirm. No person while employed 
 by, or holding any office in relation to, any transportation or transmis- 
 sion company, or while in any wise financially interested therein, or 
 while engaged in practicing law, shall hold office as a member of said 
 commission, or perform any of the duties thereof. At least one of the 
 commissioners shall have the qualifications prescribed for judges of the 
 Supreme Court of Appeals; and any commissioner may be impeached or 
 removed in the manner provided for the impeachment or removal of a 
 judge of said court. The commission shall annually elect one of their 
 members chairman of the same, and shall have one clerk, one bailiff 
 and such other clerks, officers, assistants and subordinates as may be 
 provided by law, all of whom shall be appointed, and subject to removal, 
 by the commission. It shall prescribe its own rules of order and pro- 
 cedure, except so far as the same are specified in this Constitution or 
 any amendment thereof. The General Assembly may establish within 
 the department, and subject to the supervision and control, of the com- 
 mission, subordinate divisions, or bureaus, of insurance, banking or other 
 special branches of the business of that department. All sessions of
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIKGIXIA. 43 
 
 'the commission shall be public, and a permanent record shall be kept 
 of all its judgments, rules, orders, findings and decisions, and of all re- 
 ports made to, or by, it. Two of the commissioners shall constitute a 
 ■quorum for the transaction of business, whether there bo a vacancy in 
 the commission or not. The commission shall keep its office open for 
 •business on every day except Sundays and legal holidays. Transporta- 
 tion companies shall at all times transport, free of charge, within this 
 State, the members of said commission and its officers, or any of them, 
 when engaged on their official duties. The General Assembly shall pro- 
 vide suitable quarters for the commission and funds for its lawful ex- 
 penses, including pay for Mdtnesses summoned, and costs of executing 
 processes issued, by the commission of its own motion; and shall fix the 
 salaries of the members, clerks, assistants and subordinates of the com- 
 mission and provide for the payment thereof; but the salary of each 
 •commissioner shall not be less than four thousand dollars per annum. 
 After the first day of January, nineteen hundred and eight, the General 
 Assembly may provide for the election of the members of the commission 
 by the qualified voters of the State; in which event, vacancies there- 
 after occurring shall be filled as hereinbefore provided, until the expira- 
 tion of twenty days after the next general election, held not less than 
 ■sixty days after the vacancy occurs, at which election the vacancy shall 
 be filled for the residue of the unexpired term. 
 
 Sec. 156. (a) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to 
 such requirements, rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law, 
 the State Corporation Commission shall be the department of govern- 
 ment through which shall be issued all charters and amendments or ex- 
 tensions thereof, for domestic corporations, and all licenses to do busi- 
 ness in this State to foreign corporations; and through which shall be 
 ■carried out all the provisions of this Constitution, and of the laws made 
 in pursuance thereof, for the creation, visitation, supervision, regula- 
 tion and control of corporations chartered by, or doing business in, this 
 State. The commission shall prescribe the forms of all reports which 
 may be required of such corporations by this Constitution or by law; it 
 shall collect, receive, and preserve such reports, and annually tabulate 
 and publish them in statistical form; it shall have all the rights and 
 powers of, and perform all the duties devolving upon, the Eailroad Com- 
 missioner and the Board of Public Works, at the time this Constitution 
 goes into effect, except so far as they are inconsistent with this Consti- 
 tution, or may be hereafter abolished or changed by law. 
 
 (h) The commission shall have the power, and be charged with the 
 duty, of supervising, regulating and controlling all transportation and
 
 4-1 CO-XyTlTUTlOX OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 transmission companies doing business in this State, in all matters re- 
 lating to the performance of their public duties and their charges there- 
 for, and of correcting abuses therein by such companies; and to that 
 end the commission shall, from time to time, prescribe, and enforce 
 against such companies, in the manner hereinafter authorized, such rates, 
 charges, classifications of traffic, and rules and regulations, and shall re- 
 quire them to establish and maintain all such public service, facilities 
 and conveniences, as may be reasonable and just, which said rates, 
 charges, classifications, rules, regulations and requirements, the com- 
 mission may, from time to time, alter or amend. All rates, charges, 
 classifications, rules and regulations adopted, or acted upon, by any such 
 company, inconsistent with those j)rescribed by the commission, within 
 the scope of its authority, shall be unlawful and void. The commission 
 shall also have the right at all times to inspect the books and papers of 
 all trans2:)ortation and transmission companies doing business in this 
 State, and to require from such companies, from time to time, special 
 reports and statements under oath, concerning their business; it shall 
 keep itself fully informed of the physical condition of all the railroads 
 of the State, as to tlie manner in which they are operated, with reference 
 to the security and accommodation of the public, and shall, from time 
 to time, make and enforce such requirements, rules and regulations as 
 may be necessary to prevent unjust or unreasonable discriminations by 
 any transportation or transmission company in favor of, or against, any 
 person, locality, community, connecting line, or kind of traffic, in the 
 matter of car service, train or boat schedule, efficiency of transportation 
 or otherwise, in connection with the public duties of such company. 
 Before the commission shall prescribe or fix any rate, charge, or classi- 
 fication of traffic, and before it shall make any order, rule, regulation or 
 requirement directed against any one or more companies by name, the 
 company or companies to be affected by such rate, charge, classiification, 
 order, rule, regulation or requirement, shall first be given, by the com- 
 mission, at least ten days' notice of the time and place, when and whero 
 the contemplated action in the premises will be considered and disposed 
 of, and shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to introduce evidence 
 and to be heard thereon, to the end that justice may be done, and shall 
 have process to enforce the attendance of witnesses; and before the com- 
 mission shall make or prescribe any general order, rule, regulation or 
 requirement, not directed against any specific company or companies by 
 name, the contemplated general order, rule, regulation or requirement 
 shall first be published in substance, not less than once a week for four 
 consecutive weck> in one or more of the newspapers of general circulation
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIlUilNlA. • 45 
 
 publisliod in fli(> cily of liichmond, Virginia, together witli notice of the 
 time and place, when and whore tlic coiniiiissiou will hear any objections 
 which may be urged l)y any person interested, against the proposed order, 
 rule, regulation or requirement; and every such general order, rule, reg- 
 ulation or retiuiivMnent, niado by the commission shall l)e ])ublishe(l at 
 length, for the time ami in (lie manner above specified, before it shall go 
 into effect, and shall also, as long as it remains in force, bu ])nblished 
 in each subse(|uent animal i-epoi'l of Ibe commission, ^riic antbority of 
 ihe commission (subject to i-cview on appeal as hereinafter pi'ovided) 
 io prescribe rates, charges and classi deal ions of traffic, for transportation 
 ^nd transmission companies, shall be ])ai-ainoniii : bnl its authority to 
 prescribe any othei- rules, regulations or requii-ements for coi-porations or 
 •other persons shall be subject to the snpci'ioi- authority of the General 
 Assembly to legislate thereon by livneral laws: provided, however, that 
 nothing in this section shall iini)aii- the right which has heretofore been, 
 ■or may hereafter be. confei're<! by law n|ion the authorilies of any city, 
 town or county to ])r(^scribe I'ules. regulations or rates of ebai-ge to be 
 •observed bv any public service coi'poralion in coniveclion with any ser- 
 vices performed by it under a municipal or county franchise granted by 
 •such city, town or county, so far as such services may be wholly with in 
 the limits of the city, town or county granting the franchise. Upon the 
 request of the parties interested, it shall he the duty of the commission, 
 as far as possible, to effect, by mediation, the adjustment of claims, and 
 the settlement of controversies, between trans])ortation or transmission 
 •companies and their ])atrons. 
 
 (c) In all matters pertaining lo the public visitation, regulation or 
 ■control of corporations, and wilhin the jurisdiction of the commission, 
 it shall have the powers and authorily of a court of record, to administer 
 •oaths, to compel the attendance of witiu'sses and the ])roduclion of papers, 
 to ])unish for contempt any person guilty of disrespectful or disorderly 
 •conduct in the presence of the commission while in session, and to en- 
 force compliance with any of its lawful orders or requirements by ad- 
 judging, and enforcing by its own a])pi-opi-iaie i)rocess, against Ihe delin- 
 •quent or offending company (afler it shall have been first duly cited, 
 proceeded against by due process of law before the commission sitting as 
 ■a court, and afforded o])portunity to introduce evidence and to be beard, 
 as well against the validity, justness or reasonableness of the oider or 
 requirement alleged to have been violated, as against the liability of 
 the company for the alleged violation), such fines or other itenalties as 
 may be prescribed or authorized I)y this Constitution or by law. The 
 •commission mav be vested with such additional powers, and chargeil with 
 such other duties (not inconsistent with this Constitution) as nuiy be
 
 46 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 prescribed by law, in connection with the visitation, reguhUion or con- 
 trol of corporations, or with the prescribing and enforcing of rates and 
 charges to be observed in the condnct of any business where the State has 
 the right to prescribe the rates and charges in connection therewith, or 
 with the assessment of the property of corporations, or the appraisement 
 of their franchises, for taxation, or with the investigation of the subject 
 of taxation generally. Any corporation failing or refusing to obey any 
 valid order or requirement of the commission, within such reasonable- 
 time, not less than ten days, as shall bo fixed in the order, may be fined by 
 the commission (proceeding by due process of law as aforesaid) such- 
 sum, not exceeding five hundred dollars, as the commission may deem- 
 proper, or such sum, in excess of five hundred dollars, as may be pre- 
 scribed, or authorized, by law; and each day's continuance of such fail- 
 ure or refusal, after due service upon such corporation of the order or 
 requirement of the commission, shall ue a separate offence : provided,, 
 that should the operation of such order or requirement be suspended 
 pending an appeal therefrom, the period of such suspension shall not 
 be computed against the company in the matter of its liability to fines 
 or penalties. 
 
 ((]) From any action of the commission prescribing rates, charges or 
 classifications of traffic, or affecting the train schedule of any transporta- 
 tion company, or requiring additional facilities, conveniences or public 
 service of any transportation or transmission company, or refusing to- 
 approve a suspending bond, or requiring additional security thereon or 
 an increase thereof, as provided for in sub-section e of this section, an' 
 appeal (subject to such reasonable limitations as to time, regulations as 
 to procedure and provisions as to costs, as may be prescribed by law) may 
 be taken by the corporation whose rates, charges or classifications of 
 traffic, schedule, facilities, conveniences or service, are affected, or by 
 any person deeming himself aggrieved by such action, or (if allowed hj 
 law) by the Commonwealth. Until otlierwise provided by law, such ap- 
 peal shall be taken in the manner in which a])peals may be taken to the- 
 Supreme Court of Appeals from the inferior courts, except that such an 
 appeal shall be of right, and the Supreme Court of Appeals may pro- 
 vide by rule for proceedings in the matter of appeals in any particular- 
 in which the existing rules of law are inapplicable. If such appeal be 
 taken by the corporation whose rates, charges or classifications of traffic,, 
 schedules, facilities, conveniences or service are affected, the Common- 
 wealth shall be made the appellee ; but, in the other cases mentioned, 
 the corporation so affected shall be made the appellee. The General 
 Assonilily may also, by general laws, provide for appeals from any other
 
 COXSTlTrTlOX OK VIKCMXIA. 47 
 
 action of the commission, by the Commonwealth or l)y any person iiilcr- 
 ested, irrespective of the amount involved. All appeals from the com- 
 mission shall be to the Supreme Court of Appeals only; and in all ap- 
 peals to which the Commonwealth is a party, it shall be represented by 
 the Attorney-General or his legally appointed representative. No court 
 of this Commonwealth (excejit the Supreme Court of Appeals, by way 
 of appeals as herein authorized), shall have jurisdiction to review, re- 
 verse, correct or annul any action of the commission, within the scope of 
 its authority, or to suspend or delay the execution or o})eratiou thereof, 
 or to enjoin, restrain or interfere with the commission in the per- 
 formance of its official duties: provided, however, that the writs of man- 
 damus and prohibition shall lie from the Supreme Court of Appeals to 
 the commission in all cases where such writs, respectively, would lie to 
 any inferior tribunal or officer. 
 
 (e) Upon the granting of an apjx'al, a writ of supersedeas may be 
 awarded by the appellate court, suspending the operation of the action 
 appealed from until the final disposition of the appeal; but, prior to the 
 final reversal thereof by the appellate court, no action of the commis- 
 sion prescribing or affecting the rates, charges or classifications of traffic 
 of any transportation or transmission company shall be delayed, or sus- 
 pended, in its operation, by reason of any appeal by such corporation, or 
 by reason of any proceedings resulting from such appeal, until a suspend- 
 ing bond shall first have been executed and filed with, and approved by, 
 the commission (or approved on review by the Supreme Court of Ap- 
 peals), payal)le to the Commonwealth, and sufficient in amount and se- 
 curity to insure the prompt refunding, by the appealing corporation to 
 the parties entitled thereto, of all charges which such company may col- 
 lect or receive, pending the appeal, in excess of those fixed, or authorized, 
 by the final decision of the court on appeal. The commission, upon the 
 execution of such bond, shall forthwith require the appealing company, 
 under penalty of the immediate enforcement (pending the appeal and 
 notwithstanding any supersedeas) , of the order or requirement appealed 
 from, to keep such accounts, and to make to the commission, from time to 
 time, such reports, verified by oath, as may, in the judgment of the coiu- 
 mission, suffice to show the amounts being charged or received bv the 
 company, pending the appeal, in excess of the charge allowed by the 
 action of the commission appealed from, together with the names and 
 addresses of the persons to whom such overcharges will be refundable in 
 ca.se the charges made by the company pending the a]ipcal, l)e not sus- 
 tained on such appeal ; and the commission shall also, from time to time, 
 require such company, under like penalty, to give additional security on.
 
 48 
 
 CO^'STITUTION or VIRGINIA. 
 
 or to increase, the said suspending bond, whenever, in the opinion of 
 the commission, the same may be necessary to insure the prompt refund- 
 ing of the overcharges aforesaid. Upon the final decision of such ap- 
 peal, all amounts which the appealing company may have collected, 
 pending the appeal, in excess of that authorized by such final decision, 
 sliall be promptly refunded by the company to the parties entitled thereto, 
 in such manner, and through such methods of distribution, as may be 
 prescribed by the commission, or liy law. All such appeals affecting 
 rates, charges or classifications of traffic, shall have precedence upon 
 the docket of the appellate court, and shall be heard and disposed of 
 promptly by the court, irrespective of its place of session, next after the 
 habeas corpas. and Commonwealth's, eases already on the docket of the 
 court. 
 
 (/') In no case of appeal from the commission shall any new or addi- 
 tional evidence be introduced in the appelate court ; but the chairman of 
 the commission, under the seal of the commission, shall certify to the 
 appellate court all the facts upon which the action appealed from was 
 based and which may be essential for the proper decision of the appeal, 
 together with such of the evidence introduced before, or considered by, 
 the commission as may be selected, specified and required to be certified, 
 by any party in interest, as well as such other evidence, so introduced or 
 considered, as the commission may deem proper to certify. The com- 
 mission shall, whenever an appeal is taken therefrom, file with the record 
 of the case, and as a part thereof, a written statement of the reasons 
 upon which the action appealed from was based, and such statement shall 
 be read and considered by the appellate court, upon disposing of the 
 appeal. The appellate court shall have jurisdiction, on such appeal, to 
 consider and determine the reasonableness and justness of the action of 
 the commission appealed from, as well as any other matter arising under 
 such appeal : provided, how^ever, that the action of the commission ap- 
 pealed from shall be regarded as prima facie just, reasonable and cor- 
 rect; but the court may, when it deems necessary, in the interest of jus- 
 tice, remand to the commission any case pending on appeal, and require 
 the same to be further investigated by the commission, and reported 
 upon to the court (together with a certificate of such additional evidence 
 as may be tendered before the commission by any party in interest), 
 before the appeal is finally decided. 
 
 (g) Whenever the court, upon appeal, shall reverse an order of the 
 commission affecting the rates, charges or the classification of traffic of 
 any transportation or transmission company, it shall, at the same time, 
 substitute therefor such order as, in its opinion, the commission shoukl
 
 COXSTITI TIOX OF VIlKilNIA. 49 
 
 have made at the time of entering \hv order appealed from; otherwise, 
 the reversal order shall not be valid. Sueh substituted order shall have 
 the same force and effect (and non<' other) as if it had been entered by 
 the connnission at the time tiie original order a^jpcaled from was en- 
 tered. The right of the commission to prescribe and enforce rates, 
 charges, classifications, rules and rcgnlations, affecting any or all actions 
 of the commission theretofore entered by it and ap})ealed from, bnt 
 based upon circumstances or conditions different from those existing at 
 the time the order appealed from was made, shall not be suspended or 
 impaired by reason of the pendency of such appeal; bnt no order of the 
 commission, prescribing or altering such rates, charges, classifications, 
 rules or regulations, shall be retroactive. 
 
 (//) The right of any person to institute and prosecute in the ordinary 
 courts of justice, any action, suit or motion against any transportation or 
 transmission company, for any claim or cause of action against such 
 company, shall not be extinguished or impaired, by reason of any fine 
 or other penalty which the commission may impose, or be authorized to 
 impose, ni)()n such company because of its breach of any public duty, or 
 because of its failure to comi)ly with any order or requirement of the 
 commission; but, in no such proceeding by any person against such cor- 
 poration, nor in any collateral proceeding, shall the reasonableness, 
 justness or validity of any rate, charge, classification of traffic, rule, regu- 
 lation or requirement, -.theretofore prescribed by the commission, within 
 the scope of its authority, and then in force, be questioned: provided^ 
 however, that no case based upon or involving any order of the commis- 
 sion shall be heard, or disposed of, against the objection of either party, 
 so long as such order is suspended in its operation by an order of the 
 Supreme Court of Appeals as authorized by this Constitution or by any 
 law passed in pursuance thereof. 
 
 (i) The commission shall make annual reports to the Governor of its 
 proceedings, in which reports it shall recommend, from time to time, such 
 new or additional legislation in reference to its powers or duties, or to. 
 the creation, supervision, regulation or control of corporations, or to the 
 subject of taxation, as it may deem wise or expedient, or as may be re- 
 quired by law. 
 
 (k) Upon the organization of the State Corporatioii Commission, the 
 Board of Public Works and the office of Kailroad Commissioner, shall 
 cease to exist; and all books, papers and documents pertaining thereto, 
 shall be transferred to, and become a part of the records of, the office 
 of the State Corporation Commission. 
 
 (l) After the first day of January, nineteen hundred and five, in ad- 
 4
 
 f,0 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 (lition to the modes of amendment provided for in Article Fifteen of 
 this Constitution, the General Assembly, upon the recommendation of 
 the State Corporation Commission, may, by law, from time to time, 
 amend sub-sections a to i, inclusive, of this section, or any of them, or 
 any such amendment thereof : provided, that no amendment made under 
 authority of this sub-section shall contravene the provisions of any part 
 of this Constitution other than the sub-sections last above referred to or 
 any such amendment thereof. 
 
 Sec. 157. Provision shall be made by general laws for the payment of a 
 fee to the Commonwealth by every domestic corporation, upon the 
 granting, amendment or extension of its charter, and by every foreign 
 corporation upon obtaining a license to do business in this State as speci- 
 fied in this section; and also for the payment, by every domestic corpo- 
 ration, and foreign corporation doing business in this State, of an annual 
 registration fee of not less than five dollars nor more than twent3^-five 
 dollars, which shall be irrespective of any specific license, or other, tax 
 imposed by law upon such company for the privilege of carrying on its 
 business in this State, or upon its franchise or property; and for the 
 making, by every such corporation (at the time of paying such annual 
 registration fee), of such report to the State Corporation Commission, 
 of the status, business or condition of such corporation, as the General 
 Assembly may prescribe. No foreign corporation shall have authority 
 to do business in this State, until it shall have first obtained from the 
 commission a license to do business in this State, upon such terms and 
 conditions as may be prescribed by law. The failure by any corporation 
 for two successive years to pay its annual registration fee, or to make 
 its said annual reports, shall, when such failure shall have continued for 
 ninety days after the expiration of such two years, operate as a revoca- 
 tion and annulment of the charter of such corporation if it be a domestic 
 company, or, of its license to do business in this State if it be a foreign 
 company; and the General Assembly shall provide additional and suit- 
 able penalties for the failure of any corporation to comply promptly with 
 the requirements of this section, or of any laws passed in pursuance 
 thereof. The commission shall compel all corporations to comply 
 promptly with such requirements, by enforcing, in the manner herein- 
 before authorized, such fines and penalties against the delinquent com- 
 pany as may be provided for, or authorized by, this article; but the 
 General Assembly may relieve from the payment of the said registration 
 fee any purely charitable institution or institutions. 
 
 Sec. 158. Every corporation heretofore chartered in this State, which 
 shall hereafter accept, or effect, any amendment or extension of its
 
 CONSTITITION OF VIRGINIA. 51 
 
 <2harter, shall be conclusively presumed to have thereby surrendered every 
 exemption from taxation, and every non-rcpcalable feature of its charter 
 iind of the amendments thereof, and also all exclusive rights or privileges 
 theretofore granted to it by the General Assembly and not enjoyed by 
 other corporations of a similar general character; and to have thereby 
 agreed to thereafter hold its charter and franchises, and all amendments 
 thereof, under the provisions and subject lo all tlie requirements, terms 
 and conditions of this Constitution and of any laws passed in pursuance 
 thereof, so far as the same may be applicable to such corporation. 
 
 Sec. 159. The exercise of the riglit of eminent domain shall never be 
 abridged, nor so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from 
 taking the property and franchises of corporations and subjecting them 
 to public use, the same as the property of individuals; and the exercise 
 of the police power of the State shall never be abridged, nor so con- 
 strued as to permit corporations to conduct their business in such man- 
 ner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals or the general well- 
 being of the State. 
 
 Sec. 160. No transportation or transmission company shall charge or 
 receive any greater compensation, in the aggregate, for transporting the 
 same class of passengers or property, or for transmitting the same class 
 of messages, over a shorter than over a longer distanee, along the same 
 line and in the same direction — the shorter being included in the longer 
 distance; but this section shall not be construed as authorizing any such 
 company to charge or receive as great compensation for a shorter as for 
 a longer distance. The State Corporation Commission may, from time 
 to time, authorize any such company to disregard the foregoing provisions 
 of this section, by charging such rates as the commission may prescribe 
 as just and equitable between such company and the public, to or from 
 any junctional or competitive points or localities, or where the competi- 
 tion of points located without this State may make necessary the prescrib- 
 ing of special rates for the protection of the commerce of this State ; but 
 this section shall not apply to mileage tickets, or to any special excur- 
 sion, or commutation, rates, or to special rates for services rendered to 
 the government of this State, or of the United States, or in the interest 
 of some public object, when such tickets or rates shall have been pre- 
 scribed or authorized by the commission. 
 
 Sec. IGl. No transportation or transmission company doing business 
 in this State shall grant to any member of the General Assembly, or to 
 any state, county, district or numieipal officer, except to members and 
 officers of the State Corporation Commission for their personal use 
 while in office, any frank, free pass, free transportation, or any rebate
 
 ,y_ CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 or reduction in the rates charged by snch company to the general public 
 for like services. For violation of the provisions of this section the 
 offending company shall be liable to such penalties as may be prescribed 
 bv law; and any member of the General Assembly, or any such officer, 
 who shall, while in office, accept any gift, privilege or benefit as is pro- 
 hibited by this section, shall thereby forfeit his office, and be subject to 
 such further penalties as may be prescribed by law ; but this section shall 
 not prevent a street railway company from transporting free of charge 
 any member of the police force or fire department while in the discharge 
 of his official duties, nor prohibit the acceptance by any such policeman or 
 fireman of such free transportation. 
 
 Sec. 162. The doctrine of fellow-servant, so far as it affects the lia- 
 bility of the master for injuries to his servant resulting from the acts 
 or omissions of any other servant or servants of the common master, is, 
 to the extent hereinafter stated, abolished as to every employee of a 
 railroad company, engaged in the physical construction, repair or main- 
 tenance of its roadway, track or any of the structures connected there- 
 with, or in any work in or upon a car or engine standing upon a track, 
 or in the physical operation of a train, ear, engine, or switch, or in any 
 service requiring his presence upon a train, car or engine ; and every such 
 employee shall have the same right to recover for every injury suffered 
 by him from the acts or omissions of any other employee or employees 
 of the conmion master, that a servant would have (at the time when this 
 Constitution goes into effect), if such acts or omissions w'ere those of the 
 master himself in the performance of a non-assignable duty: provided, 
 that the injury, so suffered by such railroad employee, result from the 
 negligence of an officer, or agent, of the company of a higher grade of 
 service than himself, or from that of a person, employed by the com- 
 pany, having the right, or charged with the duty, to control or direct the 
 general services or the immediate work of the party injured, or the gen- 
 eral services or the immediate work of the co-employee through, or b}', 
 whose act or omission he is injured ; or that it result from the negligence 
 of a co-employee engaged in another department of labor, or engaged 
 upon, or in charge of, any car upon which, or upon the train of which 
 it is a part, the injured employee is not at the time of receiving the 
 injury, or w'ho is in charge of any switch, signal point, or locomotive 
 engine, or is charged with dispatching trains or transmitting tele- 
 graphic or telephonic orders therefor; and whether such negligence be 
 in the performance of an assignable or non-assignable duty. The physi- 
 cal construction, repair or maintenance of the roadway, track or any 
 of the structures connected therewith, and the physical construction,
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 53 
 
 rcjjair, maintenance, cleaning or o})('rali()n of trains, cars or engines, 
 shall be regarded as different departments of labor within the meaning 
 of this section. Knowledge, by any such railroad employee injured, of 
 the defective or unsafe character or condition of any machinery, ways, 
 appliances or structures, shall be no defence to an action for injury 
 caused thereby. When death, whether instantaneous or not, results to 
 such an employee from any injury for which he could have recovered, 
 under the above provisions, had death not occurred, then his legal or 
 personal representative, surviving consort, and relatives (and any trus- 
 tee, curator, committee or guardian of such consort or relatives) shall, 
 respectively, have the same rights and remedies with respect thereto as 
 if his death had been caused by the negligence of a co-employee while in 
 the performance, as vice-principal, of a non-assignable duty of the 
 master. Every contract or agreement, express or implied, made by an 
 employee, to waive 'the liendit of tliis sectiniu shall Ije mdl and void. 
 Tliis section shall not be construed to de])rive any employee, or his legal 
 or personal representative, surviving consort or relatives (or any trustee, 
 curator, committee or guardian of sucli consort or relatives), of any 
 rights or remedies that he or they may have by the law of the land, at 
 the time this Constitution goes into effect. Nothing contained in this 
 section shall restrict the power of the General Assembly to further en- 
 large, for the above-named class of em])loyees, the rights and remedies 
 hereinbefore provided for, or to extend such rights and remedies to, or 
 otherwise enlarge the present rights and remedies of, any other class of 
 employees of railroads or of employees of any person, firm or corpora- 
 tion. 
 
 Sec. 163. No foreign corporation sliall Ije authorized to carry on, in 
 this State, the business, or to exercise any of the powers or functions, of 
 a public service corporation, or be permitted to do anything whicli domes- 
 tic corporations are prohibited from doing, or be relieved from com- 
 pliance with any of tlie requirements made of similar domestic corpora- 
 tions by the Constitution and laws of this State, where the same can be 
 made applicable to such foreign corporation without discriminating 
 against it. But this section shall not affect any public service corpora- 
 tion whose line or route extends across the boundary of this Common- 
 wealth, nor prevent any foreign corporation from continuing in such 
 lawful business as it may be actually engaged in within this State, when 
 this Constitution goes into effect; but any such foreign public service 
 corporation, so engaged, shall not, without first becoming incorporated 
 under the laws of this State, be authorized to acquire, lease, use or 
 operate, within this State, any public or municiiial franchise or fran-
 
 54 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 chiscs in addition to such as it may own, lease, nse or operate when this 
 Constitution goes into effect. The jDroperty, within this State, of foreign 
 corporations shall always be subject to attachment, the same as that of 
 non-resident individuals; and nothing in this section shall restrict the 
 power of the General Assembly to discriminate against foreign corpora- 
 tions whenever, and in whatsoever respect, it may deem wise or expe- 
 dient. 
 
 Sec. 1G4. The right of the Commonwealth, through such instrumen- 
 talities as it may select, to prescribe and define the public duties of all 
 common carriers and public service corporations, to regulate and control 
 them in the performance of their public duties, and to fix and limit 
 their charges therefor, shall never be surrendered nor abridged. 
 
 Sec. 165. The General Assembly shall enact laws preventing all trusts, 
 combinations and monopolies, inimical to the public welfare. 
 
 Sec. 166. The exclusive right to build or operate -railroads parallel to- 
 its own, or any other, line of railroad, shall not be granted to any com- 
 pany: but every railroad company shall have the right, subject to such 
 reasonable regulations as may be prescribed by law, to parallel, inter- 
 sect, connect with or cross, with its roadway, any other railroad or rail- 
 roads; but no railroad company shall build or operate any line of rail- 
 road not specified in its charter, or in some amendment thereof. All 
 railroad companies, whose lines of railroad connect, shall receive and 
 transport each other's passengers, freight, and loaded or empty cars, with- 
 out delay or discrimination. jSTothing in this section shall deprive the 
 General Assembly of the right to prevent by statute, repealable at 
 pleasure, any railroad from being built parallel to the present line of 
 the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad. 
 
 Sec. 167. The General Assembly shall enact general laws regulating 
 and controlling all issues of stock and bonds by corporations. When- 
 ever stock or bonds are to be issued by a corporation, it shall, before 
 issuing the same, file with the State Corporation Commission a state- 
 ment (verified by the oath of the president or secretary of the corpora- 
 tion, and in such form as may be prescribed or permitted by the commis- 
 sion) setting forth fully and accurately the basis, or financial plan, upon 
 which such stock or bonds are to be issued; and where such basis or 
 plan includes services or property (other than money), received or to 
 be received by the company, such statement shall accurately specify and 
 describe, in the manner prescribed, or permitted, by the commission, the 
 services and property, together with the valuation at which the same ar(^ 
 received or to be received; and such corporation shall comply with ariv 
 other requirements or restrictions which may be imposed by law. The
 
 CONSTITUTION or VIRGINIA, 55 
 
 General Assembly shall iJrovide adequate penalties for the violation of 
 this section, or of any laws passed in pursuance thereof; and it shall be 
 the duty of the commission to adjudge, and enforce (in the manner 
 hereinbefore provided), against any corporation refusing or failing to 
 comply with the provisions of this section, or of any laws passed in 
 pursuance thereof, such fines and penalties as are autliorized by this 
 Constitution, or may be prescribed by law. 
 
 AIJTICLP] XIII. 
 
 TAXATION AND FINANCE. 
 
 Sec. 168. All property, except as hereinafter provided, shall be taxed; 
 all taxes, whether state, local, or municipal, shall be uniform upon the 
 same class of subjects within the territorial limits of the authority levy- 
 ing the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws. 
 
 Sec. 169. Except as hereinafter provided, all assessments of real estate 
 and tangible personal property shall be at their fair market value, to be 
 ascertained as prescribed by law. The General Assembly may allow a 
 lower rate of taxation to be imposed for a period of years by a city or 
 town upon land added to its corporate limits, than is imposed on similar 
 property within its limits at the time such land is added. Nothing in 
 this Constitution shall prevent tlie General Assembly, after the first day 
 of January, nineteen hundred and thirteen, from segregating for the 
 purposes of taxation, the several kinds or classes of property, so as to 
 specify and determine upon what subjects, state taxes, and upon what 
 subjects, local taxes may be levied. 
 
 Sec. 170. The General Assembly may levy a tax on incomes in excess 
 of six hundred dollars per annum ; may levy a license tax upon any busi- 
 ness which cannot be reached by the ad valorem system ; and may impose 
 state franchise taxes, and in imposing a franchise tax, may, in its dis- 
 cretion, make the same in lieu of taxes upon other property, in whole or 
 in part, of a transportation, industrial, or commercial corporation. 
 Whenever a franchise tax shall be imposed upon a corporation doing 
 business in this State, or whenever all the capital, however invested, of 
 a corporation chartered under the laws of this State, shall be taxed, the 
 shares of stock issued by any such corporation, shall not be further taxed. 
 No city or town shall impose any tax or assessment upon abutting land 
 owners for street or other public local improvements, except for making 
 and improving the walkways upon then existing streets, and improving
 
 56 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 and paving then existing alleys, and for either the construction, or for 
 the use of sewers; and the same when imposed, shall not he in excess of 
 tlie peculiar benefits resulting therefrom to such abutting land owners. 
 Except in cities and towns, no such taxes or assessments, for local public 
 improvements shall be imposed on abutting land owners. 
 
 Sec. 171. The General Assembly shall provide for a re-assessment of 
 real estate, in the year nineteen hundred and five, and every fifth year 
 thereafter, except that of railway and canal corporations, which, after 
 January the first, nineteen hundred and thirteen, may be assessed as 
 the General Assembly may provide. 
 
 Sec. 172. The General Assembly shall provide for the special and sep- 
 arate assessment of all coal and other mineral land ; but until such special 
 assessment is made, such land shall be assessed under existing laws. 
 
 Sec. 173. The General Assembly shall levy a state capitation tax of, 
 and not exceeding, one dollar and fifty cents per annum on every male 
 resident of the State not less than twenty-one years of age, except those 
 pensioned by this State for military services; one dollar of which shall 
 be applied exclusively in aid of the public free schools, in proportion to 
 the school population, and the residue shall be returned and paid by the 
 State into the treasury of the county or city in which it was collected, 
 to ]je appropriated by the proper county or city authorities to such county 
 or city purposes as they shall respectively determine; but said state 
 capitation tax shall not be a lien upon, nor collected by legal process from, 
 the personal property which may be exempt from levy or distress under 
 the poor debtor's law. The General Assembly may authorize the hoard of 
 supervisors of any county, or the council of any city or town, to levy an 
 additional capitation tax not exceeding one dollar per annum on every 
 such resident within its limits, which shall he applied in aid of the pub- 
 lic schools of such county, city or town, or for such other county, city or 
 town purposes as they shall determine. 
 
 See. 174. After this Constitution shall be in force, no statute of limi- 
 tation shall run against any claim of the State for taxes upon any prop- 
 erty; nor shall the failure to assess property for taxation defeat a sub- 
 sequent assessment for and collection of taxes for any preceding year 
 or years, unless such property shall have passed to a hotia fide pur- 
 chaser for value, without notice ; in which latter case the property shall 
 be assessed for taxation against such purchaser from the date of his 
 purchase. 
 
 Sec. 175. The natural oyster beds, rocks, and shoals, in the waters of 
 this State, shall not be leased, rented or sold, but shall be held in trust
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 57 
 
 for the benefit of the peoph' of this State, subject to such regulations and 
 restrictions as the General Assembly may prescribe, but the General 
 Assembly may, from time to time, define and determine such natural 
 beds, rocks or shoals, by surveys or otherwise. 
 
 Sec. 170. The State Corporation Commission shall annually ascertain 
 and assess, at the time hereinafter mentioni'd, and in the manner required 
 of the Board of Public Works, by the law in force on January the first, 
 nineteen hundred and two, the value of the roadbed, and other real estate, 
 rolling stock, and all other personal property whatsoever (except its 
 franchise and the non-taxable shares of stock issued by other cor])ora- 
 tions) in this State, of each railway corporation, whatever its motive 
 power, now or hereafter liahlc for taxation upon such pro^Dcrty; the 
 canal bed and other real estate, the boats and all other personal prop- 
 erty whatsoever (except its franchise and the non-taxable shares of 
 stock issued by other corporations) in this State, of each canal corpora- 
 tion, empowered to conduct transportation; and such property shall be 
 taxed for state, county, city, town, and district purposes in the same 
 manner as authorized by said law, at such rates of taxation as may be 
 imposed by them, respectively, from time to time, upon the real estate 
 and personal property of natural persons: provided, that no tax shall 
 be laid upon the net income of such corporations. 
 
 Sec. 177. Each such railway or canal corporation, including also any 
 such as is exempt from taxation as to its works, visible property, or 
 profits, shall also pay an annual state franchise tax equal to one per 
 centum upon the gross receipts hereinafter specified in section One Hun- 
 dred and Seventy-eight, for the privilege of exercising its franchises in 
 this State, which, with the taxes provided for in section One Hundred 
 and Seventy-six, slmll be in lieu of all other taxes or license charges 
 whatsoever upon the franchises of such corporation, the shares of stock 
 issued by it, and upon its property assessed under section One Hundred 
 and Seventy-six: provided, that nothing herein contained shall exempt 
 such corporation from the annual fee required by section One Hundred 
 and Fifty-seven of this Constitution, or from assessments for street and 
 other public local improvements authorized by section One Hundred 
 and Seventy; and provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall 
 annul or interfere with, or prevent any contract or agreement by ordi- 
 nance between street railway corporations and municipalities, as to com- 
 pensation for the use of the streets or alleys of such municipalities by 
 such railway corporations. 
 
 Sec. 178. The amount of such franchise tax shall be equal to one per 
 centum of the gross transportation receipts of such corporations for the
 
 58 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 year ending June the thirtieth of each year, to be ascertained by the 
 State Corporation Commission, in the following manner : 
 
 (a) When the road or canal of the corporation lies wholly within this 
 State, the tax shall be equal to one per centum of the entire gross trans- 
 portation receipts of such corporation. 
 
 (b) When the road or canal of the corporation lies partly within and 
 partly without this State, or is operated as a part of a line or system 
 extending beyond this State, the tax shall be equal to one per centum of 
 the gross transportation receipts earned within this State, to be de- 
 termined as follows : By ascertaining the average gross transportation 
 receipts per mile over its whole extent within and without this State, 
 and multiplying the result by the number of miles operated within this 
 State : provided, that from the sum so ascertained there may be a reason- 
 able deduction because of any excess of value of the terminal facilities or 
 other similar advantages in other states over similar facilities or advan- 
 tages in this State. 
 
 Sec. 179. Each corporation mentioned in sections One Hundred and 
 Seventy-six and One Hundred and Seventy-seven shall annually, on 
 the first day of September, make to the State Corporation Commission 
 the report which the law, in force January the first, nineteen hundred 
 and two, required to be made annually to the Board of Public Works by 
 every railroad and canal company in this State, not exempt from taxation 
 by virtue of its charter, which report shall also show the property taxable 
 in this State belonging to the corporation on the thirtieth day of June 
 preceding, and its total gross transportation receipts for the year ending 
 on that date. Upon receiving such report the State Corporation Com- 
 mission shall, after thirty days' notice previously given, as provided by 
 said law, assess the value of the property not exempt from taxation, of 
 the corporation, and ascertain the amount of the franchise tax and other 
 state taxes chargeable against it. All taxes for which the corporation is 
 liable shall be paid on or before the first day of December following. The 
 provisions of said law, except as changed by this article, shall apply to the 
 ascertainment and collection of the franchise, as well as other taxes of 
 such corporations. Said taxes, until paid, shall be a lien upon the prop- 
 erty within this State of the corporation owning the same, and take pre- 
 cedence of all other liens or incumbrances. 
 
 Sec. 180. Any corporation aggrieved by the assessment and ascertain- 
 ment made under sections One Hundred and Seventy-six and One Hun- 
 dred and Seventy-eight may, within thirty days after receiving a certified 
 copy thereof, apply for relief to the circuit court of the city of Rich- 
 mond. Notice of the application, setting forth the grounds of com-
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 59 
 
 plaint, verified by affidavit, shall be served on the State Corporation 
 Commission, and on the Attorney-General whose duty it shall be to 
 represent the State. The court, if of opinion that the assessment or tax 
 is excessive, shall reduce the same; but, if of opinion, that it is insuffi- 
 cient, shall increase the same. Unless the applicant paid the taxes under 
 protest, when due, the court, if it disallow the application, shall give 
 judgment against it for a sum, by way of damages, equal to interest at 
 the rate of one i^er centum per month upon the amount of taxes from 
 the time the same were payable. If the application be allowed, in 
 whole or in part, appropriate relief shall be granted, including the right 
 to recover any excess of taxes that may have been paid, with legal inter- 
 •est thereon, and costs, from the State or local authorities, or both, as 
 the case may be; the judgment to be enforceable by mandamus or other 
 proper process issuing from the court finally adjudicating the applica- 
 tion. Subject to the provisions of Article Six of this Constitution, the 
 Supreme Court of Appeals may allow a writ of error to either party. 
 
 Sec. 181. After January the first, nineteen hundred and three, the sys- 
 tem of taxation, as to the corporations mentioned in sections One Hun- 
 dred and Seventy-six and One Hundred and Seventy-seven, shall be as 
 set forth in sections One Hundred and Seventy-six to One Hundred and 
 Eighty, inclusive ; and for that year the franchise tax shall be based upon 
 such gross receipts for the year ending the thirtieth day of June, nine- 
 teen hundred and three, and such system shall so remain until the first 
 day of January, nineteen hundred and thirteen, and thereafter until 
 modified or changed, as may be prescribed by law : provided, that, if the 
 said system shall for any reason become inoperative, the General Assem- 
 bly shall have power to adopt some other system. 
 
 Sec. 182. Until otherwise prescribed by law, the shares of stock issued 
 by trust or security companies chartered by this State, and by incor- 
 porated banks, shall be taxed in the same manner in which the shares of 
 stock issued by incorporated banks were taxed, by the law in force Jan- 
 uary the first, nineteen hundred and two; but from the total assessed 
 value of the shares of stock of any such company or bank, there shall be 
 deducted the assessed value of its real estate otherwise taxed in this 
 State, and the value of each share of stock shall be its proportion of the 
 remainder. 
 
 Sec. 183. Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the fol- 
 lowing property and no other, shall be exempt from taxation, state and 
 local; but the General Assembly may hereafter tax any of the jiroperty 
 ■hereby exempted save that mentioned in sub-section (a) : 
 
 (a) Property directly or indirectly owned by the State, however held.
 
 60 COXSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 aud property la^N-fully owned and held bv coinuies, cities, towns, or school 
 districts, used wliolly and exclusively for county, city. town, or public 
 school purposes, and obligations issued by the State since the fourteenth 
 dav of February, eighteen hundred and eighty-two or lierenfter ex- 
 empted by law. 
 
 (b) Buildings with land they actually occupy, and the furniture and 
 furnishings therein lawfullv owned and held bv churches or religious 
 bodies, and wholly and exclusively used for religious worship, or for the 
 residence of the minister of any such clnu-ch or religious body, together 
 ■with the additional adjacent land reasonably necessary for the con- 
 venient use of any such building. 
 
 (c) Private family burying-grounds not exceeding one acre in area, 
 reserved as such by will or deed, or shown by other sufficient evidence to 
 be reserved as such, and so exclusively used, and public burying-grounds 
 and lots therein exclusively used for burial purposes, and not conducted 
 for profit, whether owned or managed by local authorities or by private 
 corporations. 
 
 (d) Buildings with the land they actually occupy and the furniture, 
 furnishings, books and instruments therein, whollv devoted to educational 
 purposes, belonging to, and actually and exclusively occupied and used 
 by churches, public libraries, incorporated colleges, academies, industrial 
 schools, seminaries, or other incorporated institutions of learning, in- 
 cluding the Virginia Historical Society, which are not corporations 
 having shares of stock or otherwise owned by individuals or other cor- 
 porations; together with such additional adjacent land owned by such 
 churches, libraries and educational institutions as may be reasonably 
 necessary for the convenient use of such buildings, respectively ; and also 
 tlie buildings thereon used as residences by the officers or instructors of 
 such educational institutions; and also the permanent endowment funds 
 held by such libraries and educational institutions directly or in trust, 
 aud not invested in real estate : provided, that such libraries and educa- 
 tional institutions are not conducted for profit of any person or persons, 
 natural or corporate, directly, or under any guise or pretence whatsoever. 
 But the exemption mentioned in this sub-section shall not apply to any 
 industrial school, individual or corporate, not the property' of the State, 
 which does work for compensation, or manufactures and sells articles, in 
 the community in which such school is located; provided, that nothing 
 herein contained shall restrict anv such school from doing work for or 
 selling its own products or any other articles to any of its students or 
 employees. 
 
 (e) Real estate belonging to. actually and exclusively occupied, and
 
 .
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. Gl 
 
 used by, and personal property, including endowment funds, belonging 
 to Young Men's Christian Associations, and other similar religious 
 associations, orphan or other asylums, reformatories, hospitals and nun- 
 neries, which are not conducted for profit, but purely and completely as 
 charities. 
 
 (f) Buildings with the land they actually occupy, and the furniture 
 and furnishings therein, belonging to any benevolent or charitable asso- 
 ciation and used exclusively for lodge purposes or meeting rooms by 
 such association, together with such additional adjacent land as may be 
 necessary for the convenient use of the buildings for such purposes ; and 
 
 (g) Property belonging to the Association for the Preservation of Vir- 
 ginia Antiquities, the Confederate Memorial Literary Society, and the 
 Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. 
 
 No inheritance tax shall be charged, directly or indirectly, against any 
 legacy or devise made according to law for the benefit of any institution 
 or other body or any natural or corporate person whose property is ex- 
 empt from taxation as hereinbefore mentioned in this section. 
 
 Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to exempt from 
 taxation the property of any person, firm, association or corporation, 
 who shall, expressly or impliedly, directly or indirectly, contract or 
 promise to pay any sum of money or other benefit, on account of death, 
 sickness, or accident to any of its members or any other person; and 
 whenever any building or land, or part thereof, mentioned in this section 
 and not belonging to the State, shall lie leased or sliall l)e a source of 
 revenue or profit, all of such buildings and land shall be liable to taxation 
 as other land and buildings in the same coimty, city, or town; and 
 nothing herein contained shall l)o construed as authorizing or requiring 
 any county, city, or town to tax for county, city or town purposes, in 
 violation of the rights of the lessees thereof existing under any lawful 
 contract heretofore made, any real estate owned by snch county, city 
 or town, and heretofore leased by it. 
 
 Obligations issued by counties, cities, or towns may bo exempted by 
 the authorities of such localities from local taxation. 
 
 Sec. 18-i. No debt shall be contracted by the State except to meet casual 
 deficits in the revenue, to redeem a previous liability of the State, to 
 suppress insurrection, repel invasion, or defend the State in time of war. 
 No scrip, certificate, or other evidence of state indebtedness, shall be 
 issued except for the transfer or redemption of stock previously issued, 
 or for such debts as are expressly authorized in this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 185. Neither the credit of the State, nor of any county, city, or 
 town, shall be, directly or indirectly, under any device or pretence what-
 
 62 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 soever, granted to or in aid of any person, association, or corporation;, 
 nor shall the State, or any county, city, or town subscribe to or become 
 interested in the stock or obligations of any company, association, or 
 corporation, for the purpose of aiding in the construction or mainte- 
 nance of its work ; nor shall the State become a party to or become inter- 
 ested in any work of internal improvement, except public roads, or en- 
 gaged in carrying on any such work; nor assume any indebtedness of 
 any count}', cit}', or town, nor lend its credit to the same; but this sec- 
 tion shall not prevent a county, city or town from perfecting a subscrip- 
 tion to the capital stock of a railroad company authorized by existing 
 charter conditioned upon the affirmative vote of the voters and free- 
 holders of such county, city or town in favor of such subscription : pro- 
 vided, that such vote be had prior to July first, nineteen hundred and 
 three. 
 
 Sec. 186. All taxes, licenses, and other revenue of the State, shall be 
 collected by its proper officers and paid into the state treasury. No 
 money shall be paid out of the state treasury except in pursuance of ap- 
 propriations made by law; and no such appropriation shall be made 
 which is payable more than two years after the end of the session of the 
 General Assembly, at which the law is enacted authorizing the same; and 
 no appropriation shall be made for the payment of any debt or obliga- 
 tion created in the name of the State during the war between the Con- 
 federate States and the United States. ISTor shall any county, city, or 
 town pay any debt or obligation created by such county, city, or town in 
 aid of said war. 
 
 Sec. 187. The General Assembly shall provide and maintain a sink- 
 ing fund in accordance with the provisions of section Ten of the act,, 
 approved February the twentieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, 
 entitled "an act to provide for the settlement of the public debt of Vir- 
 ginia not funded under the provisions of an act entitled an act to ascer- 
 tain and declare Virginia's equitable share of the debt created before, 
 and actually existing at the time of the partition of her territory and 
 resources, and to provide for the issuance of bonds covering the same, 
 and the regular and prompt payment of the interest thereon, approved 
 February the fourteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty-two." Every 
 law hereafter enacted by the General Assembly, creating a debt or 
 authorizing a loan, shall provide for the creation and maintenance of 
 a sinking fund for the payment or redemption of the same. 
 
 Sec. 188. No other or greater amount of tax or revenue shall, at any 
 time, be levied than may be required for the necessary expenses of the 
 govrniinpnt. or to pay the indebtedness of the State.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 63 
 
 ' Sec. 189. On all lands and the improvements thereon, and on all 
 tangible personal property, not exempt from taxation by the provisions 
 of this article, the rate of state taxation shall be twenty cents on every 
 hundred dollars of the assessed value thereof, the proceeds of which shall 
 be applied to the expenses of the government and the indebtedness of the 
 State, and a further tax of ten cents on every hundred dollars of the as- 
 sessed value thereof, which shall be applied to the support of the public 
 free schools of the State : provided, that after the first day of January, 
 nineteen hundred and seven, the tax rate upon said real and personal 
 property, for such purposes shall be prescribed by law. But the General 
 Assembly during such period of four years, in addition to making an- 
 nually an appropriation for pensions not to exceed the last apjjropriation 
 made for such purpose prior to September the thirtieth, nineteen hun- 
 dred and one, may levy annually, a special tax for pensions, on such real 
 and personal property of not exceeding five cents on the hundred dollars 
 of the assessed value thereof. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 MISCELLANEOUS PEOVISIONS. 
 
 HOMESTEAD AND OTHER EXEMPTIONS. 
 
 Sec. 190. Every householder or head of a family shall be entitled, in 
 addition to the articles now exempt from levy or distress for rent, to hold 
 exempt from levy, seizure, garnishment, or sale under any execution, 
 order, or other process issued on any demand for a debt hereafter con- 
 tracted, his real and personal propertj^, or either, including money and 
 debts due him, to the value of not exceeding two thousand dollars, to be 
 selected by him : provided, that such exemption shall not extend to any 
 execution, order, or other process issued on any demand in the following 
 cases : 
 
 First. For the purchase price of said property, or any part thereof. If 
 the property purchased, and not paid for, be exchanged for, or converted 
 into, other property by the debtor, such last-named property shall not be 
 exempted from the payment of such unpaid purchase money under the 
 provisions of this article ; 
 
 Second. For services rendered by a laboring person or mechanic; 
 
 Third. For liabilities incurred by any public officer, or officer of a 
 court, or any fiduciary, or any attorney-at-law for money collected;
 
 (j4 CONSTITUTION or VIRGINIA. 
 
 Fourth. For a lawful claim for any taxes, levies, or assessments accru- 
 ing after the fii-st day of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-six ; 
 
 Fifth. For rent; 
 
 Sixth. For the legal or taxable fees of any public oflficer or officer of a 
 court. 
 
 Sec. 191. The said exemption shall not be claimed or held in a shifting 
 stock of merchandise, or in any property, the conveyance of which by 
 the homestead claimant has been set aside on the ground of fraud or 
 want of consideration. 
 
 Sec. 192. The General Assembly shall prescribe the manner and the 
 conditions on which a householder or head of a family shall set apart and 
 hold for himself and family a homestead in any of the property herein- 
 before mentioned. But this section shall not be construed as authorizing 
 the General Assembly to defeat or impair the benefits intended to be con- 
 ferred by the provisions of this article. 
 
 Sec. 193. Nothing contained in this article shall invalidate any 
 homestead exemption heretofore claimed under the provisions of the 
 former Constitution ; or impair in any manner the right of any house- 
 holder or head of a family existing at the time that this Constitution 
 goes into effect, to select the exemption, or any part thereof, to which 
 he was entitled under the former Constitution ; provided that such right, 
 if hereafter exercised, be not in conflict with the exemptions set forth in 
 sections One Hundred and Ninety and One Hundred and Ninety-one. 
 But no person who has selected and received the full exemption allowed 
 by the former Constitution shall be entitled to select an additional ex- 
 emption under this Constitution; and no person who has selected and 
 received part of the exemption allowed by the former Constitution shall 
 be entitled to select an additional exemption beyond the difference 
 between the value of such part and a total valuation of two thousand 
 dollars. So far as necessary to accomplish the purposes of this section the 
 provisions of chapter One Hundred and Seventy-eight of the Code of 
 Virginia, and the acts amendatory thereof, shall remain in force until 
 repealed by the General Assembly. The provisions of this article shall 
 be liberally construed. 
 
 Sec. 194. The General Assembly is hereby prohibited from passing 
 any law staying me collertiijn of debis, commonly known as "stay laws"; 
 but this section shall not be construed as prohibiting any legislation 
 which the General Assembly may deem necessary to fully carry out the 
 provisions of this article.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. 65 
 
 HEIRS OF PROPERTY. 
 
 Sec. 195. The children of parents, one or Ijotli of wliom were slaves at 
 and during the period of cohabitation, and who were recognized by the 
 father as his children, and wliose mother was recognized by such father 
 as his wife, and was cohabited with as such, shall be as capable of 
 inheriting any estate whereof such father may have died seised, or 
 possessed, or to which he was entitled, as though they had been born 
 in lawful wedlock. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 FUTURE CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Sec. 196. Any amendment or amendments to the Constitution may be 
 proposed in the Senate or House of Delegates, and if the same shall be 
 agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, 
 such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their 
 journals, with the ayes and noes taken thereon, and referred to the 
 General Assembly at its first regular session held after the next general 
 election of members of the House of J3elegates, and shall be published 
 for three months previous to the time of such election. If, at such regu- 
 lar session the proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by 
 a majority of all the members elected to each house, then it shall be the 
 duty of the General Assembly to suljmit such proposed amendment or 
 amendments to the people, in such manner and at such times as it shall 
 prescribe; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment 
 or amendments by a majority of the electors, qualified to vote for mem- 
 bers of the General Assembly, voting thereon, such amendment or amend- 
 ments shall become part of the Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 197. At such time as the General Assembly may provide, a ma- 
 jority of the members -elected to each house being recorded in the affirma- 
 tive, the question, "shall there be a convention to revise the Constitution 
 and amend the same?'' shall be submitted to the electors qualified to 
 vote for members of the General Assembly; and in case a majority of 
 the electors so qualified, voting thereon, shall vote in favor of a conven- 
 tion for such purpose, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall 
 provide for the election of delegates to such convention; and no con- 
 vention for such purpose shall be otherwise called.
 
 t^E^DUI^EC. 
 
 That no inconvenience may arise from the adoption of this Constitu- 
 tion, and in order to provide for carrying it into complete operation, it 
 is hereb}^ ordained that: 
 
 Section 1. The common law and the statute laws in force at the time 
 this Constitution goes into effect, so far as not repugnant thereto or 
 repealed thereby, shall remain in force until they expire by their own 
 limitation, or are altered or repealed b}' the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 2. All ordinances adopted by this Convention, and appended to 
 the official original draft of the Constitution delivered to the Secretary 
 of the Commonwealth, shall have the same force and effect, as if they 
 were parts of this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 3. Except as modified by this Constitution, all writs, actions and 
 causes of action, prosecutions, rights of individuals, of bodies corporate 
 or politic, and of the State, shall continue. All legal proceedings, civil 
 and criminal, pending at the time this Constitution goes into effect, or 
 instituted prior to the first day of February, nineteen hundred and four, 
 in any county or circuit court as now existing, shall be prosecuted 
 therein : provided, that all such matters, which are not finally terminated 
 before the day last above mentioned, shall, on that date, by operation 
 of this Constitution and Schedule, be transferred to the circuit court of 
 the county or city created under this Constitution, and shall be proceeded 
 with therein. All such matters pending in the city courts, preserved 
 by this Constitution, when the same goes into effect, or thereafter insti- 
 tuted therein, shall continue in said courts, and be therein proceeded 
 with, until otherwise provided by law. All matters before justices of 
 the peace or police justices at the time this Constitution goes into effect, 
 shall be proceeded with before them, until otherwise provided by law. 
 All legal proceedings prosecuted after this Constitution goes into effect, 
 whether in any of the courts now existing, or in those created by this 
 Constitution, shall be proceeded with in the manner now or hereafter 
 provided by law, except as otherwise required by this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 4. All taxes, fines, penalties, forfeitures and escheats, accrued 
 or accruing to the Commonwealth, or to any political subdivision
 
 SCHEDULE. 67 
 
 thereof, under the present Constitution, or under the hiws now in force, 
 shall, under this Constitution, enure to the use of the Commonwealth, 
 or of such subdivision thereof. 
 
 Sec. 5. All recognizances, and other obligations, and all other instru- 
 ments entered into or executed before the adoption of this Constitution, 
 or before the complete organization of the departments thereunder, to 
 the Commonwealth, or to any county, or political subdivision thereof, 
 city, town, board, or other public corporation, or institution therein, or 
 to any public officer, shall remain binding and valid, and rights and 
 liabilities thereunder shall continue and may be enforced or prosecuted 
 in the courts of this State as now or hereafter provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 6. From the day this Constitution goes into effect, the present 
 judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals, or their successors then in 
 office, sliall be the judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals created by 
 this Constitution, and continue in office, unless sooner removed, until 
 February the first, nineteen hundred and seven. The jurisdiction of the 
 court shall be as now or hereafter provided by law, subject to the pro- 
 visions of this Constitution, i^ll proceedings, then pending in the court 
 as now organized, shall, l)y virtue of this Constitution, be transferred 
 to and disposed of by the court created l:)y this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 7. The present judicial system of county and circuit courts of 
 the Commonwealth is continued, and the terms of the several judges 
 thereof, with the powers and duties now possessed by them respectively, 
 are continued, until the first day of Feljruary, nineteen hundred and 
 four, as if this Constitution had not been adopted; on which day the 
 judicial system of circuit courts created l)y this Constitution shall go 
 into operation. The terms of the judges of the city courts, as preserved 
 by this Constitution, of the cities of Alexandria, Charlottesville, Dan- 
 ville, Fredericksburg, Lynchburg, Petersburg, Xorfolk, Portsmouth, 
 Richmond, Staunton, Manchester, Koanoke, Winchester, and Newport 
 N'ews, shall continue until the first day of February, nineteen hundred 
 and seven; and the terms of the judges of the city courts, as preserved 
 by this Constitution, of the cities of Bristol, Radford and Buena Vista, 
 shall continue until the first day of February, nineteen hundred and 
 four, unless the said courts shall be sooner abolished. The privilege 
 now allowed by statute to judges of county courts and to judges of cer- 
 tain city courts to practice law, shall continue during the terms of the 
 judges whose terms are continued l)y this Schedule, unless otherwise 
 provided l)y law. 
 
 Sec. 8. The terms of the clerks of the county and circuit courts now 
 in office, or their successors, shall continue until the first day of Feb-
 
 68 SCHEDULE. 
 
 ruary, 
 
 nineteen hundred and four; and thereupon, the several clerks of 
 the county courts in those counties in which such clerks are now 
 ex-o/ficio clerks of the circuit courts of said counties shall be and 
 become the county clerks of their respective counties, and the clerks of 
 all the other county courts of the State, except the counties of Accomac, 
 Augusta, Bedford, Campbell, Elizabeth City, Fairfax, Lee, Loudoun, 
 Hanover, Henrico, Rockingham, Nansemond, Southampton, Pittsyl- 
 vania, Xelson, and Fauquier, and, as such, the clerks of the circuit courts 
 created therefor by this Constitution, and shall hold office as such until 
 the first day of January, nineteen hundred and six, unless sooner 
 removed, and their successors shall be elected on Tuesday after the first 
 Monday in November, nineteen hundred and five; provided that the 
 first term of the clerks so elected be for six years. In the counties of 
 Accomac, Augusta, Bedford, Campbell, Elizabetli City, Fairfax, Lee, 
 Loudoun, Hanover, Henrico, Eockingham, Nansemond, Southampton, 
 Pittsylvania, Nelson, and Fauquier, in which there are now separate clerks 
 for tiie county and circuit courts thereof, there shall be elected on Tues- 
 day after the first Monday in November, nineteen hundred and three, 
 county clerks for such counties. The terms of the clerks now in office, 
 or their successors, of the several city courts preserved by this Constitu- 
 tion, shall continue until the first day of JanuaiT, nineteen liundTed and 
 seven ; and their successors shall be elected on Tuesday after the first 
 Monday in November, nineteen hundred and five; but if any of such 
 city courts shall be sooner abolished as provided in this Constitution or 
 by law, then the term of the clerk of any such court shall thereupon 
 determine. 
 
 Sec. 9. The first election of the Governor and of all officers required 
 by this Constitution, to be chosen by the qualified voters of the State at 
 large, shall be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, 
 nineteen hundred and five, and their terms of office shall begin on the 
 first day of February following their election. The present incumbents 
 of said offices, or their successors, shall continue in office until the last- 
 named day. 
 
 Sec. 10. The first election of members of the House of Delegates, and 
 of all county and district officers, to be elected by the people under this 
 Constitution, except as otherwise provided in this Schedule, shall be 
 held on Tuesday after the first Monday in November, in the year nine- 
 teen hundred and three; and the terms of office of the several officers 
 elected at that or any subsequent election shall begin on the first day of 
 January, next after their election, except as otherwise provided in this 
 Constitution or in this Schedule. And the terms of the office of the
 
 SCHEDULE. 69 
 
 sheriff, commonwealth's attorney, treasurer, commissioners of the rev- 
 enue, superintendents of the poor, supervisors of the several counties, 
 justices of the peace, and overseers of the poor, and of any incumbent 
 of any other county or district office not abolished by this Constitution, 
 nor herein specifically mentioned, now in office, or their successors, or 
 whose terms of office shall begin on the first day of July, nineteen hun- 
 dred and two, arc continued until January the first, nineteen hundred 
 and four. 
 
 The terms of the present members of the House of Delegates, and the 
 terms of the senators now in office, or (in case of vacancies therein), 
 their successors, representing the senatorial districts bearing even num- 
 bers, are extended until the second Wednesday in January, nineteen 
 hundred and four; provided, that the term of the senator, now residing 
 in the city of Eiclimond, who by the provisions of the apportionment 
 act, approved April the second, nineteen hundred and two, is continued 
 in office as one of the senators from the thirty-eighth senatorial district 
 thereby created, be extended until the second Wednesday in January, 
 nineteen hundred and six. The terms of the senators now in office, or 
 (in ease of vacancies therein), their successsors, representing the sena- 
 torial districts bearing odd numbers are extended until the second Wed- 
 nesday in January, nineteen hundred and six. 
 
 In the senatorial districts bearing even numbers, there shall be elected, 
 on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, nineteen hundred 
 and three, for a term of four years, to begin on the second Wednesday 
 in January succeeding their election, members of the Senate to represent 
 such districts; in the senatorial districts bearing odd numbers, and in 
 the city of Eichmond to fill the vacancy, which will, as above provided, 
 occur on the second Wednesday in January, nineteen hundred and six, 
 there shall be elected, on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- 
 ber, nineteen hundred and five, for a term of two years, to begin on the 
 second Wednesday in January succeeding their election, members of the 
 Senate to represent such districts; and on the Tuesday after the first 
 Monday in November, nineteen hundred and seven, there shall be elected, 
 for the term of four years, to begin on the second Wednesday in January 
 succeeding their election, a senator from each senatorial district in the 
 State. 
 
 Sec. 11. All other state, county, and district officers, and their succes- 
 sors, who may be in office at the time this Constitution goes into effect, 
 except the Auditor of Public Accounts, the Second Auditor, the Register 
 of the Land Office, the Superintendent of Public Printing, the Commis- 
 sioner of Labor and Industrial Statistics, Eailroad Commissioner, nota-
 
 70 SCHEDULE. 
 
 ries public, the Adjutant-General, the Superintendent and the Surgeon 
 of the Penitentiary, the Manager and the Surgeon of the State Prison 
 Parm, the superintendents of the several state hospitals, and the school 
 superintendents for counties and cities, and school trustees, shall, unless 
 their respective offices be abolished, or unless otherwise provided by this 
 Constitution or Schedule, hold their respective offices, and discharge the 
 respective duties and exercise the respective powers thereof, until Jan- 
 uary the first, nineteen hundred and four. The terms of the present 
 incumbents in the offices of Auditor of Public Accounts, Second Auditor, 
 Kegister of the Land Office, Superintendent of Public Printing, and 
 Commissioner of Labor and Industrial Statistics, shall continue until 
 March the iirst, nineteen hundred and four. The term of the Railroad 
 Commissioner shall end as soon as the State Corporation Commission 
 shall be organized. Notaries public shall continue in office until their 
 respective commissions shall expire. The +erm of the office of Adjutant- 
 General shall expire March the first, nineteen hundred and six. The 
 Superintendent and the Surgeon of the Penitentiary, the Manager and 
 the Surgeon of the State Prison Farm, the superintendents of the sev- 
 eral state hospitals, shall continue in office until their successors shall 
 be appointed by the respective boards empowered under this Constitu- 
 tion to make the several appointments. The school superintendents for 
 counties and cities shall remain in office for their respective terms, and 
 until their successors are appointed. School trustees now in office, or 
 their successors, shall remain in office until otherwise provided by law. 
 Electoral boards with the powers conferred by existing laws, except the 
 appointment of registrars, shall remain in office until March the first, 
 nineteen hundred and four. 
 
 Sec. 12. The terms of the State Board of Education, the State Cor- 
 poration Commission, and the Board of Agriculture and Immigration, 
 the directors of public institutions and prisons, and of each state hos- 
 pital, and the Commissioner of State Hospitals, to be first elected, or 
 appointed, under this Constitution, shall begin on March the first, nine- 
 teen hundred and three. The board of any of the above-named depart- 
 ments and institutions as now constituted shall continue until the boards 
 created under this Constitution for such departments and institutions 
 respectively are duly organized. And the terms of the members of the 
 Board of Fisheries are continued until March the first, nineteen hundred 
 and six. The terms of the trustees or visitors of the state educational 
 institutions, and other honorary appointments made by the Governor, are 
 continued until otherwise provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 13. Charters of incorporation may, until the first day of April,
 
 SCHEDULE. 71 
 
 nineteen hundred and three, be granted or amended by the courts of the 
 State in accordance with the laws in force when this Constitution goes 
 into effect, unless the General Assembly shall sooner provide for the 
 creation of corporations as required by this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 14. The terms of all officers elected by the qualified voters of a 
 city, and of their successors, in office at the time this Constitution goes 
 into effect, or whose terms of office begin on the first day of July, nine- 
 teen hundred and two, except the terms of mayors, of members of city 
 councils and of the clerks of city courts, are continued until January 
 the first, nineteen hundred and six; and their successors shall be elected 
 on the Tuesday after the first j\Ionday in November, nineteen hundred 
 and five. The terms of all city officers, not so elected, shall expire as 
 provided in the charters of the several cities, or as may be provided by 
 law. 
 
 Sec. 15. Until otherwise provided by law, the mayors of the several 
 cities shall continue in office until September the first, nineteen hundred 
 and four, and their successors shall be elected the second Tuesday in 
 June, nineteen hundred and four. Until otherwise provided by law, the 
 members of the several city councils shall continue in office for the 
 terms prescribed in the charters of their respective cities, except that 
 where their terms are prescribed as ending on the first day of July ol 
 any year, the}^ shall be extended until the first day of September fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 Sec. 16. Vacancies in any office, the term of which is confirmed or 
 extended by this Schedule, occurring during such term or extension 
 thereof, shall be filled in the manner prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 17. All officers, whose terms of office are extended by this Sched- 
 ule, required by law or municipal ordinance to give bond for the faithful 
 discharge of the duties of their respective offices, shall, prior to the expi- 
 ration of the terms for which they were respectively chosen, before the 
 court or other authority before whom such officer was required by law or 
 municipal ordinance to give such bond, enter into a new l)ond, in the same 
 penalty and with such security as was prescribed by law or municipal 
 ordinance in respect to his former bond, and with like conditions as 
 therein prescribed, for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office 
 for the extended term herein provided for, and until his successor shall 
 have been duly chosen, and shall have qualified according to law. Upon 
 failure to give such bond within the time above prescribed, the office 
 shall, upon the expiration of the term for which the incumbent thereof 
 was chosen, become vacant. 
 
 Sec. 18. In all elections held after this Constitution goes into effect,
 
 72 SCHEDULE. 
 
 the qualifications of electors shall be those required by Article Two of 
 this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 19. The General Assembly M^iich convened on the first Wednes- 
 day in December, nineteen hundred and one, shall be called by the Gov- 
 ernor to meet in session at the Capitol at twelve o'clock M., on Tuesday, 
 the fifteenth day of July, nineteen hundred and two. It shall be vested 
 with all the powers, charged with all the duties, and subject to all the 
 limitations prescribed by this Constitution in reference to the General 
 Assembly, except as to the limitation upon the period of its session, 
 qualifications of members, and as to the time at which any of its acts 
 shall take effect; but the ineligibility of the members thereof to be 
 elected to any other office during their terms as members of the General 
 Assembly shall be such as is imposed by this Constitution. The said 
 General Assembly shall elect judges for all of the circuit courts pro- 
 vided for in this Constitution, and also of the corporation courts for 
 Bristol, Eadford, and Buena Vista, unless said city courts are sooner 
 abolished. 
 
 Sec. 20. The said General Assembly shall enact such laws as may be 
 deemed proper, including those necessary to put this Constitution into 
 complete operation; to confirm those officers whose appointment is made 
 by this Constitution subject to confirmation by the General Assembly or 
 either house thereof; and to transact other proper business; and such 
 session shall continue so long as may be necessary. The members shall 
 receive for their services four dollars per day, for the time when the 
 General Assembly is actually in session, including Sundays and recesses 
 of not exceeding five days, and the mileage provided by law; the Speaker 
 of the House of Delegates and President of the Senate shall each receive 
 seven dollars per day for the same period and the mileage provided by 
 law; and the other officers and emplo3'ees shall receive such compensa- 
 tion for their services as the General Assembly may prescribe. Pro- 
 vision may be made for compensation at said rate of four dollars per 
 day of members of legislative committees which may sit during any 
 recess of said session. 
 
 Sec. 21. The compensation and duties of the Clerk of the House of 
 Delegates and of the Clerk of the Senate shall continue as now fixed by 
 law until the first of Januar}^, nineteen hundred and three, after which 
 date their compensation shall be as prescribed by section Sixty-six of 
 this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 22. When the General Assembly convenes on the fifteenth day 
 of July, nineteen hundred and two, its members and officers, before 
 entering upon the discharge of their duties, shall severally take and
 
 SCHEDULE. 73 
 
 subscribe the oath or affirmation prescribed by section Thirty-four of the 
 Constitntion. And not later than the twentieth day of July, nineteen 
 hundred and two, the Governor and all other executive officers of the- 
 State, whose offices are at the seat of government, and all judges of 
 courts of record, shall severally take and subscribe such oath or affirma- 
 tion; and upon the failure of any such officer, executive or judicial, to 
 take such oath by the day named, his office shall therel)y become vacant. 
 Such oaths or affirmations shall be taken and subscribed before any person 
 authorized by existing laws to administer an oath. The Secretary of the 
 Commonwealth shall cause to be printed the necessary blanks for carry- 
 ing into effect this provision, and the said oaths and affn-mations so taken 
 and subscribed, except of the members and officers of the General Assem- 
 bly, shall be returned to and filed in his office; and those taken by the 
 members and officers of the General Assembly shall be preserved in the 
 records of the respective houses. 
 
 Sec. 23. The official copy of the Constitution and Sehodide, and of 
 any ordinance adopted by the Convention, shall, as soon as they shall be 
 enrolled, be signed by the President and attested Ijy the Secretary of the 
 Convention, and the President will thereupon cause the same to be deliv- 
 ered to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, who will file and preserve 
 the same securely, among the archives of the State in his custody. 
 
 The Secretary of the Commonwealth will cause the Constitution, 
 Schedule, and said ordinances to be transcribed in a book to lie in-ovided 
 for the purpose and safely kept in his office. 
 
 The Secretary of the Convention will immediately upon the adoption 
 of this Schedule, deliver a certified copy of the Constitution and 
 Schedule, and of said ordinances, to the Governor of the Commonwealth. 
 
 Sec. 24. The Governor is authorizedand directed to immediately issue his 
 proclamation announcing that this revised and amended (Constitution has 
 been ordained by the people of Virginia, asseml)le(l in Convention, through 
 their representatives, as the Constitution for the government of the 
 people of the State, and will go into effect as such, subject to the pro- 
 visions of the Schedule annexed thereto, on the tenth day of July, nine- 
 teen hundred and two, at noon, and calling upon all the people of Vir- 
 ginia to render their true and loyal support to the same, as the organic 
 law of the Commonwealth. 
 
 Sec. 25. This Constitution shall, except as is otherwise provided in the 
 Schedule, go into effect on the tenth day of July, nineteen hundred and 
 two, at noon. 
 
 This Schedule shall take effect from its passage.
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 A. 
 
 Agricultine and Immigration, 143-14G 
 Department of, where maintained, 
 
 how controlled, 143 
 
 Board of, how composed, term of 
 
 office, 143 
 
 Powers and duties of, to be pre- 
 scribed by law, 144 
 Commissioner of, term of office, 
 
 how elected, powers and duties, 145 
 President of Board of, cx-officio 
 member of Board of Visitors of 
 Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 146 
 Apportionments of State into senate 
 
 and house districts, 43 
 
 Into congressional districts, 55 
 
 Appropriations, to churches, etc., 
 and certain institutions forbid- 
 den, 67 
 Army, standing, should be aA'oided, 13 
 Suffrage privilege of veterans, 19 
 Attorney-General, Governor may re- 
 quire opinion of, 74 
 Member of Board of Education, 130 
 How elected; duties, compensa- 
 tion; how removable, 107 
 Auditor of Public Accounts, how 
 elected and term of office; duties 
 and powers to be prescribed by 
 law, 82 
 To charge Treasurer with unpaid 
 poll-taxes, 38 
 Auditing Committee, how appointed, 
 
 duties of, 68 
 
 B. 
 
 Bail, excessive, ought not to be re- 
 quired, 9 
 
 Application for. General Assembly 
 shall provide by whom, and in 
 what manner, shall be heard, 109 
 Ballot, elections by people shall be 
 
 by, 27 
 
 Voters may erase and substitute 
 names on, 28 
 
 Secrecy of, maintained, 27, 37 
 
 General Assembly shall provide 
 form of, 28 
 
 Form and contents of, 28 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Voter may erase any name and 
 substitute another, 28 
 
 Ballot-box kept in view at all elec- 
 tions, not opened in secret, 27 
 Bill of Rights, 1-17 
 Bill, may originate in either house, 
 
 how enacted into laws, 50 
 
 Amendment to, how concurred in, 50 
 
 How conference report on, adopt- 
 ed, 50 
 
 How printing and reading dis- 
 pensed with, 50 
 
 "Wiien recorded vote necessary to 
 pass. 50 
 
 Presiding officer must sign when 
 passed and enrolled, after title 
 read, and fact entered on jour- 
 nal, 50 
 
 Presented to Governor before be- 
 coming a law, 76 
 
 How passed over veto, 76 
 
 Veto of items of appropriation 
 bill, effect of, 76 
 
 Not returned or signed by Gov- 
 ernor becomes a law in five 
 days; exception, 76 
 
 Board of Public Works shall cease to 
 exist on organization of corpo- 
 ration commission, 156fc 
 Bond, officers, etc., handling money 
 
 to give bond, 85 
 
 Additional security may be re- 
 quired, 113 
 
 None required as condition of ap- 
 jieal to Supreme Court of Ap- 
 peals; when supersedeas bond 
 may be required, 88 
 
 Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 
 General Assembly to have power 
 to establish, 86 
 
 C. 
 
 Churches, not to be chartered; Gen- 
 eral Assembly may secure title 
 to church property, 59 
 
 Appropriations to, forbidden, 67 
 
 Changes in Constitution, 196-197
 
 IXDEX TO CONSTITUTIOX. 
 
 75 
 
 Circuit Court shall appoint electoral 
 board, 
 
 Shall hear and decide ai)plications 
 to correct list of unpaid poll- 
 taxes, 
 
 How and when judges elected; 
 their qualifications, 
 
 Number of terms to be prescribed 
 by law; no separate court held 
 for cities of second class, etc., 
 
 Concurrent jurisdiction with Cor- 
 poration C'oin-t when, 
 
 Cities and Towns, General Assembly 
 may grant by general law pow- 
 ers of local legislation to coun- 
 cil. 
 General Assembly not forbidden 
 to authorize appropriations by, 
 to charitable institutions, 
 
 Cities, how divided into first and 
 second classes. 
 Courts of cities of each class. 
 
 When Corijoration Court in city of 
 second class shall cease to exist, 
 effect of same. 
 
 May increase salaries of judges; 
 Salaries of judges paid how. 
 
 Words "incori:)orated communi- 
 ties" relate only to, 
 
 Definition of city and of town. 
 
 Charters of towns having city 
 charters jireviously not repeal- 
 ed; abolition by them of Corpo- 
 ration Court not prevented, 
 
 ■General Assembly to pass general 
 laws for organization and gov- 
 ernment of. 
 
 Previous charters may be retain- 
 ed, but are amended to con- 
 form to constitution, 
 
 Streets, alleys, or public grounds 
 of, cannot be used by certain 
 corporations without previous 
 consent of city or town author- 
 ities. 
 
 Commonwealth's Attorney of. 
 
 Restrictions on sale of property 
 or rights of, 
 
 Restrictions on granting of fran- 
 chises; method and provisions in 
 grants of same; General Assem- 
 bly may impose further restric- 
 tions, 
 
 ■General Assembly shall provide by 
 general law for extension and 
 contraction of corporate limits, 
 
 Ximitation of bonded indebtedness 
 of; what to be excepted in as- 
 certaining bonded indebtedness, 
 
 Sec. 
 31 
 
 38 
 96 
 
 97 
 98 
 
 05 
 
 67 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 103 
 
 116 
 116 
 
 116 
 117 
 117 
 
 124 
 119 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 126 
 
 127 
 
 May make 
 manual and 
 
 Cannot grant 
 person or 
 
 Sec. 
 
 128 
 141 
 
 185 
 05 
 
 Assessment for municipal taxation 
 to be the same as for state taxa- 
 tion, 
 
 appropriations to 
 industrial schools, 
 its credit to any 
 corporation; may, 
 however, perfect subscription to 
 stock of railroad company, 
 City Council, General Assembly may 
 grant by general law powers of 
 local legislation to. 
 
 Composed of two branches; pow- 
 ers and terms of office; how 
 elected; in cities under 10,000 
 may consist of one branch; mem- 
 ber ineligible to office in gift of 
 council; powers in changing 
 wards and reapportioning rep- 
 resentation in council; when 
 mandamus lies, 121 
 
 When elected; beginning of term; 
 election not to occur at same 
 time as that of other elective 
 officers, 122 
 
 Ordinances of, to be presented to 
 Mayor; how passed over veto 
 of Mayor; oljjections of Mayor 
 with veto to be recorded in 
 journal; ordinance becomes op- 
 erative if not returned by Mayor 
 in five days; exception, 123 
 
 What ordinances require recorded 
 vote; effect of veto upon, 123 
 
 Clerks of election, how appointed, 31 
 
 Clerk of Circuit or Corporation 
 Court to keep roll of registered 
 voters, 19 
 
 Clerk of Circuit Court shall certify 
 and deliver copies of list of un- 
 paid poll-taxes, and record 
 sheriff's return, 38 
 
 Shall keep lists for inspection, 
 etc., 38 
 
 File and preserve original list, 38 
 
 Furnish copy to election judges 
 and Auditor of Public Accounts, 38 
 Clerk of Corporation Court shall cer- 
 tify and deliver to sheriff copies 
 of lists of unpaid poll-taxes and 
 recoid sheriif's return, 38 
 
 Shall keep lists for inspection, etc., 38 
 
 File and preserve original list, 38 
 
 Furnish copy to election judges 
 and Aviditor of Public Accounts, 38 
 Clerk of House of Delegates shall be 
 
 Keeper of the Rolls, 00 
 
 Clerks of General Assembly, General 
 Assembly shall prescribe num- 
 ber and compensation of, 06 
 Clerk of county, how elected, 110
 
 :g 
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITUTIOX. 
 
 Terms of ofTice, 
 
 General Assembly may confer cer- 
 tain jurisdiction upon, 
 Clerks of courts in cities, how 
 elected, term of office; shall per- 
 form other duties required by 
 law, 
 
 Only one clerk of courts in city of 
 less than 30,000 inhabitants, 
 
 In cities, term of office to begin 
 coincidently with that of judge, 
 
 Commissions shall be in name of 
 Commonwealth attested by Gov- 
 ernor, 
 Committee on Special, Private and 
 
 Local Legislation, duties of, 
 Commissioner of the revenue of 
 county, how elected or appointed; 
 term of office, number, duties 
 and compensation to be provided 
 by law. 
 Of city, how elected, duties and 
 compensation to be provided by 
 law, term of office, 
 CommonAA'calth has no appeal in 
 criminal case, except for vio- 
 lation of revenue law, 8, 
 What debts State may contract, 
 Credit of State not to be granted to 
 person or corporation; State 
 shall not engage in works of in- 
 ternal improvement except pub- 
 lic roads, or assume indebted- 
 ness of or lend credit to county, 
 city or town. 
 Commonwealth's Attorney of 
 county, how elected. 
 Of city, how elected, duties, 
 Congressional districts. General As- 
 sembly to apportion State, 
 Constitution, oath to support, who 
 shall take, 
 How future changes to be made, 
 Constitutional Convention, how to 
 
 be called. 
 Corporations, 153- 
 
 Use of streets, etc., by, must be by 
 consent of corporate authorities, 
 Definition of terms used in 
 
 article on. 
 Creation of, extension or amend- 
 ment of charters of; how pro- 
 vided for; how charters may be 
 repealed. 
 Provision shall be made by general 
 laws for surrender of charter of, 
 General Assembly shall not regu- 
 late affairs of, or give any 
 rights, etc., to, by special act, 
 Domestic and foreign, shall pay 
 
 Sec. 
 112 
 
 101 
 
 118 
 118 
 122 
 
 75 
 51 
 
 110 
 
 119 
 
 88 
 184 
 
 185 
 
 110 
 119 
 
 55 
 
 34 
 196 
 
 197 
 167 
 
 124 
 
 153 
 
 154 
 154 
 
 154 
 
 certain fees; penalties for fail- 
 ure. 
 
 Shall be considered, when here- 
 after accepting any amendment 
 or extension of its charter, if 
 chartered in this State, as sur- 
 rendering exemption of freedom 
 from taxation, non-repealable 
 featiues of charter and exclusive 
 rights, 
 
 Exercise of eminent domain and 
 police power shall never be 
 abridged as to corporations, 
 
 Long and short distance trans- 
 portation rates. 
 
 Transportation or transmission 
 company shall not give free 
 transportation, or rebate in 
 charges for same to any officer 
 other than members of corpo- 
 ration commission; penalty, 
 
 Foreign, restrictions and pro- 
 visions as to. 
 
 Right of Commonwealth to con- 
 trol and regulate certain corpo- 
 rations never surrendered or 
 abridged, 
 
 Right of railroad, to parallel; re- 
 ception and transmission of 
 passengers and freight by con- 
 necting roads; right of General 
 Assembly to prevent building of 
 railroad parallel to Richmond, 
 Fredericksburg and Potomac, 
 
 Issue of stock and bonds by, to 
 be regulated by General Assem- 
 bly; statement to be filed with 
 corporation commission; pen- 
 alties to be provided and how 
 enforced, 
 
 How property of railroad and canal 
 companies taxed. 
 
 Franchise tax to be paid by rail- 
 road and canal companies, 
 
 How franchise tax ascertained. 
 
 Annual report of railroad and 
 canal companies to corporation 
 commission; when taxe^' to be 
 paid; taxes to be lien on prop- 
 erty of company. 
 
 May appeal from ascertainment 
 of sections 176 and 178; pro- 
 ceedings on appeal, 
 Cori)oration Commission, State, com- 
 position of; how appointed; 
 term of office; vacancies, how 
 filled; when members to enter 
 upon duties and when not; who 
 ineligible; at least one member 
 to have qualifications prescribed 
 for judge of Supreme Court of 
 
 Sec. 
 157 
 
 158 
 
 159 
 160 
 
 161 
 
 163 
 
 164 
 
 166 
 
 167 
 
 176 
 
 177 
 178 
 
 179 
 
 180
 
 JXDEX TO CONSTITL TIOX. 
 
 77 
 
 Sec. 
 Appeals; how iinpciu-lu'il or re- 
 moved; ein])loyees of; powers, 
 ricjhts and duties; General As- 
 sembly may establish bureaus; 
 sessions of commission public; 
 record shall be kept; two shall 
 be a quorum; salaiies of com- 
 missioners; General Assembly 
 may provide for their election 
 by the people, 155 
 
 Powers and tluties of, 156 
 
 Concerning notice to corporations 
 against whom action is to be 
 taken, 15G6 
 
 Has powers of coiut of record in 
 certain matters, 156e 
 
 Penalty on corporation refusing to 
 obey order of commission, 15Gc 
 
 How action of commission ap- 
 pealed from; Attorney-General 
 to represent it on appeal, 156d 
 
 Supreme Court of Appeals alone 
 to have power to review, or en- 
 join or in any way interfere with 
 action of commission, 156fZ 
 
 Action of commission not sus- 
 pended pending appeal until sus- 
 pending bond shall have been ex- 
 ecuted, 156e 
 
 Corporation to keep accounts of 
 excess charges pending appeal, 
 and excess returned, 15Ge 
 
 Proceedings on appeal; facts, etc., 
 to be certified to appellate court; 
 jurisdiction of appellate court, 156/ 
 
 Appellate court, on reversing order 
 of commission, shall enter such 
 order as commission should 
 have entered; commission may 
 make new rates based on new 
 circumstances pending appeal, 
 such orders not to be retro- 
 active, ISG^r 
 
 Proceedings by persons in courts 
 against corporations not affected 
 by fine of commission; action of 
 commission not to be questioned 
 in such proceedings; no case 
 based upon or involving order of 
 commission shall be heard or dis- 
 posed of pending appeal from 
 such order, 15G/i 
 
 Reports of, what may be recom- 
 mended therein, I56i 
 
 Upon organization of. Board of 
 Public Works and office of Rail- 
 road Commissioner shall cease 
 to exist; papers of same trans- 
 ferred to commission, loG/o 
 
 Amendments to act creating, 1561 
 
 See. 
 
 Transportation co!iq)aiiies shall 
 carry members of, free, 155 
 
 Action as to rates of transpor- 
 tation com])anies from junction 
 I)oiiits, mih'age and other s])e- 
 cial tickets, IGU 
 
 Shall assess for taxation ]>ro])erty 
 of railroad and canal com- 
 panies, ]7(;. 17!) 
 
 Shall ascertain franchise tax, 
 how, 178 
 
 Proceedings on a])peal from as- 
 certaiiuiieiit, in sections 17G and 
 ITS. ISO 
 
 Corporation courts, shall appoint 
 
 electoral boards, ,'31 
 
 Shall hear and decide applications 
 to correct list of unpaid poll- 
 taxes, .'58 
 
 One in each city of the first class, 98 
 
 When in city of second class, how 
 abolished," 98 
 
 Ceases to exist when, in city of 
 second class, 98 
 
 Counties, formation and division of, 61 
 
 General Assembly may grant by 
 general law powers of local legis- 
 lation to supervisors, G5 
 
 General Assembly not forbidden to 
 authorize appropriations by, to 
 charitable institutions, 67 
 
 Officers of, 110 
 
 Not responsible for acts of sherifl", 11-t 
 
 Cannot lend credit to person or 
 corporation; when may subscribe 
 to stock of railroad company, 185 
 County surve^yor, to be appointed 
 
 as prescribed by law, 110 
 
 Courts of Land Registration, Gen- 
 eral Assembly may establish, 100 
 
 D. 
 
 Departments, legislative, executive 
 and judicial, to be separate and 
 distinct, 5, 
 
 Disabilities, legal, persons excluded 
 from voting. 
 Power of General Assembly to im- 
 pose. 
 Power of General Assembly to re- 
 move, as to duelling, 
 Division of powers. 
 Duelling, disabilities arising from, 
 how removed, 
 
 39 
 
 23 
 
 3G 
 
 57 
 39 
 23 
 57 
 
 E. 
 
 Board 
 
 of, how 
 
 Education, State 
 
 composed. 130 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion i,P-o/ficio president of, 131
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Duties of hoard, 132 
 
 School divisions, how constituted; 
 county or city shall not be di- 
 vided in formation of, 132 
 
 School superintendents, how ap- 
 pointed; term of office; may be 
 removed for cause, 132 
 
 School fTind managed bj^ Board of 
 Education. 132 
 
 Board to have management of 
 State Library, 132 
 
 School district, each magisterial 
 district shall constitute a, 133 
 
 School trustees, number, how se- 
 lected; term of ofTice, 133 
 
 Manual and industrial schools, 
 cities and towns may make ap- 
 propriations to, 141 
 
 Compulsory, General Assembly 
 may j^rovide for, 138 
 
 When free text-books provided, 139 
 
 Limitation to appropriations to 
 educational institutions; excep- 
 tions, 141 
 
 Educational institutions, appoint- 
 ment of lioards of visitors or 
 trustees of; term of office, 142 
 
 Educational qualification of voters; 
 roll of persons thus qualified to 
 be kept; appeal under section, 19 
 
 Elections, ought to be free, 6 
 
 By the people; who may vote, 
 
 18, 19, 20, 21 
 Shall be by ballot, 27 
 
 Person entitled to vote at next. 
 
 may register, 
 
 26 
 
 Privileges of voters dining, 29 
 
 General Assembly to enact laws 
 
 governing, 36, 56 
 
 Date of, for members of General 
 
 Assembly, 41-42 
 
 For county officers, when held, 112 
 
 Mayor and council not elected and 
 terms not to commence at same 
 time with those of other city 
 officers, 122 
 
 Elective franchise and qualifications 
 
 for office, 18-38 
 
 Electoral Board, constitution and ap- 
 pointment and terms of, 31 
 Shall appoint judges, clerks and 
 
 registrars of election, 31 
 
 Who ineligible, 31 
 
 Emoluments, no man entitled to ex- 
 clusive, or privileges from com- 
 munity except for public ser- 
 vices, 4 
 
 Employer's liability, 162 
 
 Equality and natural rights of all 
 
 men, 1 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Evidence, in criminal proceedings no 
 man required to give, against 
 himself, 8 
 
 Executive department, 69-86 
 
 F. 
 
 Fellow-servant, doctrine of, abol- 
 ished to extent stated, 162 
 
 Fines, excessive, ought not to be 
 
 imposed, 9 
 
 Franchises, of cities and towns, lim- 
 itations and restrictions of, 125 
 
 G. 
 
 General Assembly, may provide for 
 
 trial of offences by magistrate, 8 
 
 May provide for juries of less than 
 twelve, 8, 11 
 
 Shall provide for annual registra- 
 tion of voters, appeals from, and 
 correction of same and transfers 
 of voters, 25 
 
 Shall provide form of ballot. 28 
 
 ]\Liy prescribe property qualifica- 
 tion for voting in local elec- 
 tions; how such action taken, 30 
 
 Members of, shall swear to sup- 
 port Constitution of U^nited 
 States and of Virginia, 34 
 
 Shall enact laws governing elec- 
 tions, 36 
 
 May i)rovide for use of voting ma- 
 chines. 37 
 
 INIay prescribe further evidence of 
 payment of poll-tax, 38 
 
 Shall consist of Senate and House 
 of Representatives, 40 
 
 Wlien reapportionments of State 
 into senate and house districts 
 shall be made, 43 
 
 Proceeding in case of emergency 
 bills, 53 
 
 Who are ineligible for election to, 44 
 
 Removal of member from district 
 shall vacate his office, 44 
 
 Salaries of members to be fixed 
 by, 45, 46 
 
 Member not to be appointed or 
 elected during his term to any 
 office of profit except by election 
 of the people, 45 
 
 Time of meeting and duration of 
 sessions; extensions, 46 
 
 Neither house to adjourn more 
 than three days nor to another 
 place without consent of the 
 other. 46 
 
 Quorum ; power of smaller num- 
 ber, 46
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITI'TIOX. 
 
 79 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Each house to select its officers, 
 make rules, direct writs of elec- 
 tion for vacancies occurring du- 
 ring session, judge of election 
 of members, and punisli or expel 
 members, 47 
 
 Members exempt from arrest 
 when, 48 
 
 Freedom of speech ami debate in, 48 
 
 Each house to keep and publish 
 a iournal, veas and navs enter- 
 ed on request of one-fifth, 49 
 
 How laws and amendments shall 
 be enacted, 50 
 
 When recorded vote necessary, 50-76 
 
 Signing of bills by presiding officer 
 
 ; of each house, 50 
 
 Committee on special, private and 
 local legislation, duties of, 51 
 
 Shall apportion State for Con- 
 gressional districts, 55 
 
 May declare when any office va- 
 cant where no pro^'ision made in 
 Constitution, 50 
 
 Shall prescribe manner of con- 
 ducting elections, returns thereof, 
 of determining contested elec- 
 tions and of filling vacancies in 
 cases not specially provided for 
 in Constitution, 56 
 
 May remove political disabilities 
 as to duelling, 57 
 
 Shall not pass certain laws, 58 
 
 Shall not incorporate church or 
 religious denomination, but may 
 secure title to church property, 59 
 
 May form and divide counties, 
 when. 61 
 
 May enact local option or dispen- 
 sary laws or other laws controll- 
 ing litjuor traffic, 62 
 
 Shall confer on courts power to 
 grant divorces, to change names 
 of persons, to direct sale of es- 
 tates of infants, and may regu- 
 late punishment by courts for 
 contempt, 63 
 
 What local, special or private legis- 
 lation prohibited, 63 
 
 May enact general laws, however, 
 in such cases; limitation of 
 amendments of such general 
 laws, 64 
 
 May confer by general law powers 
 of local legislation on super- 
 Ansors and councils, 65 
 
 Shall prescribe nvunbcr and com- 
 pensation of its employees, 66 
 
 Appropriations to churches and in- 
 stitutions forbidden; exception, 67 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Shall appoint Auditing Commit- 
 tee, 08 
 
 To provide checks and balances for 
 officers, 84 
 
 Shall decide tie and contested elec- 
 tions for Covernor, 70 
 
 When Governor may convene, 73 
 
 Governor shall communicate con- 
 dition of State to, 73 
 
 Proceedings to pass bill over veto 
 of Governor, 70 
 
 May recpiire record and papers, 
 etc., from Secretary of the Com- 
 monwealth, 80 
 
 To prescribe by law duties of 
 State Treasurer and Auditor, 81, 82 
 
 To fix salaries of officers of Execu- 
 tive Department, 83 
 
 To fix and regulate bonds of offi- 
 cers, 85 
 
 Shall have power to establish Bu- 
 reau of Labor and Statistics, 80 
 
 Jurisdiction of courts to be resru- 
 lated by law, 87 
 
 May change jurisdiction of Su- 
 preme Court after 1910 in mat- 
 ters merely pecuniary, 88 
 
 Duties, compensation and tenvn^e 
 of office of officers of Supreme 
 Court of Appeals to be prescrib- 
 ed by law, 92 
 
 Places of sessions of Supreme 
 Court of Appeals to be fixed by 
 law, " 93 
 
 Number of terms of circuit courts 
 to be prescribed by law, 97 
 
 May provide for a Special Court 
 of Ajjpeals, how constituted, 89 
 
 Shall have management of Law 
 Libraiy, 132 
 
 To elect judges of Court of Ap- 
 peals by joint vote, 91 
 
 May provide for Special Court of 
 Appeals, 89 
 
 May rearrange judicial districts, 
 how, 95 
 
 Shall elect circuit judges, 90 
 
 Shall elect city court judges, 99 
 
 Salaries of judges to be fixed bv 
 law, " ' 102 
 
 May jirovide additional courts for 
 cities, 98 
 
 Shall choose judges of city courts, 
 how elected, 99 
 
 May establish courts of land regis- 
 tration, 100 
 
 May confer certain jurisdiction on 
 clerks of courts, 101 
 
 May remove judges from office for 
 cause, 104
 
 80 
 
 IXDEX TO CONSTITUTION.. 
 
 To provide for appointment, or 
 election, and jurisdiction of jus- 
 tices of the peace, 
 
 Shall provide bj' Avliom and in 
 what manner applications for 
 bail shall be heard, 
 
 Compensation of commissioners of 
 the revenue of counties shall be 
 prescribed by law, 
 
 May change magisterial districts 
 by law, 
 
 Other duties of clerks of city 
 courts to be provided by law, 
 
 Same provision as to Common- 
 wealth's Attorney of city, 
 
 May designate authorities to ap- 
 point city officers, and authorize 
 Mayor to remove members and 
 officers of police and fire de- 
 partments. 
 
 May permit council to consist of 
 one branch in citv of under 
 10,000, 
 
 May change the time of election 
 of all city officers, except Mayor 
 and council; must not be elected 
 and commence to serve at same 
 time with other officers, 
 
 Shall provide for examination of 
 books, etc.. of county officers 
 handling ]niblie funds. 
 
 Shall be governed by United States 
 census in determining population 
 of cities and towns. 
 
 Shall enact general laws for or- 
 ganization and government of 
 cities and towns; how special 
 act therefor passed, 
 
 Shall provide by general laws for 
 extension or contraction of cor- 
 porate limits of cities and 
 towns. 
 
 Shall maintain efficient system of 
 public schools. 
 
 May impose further restrictions 
 on granting of franchises by or 
 selling or leasing propertj' of 
 cities and towns, 
 
 Compensation of Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction to be pre- 
 scribed by law, 
 
 Shall prescribe rules and regula- 
 tions for government of State 
 Library, 
 
 School trustees to be selected in 
 manner and for term prescribed 
 by law, 
 
 Shall set apart certain sums for 
 Literary Fund, 
 
 Application of certain monej's for 
 school fund. 
 
 Sec. Sec. 
 
 May establish certain schools, 137 
 
 Jlay provide for compulsorv edu- 
 
 108 cation of children, " 138 
 May in discretion continue appro- 
 
 I priation to College of William 
 
 109 ! and Mary, 141 
 Boards of visitors or trustees of 
 
 educational institutions to be 
 
 110 appointed in manner prescribed 
 by law, 142 
 
 111 Powers and duties of Board of 
 
 Agriculture and Immigration to 
 
 118 be prescribed by law, 144 
 Same as to Commissioner of Agri- 
 
 119 culture and Immigration, 145 
 General Board of Directors of 
 
 Insane Hospitals subject to such 
 regulations as General Assem- : 
 bly may prescribe, 150 
 
 120 Duties and bond of Commissioner 
 
 of State Hospitals for the Insane 
 
 to be prescribed by law, 152 
 
 121 May amend act creating corpora- 
 tion commission xipon recom- 
 mendation of commission, loQl 
 
 Shall prescribe certain fees to be 
 paid by corporations, and pen- 
 
 122 alties for failure, 157 
 Members shal 1 not accept free 
 
 transportation or any rebate in 
 
 115 \ rates for same; penalty, 161 
 Shall enact laws preventing trusts 
 
 inimical to public welfare, 165 
 
 116 Shall enact general laws concern- 
 ing issue of bonds and stock by 
 corporations, 167 
 
 Shall provide for reassessments 
 
 117 of property, 171, 172 
 Shall levy state capitation tax, 
 
 how applied; further capitation 
 tax may be authorized to coun- 
 126 ties, cities and towns, 173 
 
 May from time to time determine 
 129 natural oyster beds, etc., 175 
 
 Shall provide and maintain sink- 
 ing fund, 187 
 May levy special tax for pensions, 189 
 125 Shall prescribe manner of setting 
 
 aside homestead exemption, 192 
 
 Prohibited from passing laws stay- 
 
 131 ing the collection of debts, 194 
 Government, instituted for common 
 
 benefit, 3 
 
 132 What is best, 3 
 When majority of community has 
 
 right to reform, 3 
 
 133 Should be uniform; separate gov- 
 ernment from that of Virginia 
 
 134 not to be established in State, 14 
 Qualities necessary to preserva- 
 
 135 J tion of, 15
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITUTION. 
 
 81 
 
 Sec. 
 Governor may issue writs of elec- 
 tion to fill vacancies in General 
 Assembly occurring during re- 
 cess, 47 
 Term of, 69 
 How elected; mode of proceeding 
 in contested elections for, to be 
 decided by law, 70 
 Qualifications for election, 71 
 Residence and salary, 72 
 Duties and powers of, 73, 74 
 Shall attest commissions and 
 
 grants, 75 
 
 Duties in regard to bills passed by 
 General Assembly, 76 
 
 . Veto . of items of appropriation 
 
 bills, effect of, 76 
 
 Governor shall commission judges, 102 
 Member of Board of Education, 130 
 To appoint Board of Agriculture 
 and Immigration, subject to con- 
 firmation of Senate, 143 
 To appoint Directors of Peniten- 
 tiai-y, subject to confirmation of 
 Senate, 148 
 To appoint Directors of State 
 Insane Hospitals, subject to con- 
 firmation of Senate, 149 
 To appoint Commissioner of State 
 Insane Hospitals, with confirma- 
 tion of Senate, 152 
 To appoint Corporation Commis- 
 sion, with confirmation of Gen- 
 eral Assembly, 155 
 Grants shall be in name of Com- 
 monwealth, attested by Gover- 
 nor, 75 
 
 H. 
 
 Habeas corpus, writ of, when sus- 
 pended, 58 
 Heirs of property, 195 
 Homestead and other exemptions, 190-195 
 
 Homestead exemption, householder 
 or head of family entitled to, 
 not exceeding $2,000; to what 
 debts exemption does not extend, 190 
 
 In what property exemption shall 
 not be claimed, 191 
 
 Manner and conditions on which 
 exemption may be set aside to 
 be prescribed by General Assem- 
 bly, 192 
 
 Homestead exemptions heretofore 
 claimed not invalidated by this 
 constitution; householder or 
 head of family at time this con- 
 stitution goes into effect may 
 select old or new exemptions, 193 
 
 Sec. 
 Hospitals for the Insane, State, 
 board of directors for each; num- 
 ber of members; how appointed; 
 powers and term of office, 149 
 
 General board for; how composed; 
 powers of, 150 
 
 Superintendents of; how appoint- 
 ed and removed; term of office; 
 may appoint employees, 151 
 
 Officers of; term of office; how ap- 
 pointed, 151 
 
 Commissioner of; how appointed; 
 term of office, powers, duties 
 and compensation, 152 
 
 House of Delegates, number of mem- 
 bers; how and when elected, 42 
 
 Qualifications of a delegate, 44 
 
 To choose Speaker, 47 
 
 Impeachments by House of Dele- 
 gates to be tried by Senate 
 under oath or affirmation; limi- 
 tation of sentence; party con- 
 victed liable to indictment, 54 
 
 Indictments to conclude "against the 
 peace and dignity of the Com- 
 monwealth," 106 
 
 Jeopardy, no man to be put in, twice 
 
 for same offence, 8 
 
 Judge, office of, not to be heredi- 
 tary, 4 
 Judges, one for each city court of 
 record, chosen by General Assem- 
 bly; qualifications, residence; 
 how elected; may be required 
 or authorized to hold other 
 com-ts, 99 
 
 Circuit, may be required or au- 
 thorized to hold certain other 
 courts, 97 
 
 Privileges of corporation judge of 
 city of less than 5.000 inhabi- 
 tants, 99 
 
 Shall be commissioned by Gover- 
 nor; salaries to be fixed by law; 
 terms of office; elections to fill 
 vacancies to be for unexpired 
 term, 102 
 
 Limit of salaries; how paid; cities 
 may increase salaries, 103 
 
 How removed from office, 104 
 
 Of Court of Appeals, Circuit Court 
 or city court of record cannot 
 I^ractice law nor hold other 
 office; exception, 105 
 
 Of election; how appointed and 
 who not eligible, 31
 
 82 
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Sec. 
 Of election, shall be furnished 
 with list of persons whose poll- 
 taxes are unpaid, 38 
 Judiciary Department, 87-109 
 Judiciary Circuits of State, num- 
 ber and composition, 94 
 May be rearranged, how, 95 
 Jury may be dispensed with in crim- 
 inal prosecutions, when, 8 
 General Assembly may provide for 
 juries of less than twelve, 8, 11 
 Justices of the peace, appointment 
 or election, and jurisdiction of, 
 to be provided for by General 
 Assemblv, 108 
 
 K. 
 
 Keeper of the Rolls, Clerk of House 
 of Delegates shall be, without 
 compensation, 66 
 
 L. 
 
 Laws, power of suspending, with- 
 out consent of representatives of 
 people injurioiis, and ought not 
 to be exercised, 7 
 
 Tax laws must state tax spe- 
 cifically, 50 
 
 What laws require recorded vote, 50 
 
 How enacted, 50 
 
 No law to embrace more than one 
 object; how amended, 52 
 
 Title must state object, 52 
 
 . When to take effect, 53 
 
 What local, special, or private, 
 prohibited, 63 
 
 Special laws not to surrender right 
 of taxing corporations, except 
 as provided, 64 
 
 Private corporations, associations, 
 or persons not excepted from 
 operation of general law, 64 
 
 Legislative Department, 40-68 
 
 Legislator, office of, not to be hered- 
 itary, 4 
 
 Library (see State Library). 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor, term of office, 77 
 Duties, compensation, 78-79 
 
 Liquor laws, General Assembly to 
 
 have right to enact, 62 
 
 Literary Fund, what shall be set 
 
 apart as, 134 
 
 Interest to be applied to schools, 135 
 
 Lottery, authorization of, by law 
 forbidden, and buying, selling, or 
 transferring of lottery tickets 
 forbidden, 60 
 
 Sec. 
 
 M. 
 
 Magistrate, office of, not to be hered- 
 itary, 4 
 General Assembly may provide for 
 trial of offences by, 8 
 
 Magisterial districts to remain as 
 before constitution until chang- 
 ed by law; limitation as to size. 111 
 Shall constitute separate school 
 district, 132 
 
 Military subordinate to civil power, 13 
 
 Militia proper defence of State, 13 
 
 Governor commander-in-chief of 
 militia, powers of Governor in 
 reference to, 73 
 
 Mayor, how elected, term of office, 
 duties; power to investigate acts 
 of officials, and examine under 
 oath; evidence so given not to be 
 used against officials in criminal 
 proceedings; shall have power to 
 suspend city officials and remove 
 them \\hen authorized by Gen- 
 eral Assembly for misconduct, 
 etc.; no removal without notice 
 and hearing; how removal ap- 
 pealed from, 120 
 When elected, beginning of term, 
 election not to occur at same 
 time as that of other elective 
 officers, 122 
 Effect of veto of, of items of ap- 
 propriation ordinance, 123 
 
 N. 
 
 Navy, suffrage privilege of veter- 
 ans, 19 
 Notary public, who eligible, 32 
 
 O. 
 
 Offence, no man to be put twice in 
 
 jeopardy for same, 8 
 
 Officers, who eligible, 32 
 
 When terms begin, 33 
 
 Shall serve until successors elected 
 
 and qualified, 33 
 
 Shall swear to support Constitu- 
 tion of United States and of 
 Virginia, 34 
 
 What officers ineligible for elec- 
 tion to General Assembly, 44 
 In wliat cases bond required, 85 
 If not otherwise provided, how 
 
 elected or appointed, 120 
 
 When elected, beginning of term, 122 
 County, when elected, commence- 
 ment and duration of terms of 
 office, 112
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITUTION, 
 
 83 
 
 Sec. 
 No person to hold more than one 
 
 county office, 113 
 
 Of city, titles, duties, etc., 120 
 
 Mayor and council, when elected, 122 
 Of insane hospitals, how appoint- 
 ed and removed, 151 
 Organization and government of 
 
 counties, 110-115 
 
 Of cities and towns, 116-128 
 
 Ordinances of city council, 123 
 
 Oysters, natural beds, rocks and 
 
 shoals shall be held in trust for 
 
 people, 1"5 
 
 Penitentiary, branches and farms, 147 
 Directors of, how appointed, num- 
 ber, duties, powers, and terms 
 of office, 148 
 
 Sperintendent of, how appointed, 
 powers, duties, term of office; 
 how and for what removed, 148 
 
 Surgeons of, how appointed, term 
 of office; how and for what re- 
 moved, 148 
 Pensions, General Assembly may 
 levy special tax for; appropria- 
 tion for, 189 
 People, power vested in and derived 
 
 from, " 
 
 Poll-tax, payment of, requisite for 
 
 registration and voting, 19, 20 
 
 When not requisite, 22 
 
 When enforced by legal process, 22 
 
 Further evidence of payment of, 
 
 may be prescribed, 38 
 
 List of unpaid, how corrected, 38 
 
 Treasurer to file list of persons 
 who have not paid; what list 
 to contain, how same to be 
 posted, 38 
 
 Power vested in and derived from 
 
 the people, 2 
 
 President of the Senate, Lieutenant- 
 Governor shall be, 79 
 Press, freedom of, 12, 58 
 Primary election, who may vote, 35 
 General Assembly shall enact 
 proper laws for governing, 36 
 Privileges, no man entitled to ex- 
 clusive emoluments or, except 
 for public services, 4 
 Process of law, no person to be de- 
 prived of property without, 11 
 Property, no person to be deprived 
 
 of, without due process of law, 11 
 In controversies respecting, trial 
 
 by jury preferable, 11 
 
 Private, not to be taken for pub- 
 lic use without compensation, 58 
 
 Sec. 
 Sale of corporate, 125 
 
 Property qualification of voters, _ 19 
 General Assembly may provide, in 
 
 local elections, 30 
 
 May be prescribed by General As- 
 sembly, 31 
 Prosecutions for crimes and offences 
 
 regulated. 8 
 
 Criminal, defendant has right to 
 demand cause and nature of ac- 
 cusation, 8 
 Punishments, cruel and unusual, 
 
 ought not to be inflicted, 9 
 
 R. 
 
 Railroad Commissioner, office of, 
 shall cease to exist on organiza- 
 tion of corporation commission, 156fc 
 Recorded vote, shall be had on re- 
 quest of one-fifth of members 
 of General Assembly, 49 
 
 What laws require, 50 
 
 Registrations, when held, 19 
 
 Who may register, previous to 
 
 January 1, 1904, 19 
 
 Who may register, after January 
 
 1, 1904, 20 
 
 Roll to be sworn and certified to 
 by officers and filed in clerk's 
 office of Circuit Court or Corpo- 
 ration Court, 19 
 Persons registered not required to 
 register again unless they have 
 ceased to be residents of State 
 or become disqualified, 19 
 Person denied registration may ap- 
 peal, 1^ 
 General Assembly to provide for 
 annual, ^5 
 Registration, General Assembly shall 
 provide for annual registration 
 and transfers, and appeal from 
 and correction of, 25 
 Person entitled to vote at next 
 election admitted to, 26 
 Registrars of election, how appoint- 
 ed and who not eligible, 31 
 Religion, freedom of, 16, 58 
 Residence (see Voters and Registra- 
 tions) . 
 Revenue, appeal allowed Common- 
 wealth in criminal prosecutions 
 for violation of revenue law, 8 
 Rights, Bill of, 1-17 
 Limits only those expressed 
 therein, 1' 
 
 S. 
 
 Sailors, when legal residence not 
 
 gained, --4
 
 84 
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Sec. 
 Salaries, of Governor, 72 
 
 Of officers of Executive Depart- 
 ment to be fixed by law, 83 
 Of judges; how paid, 103 
 Schools, system of public, to be 
 
 maintained, 129 
 
 Wliat money to be applied to; 
 
 how apportioned, 135 
 
 Local taxes for; how raised, ap- 
 portioned and expended, 136 
 When free text-books provided, 139 
 White and colored children not to 
 
 be taught in same school, 140 
 
 Limitation to appropriations to, 141 
 School districts ( see Education ) . 
 School divisions ( see Education ) . 
 School superintendents (see Educa- 
 tion) . 
 School trustees (see Education.) 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
 election and duties; disposition 
 of fees collected by, 81 
 
 Senate, number of members, how 
 
 and when elected, 41 
 
 Qualifications of a senator, 44 
 
 When it may choose president 
 pro tern., 47 
 
 Sergeant of city, how elected, term 
 
 of office, duties, 120 
 
 Services, public, no man entitled to 
 exclusive or separate emolu- 
 ments or privileges except for, 4 
 Sheriff, how elected, 110 
 County not responsible for acts of, 114 
 To post copies of list of unpaid 
 poll-taxes, and make return of 
 same, 38 
 
 Sinking Fund, how provided and 
 maintained; every law creating 
 a debt or authorizing loan shall 
 provide for a sinking fund for 
 payment of same, 187 
 
 Slaves, children of, when they may 
 
 inherit property, 195 
 
 Speaker of the House of Delegates 
 
 to be elected by the House, 47 
 
 Special Court of Appeals, General 
 Assembly may provide for, liow 
 constituted, 89 
 
 Speech, freedom of, 12, 58 
 
 Soldiers, when legal residence not 
 
 gained, 24 
 
 State Library, how managed; who 
 shall appoint libarian and em- 
 ployees of, 132 
 
 State Treasurer, election; duties to 
 
 be prescribed by law, 81 
 
 "Stay laws," General Assembly pro- 
 hibited from passing, " 194 
 
 Sec. 
 Streets, use of, by corporations, 124 
 
 Suff'rage, who should have, 6 
 
 Superintendent of the Poor to be 
 
 appointed as prescribed by law, 110 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, qualifications, how and 
 when elected; term of oflfice; va- 
 cancy in office, how filled; duties 
 and comijensation, 131 
 
 Supervisors, Board of, how elected, 
 
 time of meetings, duties. 111 
 
 General Assembly may grant by 
 general law powers of local 
 legislation to, 65 
 
 Supreme Court of Appeals to con- 
 sist of five judges, three of 
 whom may hold court, 88 
 
 Jurisdiction; what cases appeal- 
 able, 88 
 
 Ar^sent of three judges required to 
 declare a law unconstitutional, 88 
 
 Opinions to be written and pre- 
 served, 90 
 
 How judges chosen, qualifications, 
 terms of office, 91 
 
 Officers of, how appointed; duties, 
 terms and compensation to be 
 prescribed by law, 92 
 
 Places of session to be j^rescribed 
 by law, 93 
 
 Has exclusive jurisdiction of ap- 
 peals from corporation commis- 
 sion, or to interfere with or en- 
 join same, 156d 
 
 T. 
 
 Taxation founded on consent, 6 
 
 Law creating tax must state same 
 
 specifically, 50 
 
 Right of State to tax corpora- 
 tions or corporate property not 
 to be surrendered or suspended 
 by any general law except as 
 authorized by Article XIII. ; no 
 private corporation, association 
 or individual exempted from 
 any general law, 64 
 
 Assessment for municipal, to be 
 
 same as for State taxation, 128 
 
 How school tax levied and ap- 
 plied, 135, 136 
 And Finance, 168-189 
 Shall be general and uniform, 168 
 Assessments of property to be at 
 fair market value; General As- 
 sembly ma,y allow cities and 
 towns to impose lower rates for 
 a period of years on certain
 
 INDEX TO CONSTITUTION. 
 
 85 
 
 See. 
 land than on other; General As- 
 seml)ly may seffregate property 
 into classes after January 1, 
 1913, 169 
 
 Income, license and franchise taxes 
 may be levied; when franchise 
 tax levied, or whole capital of 
 corporation taxed, shares not to 
 be further taxed, 170 
 
 "What taxes for street or other 
 improvements may be levied by 
 cities and towns on abutting 
 property owners, 170 
 
 Reassessments of real property 
 for, 171 
 
 Assessment of coal and other 
 mineral land, 172 
 
 State capitation tax, how levied 
 and applied; not a lien superior 
 to poor debtor's law; additional 
 capitation tax may be allowed 
 counties, cities and towns; how 
 same applied. 173 
 
 Statute of limitations not to run 
 against State's claim for taxes; 
 failure to assess not to defeat 
 subsequent assessment and col- 
 lection of taxes unless property 
 purchased for value without no- 
 tice, when taxes may be collect- 
 ed from date of purchase, 174 
 
 Of real estate of railroad and 
 canal companies, 176 
 
 Franchise tax of railroad and canal 
 companies, 177, 1/8 
 
 When sections 176-180 apply; 
 General Assembly to have power 
 to change system if inoperative, 181 
 
 How shares of banks and trust 
 companies taxed. 182 
 
 What property shall be exempt 
 from taxation, 183 
 
 Taxes to be collected by proper 
 officers and paid into state 
 treasury, 186 
 
 No greater amount of, shall be 
 levied than necessary for ex- 
 penses or to paj' indebtedness 
 of State, 188 
 
 Rate of state taxation, 189 
 
 General Assembly may levy spe- 
 cial tax for pensions, 189 
 Towns (see Cities and Towns). 
 Treasurer of county or city shall file 
 with clerk of Circuit or Corpo- 
 ration Court list of persons who 
 have not paid poll-tax; what 
 such list to contain, 38 
 
 Of county, how elected, terms, 
 qualifications, 110 
 
 Sec. 
 Of city, how elected, terms, quali- 
 cations, 120 
 
 Treasury, how money to be paid out 
 
 of, 186 
 
 Trial by jury, defendant in criminal 
 
 prosecutions has right to speedy, 8 
 
 Trusts, General Assembly shall enact 
 laws preventing, inimical to pub- 
 lic welfare, 165 
 
 Veterans of army or navy, sufTrage 
 
 jnivilege of veterans and sons 
 
 of veterans, 19 
 
 Of civil war need not pay poll-tax 
 
 in order to vote, 22 
 
 Viva voce vote in representative 
 
 bodies, 27 
 
 Vote in Legislative bodies shall he 
 
 viva voce, 27 
 
 Voters, qualifications of, 18, 19, 20. 21 
 Male citizen, twenty-one years of 
 age, who has been resident of 
 State two years, of county, city 
 or town one year, of precinct 
 thirty days next preceding elec- 
 tion, has 1)een registered and has 
 paid poll-tax, entitled to vote for 
 all officers elective by the people, 18 
 Removal from one precinct to an- 
 other in same county, city or 
 town shall not deprive person of 
 right to vote in precinct from 
 which he has moved until expi- 
 ration of thirty days from re- 
 moval, 18 
 Not disqualified for non-payment 
 of poll-tax if they have served 
 in army or navy, etc., 22 
 What persons excluded from vot- 
 
 ing, — * 
 
 When residence as to suffrage shall 
 
 not be deemed gained, 24 
 
 Privileges of, during elections, 29 
 
 May erase and substitute names on 
 
 ballot, 28 
 
 Qualified voters eligible to any 
 
 office, 32 
 
 Who may vote in primary elec- 
 tions, 35 
 Voting machines. General Assembly 
 
 may provide for use of, 37 
 
 Virginia Polytechnic Instit\ite, pres- 
 ident to* be ex-officio member of 
 Board of Agriculture and Im- 
 migration, 143 
 President of Board of Agriculture 
 and Immigration cx-officio mem- 
 ber of Board of Visitors of Vir- 
 ginia Polytechnic Institute, 146
 
 86 
 
 INDEX TO SCHEDULE. 
 
 W. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Warrants, when grievous and op- 
 pressive, and ought not to be 
 granted, 
 
 10 
 
 Sec. 
 Writs to run in name of "Ck)mmon- 
 wealth of Virginia," and to be 
 attested by clerk of court, 106 
 
 INDEX TO SCHEDULE. 
 
 Actions, writs and causes of action, 
 rights, etc., to continue except 
 as modified by Constitution. 
 Jurisdiction of courts to remain 
 unchanged to February 1, 
 1904. Transfer of causes, etc., 
 
 Adjutant-General, 
 
 Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 
 B. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 3 
 11 
 11 
 
 Board of Agriculture and Immigra- 
 tion, 12 
 Board of Education, State, 12 
 Board of Fisheries, 12 
 Bond, 1 7 
 
 to 
 
 14, 
 
 Charters, 
 Circuit Courts, 
 City council, members of. 
 City courts, terms of judges. 
 Privileges of certain judges 
 practice law. 
 City officers. 
 Clerks of courts. 
 Clerk of House of Delegates, 
 Clerk of Senate, 
 Commonwealth's Attorney, 
 Commissioner of Labor and Indus- 
 trial Statistics, 
 Commissioner of the Revenue, 
 Commissioner of State Hospitals, 
 Constitution, oath to support, who 
 shall take, preservation of 
 blanks. 
 Preservation of official copy, 
 Takes effect when. 
 To be transcribed in a book and 
 kept in office of Secretary of 
 Commonwealth, 
 Certified copy to be delivered to 
 Governor, 
 Corporation Commission, State, 
 County courts, 
 
 Privileges of judges to practice 
 law, 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 15 
 
 8 
 21 
 21 
 10 
 
 11 
 10 
 12 
 
 22 
 23 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 D. 
 
 Sec. 
 Directors of Public Institutions and 
 
 Prisons, 12 
 
 Of State Hospitals, 12 
 
 Electoral Boards, 
 tischeats, 
 
 Fines, 
 Forfeitures, 
 
 E. 
 
 F. 
 
 G. 
 
 Justices of the peace. 
 Judges to take oath to support Con- 
 stitution, 
 
 L. 
 
 Laws, common and statute, to re- 
 main in force, not repugnant to 
 or repealed by Constitution, 
 
 M. 
 
 Manager of State Prison Farm, 
 Mayor, 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 General Assembly, extra session of, 19 
 Powers, duties and compensation, 20 
 To take oath to Constitution, 22 
 Governor, certified copy of Consti- 
 tution to be delivered by Sec- 
 rotary of Commonwealth to, 23 
 Election, term, etc., 9 
 To take oath to Constitution, 22 
 Proclamation of, what same shall 
 contain, 24 
 
 H. 
 
 House of Delegates, election and be- 
 ginning of term of members. 
 Terms of present members. 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 10 
 22 
 
 X. 
 
 Notaries public, 
 
 11 
 15 
 
 11
 
 INDEX TO SCHEDULE. 
 
 87 
 
 O. 
 
 See. 
 
 Obligations to Commonwealth, cities, 
 
 towns, 5 
 
 Officers, State, when elected, begin- 
 ning of term, end of term of in- 
 cumbent, 9, 10, 11, 12 
 To take oath to support Consti- 
 tution, 22 
 
 Ordinances of Convention to have 
 same force and efl'ect as if parts 
 of Constitution, 2 
 
 Overseers of the Poor, 10 
 
 Penalties, 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qualifications of voters, 
 
 R. 
 
 Railroad Commissioner, 
 Register of Land Office, 
 
 S. 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 Schedule, takes effect when, 25 
 
 School superintendents, 11 
 
 School trustees, 11 
 
 Second Auditor, 11 
 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth to 
 provide blanks for oath to sup- 
 port Constitution, 22 
 To have Constitution transcribed 
 in a book and safely kept in his 
 office, 23 
 Deliver a certified copy of Consti- 
 tution and Schedule to Gover- 
 nor, 23 
 Senators, 10 
 SheriflF, IQ 
 Superintendent of the Penitentiary, 11 
 Superintendent of the Poor, 10 
 Superintendent of Public Printing, 11 
 Superintendents of State Hospitals, 11 
 Supervisors, 10 
 Supreme Court of Appeals, 6 
 Surgeon of the Penitentiary, 11 
 Surgeon of State Prison Farm, 11 
 
 Taxes, fines, penalties, forfeitures 
 
 and escheats, 4 
 
 Trustees of State Educational Insti- 
 
 tions, 12 
 
 Treasurer, term of present, 10 
 
 V. 
 
 Vacancies in office to be filled as pre- 
 scribed by law, 16 
 
 Visitors of State Educational Inati- 
 
 tions, 12
 
 Members Who Served in the Convention, 
 
 beginning June 12, 1901, and ending 
 
 July 26, 1902. 
 
 Anderson, George K Alleghany Couiily. 
 
 *AIlen, Otway S Richmond City. 
 
 Anderson. W. A Itockliridge County. 
 
 Ayers, Kufiis A Wise County. 
 
 Barbour, John S Culpejici- County. 
 
 Barhaiu, .losepli L Southampton County. 
 
 Barnes, M. H New Kent ( 'dunty. 
 
 Barnes, Thomas H Nansemond County. 
 
 Blair, Robt. W Wythe County. 
 
 Boaz, W. H MliciiKirlc Cduuty. 
 
 Bolen, D. W Carroll Coiuity. 
 
 Bouldin, Wood Halifax County. 
 
 Braxton, A. C Augusta County. 
 
 Bristow, J. A Middlesex County. 
 
 Brooke, D. Tucker Norfolk City. 
 
 Brown. .John Thompson Bedford County. 
 
 Cameron, Williaui E Petersburg City. 
 
 Campbell, Clarence .1 Amherst County. 
 
 Campbell, P. W Washington ( dunty. 
 
 Carter, Hill Hanover ( 'ounty. 
 
 Chapman, Hunter B Slieiiandoali County. 
 
 Cobb, W. L Caroline County. 
 
 Crismond. H. F SpotsylvaJiia Comity. 
 
 Daniel, .Tohn W Cami)bell Cmuity. 
 
 Davis, l'>. A Franklin County. 
 
 Dunaway, W. F Lancastei- County. 
 
 Earman. ( (eorge N liockingham Counly. 
 
 Eggleston. D. Q Cliarlotte County. 
 
 Epes, B. J. Dinwiddle County. 
 
 Fairfax, Henry Loudoun County. 
 
 Fletcher, Albert Faiuiuicr ( dunty. 
 
 Flood, H. D Appomattox County. 
 
 Garnett, G. T Mathews County. 
 
 Gilmore. J. W Rockbridge County. 
 
 Gillespie. A. P Tazewell ( 'ounty. 
 
 ♦Elected in place of Virginlus Newton, resigned.
 
 Glas^. C:i iter Lynchburg City. 
 
 Goodo, John Bedford County. 
 
 Gordon, B. T Nelson County. 
 
 Gordon, James W Richmond City. 
 
 Gordon, R. Lindsey Louisa County. 
 
 Green, Berryman Pittsylvania County. 
 
 Gregory, Roger King William County. 
 
 Gwyn. T. L Grayson County. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander Petersburg City. 
 
 Hancock. B. A Chesterfield County. 
 
 Hardy. L. A Lunenburg County. 
 
 Harrison, T. \V Frederick County. 
 
 Hatton. Goodrich Portsmouth City. 
 
 Hooker, J. M Patrick County. 
 
 Hubard, E. W Buckingham County. 
 
 Hunton, Eppa, Jr Fauquier County. 
 
 Ingram, J. H Chesterfield County. 
 
 Jones, Clagget B King and Queen County. 
 
 Jones, G. W Pittsylvania County. 
 
 Keezell, George B Rockingham County. 
 
 Kendall, Gilmor S Northampton County. 
 
 Lawson, John W Isle of Wight County. 
 
 Lincoln. A. T Smyth County. 
 
 Lindsay. J. H Albemarle County. 
 
 Lovell, E. H Madison County. 
 
 Marshall. James W Craig County. 
 
 Mcllwaine, Richard Prince Edward County. 
 
 Meredith, Charles V Richmond City. 
 
 Miller, C. E Pittsylvania County. 
 
 Moncure, Thomas J StaflTord County. 
 
 Moore, R. Walton Fairfax County. 
 
 Moore, Thomas L Montgomery County. 
 
 Mundy, James Botetourt County. 
 
 """ Newton, Virginius Richmond City. 
 
 O'Flaherty, D. C Warren County. 
 
 Orr, J. W Lee County. 
 
 Parks, R. S Page County. 
 
 Pedigo, A. L Henry County. 
 
 Pettit, William B Fluvanna County. 
 
 Phillips, Nathan Floyd County. 
 
 Pollard, Jolin Garland Richmond City. 
 
 Portloek, W. N Norfolk County. 
 
 Quarles, J. M Augusta County. 
 
 Richmond, J. B Scott County. 
 
 Rives, Timotliy Prince George County. 
 
 Robertson, W. Gordon Roanoke City. 
 
 Smith, Francis L Alexandria County. 
 
 Stebbins, Joseph Halifax County. 
 
 ♦Resigned.
 
 Stuart. Henry C Kiisscll County. 
 
 Summers, Jolin C W'asliington County. 
 
 Tarry, George P :\rcckl<'nl)urg County. 
 
 Thorn, Alfred P Norfolk City. 
 
 Thornton, J. B. T Print-e William County. 
 
 Turnhull, Pvohert I'.ruiiswick ( ounty. 
 
 Vincent, Gordon L Greenesville County. 
 
 Waddill, S. P Henrico County. 
 
 Walker, C. Harding Northumberland County. 
 
 Walter, A. C : Orange County. 
 
 Watson, W'alter A Nottoway County. 
 
 Wescott, N. B Aecomac County. 
 
 Willis, J. M Elizabeth City County. 
 
 Wise, George D Pachmond City. 
 
 Withers, Eugene Pittsylvania County. 
 
 Woodhouse, Jonatlian Princess Anne County. 
 
 Wysor, J. C Pulaski County. 
 
 Yancey, W. T Rappahannock County.
 
 AN ORDINANCE 
 
 To proviili for flit n'li'i^l nilidii of voh'rs iiiuh'r ////x Constil iilioii; and 
 prioi- In Ihc i/i'(ii' iniiclccii liiiii(h-(il tiinl foitr (Ulf).'/). 
 
 It is ordiiim'd as fullows: T^iiti! llic (irst day of .laiuiary. iiiiiclci'n 
 ]nni(lr(Ml and four, all voters -hall lie r(\iiistorod in aceordaiicr with the 
 re(|uirc'iiu'iils of this oi'dinam-c. as follows: 
 
 Section 1. Ro.u'istr;ilioii shall ho couductod in oacli niau-istci-ial dis- 
 trict of every county, and in each wai'di of every city, hy a hoai'd of i-e^'is- 
 trars, coui])()sed of three eoni]ietent citizens, resident in such disliact or 
 ward, a])])ointed as hereinaftci' proxided. each of whom ,-liall (|nalify hy 
 signin^ii' and filing with the cdei-k of the connty court ol' tlieii' respective 
 counties, oi' the cor])orati(ni court of their respective citie,-. as the case 
 niav he, a ])a])er signifying theii" acceptaiu-e of theii- appointinenl. and 
 wiio shall hold olTice nntil the first day of January, nineteen hundi-ed and 
 four; except that in the citv of Bristol there shall he only one hoard, 
 composed of three coni])etent citizens tlu'reof. 
 
 The hoard shall (n'ganize 1»\' electing one of its niemhers chairman 
 and anotlier seci-etary of the hoa.i'd. 
 
 If anv ])erson ajipointeii refuse or fail t<i ipialify hy the (ii\~t (hiy of 
 Auo-ust. nineteen hnndred and two. or to serve, or if a vacancy occur 
 in such l)oard, tlv judge of tlu- county court of th(^ county, or of the 
 corporation conrt td' the city, -hall \)y appointment supply the place o:- 
 fill such vacancv: and -uch appointees shall (pialif\' in tlu' same manner 
 as those appointed hv tliis ordinaiu-e. 
 
 For attendance u]»on the sessions of the ltoar(h each mend)er shall re- 
 ceive a com}>ensation of two (hillar< per day. ^\'hile actually engaged in 
 tl:e discharge of lii- otiicial (hities a,s to regi>tratioii. each memher of 
 any such hoai'd shall ]ia\e the authority and ])owei's of con-^erwilors of the 
 peace as defined liy laws existing at the time thi- ordinance hecome-^ 
 operative. 
 
 Sec. 2. Prior to tlie fifteenth day of Ocfohei'. nineteen hundi'ed and 
 two, and again prior to the fifteenth dav of (»cti'i)ei'. nineteen hundred and 
 three, there -^hall Ise a gniei'al I'l gi<t I'at ion in (^ach of the cnunties. cities, 
 and towns of the Stair- ; aiid each ooai'd of registrars for each district 
 and ward, ])ri(n' to each of the foregoing dates, shall c in\cne and sit at 
 some place and tinae to he designated hy it in t»ach precinct in ii< d'striet 
 or ward, at least one (hiv. from eight o'clock in tlu' moiaiing to sunset 
 in the connties. and from twelve o'clock noun to nine o clock I'. M. in 
 cities and towns, and at such other places within the disti'ici oi' ward 
 as may he con\-enient and necessary to com])lete the registration of the
 
 2 REGISTRATION BOAKDS 
 
 voters. Ivicli hoard may (Icteruiiiic wliethcr it will sit consecutively for 
 the period licrcarier staled, or wJictlier it will sit from time to time for 
 such numl'er of days within s;iid ])eriod as it may determine. At the 
 reo'isii'atioii to l)e held prior to the fifteenth dav of October, nineteen 
 hundred and two, the aggregate number of days in which any board shall 
 sit within anv one district or ward sliall not exceed fifteen days; and 
 at the registration to be liad in the year nineteen hundred and three, the 
 ao-o-roo-ate number of davs in which anv board shall sit within anv one 
 district or ward shall not exceed ten day^. The judge of the county court 
 of a countv, or of a corporation court of a city, may. on the motion of 
 the hoai'd, extend the time for either of such registrations for a further 
 period or time to l)e determiiu'd by such judge, and shall fix the days 
 for such registration. 
 
 The board shall give at least twenty days' notice of the time and place 
 or places at which it will open book-; for registration at any precinct, bv 
 bills posted at five or more public places in the precinct, and also by 
 weekly advertist'ineut for two successive weeks in a newspaper, if one 
 be published in tlie countv or city, and in such other manner as it may 
 deem expedient, and where the l)Ooks are opened for more than one pre- 
 cinct, or for the whole district or ward, then like notice of the time and 
 place shall be posted in five or more public places within eacli precinct, 
 for which such registration is lield, andi advertised by publication as 
 aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. o. The board shall register all persons who apply for registration, 
 entitled to register under this Constitution. ]irior to January the first, 
 nineteen hundred and four, ;ind none others: and it shall have power 
 to administer oaths to, and examine undei" oath, any applicants and wit- 
 nesses, and to receive evidence and hear testimony touching qualifications 
 for registration. 
 
 The act of a majority of its nK'ml)ers shall be the act of the hoard; 
 and a majoi-ity of the members shall constitute a rpiorum f(n- the trans- 
 action of all Ijusiness. 
 
 Sec. -±. The l)oard <h:\]] recoinl in suitable Ixioks, hereinafter provided 
 for. in alphal)etical order, the names of all persons registered, the date 
 of Ijirth and registration, their occupation and residence. Separate 
 books, in duplicate, for white and cobu'cd voters shall l)e kept for eacli 
 precinct; one of each of wliidi shall, after the completion of each regis- 
 tration, be forwarded by the chairman of the board to the clerk of the 
 county court of the county, or of tb.e corporation court of the city, to he 
 copied in a proper liook and ^jreserved in bis oflfice. 
 
 Until January the first, nineteen hundred and four, the board shall 
 have the custody and keeping of the other duidicate of said registration
 
 KP:(iISTI^\'ri<)N I'.OAI.MS 3 
 
 books; Init. a rrasoiiaMc tiiiir lirlnrc- ilip elections to \)r licM in iiinetcH'ii 
 liimdTc'd and two and iiiin'tccii ImiidiTd and tlii'cc. ilic hook-; for each 
 prt'ciiu-t shad he delivered to tlie jndi^-es apnoiideil at >nch i)i'eeinct ti-. 
 conduct said eleetions. and thcv, a I'easonaliK' time after said elections, 
 shall retnrn the hooks to said hoard. 
 
 After the iir,-t dav of Januai'v. nineleen imndrei! and fonr. the Ijoard 
 sha.ll deliver tlu' re^'isti'at ion hooks to ilie i)roi)er I'e^i^t I'at ion oilicers 
 desig'nated by bsw. 
 
 At the coni])letion of every registration condiicie(l by it. each nieni1)er 
 of the boa.rd shall sian, and ceiaifv the accuracy of tlie <anie on oath, 
 upon the registi'at i(ui books. 
 
 See. 5. Until the first day id' JanuaiT. niiu^teen Inindred and foui\ 
 if any ])erson so reo-istered shall move to another iii'ecinct. he sludl 1)0 
 entitled to register therein on the ])ei-inaneid roll, upon a ii'ansfer issued 
 by the secretary of the boaid. hefoi-e which Ik.' last registered; and a note 
 of such transfer shall be nnide hy the said secretary upon the p"rnianent 
 roll in. his possession. 
 
 Sec. (). Anv person v/ho. upon his e.\;iiiunation, shall wilfully make a 
 false statement of any material fact aU'ecting his ((ualitications as a 
 voter, siiall be guiitv of ):)erju!'y, and, u])on conviction thereof, shall for- 
 feit for life his right to vote. 
 
 Sec. 7. Any person denied registration shall have the right to appeal, 
 without payment of writ tax or giving security for costs, to the circuit 
 court of the county or to tlu.' cor])oration court of th.e city, in whi(ii he 
 offers to register, or to the .judge tlu're(d' in vacation, hy pri'seuting to 
 such court or judge, within ten days thereafter, a })etition in wi'iting to 
 have his right to register determined, containing a statement of the facts 
 proved before said board : to which the board shall make answei- in writ- 
 ing. The matter shall l.)e heard and determined u])on such petition and 
 answer, and such evidence as may be introduced in support thereof. 
 Such proceedings shall take iirecedeiu-e over all other business of the 
 said court or judge, and shall be heard as soon as jiossible. 
 
 Upon the filing of such ])etition, the clerk of the court shall at once 
 o-ivc notice to the ('ommonwt'alth's attornev for his countv or citv. whose 
 
 O ... 
 
 duty it shall be to appear and defend against said petition in helialf of 
 the State. 
 
 Judgment in favor of the petitioner shall entitle him to registration. 
 From judgment rendered against him, a writ of error shall lie to the 
 Supreme Court of Appeals in favor l:he petitioner. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Secretary of the Commonwealth shall have prei)ared suit- 
 able books for the registration of voters and forward them to the clerk 
 of the county court of each county, and to the clerk of the corporation
 
 4 KKGISTKATION BOARDS 
 
 court of eacli citv, to he bv them tlislrihiited to the several boards of 
 registrars of tlieir re.-jtoetive counties and cities. 
 
 Tlie hooks sliali he s.o spaced and ruled as to provide for the con- 
 vodent entry <d' llie uuinl)er and name of the voter, in alphabetical 
 ordei', his age, occupation, residence, lengtli of time he has resided in 
 the State and coiint\' and precinct, and, if a naturalized citizen, the 
 date of his natnralizalion pa])ers and the court hy which issued, if known; 
 and, if registered a- a voter exempt from the payment of a poll tax as i 
 ju'crecpiisile to the right to vote, under section twenty-two of the Con- 
 stitution, for tliC statement of that fact. 
 
 It shall he the duty of the S(H-reiary of < he Conamon wealth, before the 
 twentieth dav of July, nineteen hundred and two, to forward to each of 
 Uie persons chosen liy the Convention as meiuhers of the several boards 
 of registration, a certificate showing that such person has been so chosen, 
 which certificate shall be evidence of the facts therein stated. 
 
 Upon the ]-eceij)t of such certificate, the member of tlie registration 
 hoard named th.erein shall signify his aceejitance in writing to the clerk 
 of his county, <n' the clerk of the hustings or corporation court of his 
 c!^y, upon blanks to he furnished by the Secretary of the Commonwealth 
 
 The Secretary of the Connnonwealth shall, with said certificate, send to 
 each nicnd)er of said l)oai-d a co])y of the Constitution and of this regis- 
 tration ordinance. 
 
 Sec. 9. On or l>efoi'e the first day of September, nineteen hundred and 
 two, the treasurer of each county and city shall furnish to the board 
 of registrars of each district or ward of his county or city, a certified list 
 C(mtaining the names of all jiorsons within such district or ward who, foi- 
 the year nineteen hundred autl one, have paid as much as one dollar 
 iu state tax for pro])erty owned by and assessed against them; and, on 
 or before the fii-st day of September, nineteen hundred and three, the 
 said treasurers shall furnish to said boards a similar list of those who. 
 for the year nineteen hundi'ed and two, Jiave paid as much as one dol- 
 lar in state tax foi' ju'operty owned !)y and assessed aga.inst them. 
 
 Sec. 10. The books and !)lank forms to be prepared liy the Secret?a'v of 
 the Commonwealth shall be provided at the expense of the State; but all 
 other costs and charges of registration, including postage, stationery, and 
 publication of notices, shall be defrayed by the counties and cities in 
 which such regi.-tration is held. 
 
 Sec. 11. To conduct the registration proxided for in this ordinance, 
 the persons whose names appear below shall l)e. and thev are herebv 
 appointed. niend)ers of the board of i-egistrars for the several magis- 
 terial distvicis and wards of the several counties and cities, as folloAVs :
 
 REGISXRA'nO.M BOAHOH 
 
 ACCOMAC COUNTY. 
 
 IningoteagiTe Magisterial District, — William T. Mason, H. E. Wescott, William 
 
 M. Tiuiingtvon. 
 Lee Magisterial District, — Thomas C. Kellam, Robert P. Coleburn. Will)ur .T. 
 
 Milliner. 
 Metompkin Magisterial District, — Joseph R, Riggs, .J. Harry Rew, Albert J. 
 
 Rew. 
 Atlantic Magisterial District. — S. .J. Revell, A, Clinton Matthews, .James E. 
 
 Anderton. 
 Islands Magisterial District, — John A. M. Wheelton, William J. Matthews, A. 
 
 Frank Matthews. 
 
 ALBEMARLE COUNTY. 
 
 Scottsville Magisterial District. — James S. Hariis, James Starke. T. E. Wil- 
 
 hoit. 
 Samuel Miller Magisterial District,— A. S. Watson, P. H. Via, C. E. Gay. 
 Whitehall Magisterial District,— Charles L. Wayland, Thomas White, William 
 
 Z. Catterton. 
 Ivy Magisterial District. — S. A. Calhoun, Pe!er W. Garland, Henry G. White. 
 Charlottesville Magisterial District,- Rartlett RoHing, John H. Barksdale, M. 
 
 R. Taylor. 
 Rivanna Magisterial District. — H. E. Magruder, Yv'illiam H. Bowcock, W. A. 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA COUNTY. • 
 
 AVashington Magisterial District, — William N. Febrey, George Ott Wunder. R. 
 C. L. Moncure, 
 
 Arlington Magisterial District, — Curtis B. Graham, William Ball, \\. W. Doug- 
 lass. 
 
 Jefferson Magisterial District,— John W. Vr.rney, Frank Hume, John W. Slater. 
 
 ALLEGHANY COUNTY. 
 
 Boiling Spring District,— C. B. Huntei. D. J. Callaghan. J. H. McDevitt. 
 Covington District. — W. A. Rinehart, H. A. Faulconer, W. E. Allen. 
 Clifton District,— George W. Warren, H. E. Meeks, Robert Robinson. 
 
 AMELIA COUNTY. 
 
 Leigh Magisterial District. — John T. Souihall, C. C. Farley, George A. Wiley. 
 Giles Magisterial District —W. E. Grifl7th, Bradley S. Johnson, N. W. de Krafft. 
 Jackson Magisterial District, — M. J. Oliver, E. N. Hamner, R. W. Blanton. 
 
 AMHERST COUNTY. 
 
 Amherst Courthouse Magisterial District, — C. B. Christian, B. R. Harrison. G. 
 
 Frank Powell. 
 Temperance Magisterial District. — T. C. Payne, W. T. Watson, Ed. Lee Ful- 
 
 cher. 
 Pedlar Magisterial District,— T. B. Wood, H, R. Crist, M. B. Kyle. 
 Elon Magisterial District,— I. P. Whitehead, P. C. Cabell, W. E. Powell.
 
 6 REGISTKATION BOAKDS 
 
 APPOMATTOX COUNTY. 
 
 South Side Magisterial District,— R. F. Burke, F. L. Martin, A. H. Howerton. 
 Clover Hill Magisterial District,— W. P. Gills, E. P. Sears. J. W. Clark. 
 Stonewall Magisterial District,— T. J. Stratton, C. H. Coleman, N. R. Feather- 
 stone. 
 
 AUGUSTA COUNTY. 
 
 South River Magisterial District,— C. Benton Coiner, John T. Smith. Samuel 
 B. Harper. 
 
 North River Magisterial District,— E. G. Crist, M. Bruce Whitmore, C. H. 
 Fulton. 
 
 Beverly Manor Magisterial District.— W. P. Gay, W. A. McComb, C. F. Neel. 
 
 Riverheads Magisterial District,— J. Marshall McClure, S. A. D. McKee, G. 
 Lewis Clemmer. 
 
 Middle River Magisterial District.— James T. Kerr. Samuel H. McCue, John 
 S. Richey. 
 
 Pastures Magisterial District. — James W. Seig, D. F. Hoover, John W. Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 BATH COUNTY. 
 
 Warm Springs Magisterial District, — S. W. Anderson, William M. McAllister, 
 
 J. W. Harper. 
 Cedar Creek Magisterial District. — William G. Payne, C. AV. Richardson, 
 
 George H. Chaplin. 
 Crawford Mill Magisterial District, — Jasper N. Bradshaw, Robert M. McClin- 
 
 tic, George W. Wallace. 
 Millboro Magisterial District, — John S. Dickinson. H. R. Lowman, Stonewall 
 
 Jackson Armentrout. 
 
 BEDFORD COUNTY. 
 
 Central Magisterial District.— John M. Early, S. R. Watson, W. R. Abbot. Jr. 
 Lisbon Magisterial District. — F. C. Otey, H. L. Caldwell. Gordon Cofer. 
 Chamblissburg Magisterial District, — J. W. Nimmo, William H. Pow-ers, 
 
 Joseph P. Wright. 
 Staunton Magisterial District. — Pinckney Anthony. John W. Hubbard, C. E. 
 
 Carter. 
 Otter Magisterial Districi,— Henan T. V\it:, Thomas G. Read, William H. 
 
 Wright. 
 Bellevue Magisterial District.— T. T. Patterson. Thomas W. White, J. P. 
 
 Cannada. 
 Forest Magisterial District,— Amandus N. Walker, Jr., A. W. Scott, Wellington 
 
 Ogden. 
 Charlemonl Magisterial District.— William P. Burks, J. T. Noell. R. H. Parks. 
 
 BLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Sharon Magisterial District,— V.'. B. Allen, Wythe G. Wadtile. Luther Scott. 
 Sedden Magisterial District,— R. C. Green, L. F. Grayson, Thomas Dunn. 
 Mechanicsburg Magisterial District.— W. H. G. Harmon. Meek Tickle. John C. 
 
 Mustard. 
 Rocky Gap Magisterial District,— Frazier Stowers, John E. Shrader, George 
 
 Stowers.
 
 KKUISTKATJON liUAliDS / 
 
 BOTETOl^RT COUNTY. 
 
 Amsteixlam Magisterial District, — Marsliall Fiantz, Thomas Gross, J. F. 
 
 Gardner. 
 Fincastle Magisterial District,— C. W. Woltz, C. W. Rudisill, M. S. Cahoon. 
 Buchanan Magisterial District,— W. M. Brewl;aker, U. H. Hyde, Charles L. 
 
 Williamson. 
 
 BRUNSWICK COUNT\ . 
 
 Powellton Magisterial District,— Ira W. Mitchell, S. P. Carijenter, A. S. Raw- 
 lings. 
 
 l\Ieherrin Magisterial District, — P. H. Rawlings, G. B. Harris, N. S. Jones. 
 
 Red Oak Magisterial District, — John Haskins, U. S. Samford, S. J. Wallace. 
 
 Sturgeon Magisterial District, — D. C. Thomas, W. W. Doyle, James A. 
 Browder. 
 
 Totaro Magisterial District,— W. T, Sledge, W. O. T.ashley, S. E. Williams. 
 
 BUCHANAN COUNTY. 
 
 Grundy Magisterial Distiict,— Alex. Runyons. W. P. McGlothin. .John A. Mc- 
 Clanahan. 
 
 Garden Magisterial District.— William B. McNiel. W. W. Horton. Emmett 
 Combs, 
 
 Rock Lick Magisterial District, — Joseph L. Elswick, John W. Lee, Miles Ells- 
 wick. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM COUNTY. 
 
 Mayesville Magisterial District. — J. T. Rogers, L. C. Moseley. P. A. Grigg. 
 Curdsville Magisterial District,— Mathew J. Cox, J. T. Bransford, J. W. Farley. 
 Slate River Magisterial District,— M. L. A. Moseley, Robert B. Agee, G. W. 
 
 Patterson. 
 Marshall Magisterial District.— Robert H. Miller, T. R. Shaw, Julian Smith. 
 Francisco Magisterial District, — W. C. Trent, J. O. Morris, E. C. Wooldridge. 
 James River Magisterial District,— J. E. Carter. W. P. Ellis, Price Glover. 
 
 CAMPBELL COUNTY. 
 
 Rustburg Magisterial District. — Frank Nelson. Adam Clement, G. A. Coleman. 
 Seneca Magisterial District, — Mark Anthony. R. C. Hawkins. V/. T. Oaks. 
 Falling River Magisterial District,— I^. C. Asher. Thomas Whately, R. E. Mus- 
 
 grove. 
 Otter River Magisterial District,— Thomas Dillard, Clark M. Kabler, W. W. 
 
 Driscoll. 
 Brookville Magisterial District. — H. C. Featherstone, N. J. Floyd, J. T. Fal- 
 
 well. 
 
 CAROLINE COUNTY. 
 
 Madison Magisterial District, — D. J. Waller. G. Allensworth, W. M. Oliver. 
 Reedy Church Magisterial District. — Clarence Bowers, Arch Samuel, T. R. 
 
 Campbell. 
 Bowling Green Magisterial District.— S. W. Broaddus, Eugene Pitts, J. H. 
 
 Martin. 
 Port Royal Magisterial District.— .J. B. Washington, C. B. Conway, R. C. 
 
 Thornton.
 
 S REGISTRATION BOARDS 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 Pine Creek Magisterial District,— James Dalton, George W. Hyatt, S. A. 
 Smith. 
 
 Laurel Fork Magisterial District,— C. M. Marshall, W. L. Utt, Franklin Brans- 
 come. 
 
 Fancy Gap Magisterial District,— M. T. C. Mitchell, Friel Hawks, John A. 
 Jones. 
 
 Piper Gap Magisterial District,— Thomas J. Huffman, E. P. Givens, James W. 
 Edwards, Jr. 
 
 Sulphur Springs Magisterial District,— Adonijah Lineberry, W. K. Early, Nor- 
 man Gwynn. 
 
 CHARLES CITY COUNTY. 
 
 Harrison Magisterial District,— L. A. Marston, W. D. Barnett, Allen Walker. 
 Tyler Magisterial District, — Thomas W. Wilcox, Thomas L, Christian, John 
 
 R. Waddill. 
 Chickahominy Magisterial District, — E. H. Slater, Stanley Parsons, W. L. 
 
 Wilkinson. 
 
 CHARLOTTE COUNTY. 
 
 Madison Magisterial District, — John D. Shepperson, Walter S. Pugh, G. W. 
 
 Berkley. 
 Walton Magisterial District. — James C. Watkins, Lee W. Morton, J. H. Priddy. 
 Bacon Magisterial District,— Berkley D. Adams, Stith Barksdale, Charles M. 
 
 Broocks. 
 Roanoke Magisterial District, — Frank B. \Vatkins, Henry W. Harvey, Henry 
 
 C. Marshall. 
 Midway Magisterial District,— W. G. Cabannis, J. W. Gilchrist, T. A. Wilkes. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 J Dale Magisterial District, — John Penn Taylor, E. A. Swineford, A. J. Gill. 
 
 Clover Hill Magisterial District, — Julian A. Salle, Wilfred Ira Robertson, Lu- 
 cius A. Sims. 
 
 Midlothian Magisterial District, — Selwyn Hancock, John A. Lester, C. G. 
 Whitworth. 
 
 Matoaca Magisterial District. — W. A. Blankingship, R. E. Eanes, Waverly S. 
 Ivey. 
 
 Manchester Magisterial District,— B. P. Owen. Jr., Daniel Bliley, L. W. 
 Cheatham. 
 
 Bermuda Magisterial District,— Charles N. Friend, D. M. Walker, Samuel L. 
 Perdue. 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY. 
 
 Greenway Magisterial District,— George C. Meade, Turner Russell, M. H. 
 Reardon. 
 
 Chapel Magisterial District,— A. V. "Neville, Samuel J. Wiley. Charles Jones. 
 
 Battletown Magisterial District,— George C. Shepherd, Thomas Elsea, J. H. 
 Powers. 
 
 Long Marsh Magisterial District,— B. F. Foley, F. H. Pierce, William Mc- 
 Donald.
 
 KEGISTKATION IJOAKDS 9 
 
 CRAIG COUNTY. 
 
 Newcastle Magisterial District, — Samuel L. Rulile, William A. Charlton, 
 
 James H. Caldwell. 
 Alleghany Magisterial District,— Daniel L. Huftman, liobert A. Eakin, W. P. 
 
 B. Lipes. 
 Simmonsville Magisterial District. — .\ll)ert Ti'outt, A. McHenry Caldwell. 
 
 Miles L. Givens. 
 
 CULPEPER COUNTY. 
 
 Stevensburg Magisterial District. — Leon Nalle. .John M. Shackelford, D. 
 Wright Kelly. 
 
 Cedar Mountain Magisterial District, — Daniel A. Slaughter, James W. Gar- 
 nett, W. Alexander Taliaferro. 
 
 Catalpa Magisterial District, — Lewis P. Nelson, Jr., John R. Duncan, Alex- 
 K. Wood. 
 
 Salem Magisterial District, — John M. Lewis, Frederick E. Porter, Thomas C. 
 Howard. 
 
 Jefferson Magisterial District.— W. G. Crigler, F. L. Campbell, Robert R. Dun- 
 can. 
 
 CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Randolph Magisterial District,— B. W. L. Blanton, A. J. Smith, Thornton 
 
 Holman. 
 Madison Magisterial District.— Paul McRae, W. L. Guthrie, Jr., J. L. Foster. 
 Hamilton Magisterial District, — E. J. Harrison, W. J. Jennings, C. R. Saun- 
 
 derson. 
 
 DICKINSON COUNTY. 
 
 Clintwood Magisterial District, — John W. Kerr, N. B. French. W. L. Brown. 
 Willis Magisterial District.— J. M. Artrip, S. H. Senter, George Davis. 
 Ervington Magisterial District,— R. W. Ervin, H. K. Hillman, David Smith, Sr. 
 Kena,dy Magisterial District. — Ira Boggs, John W. Hill. Robert Lee Mullins. 
 Sand Lick Magisterial District,— T. K. Colly. R. D. Sutherland. K. L. Colly. 
 
 DINWIDDIE COUNTY. 
 
 Rowanty Magisterial District, — John Y. Harris. James W. Boisseau, William 
 
 F. Baugh. 
 Namozine Magisterial District, — J. C. Smith, Andrew Meade, H. C. Lcvett. 
 Darvilles Magisterial District. — B. S. Hobbs, E. W. Hudgins, J. A. Frayser. 
 Sapony Magisterial District, — E. C. Powell, C. E. Abernathy. J. P. Atkinson. 
 
 ELIZABETH CITY COUNTY. 
 
 Chesapeake Magisterial District, — H. H. Holt, LeGrande Donohoe, David 
 
 Johnson. 
 Hampton Magisterial District. — S. Cordon Gumming. F. W. Sheild, J. Wilton 
 
 Hope. 
 Wythe Magisterial District, — Sidney J. Dudley, T. H. Parramore, Scott Wood. 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 Occupacia Magisterial District, — W. A. Gresham, Henry Waring, B. B. Spin- 
 dle.
 
 10 REGISTRATION BOARDS 
 
 Central Magisterial District,— R. C. McDonald, B. C. Rennolds, C. S. Smith. 
 Rappahannock Magisterial District. — R. G. Carnthorn, R. H. Seward, R. H. 
 Dillard. 
 
 FAIRFAX COUNTY. 
 
 Falls Church Magisterial District —George Auld, James M. Mason, George A. 
 
 Brimner. 
 Providence Magisterial District, — W. P. Moncure, R. E. Berry, John R. Stuart. 
 Dranesville Magisterial District. — J. H. Hurst, George W. Gunnell, Robert 
 
 L. Harrison. 
 Centerville Magisterial District, — James P. Machen, Sr., J. R. M. Gheen, John 
 
 M. Ford. 
 Mount Vernon Magisterial District,— R. C. Triplett, R. W. Gaillard, Frank 
 
 Reid. 
 Lee Magisterial District,— Henry D. Rice, Frank Wooster, John W. Raney. 
 
 FAUQUIER COUNTY. 
 
 Centre Magisterial District,— L. C. Andrews, W. F. Follin, R. C. Murphy. 
 Scott Magisterial District.— H. H. Hulfish, H. S. Haines, W. A. Rucker. 
 Marshall Magisterial District, — R. I. Russell. John M. Ashby, Ogden Wood. 
 Lee Magisterial District, — W. S. Herroll, T. T. Jones, John K. Taliaferro. 
 Cedar Run Magisterial District, — W. O. Bower. S. M. Lomax, H. P. Waite. 
 
 FLOYD COUNTY. 
 
 Courthouse Magisterial District, — William Pendleton, L. W. Hylton, Charles 
 Thomas. 
 
 Burks Fork Magisterial District,— C. F. Page. W. H. Willis, J. E. Burwell. 
 
 Indian Valley Magisterial District, — H. C. Hall. Henry Strong, J. L. Kenley. 
 
 Alum Ridge Magisterial District, — H. H. Earles, H. M. Boothe, Wade Thomp- 
 son. 
 
 Little River Magisterial District, — W. H. Harman, T. L. Robinson, B. Dicker- 
 son. 
 
 Locust Grove Magisterial District.— W. L. Reed, J. H. Shockey, T. H. Walters. 
 
 FLUVANNA COUNTY. 
 
 Columbia Magisterial District, — James McC. Miller, John W. Holland, R. C. 
 
 Bowles. 
 Palmyra Magisterial District.— J. Flint Omohundro, J. Walter Shiflett, George 
 
 Minor Winn, 
 Fork Union Magisterial District. — R. J. Snead, A. S. Burgess, Virgil Anderson. 
 Cunningham Magisterial District.— B. W. Taylor, W. J. Kent, M. G. Davis. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 Rocky Mount Magisterial District,— W. T. McGhee, C. P. Preston, W. D. Mar- 
 tin. 
 
 Snow Creek Magisterial District,— T. J. Belcher, Thomas D. Frith, W. P. F. 
 
 Lee. 
 Union Hall Magisterial District,— D. H. Berger, Charles Hodges, W. D. Haynes. 
 Gills Creek Magisterial District,— A. W. Hutcherson, J. H. Ferguson, L. M. 
 
 Wright. 
 Boubrook Magisterial District.— R. A. Lovelace, M. D. Martin, John H. Moore.
 
 KK(irsTRATrox r.oAKDS n 
 
 Little Creek Magisterial District, — Tazewell Helms. J. \V. Angell, Leslie Bell. 
 Maggodee Magisterial District. — J. O. Abshire, C. W. Mills, Berkley Price. 
 Blackv/ater Magisterial District. — E. C. Akers, C. T. .Jamison, William E. 
 
 Price. 
 Long Branch Magisterial District,— Hughes D. Cannady, S. T. Thomas, W. 
 
 A. Thompson, Jr. 
 Brown Hill Magisterial District, — S. J. Prillaman, C. L, Ross. D. A. Nicholson. 
 
 FREDERICK COUNTY. 
 
 Shawnee Magisterial District. — John M. Silver, David Carpenter, 11. J. Wig- 
 ginton. 
 
 Opequan Magisterial District, — Briscoe Shull, "W, T. Birmingham, Hugh Funk. 
 
 Back Creek Magisterial District,— T. W. Morrison, Meredith Anderson. J. W. 
 Himmelwright. 
 
 Gainsboro Magisterial District, — R. L. Omps, Jonah Tavenner. John W. Har- 
 per. 
 
 Stonewall Magisterial District.— Clark Purcell, A. Pine. William Timberlake 
 
 GILES COUNTY. 
 
 Pearisburg Magisterial District. — E. S. Dennis. S. W. Preston. Charles D. 
 
 French. 
 Pembroke Magisterial District. — Albert Angel, Harve Phlegar, Arthur Snidow. 
 W^alker's Creek Magisterial District,— S. B. Shannon, S. R. Crockett. T. S. 
 
 Taylor. 
 Newport Magisterial District.— G. T. Porterfield. Albert Price, John S. Dowdy. 
 
 GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 
 
 Petsworth Magisterial District.— T. F. Perry. W. C. Stub'os. J. D. Stubbs. 
 Ware Magisterial District.— W. A. Rob'ns. A. M. Pointer. Rex Hinkle. 
 Abingdon Magisterial District.— J. T. Mills, H. L. Bridges, J. W. Pointer. 
 
 GOOCHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Dover Magisterial District. — Henry S. Holland. J. V. Bowles. Leroy D. Ellis. 
 Licking Hole Magisterial District, — David B. Harris. Julian Kean, H. H. Hoye. 
 Byrd Magisterial District, — James M. Trice. Rol)ert Fisher. Arthur W. James. 
 
 GRAYSON COUNTY. 
 
 Elk Creek Magisterial District.— W. M. Warren. F. H. Ward, E. Scott Hale. 
 Wilson Magisterial District. — J. A. Phipps. A. N. Hash. A. W. Wagg. 
 Old Town Magisterial District, — Andrew Carico, And. J. Higgins, W. R. Duf- 
 phey. 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 Standardsville Magisterial District,— E. D. Davis, B. P. Runkle, George W. 
 
 Shelton. 
 Ruckersville Magisterial District, — R. B. Simpson, J. D. Yowell, John E. 
 
 Douglas. 
 Monroe Magisterial District, — Thomas J. Chapman, John D. Early, J. H. AVil- 
 
 liams.
 
 12 REGIS I'KATION HoAKDS 
 
 GREENESVILLE COUNTY. 
 
 Belfield Magisterial District,— R. H. Short, Henry Maclin, J. E. Everet. 
 Hicksford Magisterial District, — J. H. Robinson, J. J. Garner, J. F. Powell 
 Zion Magisterial District.— Harry Taylor, J. H. Lifsey, Ernest Lashly. 
 
 HALIFAX COUNTY. 
 
 Banister Magisterial District, — S. J. Slate, J. M. Carrington, W. Holt Ed- 
 munds. 
 
 Meadsville Magisterial District. — Armstead Barksdale, Jr., J. Carter Glass, T. 
 E. Dickerson. 
 
 Mt. Carmel Magisterial District.— A. E. Wilkins, A. A. Owen, J. H. Brandon. 
 
 Red Bank Magisterial District,— vV. W. Tuck, John T. Torian, R. A. Singleton. 
 
 Birch Creek Magisterial District,— C. D. Barksdale, E. B. Wlmbish, S. T. A. 
 Kent. 
 
 Roanoke Magisterial District,— C. A. Gregory, Howell C. Lacy, Tucker C. 
 Watkins. 
 
 Staunton Magisterial District.— John W. Cousins, E. Y. Wimbish, T. F. De- 
 Jarnette. 
 
 Black Walnut Magisterial District,— W. C. Slate, G. T. Crowder, C. M. Jordon. 
 
 HANOVER COUNTY. 
 
 Beaver Dam Magisterial District, — William D. Wickham, John Campbell, H. 
 
 C. Redd. 
 Ashland Magisterial Dlsirict,- M. P. Howard, W. C. Taylor, H. L. Quarles. 
 Henry Magisterial District,— F. H. Holladay, Thomas R. Puller, F. S. Beale. 
 
 HENRICO COUNTY. 
 
 Varina Magisterial District, — John A. Archer, A. L. Cornwell, Thomas Guy. 
 Tuckahoe Magisterial District, — H. B. Haley, L. P. Michaels, John T. Nuckols. 
 Fairfield Magisterial District, — Thomas J. Carter, W. T. Crawford, Hugh D. 
 
 Smith. 
 Brookland Magisterial District, — Marshal! F. Burton, Harvie D. Goddin. J. W. 
 
 Penick. 
 
 HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 Martinsville Magisterial District,— C. B. Bryant, H. W. Jamerson, W. H. Hairs- 
 ton. 
 
 Ridgeway Magisterial District.— J. B. C. Ambrose, L. A. Starling, A. B. Poin- 
 dexter. 
 
 Horse Pasture Magisterial District,— W. B. Clark, S. W. Marshall, D. M. Fry. 
 
 Leatherwood Magisterial District, — T. G. Minter, J. M. Eanes, M. E. Minter. 
 
 Reed Creek Magisterial District, — Thomas R. Winn, George W. Davis, Sr., 
 John W. Miles. 
 
 Irisburg Magisterial District,— H. M. Land, D. F. Dunlop, W. G. Gravely. 
 
 HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Stonewall Magisterial District,— John 0. Armstrong. W. R. Siren, H. T. 
 
 Bradshaw. 
 Monterey Magisterial District,— S. B. Seig, John A. Whitelaw, Don. Sullen- 
 
 berger. 
 Blue Grass Magisterial District,— John K. Kramer, E. W. Armstrong, Samuel 
 
 A. Gilmore.
 
 RE<;iSTRATIOX J50ARDS 13 
 
 ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY. 
 
 Windsor Magisterial District, — R. B. Wliite, Jaclv Saunders, C. F. Joyner. 
 Newport Magisterial District. — J. E. V>liite, Jolin V/. Gray, George H. Parlier. 
 Hardy Magisterial District, — Turner S. Reynolds, W. D. Gwaltney, William E. 
 Howie. 
 
 JAMES CITY COUNTY. 
 
 Jamestown Magisterial District. — Jacob Vaiden, William Lee, B. S. Scott, Jr. 
 Stonehouse Magisterial District, — R. E. Taylor. D. W. Marston, George W. 
 
 Bacon. 
 Powhatan Magisterial District, — H. W. Wynne, Joseph Bush, F. C. Stewart. 
 
 KING GEORGE COUNTY. 
 
 Rappahannock Magisterial District, — H. Potts, Henry Hunter, Allen Smith. 
 Potomac Magisterial District, — H. T. Garnett, R. W. Coakley, Dangerfield 
 
 Ashton. 
 Shiloh Magisterial District, i/oJ- G. Taliaferro, C. H. Parks, Alexander Pratt. 
 
 KING AND QUEEN COUNTY. 
 
 Newton Magisterial District,— R. D. Bates, J. R. Fleet, W. S. Hill. 
 Stevensville Magisterial District,— I. F. Drain, R. D. Allen, A. H. Eubank. 
 Buena Vista Magisterial District,— Llewellyn Courtney, H, W. Bland, J. R. F. 
 Vaughan. 
 
 KING WILLIAM COUNTY. 
 
 West Point Magisterial District, — Henry Ccrr. I. H. Richards, I. B. Green. 
 Acquinton Magisterial District, — William Edwards, John H. Haw, A. B. Willis. 
 Mangohick Magisterial District, — Joseph H. Gwathmey, M. D. Sizer, John R. 
 Redd. 
 
 LANCASTER COUNTY, 
 
 White Stone Magisterial District,— Joseph B. Cralle, William M. Kirk. Frank 
 
 G. Newbill. 
 Mantua Magisterial District.— William J. Barker, Herbert P. Hall, Robert 0. 
 
 Norris, Jr. 
 White Chapel Magisterial District, — William H. Jesse, James P. Saunders, 
 
 William A. Saunders. 
 
 LEE COUNl Y. 
 
 Rose Hill Magisterial District,— James H. Humphreys, T. S. Suavely. John P 
 
 Speak. 
 White Shoals Magisterial District, — John F. Headen, Josephus Grabeel, Jame- 
 
 B. Smith, 
 Jonesville Magisterial District.— C. P. Brown, J. P. Albert, Charles J. Robi- 
 
 nett. 
 Rocky Station Magisterial District.— James M. Durham, A. K. McClure, James 
 
 B. Kirk. 
 Y'okum Station Magisterial District.— J. B. Wolfe, J. K. P. Barron. James 
 
 Smith.
 
 14 KKGISTl^ATION IJOAKDS 
 
 LOUDOUN COUNTY. 
 
 Broad Run Magisterial District,— W. L. Ferguson, Converse Bridges, J. W. 
 
 Johnson. 
 Jefferson Magisterial District,— F. J. Beans, J. O. Potts, G. G. Gregg. 
 Mount Gilead Magisterial District,— W. A. McFarland, J. R. Marshall, J. B. 
 
 Vansickler. 
 Mercer Magisterial District,— W. R. Keelen, John D. Moore, Henry Saffle. 
 Lovettsville Magisterial District,— H. T. Potterfield, C. W. Everhart, Hampton 
 
 Virts. 
 Leesburg Magisterial District,— C. F. Daily, J. E. Kidwell, William Gaines. 
 
 LOUISA COUNTY. 
 
 Green Springs Magisterial District, — William McComb, William Overton, J. 
 W. Flanagan. 
 
 Louisa Courthouse Magisterial District, — N. T. Garth, Romulus Poore, Freds- 
 rick Kean. 
 
 Cuckoo Magisterial District, — William Kean. Robert N. Harris, T. E, Beck- 
 ham. 
 
 Jackson Magisterial District, — R. A. Trice, Anthony Goodwin, George F. 
 Harrison. 
 
 LUNENBURG COUNTY. 
 
 Loch Leven Magisterial District, — Wellington Featherston, S. J. Hite, Walter 
 
 Neblett. 
 Columbian Grove Magisterial District. — R. Lee Thomas, W. H. Hawthorne, 
 
 S. H. Love. 
 Brown's Store Magisterial District, — Theodore Orgain, Garland Bailey, L. J. 
 
 Hamlin. 
 Lewiston Magisterial District, — J. T. Waddill, Lula Gee, Austin Fowlkes. 
 Rehoboth Magisterial District. — W. A. Bigger, S. A. Harding, E. J. Gregory. 
 Pleasant Grove Magisterial District, — W. N. Love, W. Y. Fowlkes, J. A. 
 
 Shackleton. 
 
 MADISON COUNTY. 
 
 Robertson Magisterial District, — Charles O. Simms. J. N. Clore, J. L. Fray. 
 Rapidan Magisterial District.— C. E. Kite, John W. Price, W. L. Payne. 
 Locust Dale Magisterial District.— Lester Hill, C. D. Twyman, John B. Graves. 
 
 MATHEWS COUNTY. 
 
 Chesapeake Magisterial District,— F. W. Jarvis, J. A. Weston. Alexander 
 
 James. 
 Westville Magisterial District,— John J. Burke, R. L. McCready, B. M. Diggs. 
 Piankitank Magisterial District,— Stephen Adams, Charles S. Williams, Frank 
 R. Landon. 
 
 MECKLENBURG COUNTY. 
 
 Boydton Magisterial District,— James L. Toon, H. L. Turpin, R. R. Jeffreys. 
 Blue Stone Magisterial District,— M. Garnette Russell, T. Y. Allen, Henry A. 
 Walker.
 
 REGISTRATION BOARDS 15 
 
 Chase City Magisterial District, — Lucius Gregory, J. Jordan Mason, T. E. 
 
 Roberts. 
 Buckhorn Magisterial District, — H. L. Petty, S. B. Johnson, James P. Reekes. 
 South Hill Magisterial District,— John E. Mathews, Roliert J. Northington. 
 
 B. B. Smith. 
 Flat Creek Magisterial District,~V. Andrew Elam, W. R. Baskervill, Richard 
 
 A. Elam. 
 
 Palmer's Springs Magisterial District, — S. L. Graham, E. I^. Haskins, George 
 
 L. Hayes. 
 Clarksville Magisterial District,— Lewis B. Gillilland, Jr., R. W. Elam, J. O. 
 
 Rainey. 
 
 MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 
 
 Jamaica Magisterial District, — W. E. Kain. George R. Northam, Burke Rich- 
 ardson. 
 Saluda Magisterial District, — John R. Ferneyhough, Herbert L. Smither, R. 
 
 B. Segar. 
 
 Pine Top Magisterial District — E. W. Bristow, F. E. Topping, James Grennels. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Alleghany Magisterial District,— E. H. Taylor, Edward D. Colhoun, D. C. Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 Auburn Magisterial District, — P. H. Kinser, Warren L. Carper, John Sarles. 
 
 Blacksburg Magisterial District, — Byrd Anderson, J. R. K. Cowan, Howe 
 Brown. 
 
 Cbristiansburg Magisterial District, — Jesse A. Miller, R. D. M. Charlton, G. W. 
 Fagg. 
 
 NANSEMOND COUNTY. 
 
 Sleepy Hole Magisterial District, — James Arthur, John S. Bond, Reginald 
 Wright. 
 
 Chuckatuck Magisterial District, — James P. Rives, C. F. Pinner. A. W. Bal- 
 lard. 
 
 Holy Neck Magisterial District,— E. B. Britt, J. K. P. Daugbtrey, John F. 
 Rawls. 
 
 Cypress Magisterial District, — M. F. Lloyd, A. C. Milteer, Fairlee Brinkly. 
 
 NELSON COUNTY. 
 
 Lovingston Magisterial District, — John L. Snead, T. B. M. Perkins, Coleman 
 
 J. Cabell. 
 Massie's Mill Magisterial District, — George W. Whitehead, John I. Loving, 
 
 William H. Hight. 
 Rockfish Magisterial District,— Hudson Martin, T. L. Kent, Jr., W. N. West. 
 
 NEW KENT COUNTY. 
 
 Black Creek Magisterial District,— R. W. Hollins, J. R. Dobson, Gregory W. 
 Fisher. 
 
 St. Peter's Magisterial District, — J. P. Smith ie, George Sweet, George Mount- 
 castle.
 
 IQ REGISTRATION BOARDS 
 
 Cumberland Magisterial District— R. D. Cook, Norwood Apperson. H. C. Tay- 
 lor. 
 Ware Creek Magisterial District,— Sylvanus Goddin, Robert Boswell, William 
 
 F. Martin. 
 
 NORFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 Washington Magisterial District,— M. C. Keeling, J. P. Jackson, Edmund 
 
 Christian. 
 Butt's Road Magisterial District,— George S. Fentress, W. B. Keeling, L. F. 
 
 Cason. 
 Pleasant Grove Magisterial District,— John T. V/est, W. C. Wood, H. W. West. 
 Deep Creek Magisterial District,— S. W. Gary, 'John G. McCoy, W. W. Harris. 
 Western Branch Magisterial District.— George Lindsay, J. W. Bidgood. C. W. 
 
 Coleman. 
 Tanner^j; Creek Magisterial Discrict,— E. W. Savage, J. F. Coleman. Edward 
 
 Holland. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 
 
 Franktown Magisterial District,— J. Alma Smith, George H. Thomas, Thomas 
 T. Upshur. 
 
 Eastville Magisterial District,— G. Frederick Floyd, Philip A. Fitzhugh, Ben- 
 jamin Thomas. 
 
 Capeville Magisterial District.— George B. Taylor, William D. Williams, Jesse 
 S. Nottingham. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Lottsburg Magisterial District.— Giles F. Eubank, Slater Cowart. Charles U. 
 Warner. 
 
 Heathsville Magisterial District,— J. A. Rice, W. D. Cockrell, Samuel E. Head- 
 ley. 
 
 Fairfields Magisterial District,— J. W. Tankard. Morean Blackw^ell, A. F. Rice. 
 
 Wicomico Magisterial District,— Edgar Blackwell, Warner Hurst, Oscar Kent. 
 
 NOTTOWAY COUNTY. 
 
 Bellefonte Magisterial District,— Richard Belville, B. E. Cobb, Irby Moncure. 
 Blendon Magisterial District.— John B. Tuggle, Thornton Jeffress, C. D. Epes. 
 Winningham Magisterial District,— W. T. Warriner, E. F. Lockett, D. P. Mc 
 
 Cormick. 
 Haytokah Magisterial District,— W. H. Jeffress, J. L. Vaughan, William B. 
 
 Green. 
 
 ORANGE COUNTY. 
 
 Barbour Magisterial District, — Bennett Bledsoe, George E. Head, E. R. Rohr, 
 Madison Magisterial District,— W. O. Blakey, R. D. Browning. E. C. Cook. 
 Taylor Magisterial District.— P. L. Jackson. G. E. Waugh, James Duncan. 
 Gordon Magisterial District.— P. M. Gibbs, Lindsay Almond, T. B. Morris. 
 
 PAGE COUNTY. 
 
 Shenandoah Iron Works Magisterial District. — Thomas M. Keyser. George A. 
 Keyser, Isaac Shuler.
 
 REGISTRATIOK BOARDS 17 
 
 Marksville Magisterial District, — Thomas J. Graves, .John H. Cave, J. W. 
 
 Long. 
 Luray Magisterial District, — R. C. Bragonier, N. B. SiniUi, John A. Ellis. 
 Springfield Magisterial District,— W. H. Griffith, L. C. Kibler, George \V. 
 
 Keyser. 
 
 PATRICK COUNTY. 
 
 Mayo River Magisterial District, — R. L. Joyce, J. R. Roaz, John P. Tatum. 
 Dan River Magisterial District,— R. H. Diinkley, D. G. Smith, S. G. Dobyns. 
 Smith's River Magisterial District, — A. C. Turner, William P. Thompson, J. 
 F. Reynolds. 
 
 PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY. 
 
 Banister River Magisterial District, — H. P. Ferguson, Samuel F. Brown, 
 
 Samuel R. Stone. 
 Callands Magisterial District, — James M. Francis, H. E. Clements, M. A. Par- 
 
 rish. 
 Chatham Magisterial District, — J. Lawson Carter, James A. Davis, Henry C. 
 
 Allen. 
 Dan River Magisterial District, — Jesse I. White, Edward Williams, R. L. Dod- 
 
 son. 
 Pigg River Magisterial District, — A. C. Owen, C. Q. Edwards, W. Tazewell 
 
 Jefferson. 
 Staunton River Magisterial District, — H. Clay Harvie, Samuel L. Smith. John 
 
 D. Glenn. 
 Tunstall Magisterial District, — Samuel H. Boyd, B. F. Garrett, Thomas J. 
 
 Robertson. 
 
 POWHATAN COUNTY. 
 
 Hugenot Magisterial District, — William A. Winfree, David E. Harris, S. Lee 
 
 Dance. 
 Spencer Magisterial District, — Enders AVord, James Polk Simpson, R. R. Lee. 
 Macon Magisterial District, — George S. Hurt, James P. Steger, Joseph Hobson. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY. 
 
 Hampden Magisterial District, — R. E. Stokes, Samuel Lacy, George W. Redd. 
 Lockett Magisterial District. — B. H. Ligon, W. L. Clark, E. T. Bondurant. 
 Farmville Magisterial District, — A. R. Venable, Jr., W. H. Richardson, Peter 
 
 Winston. 
 Leigh Magisterial District, — J. J. Gilliam, W. S. Dance, L. D. Jones. 
 Buffalo Magisterial District,— J. P. Glenn, Charles A. Morton, W. B. Binford. 
 
 PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY. 
 
 Templeton Magisterial District,— C. N. Lee, Thomas Temple, J. H. Hatch. Jr. 
 Rives Magisterial District. — R. T. Reese, W. H. C. Spicer, Frank B. McCann. 
 Blackwater Magisterial District, — T. A. Brown, F. A. Epps, J. C. Fenn. 
 Bland Magisterial District, — George J. Boisseau, J. F. James, Thomas A. Munt. 
 Brandon Magisterial District, — Mann Page, George T. Darricott, N. H. Burrow.
 
 18 REGISTRATION BOARPS 
 
 PRINCESS ANNE COUNTY. 
 
 Kempsville Magisterial District,— T. H. Hoggard, Walter H. Smith, Grandy i^. 
 
 Jackson. 
 Seaboard Magisterial District,— C. T. Chaplain, W. T. Braithwaite, A. Sawyer 
 
 Woodhouse. 
 Pungo Magisterial District,— W. J. Craft, .1. .J. Whitehurst, E. T. Humphries. 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY. 
 
 Dumfries Magisterial District,— J. F. Wheat, E. G. W. Keys, D. C. Alexander. 
 Occoquan Magisterial District,— John S. Powell, E. P. Davis, W. B. Glascock. 
 Coles Magisterial District, — Samuel R. Lowe, Jr., John S. Storke, George M. 
 
 Goodwin. 
 Brentsville Magisterial District, — D. P. Edmonds, J. P. Manuel, John A. 
 
 Brawner. 
 Manassas Magisterial District, — William N. Lipscomb, David J. Arrington, 
 
 William M. Wheeler. 
 Gainesville Magisterial District, — George G. Galleher, A. H. Johnson, William 
 
 H. Brown. 
 
 PULASKI COUNTY. 
 
 Pulaski Magisterial District.— J. B. Caddall, C. B. Tate, J. D. Askew. 
 Newbern Magisterial District, — J. R. Micou, J. A. Pratt, D. M. Painter. 
 Dublin Magisterial District, — W. W. Hawkins, W. H. Ricketts, W. A. Chum- 
 
 bley. 
 Hiawassie Magisterial District, — F. I. Smith, Robert Vaughn, A. M. Graham. 
 
 RAPPAHANNOCK COUNTY. 
 
 Wakefield Magisterial District, — Judson Browning. C. C. Eastham, Robert H. 
 
 Ricketts. 
 Jackson Magisterial District, — J. J. Silvey, John Hunton Wood, M. Ritenour. 
 Hampton Magisterial District, — J. B. Wood, B. R. Miller, Charles Green. 
 Piedmont Magisterial District, — James H. Fletcher, Carroll Menefee, P. H. 
 
 O'Bannon. 
 Hawthorne Magisterial District. — Robert Vanhorn. J. J. Miller, John Coats. 
 Stonewall Magisterial District, — Charles Browning. J. G. Brown, G. B. Mason. 
 
 RICHMOND COUNTY. 
 
 Stonewall Magisterial District,— A. A. Taliaferro, G. W. Balderson, T. D. 
 
 Marks. 
 Marshall Magisterial District, — G. M. Sydnor. J. F. Garland, W. Y. Morgan. 
 Washington Magisterial District,— P. Y. Barber, B. B. Griffith, W. A. Bryant. 
 Farnham Magisterial District, — J. L. Motley, R. C. Lumpkin, W. H. Rice. 
 
 ROANOKE COUNTY. 
 
 Big Lick Magisterial District.— W. G. Wood, G. W. Gish, M. L. Fellers. 
 Catawba Magisterial District,— N. D. Barnett, E. C. Thomas, D. H. Shelor.
 
 rp:gistration boards 19 
 
 Cave Spring Magisterial District, — J. Coles Terry, L. L. Greenwood, John 
 
 Persinger. 
 Salem Magisterial District, — 0. 1^. Stearns, A. O. Brown, H. B. Pleasants. 
 
 ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. 
 
 South River Magisterial District,— W. T. Moore, C. J. Bell, .J. H. McCormick. 
 Lexington Magisterial District,— S. B. Walker, G. A. Jones, \V. T. Tolley. 
 Kerr's Creek Magisterial District, — Daniel Teaford, Charles Lindsay, D. H. 
 
 Hart. 
 Buffalo Magisterial District,— J. W. Saville, A. H. Wilson, J. A. Wilkinson. 
 Natural Bridge Magisterial District, — J. W. Burger, J. H. Overton, W. A. 
 
 Mohler. 
 Walker's Creek Magisterial District, — J. B. Wood, Ham Wade, J. F. Deacon. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM COUNTY. 
 
 Ashby Magisterial District, — Peter C. Tutweiler, Joseph F. Craun, Joseph G. 
 
 Meyers. 
 Linville Magisterial District, — Joseph L. Humbert. David Wenger, David M 
 
 Hollar. 
 Plains Magisterial District, — John W. Harrison, Charles E. Fahrney, Charles 
 
 S. Wunder. 
 Stonewall Magisterial District, — John W. Blackburn, Joseph A. Hammen, S. 
 
 M. Yancey. 
 Central Magisterial District, — J. W. Sheets, George R. Eastham, George G. 
 
 Herring. 
 
 RUSSELL COUNTY. 
 
 Lebanon Magisterial District, — J. J. Gilmer, A. F. Hurt, W. H. Fuller. 
 
 Elk Garden Magisterial District.— H. W. Martin, Sylvester Albert, Charles W. 
 Belcher. 
 
 New Garden Magisterial District, — Boston Steele, Thomas P. Robinson, M. 
 H. Burnett. 
 
 Cleveland Magisterial District, — J. S. Tate, Richard D. Smith, Lilburn Fin- 
 ney. 
 
 Castlewood's Magisterial District, — John T. Candler, Robert Cooper, W. C. 
 Grigsby. 
 
 Copper Creek Magisterial District, — E. M. Ireson, Joseph W. Bostick, Henry 
 Steele. 
 
 Moccasin Magisterial District, — John Hanson, Cline Tate, Edward Kitchen. 
 
 SCOTT COUNTY. 
 
 Estillville Magisterial District, — Ezra Carter, J. L. Shelton. John M. Jennings. 
 
 Fulkerson Magisterial District, — George W. Latture. J. H. Hylton, Joel Shelly. 
 
 Johnson Magisterial District, — James H. Shoemaker, John F. McCounell, 
 Charles V/. Bond. 
 
 Floyd Magisterial District, — Patrick Hagan, Jr., Floyd Osborn, B. T. Culber- 
 son.
 
 20 REGISTRATION BOARDS 
 
 Dekalb Magisterial District.— James M. Harris, W. P. Ramey, W. B. Franklin. 
 Taylor Magisterial District,— S. L. Cox, Rufus Kilgore, J. F. Richmond. 
 Powell Magisterial District,- C. C. Johnson, C. C. Palmer, Roten Hurst. 
 
 SHENANDOAH COUNTY. 
 
 Lee Magisterial District,— G. A. Guard, B. F. Garber, D. Saylor Neff. 
 Madison Magisterial District,— E. T. Smith, A. B. Clinedinst, J. W. Hollar. 
 Johnson Magisterial District,— J. A. Dysart, William Keller, Charles M. Golla- 
 
 day. 
 Ashby Magisterial District.— Joseph H. Ruby, J. G. Neff, Ira Brinker. 
 Stonewall Magisterial District,— George W. Miley, Martin F. Snarr, D. F. 
 
 Spiker. 
 Davis Magisterial District,— William Green, George H. Snarr, J. W. Eberly. 
 
 SMYTH COUNTY. 
 
 Marion Magisterial District,— Henry B. Haller, John T. Fry, James A. Grose- 
 close. 
 
 Rich Valley Magisterial District,— J. D. Buchanan, Joseph Roberts, George 
 P. Phipps. 
 
 St. Clair Magisterial District,— T. K. McKee, Robert C. Williams, Albert P. 
 Killinger. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY. 
 
 Boykin's Magisterial District,— W. P. Gillette, W. J. Gillette, E. C. Majette. 
 Newsom's Magisterial District, — James R. Darden, George W. Prince, C. F. 
 
 Whitfield. 
 Dreyryville Magisterial District, — R. N. Musgrove, R. H. Crichton, J. Gillette 
 
 Claud. 
 Franklin Magisterial District, — W. H. Arthur, R. B. Bryant, A. M. Brownly. 
 Jerusalem Magisterial District, — R. B. Joyner, J. L. Cobb, John N. Sebrell, Sr. 
 Berlin and Ivor Magisterial District, — W. W. White, A. M. Atkins, J. C. Davis. 
 
 SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY. 
 
 Courtland Magisterial District, — S. G. Howison, G. W. Clarke, John J. Brooks. 
 Chancellor Magisterial District, — L. M. Estes, E. H. C. Bailey, J. B. Trigg. 
 Livingston Magisterial District, — E. W. Smith, M. F. Waite, R. L. Biscoe. 
 Berkley Magisterial District, — L. G. Maddox, C. Richelieu Coleman, L. P. 
 Chewning. 
 
 STAFFORD COUNTY. 
 
 Hartwood Magisterial District, — J. M. Hull, C. J. Chartters, Andrew Briggs. 
 Rock Hill Magisterial District, — Eddy L. Stern, Thompson S. Briggs, Nelson 
 
 T. Shacklett. 
 Aquia Magisterial District, — James Ashby, Robert E. Duvall, Jack F. Clift. 
 Falmouth Magisterial District, — D. M. Lee, C. F. Towson, Jack L. Gouldin.
 
 REGISTRATION ROARDS 21 
 
 SURRY COUNTY. 
 
 Blackwater Magisterial District,— S. B. Barham, Jr., G. F. Maynard, J. E. 
 
 Rogers. 
 Guilford Magisterial J:)istrict,— J. \V. Rodgers, Jesse B. Riggan, J. O. Fitchett. 
 Cohbam Magisterial District,— G. A. Savedge, \V. Z. Holland, J. R. Barham. 
 
 SUSSEX COUNTY. 
 
 Courthouse Magisterial District, — W. T. Freeman, Wynn Crawford, Philip 
 
 Rogers. 
 Eenry Magisterial District,- W. H. Moore, J. H. Conway, J. T. Barker. 
 Newville Magisterial District, — E. T. Birdsong, R. H. Stevenson, L. J. Wrenn, 
 Stony Creek Magisterial District,— W. T. Saunders, F. E. Poole, G. R. Bobbitt. 
 Wakefield Magisterial District,— D. A. Marks, R. L. Faison, M. H. West. 
 Waverly Magisterial District,— A. E. Kitchen, J. P. Lilly, W. T. Harvel!. 
 
 TAZEWELL COUNTY. 
 
 Clear Fork Magisterial District, — E. King Crockett, George H. Zimmerman, 
 
 J. L. Baber. 
 Jeffersonville Magisterial District,— J. H. Lewis, J. H. Whitley, J. Ed. Peery. 
 Maiden Spring Magisterial District, — S. J. Thompson, E. B. Scott, W. P. Payne. 
 
 WARREN COUNTY. 
 
 South River Magisterial District, — William Robinson, L. H. Fristoe, L. F. 
 
 Updyke. • 
 Front Royal Magisterial District, — L F. Beaty, John Peyton, C. M. Anderson. 
 Fork Magisterial District, — W. A. Baker, Charles Rogers, J. K. Putnam. 
 Cedarville Magisterial District, — Robert McKay, James W. Templeman, T. 
 
 Hauey. 
 
 WARWICK COUNTY. 
 
 Stanley Magisterial District,— J. H. Clements, W. P. Chapman, E. C. Crafford. 
 Denbigh Magisterial District, — J. Toomer Garrow, W. H. Curtis, James C. 
 
 Williamson. 
 Newport Magisterial District, — A. Haughton, A. J. Jones, T. A. Sinclair. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 Abingdon Magisterial District, — T. S. Hamilton, J. S. Gray, E. A. Dunbar. 
 Goodson Magisterial District,— C. F, Keller, W. R. Stockton, J. W. Riddle. 
 Holston Magisterial District, — W. R. Preston, W. J. Snodgrass, T. J. Edmond- 
 
 son. 
 Glade Spring Magisterial District, — Alexander Stuart, George Huff, Wesley 
 
 Burhman. 
 Saltville Magisterial District,— R. G. Buchanan, M. W. Litton, E. K. McConnell. 
 North Fork Magisterial District,— William E. Roberts, E. H. Lee, W. R. 
 
 Mongle. 
 Kinderhook Magisterial District,— J. T. Martin, J. H. Johnson, J. W. Kaylor.
 
 22 REGISTRATION BOARDS 
 
 WESTMORELAND COUNTY. 
 
 Washington Magisterial District,— W. C. Minor, James R. Fones, H. J. Horner. 
 Montross Magisterial District,— W. C. England, J. W. Hutt, Jr., E. F. Porter. 
 Cople Magisterial District,— W. W. Walker, George Vansant, B. F. Brown. 
 
 WISE COUNTY. 
 
 Richmond Magisterial District,— J. W. Kelly, A. M. Lea, R. T. Irvine. 
 Lipps Magisterial District,— J. D. Clay, W. A. Carrico, C. J. Edwards. 
 'Roberson Magisterial District. — Troy Peak, Henry Adams, Thomas C. Alley. 
 Gladeville Magisterial District,— J. J. Kelly, Jr., A. N. Kilgore, W. H. Bond. 
 
 WYTHE COUNTY. 
 
 Ft. Chiswell Magisterial District, — W. Dick Sanders, J. E. Simmerman, F. M. 
 
 Tate. 
 Lead Mines Magisterial District, — Tom Blair, John H. Huddle, J. T. Brooks. 
 Speedwell Magisterial District, — George A. Lambert, Samuel C. Landreth, 
 
 Eugene Kyle. 
 Black Lick Magisterial District, — John L. Brown, William M. Coley, M. G. 
 
 Porter. 
 Wytheville Magisterial District, — William Terry, V. H. Gibboney, J. S. Lawson. 
 
 YORK COUNTY. 
 
 Bruton Magisterial District, — D. R. Norment, William B. Schneck, C. H. Post. 
 Nelson Magisterial District,— C. H. Sheild. W. M. Crooks, J. W. Rogers. 
 Grafton Magisterial District. — J. J. Nottingham, J. E. Crockett, Arthur B. 
 
 White. 
 Poquoson Magisterial District, — W. J. Stores, Walter Evans, John G. Wornom. 
 
 CITY OF ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 1st Ward, — Edgar Snowden, Peter Aitcheson, O. C. Phillips. 
 2nd Ward, — Henry Strauss, George E. Price, C. M. Schwab. 
 3rd Ward,— Charles B. Marshall, George W. Bontz, B. F. Penn. 
 4th Ward,— C. J. W. Summers, William E. Fendall, Champ Walker. 
 
 CITY OF BRISTOL. 
 
 J. N. Johnson. S. H. Rogers, George W. Wolfe. 
 
 CITY OF BUENA VISTA. 
 
 1st Ward.— G. W. Leckie, W. P. Lee, W. T. Paxton. 
 2nd Ward,— Hugh A. White, S. P. Gibson, T. L. Brown. 
 
 CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE. 
 
 1st Ward,— E. O. McCue, J. E. Early, A. V. Conway. 
 2nd W^rd,— F. M. Wills, B. Letterman, H. Spangler.
 
 REGISTKATrON I'.OARns 23 
 
 3rd Ward, — J. B. Norris, E. L. Jarman, Grafton D. Payne. 
 
 4th Ward, — C. G. Sinclair, Roy K. Flannagan, Thomas S. Jones. 
 
 CITY OF DANVILLE. 
 
 1st Ward, — William Ayres, Jr., Garland S. Wooding. Thomas Hamlin. 
 2nd Ward,— A. W. Douthat, C. H. Richmond, W. W. Claris. 
 3rd Ward,— J. B. Fuller, A. C. Edmunds. John G. Lea. 
 4th Ward,— B. H. Custer, W. D. Cook, M. F. Dove. 
 
 CITY OF FREDERICKSBURG. 
 
 Upper Ward, — E. D. Cole, S. E. Eastburn, J. J. Berrey. 
 Lower Ward, — A. W. Embrey, Henry Dannehl, J. Wilmore Cox. 
 
 CITY OF LYNCHBURG. 
 
 1st Ward, — Leon Goodman, G. P. Watkins, H. A. Southall. 
 2nd Ward, — Fred. Harper, S. Garland Hamner, J. A. Scott. 
 3rd Ward,— C. A. Colhoun, A. B. Percy, H. D. Johnson. 
 
 CITY OF MANCHESTER. 
 
 1st Ward,— C. V. Green, J. H. Busby, Carter C. Jones. 
 2nd Ward,— J. R. Perdue, Jr., L. M. Nunnally, A. G. Evans. 
 3rd Ward.— F. S. Robertson, J. L. Owens, M. A. Rightsell. 
 4th Ward,— B. M. Robertson, W. L. Porter. W. T. Davidson. 
 
 CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS. 
 
 1st Ward,— A. A. Langhorne, S. W. Holt, P. J. Mugler. 
 
 2nd Ward, — Harry Howard, John Stigler, Samuel Boyd. 
 
 3rd Ward,— R. J. Charles, A. J. Moore. S. C. Garrow. 
 
 4th Ward,— L. R. Timberlake, George H. Adams, W. P. Wash. 
 
 5th Ward,— T. F. Stearnes, J. T. Marston, J. W. Phillips. 
 
 6th Ward,— C. D. West, Grant Colvin, R. T. Styll. 
 
 7th Ward,— George W. Burcher, W. A. Post, William Haley. 
 
 CITY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 1st Ward, — A. M. Higgins, H. N. Poulson, J. A. Baecher. 
 
 2nd Ward,— Barton Myers, A. J. Dalton, Willoughby T. Cooke. 
 
 3rd Ward, — Walter H. Taylor (son of Richard), James E. Heath, Jr., Robert 
 
 S. Broughton. 
 4th Ward. — James T. Holland, James G. Brownley, Charles C. Grant. 
 5th Ward, — N. C. Pamplin, A. M. Cousins, James L. Winston. 
 C)th Ward,— Robert W. Tomlin. Victor Parks, W. Leigh Williams. 
 7th Ward,— P. C. Stanworth. J. T. Deal, Ira T. Holt. 
 
 CITY OF PETERSBURG. 
 
 1st Ward,— J. W. Wells, J. M. Saunders, F. S. Myers. 
 2nd Ward,— J. J. Birchett, J. W. Friend, N. E. Wicker.
 
 ^4 REGISTRATION BOARDS 
 
 3rcl Ward,— A. R. Moody, Samuel Gentry, W. D. Spratley. 
 4th Ward,— C. P. Coldwell, R. G. Bass, R. L. Claytor. 
 5th Ward,— James A. Collier, R. W. Ford, Thomas B. Ivey. 
 6th Ward,— W. E. Meredith, B. D. Akers, D. C. Duane. 
 
 CITY OF PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 1st Ward.— Antonio L. Bilisoly, W. Clark Moore, Charles R. Welton. 
 2nd Ward,— Thomas J. Barlow, Calder S. Sherwood, Frank L. Crocker. 
 3rd Ward,— Charles H. Morris, James N. Peed, John C. Parkerson. 
 4th Ward,— John T. King, Joseph P. M. Joyce, L. H. Davis. 
 .5th Ward,— L. M, Palmer, Charles W. Johnson, George R. Trant. 
 
 CITY OF RADFORD. 
 
 West Ward,— Charlie Ross, G. C. Wharton, W. A. Wilson. 
 East Ward,— H. C. Preston, R. J. Noell, J. F. Baldwin. 
 
 CITY OF RICHMOND. 
 
 Marshall Ward,— R. T. Lacy, W. M. Williams, James A. Black. 
 Jefferson Ward,— Henry M. Tyler, Thomas W. Joseph, George E. Bowden. 
 Madison Ward,— A. S. Lanier, Robert Lee Traylor, Thomas W. Walsh. 
 Monroe Ward.— B. Rand. Wellford, B. R. Selden, W. T. Walker. 
 Lee Ward, — Roscoe C. Nelson, R. T. Davis, W. J. Kimbrough. 
 Clay Ward, — Ernest M. Long, Robert B. Pettis, John R. Hooper. 
 Jackson Ward, — J. H. Bradley, John A. Haley, John McEneany. 
 
 CITY OF ROANOKE. 
 
 1st Ward,— Oscar D. Derr, C. W. Beckner, J. A. Fishburn. 
 2nd Ward,— J. H. Earman, B. Rust, A. M. Nelson. 
 3rd Ward,— E. J. McDonald, W. E. Thomas, Patrick Foy. 
 4th Ward,— Junius McGhee, J. B. Ambroselli, H. D. Colley. 
 .5th Ward,— M. P. Scott, S. W. Farrar, J. A. Page. 
 
 CITY OF STAUNTON. 
 
 1st Ward, — J. A. Hutcheson, W. B. McChesney, R. E. R. Nelson. 
 2nd Ward, — John M. Carroll, George W. Blackley, Dennis Brown. 
 
 CITY OF WILLIAMSBURG. 
 
 L. W. Lane, Jr.. C. B. Trevillian, W. C. Johnson. 
 
 CITY OF WINCHESTER. 
 
 1st Ward, — J. M. Haymaker, Adam Forney, J. W. Taylor. 
 2nd Ward, — Julian F. Ward, J. Brad. Beverly, Harry Wood. 
 3rd Ward,— W. W. Wall, Charles Fitzpatrick, Ross Barr. 
 4th Ward,— W. P. McGuire, T. M. Barr, Joseph Kiger.
 
 AX ORDINANCE. 
 
 ^\ii Ordinance t<i l'rcM'i'\(' and ('outiniu" llic ( 'liai'tcrs .li' ( 'or- 
 ])()rations CliartcrcMl !>_v the. (jeneral AsscniMv of N'iriiiuia un- 
 til after the Oruanization of the (Njrporation ( 'oniniission, 
 in Cases in which such Cliaiters niay otherwise Kxjjire or l)e 
 Forfeited. 
 
 Be it ordained hy the delegates of the })eo])h' of \'iriiinia, in 
 convention a&&end)k'd, that: 
 
 Sec. 1. All charters li(n-etofore granted by s])ecial acts of 
 the General Assembly of tliis State, wliicli 1)y tlieir ])rovisions 
 may expire, or wliicli may be forfeited for any non-i)erformance 
 of _any requireinent tlierein, Ix'tween the iirst (hiy of ]\Iay, nine- 
 teen hnndred and tv.'o, and the first day of May, nineteen hun- 
 dred and three, are herein- extended to the tii'st day of ^lay. 
 nineteen hnndre(l and three; but this ordinance shall not oper- 
 ate to extend the charter of any corporation or to postpone any 
 forfeiture thereof till said last-named date, unless and until such 
 com])any shall lun'e ])ai<l into the treasury of the State the 
 charter fee ne)W ])resrribed by law. 
 
 Skc 2. This ordinance shall be in force from its ])assaa'e.
 
 >c
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
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 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACIUTY 
 
 3925 Constitution. 
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 a5 tion adopted by 
 ■ the co^entio^ 
 
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