REESE LIBRARY 
 
 OK THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 %ece»ed NOV 18 1891 
 
 ^Accessions No . ^^ <4*- /4^ Class 
 
INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES. 
 
 INDEX SOCIETY. 
 PUBLICATIONS, 1878. 
 
 III. 
 
INDEX 
 
 MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 COMPILED FEOM TILE APPENDIXES TO THE FIRST 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS APPOINTED 
 
 TO INQUIRE INTO THE MUNICIPAL 
 
 CORPORATIONS IN ENGLAND 
 
 AND WALES, 1835. 
 
 WITH AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. 
 
 G. LAURENCE GOMME, 
 
 HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE FOLK-LORE SOCIETY. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PUBLISHED FOR THE INDEX SOCIETY 
 BY LONGMANS, GREEN & Co., 39, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 MDCCCLXXIX. 
 
tfs 
 
 Grl 
 
 [.FiV»2 Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Municipal Corpora- 
 tions in England and Wales. Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, 
 30 March, 1835, pp. 131. 
 
 Municipal Corporations (England and Wales). Appendix to the First Report of the 
 Commissioners. Fart i. Midland, Western and South- Western Circuits, pp. 
 1-662. Part ii. South-Eastern and Southern Circuits, pp. 663-1408. Fart Hi. 
 Northern and North-Midland Circuits, pp. 1409-2080. Fart iv. Eastern and 
 North-Western Circuits, pp. 2081-(2509-12*)-2940.] 
 
 ^LcT// ^ 
 
 HERTFORD: 
 
 PRINTED BY STEPHEN AV8TIX AND RONS. 
 
INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. It is hoped that the following Index of Municipal Offices in 
 England and Wales may prove of use, not only to the General use of 
 historian and student of our local institutions, but the Index, 
 also to those political thinkers who are now paying so much 
 attention to the important question of local self-government. 
 It is much to be lamented that it is necessary to appeal to two 
 classes of readers here : it should not be so. The first men- 
 tioned need not necessarily belong to the second; but the second 
 should in every way be identified with the first. So much 
 reform of our old local institutions has taken place without any 
 consideration as to their past history ; so many empirical 
 schemes have been fashioned ; in short, Local Boards and Poor 
 Law Boards, Commissioners and Parochial Committees, have 
 been in so many cases called upon to do duties which properly 
 belong to the already existing parish vestry or municipal 
 borough, that there is danger of losing sight of that wonderful 
 machinery of local self-government which has made England 
 so powerful in her national government. To concentrate within 
 a small compass one definite portion of local government insti- 
 tutions is an undertaking, therefore, not unfitted for the work 
 of the Index Society. 
 
 2. The source from which the Index has been compiled is the 
 Appendixes to the Report of the Commissioners on Source of in- 
 the Municipal Corporations of England and Wales, formation. 
 published in 1835, and upon which the Act of William IY. 
 " for the regulation of municipal corporations in England and 
 Wales " was founded. This Act, dealing with 178 boroughs, 
 
2 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 swept away many of the old privileges and customs, and, there- 
 fore, for the purposes of the historian, the Reports of the Com- 
 missioners represent an important epoch in the history of 
 municipal institutions, as an authentic, if meagre, record of 
 customs which no longer exist. So little attention had been 
 paid to our municipal archives prior to this period, that the 
 information contained in these reports almost seems like a 
 revelation of new facts. We are now, however tardily, recog- 
 nizing the vast importance to historical research of documents 
 generally stowed away in the damp rooms of a Town Hall as 
 old rubbish ; and, accordingly, municipal history is acknow- 
 ledged as a not unimportant feature of national history. Some 
 boroughs, like that of Stratford-upon-Avon, have allowed the 
 historian to publish their records, and such magnificent folios 
 as that produced by Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps, amply justify the 
 idea of the value of such documents beyond the local circle. Mr. 
 Davies' York Records is another instance ; while on the general 
 subject we have now Mere wether and Stephens' History of the 
 Boroughs and Municipal Corporations of the United Kingdom, and 
 Thompson's little book on English Municipal History. But the 
 work has not been taken up too soon. Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps, 
 reporting to the British Archaeological Association on the 
 municipal archives of Dorset, found that a large part of the 
 town papers of Weymouth were in private hands, being only 
 thus saved from the waste-paper basket, 1 and we learn from the 
 Historical Manuscripts Commission that Mr. James Sherren had 
 rescued them from a stable, where they had been deposited 
 to await the tender mercies of the housemaid and fire-grate 
 (5th Report, p. 576). We may be spared the fear of such 
 possible vandalism in the future it is hoped, and certainly the 
 labours of the Historical Manuscripts Commission will greatly 
 help us herein. In the six Reports already issued by this 
 Commission the archives of the following English boroughs 
 have been reported on : Abingdon, Axbridge, Berwick-on- 
 
 1 It is worth quoting Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps' words in full here, I think : "At "Wey- 
 mouth I find that a large part of the town papers are in private hands, belonging to M^r. 
 Sherren, who acquired them at the time when the Municipal lteform Act, amongst 
 other evils, led to the ousting of what in many places was deemed dusty rubbish. It 
 is fortunate that Mr. Sherren intervened to save from the waste-paper basket, by 
 purchase, a quantity of curious matter of great local interest." — Tk$ Municipal 
 Archives of Dorset : British Archmological Association, vol. xxviii. p. 28. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES INTRODUCTION. 6 
 
 Tweed, Bridgwater, Bridport, Cambridge, Coventry, Dart- 
 mouth, Faversham, Folkestone, Fordwich, High Wycombe, 
 Hythe, Kingston-on-Thames, Launceston, Lydd, Morpeth, New 
 Romney, Norwich, Nottingham, Rye, St. Albans, Sandwich, 
 Tenterden, Totnes, Wallingford, "Wells, Weymouth, Winchester, 
 and York. From such materials as these we learn some of the 
 archaic institutions of our municipal boroughs, but it will be 
 seen that they deal with only a very small section of the muni- 
 cipalities of England. The Reports of the Municipal Corpora- 
 tion Commissioners, however, deal with the whole of them 
 (with the exception of London) in respect of (1) their existing 
 state, (2) their jurisdiction and powers and the administration 
 of justice, (3) mode of electing and appointing officers and 
 members, (4) the privileges of the freemen, (5) the nature and 
 management of their funds and property. Each borough has 
 been reported on separately and always in the same form, and we 
 are thus enabled to collect parallel information in every instance. 
 This, however, does not apply to London, which was dealt with 
 altogether differently, and I accordingly had to turn to other 
 authorities for the enumeration of the offices belonging to that 
 city. It has been impossible under these circumstances to do 
 equal justice to our subject, so far as it is connected with London ; 
 because the literature applicable to it is so vast 1 and yet so 
 incomplete, and because, were we once to attempt to deal with 
 London on any subject in connexion with municipal history, 
 our researches could not be confined within the limits of an 
 introduction. London is altogether unique in its past history 
 and its present position. More than any other city in England, 
 it affords evidence of a continued existence from Roman times ; 
 more than any other city in the world, it presents to the historian 
 evidence of the clashing of the Roman and Teutonic systems of 
 polity ; of a development of local institutions altogether without 
 a parallel in other history, and, in fact, brought about by 
 influences belonging simply and entirely to the era of modern 
 civilization. Under the protection of these various consider- 
 ations, therefore, I have contented myself with simply setting 
 
 1 Lord Coke, in his time, had reason to write that " to treat of the great and 
 notahle franchises, liberties and customs of the City of London, would require a 
 volume in itself." 
 
4 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES I 
 
 out in the Index the offices now existing in London, as shown 
 in the annual accounts issued by the Chamberlain of the City. 
 
 3. It is not often that the report of a parliamentary commis- 
 Historical 8 ^ on can ^ e 0I> so muc h service to the cause of history 
 importance of as that which deals with the condition of the munici- 
 Municipal 1 P & 1 corporations of England and Wales. Standing 
 Corporations. as ft ^ oes between the old and the new, as the record 
 of institutions which have to a great extent been self-developed 
 and not created by legislation, it concentrates within its pages 
 a mass of information which, in the absence of local histories, 
 is of great value. But unhappily this information is neither 
 exhaustive, nor so critically accurate, as the historian must re- 
 quire. The pages bear unmistakable signs of hasty and purely 
 official work, and one has to lament that the protests of Sir 
 Francis Palgrave and Mr. Hogg should be so well founded. 
 Appreciating to the full what is to be found in the three thousand 
 pages devoted to the subject, I fear that my Index of Municipal 
 Offices will be found to be deficient in many little points which 
 more accuracy of detail in the Reports would have prevented. 
 
 Still it is only necessary to contemplate for one moment the pro- 
 gress of municipal history in England to understand the position 
 that these Reports occupy as the most valuable record of a very 
 important epoch. Whatever may be alleged as to the borrowing 
 of our municipal institutions from Rome, it is certain that we can- 
 not point to any very considerable group of towns and urge that 
 their history argues the adoption of Roman institutions. York, 
 Chester, Lincoln, Leicester, London, and Canterbury would at 
 all events exhaust the list, and the question arises, therefore, 
 what element in the general development of English municipal 
 history do the remaining 279 towns represent ? It is certainly 
 a mistake to suppose that, because at the present day many of 
 these towns are insignificant in size, possess little or no wealth, 
 and are occupied by a scant population, therefore they should 
 not enter into the subject of English municipal history. There 
 can be no doubt that the Anglo-Saxon invasion and conquest 
 brought things pretty nearly to a level, and that towns starting 
 up from the new circumstances did not derive so much benefit 
 from a former prestige as in other circumstances they would 
 have done. During the progress of national history we see 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. O 
 
 groups of towns rising into prominent importance, new groups 
 springing into existence, other groups beginning to decay. 
 But to understand the full significance of this factor in English 
 municipal history, a synthetical arrangement at one definite 
 period of the recorded institutions of towns making up these 
 several groups is positively necessary ; and it is in this position 
 of importance that I would place the Reports of the Commis- 
 sioners of 1835, notwithstanding the lamentable defects in the 
 information supplied, already alluded to. We learn thereby to 
 appreciate and understand the position occupied by such towns 
 as London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, and others, as types of 
 the fullest development of municipal institutions ; we learn to 
 class in groups such towns as Maidstone, Norwich, Oxford, Hull, 
 and others, where local vigour has given way to corruption, and 
 where some of the most historical rights and privileges have 
 been swept away ; we gather from such groups as Nottingham, 
 Malmesbury, Berwick-on-Tweed, Chippenham, Marlborough, 
 Arundel, and others, that many of our municipal institutions 
 had a previous existence as township, or even village, institu- 
 tions ; and lastly, groups consisting of Aberystwith, Cardigan, 
 and most of the Welsh boroughs, and a few English, such as 
 Altringham, Dursley, Romford, Wootton-under-Edge, show us 
 that the old manorial privileges have also entered into the con- 
 struction of English municipal history. Information thus 
 arranged from materials collected within the space of two years, 
 and therefore belonging to the same period, enables the scientific 
 historian to study the question from that comparative point of 
 view which is the basis of all modern research, enables the 
 student of municipal institutions to demonstrate what the con- 
 stitutional historian asserts must be the case, only under forms 
 which he is scarcely able to identify, and which lie outside his 
 scope and period, namely, that relics of the older system survive 
 in the modern corporations. 1 
 
 4. Bearing in mind what I have attempted to explain is 
 the archaeological value of the Reports from which g cope of tbe 
 the present compilation is made, it will not be introduction. 
 exceeding the proper limits of an introduction, I think, to 
 
 1 See Stubbs' Const. Rist. vol. i. p. 424. 
 
6 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES [ 
 
 give an outline of the contribution made by that portion of 
 the subject now in hand to the general question of municipal 
 history. It is necessary to guard against the supposition that 
 this outline is intended for an exhaustive treatment of the view 
 I venture to entertain — it can only be suggestive of what 
 may possibly hereafter be done upon the lines now indicated. 
 To a certain extent, of course, the Index explains itself, and 
 students will apply to it for their own information to be used 
 in their own way, for their own purposes. But there still 
 remains something to be done by the compiler — something 
 which it is hoped may be found acceptable as an indicator to a 
 great deal more that may follow further research. 
 
 The Index supplies us with a list of no less than six hundred 
 and fifty-three different offices, but unfortunately this does not 
 include all the ancient offices of the old corporations. In some 
 cases officers who had no longer any functions to perform, though 
 still appointed, have not been enumerated ; l but, taking the mate- 
 rials as supplied to us, there is plenty to allow of a valuable contri- 
 bution to municipal history. In no instance are the names of the 
 officers of Roman origin. Standing out in bold relief are first of 
 all the distinctly municipal officers. The Mayor with his Bailiffs, 
 attended by the officers of civic dignity, either the Mace- 
 Bearer, the Sword-Bearer, the Dragon-Bearer, or sometimes 
 the Serjeant-at-Mace, and surrounded by the Chamberlain, 
 Recorder, Town Clerk, Aldermen, Burgesses and Common 
 Councilmen, represent the fullest development of municipal in- 
 stitutions. Most of the towns possess some such an organization 
 as this, varied of course in details of methods of election or of 
 manner of holding assemblies, but from a general view sub- 
 stantially the same. Looked at a little more closely, we find 
 still existing a class of offices which takes us back to the 
 burghal constitution of old times. Thus Borough-holders, 
 Portreeve, Reeve, do not belong to late developments of mu- 
 nicipal history. A still further outlying circle of history is 
 traceable from the existence of many offices belonging to the 
 
 1 Thus the " Brookwarden " of Arundel is only mentioned by accident, as it were, 
 and his office is one of the most valuable for historical purposes. — See Tiernov's 
 Bistort/ of Arundel, p. 708. So again some of the obsolete offices at Congleton, which 
 are of the most interesting nature, are given, but quite as an exception, while "several 
 subordinate officers" of Altringham, Over, etc., are not enumerated. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 old township regulations, for instance, Ale-conners and Ale- 
 tasters, the Borsholders, Constables, Town Corporal, Town 
 Crier, Headboroughs, Tithingmen and Minstrels. And finally 
 a still further progress into early history is made by a con- 
 sideration of offices relating to purely agricultural matters. 
 Municipal freedom and power is the offspring of mercantile 
 rather than of agricultural progress, and if we are compelled 
 to look beyond municipal history for the origin of such offices 
 as those of Fen Reeve, Fieldgrieve, Grassman, Hayward, Herd, 
 Pinder, Pound Driver, Woodward and the rest, I cannot think 
 it will be at all too remote, taken in connexion with other 
 circumstances, 1 to suggest the time when the present municipal 
 town was little more than an agricultural community of the 
 type now known to have once existed throughout Europe. 
 
 This is, stated shortly, the view I venture to take of the 
 results of an examination of the offices that once existed, and 
 may perhaps still exist, in many of our municipal towns. I put 
 it forward with all deference, because I am quite aware that, 
 in order to establish it on its firmest basis, many other con- 
 siderations would have to be given which could hardly find a 
 place in the present introduction. I think this conclusion 
 sufficiently established from the list itself to be able to state it, 
 as I have done, broadly and generally, as a contribution to the 
 whole question of municipal history, which assuredly wants 
 re- writing with the new materials at hand. But in addition to, 
 nay, in confirmation of, the archaic view which, as I contend, 
 may be obtained by grouping into outlying circles of historical 
 antiquity the offices belonging to our municipal institutions, 
 there is the all-important fact to notice that, at the time of the 
 Report of the Commissioners, it was a general rule for officers 
 chosen for certain functions to be regarded as a part of the 
 legislative body — a notion which, without doubt, belongs to 
 times when the separation of constitutional authorities had not 
 been completed, when legislative, judicial and executive functions 
 were confounded ; a notion, in point of fact, which belongs to 
 
 1 May I here refer to a paper I read before the Society of Antiquaries in June 1878, 
 compiled from the Reports of the Municipal Corporation Commissioners, and en- 
 titled, On Traces of the Primitive Village Community in English Municipal Insti- 
 tutions, in a Letter to "William J. Thorns, Esq., F.S.A. This deals with corporate 
 property only. 
 
b INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 the domain of ancient law and early society, which is inherited 
 rather from our Teutonic primitiveness than from Roman culture. 
 
 I would, therefore, rather wish in this introduction to treat of 
 Other views of the historical aspect of the whole subject, than to 
 the subject, take each office separately and explain its duties and 
 meaning and the derivation of its title. This part of the 
 subject, however, most certainly wants attention ; for we may 
 turn in vain to the pages of JNares, Cowell and Jacob for an ex- 
 planation of some of the titles to be found in the list. Again, 
 many officers perform functions totally at variance with their 
 titles, a fact which opens the way to much interesting history. 
 The various and sometimes extremely intricate modes of 
 appointment, and the particular feast-days upon which in 
 many cases it was absolutely necessary that the appointments 
 should be made, ought also to receive the attention of the 
 student. And, moreover, what is further needed, is to collect 
 the titles of those obsolete offices which do not find a place so 
 late as 1835. In point of fact this is strictly necessary to con- 
 firm the conclusions I venture to deduct from the present list ; 
 for it is only upon the supposition that most, if not all, of the 
 municipal boroughs at one time or other possessed the most dis- 
 tinctive of the offices set out as giving evidence of past history, 
 that my arguments are entitled to the full force I would give 
 them. That this was the case, of course, I fully believe ; and I 
 hope that in course of time I may be able to restore many 
 titles at present lying hid amongst other historical archives. 1 
 
 I should perhaps notice that for statistical purposes Mr. 
 Fletcher has compiled a list " of the principal and of the inferior 
 officers with the number of boroughs in which each office is 
 mentioned to have been found," and which is given in the 
 Journal of the Statistical Society (vol. v. p. 162). But besides 
 leaving out many that are included in the present list, Mr. 
 Fletcher's object was statistical; mine is historical — Mr. Flet- 
 
 1 Thus, from the Thirty-eighth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 
 we hear of several offices not included in the present List. Amongst these are 
 the Alnager of Bristol, Hull, Norwich, York ; the Water Bailiff of Chichester 
 and Dartmouth ; Customer of Boston, Gloucester, Newcastle ; Garbler of London ; 
 Heyward and Woodward of Worcester; Mayor of Hardleigh; Searcher of Bristol, 
 Gloucester, Hull, Newcastle and Sandwich. And other instances are mentioned in 
 the text later on. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. V 
 
 cher's, in fact, to point out "the necessity of clearing away some 
 of the antiquated machinery ; " mine to urge the importance of 
 recording the facts and preserving the spirit of antiquity. 
 
 Municipal Offices. 
 
 5. Of course the most important municipal office is that of 
 
 the head-man of the borough. We find the title of this office 
 
 disputed by nine different kinds of officers. As will be seen 
 
 by reference to the Index, the large majority of towns have a 
 
 mayor as the chief officer, but, as the exceptions to this rule 
 
 form a very interesting phase of our inquiry, I give here a 
 
 table showing the titles of the head-man of those boroughs 
 
 which do not possess a mayor : — 
 
 Alderman. — Bury St. Edmunds, Grantham, Malmesbury, Woking- 
 ham. 
 
 Aldermen (two). — Denbigh, Ruthin. 
 
 Bailiff. — Andover, Bewdley, Bishop's Castle, Blandford, Brecon, 
 Buckingham, Cefn Llys, Chippenham, Chipping Sodbury, 
 Crickhowell, Daventry, Great Dunmoiv, Dursley, Garstang, 
 Say, Ilchester, Knuckless, Leominster, Llandovery, Lydd, 
 Pevensey, Presteign, New Radnor, Rhayader, Romney Marsh, 
 Seaford, Wenlock. 
 
 Bailiff, High. — Kidderminster, Ludlow, Ruyton. 
 
 Bailiffs (two). — Aldeburgh, Brading, Bridgnorth, Bridport, 
 Caerwys, Cardiff, Chipping Morton, Clitheroe, Clun, Cow- 
 bridge, Droitwich, Dunwich, Eye, Farnham, Godmanchester, 
 Ipsivich, Kingston-on-Thames, Lichfield, Montgomery, Mor- 
 peth, Newport (Salop), East Retford, Rhuddlan, Scarborough, 
 Southwold, Tamworth, Tewkesbury. 
 
 Chamberlains (four) . — Alnwick. 
 
 Constable of the Castle. — Carnarvon, Conway, Harlech. 
 
 Guild Stewards. — Calne. 
 
 Portreeve. — Aberavon, Beccles, Chard, Kenfig, Kilgerran, Lam- 
 peter, Langport-Eastover, Laughame, Llanelly, Llantrissent, 
 Loughor, Neath, Sioansea, JJsk, Yeovil. 
 
 Portreeves (three). — St. Clears. 
 
 Stewards. — Gateshead. 
 
 Warden. — Godalming, Louth, Sutton Coldfield. 
 
10 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 It will be seen at once that the old Burghal constitution, which, 
 as I have pointed out, still gives historical evidence of its existence, 
 is first brought into notice by the Portreeve as head man of the 
 borough ; but, leaving the consideration of this office until the next 
 section, we will now briefly notice the remaining chief officers. 
 
 The office of Mayor was borrowed from France at the time 
 when our Norman sovereigns brought French customs 
 on to English soil. The earliest spelling of the word 
 is ' meyres ' or ' meires ' in the Vision of Piers Plowman ; l 
 Sir Thomas More spells it 'maire,' 2 and Fabyan 'mayre,' 3 
 and it is not until Bacon that we find it written • major, 
 maioralitie/ 4 giving the idea that the word was borrowed from 
 the Latin ' major,' instead of through the French ' majeur ' from 
 the Latin accusative 'majorem.' Indeed, so clearly does the title 
 seem to be the work of the Anglo-Norman period that Thierry 
 {Tiers Etat, vol. ii. p.- 1, Eng. Trans.) speaks of the mayor as an 
 addition to the original consular government, which came in 
 first in the Aquitanian cities under Norman or English rule. 5 
 
 There can be no doubt, I think, that this officer was the 
 nominee of the people as against the increasing power of the 
 crown. The old portgerefa had become little more than the 
 servant of the king, and during that period of European history 
 when the towns both on the Continent and in England began to 
 regain some of that liberty which feudalism had checked, there 
 was a great deal of international sympathy and a corresponding 
 international progress. As Professor Stubbs says, the ancient 
 liberties of the English were not unintelligible to the townsmen 
 of Normandy ; the rising freedom of the German cities roused 
 a corresponding ambition in the towns of Flanders; and the 
 struggles of the Italian municipalities awoke the energies of the 
 cities of Provence. 6 The immediate effect of this was the ap- 
 pointment of an officer who would once more represent the 
 citizens and not the king. The portgerefa had disgraced his 
 
 1 The passage in which the word occurs is the one chosen hy Mr. Skeat for his 
 Parallel Extracts from Twenty-nine MSS. of Piers Plowman (E. E. T. S.). There 
 are altogether ten different variations in the spelling in the twenty-nine MSS., but 
 those mentioned in the text occur in fourteen instances. The other spellings do not 
 vary much. 
 
 2 Hist, of King Richard. 3 Chron. Ellis edit., p. 313. 4 Hist, of Henry VII. 
 6 See Freeman's Comp. Pol., p. 345, whence this is quoted. 
 
 8 Const. Hist. i. p. 422. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 position ; the English townsmen were largely intermixed with 
 Normans ; and English towns felt the benefit of the European 
 struggle for municipal freedom. Under these circumstances, 
 with the new birth of popular election, they would have a new 
 title for their head-man ; and, thus, no doubt, the old English 
 title of portreeve gave way before the claims of the new Anglo- 
 Norman title. London was the first to elect a Mayor in 1189 
 or 1191, and, though Mr. Coote thinks a charter was granted 
 at the time, 1 the first extant or known charter was not granted 
 until 1214 by King John. Other towns quickly followed : 
 York temp. Ric. I. ; King's Lynn in 1204 ; Bristol in 1217 ; 
 Oxford in 1229 ; Chester in 1247 ; Eye in 1304 ; 2 and as we 
 approach the reigns of Richard II. and the Lancastrians, all the 
 most important of the old boroughs elect Mayors instead of 
 their old provosts or bailiffs. But still with the majority of the 
 boroughs the title of mayor was not introduced until much later, 
 generally about the reign of Elizabeth and James I. 
 
 The duties of the Mayor as set forth in the Reports are ex- 
 tremely various, and have no doubt grown with the growth of 
 municipal power. He usually presides at the quarter sessions 
 of the borough, and is often a judge of the Court of Record ; he 
 is often Coroner, and Keeper of the gaol; generally Clerk of the 
 market and Judge of the Pie-poudre Court. In a few ports, as 
 at Rochester, he is Admiral, to the exclusion of the Admiralty 
 of England, and in others, as at Carmarthen, Haverfordwest, 
 Southampton, he has a concurrent jurisdiction. 3 
 
 The manner of election differed considerably in most of the 
 towns from the popular election, which no doubt was the 
 original mode. The Commissioners in their Report summarize 
 the various modes of election, and there appeared to be only 
 
 1 See a most interesting paper on " The Lost Charter," read at the London and 
 Middlesex Archaeological Society. Also Stubbs* Select Documents, pp. 257, 300. 
 
 2 We learn this from Hist. MSS. Com. vol. v. p. 503, though here again, as at 
 London originally, there is no charter. Perhaps the most curious instance of a 
 Mayor being elected without the power of a Charter is at Overton in Flint. In 
 1830, at a convivial party, it was resolved to elect a Mayor annually, the price of the 
 dignity being a dinner to be given upon his going out of office. 
 
 3 I may here refer to Mr. Payne Collier's Account of a MS. by Thomas Norton, 
 relating to the Ancient Duties of the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London. — Archao- 
 logia, vol. xxxvi. pp. 97-104. And also to the old account of "the office of the Mayor 
 of Bristol," in Toulmin Smith's Gilds, p. 413. 
 
12 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 twenty-one boroughs in which the commonalty had a free right 
 of election. 1 
 
 Passing, for the present, from the Mayor as head-man, I will 
 just glance at the position of the remaining officers who were 
 The Bailiff. * n some boroughs the chief officer. The oldest of 
 these is of course the Bailiff. No less than twenty- 
 six boroughs had retained down to 1835 the old method of 
 being governed by two Bailiffs, and thirty by one Bailiff. 2 
 Oxford was governed by two in 1229 ; King's Lynn in 1204 ; 
 York temp. Richard I. ; and London, according to Fabyan, in 
 1180 ; 3 and frequently the appointment of the Mayor is in place 
 of the Bailiff. 4 Other towns had only one Bailiff as head-man, 
 as Canterbury temp, Henry II. The office appertains originally 
 to manorial institutions. The derivation of the name seems to 
 be from a root signifying a safe keeper or protector, 5 and was 
 brought into England at the Conquest, though the office 
 answers to the earlier praefecti or prepositi maneriorum or vil- 
 larum of the Saxon and Domesday period, 6 whose business it 
 was to collect the rents, to levy distresses, to prevent trespasses, 
 to keep the peace, and to do all the offices of equity and right 
 between the lord and the tenant. The title of Bailiff is used 
 for many other offices besides municipal, and we have no direct 
 testimony as to how it was that a Bailiff became the head-man 
 of a borough. In the opinion of Professor Stubbs, all towns 
 were originally in demesne of some lord, bishop, or king, and 
 all the inhabitants were less than free. 7 As chartered privileges 
 came gradually into existence at the instance of the lord of the 
 town, it is very possible that the Bailiff of the lord became the 
 head-man of the borough. His power amongst the tenants and 
 freemen must have been very great, 8 and it is noticeable that 
 many of the Bailiffs who appear as head-men of the Boroughs 
 
 1 By the Act of "William IV., one uniform rule was adopted for all municipal 
 boroughs —the Council elect the Mayor on the 9th of November in every year from 
 the Aldermen or Councillors. 
 
 2 It is worth noticing, perhaps, that the Mayor is required to have served the office 
 of Bailiff at Coventry, Lancaster, Northampton, Tenby, and vice versd at Boston. 
 
 3 See Chron., Ellis edit., p. 299. 
 
 4 See Bridgwater in Hist. MSS. Com. vol. i. p. 99 j also Chipping Sodbury, sub voce. 
 6 Coke upon Littleton, 61 J. 
 
 6 Ellis, Introd. to Domesday, vol. i. p. 245. 
 
 1 See Introd. to Toulmin Smith's English Qilds (E.E.T.S.), p. lx. 
 
 9 Ellis, Introd. to Domesday, vol. i. p. 245. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES INTRODLXTION. 13 
 
 in the present list were appointed by the Lord of the Borough. 1 
 The mode of election in some of the other cases is very curious, 
 and I do not think it will be objected to, if I give the following 
 instances. 
 
 At Brading two Bailiffs, senior and junior, are elected 
 every year. The two Bailiffs for the time being, the two 
 for the preceding year, and the deputy Steward, hold what is 
 called a private meeting. One inhabitant who has served the 
 office of Constable is chosen senior Bailiff; two others, who have 
 also served as Constables, are put in nomination for junior Bailiff. 
 This meeting is held at the summons of the senior Bailiff a few 
 days before a Court-leet, which is held about the 9th October. 
 At the Court-leet the senior Bailiff is presented, and the jury 
 chooses a junior Bailiff from the two put in nomination. The 
 proceedings of the private meeting are always kept secret until 
 the Court-leet. 
 
 At Chippenham the Bailiff is chosen annually on Michael- 
 mas Day. The Bailiff and burgesses meet in an upper room of 
 the Guildhall and the freemen in a room below. The Bailiff 
 and burgesses select two of themselves, whose names are carried 
 down to the freemen by the under-bailiff. The freemen elect 
 the Bailiff from the two candidates, signifying their choice by 
 sticking a pin in the name of the one chosen. The candidates 
 are generally chosen according to ancientry or from the bur- 
 gesses who have not yet served the office. 
 
 These two instances are perhaps sufficient to afford an idea of 
 some of the more curious and intricate methods of election ; and 
 without doing more than mentioning the towns of Godman- 
 chester, Ilchester, Kingston-on-Thames, Rhuddlan, and Scar- 
 borough as further instances, we pass on to the next office. 
 
 I will now draw attention to the Alderman as the head-man of 
 the borough ; and let me say at once, that the appear- The Alder- 
 ance of this title among our municipal institutions is man - 
 distinctly of late origin. Aldermen were first chosen in London 2 
 
 1 Namely at Cardiff, Caerwys, Cefn Llys, Chipping Sodbury, Crickhowell, Dursley, 
 Hay, Knuckless, Presteign, Rhayader. At Alnwick, a document printed by the Com- 
 missioners states that the Bailiff of the Lord was the chief officer of the town. 
 
 2 Fabyan's Chron., edit. Ellis, p. 332 ; though Palgrave asserts, without naming 
 his authorities, that London seems to have had aldermen from time immemorial. — 
 Hist, of Eng. Com., vol. ii. p. cccl. 
 
14 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 in 1241, at Oxford in 1256, and so on; and I do not think 
 it possible to separate the Alderman, as head-man of the 
 borough, from the body of Aldermen (one being chosen from 
 each ward of the borough) as a portion of the Common Council 
 of the borough, at least so far as the introduction of the title is 
 concerned. But although we cannot trace an earlier adoption 
 of the title than the date mentioned above, the connexion 
 between the alderman of the municipal boroughs and the primi- 
 tive alderman of the old Germans is an interesting historical 
 fact, as clearly traceable as the philological derivation. 
 
 The Ealdorman, the princeps of Tacitus, the princeps, or 
 satrapa, or subregulus of Bede, the dux of the Latin chroniclers, 
 and the comes of the Normans — Stubbs, Const. Hist. vol. i. pp. 
 Ill, 112 l — was originally the chief of a district which comprised 
 several townships — tunscipas, vici, Tac. Hist. iv. 15 — both 
 township and district being founded in the olden times upon a 
 genealogical rather than a geographical relationship. The 
 settlement in England, influenced unquestionably by the 
 Romanized population who survived the conquest, soon led to 
 the substitution of geographical for genealogical relationship 
 upon which to base the institutions of the national state, and 
 the earliest sign of this is the Ealdorman becoming the chief of 
 the hundred and the shire. The Burghs at this time were 
 governed by the Burgh-gerefa, port-gerefa, or tcic-gerefa ; 2 and 
 we practically lose sight of the alderman in his progress to the 
 modern earl and duke. 
 
 Unfortunately, it is just at this juncture that constitutional 
 historians leave the subject. Sir Francis Palgrave contents 
 himself with the assertion that the municipal magistrates con- 
 tinued in undisturbed possession of the name, 3 which, besides 
 being refuted by the assertion of Professor Stubbs that the 
 municipal system has in the alderman the representative of the 
 gild, 4 does not advance the history of the subject. 
 
 As a first, and most important, step in this history, it should 
 be understood that the Anglo-Saxon Burgh, like the rest of the 
 
 1 See also Palgrave, Eng. Com. vol. ii. p. cccl ; Kemble, bk. ii. cap. iv. vol. ii. of 
 Saxons in England. 
 
 2 See Kemble's Saxons in England, cap. vii. bk. ii. u On the Towns." 
 
 3 Eng. Com. vol. ii. p. cccli. 
 * Comt. Hist. vol. i. p. 424. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 Teutonic settlements in this island, was based upon the family 
 organization — that is, the primitive family of ancient law, founded 
 upon blood relationship. The proofs of this cannot be stated 
 now, because it is a question belonging to national history, but 
 such a statement only amounts to saying that the barbaric 
 conquerors of the Roman Empire had not advanced along the 
 lines of civilization any further than had the Latins before 
 the construction of the Twelve Tables, the Greeks before 
 the composition of the Iliad, or, in fact, any further than 
 the earliest progressive stages of either of the great Aryan 
 peoples who have successively occupied European or Asiatic 
 territory. The next step was the constitution of the Burgh 
 as a territorial unity, hedged and walled round for the pur- 
 poses of defence, definitely fixed as a military station of the 
 empire. But within this constitutional organization the inevit- 
 able consequences of such political progress were going on. Old 
 primitive influences were giving way — the family organization 
 was gradually undermined, and an appeal made to artificial or 
 political organization instead. It is at this stage that we are 
 introduced to the initial history of the Gilds. I cannot see why 
 in this, as in other instances, we must either hold everything to 
 be borrowed from Roman civilization, 1 or else developed from 
 Teutonic barbarism. 2 The truth is, both are right. The Roman 
 collegium developed out of exactly a parallel state of political 
 progress as the Teutonic Gild ; both are of essentially home 
 growth. The old Anglo-Saxon family had given way just as 
 the old Roman family had given way centuries before ; but our 
 Anglo-Saxon forefathers at this juncture had in their very midst 
 a ready-made institution, if I may so say, belonging to the stage 
 of political development to which they were insensibly progress- 
 ing — namely, the Roman collegium. That they should have 
 clothed their new Gildships, therefore, with a considerable 
 amount of Roman drapery, is not to be wondered at ; but that it 
 was not all Roman, or, rather, that the bearers of this Roman 
 clothing were Teutonic in blood, is shown by the titles given to 
 the officers of this new institution. We come again upon the 
 
 1 See Mr. Coote's Secular Gilds of London, also Romans of Britain, p. 383. 
 
 2 Toulmin Smith's English Gilds. 
 
16 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES ! 
 
 Ealdorman : he is the chief officer — the graceman — of the Gild. 1 
 It is a long history, but not a difficult one from this point, 
 to trace the gradual approach of the Gild to the Burghal com- 
 munity, the gradual amalgamation of both into the municipal 
 corporation of modern times, or, according to the views of Mr. 
 Coote in reference to London, the ultimate overturning of the 
 old Burghal constitution in favour of the Gild constitution. 2 
 
 Thus I think we have dealt sufficiently at length with the 
 Oth T'tl s cn ^ e f municipal officer. The other titles — "Warden, 
 for the Chief Gild Stewards, Chamberlain, Constable of the Castle 
 Officer. — ca u f or little or no remark. The two first belong to 
 
 the same category as that of the Alderman just treated of ; the 
 Chamberlains of Alnwick were appointed by agreement between 
 the Earl and Countess of Northumberland and the Corporation, 
 and the Constables of the Castle are simply the officers of the 
 Lord of the Borough. 
 
 Immediately surrounding the chief officer, attending upon him 
 The officers of m h* 8 official capacity, assisting to support his munici- 
 the Mace. p a l dignity, are the officers known as Dragon Bearer, 
 Mace Bearer, Officer of the Silver Mace, Staff Bearers, 
 Standard Bearers, Sword Bearer, White Mace Bearer, and 
 oftentimes Serjeant-at-Mace. Most of the old boroughs 
 possessed a distinctive symbol by which as a collective body, 
 as a corporate unit of the State, they were recognized beyond 
 their own boundaries. Thus the Harrow of Canterbury, the 
 White Ship of Bristol, the Black Ram of Coventry, the 
 Leopard of Salisbury, the Wolf of Worcester, the Dragon of 
 Gloucester, the George of Nottingham, the Boar's Head of 
 Windsor, the Wild Bat of Northampton, and the Griffin of 
 Leicester, were unfurled on the side of the Yorkists at the 
 Battle of Towton. 3 And although such symbols were not un- 
 known among the early Teutons, as, for instance, the " Ward 
 Staff" of Aungar Hundred described by Sir Francis Palgrave, 4 
 
 1 Stuhhs' Const. Hist. vol. i. p. 418 ; Smith's English Gilds, p. xxxviii; Madox's 
 Firma Burgi, p. 30. 
 
 2 Secular Gilds of London, p. 22 : Mr. Thompson thinks that the Merchant Gild 
 merged in the corporation in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.— See Eng. Mun. Mist. 
 p. x. Introd. 
 
 8 See Thompson's Eng. Mun. Hist. pp. 78, 190. 
 
 4 Eng. Com. vol. ii. p. clviii. See also "the Dumb Borsholder" of Chart, described 
 in Arch. Cantiana, vol. ii. pp. 85-8. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 the official dignity and importance belonging to the municipal 
 mace or its equivalent appear to me to belong to a somewhat later 
 cycle of custom than that represented by the Teutonic group. As 
 the symbol of the power of the central government in municipal 
 matters, it was generally engraved with the Arms of England, 
 as appears by the charters granted to Beaumaris, Bishop's Castle, 
 Chester, Clun, Congleton, and Oswestry, which are quoted by the 
 Commissioners. The charter of Elizabeth to Beaumaris states 
 that the maces shall be gilt or of silver, and that the Mayor, 
 Bailiffs, and Burgesses "shall meet us, our heirs, and successors, 
 and also our children, without the said borough and within the 
 limits of our county of Anglesey," as often as they repair to 
 the borough, and that the Mayor and Bailiffs shall bear the 
 maces "before us, our heirs and successors, and our children, 
 through the said borough." The charter of the same sovereign 
 to Bishop's Castle empowers the appointment of the Sergeants- 
 at-Mace and the carrying of two silver maces, "in order to 
 augment and preserve the splendour and authority of our afore- 
 said borough." l The privilege of having gold or silver maces 
 carried before the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London was 
 not granted until the reign of Edward III., and there is no 
 doubt that we owe the introduction of this municipal privilege 
 to our Norman sovereigns. 2 But in representing the authority 
 of the central government, it undoubtedly carries us back, by 
 analogy at all events, to the Roman municipal constitution 
 which was so elaborate in its ceremonial detail. We may have 
 borrowed the mace from France, as we did the word by which 
 it is known, 3 but we were quite ready to receive its symbolism 
 and to make it fit in with the general system surrounding it. 
 And as a matter of fact the older system is represented, not by 
 the mace, but by the sword and the dragon. The latter Mr. 
 
 1 There are many instances in Corporation accounts of the importance once 
 attached to the Mace. Thus at Banbury in 1651 a loan was raised "towards the 
 buying and paying for a new mace for the said Burrough, and repaireing the old 
 mace."— Beesley's Hist, of Banbury, p. 449. Yet just before the new Act of 1835 
 came into operation, the maces, which were of silver gilt, had been disposed of for 
 the liquidation of their debt. —Ibid. p. 548, note 43. 
 
 2 The silver mace of Buyton dates from 2 Edward II. It has the inscriptions 
 " Liberum Burgu de Nova Buyton," and "Edmund comes Arun.," decorated with the 
 Arundel Arms and those of England and France. The Silver Mace of Flint is 
 spoken of as of great antiquity. 
 
 3 French masse, from obs. Latin matea. 
 
18 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Coote has identified as Roman, at least as the war standard 
 of the "West Saxons ; l and the former was equally of Roman 
 origin, 2 representing the old criminal jurisdiction of the mu- 
 nicipalities. It is not a little curious to note that while the 
 mace, as shown above, is the symbol of the authority delegated 
 by the central government to municipal bodies, the dragon and 
 the sword appear as the symbol of old municipal powers. They 
 are only mentioned as being granted by charter in the three 
 instances of Chester, King's Lynn, and Liverpool, 3 to which 
 must obviously be added Exeter, London, and Norwich, men- 
 tioned in Thompson's English Municipal History. But the very 
 wording of these grants assists us to understand that the 
 institution was not a new one. Henry VII. grants to Chester 
 that the Mayor may have the sword borne before him " in our 
 absence, and may cause it to be borne before him with the point 
 upright, in the presence as well as of other nobles and lords of 
 our realm of England who are related to us in lineal con- 
 sanguinity and others whomsoever, and in any other manner 
 howsoever;" 4 while at King's Lynn, on the contrary, Henry 
 VIII. granted the privilege of carrying a sword sheathed. It 
 is interesting to note that the corporation of Chester success- 
 fully defended their right against the Dean and Chapter, and in 
 the award it is granted that " as often as the Mayor repaired to 
 the church to hear divine service or sermon, or upon any just 
 occasion, he was to be at liberty to have the sword of the city 
 borne before him with the point upwards." 5 Such, then, is the 
 historical significance I would apply to the ceremonial muni- 
 cipal offices, and here, as elsewhere, it is much to be lamented 
 that we fall short of the number of instances which should 
 properly exist. 6 But the citizen of olden times looked upon 
 
 1 Romans of Britain, pp. 432-3. 
 
 2 In Amiens the insignia of supreme justice consisted of two swords of antique 
 shape carried in the hands of two officials, and a similar custom prevailed among 
 almost all the great Corporations of France, which undoubtedly had a continuity 
 from Roman times. — See Thompson's Eng. Mun. Hist. p. 173. 
 
 3 The office of Sword Bearer at Bristol is specially mentioned as being very ancient, 
 though not mentioned in any of the charters. 
 
 1 ft should be observed that this is simply a copy of older grants of the same 
 privilege, e.g. Norwich temp. Hen. IV. mentioned by Thompson, Eng. Mun. Hist. 
 p. 175. 
 
 6 See Hist. MSS. Com. 5th Report, p. 342. 
 
 * The Water Bailiff of Bristol carries a " silver oar " as the symbol of authority. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 the municipal insignia with a political significance. "When he 
 saw the mace and the sword, says Mr. Thompson, when he saw 
 the banner of his community unfurled, his heart exulted in the 
 thought that his fellow-citizens and he constituted a body enjoy- 
 ing entire independence, their own civil and criminal jurisdic- 
 tion, and a name in the land which kings and lords respected. 
 
 The officer carrying the mace is the chief attendant of the 
 Mayor on all public occasions and processions. 1 At Norwich 
 there is a Sword Bearer to carry the city sword ; two Mace 
 Bearers to carry the maces ; two Standard Bearers ; a Dragon 
 Bearer and his assistant ; and two Whifflers, who carry swords, 
 which were originally used to clear a way through the people 
 for the processions. (See Notes and Queries, 4th Ser. xii. 284, 
 354, 397, 416.) At York the Sword Bearer attends the 
 Lord Mayor and Corporation on all state occasions, also the 
 Upper House when assembled in Council, and all corporate 
 meetings for elections and admission of freemen, and he affixes 
 the seal of the Corporation ; the Mace Bearer has nearly 
 similar duties to perform, and the officer of the Silver Mace 
 acts as domestic servant to the Lord Mayor on all state occasions. 2 
 But in the majority of the towns we find the duty of carrying the 
 Mace entrusted to the Serjeant-at-Mace, whose original duties 
 were to execute process, summon juries, attend courts of record, 
 and so on. 3 The older towns, it will be observed from the Index, 
 have an officer for the specific purpose of carrying the municipal 
 mace or sword, and it is chiefly among the more recently created 
 boroughs that this duty is delegated to the Serjeant-at-Mace. 
 In some towns both officers exist. Thus at Scarborough the 
 Mace-bearer attends the two bailiffs in processions, and the 
 Serjeants-at-Mace both attend them to church 4 or elsewhere on 
 public occasions. The far older title of the officer who performed 
 
 1 At Buckingham and Scarborough the Mace Bearer is attendant upon the Bailiff; 
 at Yeovil upon the Portreeve ; at Kingston-on-Thames there are two for the two 
 Bailiffs. 
 
 2 The whole subject of Corporation processions wants attention, for there is much 
 to be learned therefrom. 
 
 3 Sometimes, he has assumed other duties ; thus at Carlisle he is also Crier ; 
 at Blandford Forum he acts as Hayward ; at Aberystwith one is Bellman ; at Barn- 
 staple one is Chamberlain and one Gaoler ; at Launceston the two are the Gaolers ; 
 at Penryn they ring the bell for divine service. 
 
 4 At Chipping Norton there is an ancient payment of one shilling for bearing the 
 mace before the Bailiffs on Sundays to church. 
 
20 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 the duties of Serjeant-at-Mace is Catchpole, 1 and it is interesting 
 to see that in the Borough of Congleton this old title is still 
 preserved, alongside of the modern Serjeant-at-Mace. 2 
 
 There is, besides these official dignitaries, a group of officers in 
 Other Offices some towns whose services belong to a more domestic 
 with the circle. The titles of these officers are mostly arranged 
 Mayor. under the heading "Major's" in the Index, and can, 
 
 therefore, be referred to easily, but the Chaplain to the Lord 
 Mayor and the Young Men of the Lord Mayor's Household at 
 London, the Mayoress's Serjeant at Oxford, the Organist to the 
 Mayor's Chapel at Bristol, and the Doorkeeper of the Mayor's 
 Chamber at Newcastle, must be added to the list, which gives 
 some idea of the local prestige and the ceremonial details 
 attached to the office of Mayor of the borough. 
 
 Burghal Offices. 
 
 6. It is now necessary to leave the municipal circle. Much 
 more, however, could be said about these offices if space 
 would allow, for they include the body of Burgesses, or 
 Governing Council, and the all-important offices of Cham- 
 berlain, Marshal, Remembrancer, Sheriff, Steward, and the 
 rest, and in the case of Norwich a " Speaker " of the Common 
 Council. But I would now draw attention to the second 
 group of offices which IJ have ventured to arrange, as giving 
 us some evidence of the old Saxon Burghal constitution, 
 
 1 See Cowell, Law Diet., sub voce. I may perhaps he excused for quoting the 
 following from the romance of Thomas of Reading, by Thomas Deloney in 1632. 
 
 " The City of London heing at that time [Henry I] gouerned by Bailiffes, it came 
 to passe, that in a certaine fray two of their Catcnpoles were killed, for at that time 
 they had not the name of Sergeants : and you shall vnderstand, that their office was 
 then so much hated and detested of Englishmen, that none of them would take it 
 vpon him : so that the Bailiffes were glad to get any man whatsoever, and to give him 
 certain wages to performe that office." See The Pleasant Historie of Thomas of 
 Reading, page 63, "How the Bailiffes could get no man to bee a Catchpole, and 
 how certain Flemings tooke that office vpon them," etc., chap. 9. Early Prose 
 Romances edited by William J. Thorns, vol. i. 
 
 2 I append here in a note a list of the boroughs where the Serjeants-at-Mace act 
 also as Mace-bearers : Abingdon, Beaumaris, Bishop's Castle, Chester, Chid 
 Chipping Norton, Clun, Congleton, Dinas Myddy, Boncaster, Flint, Gloucester, High 
 Wycombe, Lichfield, Lymiugton, Malmesbury, Marlborough, Xnccastle-tmder-Lyme, 
 Newport (L. of W.J, Oswestry, Oxford, Ruyton, Seaford, Wallingford, Walsall, 
 Weymouth. At Newborough there is an ancient Silver Mace in the custody of the 
 Bailiff, but no Serjeant has been appointed in recent times. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 which was not so much Roman as the later municipal constitu- 
 tion, because it had not left very far behind the features of the 
 original township. 
 
 It is not a little strange that we should find a Recorder 
 in no less than 179 boroughs. I claim this title to be The Kecorder. 
 considered as a relic of the old Burghal constitution 
 upon the authority of Sir Francis Palgrave in reference to the 
 Recorder of London. As so many towns obtained their charters 
 upon the model of those previously granted to other towns, no 
 doubt the name of the office was borrowed from London ; but 
 the need for the official himself must have been real. The 
 passage in Palgrave is not long, and says all that could be said 
 upon the subject, and I therefore transcribe it from his pages. 
 When any of the peculiar customs of the City of London are to 
 be noticed by the superior tribunals, they are not ascertained by 
 reference to the rolls of the Court of Husting : no book or 
 writing is consulted ; but they are certified by the mouth of the 
 officer, who hence is called the Recorder. 1 This is important 
 evidence of the once prevalent oral testimony, as opposed to the 
 written ; and evidence, therefore, of the old Burghal life, before 
 Roman influence had initiated, and Norman influence had 
 organized, that process of written records which is so distinctly 
 characteristic of municipal custom. 
 
 We have now to turn our attention to the Portreeve (Port- 
 gerefa). There can be no doubt that this was the title The Portreeve- 
 of the head-man of the chief commercial boroughs 
 of Anglo-Saxon times. Connected with it, according to the 
 circumstances of the case, was the Burgh-gerefa and the Wic- 
 gerefa; but we meet with early examples of these comparatively 
 only in few instances. 2 The Portreeve, on the other hand, was 
 formerly the head-man of London, Bath, Bodmin, Canterbury, 3 
 and Maidstone, and no doubt is equivalent to the provost whom 
 we meet so frequently in other towns. 4 
 
 His olden duties have been summarized from various sources 
 
 1 Eng. Com. vol. i. p. 148. See also Toulmin Smith's The Parish, p. 327, note. 
 
 2 Kemble, Saxons in England, vol. ii. p. 171. 
 
 3 Stubbs, vol. i. p. 93. 
 
 4 See Hist. MSS. Com. vol. i. p. 99, for Bridgwater as an example of this. Of tbe 
 provost I shall have to speak later on. 
 
22 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 by Mr. Kemble, 1 Mr. Coote, 2 and Professor Stubbs. 3 He was 
 unquestionably the chief magistrate of the borough. He was 
 always a single official. The finance of the borough was com- 
 mitted to him. He collected the tolls ; and a portion of his sub- 
 sistence at least was derived from deductions from the proceeds 
 of the tolls and fines levied within his district. In the small 
 towns especially it must have been a principal part of his duty to 
 witness all transactions by bargain and sale. So far the autho- 
 rities seem to agree pretty closely, and perhaps there is no real 
 difference on the question of his being the appointee of the 
 king ; * but Mr. Coote adds that he is permanent. 
 
 Now, comparing this list of the duties of the Portreeve with 
 the duties appertaining to that office in 1835 in the remaining 
 fifteen or sixteen instances where it still exists under the same 
 name, we certainly meet with some peculiar parallels. 
 
 He is the chief officer of the borough, except in the cases of 
 Arundel, Bradninch, and Chichester, each of which is governed 
 by a Mayor ; there are two instances only where there is more 
 than one Portreeve, namely, Arundel with two and St. Clears 
 with three ; it is definitely stated that he managed the Corpora- 
 tion funds at Beccles, Chard, and Yeovil, and there is nothing 
 to show that he does not perform the same duties in the other 
 cases ; he collected, and was paid out of, the tolls at Aberavon, 
 Chichester, Kilgerran, Laugharne, Llantrissent, Loughor, Neath, 
 Swansea, Usk, and Yeovil; 5 and though we cannot trace any 
 further parallels to the duties performed by this officer in the 
 most important boroughs of Anglo-Saxon times, there is, at all 
 events, sufficient to establish the near identity of the modern 
 with the ancient office. Again, it should be borne in mind that 
 these few towns which supply us with this important evidence 
 have nearly all developed without the interference of the central 
 authority : that is, most of them are boroughs by prescription , 
 possessing no charter or document of any kind to show that they 
 
 1 Saxons in England, vol. ii. p. 173. 
 3 Jiomans of Britain, p. 369. 
 
 3 Const. Hist. vol. i. pp. 93, 404, 415, note 1. 
 
 4 Mr. Kemble only says, " As a general rule I imagine the portreeve to have been 
 an elective officer" (vol. ii. p. 174}. 
 
 6 At Beccles the Portreeve received one guinea for a pair of boots ; at Kenfig he 
 had a salary of three guineas ; and at the other towns he has no emoluments. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 are boroughs, and in fact resting their claim to that title upon 
 local tradition. We, therefore, view them, decayed, perhaps, 
 from their original importance, but treasuring the remnants of 
 their past more faithfully than their more brilliant rivals. 
 
 The Borough-holders of Gateshead, who are qualified by 
 tenure of burgage tenements — particular kinds of otherBurghal 
 freehold situate in the town — to audit the accounts of offices. 
 the borough, the office of Blower of the Burghmote Horn, 1 and 
 the Reeve of the Borough of Bradninch, 2 includes all that need 
 be grouped under this section. 
 
 Township Offices. 
 
 7. We now come to what I have termed the township divi- 
 sion of our subject. And we at once see before us a group of 
 names belonging to Anglo-Saxon polity as distinct from all others. 
 
 The Borsholders, Headboroughs (Head-borrows), and Tithing- 
 men, belong to that system of mutual pledging known Borsholders, 
 as frith-borh, or frank-pledge. 3 By an article in the etc - 
 laws of Edward the Confessor, founded upon a previous enact- 
 ment of Canute, all men are bound to combine themselves in 
 associations of ten. Each association has a head-man, 'a capital 
 pledge,' bors-ealdor, to manage the business of the ten ; 4 and a 
 previous statute of Edgar applies the general law to every man 
 both within Burgh and without. 
 
 Now of this institution in its fullest growth there is no 
 definite trace before the Norman Conquest. 5 The laws of 
 
 1 The office of Horn Blower at Bipon may perhaps be mentioned here. It is 
 stated that he winds a horn every morning at nine o'clock before the Mayor's door 
 and at the town cross. This custom originates from the time when the chief officer 
 of Bipon was called the vigilarius or wakeman, whose duty it was to have the horn 
 blown every night at nine of the clock. See Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vol. x. p. 254. 
 
 2 For the importance of the title of Beeve still existing see Toulmin Smith's 
 The Parish, p. 506, and a paper in the Journ. Brit. Arch. Asso. vol. xxviii. p. 35, on 
 the "Antiquities of Portland." 
 
 3 Cowell (tit. Headborow) says, " A head-borough, the chief of the frankpledge, 
 was also called borsholder, third-borrow, tithingman, pledge, according to the 
 diversity of speech in several parts." See also Coke upon Litt., 109a, and Toulmin 
 Smith's The Parish, p. 230, quoting from Lambard's Constable. The Dozeners belong 
 to this class, being a corrupted form of Beciner (Decennarius) , which we meet with at 
 Burton-upon-Trent. 
 
 4 Leges Ed. Conf. sect. xx. See Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 74 ; also Const. Hist. 
 vol. i. p. 87. 
 
 5 Stubbs, Const. Hist. vol. i. p. 87. 
 
24 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 Athelstane, of Edgar and of Canute only lead up to the result 
 which we see in full practice under the Normans, and this fact 
 lends a very material argument to the contention of Mr. Coote 
 that this system was founded upon that of the milites stationarii 
 of the Romans. 1 The Roman institutions that were intermixed 
 with the Anglo-Saxon received their full complement under 
 the Normans, and where there was room for them to develop, 
 the existing machinery soon applied itself to the movement. 
 The Act of 5 & 6 Vict. cap. 109, abolished the popular election 
 of these old local officers, and it is not a little curious that we 
 find so few remnants of the old system among our municipal 
 boroughs. They seem to have passed away with the necessity 
 of the case, except in many of the boroughs of Kent. With 
 reference to this county, Sir Francis Palgrave points out that, 
 acting upon the general law of Athelstane, the local witenagemot 
 enacted a bye-law which is very similar to the later Frank- 
 pledge. This was done as an expedient to diminish the re- 
 sponsibility of the superior lord, who, under Athelstane's law, 
 was to be the pledge that none of his men would commit theft. 
 If the lord's ceorls were so numerous that he could not reasonably 
 undertake the charge, then he was to appoint a Reeve in each 
 township who would be answerable to him ; but if the praepositus 
 found any ceorl whom he could not trust, then the suspected 
 party was to find twelve of his kinsmen who would be pledges 
 of his good abearing. 2 Now 'borsholders' are only found in the 
 Kentish boroughs named in the Index, while the headborough is 
 found in Northamptonshire and Surrey, and the tithingmen in 
 "Worcestershire, Somersetshire, Surrey, Berks, Bucks, and Hants. 
 Before, however, leaving this group of old township offices, let 
 Th Provost me f° r a momen t advert to the title of Provost. It was 
 said above that the Mayor succeeded to this office in- 
 most of our old municipal boroughs ; and yet we meet with it as 
 one of the most important of the old township offices. The Pro- 
 vost, says Mr. Toulmin Smith, is merely one inclusive name for 
 what occurs under the various denominations of tythingman, head- 
 borough, bors-holder, chief-pledge, constable, boro-reeve, etc} He 
 
 1 See a paper in Archaologia, vol. xliv. 
 1 Eng. Com. vol. ii. p. cxxii. 
 s The Farith, page 230. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. 25 
 
 was the head man of the town, before churchwardens assumed 
 that position as representatives of the ecclesiastical influences. 
 We meet with him when the provost and four men represented 
 the old township in the Hundred and Scirmoot ; we meet 
 with him later on when Parliament declared that in every 
 parish the four men and the provost should be answerable for 
 one man-at-arms ; and finally as the Provost in Eyre he had to 
 be present at the periodical local criminal courts. 1 Thus, I 
 think, we have an important link in the development of muni- 
 cipal boroughs from the old township. 
 
 I shall not pause at the Ale-conners, Ale-founders, Ale-tasters, 
 Beadle, 2 Bellman, Bread-weighers, Constables, Crier, other Town- 
 and the like, because they are so well known as offices sni P 0mces - 
 belonging to the township and their duties are almost defined by 
 their titles. But upon the subject of Minstrels and Minstrels 
 Waits there is something more to be said. The only and Waits - 
 boroughs which possessed either of these offices in 1835 were 
 Bristol, Chester, Leeds, Lincoln, Nottingham, and York. 3 Mr. 
 Wheatley, in his Introduction to Bishop Percy's Reliques, 4 says 
 "that waits were formerly attached to most corporate towns, and 
 were, in fact, the corporation minstrels. They wore a livery and 
 a badge and were formed into a sort of gild. No one, even 
 were he an inhabitant of the town, was suffered to play in 
 public who was not free of the gild. Besides singing out the 
 hours of the night, and warning the town against dangers, they 
 accompanied themselves with the harp, the pipe, the hautboy, 
 and other instruments. They played in the town for the 
 gratification of the inhabitants, and attended the Mayor on all 
 state occasions. 5 At the Mayor's feast they occupied the 'min- 
 strels' gallery.' " , But it must not be supposed from this that 
 
 1 I rely upon Toulmin Smith for my authorities here ; he quotes Rolls of Parlia- 
 ment, 4 Ed, III. 
 
 2 Toulmin Smith, The Parish, page 192, specially draws attention to this office as 
 belonging to corporations as well as to parishes. 
 
 3 Among the parish payments of Kingston, 23 Henry VII., is one "To the men- 
 storell upon May-day" (Smith's The Parish, p. 516). And Mr. Wheatley gives 
 extracts showing that Chichester had ' a harper,' and Leicester a ' trumpeter,' and 
 later on a ' harper.' See Introduction to Percy's Reliques, pp. xv, xvi. 
 
 4 Page xvi. 
 
 6 The wait players of Bristol are stated in the Reports now being used to precede 
 the judges and the recorder. 
 
26 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES I 
 
 the Minstrel belongs to the municipality only. In truth he 
 appears here only as an historical survival, or, may be, revival. 
 Mr. "Wheatley, quoting from Sir "Walter Scott's Minstrelsy of 
 the Scottish Border, carries the question of their origin a step 
 further back into the past history of local institutions. " It is 
 certain," writes Sir "Walter Scott, " that till a very late period 
 the pipers, of whom there was one attached to each border town 
 of note, and whose office was often hereditary, were the great 
 depositaries of oral, and particularly of poetical tradition. These 
 town pipers, an institution of great antiquity upon the borders, 
 were certainly the last remains of the minstrel race. The town 
 pipers received a livery and salary from the community to 
 which they belonged ; and in some burghs they had a small 
 allotment of land, called the 'Piper's Croft.' " ' The mention 
 of this last custom of allotting land for payment carries us, in 
 point of fact, to Aryan history for traces of their origin. As we 
 shall see later on, each officer of the old village-community was 
 paid by an allotment to his family of a piece of cultivated 
 land ; 2 and instances are not wanting that early Teutonic society 
 also possessed this custom. When, therefore, we know that the 
 Hindoo village possessed its hereditary poet or minstrel ; that 
 the Celts both of Ireland 3 and Scotland 4 are known to have 
 had the same institution amongst them ; that the Icelanders 
 almost down to modern times possessed a village story-teller ; 
 may we not conclude that in the minstrels and waits belonging 
 to the municipalities and larger towns of historical times we see 
 a not unimportant relic of that far-off period when all history 
 was oral — said or sung — when the village poet preserved tra- 
 ditions which we gladly collect and enshrine in our literary 
 archives as Folk-lore ? 
 
 Agricultural Offices. 
 
 8. We have now arrived at the final historical stage to 
 which a consideration of the offices belonging to English mu- 
 
 1 See Introduction to Percy's Reliques, p. xx. 
 
 2 Sir H. Maine's 7 ill. Com., p. 126. 
 
 8 See O'Curry's Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, Introduction, pp. 
 ccxxxix, cccxxv. 
 
 4 See Scott's Waverley, cap. xx. A Highland Feast. Johnson's Journey to the 
 Western Islands, vol. i. p. 90. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. 27 
 
 nicipal towns directs us. I mean the agricultural stage. 
 The possession of landed property by municipal corporations 
 seems in the present day to rest simply upon the authority 
 of an Act of Parliament or of a charter granted by the King. 
 Thus, we know very well that the Irish estates of the City of 
 London were thus obtained. But in reality the possession of 
 lands and of certain proprietary rights over lands surrounding 
 the boundaries of the borough lead us into quite another phase 
 of history. Sir Henry Maine has touched the keynote of this 
 history by his allusion to the proprietary rights of the Scottish 
 Borough of Lauder 1 in his examination of the Village-community 
 in the East and West ; and without entering into the wider 
 question which this opens up with reference to the English 
 Boroughs, and upon which I have already ventured to refer to 
 my paper read at the Society of Antiquaries, the comparatively 
 long list of boroughs having offices relating to agricultural ser- 
 vices supplies us with some very valuable material upon the 
 subject. I cannot say, of course, that these agricultural offices 
 give us evidence of the primitive village-community ; but I can 
 say that they direct attention to a set of institutions which do 
 not belong to municipal life, because municipal life is commer- 
 cial, not agricultural ; political, not communal ; national, not 
 tribal ; and which do not belong to township life, because the 
 township again is the political development of the village- or 
 mark-community. Directing us, then, to an epoch of history 
 further back than the municipality, further back than the town- 
 ship, we may conclude that they give us the initial chapter to 
 some important historical evidence relating to the origin of local 
 institutions in England ; we may conclude that, though they do 
 not give us a complete chain of historical evidence, they supply 
 a few missing links which, when burnished up to their proper 
 standard, will be welcome to the historical inquirer. The list of 
 these offices is as follows : Bailiff of the Commons, Brook 
 Warden, Driver of Commons, Drivers of Cattle, Fen Reeve, 
 Field Drivers, Field Grieve, Foreman of the Commons, Game- 
 keeper, Grassmen, Haymakers, Hay ward, Hedge Lookers, Herd, 
 Hog Driver, Inspectors of Pinders, Keeper of the Green Yard, 
 
 1 Fill. Com. p. 95. 
 
28 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES ! 
 
 Keeper of Pinfold, Land Agent, Land Bailiff, Land Steward, 
 Land Treasurer, Lookers of Hedges and Ditches, Mole- Catcher, 
 Moor Grieves, Moormen and Mossmen, Moor Wardens, Neat- 
 herds, Noltherds, Overseers of Common, Pasture Masters, Pinder, 
 Pound. Driver, Pound Keeper, Swine -Catcher, Town Swineherd, 
 Tender of the Town Wood, Tenters of Commons, Warrener, and 
 Woodward. These are distributed, among nearly sixty different 
 towns, including such important and ancient names as Alnwick, 
 Arundel, Bedford, Berwick-on-Tweed, Boston, Bristol, Cam- 
 bridge, Canterbury, Derby, Doncaster, Hull, Huntingdon, 
 Lancaster, Leicester, London, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Norwich, 
 Nottingham, Pontefract, Poole, Portsmouth, Preston, Rochester, 
 Scarborough, Shrewsbury, and York. 
 
 In classifying this group of officers, we may at once ex- 
 Unhistorical elude from any historical value the Land Agent of 
 titles. Boston, the Land Steward of Bristol, Hull, Norwich, 
 
 and Preston, and the Land Treasurer of Sandwich ; because 
 they are generally chartered officers in charge of extensive cor- 
 poration estates, and cannot be shown to be old historical titles, 
 though it is probable they took the place of such. The Bailiff 
 of the Commons of Lancaster probably receives his title from 
 being elected by the Common Councilmen, 1 although he 
 superintends the town marsh, and, therefore, has a place under 
 the present heading. The Land Bailiff of Quinborowe, also, 
 can hardly be considered an ancient title, but his duties are to 
 make arrangements for the depasturing of the town green and 
 the keeping of the sea wall in repair. 
 
 Turning now to the remainder of these titles, I think they 
 Arrangement are capable of being arranged into three chief 
 of the remain- g r0U p S) namely, offices relating to the inhabited 
 homestead, offices relating to the meadow cultivation, 
 and offices relating to common pasturage of the community. 
 It will be observed that these divisions correspond in some 
 degree to the general system of the village-community, but it 
 is as much for convenience as for an historical parallel that I 
 have so arranged them. But before proceeding to examine 
 these groups, let me draw attention to two records of the titles 
 
 1 There is a parallel instance in the Common*' Beadle of Norwich. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. 29 
 
 of officers belonging to a cultivating community, the value of 
 which as evidence of early history cannot be disputed, and 
 which will illustrate the importance of this section of the 
 Index, by the number of parallel names which occur. In 
 the Rectitudines Singularum Personarum we find the follow- 
 ing persons employed on the lord's estate : the Theyne, the 
 Geneat (ceorl, villanus), the Cotsetla, the Gebuhr, the Bee- 
 keeper, the Gafolswein, the Swineherd, the Esne (servus), the 
 Handmaid, the Ploughman, the Sower, the Ox-herd, the Cow- 
 herd, the Sheep-herd, the Goat-herd, the Cheese- maker, the 
 Harvest-man, the Bydel, the Woodward, and the Hedgeward. 
 The other authority is a most valuable paper in Archceologia, 1 
 by Mr. B. G. Williams, entitled An Account of the Officers in a 
 Manor in Oxfordshire. We here find certain allotments in the 
 manor, called ' hams,' made to the following officers : the Hay- 
 ward, the Worden (Woodward), the Wonter (Mole-catcher), 
 the Grass Steward, the Water Hayward, the Water Steward, 
 the Smith, the Herd, the Brander, and the Constable. 2 Thus 
 by the illustrative three groups of agricultural offices, and by 
 the parallels to older records, we have evidence of the antiquity 
 of those offices with which we are now dealing. 
 
 By offices relating to the inhabited homestead, I mean those 
 
 which attach themselves to duties appertaining to 
 
 . . Offices re- 
 
 the village, town, or borough, as distinct from the kting to the 
 
 cultivated lands around them. The Brook Warden Inhabited 
 of Arundel is unfortunately only incidentally men- 
 tioned by the Commissioners as a once important officer of 
 the Corporation, and his duties, no doubt, were to attend to 
 the allotment of the Burgesses' Brooks — parcels of land held 
 by the Burgesses according to a peculiar and evidently archaic 
 custom. We have the same title of ' Brooks ' in many 
 of the parishes on the South Downs of Sussex, and the officer 
 who attended to the allotments in these cases was called the 
 
 1 Vol xxxiii. 
 
 2 Evan Dhu describes to Edward Waverley the usual followers of his chief : 
 "There is," he says, "his hanchman, or right-hand man; then his bard, or poet; 
 then his bladier, or orator, to make harangues to the great folks whom he visits ; then 
 his gilly-more, or armour bearer, to carry his sword and target, and his gun ; then his 
 gilly-casfluich, who carries him on his back through the sikes and brooks ; then his gilly- 
 cotnstrian, to lead his horse by the bridle in steep and difficult paths; then his gilly- 
 trushharnish, to carry his knapsack ; and the piper and the piper's man." — See cap. xvi. 
 
30 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES! 
 
 Crier; 1 and the Field-grieve performs similar duties at Berwick- 
 on-Tweed. 
 
 But, passing these somewhat uncertain titles, we come next 
 to the Pound-keeper, or Pound-driver, as he is called at Pevensey 
 and Winchelsea. Those who have read Sir Henry Maine's 
 Early History of Institutions will remember his able treatment 
 of the lecture on the primitive forms of legal remedies, and the 
 place he assigns the village pound in these early chapters of 
 primitive legal history. It is too long to allow of more than 
 reference here ; but he observes in passing, " that there is no 
 more ancient institution in the country than the Village Pound : 
 it is far older than the King's Bench, and probably older than 
 the Kingdom." 2 Alongside the Pound-keeper may be placed 
 the Keeper of the Pinfold at Alnwick, the Drivers of Cattle at 
 Kidwelly, and the Pinder. This last office we find in nine 
 boroughs. Mr. Wheatley, in his Introduction to Bishop Percy's 
 Reliques, draws attention to the importance of this officer as the 
 hero of a popular legend at "Wakefield — 
 
 " In "Wakefield there lives a jolly Pinder ; 
 In Wakefield all on a green." 3 
 
 But we see among the Corporation offices many instances of the 
 amalgamation of duties under one officer, and thus we gradually 
 lose sight of those whose past power and significance have given 
 way to the progress of events. This is noticeable particularly 
 with those offices now being treated of, and it explains how, as 
 we approach the more archaic groups into which I have divided 
 the subject, we meet with fewer instances of the general existence 
 of an ancient office. The Pinder of Cambridge, in addition to 
 his usual duties, regulates the commons ; the Pinder of Doncaster 
 attends the Corporate officers to church on Sundays, and the 
 Pinder of Scarborough acts as verger of the church and attends 
 processions. Again, we meet with the amalgamation of Beadle 
 and Pound-keeper at Rochester ; and, finally, the title, as well 
 as the duties, of Pound-keeper have merged into that of Bailiffs 
 at Kidwelly. 
 
 1 See Tenantry Customs of Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. iv. p. 308. 
 
 2 Early History of Institutions, p. 263. 
 
 3 Page xliii. There is a privately printed octavo, called The Pindar of Wakefield's 
 Legend, which however I nave not been able to examine. Halliwell's Yorkshire 
 Anthology contains a poem (p. 1 39) on this subject. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES INTRODUCTION. 31 
 
 The remaining titles which, belong to this group are the 
 Grassmen of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, who impound cattle, but 
 originally, I cannot but think, performed the same kind of duties 
 as the Grass Stewards of the Oxford manor mentioned by Mr. 
 Williams ; the Gamekeeper of Doncaster and Hythe, and the 
 Warrener and Gamekeeper of Scarborough ; 1 the Keeper of the 
 Green Yard of London, 2 the Hedge Lookers of Lancaster, and 
 the Lookers of Hedges and Ditches at Clitheroe, and the Mole- 
 Catcher of Arundel, Leicester, and Richmond, called the Wonter 
 in the Oxford manor mentioned above. 
 
 We now come to our second group, or, as I have termed it, 
 
 offices relating to meadow cultivation. After the ~~ 
 
 ° t t Offices re- 
 
 arable allotments, this formed the next important out- lating to 
 
 lying portion of the cultivating community of early Cultivation 
 
 times. The Haymakers of Rochester should certainly 
 
 belong here, but unfortunately we are not told their functions. 
 
 An officer alwaj^s distinctly connected with this agricultural 
 
 stage is the Hayward. Bishop Kennett describes this office, as 
 
 a herdward, hayward, or keeper of the herd of cattle in a 
 
 common field (pratum) or meadow land. 3 We have fifteen 
 
 instances of this office. In the instance of Aberavon the duties 
 
 are very clearly defined. There are four haywards belonging to 
 
 the corporation, and the duties of two of them are to distrain 
 
 all cattle trespassing on the common lands of the borough, and 
 
 of the other two to turn the cattle of certain burgesses into the 
 
 after grass of the inclosed lands on the 17th September, and 
 
 to turn them out into the uninclosed land on the 25th March, 
 
 1 Ferhaps it would be well to state the duties in full of this officer. They are to 
 take charge of the plantation gates and fences of the Corporation, and prevent all 
 trespasses thereon ; to report the state of the roads ; to keep a field-book, and report 
 from time to time the fulfilment or otherwise of agreements between the tenants and 
 the Corporation. 
 
 2 I must here be permitted to draw attention to the importance of this office being 
 still extant in London. The Green Yard is situate in Whitecross Street, and the 
 duty of the Keeper is to receive all fines, dues, and costs incidental to the straying of 
 animals in the City. "We have evidence here that the municipal history of London is 
 not to be sought exclusively from Roman history, or from a developed political 
 system. The Green Yard carries us farther back than either of these, and associates 
 a portion at all events of the early history of London with the early history of other 
 municipal boroughs. It should be mentioned that I am indebted to Mr. W. Marchant 
 for the information as to the duties of the Keeper of the Green Yard. See also 
 Halliwell's Naves' Glossary, sub voce. 
 
 3 See Glossary to Kennett's Parochial Antiquities, sub voce " Agillarius " ; also 
 Cowell's Law l)ict., ibid ; and Nares' Glossary, sub voce " Hayward." 
 
32 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 and to keep the bay land and the marsh free from trespass. Those 
 of the other towns are nearly similar according to the extent of 
 the town lands. As a synonymous title to Hayward, Bishop 
 Kennett mentions the Fields-man, and it is curious to note that 
 the Feld Driver of Bedford is stated to perform the duties of 
 Hayward. The Herd of Alnwick, the Nolt-herds of Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, the Town Swineherd of Shrewsbury, and the Neat- 
 herds of Doncaster, fall under the same classification. 
 
 We now come to the third and last group of the agricultural 
 
 offices, namely, that relating to common pasturage, 
 latino- to In the old cultivating community this extended for 
 common a limited period over the arable lands and meadow 
 
 ground and throughout the year over the pasture 
 lands, marshes, and woods. The Overseers of the Common at 
 Llantrissent and the Foreman of the Commons at Huntingdon 
 almost seem to be modern substitutes for more ancient titles. 
 The Pasture- Masters of Beverley and York regulate the pastures 
 over which the burgesses have a right of common. We get 
 beyond the limited pastures when we come to the Fens and 
 Moors. The Moor-Grieves of Alnwick, the Moormen and Moss- 
 men of Lancaster, and the Moorwardens of Axbridge, in the one 
 class ; and the Fen Reeves of Aldeburgh, Dunwich, and South- 
 wold, in the other, explain themselves as offices appertaining 
 to the outlying pastures of the community. And finally at the 
 extremity of the territory belonging to the community is the 
 wood pasture. The Tender of the Town- Wood at Congleton, the 
 Woodwards of Havering and Nottingham, represent this feature 
 of the subject, and though Havering had no duties for its Wood- 
 ward to perform, the Woodward of Nottingham had to look 
 after the woods and coppices of this grand old town, which 
 down even to modern days has the most distinctive evidence of 
 archaic institutions of any of our municipal boroughs. 
 
 Some Curious Offices. 
 
 9. I will now notice very briefly a few of the more curious 
 titles which could not well be placed in the foregoing sections, 
 but which, nevertheless, have a history attached to them. 
 The Affeerors of Arundel and Clitheroe represent the old 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES — INTRODUCTION. 33 
 
 manorial officer, appointed to " affirm " upon their oath what 
 penalty they think in conscience ought to be inflicted upon 
 any defaulters cognizable at the Court Baron, and no doubt 
 the " twelve Affeering-men " of Berwick-on-Tweed may be 
 traced to the same origin. 1 The Beaconer at King's Lynn 
 and the Tenant of the Beacons at Sandwich have to pro- 
 vide buoys and floating beacons required for the navigation 
 of the Channel. 2 The Blue-caps or Javelin men of Clitheroe 
 are twelve in number and assist in keeping the peace armed 
 with halberds ; they are entitled to this office by the tenure 
 of certain houses, not burgage houses. The Bucket-keepers 
 of Bedford were formerly to see that every freeman was 
 provided with a bucket; and a similar office appears to have 
 once existed at Ipswich, for it is stated that formerly every 
 freeman was provided with a water-bucket which was hung up 
 in the town-hall. 3 The Burleigh-men 4 of Beaumaris impound 
 all waifs and strays, abate encroachments, inquire into all 
 differences respecting the wastes, and generally act as the agents 
 of the corporation in their character as lords of the manor. 
 The Cofferers keep the borough chest. The Town Corporal and 
 Le Yeoman assist the Serjeants-at-Mace. The Customer was 
 once a very general officer appointed to collect the customs. 
 The Egg Collector collects the eggs which are the Mayor's 
 perquisites at Newcastle-on-Tyne. The Elisors are two inhabit- 
 ants of Preston who select twenty-four burgesses from whom 
 the mayor is selected. The King's Hackneyman has now no 
 function. The Town's Husband of Hull keeps the accounts of 
 the Corporation. The Keeper of the Keys at Southampton 
 refers to the gates once existing in the town. The Leave- 
 Looker seems to have once been an office of importance. It is 
 now found in four towns situate in adjacent counties on the 
 
 1 See Cowell, Law Diet, sub voce ; and Journ. Brit. Arch. Asso. vol. xxxiii. p. 35, 
 " On the Antiquities of Portland." 
 
 2 This is a very old custom; another office of "Hoblers" was attached to the 
 service of the beacons. See Toulmin Smith's The Parish, p. 519. 
 
 3 Among the payments of the City of London is an item for " painting five 
 buckets for the Sheriffs." 
 
 4 We meet with Birliemen in Scotland. These are representatives of very primi- 
 tive institutions : they presided over the Rirlie-knowe, or Justice Court, which met 
 in the open air for the adjustment of village grievances. See New Statistical 
 Account of Scotland, vol. ii., sub voce parishes of Whitsome and Hilton. 
 
34 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES I 
 
 western coast, Lancashire, Cheshire, and Denbigh. The duties 
 attached to the office at present are very unimportant, but from 
 a passage quoted in Hemingway's History of Chester (i. 244) it 
 appears that the two Leave-Lookers of that city were the chiefs 
 of the citizens before a mayor was ordained, and still are 
 reputed the chiefs of the forty or the Common-Council of the 
 city. They were accustomed to go round the city in order to 
 preserve its privileges, and used to take small sums for leave 
 for non-freemen to sell wares by retail. The Sampleman 
 of Hull receives samples of coals for the Mayor ; and the Sand- 
 walkers of Southampton formerly had to watch for waifs and 
 wrecks. I think this disposes of any titles that may be worth 
 specially alluding to. 
 
 10. Before I can be said to have finished the historical outline 
 Some in- afforded us by an archaeological classification of the 
 stances of offices belonging to the Municipal Corporations of 
 modes of England, I must, as mentioned above, draw attention 
 payment. to some instances of peculiar modes of payment to 
 certain officers. Again, in this division of our subject, I feel that 
 much more is to be said than can be done within any reasonable 
 limits on the present occasion. The origin of such peculiar pay- 
 ments, as a guinea and a half, at Ipswich, to the Bailiffs, under 
 the name of "the Bailiff's lantern," which is supposed to be 
 expended in lighting their wives home at night ; the fee of 
 7s. 6d. to the wife of the Town Clerk of Faversham, which seems 
 to have existed from ancient times as a commutation for a bottle 
 of sack which used to be presented to her; the " land-mail rent" 
 allowed by the Bishop of Durham to the wife of the Mayor of 
 Durham; the "couple of fowls" received by the Mayor of 
 Haverfordwest from each of the Corporation tenants " from 
 ancient times ;" the " sugar rents " of the Mayor of Boston ; 
 the " one egg out of every basket brought to market," received 
 by the Mayor of Newcastle; the "capon money" received by 
 the Mayor of Stratford-upon-Avon; and many others, all re- 
 quire some investigation. But besides these we have a class of 
 payments which can at once be seen to belong to an archaic 
 group of customs. I mean the allotment of certain parcels of 
 land which are known by the name of the officer to whom they 
 belong. I have already pointed out the peculiar instance 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES INTRODUCTION. 35 
 
 explained by Mr. B. Williams in Archceologia, and indeed other 
 instances are forthcoming from most of the agricultural districts 
 of the country. Sir Henry Maine, in his Village Communities 
 in the East and West, has fully traced out the primitiveness of 
 this custom and the analogy which exists between the Hindoo 
 and the Teutonic village-community in this respect. That 
 instances should be found to exist in our municipal boroughs 
 is surely a significant fact treading closely along the lines that 
 have been followed throughout these pages. We meet with 
 money payments " in lieu of land," where the older custom 
 is clearly just being abrogated, as with the Field-grieve at 
 Berwick and the Hayward at Godmanchester : but there is no 
 mistaking such allotments as the Alderman's Kitchen of Malmes- 
 bury, the Bailiff's Hook at Northampton, the Bailiff's Wall 
 at Axbridge, the Bellman's Acre at Newport, the Custumar's 
 Meadow at Hereford, and the Pindar's Balk at Don caster ; here, 
 if anywhere, is evidence that survivals from the most primitive 
 times exist among our municipal archives awaiting the investi- 
 gation of the historian and the careful industry of the antiquary. 1 
 11. We have now passed in review the historical aspect pre- 
 sented by a classification of the municipal offices be- 
 longing to England and Wales. There are other 
 methods of treatment, and there is much further information to 
 be elucidated ; but perhaps the present outline will not be the least 
 acceptable as an introduction to the subject. How much social 
 history may be gathered from these old archives can be ascer- 
 tained by a glance, for instance, at the Stratford-on-Avon 
 Records published by Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps. That our fore- 
 fathers took an interest in local matters which the present 
 generation seems incapable of is, of course, the one important 
 fact which makes the English system of local self-government 
 more pure, more historically developed, more politically useful, 
 than any of the continental systems. It is interesting to know 
 that the father of our great poet and dramatist, John Shakespeare, 
 
 1 It should be noted that the mayor, though an officer belonging to medieval 
 times, is allotted parcels of land in two instances ; namely, the Mayor's Plot at 
 Newport (Monmouth), and the Mayor's Garden at Stratford-on-Avon. This, how- 
 ever, is no doubt an imitation of the older system. The Chamberlains of Seaford 
 have the rent of the Hangman's Acre, and the Constables of Laugharne that of four 
 acres of land called Current's Mead. 
 
36 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES. 
 
 successively filled the posts of Ale-taster, Affeeror, Burgess, Con- 
 stable, Chamberlain, Alderman, and High-Bailiff at Stratford- 
 on-Avon. 1 But it is far more interesting to know that he was 
 thus fulfilling his mission as an Englishman of the sixteenth 
 century, who has helped to make the Englishman of the nine- 
 teenth century. Some of the offices that he filled are now, alas ! 
 obsolete, and it cannot be denied that they are obsolete as much 
 because they have grown out of fashion as because they were no 
 longer needed, and because men prefer being railway and bank 
 directors to parochial officers. The increased vigour in legisla- 
 tion on local institutions shows the necessity for an occasional 
 glance back to their early history, and it is hoped that the 
 present may be a useful instalment in that direction. 
 
 Note. — It is to be observed that many ordinary offices, like 
 Constables, Constables of the Castle, Prothonotary, Justices, &c, 
 are only included in the Index when they are specially mentioned 
 as Corporation offices under a distinct title. It is sometimes 
 stated that the duties appertaining to such offices as these are 
 performed by officers not specially appointed for, and not assuming 
 the title belonging to, such duties ; but unless some mention is 
 made in the Reports that the officers properly appertaining to 
 these duties are obsolete or not appointed, they are not included 
 in the Index under a separate title. Obsolete offices, and those 
 stated to have no functions to perform, are distinguished by the 
 Town names to which they belong being printed in a different 
 type (small capitals). The references between square brackets 
 allude to the page of the Introduction where the office is men- 
 tioned. 
 
 1 See Dyce's Memoir of Shakespeare, Aldine Edit, of Poems, p. iii, note ; S. Neil's 
 Shakespeare : a Critical Biography ; and Halliwell-Phillipps' Stratford in the Times 
 of the Shakespeares, passim. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Accountant, Beccles iv. 2133 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; Ludlow iv. 2787. 
 Admiral, Carmarthen i. 204 ; Haverfordwest i. 234 ; Ipswich iv. 2296 ; 
 
 Maldon iv. 2434; Newport (I W.J ii. 778; Poole ii. 1321; 
 
 Rochester ii. 852 ; Southampton ii. 878 ; Southwold iv. 2516. 
 
 of the Humber, Hull iii. 1548. 
 
 Affeerers [AfTeerors], Arundel ii. 668; Clitheroe iii. 1484. [p. 32.] 
 Affeering-men (the Twelve), Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1439. [p. 33.] 
 Alderman, Axbridge ii. 1094; Berwich-on-Tweed iii. 1437; Bury 
 
 St. Edmunds iv. 2172 ; Grantham iv. 2241 ; llalmesbury i. 77 ; 
 
 Wokingham iv. 2938. [pp. 13-16.] 
 
 (Deputy), Grantham iv. 2241 ; Malmesbury i. 77. 
 
 Alderman of Portswood, Southampton ii. 873. 
 
 Aldermen, Aberavon i. 165 ; Altringham iv. 2574 ; Appleby iii. 1426 ; 
 
 Banbury i. 9 ; Barnstaple i. 429 ; Basingstoke ii. 1101 ; i?tf£A ii. 
 
 1112; Bedford iv. 2105; Berkeley i. 19; Beverley iii. 1455; 
 
 Bideford i. 437 ; Boston iv. 2151 ; Brackley i. 23 ; Brecon i. 177 ; 
 
 Bridgnorth iii. 1780; Bridgwater i. 463 ; Bristol ii. 1164; Clwra- 
 
 bridge iv. 2185; Canterbury ii. 688; Cardiff i. 187; Carlisle iii. 
 
 1469 ; C«s^ Rising iv. 2211 ; Chester iv. 2619 ; Chesterfield iii. 
 
 1789; Chichester ii. 716; Congleton iv. 2649 ; Coventry iii. 1797; 
 
 Cowbridge i. 221 ; Denbigh iv. 2662; Derby iii. 1849 ; Doncaster 
 
 iii. 1495; Dorchester ii. 1274; Dunicich iv. 2220; Durham iii. 
 
 1512 ; Dtjrsley i. 49 ; Evesham i. 53 ; Exeter i. 487 ; Falmouth i. 
 
 501 ; Fowey i. 505 ; Gloucester i. 59 ; ^rea^ Grimsby iv. 2249 ; 
 
 Harwich iv. 2261; Hedon iii. 1537; Helston i. 511; Henley i. 71; 
 
 Hereford i. 254 ; Hertford iv. 2885 ; Higham Ferrers iv. 2282 ; 
 
 .£%/* Wycombe i. 41 ; Huntingdon iv. 2287 ; 2Z«W iii. 1548 ; 
 
 Kenfig i. 269 ; Kidderminster iii. 1877 ; Kidwelly i. 273 ; King's 
 
 Lynniv. 2393; Kirkby '-in- Kendal iii. 1590; Lancaster iii. 1600; 
 
 Launceston i. 517; Zee^s iii. 1619; Leicester iii. 1895; Lincolniv. 
 
 2345 ; Liverpool iv. 2697 ; Llandovery i. 302 ; Llantrissent i. 313 ; 
 
 London; Loughor i. 317; Ludlow iv. 2787; Maldon iv. 2434; Neath 
 
 i. 333; Newark iii. 1936; Newbury i. 89 ; Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 
 
38 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Aldermen {continued) — 
 
 1638 ; Newport (I. W.J ii. 775 ; Newport (Monmouth) i. 341 ; 
 Newport (Pembrokeshire J i. 353; Northampton Hi. 1966; Norwich 
 iv. 2459; Nottingham iii. 1991; Oswestry iv. 2825; Oxford i. 
 98; Penzance i. 571; Plymouth i. 579; Pontefract iii. 1675; 
 Poole ii. 1321; Portsmouth ii. 803; Preston iii. 1686; Radnor 
 (New J i. 357; Reading i. Ill ; Retford (East J iii. 1861 ; ifrV/i- 
 ?ra«wi (Tories J iii. 1699; Ripon iii. 1708; Rochester ii. 845; 
 Romsey ii. 1331 ; Ruthin iv. 2848; $£. Allans iv. 2919; &«^'s- 
 #wry ii. 1340; Saltash i. 605; Shrewsbury iii. 2013; South- 
 ampton ii. 873 ; Stafford iii. 2026 ; Stamford iv. 2527 ; Stockton 
 iii. 1729; Stratford-on-Avon i. 119; Stttaw Coldfield iii. 2033; 
 Swanseai. 385; Tenby i. 403; Thornbtjry i. 130; Torringtoni. 633; 
 Truro i. 655; Wallingford i. 133; Warwick iii. 2059; Weymouth 
 and Melcombe Regis ii. 1385; Wickwar i. 138; Wilton i. 1400; 
 Winchester ii. 896 ; Woodstock (New J i. 141; Wootton Bassett i. 
 147; Wootton-under-Edge i. 150; Worcester^. 153; Pbr^iii. 1739. 
 
 (Deputy), London. 
 
 Aldermen of the Wards, Salisbury ii. 1342; Southampton ii. 873. 
 
 Ale Conner, Ipswich iv. 2295 ; Quinborowe ii. 824 ; Rochester ii. 845. 
 
 Ale Conners, Arundel ii. 668 ; Faversham ii. 962 ; Havering iv. 2879 ; 
 Kingston iv. 2897 ; London, [p. 25.] 
 
 Ale Founders, Aldeburgh iv. 2085 ; Dunwich iv. 2220 ; ^y« iv. 2229. 
 [p. 25.] 
 
 Ale Taster, Bossiney i. 453 ; Cardiff i. 187 ; Congleton iv. 2652 ; 
 Dartmouth i. 477 ; Folkestone ii. 982 ; Godmanchester iv. 2235 ; 
 Loughor i. 317. [p. 25.] 
 
 Ale Tasters, Aberavon i. 165; Axbridge ii. 1094; Barnstaple i. 430; 
 Bathii. 1113; Bedfordiv. 2105; Berkeley!. 19; Camelfordi. 471; 
 Christchurch Twyneham ii. 1255; Clitheroe iii. 1484; Guildford iv. 
 2874; iZ^on iii. 1537 ; JTe«^ i. 269 ; Lancaster iii. 1600; iVe^A 
 i. 333; Scarborough iii. 1714; Stamford iv. 2527; Stockton iii. 
 1729 ; Wallingford i. 133 ; Westbury ii. 1378 ; JFi7fcw ii. 1400 ; 
 Wokingham iv. 2938. 
 
 i and Bread Weighers, Morpeth iii. 1627. 
 
 Appraiser of Distresses, Clitheroe iii. 1484. 
 
 Approved Men, Andover ii. 1081 ; Guildford iv. 2871. 
 
 Assessor of the Court of Requests, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Assessors (Ballast), 500 "Ballast." 
 
 Assistants, Banbury i. 9; i?wry >Stf. Edmunds iv. 2172; Godalming 
 ii. 735; Godmanchester iv •. 2235; Hertford iv. 2885; 2Z«» {Trinity 
 JTouse)iii. 1581 ; Kidderminster iii. 1877; Zmfo iii. 1619 ; Zo?/M 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 39 
 
 Assistants (continued) — 
 
 iv. 2374 ; Oxford i. 98 ; Penzance i. 571 ; Reading i. Ill ; Ripon 
 iii. 1708; Rochester ii. 845; St. Albans iv. 2919; Salisbury ii. 
 1340 ; Shrewsbury iii. 2013 ; Tewkesbuey i. 125; Tiverton i. 625 ; 
 Walling ford i. 133; Wareham ii. 1360. 
 
 (Elder), Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1606. 
 
 (Younger), Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1666. 
 
 Attorney (Common), Aberavon i. 165. 
 
 Attornies (Common), Cardiff i. 187; Laugharne i. 287; Math i. 333; 
 fife. C&w« i. 377 ; Swansea i. 385. 
 
 Auctioneer, Beccles iv. 2133. 
 
 Auditors, Beaumaris iv. 2584 ; 6V<?fltf Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Hastings ii. 
 998 ; iZ^<wiii. 1537; Hull iii. 1548 ; if%'s Zy?m iv. 2393 ; Lan- 
 caster iii. 1600; Ludloio iv. 2787; Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639; 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne {Fraternity of Hostmen) iii. 1661 ; Plymouth i. 
 579 ; Portsmouth ii. 803 ; Radnor {New) i. 357 ; Retford {East) 
 iii. 1862; Rochester ii. 845; Sandwich ii. 1043; Scarborough iii. 
 1714; Shrewsbury iii. 2014; Southampton ii. 873; Stockton iii. 
 1729; Wilton ii. 1400; Winchester ii. 896 ; Worcester i. 153. 
 
 of Town Dues, Liverpool iv. 2698. 
 
 Aulneger [Alnager], Southampton ii. 873. [p. 8w.] 
 
 Bailiff, Altringham iv. 2574; Andover ii. 1083: Axbridge ii. 1094; 
 Bewdley iii. 1772; Bishop's Castle iv. 2596; Blandford Forum 
 ii. 1134; Brecon i. 177; Buckingham i. 27; Burton-upon- Trent iii. 
 1785 ; Cefn Llys i. 373; Chichester ii. 716; Chippenham ii. 1247; 
 Chipping Sodbury i. 37 ; Christchurch Twyneham ii. 1255 ; CWV&- 
 &w>(?W i. 226; Baventry iii. 1843; Z>mas Myddy iv. 2673; 
 Bunmow (Great) iv. 2215 ; Duesley i. 49 ; Garstang iii. 1520 ; 
 Godalming ii. 736; Guildford iv. 2871; -Zfay i. 250; Higham 
 Ferrers iv. 2282 ; Ilchester ii. 1289 ; Knighton i. 373; Knuckxess 
 i. 373 ; Laugharne i. 287 ; Leominster i. 293 ; Llandovery i. 302 ; 
 London; Louth iv. 2374 ; Lydd ii. 1013; Newport ( Pembrokeshire J 
 i. 353; Pevensey ii. 1017; Plympton Farle i. 599; Poo^ ii. 1321; 
 Peesteign i. 373; Radnor (New J i. 357; Ehayadee i. 373; Romney 
 Marsh ii. 1025 ; Sandwich ii. 1043 ; Seaford ii. 1059 ; £ow£A 
 Moulton i. 614 ; Wenlock iii. 2075 ; JFVsfcw i. 423. [p. 12.] 
 
 Bailiff Burgesses, «e<? "Burgesses." 
 
 Bailiff (Deputy), 7T«»foc£ iii. 2076. 
 
 (Erection), Boston iv. 2151. 
 
 (High), Bridgnorth iii. 1781 ; Havering iv. 2879 ; Kiddermin- 
 ster iii. 1877; Zwes^iii. 1895; Ludlow iv. 27 '87 ; Ruytoniy. 2859. 
 
40 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Bailiff (High) of Southwark, London. 
 
 (King's), Dartmouth i. 477. 
 
 (Land), Quinborowe ii. 831. [p. 28.] 
 
 (Low), Ludlow iv. 2787 ; Ruyton iv. 2859. 
 
 (Mayor's), see " Mayor." 
 
 (Sheriff's), see "Sheriff's." 
 
 (Town), Dartmouth,!. 477; Prestoniii. 1686; Wisbeachiv. 2553. 
 
 (Under), Buckingham i.27; Chipping Sodburyi. 37; Chippen- 
 ham ii. 1247; DubsleyL 49; Havering iv. 2879; Llchester ii. 1290; 
 Kidderminster iii. 1878. 
 
 (Water), Barnstaple i. 429 ; Beaumaris iv. 2583 ; Bristol 
 
 ii. 1164 ; Canterbury ii. 688 ; Cardiff i. 187 ; Dunwich iv. 2220 ; 
 Folkestone ii. 982; Fordicich ii. 987; LTull iii. 1548; Lpswich 
 iv. 2295 ; King's Lynn iv. 2393 ; Liverpool iv. 2698 ; Londm ; 
 Zy;«£ ifey/* ii. 1307; Maidstone ii. 755; Maldon iv. 2434; 
 Oxford i. 98 ; Poole, ii. 1321 ; Quinborowe ii. 831 ; Southampton 
 ii. 874; Swansea i. 391; Winchelsea ii. 1073. 
 
 Bailiff (Water, Assistant), Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Bailiff (Water, Deputy), .Don?/* ii. 942; Liverpool iv. 2698; Quinborowe 
 ii. 824. 
 
 Bailiff (Water) and Coal Weigher, Worcester i. 153. 
 
 Bailiff (Water) and Superintendant of Graving Docks, Liverpool iv. 2698. 
 
 Bailiff and Town Crier, Launceston i. 518. 
 
 Bailiff of the Bailiwick, 7T<?#* ii. 1369. 
 
 of the Bourne, Blastings ii. 998. 
 
 of the Brethren, Lancaster iii. 1600. 
 
 of the Commons, Lancaster iii. 1600. [p. 28.] 
 
 of the Liberty, Stamford iv. 2527. 
 
 ■ of the Liberties, Grantham iv. 2241. 
 
 of the Manor, Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437. 
 
 Bailiff's Man, Shaftesbury ii. 1353. 
 
 Bailiff's Peers, Wenlock iii. 2076. 
 
 Bailiff's Serjeant, G^ratf Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Oxford i. 98 ; Romney 
 Marsh, ii. 1027. 
 
 Bailiffs, Abingdon i. 3; Aldeburghiv. 2085; Appleby iii. 1426; 2?fl/A ii. 
 1113 ; Beaumaris iv. 2583 ; Bedford iv. 2105 ; Berwick-on- Tweed 
 iii. 1437; Brading ii. 679; Bridgnorth iii. 1780; Bridport ii. 1141; 
 Caerwys iv. 2609 ; Cambridge iv. 2185 ; Cardiff i. 187; Cardigan 
 i. 197 ; Carlisle iii. 1469 ; Cftrt/v? ii. 1238 ; Chipping Norton i. 33 ; 
 Clitheroe iii. 1483; C7?m iv. 2642; Coventry iii. 1797; CW- 
 bridge i. 221; Denbigh iv. 2662; Devizes ii. 1264; Dorchester 
 ii. 1274; Droitwich i. ,47 ; Dunwich iv. 2220 ; Exeter i 487; 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 41 
 
 Bailiffs {continued) — 
 
 Eye, iv. 2229 ; Faenham, ii. 732 ; Flint iv. 2680 ; Gateshead 
 iii. 1526; Godmanchester iv. 2235; Great Grimsby iv. 2249; 
 Haverfordwest, i. 234 ; Hedon iii. 1537 ; High Wycombe, i. 41 ; 
 Ipswich iv. 2295 ; Kidwelly i. 273 ; Kilgerran i. 279 ; Kingston, 
 iv. 2895; Langport Eastover, ii. 1295; Lichfield iii. 1926; Liver- 
 pool iv. 2697; London; Marlborough i. 83; Monmouth i. 322; 
 Morpeth iii. 1627; Newcastle-under-Lyme iii. 1952; Newport (Mon- 
 mouth) i. 341 ; Newport (Shropshire) iii. 1962 ; Northampton iii. 
 1966; Oxford i. 98 ; Pembroke i. 365 ; Retford (East) iii. 1861 ; 
 Rhuddlan iv. 2839; Scarborough iii. 1714; Southampton ii. 873; 
 Southwoldiv. 2516; Stamford iv. 2527 ; Tamworth iii. 2039; Tenby i. 
 403; Tewkesbury i. 125; £7s£i. 415; Wallingford i. 133; Weymouth 
 and Melcombe Regis ii. 1385 ; Wilton ii. 1400 ; Winchester ii. 896 ; 
 Windsor iv. 2933; Wokingham iv. 2938. [p. 13.] &?<? "Serjeants 
 of the Key." 
 
 (Deputy), Ludlow iv. 2788. 
 
 (Lordship), Ruthin iv. 2851. 
 
 (Suh-), Coventry iii. 1799; Devizes ii. 1264; Godmanchester 
 
 iv. 2235 ; Liverpool iv. 2697. 
 
 (Water) Harwich iv. 2261 ; Newport (Isle of Wight) ii. 775 ; 
 
 Newport (Monmouth) i. 341 ; Norwich iv. 2459 ; Orford iv. 2510; 
 Portsmouth ii. 803 ; Rochester ii. 845. 
 
 Ballast Assessors, Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Beaconer, King's Lynn iv. 2393. [p. 33.] 
 
 Beadle, Andover ii. 1083; Basingstoke ii. 1102; Bedford iv. 2105; 
 Bideford i. 437; Boston iv. 2151; Bridgnorth iii. 1780; Bristol ii. 
 1164; CWrce ii. 1233 ; Caster iv. 2625 ; Denbigh iv. 2662; Zmzes 
 ii. 1264 ; Dorchester ii. 1275 ; Faversham ii. 962 ; Gloucester 
 i. 60 ; Grantham iv. 2241 ; Guildford iv. 2871 ; Hereford i. 254 ; 
 .ZZiyA Wycombe i. 41 ; Huntingdon iv. 2287 ; Lampeter i. 283 ; 
 Lancaster iii. 1600; Z^s iii. 1619; Leicester iii. 1895; Liver- 
 pool iv. 2698; Marlborough i. 83; Newark iii. 1937; Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne {Fraternity of Hostmen) iii. 1661 ; Newport {Isle of 
 Wight) ii. 775; Preston iii. 1686 ; Sandwich ii. 1043; Stratford- 
 on-Avon i. 120 ; Tenterden ii. 1063 ; Tiverton i. 625 ; Torrington 
 i. 634 ; Warwick iii. 2059 ; 7Te^s ii. 1 369 ; Weymouth and 
 Melcombe Regis ii. 1386; Wilton ii. 1400; Wisbeach iv. 2553; 
 York (Merchant Adventurers of) iii. 1761. [p. 25.] #00 "Bellman 
 and Beadle," "Charcoal Man and Beadle," "Mayor's Beadle." 
 
 (Assistant), Zeerfs iii. 1619; Wisbeach iv. 2553. 
 
 Beadle (Commons'), Norwich iv. 2460. [p. 28w.] 
 
42 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Beadle of the Court of Conscience, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Beadle and Pound-keeper, Rochester ii. 845. [p. 30.] 
 
 Beadle and Wardman, Stamford iv. 2527. 
 
 Beadle of the Wards, Southampton ii. 873. 
 
 Beadles, Barnstaple i. 430 ; Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437 ; Congleton 
 
 iv. 2653 ; Hull iii. 1548 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; 
 
 London-, Ludlow iv. 27 87 ; Monmouth i. 322 ; St. Albans xv. 2919 ; 
 
 Salisbury ii. 1342 ; Southampton ii. 873. 
 Bearward, Cokgleton iv. 2652. 
 Bellman, Aberystwith i. 171 ; Basingstoke ii. 1104 ; Beverley iii. 1455 ; 
 
 Bewdley iii. 1772; Bristol ii. 1164; Cambridge iv. 2185; Ctor- 
 
 marthen i. 207 ; Congleton iv. 2652; Godalming ii. 737 ; Godman- 
 
 chester iv. 2235; Haverfordwest i. 236; Bledon iii. 1537 ; Hereford 
 
 i. 257; iZw/Z iii. 1548; Lancaster iii. 1600; Laugharne i. 288; 
 
 Liverpool iv. 2698 ; Newport (Monmouth) i. 343 ; Pontefract iii. 
 
 1675 ; Preston iii. 1686 ; Reading i. Ill ; Richmond {Yorkshire) 
 
 iii. 1699 ; Ripon iii. 1708 ; Shrewsbury iii. 2015 ; Stockton iii. 
 
 1729 ; Fori iii. 1739. [p. 25.] 
 
 (Day), #W/s ii. 1369. 
 
 (Night), 7T^« ii. 1369. 
 
 Bellman and Beadle, Abingdon i. 3 ; Newbury i. 92; Norwich iv. 2460 ; 
 
 Wallingford i. 133; Winchester ii. 896. 
 Bellmen, Gloucester i. 60; Leicester iii. 1895; Monmouth i. 324. 
 Bellringers, Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437; Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 Benchers (Chief), Windsor iv. 2932. 
 
 (Three), Windsor iv. 2932. 
 
 Billet Master, Beverley iii. 1458; Canterbury ii. 688; Carlisle iii. 
 
 1470 ; Garstang iii. 1521 ; 2Twff iii. 1553 ; iZy^e ii. 1007 ; 
 
 Ipswich iv. 2316 ; Liverpool iv. 2698 ; Stamford iv. 2529 ; TM- 
 
 /orrf iv. 2544. 
 Blower of the Burghmote Horn, Canterbury ii. 688. [p. 23.] See 
 
 " Horn Blower." 
 Blue-caps [or Javelin-men], Clitheroe iii. 1487. [p. 33.] 
 Boatmen, iVe^c<w^-ow-7^M<?iii. 1639. 
 Borough-Holders, Gateshead iii. 1526. [p. 23.] 
 Borsholder, Faversham ii. 971. [p. 23.] 
 Borsholders, Canterbury ii. 688 ; Fordwich ii. 987 ; Maidstone ii. 755 ; 
 
 Quinborowe ii. 824; Rochester ii. 845; Tenterden ii. 1063. 
 
 (Deputy), Tenterden ii. 1063. 
 
 Bread Weighers, Axbeidge ii. 1094 ; Dunmow {Great) iv. 2215 ; GW- 
 
 manchester iv. 2235; Scarborough iii. 1714; Stockton iii. 1729. 
 
 &?<? " Ale Tasters and Bread Weighers." 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 43 
 
 Brethren, Derby iii. 1849; Lancaster iii. 1601; Lichfield iii. 1926; 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne (Fraternity of Hostmen) iii. 1661. 
 (Elder), Hull {Trinity House) iii. 1581 ; Newcastle-on-Tyne 
 
 {Trinity House) iii. 1666. 
 
 (Younger), Hull {Trinity House) iii. 1581 ; Windsor iv. 2932. 
 
 Bridge Keeper, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Bridge Masters, Bridgnorth iii. 1780; London; Maidenhead iv. 2909. 
 
 Bridge Men, Henley i. 71 ; Wallingford i. 133. 
 
 Bridge Sweeper, Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 Bridge Wardens, Kingston iv. 2987. 
 
 Brookwarden, Arundel ii. 673. [pp. 6n } 29.] 
 
 Brothers, Chesterfield iii. 1789. 
 
 Bucket Keepers, See "Keeper of Buckets and Pipes," "Keepers." 
 
 Burgesses, Aberavon i. 165; Aberystwith i. 171 ; Aldeburgh iv. 2085; 
 Alnwick iii. 1414; Arundel ii. 670; Basingstoke ii. 1101 ; Bedford 
 iv. 2105 ; Berwich-on- Tweed iii. 1437 ; Brecon i. 177 ; Bridg- 
 north iii. 1780; Bristol ii. 1163; ^wry >Stf. Edmunds iv. 2172 • 
 Cfc&M ii. 1232 ; Cardiff i. 187 ; Cardigan i. 197 ; Carmarthen 
 i. 204 ; Cefn Leys i. 373 ; C%«n? ii. 1238 ; Chippenham ii. 
 1245; Chipping Norton i. 33; Clitheroe iii. 1485; C&m iv. 
 2642 ; Cowbridge i. 221 ; Dartmouth i. 477 ; Daventry iii. 
 1843; Droitwich i. 47; Dunmoio (Great) iv. 2215; Dunwich 
 iv. 2220; Falmouth i. 501; Fowey i. 505; Garstang iii. 1520; 
 Gateshead iii. 1526 ; Glastonbury ii. 1283 ; Grantham iv. 
 2241; Hartlepool iii. 1531; Haverfordwest i. 234; Hedon iii. 
 1537; J7erc% i. 71 ; iZ«>A Wycombe i. 41 ; J3«» iii. 1548; -ffera/%r 
 i. 269 ; Kidivelly i. 273 ; Kilgerran i. 279 ; Knighton i. 373 ; 
 Knttckless i. 373 ; Lampeter i. 283 ; Laugharne i. 287 ; Leicester 
 iii. 1895; Llandovery i. 302; Llanelly i. 307; Llantrissent i. 313; 
 Lostwithiel i. 545 ; Lotighor i. 317 ; Lymington ii. 7 43 ; Maiden- 
 head iv. 2909; Marazion i. 551; Marlborough i. 84; Monmouth 
 i. 322; Morpeth iii. 1627; Neath i. 333; Newcastle-under-Lyme 
 iii. 1952 ; Neivport ( Monmouth ) i. 341 ; Newport (Pembrokeshire J 
 i. 353; Newport (Shropshire) iii. 1962; Northampton iii. 1967; 
 Nottingham iii. 1991 ; Pembroke i. 365 ; Penryn i. 563; Ponte- 
 fract iii. 1675; Poofe ii. 1320; Portsmouth ii. 803; Quinborowe 
 ii. 824; Beading i. Ill ; Retford (East) iii. 1861 ; Rhayadeb i. 
 373; Richmond (Yorkshire) ' iii. 1700; Ripon iii. 1708; #£. C7<<ws 
 i. 377 ; >Stf. i#es i. 619; Shrewsbury iii. 2013; Southampton ii. 873; 
 /Sow^A Molton i. 613 ; Stockton iii. 1729 ; Swansea i. 385; Tfcwiy i. 
 403 ; jZtarces i. 641 ; Tregony i. 649 ; ZM i. 415 ; 7T^/s ii. 1367; 
 TF^o^iii. 2076; JFV&orc ii. 1400; TPtsfow i. 423 ; P5w»7 ii. 1406. 
 
44 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 Burgesses (Assistant), Evesham i. 53 ; Malmesbury i. 77 ; Okehampton 
 i. 557 ; Wareham ii. 1360 ; Warwick iii. 2059. 
 
 (Bailiff-), Chipping Sodbury i. 37. 
 
 (Capital), Aldeburgh iv. 2085 ; Andover ii. 1081 ; Appleby 
 
 iii. 1425 ; Axbridge ii. 1093 ; Banbury i. 9 ; Barnstaple i. 429 ; 
 Beverley iii. 1455 ; Bewdley iii. 1772 ; Bideford i. 437 ; Bishop's 
 Castle iv. 2596; Blandford Forum ii. 1133; Bodmin i. 443; 
 Brackley i. 23 ; Brecon, i. 177 ; Bridgewater i. 463 ; Bridport 
 ii. 1141; Z«ry #£. Edmunds iv. 2172; Camelford i. 471; 
 Chesterfield iii. 1789; Congleton iv. 2649; Cowbridge i. 221; 
 Denbigh iv. 2662; Derby iii. 1849; Devizes ii. 1262; Doncaster 
 iii. 1495 ; Dorchester ii. 1274 ; Evesham i. 53 ; Glastonbury 
 ii. 1283; Grampoxjnd i. 507; Harwich iv. 2261 ; Haverfordwest 
 i. 234; Higham Ferrers iv. 2282; Ilchester ii. 1289; Kirkby- 
 in-Kendal iii. 1590; Lancaster iii. 1600; Langport Eastover 
 ii. 1295 ; Leominster i. 293 ; Liskeard i. 525 ; Zooe (East) i. 533; 
 Zoo<9 (West) i. 539; Lostivithiel i. 545; Zy?we ifo^is ii. 1305; 
 Maldon iv. 2434 ; Malmesbury i. 77 ; Monmouth i. 322 ; Neath 
 i. 333 ; Newberry i. 89 ; Newcastle -under -Lyme iii. 1952 ; 
 Orford iv. 2509 ; Plympton Earle i. 599 ; Preston iii. 1 686 ; Radnor 
 (New) i. 357 ; Romsey ii. 1331 ; *Stf. Z^$ i. 619 ; Scarborough iii. 
 1714; Shaftesbury \\. 1353; Stafford iii. 2026; Stamford iv. 2527 '; 
 Stratford-on-Avon i. 119; Sutton Coldfield iii. 2033; Tamworth 
 iii. 2039 ; Tiverton i. 625 ; Torrington i. 633 ; Tregony i. 649 ; 
 2>wro i. 655; JTaZsa^ iii. 2046; Wareham ii. 1359; JT^a ii. 
 1367; Westbury ii. 1377; Wisbeach iv. 2553; Wokingham iv. 
 2938 ; Woodstock (New) i. 142 ; Wootton Bassett i. 147. 
 
 (Chief), Cardiff i. 187; Newport (Lsle of Wight) ii. 775 ; 
 
 Newtown (Lsle of Wight) ii. 793 ; Yarmouth (Lsle of Wight) ii. 
 
 915. 
 
 (Chief) and Counsellors, Beaumaris iv. 2583. 
 
 (Com-), Grantham iv. 2241 ; Pontefract iii. 1673. 
 
 (Common), Bewdley iii. 1772; Newport (Lsle of Wight) ii. 
 
 777. 
 
 (Free), Axbridge ii. 1093 ; Bodmin i. 443 ; Bossiney i. 453 ; 
 
 Bradninch i. 457 ; Bridgwater i. 463 ; Camelford i. 471 ; Christ- 
 church Twyneham ii. 1254 ; Derby iii. 1849 ; Devizes ii. 1262 ; 
 Gkampoxjnd i. 507 ; Zooe (ZW) i. 533 ; Zoo* ( 7Fb£) i. 539 ; 
 Plympton Earle i. 599 ; Radnor (New) i. 357 ; Saltash i. 605. 
 
 (Principal), Abingdon i. 3 ; Buckingham i. 27 ; Zfye iv. 2229 ; 
 
 Kidwelly i. 273 ; Okehampton i. 557 ; Tewkesbury i. 125 ; Z'fotf- 
 /orrf iv. 2541 ; Weymouth ii. 1385. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 45 
 
 Burgesses (Secondary), Abingdon i. 3 ; Wokingham iv. 2938. 
 Burleigh-men, Beaumaris iv. 2583. [p. 33.] 
 Butchery Keeper, see "Keeper." 
 Butter Searchers, see " Searchers." 
 
 Capital, see "Burgesses," "Citizens," "Inhabitants," "Masters," 
 "Steward." 
 
 Cashier, Grantham iv. 2241. 
 
 Catchpole, Congleton iv. 2649. [p. 20.] 
 
 Chamberlain, Aberystwith i. 171 ; Abingdon i. 3 ; Axbridge ii. 1094 ; 
 Banbury i. 9; Bath ii. 1113; Bishop's Castle iv. 2596; Blandford 
 Forum ii. 1134; Boston iv. 2151; Bristol ii. 1164; Canterbury 
 ii. 688; Carlisle iii. 1470; Carmarthen i. 204; Daventry iii. 
 1843 ; Dover ii. 942 ; Evesham i. 53 ; Exeter i. 487 ; Faversham 
 ii. 962 ; Folkestone ii. 982; Gloucester i. 59 ; Grantham iv. 2241 
 Gravesend iv. 2865 ; GVeatf Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Harwich iv. 2261 
 Hertford iv. 2886; Huntingdon iv. 2287; Kidwelly i. 273 
 Leicester iii. 1895; Leominster i. 293; London; Lydd ii. 1013 
 Zyww -ff^e's ii. 1307; Maidstone ii. 755; Maldon iv. 2434 
 Marlborough i. 83 ; Monmouth i. 322 ; Newbury i. 89 ; North- 
 ampton iii. 1968 ; Norwich iv. 2459 ; Orford iv. 2509 ; Pevensey 
 ii. 1017; Portsmouth ii. 803; Quinborowe ii. 824; Romney Marsh 
 ii. 1027 ; Ttye ii. 1031 ; >Stf. .4/Jan« iv. 2919; Southwoldiv. 2516; 
 Stafford iii. 2026 ; T^fly i. 403 ; Tenterden ii. 1063 ; Tewkesbury 
 i. 125 ; Wallingford i. 133 ; Wells ii. 1369; Winchelsea ii. 1073 ; 
 Winchester ii. 896 ; Windsor iv. 2933. 
 
 (Assistant-), i?«^ ii. 1113 ; Carlisle iii. 1470. 
 
 (Charity-), Andover ii. 1085. 
 
 (Deputy), Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 (Hospital), iZ^A Wycombe i. 41. 
 
 (Town), Andover ii. 1085 ; iZiyA Wycombe i. 41 ; King's 
 
 Lynn iv. 2393. 
 
 (Under), Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 (Vice), Worcester i. 154. 
 
 Chamberlain and Chief Constable, Ludlow iv. 2787. 
 
 Chamberlain's Clerk, Alnwick iii. 1414. 
 
 Chamberlains, Aldeburgh iv. 2085 ; Alnwick iii. 1414 [pp. 9, 16] ; 
 Appleby iii. 1426; Bedford iv. 2105 ; Brecon i. 177; Bridgnorth 
 iii. 1780; Chesterfield iii. 1790 ; Chipping Norton i. 33 ; Coventry 
 iii. 1799; Derby iii. 1850; Devizes ii. 1264; Dunwich iv. 2220; 
 .E^ iv. 2229 ; Hastings ii. 998; Hereford i. 254; Higham Ferrars 
 iv. 2282 ; JSTmW iii. 1548 ; J2y^ ii. 1007 ; Lpswich iv. 2295 ; 
 
46 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 Chamberlains (continued) — 
 
 Kingston iv. 2897 ; Kirkby -in- Kendal iii. 1590 ; Lancaster iii. 
 1600; Lincoln iv. 2345; New castle-on- Tyne iii. 1639; Notting- 
 ham iii. 1991 ; Oxford i. 98 ; Radnor (New) i. 357 ; Reading i. 1 1 1 ; 
 Retford {East) iii. 1862; Richmond (Yorkshire) ' iii. 1699; Rochester 
 ii. 845; Salisbury ii. 1342; Scarborough iii. 1714; Seaford 
 ii. 1059; Shrewsbury iii. 2014; Stamford iv. 2527; Stratford- 
 on-Avon i. 119; Tamworth iii. 2040; Woodstock (New) i. 141; 
 Worcester i. 153 ; ForX- iii. 1739. 
 
 Chamber-reeve, Haverfordwest, i. 234. 
 
 Chaplain, Cambridge iv. 2185; Loncaster iii. 1495; Faversham ii. 962; 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne (Trinity House) iii. 1667. 
 
 of the Gaol, Boston, iv. 2151 ; Hereford i. 257 ; Ipswich iv. 
 
 2295; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; Norwich iv. 2460. 
 to the Lord Mayor, London, [p. 20.] 
 
 Charcoal man and Beadle, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Churchwardens, Chard ii. 1238; Scarborough iii. 1714; TFeZ/s ii. 
 
 1369. 
 Citizens, Chichester ii. 716 ; Hereford i. 2541. 
 
 • (Capital), Carlisle iii. 1469 ; Worcester i. 153. 
 
 (Capital) and Counsellors of the City, Worcester i. 153. 
 
 (Chief-), Hereford i. 254. 
 
 City Marshal, «&? "Marshal." 
 
 City Solicitor, see " Solicitor." 
 
 City Steward, see "Steward." 
 
 Clavers, Norwich iv. 2463. 
 
 Claviger, Orford'w. 2510. 
 
 Clavigers, Ipswich iv. 2295. 
 
 Cleaner of Castle Walks, Richmond (Yorkshire) iii. 1699. 
 
 of Chandelier in Town Hall, Richmond (Yorkshire) iii. 
 
 1699. 
 
 , of Flags, Richmond (Yorkshire) iii. 1699. 
 
 of "Water Gates, Richmond (Yorkshire) iii. 1699. 
 
 Clerk, Ashton-under-Lyne iii. 1431 ; Newcastle-on-Tyne (Fraternity 
 of Hostmen) iii. 1661 ; Romney Marsh ii. 1027 ; ForA (Merchant 
 Tailors of) iii. 1765. See " Chamberlain's," " Coroner's," " Cor- 
 poration," "Mayor's." 
 
 (Assistant), Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 Clerk (Water Bailiff's), Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Clerk to the Cattle Market Committee, Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 of the Chamber, Canterbury ii. 688; London; Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 47 
 
 Clerk of the Committee, Liverpool iv. 2698. 
 
 Clerk (Common), Grantham iv. 2441; Liverpool iv. 2697; Portsmouth 
 ii. 803 ; St. Albans iv. 2919 ; Tenterden ii. 1063. 
 
 (Common), and Prothonotary, Beccles iv. 2133. 
 
 (Common), and Steward, Newtown (L. of W.J ii. 793 ; Yar- 
 mouth (I. of W.J ii. 915. 
 
 Clerk of the Exchange Market, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 of the Haymarket, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Clerk to the Magistrates, Liverpool iv. 2698. 
 
 Clerk of the Market, Abingdon i. 3; Andover ii. 1083; Axbridge ii. 
 1094; Banbury i. 9; Barnstaple i. 429; Basingstoke ii. 1104; 
 Beaumaris iv. 2583; Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1440; Beverley iii. 
 1458; Bideford i. 437; Bishop's Castle iv. 2596; Blandford 
 Forum ii. 1134 ; Bodmin i. 443 ; Boston iv. 2153 ; Brecon i. 177 ; 
 Bridgnorth iii. 1782; Buckingham i. 27; i?wry &£. Edmunds iv. 
 2174 ; Cambridge iv. 21 85 ; Carmarthen i. 204 ; Carlisle iii. 1472 ; 
 Chester iv. 2620 ; Chipping Norton i. 33 ; Chichestee ii. 720 ; 
 Coventry iii. 1804; Crickhowell i. 226; Ztea^ ii. 933; Devizes ii. 
 1264; Doncaster iii. 1498; Durham iii. 1514; Evesham i. 53; 
 Falmouth i. 501 ; Gloucester i. 59 ; Grantham iv. 2241 ; Gravesend 
 iv. 2865; Guildford iv. 2872; Hartlepool iii. 1533; Harwich 
 iv. 2261 ; Haverfordwest i. 234; Haveei^g iv. 2879; Helston i 
 511 ; J7ew% i. 72; Hertford iv. 2886 ; Higham Ferrers iv. 2283 
 Z%A Wycombe i. 42 ; 2Z^?£ iii. 1551 ; Huntingdon iv. 2287 
 Lpswich iv. 2294 ; Kidwelly i. 273 ; King's Lynn iv. 2394 
 Kirkby-in-Kendal iii. 1590; Lancaster iii. 1603; Launceston i 
 517; Zm/s iii. 1619; Leominster i. 294; Zooe ('East J i. 533 
 Zoo<9 (West J i. 539; Zywe ifoye's ii. 1307 ; Maidenhead iv. 2910 ; 
 Maidstone ii. 761 ; Maldon iv. 2434 ; Malmesbury i. 77 ; Jfar/- 
 boroughi. 83; Newark iii. 1941; New castle-under- Lyme iii. 1952; 
 Newport (L. of W.J ii. 778; Newport (Monmouthshire) i. 341; 
 Norwich iv. 2459 ; Orford iv. 2510 ; Pembroke i. 366 ; Penzance 
 i. 571; Plymouth i. 580; Plympton Earle i. 599; Pontefract 
 iii. 1676 ; Pook ii. 1321 ; Poetsmotjth ii. 807 ; Preston iii. 1689 ; 
 Quinborowe ii. 831; Beading i. 112; Richmond (Yorkshire J iii. 
 1701 ; Rochester ii. 852 ; Pomsey ii. 1331 ; S*. -4/i<w* iv. 2920 ; 
 $£. ii-<?« i. 619 ; Saltash i. 605 ; Shaftesbury ii. 1353 ; Shrewsbury 
 iii. 2013; Southampton ii. 878; #0w£A Molton i. 613; Southwold 
 iv. 2516; Stamford iv. 2528; Swansea i. 386; Tamworth iii. 
 2040; Zewoy i. 403; Tenterden ii. 1064; Thetford iv. 2542; 
 Torrington i. 633 ; Totnes i. 641 ; Tregony i. 649 ; Zrwro i. 655 ; 
 Wallingford i. 133; JFWfo ii. 1369; Weymouth and Melcombe 
 
48 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES \ 
 
 Clerk of the Market (continued) — 
 
 Regis ii. 1387; Winchester ii. 900; Windsor iv. 2933; Woking- 
 ham iv. 2938 ; Wootton Bassett i. 147 ; York iii. 1739. 
 
 (Deputy), Boston iv. 2151 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; King's Lynn 
 
 iv. 2394 ; Poole ii. 1321 ; Stamford iv. 2530. 
 
 Clerk of Recognizances, Winchester ii. 896. 
 
 to the Revenue-Committee, Newcastle-on-Txjne iii. 1639. 
 
 of St. James' Market, Bristol ii. 1 1 64. 
 
 of the Shambles Market, Cardiff \. 187. 
 
 Clerk (Town), Aberystwith i. 171; Abingdon i. 3; Aldeburgh iv. 2085 ; 
 Appleby iii. 1426; Axbridge ii. 1094; Banbury i. 9; Barnstaple 
 i. 430 ; Basingstoke ii. 1101 ; Z«£A ii. 1113 ; Beaumaris iv. 2583 ; 
 Bedford iv. 2105 ; Beverley iii. 1455 ; Bideford i. 437 ; Bishop's 
 Castle iv. 2596; Blandford Forum ii. 1134; Bodmin i. 443; 
 Bossiney i. 453; Boston iv. 2151 ; Bracelet i. 23 ; Bradninch i. 
 457; Brecon i. 177; Bridgnorth iii. 1780; Bridgwater i. 463; 
 Bridport ii. 1141; Bristol ii. 1164; Buckingham i. 27; i?wry <Stf. 
 Edmunds iv. 2172; Cambridge iv. 2185; Camelford i. 471; 
 Canterbury ii. 688 ; Cardiff i. 187 ; Cardigan i. 197 ; Carlisle iii. 
 1469; Carmarthen i. 204; CAarrf ii. 1238; CA^s^r iv. 2619; 
 Chesterfield iii. 1790; Chichester ii. 716; Chippenham ii. 1247; 
 Chipping Norton i. 33 ; Christchurch Twynehamxi. 1255 ; Clitheroe 
 iii. 1383; Congleton iv. 2649; Coventry iii. 1799; Cowbridge i. 
 221 ; Dartmouth i. 477 ; Daventry iii. 1843; ZWii. 931 ; Denbigh 
 iv. 2662; Derby iii. 1850; Doncaster iii. 1495; Dorchester ii. 1275; 
 Dover ii. 942 ; Droiticich i. 47 ; Dunwich iv. 2220 ; Durham iii. 
 1512; .Er^r i. 487 ; Z>e iv. 2229; Falmouth i. 501 ; Faversham 
 ii. 962 ; Folkestone ii. 982 ; Fordwich ii. 987 ; Glastonbury ii. 1284 
 Gloucester i. 59 ; Godmanchester iv. 2235 ; Gravesend iv. 2865 
 £rai£ Grimsby iv. 2249; Guildford iv. 2871 ; Hartlepool iii. 1531 
 Harwich iv. 2261 ; Hastings ii. 998 ; Haverfordwest i. 234 
 Hedon iii. 1537 ; Helston i. 511 ; Henley i. 72 ; Hereford i. 254 
 Hertford iv. 2886; JET^A Wycombe i. 41 ; ZZw# iii. 1548; ZTttwrf- 
 ingdon iv. 2287; Zfy^c ii. 1007; Ilchester ii. 1290; Ipswich 
 iv. 2295; Kidderminster iii. 1878; Kidwelly i. 273; Kilgerran 
 i. 279 ; King's Lynn iv. 2393 ; Kingston iv. 2897 ; Kirkby-in- 
 Kendal iii. 1590; Lampeter i. 283; Lancaster iii. 1600; Langport 
 Eastover ii. 1296 ; Launceston i. 518; Zm/« iii. 1619; Leicester 
 iii. 1895 ; Leominster i. 293 ; Lichfield iii. 1927 ; Lincoln iv. 2345; 
 Liskeard i. 525 ; Llandovery i. 302 ; Llantrissent i. 313; London ; 
 Looe (East)i. 533 ; Zoo* ^ JF^y i. 539 ; Lostwithiel i. 545 ; Zo?/M 
 iv. 2374 ; Zwtf&w iv. 2787 ; Zyrfrf ii. 1013 ; Zyw* i&yi* ii. 1307 ; 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 49 
 
 Clerk (Town) {continued) — 
 
 Lymington ii. 743; Maidenhead iv . 2910; Maidstone ii. 755; Maldon 
 
 iv. 2434 ; Marazion i. 551 ; Marlborough i. 83 ; Monmouth i. 322 ; 
 
 Newark \ii. 1936; Newbury i. 89; Newcastle-under-Lyme iii. 1953; 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639; Newport (Isle of Wight) ii. 775; 
 
 Newport (Monmouth) i. 341 ; Northampton iii. 1968 ; Norwich iv. 
 
 2459 ; Nottingham iii. 1991 ; Okehampton i. 557 ; Orford'iv. 2509; 
 
 Oswestry iv. 2825 ; Oxford i. 98 ; Pembroke i. 365 ; Penryn i. 563; 
 
 Penzance i. 571; Pevensey ii. 1017 ; Plymouth i. 579 ; Plympton 
 
 JSarle i. 599 ; Pontefract iii. 1675 ; Poofe ii. 1321 ; Portsmouth ii. 
 
 805 ; Preston iii. 1686 ; Quinborowe ii. 824; Radnor (New) i. 357 ; 
 
 Reading i. Ill ; Retford (East) iii. 1862; Richmond (Yorkshire) 
 
 iii. 1699; Ripon iii. 1708 ; Rochester ii. 845 ; Romsey ii. 1332 ; 
 
 ify«? ii. 1031; &. CWs i. 377; >Stf. iiw i. 619; Salisbury 
 
 ii. 1342; Saltash i. 605; Sandwich ii. 1043; Scarborough iii. 
 
 1714; Seaford ii. 1059; Shaftesbury ii. 1353; Shreiosbury iii. 
 
 2014; Southampton ii. 873; >SW£A Molton i. 614; Southwold iv. 
 
 2516; Stafford iii. 2026 ; Stamford iv. 2527 ; Stockton iii. 1729 ; 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon i. 119; Tamworth iii. 2039; IfewSy i. 403; 
 
 Tewkesbury i. 125; Thetford iv. 2541; Tiverton i. 625; Torrington 
 
 i. 633; ZltftlM i. 641 ; Tregony i. 649; 2fa*ro i. 655; Wallingford 
 
 i. 133; Walsall HI 2046; Wareham ii. 1360; Warwick iii. 2059; 
 
 TFe^s ii. 1369; Wenlock iii. 2077; Weymouth and Melcombe 
 
 Regis ii. 1386; Wilton ii. 1400 ; Winchelsea ii. 1073 ; Winchester 
 
 ii. 896 ; Windsor iv. 2933 ; Wisbeach iv. 2553 ; TT^ow i. 423 ; 
 
 Wokingham iv. 2938 ; Woodstock (New) i. 141 ; Wootton Bassett 
 
 i. 147 ; Worcester i. 153 ; For^ iii. 1739. 
 (Deputy), Axbridge ii. 1095; Basingstoke ii. 1101; .Zfa^A 
 
 ii. 1115; Bishop's Castle iv. 2597; Bodmin i. 443; Cambridge 
 
 iv. 2185 ; Cardiff i. 187; Zeeis iii. 1619 ; Newport (Isle of Wight) 
 
 ii. 775 j Radnor (New) i. 357; Stafford ii. 2026; Tewkesbury 
 
 i. 125 ; Wootton Bassett i. 147. 
 Clerks of the Market, Brackley i. 23 ; Cardiff i. 187; Clitheroe iii. 
 
 1485 ; jgy,? iv. 2229; Liskeard i. 525 ; Kingston iv. 2896 ; Ludlow 
 
 iv. 2792; %* ii. 1031. 
 
 and Shambles, Cowbridge i. 221. 
 
 Coal Measurers, Southampton ii. 873. 
 
 Coal Meter, Canterbury ii. 697 ; Folkestone ii. 982 ; Guildford iv. 
 
 2873 ; Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 Coal Meters, 2fooi ii. 931; £W?r ii. 942; Fordwich ii. 987; 2Zy£fo 
 
 ii. 1008 ; Newport (Isle of Wight) ii. 775 ; Rochester ii. 845 ; 
 
 Scarborough iii. 1714 ; Weymouth and Melcombe Regis ii. 1387. 
 
 4 
 
50 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES I 
 
 Coal Porters, Deal ii. 931. 
 
 Coal "Weigher, see "Bailiff (Water) and Coal "Weigher." 
 
 Cobh "Warden, Lyme Regis ii. 1307. 
 
 Cofferer, Bridport ii. 1141. 
 
 Cofferers, Portsmouth ii. 803 ; Winchester ii. 896. 
 
 Collector of Butchery and Fish Market Bents, Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 of Cattle Market Dues, Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 of Cobb Dues, Lyme Regis ii. 1307. 
 
 (Egg), New castle-on- Tyne iii. 1639. [p. 33.] 
 
 of Exchange Market, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 of Fish Dues, Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 
 of the King's Fee Farm Bents, Godmanchester iv. 2235. 
 
 of the Prices of Corn, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 of Bents, London; Plymouth i. 583 ; Tenby i. 403. 
 
 of Bents and Tolls, Kingston-on-Thames iv. 2897. 
 
 of Biver Dues, Stockton iii. 1729. 
 
 of Shamble Bents, Carlisle iii. 1470. 
 
 of Stallage, Stamford iv. 2527. 
 
 of Tolls, Rochester ii. 845. 
 
 of Tonnage Dues, Norwich iv. 2459 ; Wisbeach iv. 2553. 
 
 of Town Dues, Bristol ii. 1164 ; Lpswich iv. 2295 ; King's 
 
 Lynn iv. 2393. 
 of "Wine Dues, London. 
 
 Collectors, Liverpool iv. 2698; Retford {East) iii. 1862. 
 
 Colliery Viewer, Newcastle-on- Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Com-Burgesses, see "Burgesses." 
 
 Common Attorney, see "Attorney," " Attornies." 
 
 Burgesses, see "Burgesses." 
 
 Clerk, see " Clerk." 
 
 Councilmen, Alnwick iii. 1414; Appleby iii. 1426: Both 
 
 ii. 1112; Bedford iv. 2105; Boston iv. 2151; Bristol ii. 1161; 
 Cambridge iv. 2185; Canterbury ii. 688; Cardigan i. 197; Car- 
 martJien i. 204 ; Chester iv. 2619 ; Deal ii. 931 ; Lover ii. 942 
 Bunwich iv. 2220; Durham iii. 1512; Exeter i. 487 ; Eyeiv. 2229 
 Faversham ii. 962 ; Gloucester i. 59 ; Great Grimsby iv. 2249 
 Lpswich iv. 2295; King's Lynn iv. 2393; Lancaster iii. 1600 
 Lincoln iv. 2345; Ludlow iv. 2787 ; Maidstone ii. 755; Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne iii. 1639 ; Northampton iii. 1967 ; Norwich iv. 2459 ; 
 Oswestry iv. 2825 ; Oxford i. 98 ; Pembroke i. 365 ; Plymouth 
 i. 579 ; Ruthin iv. 2848 ; Sandwich ii. 1043 ; Tenby i. 403 ; 
 Thetford iv. 2541 ; York iii. 1739. 
 
 Councilmen (Junior), Nottingham iii. 1991. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 51 
 
 Common Councilmen (Senior), Nottingham iii. 1991. 
 
 Crier, see " Crier." 
 
 Serjeant, see "Serjeant." 
 
 Wardman, see "Wardman." 
 
 Company of Porters, see "Porters." 
 
 Comptroller, Flint iv. 2681 ; London. 
 
 Conductors of Fire Engines, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Conduit Wardens, Wells ii. 1369. 
 
 Conservators of the Delf, Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 Constable, Bossineyi. 453; Cefn Llys i. 373; Chard ii. 1238; Clitheroe 
 
 iii. 1487; Faversham ii. 971; Fordwich ii. 987; Garstang iii. 
 
 1521 ; Godalming ii. 735 ; Ilchester ii. 1290; Knighton i. 373; 
 
 Knuckless i. 373; Maidstone ii. 755; Newtown (I. of W.J ii. 793 ; 
 
 Pbesteign i. 373 ; Quinborowe ii. 824 ; Rhayader i. 373 ; Ruyton 
 
 iv. 2859; Sutton Coldfield iii. 2034 ; Westbury ii. 1378; Wootton 
 
 Bassetti. 147. See "Mayor's." 
 
 (Assistant), Clitheroe iii. 1487. 
 
 (Borough), Calne ii. 1232. 
 
 (Chief), Bideford i. 437 ; Bridgnorth iii. 1781 ; Boston iv. 
 
 2157; Carmarthen i. 213; Coventry iii. 1799; Great Grimsby 
 
 iv. 2253; Leeds iii. 1619; Leicester iii. 1895; Ludlow iv. 2793; 
 
 Maldon iv. 2441; Monmouth i. 325; Newark iii. 1937; Norwich 
 
 iv. 2460; Stamford iv. 2527; Thetford iv. 2544; Torrington i. 
 
 634. #00 " Chamberlain and Chief Constable." 
 
 (Deputy), Leeds iii. 1619. 
 
 (Head), Bradninch i. 457. 
 
 • (High), Coventry iii. 1799; Derby iii. 1851 ; Harwich iv. 2261 ; 
 
 jffw// iii. 1564; New castle-under- Lyme iii. 1954; Northampton iii. 
 1971 ; P00& ii. 1321 ; Portsmouth ii. 806 ; flfc. -4$<ms iv. 2927 ; 
 Tenterden ii. 1063 ; Tiverton i. 625 ; Wenlock iii. 2078. 
 (Town), CW>w ii. 1232. 
 
 Constable and Headborough, Seaford ii. 1059. 
 
 Constable of the Castle, Aberavon i. 165; Cardiff ' i. 187; Cowbridge 
 i. 221; i<W^ iv. 2680; Zerc/^ i. 269; Llantrissent i. 313; iVea^ 
 i. 333. [pp. 9, 16.] 
 
 (Deputy-), Cardiffi. 187. 
 
 Constable of the Market, Chester iv. 2625 ; Plymouth i. 583. 
 
 Constables, Aberystivith i. 172 ; Abingdon i. 5 ; Aldeburgh iv. 2085 ; 
 Alnwick, iii. 1419 ; Altringham iv. 2574 ; Andover ii. 1083 ; 
 Appleby iii. 1428; Arundel ii. 668; Axbridge ii. 1094; Barn- 
 staple i. 430 ; Basingstoke ii. 1101 ; Beaumaris iv. 2583 ; Beccles 
 iv. 2138; Bedford iv. 2116; Berkeley i. 19 ; Berwick-on- Tweed 
 
52 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Constables {continued) — 
 
 iii. 1446; Beverley iii. 1455; Beicdley iii. 1773; Bideford i. 437; 
 Bishop's Castle iv. 2596; Blandford Forum ii. 1134; Bodmin 
 i. 443 ; Zosfcw iv. 2116 ; Bradley i. 23 ; Brading ii. 679 ; ZW- 
 m'wtfA i. 457; Brecon i. 181 ; Bridgnorth iii. 1781 ; Bridgwater i. 
 463; Bridport ii. 1143; Bristol ii. 1181; Buckingham i. 29; 
 Burton-on- Trent iii. 1785 ; Zwry $£. Edmunds iv. 2177 ; Caerwys 
 iv. 2609 ; Cambridge iv. 2190; Camelford i. 471 ; Canterbury ii. 
 688; Cardiffi. 191; Cardigan!. 199; Carlisle iii. 1474; Carmarthen 
 i. 213 ; Cas^e Rising iv. 2211 ; Chester iv. 2625 ; Chesterfield iii. 
 1790; Christchurch Twyneham ii. 1255; CYtm iv. 2643 ; Congleton 
 iv. 2653 ; Coventry iii. 1799 ; Cowbridge i. 221 ; Crickhoicell i. 
 226; Dartmouth i. 477; Daventry iii. 1844; Deal ii. 931; Denbigh 
 iv. 2662; Derby iii. 1851; Devizes ii. 1264; Dinas Myddy iv. 
 2673; Doncaster iii. 1502; Dorchester ii. 1277; itaur ii. 942; 
 Droitwich i. 48 ; Dunmow {Great) iv. 2215 ; Dunwich iv. 2223 ; 
 Durham iii. 1512 ; Evesham i. 55 ; Exeter i. 487 ; Zy<? iv. 2229 ; 
 Falmouth i. 501 ; Z7m£ iv. 2680 ; Folkestone ii. 982 ; Gloucester 
 i. 63 ; Godalming ii. 736 ; Godmanchester iv. 2235 ; Grantham iv. 
 2241; GVeatf Grimsby iv. 2253; Guildford iv. 2874; Hartlepool in. 
 1531; Hastings ii. 1000; Hedon iii. 1537 ; Helstoni. 511 ; Henley 
 i. 73; Hereford i. 261 ; Hertford iv. 2888; Higham Ferrers iv. 
 2282; Zf«>A Wycombe i. 43; Huntingdon iv. 2287 ; -2m# iii. 1557; 
 Hythe ii. 1008; Ipswich iv. 2318; Kidderminster iii. 1878; 
 Kidwelly i. 275 ; King's Lynn iv. 2405; Kingston iv. 2901 ; Lang- 
 port Eastover ii. 1297; Laugharne i. 287; Launceston i. 518; 
 Leicester iii. 1897 ; Leominster i. 296 ; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; Liskeard 
 i. 525; Llandovery i. 302; Llantrissent i. 313; Zooe, Z«s£ <mrf 
 7Pes£ i. 533, 539; Lostwithiel i. 545; Loughor i. 318; Louth iv. 
 2376; Ludlow iv. 2793; Zy<W ii. 1014; Zy/>w Beg is ii. 1307; 
 Lymington ii. 746; Maidenhead iv ; 2910; Maldon iv. 2441; Malmes- 
 bury i. 79; Marazioni. 551 ; Marlborough i. 83; Morpeth iii. 1627 ; 
 Neath i. 336 ; Newborough iv. 2810 ; Newbury i. 91 ; Newcastle- 
 under-Lyme iii. 1954 ; Newport {Monmouthshire) i. 345; Newport 
 {Pembrokeshire) i. 354; Northampton iii. 1971 ; Norwich iv. 2460; 
 Nottingham iii. 1995; Okehampton i. 557; Orford iv. 2510; 
 Oswestry iv. 2829 ; 0j?/brrf i. 1 03 ; Pembroke i. 369 ; Penryn i. 563 ; 
 Penzance i. 57 1 ; Pevensey ii. 1 1 7 ; Plymouth i. 585 ; Plympton Earle 
 i. 600; Pontefract iii. 1675; ZW* ii. 1321; Portsmouth ii. 803; 
 Pmfcw iii. 1692; ZWwor (JV5w) i. 360; Beading i. 115; Retford, 
 {East) iii. 1862 ; Rhuddlan iv. 2840 ; Richmond { Yorks) iii. 1699 ; 
 i2*pow iii. 1710; Rochester ii. 845; Romney Marsh ii. 1027; Romsey 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 53 
 
 Constables {continued) — 
 
 ii. 1332; Ruthin iv. 2848; Rye ii. 1035; St. Albans iv. 2927; 
 
 St. Clears i. 378; St. Ives i. 619; Saltashi. 605; Sandwich ii. 
 
 1051; Scarborough iii. 1714; Shaftesbury ii. 1354; Shrewsbury 
 
 iii. 2017; Southampton ii. 87 '3 ; South Molton i. 614 ; Southwold 
 
 iv. 2519; Stafford iii. 2027; Stockton iii. 1730; Stratford-on- 
 
 Avon i. 120; Tamworth iii. 2040; Tenby i. 409; Tewkesbury i. 
 
 126; Thetford iv. 2544 ; Thornbury i. 130 ; Tiverton i. 625; 2br- 
 
 rington i. 633 ; Totnes i. 641 ; Tregony i. 649 ; Trwro i. 655 ; 
 
 Cs£ i. 415; Wallingford i. 133; Walsall iii. 2047; Wareham ii. 
 
 1361; Warwick iii. 2061; Wenlock iii. 2078; Weobley i. 419; 
 
 Weymouth and Melcombe Regis ii. 1386; Winchelsea ii. 1073; 
 
 Winchester ii. 896 ; Wiston i. 423 ; Woodstock (New) i. 143 ; 
 
 Wokingham iv. 2938 ; Worcester i. 156; Yarmouth (I. of W.J ii. 
 
 917; F*w# ii. 1407 ; For^ iii. 1748. [p. 25.] 
 
 (Assistant), Ashton-under-Zyne iii. 1431 ; Z7s& i. 415. 
 
 (Chief), ^A ii. 1113; Cardiff i. 191 ; Grantham iv. 2241 ; 
 
 Hereford i. 260; TTdfo ii. 1369. 
 
 (Deputy), Brecon i. 181; Cardigan i. 199; fl& Albans 
 
 iv. 2927; Sandwich ii. 1051; Walsall iii. 2047. 
 
 (Head), Ashton-under-Zyne iii. 1431 ; Wilton ii. 1401. 
 
 (High), Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1446; Chichester ii. 717; 
 
 ZTaverfordivest i. 239 ; Havering iv. 2879 ; Kingston iv. 2901 ; 
 Zichfield iii. 1928 ; Marlborough i. 83; Newport (Isle of Wight J 
 ii. 775; Salisbury ii. 1342. 
 
 (Petty), Boston iv. 2157; Carmarthen i. 213; Chichester ii. 
 
 717; Harwich iv. 2269; Haverfordwest i. 239 ; Havering iv. 2879; 
 Hereford i. 260 ; Maldon iv. 2434 ; Monmouth i. 325 ; Newark iii. 
 1937 ; Newport (Zsle of Wight) ii. 775 ; Norwich iv. 2469 ; M's- 
 iwry ii. 1342; Stafford iii. 2027; Stamford iv. 2533; 7P»7fo» ii. 
 1401 ; Yarmouth ii. 917. 
 
 (River), Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Constables of the Staple, Poo/e ii. 1321 ; Southampton ii. 873. 
 Cook, Cambridge iv. 2185; CAes^r iv. 2628. 
 Corn Measurer, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 (Deputy), Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Corn Measurers, Newport (Isle of Wight) ii. 775 ; Rochester ii. 845 ; 
 
 Southampton ii. 873. 
 Corn Meters, Poofe ii. 1321 ; Stockton iii. 1729. 
 Corn Prizer, Grantham iv. 2241. 
 Coroner, Aberystwith i. 171; Abingdon i. 3; Andover ii. 1083; 
 
 Banbury i. 9; ifa^ ii. 1114; Beaumaris iv. 2583; Bedford 
 
54 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES I 
 
 Coroner {continued) 
 
 iv. 2106; Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437; Beverley iii. 1458; Bideford 
 i. 437; Bishop's Castle iv. 2596; Blandford ii. 1134; Bodmin 
 i. 443 ; Boston iv. 2151 ; Bridgnorth iii. 1781 ; Bridgwater i. 463 ; 
 Buckingham i. 27; i?wy #£. Edmunds iv. 2172; Canterbury ii. 
 688; Cardigan i. 197; Carmarthen i. 204; Chichester ii. 716; 
 Clitheroe iii. 1485 ; Coventry iii. 1799; Dartmouth i. 477 ; Daventry 
 iii. 1843; ZteaJ ii. 933; Z>*/% iii. 1850; Doncaster iii. 1498; 
 .Ztorer ii. 945 ; Droitwich i. 47 ; Dunwich iv. 2220 ; Exeter i. 487 ; 
 Evesham i. 53; Falmouth i. 501 ; Faversham ii. 965 ; Fordwich ii. 
 990 ; Gloucester i. 59 ; Grantham iv. 2241 ; Gravesend iv. 2865 ; 
 Harwich iv. 2261 ; Haverfordwest i. 234 ; Havering iv. 2878 ; 
 Hedon iii. 1537 ; Henley i. 72 ; Hereford i. 254 ; 2Zi^A Wycombe i. 
 42 ; Huntingdon iv. 2287 ; 2fy*A« ii. 1007 ; Kidwelly i. 273 ; 
 Lancaster iii. 1603; Z<^rfs iii. 1619; Leominster i. 294; Lichfield 
 iii. 1927 ; Llandovery i. 302 ; London ; Looe (East) i. 533 ; 
 Lostwithiel i. 545 ; Ludlow iv. 2787 ; Zy<W ii. 1013 ; Zy»^ i&?07« 
 ii. 1307 ; Maidenhead iv. 2910 ; Maidstone ii. 761 ; Maldon iv. 
 2434; Malmesbury i. 77; Marlborough i. 83; Monmouth i. 322; 
 Newark iii. 1936; Or/ori iv. 2509; Oswestry iv. 2825; Or/orrf 
 i. 98 ; Pembroke i. 366 ; Penryn i. 563 ; Penzance i. 571 ; Pevensey 
 ii. 1017; Plymouth i. 579; Plympton Earle i. 600; Pontefract 
 iii. 1676; Portsmouth ii. 803; Radnor (New) i. 358; Reading i. 
 112; Richmond (Yorkshire) iii. 1701 ; Rochester ii. 845; i?y« ii. 
 1033; £*. -4J&W* iv. 2019; £*. i^« i. 619; SatawA i. 605; 
 Sandwich ii. 1047; Seaford ii. 1059; Shaftesbury ii. 1353; SowtfA 
 Jfofttw i. 613 ; Southwold iv. 2516 ; Stamford iv. 2527 ; 7^«3y i. 
 403; Tenterden ii. 1065; Tewkesbury i. 125 ; Thetford iv. 2541 ; 
 Torrington i. 633 ; TVwo i. 655 ; C*/fc, i. 415 ; Wallingford i. 133 ; 
 Wareham ii. 1360 ; Wenlock iii. 2077 ; Weymouth and Melcombe 
 Regis ii. 1387 ; Winchelsea ii. 1074 ; Windsor iv. 2933. 
 
 Coroners, Aldeburgh iv. 2085; Appleby iii. 1426; Bristol ii. 1164; 
 Cambridge iv. 2185; Cardiff i. 188; Carlisle iii. 1469 ; Chester 
 iv. 2619; Denbigh iv. 2663; -E^o iv. 2229; Godmanchester iv. 
 2235; 6?ra^ Grimsby iv. 2249; Guildford iv. 2871; .fl«# iii. 
 1548 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; King's Lynn iv. 2393 ; Kingston iv. 
 2897 ; Kirkby-in-Kendal iii. 1589; Lincoln iv. 2345; Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne iii. 1639; Northampton iii. 1968; Norwich iv. 2459; 
 Nottingham iii. 1991 ; P00& ii. 1321 ; Preston iii. 1689; Romney 
 Marsh ii. 1027; Scarborough iii. 1714; Shrewsbury iii. 2014; 
 Southampton ii. 873 ; Wilton ii. 1400 ; Winchester ii. 896 ; 
 Worcester i. 153; For* iii. 1739. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 55 
 
 Coroner's Clerk, Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639; Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 Corporal (Town), Plymouth i. 582. 
 
 Corporation Clerk, Beverley iii. 1455. 
 
 Counsellors, Bodmin i. 443 ; Cambridge iv. 2185. See "Burgesses and 
 Counsellors," " Citizens and Counsellors," "Masters and Coun- 
 sellors." 
 
 Crane Porters, see " Porters." 
 
 Crier, Ashton-under-Lyne iii. 1431 ; Banbury i. 9 ; Basingstoke ii. 1101 ; 
 Bath ii. 1113 ; Bedford iv. 2105 ; Bodmin, i. 447 ; Brecon i. 177 ; 
 Bristol ii. 1164; Caerwys iv. 2609; Canterbury ii. 688; Chard 
 ii. 1238 ; Chester iv. 2619 ; Chichester ii. 717 ; Coventry ii. 1799 
 Deal ii. 931 ; Dover ii. 942; Evesham i. 55; Faversham ii. 962 
 Gravesend iv. 2866 ; Guildford iv. 2873 ; Harwich iv. 2261 
 Blastings ii. 998 ; Haverfordwest i. 234 ; Hereford i. 254 
 Huntingdon iv. 2288; Hythe ii. 1007; Langport Eastover ii 
 1297; Leominster i. 293; Lincoln iv. 2345; Ludlow iv. 2787 
 Maidstone ii. 755 ; Marlborough i. 86 ; 2lfe«& i. 333 ; Newport 
 (Monmouth) i. 341; Poo^ ii. 1321; Reading i. 113; Rochester 
 ii. 845; ifye ii. 1031; fl*. CWs i. 377; Sandwich ii. 1043; 
 Scarborough iii. 1714; Southampton ii 874; Southwold iv. 2516; 
 Stamford iv. 2527; Winchelsea ii. 1075; Wootton Bassett i. 147. 
 r p. 25.] &M " Marshal and Crier," " Street Keeper and 
 Crier." 
 
 ■ (Common), Leicester iii. 1895; London; Newcastle-on-Tyne 
 
 iii. 1639. 
 
 (Town), Berwich-on- Tweed iii. 1437; Bideford i. 437 ; Boston 
 
 iv. 2151; Bridgnorth iii. 1780; _Z?wy #£. Edmunds iv. 2172; 
 Cambridge iv. 2185; Camelford i. 471; Cardiff i. 187; ZW-£- 
 #mw£A i. 477; Denbigh iv. 2662; Derby iii. 1850; Exeter i. 
 487; Folkestone ii. 962; Grantham iv. 2241; Helston i. 511; 
 JTi^A Wycombe i. 42 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; King's Lynn iv. 2393 ; 
 Maldon iv. 2434; Newark iii. 1937; Newcastle-under-Lyme iii. 
 1954; Newport (Shropshire) iii. 1962; Northampton iii. 1968; 
 Nottingham iii. 1991 ; Penryn i. 563 ; Plymouth i. 582; Ports- 
 mouth ii. 803; Retford (East) iii. 1862; Ruthin iv. 2848; 
 Stafford iii. 2026 ; Tamworth iii. 2040 ; Tiverton i. 626 ; Tbfaa 
 i. 641 ; Tregony i. 649; Wareham ii. 1361 ; Winchester ii. 899; 
 Wisbeach iv. 2553. &* " Bailiff and Town Crier." 
 
 Crier of the Court, Louth iv. 2374 ; Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Customer, Chichester ii. 716. 
 
 Custos Rotulorum, Hertford iv. 2886; Newabk iii. 1936. 
 
 Custumar, Heeefoed i. 254. 
 
56 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Deacon of the Shambles, Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437. 
 
 Deciners, Burton-on- Trent iii. 1785. [p. 23w.] 
 
 Deputy, see ''Alderman," "Aldermen," "Bailiff," "Bailiffs," "Bailiff 
 (Water)," " Borsholders," " Chamberlain," " Clerk of the 
 Market," "Clerk (Town)," "Constable," "Constable of the 
 Castle," "Constables," "Corn Measurer," "Governor," "Master," 
 "Mayor," "Recorder," "Steward." 
 
 Discreets of Markets, Southampton ii. 873. 
 
 Dog-Whipper, Congleton iv. 2652. 
 
 Doorkeeper of the Mayor's Chamber, Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 [p. 20.] 
 
 Dozeners, Lichfield iii. 1928. [p. 23w.] See " Inspectors of Finders." 
 
 Draftsmen, Liverpool iv. 2698. 
 
 Dragon-Bearer, Norwich iv. 2460. [p. 16.] 
 
 (Assistant), Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Driver of Commons, Rye ii. 1031. [p. 27.] See "Pound Driver," 
 
 " Street Driver." 
 Drivers of Cattle, Kidwelly i. 274. [p. 30.] See " Hog Driver," 
 
 Egg Collector, see " Collector." 
 Electors, Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 (Elder), Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity Souse) iii. 1666. 
 
 (Younger), Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1666. 
 
 Elisors, Preston iii. 1686. [p. 23.] 
 
 Engine Keeper, see "Keeper." 
 
 Erection Bailiff, see "Bailiff." 
 
 Escheator, Andover ii. 1083; Banbury i. 9; Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 
 1440; Beverley iii. 1458; Boston iv. 2153; Bristol ii. 1164; 
 Buckingham i. 27 ; Canterbury ii. 695 ; Carmarthen i. 204 ; Chester 
 iv. 2620 ; Chichester ii. 720 ; Grantham iv. 2241 ; Haverfordwest 
 i. 234; Hereford i. 254; High Wycombe i. 42; Hull iii. 1548; 
 Ipswich iv. 2296 ; Kidwelly i. 273 ; Llandovery i. 301 ; Maiden- 
 head iv. 2910 ; Marlborough i. 83 ; Pembroke i. 366 ; Tenby i. 403 ; 
 York iii. 1743. 
 
 Exchange Keeper, see " Keeper." 
 
 Fen Reeve \_gerefa~], Aldeburgh iv. 2085 ; Bunwich iv. 2220. [p. 32.] 
 
 Fen Reeves, Beccles iv. 2129 ; Southwold iv. 2516. 
 
 Feyrers, Canterbury ii. 688. 
 
 Field Drivers, Bedford iv. 2105. [p. 32.] 
 
 Field Grieve \jerefa\ Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437. [p. 30.] 
 
 Fifteens (The), Kingston iv. 2895. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 57 
 
 Fish and Flesh Inspectors, see " Inspectors." 
 
 Fish and Flesh Searchers, see " Searchers." 
 
 Flesh and Fish Lookers, see " Lookers." 
 
 Flesh Searcher, see "Searcher." 
 
 Flesh Taster, see " Taster." 
 
 Flesh Wardens, see ""Wardens." 
 
 Foreign Receiver, Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 Foreman of the Commons, Huntingdon iv. 2287. [p. 32.] 
 
 Free Burgesses, see "Burgesses." 
 
 Free Suitors, Godmanchester iv. 2235. 
 
 Fruit-Meter, London. 
 
 Game Keeper, Doncaster iii. 1495 ; Hythe ii. 1007. See " Warrener 
 
 and Game Keeper." 
 Gaoler, Aldeburgh iv. 2085; Banbury i. 9; Basingstoke ii. 1101; 
 
 Bath ii. 1115 ; Bericick-on-Tiveed iii. 1437 ; Beverley iii. 
 
 1455; Bideford i. 437; Boston iv. 2151; Bury St. Edmunds 
 
 iv. 2174; Canterbury ii. 688; Carmarthen i. 214; Chester iv. 
 
 2625; Clitheroe iii. 1483; Dartmouth i. 477; Deal ii. 931; 
 
 Derby iii. 1850; Doncaster iii. 1495; Dover ii. 942; Evesham 
 
 i. 53 ; Exeter i. 490 ; Eye iv. 2229 ; Faversham ii. 962 ; Flint iv. 
 
 2681 ; Folkestone ii. 983; Fordwich ii. 987 ; Grantham iv. 2241 ; 
 
 Gravesend iv. 2866 ; Great Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Harwich iv. 2261 ; 
 
 Hastings ii. 998 ; Henley i. 72 ; Hereford i. 254 ; Hertford iv. 
 
 2886 ; Huntingdon iv. 2287 ; Hythe ii. 1007 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; 
 
 King's Lynn iv. 2393 ; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; Maldon iv. 2434 ; Newark 
 
 iii. 1937; Newbury i. 92; Newport (Isle of Wight) ii. 775; 
 
 Norwich iv. 2460 ; Okehampton i. 557 ; Oswestry iv. 2825 ; Penryn 
 
 i. 563; Pevensey ii. 1017; Preston iii. 1686; Quinborowe ii. 824; 
 
 Radnor (New) i. 360 ; Rochester ii. 845 ; Romney Marsh ii. 1027 ; 
 
 i?ye ii. 1031 ; $£. iWs i. 619 ; Sandwich ii. 1043 ; Scarborough 
 
 iii. 1714 ; Seaford ii. 1059; $o«£A Molton i. 613; Southwold iv. 
 
 2517 ; Stamford iv. 2527 ; Tenterden ii. 1063 ; JTwifocA iii. 2077 ; 
 
 Winchelsea ii. 1073; Windsor iv. 2934. #00 " Governor of the 
 
 Borough Gaol." 
 
 ■ (Assistant), Dover ii. 942. 
 
 (Under), Doncaster iii. 1495. 
 
 Gaolers, Pontefract iii. 1675. 
 
 Gaol- Surgeon, see " Surgeon." 
 
 Gashers of Hides, Newport (Isle of Wight) ii. 775. 
 
 Gateman, .ZZwW iii. 1548. $00 " Porters at Gate." 
 
 Gauger, Rochesteb, ii. 845. /See "Measurer and Gauger." 
 
58 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 Gauger of Casks, Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 Governor, Newcastle-on-Tyne {Fraternity of BTostmen) iii. 1661 ; Tori 
 (Company of Merchant Adventurers) iii. 1761. 
 
 (Deputy), York (Company of Merchant Adventurers) iii. 1761. 
 
 Governor of the Barbican, Plymouth i. 582. 
 
 of the (Borough) Gaol, Liverpool iv. 2698. 
 
 Gownsmen, Kingston-on-Thames iv. 2895. 
 Grand Councilmen, Coventry iii. 1797. 
 Grassmen, Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. [p. 31.] 
 Guild Stewards, see " Stewards." 
 
 Hackneyman (King's), Eochesteb, ii. 845. [p. 33.] 
 
 Hall Keeper, Bedford iv. 2105; Cambridge iv. 2185; Kingston-on- 
 Thames iv. 2897; Langport Fastover ii. 1297 ; Liverpool iv. 2698 ; 
 London; Northampton iii. 1968; Norwich iv. 2459; Richmond 
 (Yorkshire) iii. 1699 ; Windsor iv. 2934 ; Wisbeach iv. 2553. 
 
 : and Butter Weigher, York iii. 1739. 
 
 Hall Warden, Guildford iv. 2871. 
 
 Harbour Master, Newport (Lsle of Wight) ii. 775; Orford iv. 2510; 
 Portsmouth ii. 803 ; Scarborough iii. 1714 ; Weymouth and Mel- 
 combe Regis ii. 1386. See " Quay and Harbour Master." 
 
 (Upper), Wisbeach iv. 2553. 
 
 Harbour Masters, Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Haven Master, Bristol ii. 1164 ; King's Lynn iv. 2393. 
 
 Haymakers, Rochester ii. 845. [p. 31.] 
 
 Hayward, Basingstoke ii. 1104; Berkeley i. 19; Blandford Forum ii. 
 1134; Brading ii. 679; Christchurch Twyneham ii. 1255; Dor- 
 chester ii. 1277 ; Godmanchester iv. 2235 ; Sigh Wycombe i. 41 ; 
 Kenjig i. 269 ; Lyme Regis ii. 1307; Newport (Monmouth) i. 343; 
 Poole ii. 1321 ; Portsmouth ii. 803; Reading i. 111. [p. 31.] 
 
 Hay wards, Aberavon i. 165 ; Loughor i. 317; Neath i. 333. 
 
 Headboroughs [Headborrows], Brackley i. 23 ; Baventry iii. 1844 ; 
 Ipswich iv. 2317; Kinyston-on- Thames iv. 2901; Leicester iii. 
 1897; Northampton iii. 1971; Sutton Coldf eld iii. 2034; Tarn- 
 worth iii. 2040. See " Constable and Headborough." [p. 23.] 
 
 Hedge Lookers, see " Lookers." 
 
 Herd, Alnwick iii. 1414. [p. 32.] 
 
 High Bailiff, see " Bailiff." 
 
 High Constable, see "Constable." 
 
 High Steward, see " Steward." 
 
 Hog Driver, Bythe ii. 1007. [p. 27.] 
 
 Horn Blower, Ripon iii. 1708. [p. 23».] See "Blower." 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 59 
 
 Housekeeper at the Grand Stand, Doncaster iii. 1495. 
 
 of the Mansion House, Doncaster iii. 1495. . 
 
 House Steward, see u Steward." 
 Huntsman, Coxgletost iv. 2652. 
 Hushand (Town's), Hull iii. 1548. [p. 33.] 
 
 Inhabitants (Capital), Gravesend iv. 2865 ; Marazion i. 551. 
 Inspector of (Live) Cattle, London. 
 
 of Corn Returns, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 • of Conduit, Canterbury ii. 688. 
 
 of Custom House Accounts, Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity 
 
 House) iii. 1667. 
 
 of Flesh Market, Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 
 of Fruit-Metage, London. 
 
 of the Markets, Wilton ii. 1400; York iii. 1739. 
 
 of Meat, Dover ii. 942; Hull iii. 1548; Newcastle-on-Tyne 
 
 iii. 1639. 
 
 of Nuisances, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 of Sewers, Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 (Town), Wisbeach iv. 2553. 
 
 of Town Lands, Bodmin i. 447. 
 
 Inspectors of Fish and Flesh, Bath ii. 1113. 
 
 of Meat, Chesterfield iii. 1790; Stamford iv. 2527. 
 
 ; — of Finders [called Dozeners], Derby iii. 1851. [p. 27.] 
 
 of "Weights and Measures, Blandford Forum ii. 1134 ; 
 
 Bridgnorth iii. 1782; Haveeing iv. 2879; London; Pontefract 
 
 iii. 1675; Stamford iv. 2527. 
 
 Javelin-men, see " Blue-caps." 
 
 Judge of the Court of Admiralty, Boston iv. 2151. 
 
 Jurats, Deal ii. 931; Dover ii. 942; Faversham ii. 962; Fordwich ii. 
 
 987 ; Gravesend iv. 2865 ; Hastings ii. 998; Hythe ii. 1007; 
 
 Lydd ii. 1013; Maidstone ii. 755; Pevensey ii. 1017; Quinborowe 
 
 ii. 824; Romney Marsh ii. 1025; .%<? ii. 1031; Sandwich ii. 1043; 
 
 Seaford ii. 1059; Tenter den ii. 1063; Winchelsea ii. 1073. 
 Jury (Inquiry), Clitheroe iii. 1485. 
 Justice, Bishop' 1 s Castle iv. 2596; Devizes ii. 1264; Glastonbury ii. 
 
 1284 ; Gravesend iv. 2865 ; Langport Eastover ii. 1296 ; Newbury 
 
 i. 89; Shaftesbury 'A. 1353; Wareham ii. 1360; Iftfo ii. 1369; 
 
 Windsor iv. 2933 ; Wokingham iv. 2938. 
 Justices, Andover ii. 1083; Banbury i. 9 ; ifa^A ii. 1113; Brading ii. 
 
 679; Bradninch i. 458; Bridport ii. 1141; Chichester ii. 720; 
 
60 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES I 
 
 Justices (continued) — 
 
 Dorchester -ii. 1275; Droitwich i. 47; 6rra^ Grimsby iv. 2249; 
 Guildford iv. 2871; Henley i. 72; Higham Ferrers iv. 2282; 
 Zyw<2 ifo^'s ii. 1307; Marlborough i. 83; /W<? ii. 1321 ; Porte- 
 mow^A ii. 804; Romney Marsh ii. 1027; Romsey ii. 1332; Salisbury 
 ii. 1342; Southampton ii. 873; Tenby i. 403; Tewkesbury i. 125. 
 &# "Masters (Capital) and Justices." 
 
 (Assistant), Dunwich iv. 2220. 
 
 Keeper of Bridewell, Bristol ii. 1164 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; Liverpool iv. 
 2716; Reading i. 111. 
 
 of Bridge, s^ "Bridge." 
 
 of Buckets and Pipes, Berwtck-on- Tweed ii. 1437. $00 
 
 "Keepers (Bucket)." 
 
 of Buoys, Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1667. 
 
 (Butchery), Lincoln iv. 2345. 
 
 of (Church and Cross) Clocks, Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 
 of (Town) Clocks, New castle-on- Tjne iii. 1639 ; Richmond 
 
 {Yorkshire) iii. 1699. $00 "Manager." 
 
 of Common Chests, Sandivich ii. 1043. 
 
 (Engine), Richmond {Yorkshire) iii. 1699. 
 
 of Engine Pipes, Alnwick iii. 1414. 
 
 of (Eire) Engines, Berwick-on-Tweed iii. 1437, see "Manager." 
 
 of Exchange, Berwick-on-Tweed iii. 1437; Bristol ii. 1164; 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 (Game), «ee " Gamekeeper." 
 
 of Gaol, s^ "Gaoler." 
 
 of the Green Yard, London, [p. 31w.] 
 
 (Hall), see " Hall." 
 
 of House of Correction, Harwich iv. 2261 ; Ipswich iv. 
 
 2295 ; King 's Lynn iv. 2393 ; Norwich iv. 2460 ; Scarborough iii. 
 1714; Stamford iv. 2527. 
 
 of Keys of the Booths, Southampton ii. 874. 
 
 of Keys of the Coffer, Fly mouth i. 579. 
 
 of Keys of the Gate, Southampton ii. 874. [p. 33.] 
 
 ■ of Keys of the Great-Chest, Southampton ii. 874. 
 
 (Layer), Loughor i. 317 ; Neath i. 333; Swansea i. 385. 
 
 of Lighthouses, Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1667. 
 
 of the Lock-up House, Hull iii. 1548. 
 
 (Market-), Beverley iii. 1455 ; Exeter i. 487 ; Hull iii. 
 
 1548; Preston iii. 1686. 
 
 of the Panse and Pumps, Alnwick iii. 1414. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 61 
 
 Keeper of (Corporation) Pews, Richmond {Yorkshire) iii. 1699. See 
 
 "Pew Opener." 
 
 of Pinfold, Alnwick iii. 1414. [p. 30.] 
 
 (Pound), see "Pound." 
 
 of (Town) Prison, East Looe i. 533. 
 
 of Watt's Charity, Rochester ii. 845. 
 
 of Weigh-House, Alnwick iii. 1414; New castle-on- Tyne iii. 
 
 1639. 
 Keepers (Bucket), Bedford iv. 2105. [p. 33.] 
 Keepers of the Cross, Cardiff i. 187. 
 (Key), Fordwich ii. 987 ; Sastings ii. 998 ; Sythe ii. 1007 ; 
 
 Poole ii. 1321. 
 King's Bailiff, see " Bailiff." 
 King's Hackney man, see " Hackneyman." 
 
 Land Agent, Boston iv. 2151. 
 
 Land Bailiff, see " Bailiff." 
 
 Land Steward, see " Steward." 
 
 Land Treasurer, see " Treasurer." 
 
 Layer Keeper, see " Keeper." 
 
 Leather Sealers, see " Sealers." 
 
 Leather Searchers, see " Searchers." 
 
 Leather Sellers, Ipswich iv. 2295. 
 
 Leave Lookers, see " Lookers." 
 
 Lecturer, Ipswich iv. 2295. 
 
 Leet, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Letters of Stalls and Pairs, Clitheroe iii. 1484. 
 
 Le Yeoman, see "Yeoman." 
 
 Librarian, Bristol ii. 1164; London. 
 
 Lookers (Plesh and Pish), Lancaster iii. 1600 ; Morpeth iii. 1627 ; 
 
 Stockton iii. 1729. 
 
 (Hedge), Lancaster iii. 1600. [p. 31.] 
 
 Lookers of Hedges and Ditches, Clitheroe iii. 1484. [p. 31.] 
 (Leave), Chester iv. 2619 ; Denbigh iv. 2662 ; Liverpool iv. 
 
 2695 ; Ruthin iv. 2848. [p. 33.] 
 
 (Market), Clitheroe iii. 1484 ; Liverpool iv. 2698 ; Preston 
 
 iii. 1686. 
 Lord Mayor, see " Mayor." 
 Lord High Steward, see " Steward." 
 
 Mace-Bearer, Appleby iii. 1426 ; Beverley iii. 1455 ; Buckingham i. 27 ; 
 Canterbury ii. 688 ; Carlisle iii. 1470 ; Chester iv. 2619; Chester- 
 
62 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES '. 
 
 Mace-Bearer (continued) — 
 
 field iii. 1790; Coventry iii. 1799; Lancaster iii. 1600; Leicester 
 iii. 1895 ; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; London ; New castle-on- Tyne iii. 
 1639; Northampton iii. 1968; Nottingham iii. 1991; Over iv. 
 2816; Oxford i. 104; Pontefract iii. 1675; Preston iii. 1686; 
 Scarborough iii. 1714; Wicktcari. 138; Wootton-under-JEdgei. 150; 
 F«wi7ii. 1406; For* iii. 1739. [pp. 16, 19.] 
 
 (Great), Hull iii. 1548. 
 
 (White), Hull, iii. 1550. [p. 16.] 
 
 Mace-Bearers, Kingston iv. 2897; Norwich iv. 2460; Thetford iv. 1541. 
 [p. 16.] 
 
 Manager of (Town) Clock, Alnioick iii. 1414. $ee "Keeper." 
 
 of (Fire) Engines, Alnwick iii. 1414. /See "Keeper." 
 
 Market, see "Constable," "Inspector," "Keeper," "Lookers," "Over- 
 seers," "Sayer," "Searchers," "Serjeant," "Superintendent." 
 
 Market Policeman, JDoncaster iii. 1495. 
 
 Marshal, Coventry iii. 1804; Leicester iii. 1899; London; Shrewsbury 
 iii. 2015. 
 
 of Admiralty Court, Boston iv. 2151 ; Southwold iv. 2516. 
 
 (City-), Oxford i. 98. 
 
 (Town), Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Marshal and Crier, Oswestry iv. 2825. 
 
 Marshalmen, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Marshals (Mayor's), see " Mayor's." 
 
 Master, Newcastle-on-Tyne (Trinity House) iii. 1666; York (Merchant 
 Taylors of) iii. 1765. 
 
 (Deputy), Neivcastle-on-Tyne (Trinity House) iii. 1666. 
 
 Master of the Grammar School, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 (sub-) of the Grammar School, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Masters, Bradninch i. 457 ; Wells ii. 1366. 
 
 (Capital) and Justices, Ludlow iv. 2787. 
 
 Masters and Counsellors, Dartmouth i. 477 ; Totnes i. 641. 
 
 Matron, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Mayor, Aberystwith i. 171 ; Abingdon i. 3 ; Altringham iv. 2574 ; 
 Appleby iii. 1426; Arundel ii. 670; Ashion-under-Lyne iii. 1431; 
 Axbridge ii. 1094; Banbury i. 9; Barnstaple i. 429; Basingstoke 
 ii. 1101 ; ifalA ii. 1112; Beaumaris iv. 2583 ; Bedford iv. 2105 ; 
 Berkeley i. 19 ; Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437 ; Beverley iii. 1455 ; 
 Bideford i. 437 ; Bodmin i. 443 ; Bossiney i. 453 ; Boston iv. 
 2151; Brackley i. 23; Bradninch i. 457; Bridgwater i. 463; 
 Bristol ii. 1164 ; Cambridge iv. 2185 ; Camelford i. 471 ; Canter- 
 bury ii. 688; Cardigan, i. 197 ; Carlisle iii. 1469; Carmarthen i. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 63 
 
 Mayor (continued) — 
 
 204 ; Castle Rising iv. 2211 ; Chester iv. 2619 ; Chesterfield iii. 
 1789 ; Chichester ii. 716 ; Christchurch Twyneham ii. 1255 ; 
 Congleton iv. 2649; Coventry iii. 1797; Dartmouth i. 477; Deal 
 ii. 931 ; Derby iii. 1849; Devizes ii. 1262; Dinas Myddy iv. 2673 ; 
 Doncaster iii. 1495; Dorchester ii. 1274; Dover ii. 942; Durham 
 iii. 1512; Evesham i. 53; Exeter i. 487; Falmouth i. 501; 
 Faversham ii. 962 ; Fishguard i. 229 ; Z7m£ iv. 2680 ; Folkestone 
 ii. 982 ; Fordwich ii. 987 ; Fowet i. 505 ; Glastonbury ii. 1283 ; 
 Gloucester i. 59 ; Grampound i. 507 ; Gravesend iv. 2865 ; 6?re«£ 
 Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Guildford iv. 2871 ; Harwich iv. 2261 
 Hartlepool iii. 1531; Hastings ii. 998; Haverfordwest i. 234 
 Hedon iii. 1537 ; Helston i. 511 ; Henley i. 71 ; Hereford i. 254 
 Hertford iv. 2885; Higham Ferrers iv. 2282; iZ^A Wycombe i. 41 
 ZfaW iii. 1548; Huntingdon iv. 2287; Zfy^ ii. 1007; Kidwelly 
 i. 273 ; Zmy's Zy?m iv. 2393 ; Kirkby -in- Kendal iii. 1590 ; 
 Lancaster iii. 1600; Launceston i. 517; Zee<?s iii. 1619; Leicester 
 iii. 1895 ; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; Liskeard i. 525 ; Liverpool iv. 2697 ; 
 Zooe [East) i. 533; Zoo<? [West) i. 539; Lostwithiel i. 545; Zyme 
 Ziyi's ii. 1305; Lyming ton ii. 7 43 ; Maidenhead iv. 2909 ; Maidstone 
 ii. 755 ; Maldon iv. 2434 ; Marazion i. 551 ; Marlborough i. 83 ; 
 Monmouth i. 322; iVettwHii. 1936; Newbury i. 89; New castle-under - 
 Lyme iii. 1952; Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1638; Netvport (Monmouth) 
 i. 341 ; Newport (Lsle of Wight) ii. 775 ; Newport (Pembrokeshire) 
 i. 353; Newtown ii. 793; Northampton iii. 1966; Norwich iv. 
 2459 ; Nottingham iii. 1991 ; Olcehampton i. 557; Or/W iv. 2509 ; 
 Osivestry iv. 2825 ; Ozw iv. 2816; Overton iv. 2819; Oxford i. 
 98 ; Pembroke i. 365 ; Penryn i. 563 ; Penzance i. 571 ; Petersfield 
 ii. 798 ; Plymouth i. 579 ; Plympton Earle i. 599 ; Pontefract iii. 
 1675; iW<? ii. 1321; Portsmouth ii. 803; Preston iii. 1686; 
 Quinborowe ii. 824; Reading i. Ill ; Richmond (Yorkshire) iii. 
 1699; Ripon iii. 1708; Rochester ii. 845; Romsey ii. 1331; i?y<? 
 ii. 1031; >Stf. ^4/^ws iv. 2919; St. Davids i. 379; >Stf. Zt?e* i. 619; 
 Salisbury ii. 1340; Saltash i. 605; Sandwich ii. 1043; Shaftes- 
 bury ii. 1352; Shrewsbury iii. 2013; Southampton ii. 873; /Sow^A 
 jl/otaw i. 613 ; Stafford iii. 2026 ; Stamford iv. 2527 ; Stockton iii. 
 1729 ; Stratford i. 119 ; Tm5y i. 403 ; Tenterden ii. 1063 ; 
 Thetford iv. 2541 ; Thornbtjry i. 130; Tiverton i. 625; Torrington 
 I 633 : Tbifoes i. 641 ; Tregony i. 649 ; ,ZHm> i. 655 ; Wallingford 
 i. 133 ; Wahall iii. 2046 ; Wareham ii. 1359; Warwick iii. 2058 ; 
 Wells ii. 1366; Westbury ii. 1377; Weymouth and Melcombe Regis 
 ii. 1385; Wickwar i. 138; Wilton ii. 1399; Winchelsea ii. 1073; 
 
64 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES I 
 
 Mayor (continued) — 
 
 Winchester ii. 896 ; Windsor iv. 2933 ; Wiston i. 423 ; Wood- 
 stock (New) i. 141; Wootton Bassett i. 147; Wootton-under-Edge 
 i. 150 ; Worcester i. 153 ; Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) ii. 915. 
 [pp. 10, 11, 20.] 
 
 (Deputy), Appleby iii. 1426; Bath ii. 1112; Beverley iii. 
 
 1455 ; Cambridge iv. 2188 ; Canterbury ii. 690 ; Chester iv. 26 1 9 ; 
 Chichester ii. 717 ; Christchurch Twyneham ii. 1255 ; Congleton iv. 
 264'J ; Bealii. 931 ; Boncaster iii. 1495 ; itotw ii. 942 ; Faversham 
 ii. 962; Fordwich ii. 988; Glastonbury ii. 1283; Hartlepool iii. 
 1531 ; J?ew% i. 72 ; jETw/J iii. 1548 ; Hythe ii. 1007 ; Lancaster 
 iii. 1601 ; Liverpool iv. 2697 ; Zy/we ife^« ii. 1305 ; Maidstone ii. 
 761; iV^r-fciii. 1936; Oswestry iv. 2825; Oxford i. 99; Por/s- 
 wow^A ii. 803 ; Quinborotce ii. 824 ; /tye ii. 1032 ; Saltash i. 605 ; 
 Sandwich ii. 1043; Stockton iii. 1729; Tenterden ii. 1063; TTare- 
 &m ii. 1359; TPtftcm ii. 1400; Winchelsea ii. 1074; Yarmouth 
 (Isle of Wight) ii. 915. 
 
 (Lord), London; York iii. 1739. 
 
 Mayor of the Staple, Bristol ii. 1 164 ; P00& ii. 1321 ; Southampton ii. 
 
 873. 
 Mayor's Bailiff, Preston iii. 1686. 
 
 Beadle, King's Lynn iv. 2393. 
 
 Clerk, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Constable, Zy»«e ifc^/s ii. 1308. 
 
 Marshals, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Officers, Pff^ ii. 1113; Worcester i. 153. 
 
 Porter, Chester iv. 2625. 
 
 Serjeant, Ztom* ii. 942 ; Great Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Hastings 
 
 ii. 998; Hythe ii. 1007; Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1644; Preston iii. 
 1686; ifyeii. 1031. 
 
 Serjeant (Common), Nottingham iii. 1991. 
 
 Serjeants-at-Mace, Congleton iv. 2649 ; Nottingham iii. 1991. 
 
 Mayoress's Serjeant, Oxford i. 98. [p. 20] 
 
 Measurer, Hastings ii. 998; Portsmouth ii. 803. /See "Coal," "Corn," 
 " Porters and Measurers." 
 
 and Gauger, Newport (Isle of Wight) ii. 775. 
 
 Menial Servants, Boncaster iii. 1495. 
 
 Messenger, Oswestry iv. 2825. 
 
 Ministers of the Pentice Court, Chester iv. 2619. 
 
 Minstrels, York iii. 1739. [pp. 25-6.] 
 
 Mole-Catcher, Arundel ii. 674 ; Leicester iii. 1900; Richmond (York- 
 shire) iii. 1699. [p. 31.] 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 65 
 
 Moor Grieves \_gerefa~], Alnwick iii. 1414. [p. 32.] 
 Moor "Wardens, Axbridge ii. 1094. [p. 32.] 
 Moormen and Mossmen, Lancaster iii. 1600. [p. 32.] 
 Muragers, Chester iv. 2619. 
 Murenger, Oswestry iv. 2827. 
 
 Neat Herd, Doncaster iii. 1495. [p. 32.] 
 
 Kbit Herds, New castle- on- Tyne iii. 1639. [p. 32.] 
 
 Nurse, New castle-on- Tyne {Trinity Souse) iii. 1666. 
 
 Officer of the Silver Mace, York iii. 1739. [p. 19.] 
 Organist, Doncaster iii. 1495 ; Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 Organist to the Mayor's Chapel, Bristol ii. 1164. [p. 20.] 
 Overseer of Water "Works, Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 Overseers of Common, Llantrissent i. 313. [p. 32.] 
 
 of Market, Llantrissent i. 313. 
 
 Oyster-Meter, London. 
 
 Pasture Master, Beverley iii. 1455 ; York iii. 1739. [p. 32.] 
 
 Patrole (Morning and Evening), Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Peck Sealers, see "Sealers." 
 
 Peers, Carmarthen!. 204; Kingston-on-Thames iv. 2895. /Ske "Bailiffs 
 
 Peers." 
 Pew Opener, Doncaster iii. 1495. See "Keeper of (Corporation) Pews." 
 Pier Wardens, Blastings ii. 998. 
 Pilot Master, Bristol ii. 1164; Newcastle-on- Tyne {Trinity Souse) iii. 
 
 1666. 
 Pindar, Nottingham iii. 1991. [p. 30.] 
 Pindar Keeper of the Meadows, Nottingham iii. 1993. 
 Pinder, Doncaster iii. 1495; Sedon iii, 1537; Sull iii. 1554; Orford 
 
 iv. 2510; Richmond {Yorkshire) iii. 1699; Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 
 [p. 30.] 
 Pinders, Cambridge iv. 2185; Pontefract iii. 1675. See "Inspectors 
 
 of Pinders." 
 Plate-Butler, London. 
 
 Porter, York iii. 1739. See " Mayor's Porter." 
 Porters, Dover ii. 942; Gloucester i. 60; Weymouth and Melcombe 
 
 Regis ii. 1387. 
 
 (Company of) Southampton ii. 873, 
 
 (Crane), Ipswich iv. 2295. 
 
 at Gate, Serefordi. 254, see "Gateman." 
 
 and Measurers, Dartmouth i. 477. 
 
 5 
 
66 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 Portmen, Ipswich iv. 2295 ; Orford iv. 2509. 
 
 Portreeve [Portgerefa], Aberavon i. 165; Beccles iv. 2133; Chard ii. 
 
 1238; Chtchestee ii. 716; Kenfig i. 269: Eilgerran i. 279; 
 
 Lampeter i. 283; Langport Fastover ii. 1295; Laugharne i. 287; 
 
 Llanelly i. 307; Llantrissent i. 313; Loughor i. 317; JYWA i. 
 
 333; Sicanseai. 385; #«£• i. 415; Fam? ii. 1406. [p. 21.] 
 Portreeves, Arundel ii. 668 ; ££. CTWs i. 377. [p. 22.] 
 Pound Driver, Pevensey ii. 1017; Winchelsea ii. 1073. [p. 30.] 
 Pound Keeper, Aberavon i. 165 ; Canterbury ii. 688 ; Hythe ii. 1007 ; 
 
 Llanelly i. 307 ; Newport (Pembroke) i. 353. [p. 30.] See "Beadle 
 
 and Pound Keeper." 
 Pound Keepers, Kidwelly i. 274. 
 Presenter of Butchers, Faversham ii. 962. 
 Presenters, Faversham ii. 962. 
 Promoters, Grantham iv. 2241. 
 Prothonotary, Axbridge ii. 1094 ; Bristol ii. 1164 ; Carmarthen i. 206 ; 
 
 London; York iii. 1739. #e£ " Common Clerk and Prothonotary." 
 
 of the Tolzey Court, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Provider, Rochester ii. 845. 
 
 Quay Master, Dartmouth i. 477 ; Looe (Fast) i. 533 ; Newcastle-on-Iyne 
 
 iii. 1639. 
 Quay and Harbour Master, Poole ii. 1321. 
 Quay Master and Treasurer, Poole ii. 1321. 
 
 and "Warden, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Quay "Wardens, Tenby i. 403. 
 Quickener of the City's Tenants, London. 
 
 Receiver, Beaumaris iv. 2584; Bridgwater i. 463; Bury St. Edmunds 
 iv. 2172; Dartmouth i. 477; Exeter i. 487; Newcastle-under- 
 Lyme iii. 1953 ; Plymouth i. 579 ; Radnor (New) i. 357 ; Saltaxh 
 i. 606 ; Torrington i. 633 ; Warwick iii. 2059. £a? " Foreign 
 Receiver." 
 
 of Returns, Bidtford i. 437 ; Ztea/ ii. 931 ; Newport (Isle of 
 
 Wight) ii. 775 ; Stamford iv. 2527. 
 
 of Town- Dues, Liverpool iv. 2698 ; Newcastle-on-Tyne, iii. 
 
 1639. 
 Recorder, Aberavon i. 165 ; Abingdon i. 3 ; Aldeburgh iv. 2085 ; 
 Appleby iii. 1526; Axbridge ii. 1094 ; Banbury i. 9 ; Barnstaple 
 i. 430 ; Basingstoke ii. 1001 ; itoifA ii. 1112 ; Beaumaris iv. 2583 
 Bedford iv. 2105 ; Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437; Beverley iii. 1455 
 Bewdley iii. 1772; Bideford i. 437; Bishop's Castle iv. 2596 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 67 
 
 Recorder [continued) — 
 
 JBlandford Forum ii. 1134; Bossiney i. 453; Boston iv. 2151; 
 Brackley i. 23; Bradninch i. 457; Brecon i. 177; Bridgnorth 
 iii. 1780 ; Bridgwater i. 463 ; Bridport ii. 1141 ; Bristol ii. 1164 ; 
 Buckingham i. 27 ; Burg St. Edmunds iv. 2172 ; Caerwys iv. 
 2609; Cambridge iv. 2185; Camelford i. 471; Canterbury ii. 
 688; Carlisle iii. 1469; Carmarthen i. 204; Cots^e Rising iv. 
 2211 ; CAm^w iv. 2619; Chichester ii. 716; Clitheroe iii. 1483; 
 C&m iv. 2642; Coventry iii. 1799; Dartmouth i. 477; Daventry 
 iii. 1843; ZteaZ ii. 931; Denbigh iv. 2663; Z)<r% iii. 1850; 
 Devizes ii. 1262; ZVnas Myddy iv. 2673; Doncaster iii. 1495; 
 Dorchester iii. 1275; Dover ii. 942; Droitwich i. 47; Dunmow 
 {Great) iv. 2215 ; Dunwich iv. 2220 ; Durham iii. 1512 ; Evesham 
 i. 53 ; Exeter i. 487 ; ifye iv. 2229 ; Falmouth i. 501 ; Faversham 
 ii. 962 ; ZYwrf iv. 2680 ; Folkestone ii. 982 ; Fordwich ii. 987 ; 
 FowEYi. 505; Gar stang iii. 1520; Glastonbury ii. 1284; Gloucester 
 i. 59 ; Godmanchester iv. 2235 ; Gram/pound i. 507 ; Grantham iv. 
 2241 ; Gravesend iv. 2865 ; GVeatf Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Guildford 
 iv. 2871; Hartlepool iii. 1531; Harwich iv. 2261; Helston i. 
 511 ; Henley i. 71 ; Hertford iv. 2885 ; Higham Ferrers iv. 2282; 
 _ZZ«yA Wycombe i. 41 ; Zfw?/ iii. 1548; Huntingdon iv. 2287 ; Hythe 
 ii. 1108 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; iTm/?y i. 269 ; Kidderminster iii. 1878 ; 
 Kidwelly i. 273 ; King's Lynn iv. 2393 ; Kingston iv. 2895 ; 
 Kirkby -in- Kendal iii. 1590; Lancaster iii. 1600; Langport Eastover 
 ii. 1296; Laugharne i. 287; Launceston i. 518; Zmfe iii. 1619; 
 Leicester iii. 1895 ; Leominster i. 293 ; Lichfield iii. 1927 ; Lincoln 
 iv. 2345 ; Liskeard i. 525 ; Liverpool iv. 2697 ; Llandovery i. 
 302 ; London ; Looe {East) i. 533 ; Lostwithiel i. 545 ; Loughor i. 
 317 ; Ludlow iv. 2787 ; Zywe ifoy/s ii. 1307 ; Lymington ii. 743; 
 Maidenhead iv. 2910 ; Maidstone ii. 755 ; Maldon iv. 2434 ; Jfora- 
 w<m£A i. 322 ; iV^A i. 333; Newark iii. 1936; Newcastle under- 
 Lyme iii. 1953; New castle-on- Tyne iii. 1638; Newport {Isle of 
 Wight) ii. 775 ; Newport {Monmouth) i. 341 ; Northampton iii. 
 1968; Norwich iv. 2459; Nottingham iii. 1991; Okehampton i. 
 557 ; Orford iv. 2509 ; Oswestry iv. 2825 ; Oxford i. 98 ; Penryn 
 i. 563; Penzance i. 571; Plymouth i. 579; Plympton Earle i. 
 599; Pontefract iii. 1675 ; Poofe ii. 1321 ; Portsmouth ii. 803; 
 Preston iii. 1686; Radnor {New) i. 357; Richmond {Yorkshire) 
 iii. 1699; i&pow iii. 1708; Rochester ii. 845; Romsey ii. 1332; 
 JfotfAw iv. 2848; £*. .^Mmm iv. 2919; fltf. CW* i. 377; £*. 
 Zve* i. 619 ; Salisbury ii. 1340 ; Saltash i. 605 ; Sandwich ii. 1043 ; 
 Scarborough iii. 1714; Seaford ii. 1059; Shaftesbury ii. 1353; 
 
68 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Recorder {continued) — 
 
 Shrewsbury iii. 2014 ; Southampton ii. 873 ; South Molton i. 614 ; 
 Stafford Hi. 2026; Stamford iv. 2527; Stockton iii. 1729; Strat- 
 ford-on-Avon i. 119 ; Swansea i. 385 ; Tamworth iii. 2039 ; 
 Tewkesbury i. 125 ; Thetford iv. 2541 ; Tiverton i. 625 ; Tor- 
 rington i. 633 ; Totnes i. 641 ; Tregony i. 649 ; Truro i. 655 ; 
 ZZs£ i. 415; Wallingford i. 133; Walsall iii. 2046; Wareham ii. 
 1360; Warwick iii. 2059; #W/s ii. 1369; Wenlock iii. 2077; 
 Westbury ii. 1377 ; Weymouth and Melcombe Regis ii. 1386 ; 
 JT*7fcw ii. 1400 ; Winchester ii. 896 ; Windsor iv. 2933 ; Woking- 
 ham iv. 2938 ; Woodstock {New) i. 141 ; Worcester i. 153 ; For^; 
 iii. 1739. [p. 21.] 
 
 (Deputy) Banbury i. 9 ; Barnstaple i. 430 ; Basingstoke ii. 
 
 1401; Bath ii. 1112; Bedford iv. 2105; Bewdley iii. 1772; 
 Bideford i. 438 ; Boston iv. 2151 ; Brackley i. 23; Bridgnorth iii. 
 1780 ; Bridport ii. 1141 ; Cambridge iv. 2185; Carmarthen i. 205 ; 
 Chichester ii. 716; Baventry iii. 1843; 2)<<w£ ii. 932; Devizes ii. 
 1262; Durham iii. 1512; Godmanchester iv. 2235; Grantham iv. 
 2241 ; GV<?dtf Grimsby iv. 2251 ; Hartlepool iii. 1531 ; Higham 
 Ferrers iv. 2282 ; Kidwelly i. 273 ; Kirkby -in- Kendal iii. 1591 ; 
 Zmfo iii. 1619 ; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; Zooe {East) i. 534 ; Maidstone 
 ii. 755 ; Newport {Isle of Wight) ii. 775 ; Northampton iii. 1968 ; 
 Nottingham iii. 1991; Oxford i. 98; Plympton Earle i. 600; 
 Salisbury ii. 1340 ; Saltash i. 606 ; Scarborough iii. 1714 ; Shrews- 
 bury iii. 2014 ; Stamford iv. 2527 ; Stafford iii. 2026 ; Thetford iv. 
 2541 ; Warwick iii. 2059. 
 
 Reeve [^ere/a] of the Borough, Bradninch i. 457. [p. 23. J 
 
 Registrar of the Court of Conscience, Bristol ii. 1164; Norwich 
 iv. 2460. 
 
 Remembrancer, London. 
 
 Renter (Town) Ludlow iv. 2790. 
 
 Renters, JFe#s ii. 1369. 
 
 Sample-Man, iZwW iii. 1548. [p. 34.] 
 Sand "Walkers, Southampton ii. 874. [p. 34.] 
 Sayer (Market), Grantham iv. 2241. 
 Scavager, Rochestee ii. 1845. 
 
 Scavenger, Camelford i. 471 ; Liskeard i. 525 ; ^y« ii. 1031 ; Shaftes- 
 bury ii. 1353 ; Southampton ii. 173. 
 
 and Cleaner of Wells, Clitheroe iii. 1484. 
 
 Scavengers, Aberystwith i. 171 ; Torrington i. 633. 
 Schoolwardens, Kingston-on-Thames iv. 2897. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 69 
 
 Sealers (Leather), Axbeidge ii. 1094; Godalming ii. 737 ; Newport 
 {Isle of Wight) ii. 775 ; Westbury ii. 1378; Wokingham iv. 2938. 
 See " Searcher and Sealer." 
 
 (Peck), Lancaster iii. 1600. 
 
 of Weights and Measures, Barnstaple i. 430. 
 
 Seamen, Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1666. 
 
 Searcher (Flesh), Folkestone ii. 982. 
 
 Searcher and Sealer, Lincoln iv. 2345. 
 
 ■ and Sealer of Leather, Neath i. 333 ; Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 
 Searcher for Woollen- Cloth, Kirkly '-in- Kendal iii. 1590. 
 
 Searcher to inspect Wares, York {Merchant Tailors of) iii. 1765. 
 
 Searchers (Butter), Stockton iii. 1729. 
 
 of Corn Market, Pontefract iii. 1675. 
 
 for Fish and Flesh, Bedford iv. 2105 ; Devizes ii. 1264. 
 
 of Leather, Devizes ii. 1264; Dtjnmow (Geeat) iv. 2216; 
 
 Grantham iv. 2241 ; Stockton iii. 1729. 
 
 of Market, Barnstaple i. 430; Eye iv. 2229; Hedon iii. 1537; 
 
 Portsmouth ii. 803. 
 
 for (Unwholesome) Meat, Rochestee ii. 845. 
 
 and Sealers of Leather, Arundel ii. 668 ; Faveesham ii. 962 ; 
 
 Haveeing iv. 2879 ; Rochester ii. 845 ; St. Albans iv. 2919. 
 
 of Weights and Measures, Stockton iii. 1729; York {Merchant 
 
 Adventurers of) iii. 1761. 
 
 (Wood and Chimney), Bedford iv. 2105. 
 
 Secretary, Hull {Trinity House) iii. 1581 ; Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity 
 
 House) iii. 1666; York {Merchant Adventurers of) iii. 1761. 
 Seizers, Newcastle-on-Tyne {Fraternity of Hostmen) iii. 1661. 
 Seizing Officer of Wrecks, Fines and Forfeitures, Romney Marsh 
 
 iii. 1027. 
 Serjeant, Lydd ii. 1013 ; Morpeth iii. 1627; Over iv. 2816. See 
 
 "Bailiff's," " Mayor's," "Mayoress's." 
 (Common), Great Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Hastings ii. 998 ; 
 
 London; Bye ii. 1031. See "Mayor's." 
 (Town), Clitheroe iii. 1483; Dover ii. 942; Garstangm.. 1520; 
 
 Hythe ii. 1007; Newtown {Isle of Wight) ii. 793; Pevensey ii. 1017; 
 
 Preston iii. 1686; Winchelsea ii. 1073 ; Yarmouth {Isle of Wight) 
 
 ii. 916. 
 Serjeant of the Chamber, Canterbury ii. 688. 
 
 of the Court, Ashton-under-Lyne iii. 1431. 
 
 of the Market, Canterbury ii. 697. 
 
 of the Water, Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Serjeant-at-Arms, London. 
 
70 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Serjeant-at-Brazen-Mace, Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 Serjeant-at-Mace, Berkeley i. 19 ; Blandford Fvrum ii. 1134 ; Bossiney i. 
 453 ; Bracelet i. 23 ; Camel/ord i. 471 ; Castle Rising iv. 2211 ; 
 Chesterfield iii. 1790; Congleton iv. 2649; Deal ii. 931 ; Dunwich 
 iv. 2220 ; ZVw* iv. 2680 ; Folkestone ii. 982 ; Fordwich ii. 987 ; 
 Hartlepool iii. 1531 ; Hedon iii. 1537 ; Higham Ferrers iv. 2282 ; 
 JQfyA Wycombe i. 41 ; Kenfig i. 269 ; Langport Eastover ii. 1296 ; 
 Ztf£<& iii. 1619 ; Liverpool iv. 2698 ; Llantrissent i. 313 ; London ; 
 Lymington ii. 743 ; Maidenhead iv. 2910 ; Ruyton iv. 2858 ; 
 Seaford ii. 1059; Stockton iii. 1729; Thoenbuey i. 130; Wareham 
 ii. 1360; Warwick iii. 2059; Wenlock iii. 2077; Winchelsea ii. 
 1073 ; Windsor iv. 2933 ; Woodstock {New) i. 141 ; Yarmouth 
 (Lsle of Wight) ii. 915. [p. 19.] &m "Mayor's." 
 
 Serjeant-at-Mace on the "Waters of the Medway, Rochester ii. 845. 
 
 Serjeants, JtetfiM iv. 2848 ; Westbury ii. 1378 ; 7Ptft0» ii. 1400. 
 
 of the Key [or Bailiffs], Lincoln iv. 2345. 
 
 Serjeants-at-Mace, Aberavon i. 165; Aberystwith i. 171; Abingdon i. 
 3; Aldeburgh iv. 2085; Andover ii. 1083; Appleby iii. 1426; 
 Arundel ii. 670 ; Axbridge ii. 1095 ; Banbury i. 9 ; Barnstaple 
 i. 430 ; Basingstoke ii. 1101 ; ZWA ii. 1113 ; Beaumaris iv. 2583 ; 
 Beccles iv. 2133; Bedford iv. 2105 ; Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437; 
 Beverley iii. 1455 ; Bewdley iii. 1772 ; Bideford i. 437 ; Bishop's 
 Castle iv. 2596; Bodmin i. 443; Boston iv. 2151 ; Bradninch i. 
 457 ; Brecon i. 177 ; Bridgnorth iii. 1780 ; Bridgwater i. 463 ; 
 Bridport ii. 1141 ; Bristol ii. 1164 ; Zwry ££. Edmunds iv. 2172; 
 Cambridge iv. 2185 ; Canterbury ii. 688 ; Cardiff \. 187; Carlisle 
 iii. 1469; Carmarthen i. 204; Chester iv. 2619; Chichester ii. 
 716; Chipping Norton i. 33; C7«» iv. 2642; Cowbridge i. 221; 
 Dartmouth i. 477; Daventry iii. 1843; Denbigh iv. 2662; Derby 
 iii. 1850; Devizes ii. 1264; Doncaster iii. 1495; Dorchester ii. 
 1275 ; Droitwich i. 47 ; Durham iii. 1512 ; Evesham i. 53 ; Exeter 
 i. 487 ; Z^ iv. 2229 ; Falmouth i. 501 ; Faversham ii. 962 
 Glastonbury ii. 1284 ; Gloucester i. 59 ; Grantham iv. 2241 
 Gravesend iv. 2866; Guildford iv. 2871 ; Harwich iv. 2261 
 Haverfordwest i. 234 ; Helston i. 511 ; Henley i. 72; Hereford i 
 254 ; Hertford iv. 2886 ; Huntingdon iv. 2287 ; Lpswich iv. 2295 
 Kidwelly i. 273 ; King's Lynn iv. 2393 ; Kingston iv. 2897 ; Kirkby- 
 in- Kendal iii. 1590 ; Lancaster iii. 1609 ; Launceston i. 518 ; 
 Leicester iii. 1895 ; Leominster i. 293 ; Lichfield iii. 1927; Liskeard 
 i. 525; Llandovery i. 301 ; Zooe {East) i. 533; Z000 {West) i. 
 539 ; Lostwithiel i. 545 ; Loughor i. 317 ; Ludlow iv. 2787 ; Zy»t« 
 iityjs ii. 1307; Maidstone ii. 755; Maldon iv. 2434; Malmesbury i. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 71 
 
 Serjcants-at-Mace {continued) — 
 
 77; Marazioni. 551 ; Marlborough i. 83; Monmouth i. 322; Neath i. 
 333 ; Newark iii. 1936 ; Newbury i. 89 ; Newcastle-under-Lyme 
 iii. 1953; Neweastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639; Newport {Isle of Wight) 
 ii. 775; Northampton iii. 1968; Norwich iv. 2460; Nottingham 
 iii. 1991; Okehampton i. 557; Orfordiv. 2509; Oswestry iv. 2825 
 Oxford i. 98 ; Pembroke i. 365; Penryn i. 563; Penzance i. 571 
 Plymouth i. 582; Plympton Earle i. 599; Pontefract iii. 1675 
 Poole ii. 1321; Portsmouth ii. 803; Quinborowe ii. 824 ; Radnor 
 {New) i. 357 ; Reading i. Ill ; Retford {East) iii. 1862 ; Richmond 
 {Yorkshire) iii. 1699; Ripon iii. 1708; Rochester \\. 845; Romsey 
 ii. 1332; S*. ^^«ws iv. 2919; /Stf. jfoas i. 619; Salisbury ii. 
 1342; Saltash i. 605 ; Sandwich ii. 1043 ; Scarborough iii. 1714 
 Shaftesbury ii. 1353 ; Shrewsbury iii. 2014 ; Southampton ii. 873 
 flottfA Jfo#o» i. 614; Southwold iv. 2516; Stafford iii. 2026 
 Stamford iv. 2527; Stratford-upon-Avon i. 119; Sutton Coldfield 
 iii. 2033 ; Swansea i. 385 ; Tamworth iii. 2039 ; Tercoy i. 403 
 Tenterden ii. 1063; Tewkesbury i. 125 ; Thetford iv. 2541 ; Twer 
 ftw i. 625 ; Torrington i. 633 ; Totnes i. 641 ; Tregony i. 649 
 Two i. 655; Wallingford i. 133; Walsall iii. 2046; Wells ii 
 1369 ; Weymouth and Melcombe Regis ii. 1386 ; Winchester ii. 896 
 Wokingham iv. 2938 ; Wootton Bassett i. 147 ; Worcester i. 153. 
 
 Serjeant's Yeoman, Shrewsbury iii. 2014. iSka "Yeoman." 
 
 Servant (Town) Alnwick iii. 1414. 
 
 Sexton, Boncaster iii. 1495 ; Hedon iii. 1539 ; Scarborough iii. 1714. 
 
 Shamble Wardens, Axbridge ii. 1094 ; TFeWs ii. 1369. 
 
 Sheriff, Canterbury ii. 688 ; Evesham i. 53 ; Exeter i. 487 ; Saver ford- 
 west i. 234; -ZZmZ? iii. 1548; Lichfield iii. 1927; Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne iii. 1638; P00/0 ii. 1321; Southampton ii. 873; Worcester 
 i. 153. 
 
 (TJnder) New castle- on- Tyne iii. 1639 ; Nottingham iii. 1991 ; 
 
 Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Sheriffs, .ffrnfo/ ii. 1164; Carmarthen i. 204; CA««^ iv. 2619; 
 Coventry iii. 1799; Gloucester i. 59; Lincoln iv. 2345; London; 
 Nottingham iii. 1991 ; Norwich iv. 2459 ; For/; iii. 1739. 
 
 (TJnder) London. 
 
 Sheriff's Bailiff, Canterbury ii. 688. 
 
 Sheriffs' Beadles, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Sheriff's Officers, Zwwofo iv. 2345. 
 
 Sheriff's Serjeants-at-Mace, New castle-on- Tyne iii. 1644; Nottingham 
 iii. 1991. 
 
 Sheriff's Yeomen, Bristol ii. 1164 ; Zo* 
 
72 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Sidesmen, Beaumaris iv. 2583. 
 
 Six Men, Wenlock iii. 2076. 
 
 Solicitor (City) London ; Oxford i. 98. 
 
 Speaker of the Common Council, Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 Staff-Bearers, Exeter i. 487. [p. 16.] 
 
 Stallingers, Sunderland iii. 1734. 
 
 Stall-Setter, Doncaster iii. 1495. 
 
 Standard-Bearers, Norwich iv. 2460. [p. 16.] 
 
 Standing Magistrates, Leominster i. 293. 
 
 Steward, Altringham iv. 2574; Andover ii. 1083; Bewdley iii. 1772; 
 
 Brading ii. 679; Buckingham i. 27; Burton-on- Trent iii. 1785; 
 
 Cardiff i. 187; Coventry iii. 1799; Devizes ii. 1264; Doncaster 
 
 iii. 1495; Kidwelly i. 273; Lampeter i. 283; Leicester iii. 1895; 
 
 Lichfield iii. 1927; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; Llantrissent i. 313; Xoo« 
 
 {West) i. 539; Loughor i. 317; Ludlow iv. 2787; Maidenhead iv. 
 
 2910; Norwichiv. 2459 ; Oswestry iv. 2825 ; Quinborowe ii. 824 ; 
 
 Beading i. Ill ; Ruthin iv. 2848; Shrewsbury iii. 2014; Swansea 
 
 i. 385; Trwro i. 655; Westbury ii. 1378. S«s "Clerk (Common) 
 
 and Steward." 
 (Deputy), .^ttdbiwii. 1082; Beccles iv. 2133; Brading ii. 679; 
 
 Buckingham i. 28 ; C/«w iv. 2642 ; Havering iv. 2878 ; Hereford i. 
 
 254 ; Malmesbury i. 77 ; Newbury i. 89 ; Newport {Shropshire) iii. 
 
 1962; .fittfAtn iv. 2848; Stafford iii. 2026; £w«tm Coldfield iii. 
 
 2033. 
 
 (Capital), /Som^ J/btaw i. 613. 
 
 (Chief), DTere/ord i. 254 ; Kidwelly i. 273 ; Leominster i. 
 
 293 ; itoto iv. 2848. 
 
 (City), For* iii. 1739. 
 
 (High), Abingdon i. 3 ; Andover ii. 1083; Banbury i. 9 
 
 Barnstaple i. 430; Basingstoke ii. 1101; Bridport ii. 1141 ; Bristol 
 ii. 1164; Cambridge iv. 2185; Chichester ii. 716; Congleton iv. 
 2649; Derby iii. 1850; Dorchester ii. 1275; Godmanchester iv. 
 2235 ; Gravesend iv. 2865 ; Gtoatf Grimsby iv. 2249 ; Guildford 
 iv. 2871 ; Harwich iv. 2261 ; Havering iv. 2878 ; .S^ky i. 72 ; 
 Hertford iv. 2885 ; jGTm// iii. 1548 ; Huntingdon iv. 2287 ; Ipswich 
 iv. 2295; Kidderminster iii. 1878; Kingston iv. 2895; Louth iv 
 2374; Maidenhead iv. 2910; Malmesbury i. 77; Newbury i. 89 
 Newport {Shropshire) iii. 1962; Oxford i. 98; Beading i. Ill 
 Retford {East) iii. 1862 ; £*. .4/fow* iv. 2919 ; Salisbury ii. 1342 
 Southwold iv. 2516; Stafford iii. 2026; Stratford-upon-Avon i 
 119; /Sw«ow Coldfield iii. 2033; Tamworth iii. 2039; Tewkesbury 
 i. 125; Wallingford i. 133 ; JF*7fo» ii. 1400; Winchester ii. 986 ; 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 73 
 
 Steward (High) {continued) — 
 
 Windsor iv. 2933 ; Wokingham iv. 2938 ; Woodstock {New) i. 
 
 141. 
 
 (High) of Southwark, London. 
 
 (Lord High), Gloucester i. 59 ; King's Lynn iv. 2393 ; Rom- 
 
 sey ii. 1332. 
 
 (House), Hull iii. 1548. 
 
 (Land), Bristol 'A. 1164; Hull iii. 1554; Newcastle-on-Tyne 
 
 1639 ; Norwich iv. 2460 ; Preston iii. 1686. 
 — (Town), Dorchester ii. 1275 ; Northampton iii. 1968. 
 (Vice), Lincoln iv. 2345. 
 
 Steward of the Court, Kingston iv. 2897 ; Leicester iii. 1895 ; Retford 
 
 {Hast) iii. 1862. 
 
 of the Court of Record, Stratford-upon-Avon i. 119. 
 
 of the Fairs, Wilton ii. 1400. 
 
 of the Leet, Bath ii. 1115; Bedford iv. 2105; Rochester 
 
 ii. 853. 
 
 of the Lord of the Borough, Newport {Monmouth) i. 341. 
 
 of the Manor, Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437 ; London. 
 
 of the Tolsey Court, Bristol ii. 1164. 
 
 Stewards, Gateshead iii. 1526 [p. 9.] ; Newcastle-on-Tyne {Fraternity 
 of Hostmen) iii. 1661. 
 
 (Guild), Cains ii. 1232. [pp. 9, 16.] 
 
 (Town), Beaumaris iv. 2583. 
 
 Storekeeper, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Street Driver, Hastings ii. 998. 
 
 Street Keeper and Crier, Boncaster iii. 1495. 
 
 Street Wardens, Axbridge ii. 1094; Wells ii. 1369. 
 
 Summoner, Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1666. 
 
 Superintendent of the Ferry Dock, Hull iii. 1554. 
 
 of Leat, Plymouth i. 583. 
 
 of the Market, Bideford i. 438. 
 
 of the Market and Cleaning the Street, Carlisle iii. 1470. 
 
 of the Mght- Watch, Wisbeach iv. 2553. 
 
 of Police, Denbigh iv. 2662; Liverpool iv. 2698. 
 
 Supervisors, Lancaster iii. 1600. 
 
 of the Bounds, Bath ii. 1113. 
 
 of Estates, Ludlow iv. 2787. 
 
 of Fire, Blandford Forum ii. 1134 ; Westbury ii. 1378. 
 
 of Lands, Southampton ii. 874. 
 
 Surgeon of Gaol, Ipswich iv. 2295 ; Plymouth i. 582. 
 of Gaol and House of Correction, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
74 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES: 
 
 Surgeons of Hospitals, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Surveyor, Bath ii. 1113; Boston iv. 2151; Clitheroe iii. 1484; Bull 
 iii. 1548; Liverpool iv. 2698; London; Plymouth i. 583. 
 
 (Assistant), Liverpool iv. 2698. 
 
 (Tonnage), Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 (Town), Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437 ; Ipswich iv. 2295 ; 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Surveyor of Corporate Property, TPeZ/s ii. 1369. 
 
 of Diddlers, Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 of Roads, Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 of Water Pipes, By the ii. 1008. 
 
 of "Weights and Measures, Bideford i. 437. 
 
 Surveyors, Beccles iv. 2133; Worcester i. 153. 
 
 Swanner, Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 Sweeper of Streets, Richmond {Yorkshire) iii. 1699. 
 
 Swine-catcher, Congleton iv. 2652. [p. 28.] 
 
 Swineherd (Town), Shrewsbury iii. 2015. [p. 32.] 
 
 Sword-Bearer, Appleby iii. 1426 ; Bristol ii. 1164 ; Canterbury ii. 688 ; 
 Carlisle iii. 1469 ; Carmarthen i. 204 ; Chester iv. 2619 ; Coventry 
 iii. 1799 ; jEwfcr i. 487 ; Gloucester i. 59 ; Bereford i. 254 ; .ZZmW 
 iii. 1548; King's Lynn iv. 2393; Kirkby -in- Kendal iii. 1590; 
 Lincoln iv. 2345 ; Liverpool iv. 2697 ; London ; Newcastle-on-Tyne 
 iii. 1639; Norwich iv. 2460; Shrewsbury iii. 2014; Thetford iv. 
 2541 ; Worcester i. 153 ; Tor* iii. 1739. [pp. 16, 19.] 
 
 Taster (Ale), *<?e " Aletaster." 
 
 Taster (Flesh), Wokingham iv. 2938. 
 
 Tasters of Pish and Plesh, Guildford iv. 2874; St. Albans iv. 2919. 
 
 Tenant of Beacons, Sandwich ii. 1043. [p. 33.] 
 
 Tender of the Town Wood, Congleton iv. 2654. [p. 32.] 
 
 Tenters of Common, Derby iii. 1850. [p. 28.] 
 
 Tipstaves, York iii. 1739. 
 
 Tithingman, Bodmin i. 447 ; Dartmouth i. 477. [p. 23.] 
 
 Tithingmen, Abingdon i. 5; Basingstoke ii. 1102; Bath ii. 1113; 
 
 Godalming ii. 736; Guildford iv. 2874; Bigh Wycombe i. 43; 
 
 Maidenhead iv. 2910 ; Newbury i. 91 ; Petersfield ii. 798 ; Romsey 
 
 ii. 1332; Wallingford i. 133; Windsor iv. 2934 ; Woodstock {New) 
 
 i. 143. [pp. 23, 24.] 
 Toll Collector, ^A Wycombe i. 41. 
 Toll Gatherer, Cardiff i. 187. 
 
 and Keeper of the Cattle Market and Fairs, Cardiff \. 187. 
 
 Tollenger, Canterbury ii. 688. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 75 
 
 Tollmen, Richmond (Yorkshire) iii. 1702. 
 Town Bailiff, see " Bailiff." 
 
 Chamberlain, see " Chamberlain." 
 
 Clerk, see "Clerk." 
 
 Constable, see " Constable." 
 
 Crier, see " Crier." 
 
 Inspector, see " Inspector." 
 
 Marshal, see " Marshal." 
 
 Servant, see " Servant." 
 
 Steward, see "Steward," "Stewards." 
 
 Surveyor, see " Surveyor." 
 
 Swineherd, see *' Swineherd." 
 
 Treasurer, see "Treasurer." 
 
 "Wardens, see " "Wardens." 
 
 Town's Husband, see " Husband." 
 
 Treasurer, Beaumaris iv. 2583; Bewdley iii. 1772; Brecon i. 177; 
 
 Chard ii. 1238 ; Chichester ii. 717 ; Coventry iii. 1804 ; Cowbridge 
 
 i. 221 ; Eye iv. 2229 ; Fordwich ii. 987 ; Gloucester i. 60 ; Lang- 
 port Eastover ii. 1296 ; Liverpool iv. 2698 ; Newbury i. 92 ; 
 
 Northampton iii. 1968; JPevensey ii. 1017; Retford (East) iii. 
 
 1862 ; Wenlock iii. 2077 ; Weymouth and Melcombe Regis ii. 1386. 
 
 (County), Norwich iv. 2460. 
 
 (Land), Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 (Quay), see "Quay." 
 
 (Town), Berwick-on- Tweed iii. 1437 ; Ipswich iv. 2295. 
 
 • ("Water), Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 Treasurer of the Borough, Harwich iv. 2261. 
 
 of the City and County, Lincoln iv. 2345. 
 
 of the Marshalsea Rate, Ipswich iv. 2295. 
 
 of the Soke, Grantham iv. 2241. 
 
 Treasurers, Cambridge iv. 2185; Chester iv. 2619; King 's Lynn iv. 
 
 2393 ; Norwich iv. 2460 ; Worcester i. 155. 
 Trier of "Weights and Measures, Clitheroe iii. 1484. 
 Triers of "Weights, Camelford i. 471. 
 Trumpeters, London. 
 Twelve (The), Beccles iv. 2133. 
 Twenty-men, Totnes i. 641. 
 
 Twenty-four (The), Beccles iv. 2133 ; York iii. 1739. 
 Twenty-four Men, Winchester ii. 896. 
 Turnkey, Chester iv. 2625 ; Lincoln iv. 2345 ; Liverpool iv. 2709. 
 
 "Usher of the Court of Aldermen, London. 
 
76 INDEX OF MUNICIPAL OFFICES : 
 
 Viewers of Streets and Highways, St. Albans iv. 2919. 
 of the Market at the Cross, Sx. Albans iv. 2919. 
 
 Wait Players, Bristol ii. 1164. [pp. 25, 26.] 
 
 "Waits, Leeds iii. 1619; Lincolniv. 2345; Nottingham iii. 1998. [pp. 
 
 25, 26.] 
 "Warden, Godalming ii. 736; Louth iv. 2374; Northampton iii. 1968 ; 
 
 Sutton CoUfield iii. 2033. [pp. 9, 16.] 
 
 (Brook-), see " Brook- warden." 
 
 (Hall), see "Hall." 
 
 (Quay), see " Quay Master and "Warden." 
 
 "Warden's Clerk, Hull {Trinity House) iii. 1581. 
 
 "Wardens, Coventry iii. 1799; Hull {Trinity House) iii. 1581; York 
 
 {Merchant Adventurers) iii. 1761 ; York {Merchant Tailors) iii. 
 
 1765. See "Bridge," "Conduit," "Moor," "Pier," "Quay," 
 
 "School," "Shamhle," "Street." 
 
 (Elder), Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1666. 
 
 (Flesh), Ipswich iv. 2295. 
 
 (Head), Daventry iii. 1843. 
 
 ■ (Under), Daventry iii. 1843. 
 
 • (Younger), Newcastle-on-Tyne {Trinity House) iii. 1666. 
 
 (Town), Newpobt (Isle of "Wight) ii. 775. 
 
 "Wardens of the Almshouses, Devizes ii. 1264. 
 
 of the Fish Market, Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 . of the Flesh Market, Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 of Orphans, Sandwich ii. 1043. 
 
 of Sendy's Gift, Southampton ii. 874. 
 
 "Warder of the Castle, Newcastle-on-Tyne iii. 1639. 
 
 Wardman (Common), Sandwich ii. 1043. See "Beadle and "Wardman." 
 
 "Wardrobe-keeper, London. 
 
 "Wards, see " Beadle of the." 
 
 "Warrener and Game Keeper, Scarborough iii. 1714. [p. 31».] 
 
 "Watchmen, Liverpool iv. 2709 ; Plymouth i. 583. 
 
 Watchmen (Night), Wisbeach iv. 2553. 
 
 Water Bailiff, see "Bailiff." 
 
 Water Bailiff's Second Young Man, London. 
 
 Water Treasurer, see " Treasurer." 
 
 Watermen, Plymouth i. 583. 
 
 Weeder of Footpaths, Richmond {Yorkshire) iii. 1699. 
 
 Weigher of Hay, Norwich iv. 2459. 
 
 of Wool, Southampton ii. 873. 
 
 Wharfinger, Exeter i. 487 ; Portsmouth ii. 803. 
 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 17 
 
 "Whifflers, Norwich iv. 2460. [p. 19.] 
 
 White-Mace-Bearer, see " Mace- Bearer." 
 
 "Wood and Chimney Searchers, see " Searchers." 
 
 "Woodward, Havering iv. 2879 ; Nottingham iii. 1991. [p. 32.] 
 
 Yeoman (Le), Penzance i. 571. 
 
 Yeoman of the Pentice Court, Chester iv. 2619. 
 
 Yeoman (Serjeant-), Warwick iii. 2059. See "Serjeant's." 
 
 Yeomen (Sheriff's), see "Sheriff's." 
 
 Young-men of the Lord Mayor's Household, London, [p. 20.] 
 
 STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, PRINTERS, HERTFORD. 
 
3 03 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY