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MILITARY PROTECTION 
 
 UNITED STATES GUARDS 
 
 The Use of Organized Bodies in the Protection 
 
 and Defense of Property During Riots, 
 
 Strikes, and Civil Disturbances 
 
 CORRECTED TO JULY 15, 1919 
 
 WAR PLANS DIVISION 
 OCTOBER, 1918 
 
 War Department 
 
 Document Nd. 38? 
 
 Office of The Adjuterl Ce«:e;al 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1919 
 
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WAR DEPARTMENT, 
 
 Washington, October 26, 1918. 
 
 The following manual, entitled " Military Protection, United 
 States Guards," is published for the information and guidance 
 of all concerned. 
 [062.1, A. G. O.] 
 
 By order of the Secretary of War: 
 
 PEYTON C. MARCH, 
 
 General, Chief of Staff. 
 
 Official : 
 
 P. C. HARRIS, 
 
 The Adjutant General. 
 
 (3) 
 
 403291 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Foreword 7 
 
 I . Legal aspect of riot duty: 9 
 
 II. Assemblage of troops 10 
 
 III. Transportation of troops 11 
 
 IV. Motor patrols 13 
 
 V. Important general rules of riot duty 14 
 
 VI . The importance of quelling riots in their incipient stage 18 
 
 VII . Marching through and clearing city streets 20 
 
 VIII. Attack of cities when armed resistance is expected or 
 
 when in possession of the enemy 23 
 
 IX. Meeting and dispersing a mob 26 
 
 X. Tactics 28 
 
 XI. Intelligence 52 
 
 XII . Legal 54 
 
 XIII. Aids to protection at night 66 
 
 XIV. Weapons 69 
 
 XV. Police functions 71 
 
 XVI . Principles for officers 80 
 
 Appendix A 82 
 
 Appendix B 82 
 
 I udex 85 
 
 (5) 
 
FOREWORD. 
 
 1. The protection of utilities necessary for the prosecution of 
 the present war is one of the most important duties which con- 
 front the military authorities at this time. 
 
 2. Our domestic conditions are such that many communities 
 are subject to industrial disturbances and sudden outbreaks of 
 violence or the constant menace of any element of unknown size 
 and strength with which our forces may have to contend. 
 
 3. The Militia Bureau has endeavored in the following pages 
 to place, in compact form, practical and useful information on 
 the subject of such duty which will prove serviceable to officers 
 of organizations ordered on this class of duty and enable them to 
 handle situations with which they may have to deal, such as 
 officers of the United States Guards, Ordnance Guards, and other 
 troops which may be called upon to supplement local police forces 
 in quelling disturbances which have passed beyond the control 
 of the civil authorities. 
 
 4. Riot service is one of the most distasteful duties which sol- 
 diers are called upon to perform, and the officer in command of 
 such troops must be well trained in order to prepare his com- 
 mand for such a task. 
 
 5. Acknowledgment is due to Lieut. Col. Byron L. Bargar, au- 
 thor of " The Law and Customs of Riot Duty " ; Maj. Henry A. 
 Bellows' " Manual for Local Defense," published by Macmillan 
 Co. ; and to Capt. Richard Stockton's ( Second Infantry, National 
 Guard, New Jersey) "Manual for Officers of the Organized 
 Militia and Volunteers of the United States," for the free use 
 of these publications. The first work mentioned is particularly 
 recommended for advanced legal study of the subject. 
 
 6. The Militia Bureau is also indebted to the files of the War 
 College Library for helpful information. 
 
 (7) 
 
 v 
 
» » » * 
 
 » » 
 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 LEGAL ASPECTS OF RIOT DUTY. 
 
 Troops of the Regular Army may be ordered out for riot duty 
 under the following conditions: 
 
 1. By the President. 
 
 (a) If requested by any State and if after investigation 
 the facts warrant it. If the legislature is in session the 
 request must be made by that body ; if not in session, then 
 the governor may make the request. 
 
 (fr) If property of the United States is being en- 
 dangered or destroyed, or if the rioters are interfering 
 with the execution of Federal laws or with the mails of 
 the United States. The troops confine themselves abso- 
 lutely to matters affecting the Federal Government. ( See 
 Article XLVII, Army Regulations, 1913, corrected to April 
 15, 1917.) 
 
 2. By the commanding officer of troops under the circum- 
 stances cited in (&), provided the emergency is so imminent as 
 to render it dangerous to await instructions requested through 
 the speediest means of communication. In this case the com- 
 manding officer will at once report in detail, by the quickest way, 
 his actions to The Adjutant General of the Army and the adju- 
 tant general of his department. 
 
 3. Any person employing any part of the Regular Army in 
 riots except under these conditions is guilty of a misdemeanor 
 and, on conviction thereof, will be punishable by a fine not ex- 
 ceeding $10,000, or imprisonment not exceeding two years, or by 
 both such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 4. After the troops have been called out, the military alone 
 must decide how its power shall be used — the civil merely says 
 what it wishes done ; the military decides how it shall be done^- 
 Under no circumstances can Federal troops act under orders 
 from any civil officer of a State or municipality ; State troops 
 may be so employed. For copy of order of civil official upon a 
 State military official, see Appendix A. 
 
 5. A riot may be defined as "An unlawful assemblage of people 
 of threatening attitude, acting in concert, with disorder and 
 violence and determined to accomplish some injury to persons or 
 property in spite of any resistance which may be offered," and, 
 under the law, the killing of any participant in the riot is clearly 
 justifiable, if the riot can not be suppressed by less violent means. 
 
 (9) 
 
 \ 
 
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 Chapter II. 
 
 ASSEMBLAGE OF TROOPS. 
 
 6. Troops of the Regular Army assemble according to their 
 drill regulations. In the case of all other troops the arms and 
 equipment of such forces should be kept in some secure locality, 
 such as an armory. A system of notification for assemblage 
 should be devised by the use of telephone, bells, or whistles. 
 Men should proceed to the place of assemblage in their ordinary 
 clothing, in order to prevent their being seized by the rioters 
 before they reach the rendezvous. The men first reaching the 
 place of rendezvous should immediately clear the streets in the 
 vicinity of such rendezvous until the arrival of the entire 
 company. 
 
 (10) 
 
■, > J > > 
 
 » », J 
 
 > > } > > > 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION OF TROOPS. 
 
 7. Troops on the way to perform riot duty should always use 
 special trains or automobiles. It is improper to place the extra 
 risk of attack or wreck upon civilian passengers of regular trains. 
 
 8. In approaching a disorderly crowd do not use automobiles 
 or motor trucks, much less street cars, if it involves detraining 
 without protection. Once you have enough men on the scene of 
 action to cover the operation, the use of automobiles and trucks, 
 particularly the latter, for bringing up reinforcements is most 
 effective. 
 
 9. Should there be any hostile feeling at the point of entraining 
 sufficient troops should be detached to keep the crowd at a dis- 
 tance until the remainder are entrained. This guard would then 
 board the train, protected, if necessary, by fire from the troops 
 already entrained. 
 
 10. Guards should be stationed at the doors of the cars. A 
 certain number of the troops in each car should be kept equipped 
 and armed and held available for action. Men should also be 
 provided to protect the locomotive and baggage cars. 
 
 11. When troops are approaching, by train, a community to 
 which they have been ordered for riot duty, a number of sharp- 
 shooters should be placed on the pilot, as well as on the tank of 
 the engine and on the tops of coaches, with instructions to fire 
 upon any person committing an overt act against the troop train. 
 When nearing the scene of disturbance the train should be slowed 
 down, and if there is any reason to believe that dynamite may 
 have been placed on the track, two or three flat cars should be 
 placed in front of the engine. 
 
 12. The control of the train is in the hands of the railroad 
 company, through its crew. However, the officer commanding 
 the troops should not hesitate to seize it, should military neces- 
 sity, in his opinion, so demand. In so doing the commanding 
 officer should use utmost care in order to commit no act that 
 would imperil the safety of the troop or other trains. 
 
 (11) 
 
. ' . ' ' ' 
 
 . C . < , ' 
 
 1 I , 
 
 12 
 
 13. On approaching the scene of the disturbance the train should 
 be halted at a point where the troops will have an opportunity 
 to detrain without an attack. It is unwise to attempt to detrain 
 troops in the face of opposition. In every case the main body of 
 troops should be preceded by a guard to drive back onlookers. 
 While the guard is doing this work, it may, if necessary, be sup- 
 ported by fire from the remaining troops on the train. When the 
 work of the guards is completed the remaining troops should 
 detrain and form. 
 
1 > 1 ' 
 
 > ) 
 
 ) » > 
 ) > > 
 > > > ' 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 MOTOR PATROLS. 
 
 14. Automobiles can always be used to advantage in the trans- 
 portation of troops from one portion of the city to another ; large 
 automobile trucks and similar vehicles being especially suited 
 for such work. 
 
 15. Care should be taken not to run an automobile load of 
 troops into the midst of a large crowd. The troops should dis- 
 mount from the machines at some little distance from the rioters 
 and advance on foot. 
 
 16. In the city, and to a great extent in the country as well, 
 the best method of handling patrols is by automobile. The ordi- 
 nary open touring car will hold just the right number of men, 
 besides the driver ; no motor patrol should be of less than four 
 men if it can possibly be helped. It can cover a great amount of 
 ground ; it is fast enough to get quickly to the scene of any 
 trouble; it provides a convenient method for bringing in prison- 
 ers; it can, at need, be sent for reenf orcements ; and, also at 
 need, it can accommodate ten or a dozen men. The foot patrol, 
 by comparison, is slow and inefficient and should only be used 
 in a few crowded sections where an automobile might find itself 
 blocked. The system of motor patrolling should be laid out in 
 accordance with the military districts and each district com- 
 mander should prepare a definite time and route schedule for 
 each patrol. Points should be designated and times set at which 
 patrols should report in by telephone. Limousines should never 
 be used for motor patrolling, as their glass is too tempting to 
 stones or shots. The tops of touring cars used in this service 
 should always be folded down. A considerable part of the ef- 
 fectiveness of the motor patrol system lies in the fact that it Is 
 conspicuous; a would-be trouble-maker's ardor is considerably 
 dampened if every few minutes he encounters a big car full of 
 uniformed and armed men, obviously on the lookout for him. 
 
 (13) 
 
( ( < 
 
 
 « , « « f c 
 
 « « c c c c (,i 
 
 Chapter V. 
 
 IMPORTANT GENERAL RULES OF RIOT DUTY. 
 
 17. The proper performance of riot duty requires the adop- 
 tion of and adherence to general plans which are tests of the 
 officers' ability. An ambitious officer may, by decisive action 
 and proper disposition of troops, acquire fame. 
 
 (a) Troops should never be ordered on riot duty without an 
 ample supply of ball ammunition. Blank cartridges should 
 never be fired at a mob. If ball ammunition is expected from 
 the first, moral effect is gained ; it will not have to be used more 
 than once, if at all. 
 
 (b) Never fire over the heads of rioters. The aim should be 
 low. With full charged ammunition and the battle sight, the 
 rifles are sighted too high for the average riot distance and are 
 very likely to wound some innocent person in the distance. If 
 anyone is to be hurt it should be the rioters. 
 
 (c) Temporizing with a mob is usually an exhibition of poor 
 judgment. It not only indicates weakness, but is injurious to 
 the discipline of the troops. A vacillating commander can not 
 command obedience from his own force, how can he expect to 
 control a mob? 
 
 (d) A low power cartridge is preferable for the usual riot 
 duty. Riot shotguns with buckshot ammunition are effective 
 at close ranges. 
 
 yj- (e) Officers and men should not fear reprisal in case one or 
 
 more people are killed. The laws of most -States and the com- 
 mon law which prevails in others provide that if it is not proven 
 that the killing was through mere malice, wantonness, or cruelty, 
 a soldier is not punishable for such an act, even though he uses 
 bad judgment. When an act is committed by command of a 
 superior it is the superior who is responsible, unless the com- 
 mand was manifestly illegal as soon as given. A subordinate 
 is usually quite safe in accepting all commands given. 
 
 (f) A subordinate should never be placed on riot duty with 
 any definite restrictions as to the amount of force to be used. 
 
 (14) 
 

 15 
 
 Sentries, patrols, or others detached from their superiors should 
 be instructed to use whatever force may be necessary to carry 
 out their orders and no more. 
 
 (g) Infantry should use great care in using bayonets against 
 a mob many times larger. If a large mob is allowed to surround 
 the troops and hand to hand fighting results, the soldiers lose the 
 advantage of both their superior weapons and their training, with 
 the probable result of greater bloodshed, if not defeat, for the 
 troop*. Cavalry may be used to advantage against a mob many 
 times its size without resorting to rifle or revolver fire. With 
 well-trained horses, cavalry, assisted by infantry, can best per- 
 form riot duty. The soldiers' weapons against a mob are the 
 point of the bayonet, rifle fire, and, when mounted, a horse, a 
 pistol, saber, or spear. 
 
 (h) Men in the front of a mob may be willing to retreat but 
 may be prevented by pressure from behind. In such cases a 
 frontal attack is useless. When troops meet a closely packed 
 crowd that can not give way parties should be detached to flank 
 the crowd and break up its rear. The flanking parties should 
 begin their work first. The frontal party should content itself 
 with preventing any great disorder or any advances by the 
 crowd until the work of the flankers is well under way, when it 
 should disperse the crowd before it. 
 
 (i) Troops should never be marched through crowded streets 
 in times or places of riot, even though the crowd may not seem 
 particularly hostile. In time of riots the streets should be 
 kept clear and crowds dispersed as the troops proceed, otherwise 
 should any incident cause trouble the troops may be caught at 
 a disadvantage. 
 
 0') Rioters should not be permitted to throw missiles at v 
 troops, even though they be of such nature that they cause no 
 serious injury. It lessens respect for the troops and thereby 
 increases the rioting. 
 
 (k) Crowds should not be allowed to form. Everyone should 
 be kept moving constantly and all small groups broken up. With 
 no crowds there are no mobs ; with no mobs there are no serious 
 riots. The managers of theaters and places of amusement in 
 affected neighborhoods should be instructed that no sentiments 
 antagonistic to the restrictions of law and order will be per- 
 mitted. 
 
 18. If troops start to execute a duty ordered by proper au- 
 thority, there should be no stopping until the desired results are 
 
  ' < « . • I 
 
 , ' ' ' 
 
 *• 
 
 n/ 
 
 16 
 
 accomplished, even though it becomes necessary to use extreme 
 force. An appearance of retreat or of temporizing with the 
 crowd will have very bad effects and cause worse rioting. 
 / 19. When soldiers are called upon for aid by the civil authori- 
 
 ties, it is to be assumed that it is soldiers, with soldiers' weapons, 
 that are needed. Otherwise civilians should be sworn in as 
 special officers and armed with policemen's weapons. Troops 
 should not be called for until all means of restoring order have 
 been tried by the civil authorities and failed, then recourse should 
 be had to State forces, then to Federal forces, unless protection 
 by law falls first upon the Federal Government. 
 
 20. Troops are called upon to put down disorder, absolutely 
 and promptly, with as little force as possible. In the majority 
 of cases the way to accomplish this is to use at once all force 
 necessary to stop disorder. 
 ^ 21. Officers of troops aiding civil authorities should not permit 
 
 the latter to indicate how their duties should be performed. The 
 civilians may tell the military authorities what to do, but how 
 it is to -be done and the amount of force to be used are purely 
 military and tactical questions to be decided by the military 
 officers. In case martial law is declared the civil authorities 
 have no power whatsoever. 
 
 22. Act promptly. Do not appear to hesitate. 
 
 23. Troops should never approach a crowd, too large to make 
 prisoners, in such a way that it is hemmed in on all sides. If a 
 crowd has no retreat, resistance may be greater. 
 
 24. Officers should not neglect to provide a suitable reserve 
 party, no matter how weak that may make the attacking force. 
 It is for the commanding officer to decide whether or not he will 
 attempt a bayonet attack against a large crowd, the alternative 
 being a warning to disperse and immediate rifle fire. If the 
 bayonet attack is attempted, provision must be made for the 
 final victory in case the more lenient measure results in defeat. 
 
 25. When necessary, a few sharpshooters or expert riflemen 
 may be placed on roofs and in high windows to fire over the 
 heads of those in the front of the crowd and break up the rear. 
 Sharpshooters so placed are also very efficient in breaking up the 
 practice of throwing stones or other missiles at the troops from 
 the rear of the crowd, as a sharpshooter from such a point of 
 vantage can pick off individuals who so offend. 
 
 v 26. Never try to bluff a mob. — Never threaten to do things 
 
 you do not intend to do or that you can not do or that you 
 
17 
 
 know would be illegal if you did do them. Should your " bluff " 
 be called, the mob would then neither respect nor fear you and 
 the result would probably be that the mob would become more 
 lawless and outrageous. 
 
 27. Give your men weapons they can use and which the crowd 
 knows they are ready to use. It follows that an unloaded rifle 
 or revolver on active service is little short of a crime. An officer 
 who sends his men out to disperse a crowd with empty rifles 
 deserves .to have half of them brought back as casualties. Blank 
 cartridges are covered by the same rule: there is absolutely no 
 excuse for ever issuing them to men going out on active service. 
 Nothing will do more to encourage a crowd to violence than 
 the feeling that the force holding or attempting to hold it in 
 
 check is " throwing a bluff " and rifles or even shotguns not 1 
 
 intended for use against a crowd before it becomes a mob, 
 except when held with the reserves, are always more or less 
 patent bluffs. 
 
 28. The ruffian element of a community always takes ad- 
 vantage of a riot to commit acts of lawlessness and frequently 
 they cause the most trouble. These people are entitled to abso- 
 lutely no consideration and should be handled with a severe 
 hand. 
 
 29. In case of a general riot, the troops should not be divided 
 into numerous small detachments to quell minor disorders at 
 various scattered points. Detached engagements without deci- 
 sive or material results do nothing but exhaust the troops and 
 encourage the rioters. 
 
 30. By means of detectives, or scouts in civilian clothing, the 
 commanding officer should keep himself constantly informed of 
 the movements and purposes of the rioters. 
 
 128298—19 2 
 
Chapter VI. 
 
 THE IMPORTANCE OF QUELLING RIOTS IN THEIR 
 
 INCIPIENT STAGE. 
 
 31. Mobs are, by their very nature, peculiarly liable to dejec- 
 tion or elation ; they sneak into their hiding places or swarm into 
 the streets directly as they fail or succeed. Without discipline 
 they can neither be checked in the excesses that follow victory 
 nor rallied from the discouragement that follows defeat. Beaten 
 or energetically handled, the rioter finds himself deserted by 
 his erstwhile friends. 
 
 32. The fact that there are in society so many professional 
 agitators, so many anarchists, socialists, thieves, cutthroats, 
 vagabonds, and ruffians, who, with the instinct of the vulture, 
 will seek the field of prey, on the one hand, and, on the other, 
 with the instinct of the rat, desert the sinking ship, renders it 
 absolutely necessary that the mob shall not be trifled with to the 
 extent even of permitting them to seem to be victorious for a 
 single day. 
 
 33. Psychologically at first mobs are cowards. They only gain 
 courage as they find that those whose duty it is to suppress them 
 are themselves cowards. A mob is not to be feared when it is 
 first aroused. 
 
 34. It is only as its passion for carnage is whetted by taste of 
 blood or its greed for pillage is gratified that it becomes dan- 
 gerous. Upon whomsoever devolves the duty of suppression let 
 this be his first effort : Check at the very beginning ; allow no 
 tumultuous gathering ; permit no delay ; a few stern, resolute 
 words; if these be not heeded, then strike resolutely, boldly; 
 let there be no hesitation ; if necessary, take life at the outset. 
 It will be more merciful to take one life than to suffer the mob to 
 take the lives of many later. 
 
 35. Nothing so emboldens a crowd as passive resistance, and 
 it should never be allowed. Any man in a crowd, on a roof, or at 
 a window who is seen to fire a shot, throw a stone or other mis- 
 
 / sile, or assault a soldier should be shot down by a sharpshooter. 
 
 (18) 
 
19 
 
 36. Mobs, as a rule, are made up of cowards, not neces- 
 sarily physical cowards, but moral cowards — moral cowards 
 because of their consciousness of being in the wrong, of being 
 lawless. The most cowardly members of a mob are generally in 
 the rear, which is, therefore, the weakest, the most vulnerable 
 part. Having neither discipline nor organization, the very mo- 
 ment a break is started, the rest will follow like so many sheep. 
 The logical point to attack mobs is, therefore, the rear and 
 flank. If it be not practicable to send a part of the command to 
 attack in rear, practically the same result can be obtained by 
 dispatching, if practicable, sharpshooters to the roofs or upper 
 stories of houses, from which they can pick oft rioters in the rear 
 of the mob. The picking off of a few rioters there will gen- 
 erally cause others to flee and they in turn will be joined by the 
 rest of the mob. 
 
 37. Attention is invited to the fact that although a number of 
 persons in the front of a mob might be killed and wounded, the 
 rest would not be able to get away because the crowd in rear, 
 many of whom would not even know what had happened 
 in front, would act as a barrier, while, of course, those in front 
 would not flee in the direction of the main body of soldiers. 
 
 38. A squad of police should accompany each body of troops 
 for the purpose of making arrests. They may march in the line 
 of file closers or inside a hollow square, sallying forth from time 
 to time to make such arrests as may be necessary and returning 
 with their prisoners. 
 
 39. When approaching the scene of trouble, advance guard 
 main body, rear guard — the hollow square formation — or some 
 other suitable formation, should be assumed, the front and rear 
 companies extending curb line to curb line and selected sharp- 
 shooters walking on both sidewalks so as to be able to cover the 
 windows and roofs on the opposite side of the street. 
 
 Under no circumstances should a crowd be permitted to stand 
 on the sidewalks while troops are marching through the street. 
 
Chapteb VII. 
 
 MARCHING THROUGH AND CLEARING CITY STREETS. 
 
 40. In many instances it will be necessary for the commanding 
 officer to march his troops to the scene of disorder through a 
 section of a town or city where rioters or insurgents may be 
 attempting to impede the progress of the troops. Unless 
 promptly and effectually cleared out this class of opposition 
 may be attended by difficult obstacles and many casualties. 
 The street column formation may be used advantageously, but 
 there is always danger of shots or missiles from the roofs of 
 buildings where miscreants of the bushwhacker type have 
 stationed themselves. To resist attacks of this nature a group 
 of advance detachments may be employed near the walls of 
 the buildings. 
 
 41. Commanders can prevent individuals from firing or 
 throwing missiles from upper windows and roofs by selecting 
 eight good shots (experts or sharpshooters) to precede the com- 
 pany by a few paces, four upon each side. It is their duty to 
 watch the windows and roofs on the side of the street opposite 
 them and to glance down all side streets and alleys. Other men 
 may be similarly employed in the rear of the command. The 
 company or main body may be marched in column of squads, 
 column of platoons, or in line. The men acting as sharpshooters 
 fire promptly, if so instructed, whenever they see a person about 
 to throw something or fire at the troops. Usually it will be suffi- 
 cient to shatter the window or hit the ledge of the roof rather 
 than the person, but when these attacks become serious the 
 sharpshooters should aim directly. These sharpshooters should 
 be under the command of an officer especially fitted for the 
 work. 
 
 42. The first right-hand man will look straight ahead and 
 down area ways, into stairways and other places of concealment 
 on his side of the street. The other three right-hand men will 
 watch the windows and the housetops on the opposite (left) side 
 of the street. The four left-hand men will perform similar 
 
 (20) 
 
21 
 
 duties, the first looking into halls and dark entries and the other 
 three watching windows and the housetops on the right side 
 of the street. Members of this street detachment should have 
 orders to tire in time to prevent the injury or death from ambush 
 of any member of the military force. When the proximity of a 
 mob causes the street detachment to close in on the main body, 
 the men who composed it can still perform the special duty of 
 watching housetops, etc. 
 
 43. Troops marching through streets should always have ad- 
 vance and rear parties. The advance party drives the crowd 
 before by the use of bayonets and the rear party prevents the 
 crowd from closing in on the troops' rear. The strength of such 
 parties will vary with the number of troops and the size and the 
 temper of the crowd. 
 
 These parties may be reenforced from the main body as the 
 occasion requires, but under all circumstances a portion of the 
 main body should be held as a reserve. 
 
 44. It may be necessary to cover a number of parallel streets 
 with bodies of troops as just described. • When all columns reach 
 the same cross street, communication should be established and 
 then the forward movement is resumed. 
 
 If columns are stopped in the middle of the block, those reach- 
 ing the cross streets are in position to attack the flanks of the 
 obstruction. 
 
 45. Use of bayonet. — The bayonet is the greatest moral factor 
 in well-trained troops. When the mob is to be dispersed, the 
 bayonet should first be resorted to without hesitation. The only 
 qualification is that an order to disperse should first be given, so 
 that it can be heard, in the event that the mob is not actually 
 engaged in the commission of a felony which prohibits waste of_j 
 time. Mounted troops armed with ax handles or sticks are very 
 effective in dispersing mobs. Water from a fire hose may some- 
 times be used with good results. Lachrymatory or tear gas is 
 also efficient. The use of the butt of the rifle on the toes of the 
 front rank of a timid mob has been known to work well. This, 
 however, is attended with danger that aggressive rioters may 
 wrest the piece from the hands of the soldiers. 
 
 46. In some cases women and children, a number of the former / 
 carrying babes in their arms, have been placed at the head of the 
 mobs. In such cases the mob should be attacked in rear. A 
 small force can almost always completely demoralize the rear of 
 
 a mob, and mobs should, whenever practicable, be so attacked. 
 
22 
 
 47. Night guards. — Where large areas are to be covered at 
 night a system of picket posts and sentries is often advisable. 
 Protective lighting, as hereinafter described, is also very ad- 
 vantageous. 
 
 (a) A reserve is established and furnished with means of 
 quick transportation with which squads may be carried to any 
 point where disorder exists. 
 
 (b) In neighborhoods deemed to be dangerous two sentries 
 should be assigned to each post, even at the cost of curtailing 
 the number of posts. 
 
 (c) A lone sentry at the corner of two alleys at night is a 
 temptation to the vicious. His attention may be attracted and 
 engaged by one ruffian while he is quietly sandbagged from be- 
 hind by another. Conversation by sentries not in line of duty 
 should be prohibited. The appearance of friendliness by a rioter 
 may be the cloak for an intended crime. 
 
Chapter VIII. 
 
 ATTACK OF CITIES WHEN ARMED RESISTANCE IS 
 EXPECTED OR WHEN IN POSSESSION OF THE 
 ENEMY. 
 
 48. The battalion, which may be regarded as a working unit 
 under such circumstances, has four objectives : 
 
 (a) The clearing away of all opposition. 
 
 ( b ) Searching for arms, etc. 
 
 (c) Collecting arms. 
 
 ( d ) Providing a guard for the occupied section. 
 
 49. Under the first objective a force assigned to clear away 
 opposition in a street should be organized into the following 
 groups : 
 
 (a) Street detachment. 
 
 (b) Roof detachment. 
 
 (c) Searching detachment. 
 
 (d) Main body. 
 
 The strength of the detachments will depend upon the amount 
 of opposition encountered ; generally one or two squads are 
 sufficient for each detachment. 
 
 (a) The street detachment. — This unit operates along the 
 street and in advance of the searching detachment. It clears 
 away all opposition in the street, in windows, doors, window 
 porches, etc. It advances from one cross street to the near side 
 of the next, and then awaits orders. The advance is made with 
 a column of files on each side of the street, such cover as is 
 afforded by doors, windows, etc., being utilized. When the next 
 cross street is reached the detachment does not cross it, but 
 responds from concealed positions to any hostile fire delivered 
 from the adjacent blocks on the cross street. This action com- 
 bined with that of the roof detachments should clear out any 
 opposition on the cross street. 
 
 After opposition on the cross street is disposed of and the 
 roof detachment of the same organization has reached the top 
 of the houses at the near side of the cross street, word is sent 
 
 (23) 
 
24 
 
 to the officer commanding the street detachment. After the 
 searching detachment has completed its work, he has a flag 
 or handkerchief, etc., raised in the cross street to indicate his 
 readiness for a new advance. 
 
 The commander of the street detachment, after assuring him- 
 self of the readiness of all troops, signals by his whistle, etc., 
 for the entrance into the next block, which should be made simul- 
 taneously by the whole group. 
 
 ( b ) The roof detachment should be under charge of an officer 
 or experienced noncommissioned officer; it is divided into two 
 sections — one for each side of the street. These sections gain 
 the roofs at once and gradually advance as far as practicable 
 from roof to roof until the last roof of the block is reached. 
 From this point the detachment disposes of any opposition located 
 on roofs or in houses on the opposite side of the cross street it 
 is operating on. The fire of this detachment must be directed to 
 its front. Flank and cross fire would endanger friendly troops. 
 The detachment remains on the roofs of the houses on the near 
 side of the cross street until a new roof detachment has gained 
 the roofs of the houses on the far side. When this action is 
 about to be taken the old roof detachment should be so informed. 
 The old roof detachment joins its main body when the new 
 (advance) roof detachment is in place. 
 
 (c) The searching detachment works in as many groups as 
 practicable, designated as needed by the officer in command of 
 the street. These parties systematically search every building 
 and yard and every room in every building of its half of the 
 block. Houses may be frequently approached with less opposi- 
 tion from interior courts or yards, as the danger is generally 
 expected by the occupants thereof from the street. The search 
 must be very thorough, probable hiding places discovered, etc. 
 The principal object of this slow and deliberate occupation of 
 the town is to secure all arms during the first stages of occu- 
 pancy and thus prevent sniping and disturbances later on. The 
 importance of this work must be impressed on the men. All arms 
 and ammunition found by the detachment are placed in the street 
 in one pile for each block. 
 
 Special details should be made under the charge of an officer 
 for the collection of arms. Carts, etc., should be impressed and 
 used for this purpose. The arms, piled in each block by the 
 firing line, should be carted to some cent ral place in the battalion 
 section and held for orders from highei authority. 
 
25 
 
 (d) The mam body of the street force is utilized to reinforce 
 the street, searching, etc., detachments. This force is held under 
 cover of a cross street until the next cross street \s cleared, 
 when, by a rapid advance, it gains the cover of that street. New 
 roof detachments, etc., are then made for the next advance. 
 
 50. As the firing line clears out the various blocks guards 
 should be detailed from the searching detachment to observe 
 this part of the district and to watch the arms until the collecting 
 detail has taken them away. Guards should immediately inspect 
 areas assigned them to see that no houses have been overlooked 
 by the searching parties. In some cases where resistance is 
 particularly bitter it may be necessary to evict all the inhabitants 
 of some blocks. 
 
 51. The support may find frequent opportunity for a free 
 advance on one street with the object of flanking the barricades, 
 etc., on another. 
 
Chapter IX. 
 MEETING AND DISPERSING A MOB. 
 
 52. On approaching the rioters the commanding officer should 
 carefully view the situation and make his disposition. 
 
 53. When the crowd is not very deep the commanding officer 
 may make a frontal attack. He should, if possible, warn the 
 crowd to disperse, m the troops remaining in motion. In many 
 cases the mere steady advance of the troops will cause the crowd 
 to fall back. 
 
 54. In making any attack on mobs, it must be remembered 
 that troops coming into contact with a mob are usually greatly 
 outnumbered. Their weapons used as clubs are heavy and un- 
 wieldy, and if hand-to-hand fighting ensues, it will probably 
 result in the defeat of the troops. It should, therefore, be a rule 
 of riot duty not to permit serious hand-to-hand fighting to take 
 place. According to military principles, the easy and proper 
 way to prevent it would be at once to defeat the crowd from 
 a distance by the use of rifle fire. However, a natural desire to 
 avoid killing fellow countrymen will in most cases prompt the 
 
 I commanding officer first to try the use of the bayonets. 
 
 55. Should the mob break through the attacking party the 
 time for the reserve to begin firing will be at hand. Ordinarily 
 the troops will be deployed in strong lines or columns the full 
 width of the street before the mob is encountered. These lines 
 may be so arranged that they can be successively turned so as 
 to force the mob down the various highways which lead from 
 the place of assembly. There are instances where the men can 
 advance at port arms and the butt end of a musket can be swung 
 forward when occasion demands. 
 
 56. The use of the butt of the rifle against mobs is always 
 attended with the danger that the rifle may be seized and 
 wrested from the grasp of the soldier. Soldiers should be im- 
 pressed with the idea that the business end of his weapon is 
 the point of the bayonet and the muzzle, which should be kept 
 toward the enemy. 
 
 (26) 
 
27 
 
 57. If soldiers are acting lawfully in the line of their duty in 
 suppressing a riot, and the mob or any members thereof makes 
 an attack upon them which endangers the life of one or more 
 soldiers, rifle fire may be resorted to in resisting the attack and 
 defending the lives of the men of the command. Whatever force 
 is requisite is lawful. When a mob is first encountered unneces- 
 sary hesitation of troops will have a bad effect ; things must be 
 done sternly and promptly. An order to disperse before making 
 an attack is necessary where civil authorities are in control, 
 except where a mob is in the actual perpetration of a felony 
 when first encountered. It may be advisable to give the mem- 
 bers of the mob two or three minutes in which to disperse. If 
 such order is disregarded, then use the bayonet unless members 
 of the mob actually open fire upon the troops. 
 
 58. Verbal abuse. — Little attention need be paid to oral 
 insults, but to prevent verbal abuse from working the rioters 
 up to overt acts the taking of a few prisoners is sometimes 
 advisable. An officer should not make a speech to the mob 
 in which he threatens rifle fire for commission of a misdemeanor. 
 Such threats have the effect of a dare and should therefore be 
 avoided. — 
 
Chapter X. 
 TACTICS. 
 
 59. The tactics will be determined in every case by the nature 
 of the problem the commander is required to solve. He may be 
 called on to do anything from arresting a single criminal in 
 uninhabited country to fighting a pitched battle with an armed 
 mob in the city streets. It is impossible to lay down rules appli- 
 cable throughout so broad a field. Four main types of tactics 
 may be indicated : 
 
 (a) Crowd, (&) mob, (c) open country, and (d) interior. 
 
 Definition of Crowds and Mobs. 
 
 60. Of these four types, crowd tactics are by far the most 
 important. Every mob starts as a crowd and, since the first 
 object is to prevent the crowd from developing into a mob, it is 
 clear that a sound system of crowd tactics, effectively carried 
 out, will fulfill the mission of the troops. Most trouble in towns 
 and cities, in its initial stages, is a subject for crowd rather 
 than mob tactics; strikes, industrial disorder, and even race 
 riots almost always start with crowds which if caught in time 
 can best be handled without the application of tactics suitable 
 and necessary for quelling a fully developed mob. Regular 
 troops are seldom called out to handle a mere crowd, and even 
 the National Guard or Home Guards are rarely used until the 
 mob stage has been reached. 
 
 Transition from Crowd to Mob. 
 
 61. A crowd assembled for an unlawful purpose is cowardly. 
 It hesitates to commit itself to a course of unrestrained violence, 
 even though some of its members may be guilty of violent acts 
 when they think they have a good chance of escape. It may be 
 noisy and threatening, and if left to its own devices is very likely 
 to commit assaults and depredations which will excite it to 
 the mob pitch ; but just as long as the crowd is kept well in hand 
 its collective cowardice remains its most striking feature. The 
 
 (28) 
 
29 
 
 subtle change by which a crowd becomes a mob is a thing never 
 forgotten by anyone who has seen it. An apparent weakening of 
 the forces holding the crowd in check, even though it be but 
 momentary, may suffice to bring about the transformation; a 
 single piece of audacious violence successfully carried through ; 
 two minutes' harangue by a fiery leader ; or the appearance on 
 the street of a conspicuous and hated figure. It is the business 
 of the commanding officer to see that this change does not take 
 place, for the formation of a mob means bloodshed and destruc- 
 tion before the fear of the law is restored to its proper power. 
 
 62. For the reason that crowd tactics form the basis of the 
 work of any commanding officer on riot duty, they will here re- 
 ceive a more thorough consideration than the other types. 
 Crowd tactics may be defined as the principles governing the 
 operations of an armed and disciplined body against a consider- 
 able group, or number of separate groups, which is disorderly 
 and inclined to violence, but which has not as yet temporarily 
 lost its collective sense of fear. A mob, on the other hand, is 
 distinguished by the fact that, under the stimulus of intense 
 excitement, its members have actually lost all sense of fear of 
 the law and can only be brought to their senses by an over- 
 powering demonstration of force. 
 
 Absence of Leadership. 
 
 63. The cowardice of the crowd is due to the lack of unity 
 among its members and the half-heartedness of many of them 
 for any enterprise involving danger. A large part of any dis- 
 orderly crowd is made up of mere spectators — good material for 
 the mob spirit to work on, but in the beginning perfectly harm- 
 less. The proportion of determined trouble-makers in a city 
 crowd before it has fairly " got going " is probably not 1 to 10. 
 The leaders, the real sources of danger, are rarely in the front 
 ranks, as is commonly supposed ; they are far more likely to be 
 circulating through and in the rear of the crowd, awaiting a good 
 opportunity to throw a stone or fire a shot. Genuine leadership 
 at this stage is conspicuously absent, and it is this fact that gives 
 the disciplined unit, immediately responsive to the will of its 
 commander, its greatest advantage. 
 
 " Getting There First." 
 
 04. In no other form of military service is it so true that the 
 first blow is half the battle; if the men can not be brought to- 
 
30 
 
 gether at the point of danger quickly enough to prevent a crowd 
 from forming, the hour or two of delay may mean the necessity 
 of mob tactics and loaded rifles. It should be impressed on every 
 officer in the command that the proper time to deal with a crowd 
 is an hour or so before it has begun to form. 
 
 65. The change from confusion to unity under sudden leader- 
 ship, from the vacillating crowd to the determined mob, may 
 come in a minute's time, and nothing is so likely to bring about 
 the change as a single successful act of violence. It is therefore 
 a cardinal principle of crowd tactics to " get there first." If a 
 crowd can be prevented from forming, the work of the troops is 
 done almost before it has started. Crowds may form rapidly, but 
 they very seldom do so without giving previous warning. For 
 instance, a meeting of strikers, malcontents, Industrial Workers 
 of the World, or other potential trouble makers may at any time 
 prove the first step in the formation of a disorderly crowd. The 
 fact that such a meeting is being held should, in any period of 
 local unrest, be sufficient warning to the officer in command that 
 .trouble may follow ; the critical moment is the one at which the 
 meeting breaks up and the people attending it come out on the 
 street. The sight of a few squads of armed men, though it may 
 lead to jeers and abuse, will send the timid and half-hearted 
 members scurrying to their homes, leaving the bolder spirits 
 without support, and consequently powerless to start trouble. 
 The indoor meeting is the chief originator of the outdoor dis- 
 orderly crowd, and since the fact that such a meeting is to be 
 held is generally made public in advance the commander of 
 troops has an opportunity, therefore, to take the crowd by sur- 
 prise. The neglect of such an opportunity may prove costly. 
 
 A. Crowd Tactics. 
 
 66. Drill in the special formations pertaining to crowd tactics 
 should be frequent and vigorous. The formations themselves 
 may be learned in the drill hall and should all be practiced from 
 a halt and from the march at both quick and double time. Their 
 uses should, whenever possible, be practiced on the streets, in 
 freight yards, or in any similar places where they might be used 
 on active service. As soon as the men are fairly proficient in 
 assuming the formations actual problems should be set before 
 them. A street to clear, an arrest to make, a building to guard, 
 and so on. The formation should frequently be used against 
 resistance. 
 
31 
 
 FOBMATIONS FOB CROWD TACTICS. 
 
 67. With firearms virtually debarred from crowd tactics the 
 riot stick becomes the chief offensive weapon. Since the combat 
 tactics designed for infantry are based exclusively on the use of 
 rifle fire and the bayonet it follows that they can not possibly 
 prove altogether adapted to conditions based on absolutely differ- 
 ent weapons. It is necessary, therefore, to devise special forma- 
 tions for use against crowds. An occasional dash of football 
 tactics in drill, in order to try out the special crowd formations, 
 will do much toward fitting the men to meet actual resistance 
 with steadiness. The fundamental point of difference is this: 
 That in infantry combat tactics it is essential that no man in 
 the firing line should even partially mask a comrade so as to 
 interfere with his field of fire. 
 
 In the bayonet charge the same principle holds good ; each 
 man must have a free field for the use of his weapon without 
 having to fear lest he should plunge it into a comrade's back. 
 Thus, the basis of Infantry combat tactics is the single de- 
 ployed firing line, with supports and reserves to reenforce it, and 
 the single deployed charging line, which may, and normally 
 does, form one " wave " in a series, each wave being well sepa- 
 rated from the one preceding it. Example: A platoon in skir- 
 mish line is endeavoring to clear a crowded street. Resistance 
 is unequally distributed, and where it is stiffest the line makes 
 slow progress. Thus it becomes concave and at the very points 
 where the greatest degree of concentration is necessary to 
 overcome resistance the men are pulled farthest apart. There 
 is little or no opportunity to concentrate the strength of the 
 entire unit where it is needed and a complete break in the line 
 necessitating the use of reenforcements to patch it up may easily 
 result. 
 
 68. If the platoon is in close order, the rear rank man is prac- 
 tically useless, because his file leader completely masks him, 
 and he has no opportunity to bring his riot stick into play. 
 Moreover, the front of the platoon is greatly contracted ; even 
 allowing for the guides, a platoon in close order occupies only a 
 width of 39 feet, whereas the street to be cleared may be 70 
 or 80. 
 
 69. If, on the other hand, the platoon is in wedge or wedge- 
 and-diagonal formation, every added pressure tends to bring the 
 men closer together and thereby strengthens the line. The 
 men are all in contact with the crowd, and there is no injurious 
 
32 
 
 masking. Finally the platoon occupies the same amount of 
 front as in an ordinary deployed line. 
 
 70. Football principles are better suited for crowds — " buck 
 the center," " skirt the ends," etc. For crowd tactics the follow- 
 ing formation, which may be formed by a squad or platoon 
 should be adopted : Figure 1. 
 
 & 
 
 lT {ST 3f 
 
 2rcp4rC?2f 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 THE WEDGE. 
 
 (a) The squad being in line, assembled, to form wedge: 1, 
 Squad ; 2, Wedge. 
 
 The squad leader gives the command and at the command of 
 execution springs about three paces to the front, in front of No. 3 
 front rank. The men, moving at a run, post themselves in two 
 
 lines to his right and left rear, 
 each man one-half pace behind and 
 one-half pace to the right (or left) 
 of the man ahead of him. The 
 front-rank men are on the squad 
 \ \ A, J ! I J leader's right rear, No. 3 nearest 
 
 \ \ !]j J / / him, then No. 2, then No. 1. The 
 
 rear-rank men are on his left rear, 
 No. 1 nearest him, then No. 2, then 
 No. 3. No. 4 of the rear rank fol- 
 lows the squad leader and takes po- 
 sition inside the wedge. If the 
 movement is executed from a halt, 
 the squad leader and the men halt 
 when they reach their proper posi- 
 tions; if the squad is marching in 
 quick time, the wedge continues to 
 advance in quick time and, if in 
 double time, the wedge advances in 
 double time. The squad leader sets 
 the wedge in motion from a halt and regulates its gait and 
 direction, with the command, Follow Me. 
 
 (&) The squad being in wedge formation, to assemble in line: 
 1. Assemble ; 2. Maech. 
 
 If at a halt, the squad leader stands fast; if marching, he 
 halts. The men resume their proper positions with relation to 
 the squad leader. 
 
 (c) The squad being in wedge formation, marching at quick or 
 double time, to march to the rear : 1. To the Rear ; 2. March. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 Squad wedge from 
 line assembled. 
 
33 
 
 If inarching at quick time : All the men execute To the Rear, 
 March (Infantry Drill Regulations, par. 72). No. 4 of the rear 
 rank takes the double time for about six paces, when he resumes 
 the quick time. No. 1 rear and No. 3 front rank take the double 
 time till they are one-half pace to the rear and one-half pace to 
 the right and left, respectively, of No. 4 rear rank, when they re- 
 sume the quick time. No. 2 rear rank and No. 2 front rank exe- 
 cute the same movements with relation to, respectively, No. 1 
 rear rank and No. 3 front rank. No. 3 rear rank and No. 1 
 front rank simply execute to the Rear, March. The squad leader 
 follows No. 4 rear rank, taking position inside the wedge. 
 
 If marching at double time : All the men except No. 4 rear 
 rank assume quick time before executing To the Rear, March. 
 No. 4 rear rank executes To the Rear, March, and continues at 
 double time; the other men resume the double in time to take 
 their proper relative positions with regard to No. 4 rear rank, as 
 indicated in the preceding paragraph. 
 
 Note. — It will be seen from the foregoing that the squad in 
 wedge formation, when marching to the rear, simply turns itself 
 inside out, No. 4 of the rear rank becoming the apex of the wedge 
 in place of the squad leader, who assumes No. 4 rear rank's nor- 
 mal position inside the wedge. 
 
 The wedge formation may be assumed by a platoon of four or 
 more squads, but in general this formation will not be used, the 
 wedge with flanking diagonals being normally more effective for 
 so large a unit. The platoon forms a wedge by the same methods 
 as those prescribed for the squad, except that the platoon leader,, 
 before giving the command, Platoon, Wedge, indicates the cen- 
 ter of his platoon. Squads to the right or in advance of the 
 center form on the platoon leader's right rear ; those to the left 
 or behind it form on his left rear. To assemble the platoon from 
 wedge formation, the platoon leader commands, Assemble, 
 March, and indicates the point of rest. The squad leaders bring 
 their squads into position successively. 
 
 THE DIAGONAL. 
 
 (d) The squad being in line, assembled, to form diagonal: 1. 
 Diagonal, Guide Right (Left), 2. March. If the guide is 
 right: No. 1 front rank moves forward at a run for about six 
 paces ; No. 2 front rank follows him and posts himself 40 inches 
 behind No. 1. The other men form line to the left rear of No. 2 
 128298—19 3 
 
34 
 
 front rank, each man one-half pace behind and one-half pace to 
 the left of the man ahead of him. The order of the men is as 
 shown in figure 2. The squad leader posts himself in front of 
 No. 3 front rank. He may, if he chooses, however, post himself 
 
 lf4r 
 PC? 
 
 ^ p 3r\ ^ 
 
 ,"P// \\Q i» 
 
 f, i If -Mi \ i — i 
 
 &. ^ './ if ^ \ v 1 -^?* 
 
 ! // / \o M 
 
 / /i * v * x M 
 
 i \ I ^ \ \ \ 
 
 4r 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 Squad diagonal (guide right) Squad diagonal (guide left) 
 
 from line assembled. from line assembled. 
 
 in front of No. 1 front rank, selecting whichever position gives 
 him the better opportunity to lead his squad. 
 
 If the guide is left : No. 4 rear rank moves forward at a run 
 for about eight paces; No. 3 rear rank follows him and posts 
 himself 40 inches behind No. 4. The other men form line to the 
 
 \\ |V I 
 
 tepm 
 
35 
 
 right rear of No. 3 rear rank, each man one-half pace behind and 
 one-half pace to the right of the man ahead of him. The order 
 of the men is as shown in figure 2. The squad leader posts him- 
 self in front of No. 2 rear rank. He may, if he chooses, how- 
 ever, post himself in front of No. 4 rear rank, selecting which- 
 ever position gives him the better opportunity to lead his squad. 
 If the movement is executed from a halt, the squad leader and 
 the men halt when they reach their proper positions; if the 
 squad is marching in quick or double time, the diagonal advances 
 at the same gait. The squad leader sets the diagonal in motion 
 from a halt and regulates its gait and direction with the com- 
 mand, Follow Me. 
 
 (e) The squad being in diagonal formation, to assemble in line : 
 1. Assemble, 2. March. 
 
 The squad leader takes position in front of the squad and 
 halts ; the men assume their proper positions with relation to the 
 squad leader. 
 
 (f) The section being in line or column, assembled, to form 
 diagonal: 1. Diagonal, Guide Right (Left), 2. March. 
 
 If the guide is right: The first (right or leading) squad exe- 
 cutes Diagonal, guide right, March, as prescribed in subpara- 
 graph (d), except that the squad leader posts himself behind 
 No. 1 of the rear rank and that No. 1 front rank moves forward 
 about 10 paces; the second (left or rear) squad forms suc- 
 cessively to the left rear of the first squad, No. 1 front rank being 
 one-half pace behind and one-half pace to the left of No. 4 rear 
 rank of the first squad ; the leader of the second squad takes 
 post in rear of No. 1 rear rank. The section leader posts him- 
 self in front of No. 3 front rank of the first squad. If the move- 
 ment is executed from a halt, the section leader and the men 
 halt when they reach their proper positions ; if the section is 
 marching in quick time, the diagonal continues to advance in 
 quick time ; if it is marching in double time, the section leader 
 takes quick time until all the men are in position ; the diagonal 
 then resumes the double time without command. 
 
 If the guide is left: The second (left or rear) squad executes 
 Diagonal, guide left, March, as prescribed in subparagraph (d), 
 except that the squad leader posts himself behind No. 1 of the 
 rear rank and that No. 4 rear rank moves forward about 12 paces. 
 The first (right or leading) squad forms successively to the right 
 rear of the second squad, No. 4 rear rank being one-half pace 
 behind and one-half pace to the right of No. 1 front rank of the 
 
36 
 
 first squad; the leader of the first squad takes post in rear of 
 No. 1 rear rank. The section leader posts himself in front of 
 No. 2 rear rank of the second squad. 
 
 (g) The section being in diagonal formation, to assemble in 
 line: 1. Assemble, 2. March. 
 
 If the diagonal is marching it halts. No. 4 rear rank of the 
 first (right) squad and No. 1 front rank of the second (left) 
 squad move straight to the front till they are two paces ahead 
 of the advanced flank of the diagonal and then halt. The squads 
 form on them in line, No. 4 rear rank of the first squad remain- 
 ing in the front rank till his squad is formed, when he drops 
 back, and the squad leader takes his proper place. 
 
 THE DEPLOYED LINE. 
 
 (h) It is apparent from the foregoing paragraphs that the 
 basis for all wedge and diagonal formations is the deployment of 
 the squad with the front rank on the right (Nos. 1, 2, and 3 in 
 succession from right to left), and the rear rank on the left 
 (Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 in succession from right to left). Any at- 
 tempt to utilize the standard method of deployment, with rear 
 rank men to the right of their file leaders, for these special 
 formations is bound to result in confusion, as the men's paths 
 cross each other in such a way that collisions are inevitable. 
 In order that the deployed line formation may be assumed 
 quickly and without confusion from close order, the wedge, or 
 the diagonal, it is therefore essential that it, too, should be 
 based on the principle of the front rank forming on the right, 
 the rear rank on the left. Only in this way can each man always 
 be sure of his exact position in each formation. The dissimi- 
 larity between this and the standard deployment makes a sepa- 
 rate command desirable. 
 
 (i) The squad being assembled in line, in wedge, or in diag- 
 onal, to form deployed line : 1. Deploy, 2. March. 
 
 No. 3 front rank springs about three paces straight to the 
 front. Moving at a run, the men place themselves at half -pace 
 intervals to his right and left, Nos. 2 and 1 front rank suc- 
 cessively to his right, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 rear rank successively to 
 his left. The squad leader posts himself either in front of or 
 behind the center of the squad. If the movement is executed 
 from a halt, the men halt as they come on the line established by 
 
37 
 
 No. 3 front rank; if the squad is marching in quick or double 
 time, the gait is maintained (see fig. 3). 
 
 (/) The section, platoon, or company being in any formation, 
 to form deployed line: 1. Deploy, Guide Right (Left, Center), 
 2. March. 
 
 The announcement of the guide indicates the base squad. The 
 deployment proceeds as in the standard deployment (Infantry 
 Drill Regulations, pars. 206-210), except that each squad is 
 deployed on the line as described in subparagraph (i). 
 
 W \ \ j 
 
 \j i! «« / 
 
 \X2SC. 
 
 v * 
 .J .< 
 
 b&bb 
 
 Fig. 3. Squad deployed from line assembled. 
 
 The assembly from deployed line is likewise executed as in the 
 standard assembly (Infantry Drill Regulations, par. 211), ex- 
 cept that each squad assembles on No. 3 front rank. 
 
 The wedge will be formed from the deployed line by the same 
 commands and according to the same principles as from close 
 order (subparagraphs (a) and (&) ), except that the leader will 
 normally take a somewhat greater distance to the front. The 
 diagonal will likewise be formed from the deployed line as de- 
 scribed in paragraphs (d) and (f). 
 
 For combination of wedge and diagonal, the deployed line is 
 shown in figure 4. 
 
 EMPLOYMENT OF THE WEDGE. 
 
 71. The wedge is the normal offensive formation for breaking 
 up, splitting, or striking into a crowd. It will not normally, by 
 itself, clear a street or other open space, but it will so effectually 
 split a crowd that clearing up whatever may be left is an easy 
 
38 
 
 matter. The platoon is the proper unit for work in the roadway 
 of an ordinary city street, while the squad is best for the side- 
 walks. The squad wedge is the ideal formation for making an 
 arrest out of a crowd — an operation which almost always provokes 
 resistance. The wedge plunges into the crowd ; the squad leader 
 seizes the person to be arrested, and the squad executes To the 
 Rear, March. The squad leader and his prisoner are thus cov- 
 ered by the two flanks of the wedge. If the movement is exe- 
 
 CO 
 
 Street 
 
 
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 ODDQ 
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 H 
 
 sa QDDDBoaa tsa 
 
 QDaDDDDD 
 
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 Fig. 4. 
 
 -Platoon in wedge and diagonal formation with platoon in 
 
 support. 
 
 cuted, as it always should be, at a run, the chances are that the 
 arrest will be made and the prisoner conveyed safely away before 
 the crowd fully realizes what has happened. 
 
 SUPPORTS. 
 
 72. In general none of these special formations, with the 
 exception of the squad wedge for making an arrest, should ever 
 be used without an adequate support. For the wedge and diago- 
 nal the support should, as a rule, be at least equal in strength to 
 the front line. It should follow the front line closely enough 
 to be able to reinforce it at need without a moment's delay and 
 yet not so closely as to lose its own freedom of maneuver. Five 
 to ten paces between a squad wedge or diagonal and its support- 
 ing squad and 10 to 15 between a platoon wedge or diagonal and 
 its supporting section may be accepted as normal. The support 
 should march in close order unless there is good reason for not 
 
39 
 
 doing so, as it can be much more easily handled, particularly to- 
 ward the flanks, when it is assembled than when it is in any ex- 
 tended formation. The leader of the support should march in 
 advance of his command. A defensive deployed line should 
 always have a support, but the support may often be considerably 
 weaker than what would be required for an attacking formation. 
 
 EESERVES. 
 
 73. It is as true of crowd as of any other tactics that the com- 
 manding officer should maintain as large a reserve as possible, 
 which he will not use until it is absolutely necessary. Having 
 sent his reserve into action, he will take the first opportunity to 
 form a new reserve from units temporarily disengaged, or from 
 new units sent up from the rear. The reserve is the commanding 
 officer's most effective means of making his will felt ; without it 
 he is powerless in case affairs take a suddenly adverse turn. The 
 reserve should be as strong as possible and should include men 
 armed with rifles and shotguns, in case conditions become such as 
 to necessitate a change from crowd to mob tactics. It should 
 normally be held in close order in a position where its flanks and 
 rear can be readily protected. , 
 
 The reserve should not be dissipated by sending squads of it 
 here and there ; when used, it should be used as a unit, for the 
 purpose of striking a crushing blow. 
 
 PLENTY OF MEN NEEDED. 
 
 74. In order to provide adequately for supports and reserves 
 it is of the utmost importance to have plenty of men. " Never 
 send a boy to do a man's job " is an excellent rule for every 
 commander to remember — and a disorderly crowd is always a 
 man's job. It is not necessary, or advisable, to throw the largest 
 possible number of men into the attack, but whenever a disor- 
 derly crowd has formed every man of the command who can 
 possibly be spared from other duties should be on the ground, 
 in the front line, in support, or in reserve. On the same prin- 
 ciple no subordinate commander should ever hesitate for a mo- 
 ment about asking for reinforcements whenever he thinks he 
 needs them. Some officers have a wholly mistaken idea that this 
 is a sign of weakness ; the real proof of weakness is the vanity 
 which leads an officer to risk his men's lives in order to make a 
 grandstand play. If no reinforcements are available, the officer 
 must do the best he can without them; but when things look 
 
40 
 
 threatening, he has not done his full duty by the men under him 
 until he has put the responsibility up to his superior. 
 
 ONE MAN IN COMMAND. 
 
 75. Whether the unit for the moment is a squad, battalion, or 
 a regiment, there is one man, and one only, in command. He may 
 make mistakes, but it is infinitely better that he should make 
 them and have his men obey his orders than that some of them 
 should endeavor to correct what they take to be his errors by 
 acting in opposition to orders and according to their own judg- 
 ment of what should be done. It takes years of military training 
 to instill this idea into some men's heads. It is, however, worth 
 far more than all the work it has cost when an officer sees a unit 
 operating with perfect steadiness and cohesion in the face of 
 danger and knows that he can direct the entire force of that unit 
 wherever he chooses with the same certainty as that with which 
 he can control the discharge of his own pistol. The figure is 
 worth remembering; the disciplined company is a smoothly 
 working automatic pistol, the seven bullets from which can be 
 directed at one target, or at seven, with no fear that a single one 
 of them will fail ; the undisciplined company is a rusty match- 
 lock gun, slow to operate, capable of firing only one shot without 
 reloading and likely to miss fire at the critical moment. 
 
 DECISION. 
 
 76. When you come close to a crowd do something decisive at 
 once. Never halt your command and thereby give the appear- 
 ance of indecision. If you can not attack at once, occupy some 
 position which may be used as a base for attack later. In any 
 event, keep your men moving. Conversely, keep under cover 
 until you are ready to strike. 
 
 STJBPRISE. 
 
 77. Surprise is of great value in attacking a crowd. If you 
 can strike at it from an unexpected angle, or at an unexpected 
 moment, your task will be made much easier. In your prelimi- 
 nary survey of the tactical situation always consider whether a 
 surprise attack is possible. 
 
 FOKCE. 
 
 78. Make your first blow a hard one, using your full force, 
 except for the necessary reserves. Do not encourage the crowd 
 by experimental attacks. 
 
41 
 
 FLANKS. 
 
 79. Remember that the flanks of a street crowd are always its 
 long sides whatever way it may be facing. If you attack on one 
 of the short sides, you will have to push against the whole mass 
 of the crowd ; if you attack on a long side, you will encounter far 
 less resistance, due to lack of depth in the crowd and often can 
 split the crowd in two or more parts. 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 80. Do not attempt more than you can thoroughly accomplish 
 with the force you have in hand, making full allowances for the. 
 requisite supports and reserves. If the crowd is too large to be 
 dealt with as a whole, split it into two or more parts and disperse 
 the parts separately. 
 
 PLAN. 
 
 81. Formulate your plan of action before you strike ; see that 
 your subordinates clearly understand it and then stick to it. 
 
 REPORTS. 
 
 82. Keep in close touch with headquarters and see that your 
 subordinates on detached duty keep in close touch with you. 
 Often a report that everything is quiet is exactly the most useful 
 information that can be sent in. 
 
 PATROLS. 
 
 83. When a crowd is once definitely broken use patrols, and 
 particularly motor patrols, extensively to keep the streets open 
 and direct them to break up immediately any threatening groups 
 which may form. 
 
 CONCENTRATION. 
 
 84. Never scatter your forces widely, but hold them together. 
 When many patrols are out be sure you have a strong reserve, 
 with means for its rapid transportation, in case of trouble. Do 
 not send your men out singly or in groups of two or three to 
 guard street cars, trucks, freight or passenger cars, but use 
 motor patrols of at least four men for this service. A man on a 
 street car or passenger car is in a peculiarly poor position to 
 protect either it or himself. 
 
42 
 
 B. Mob Tactics. 
 
 85. Mob tactics differ from crowd tactics in this, that a battle 
 with a mob is almost sure to be short, sharp, and decisive 
 whereas it may take a considerable time to dispose of a crow( 
 Unless a mob has thrown up barricades or fortified itself inside 
 a building or group of buildings, a few volleys are likely to 
 
 THE ATTACK ON A MOB. 
 
 86. A mob should always be attacked, if possible, on two ad- 
 joining sides at once. An attack from one side only has the 
 effect of merely crushing that front, without breaking the mass 
 of the mob. On the other hand, an attack from three sides pro- 
 vides too little opportunity to get away for those who should 
 be allowed to escape. Moreover, an attack from three sides in- 
 volves the danger of exposing men to fire from their own 
 comrades. If a street mob has formed before the troops reach 
 the ground, it should be approached by parallel streets, so that 
 when one platoon or company halts and deploys the other can 
 proceed till it can turn into a cross street, and so attack the 
 mob in flank. If the mob has formed because of the failure 
 of applied crowd tactics, the commander should at once en- 
 deavor to send a flanking force from his unit to work round to 
 a position whence it can deliver a flanking attack. Splendidly 
 executed movements showing well-disciplined troops are effect- 
 ive. A line of bristling bayonets across a street from wall to 
 wall backed up by disciplined men ready to fire possesses a 
 moral strength that mobs rarely oppose. The moral effect of 
 bayonets when in the hands of men trained to bayonet fighting 
 
 I can hardly be overestimated. 
 
 87. The officers must never permit themselves to forget their 
 responsibilities when dealing with a disorderly mob. This is 
 particularly true of the company commander. Often the tempta- 
 tion to " get into the scrap " is so strong as to seem almost irre- 
 sistible, but no officer has a right to put himself in a position 
 whence he can not control his men. If a unit is ordered to 
 charge, the commander's place is, of course, at the head of it; 
 at such time the command Follow Me has the utmost signi- 
 ficance. Ordinarily, however, the officer must make up his 
 mind to forego any actual contact with the crowd and post 
 himself both where he can direct the work of his men and where 
 he can readily be communicated with by his superiors. The 
 
43 
 
 officer who is carried away by his ardor and plunges into the 
 crowd, so as to be separated from his men, thereby shows that 
 his proper place is in the ranks. 
 
 MOUNTED MEN. 
 
 88. No more effective way of dispersing a thoroughly disor- 
 derly crowd has ever been discovered than a charge of cavalry 
 or mounted police, but the numbers must be considerable and 
 the training of both men and horses excellent. 
 
 ATTACK OF HOUSES. 
 
 89. A house occupied by rioters may be either avoided, iso- 
 lated, or attacked, depending upon circumstances. 
 
 (a) Avoided. — If a house is occupied as a place of refuge and 
 does not annoy the passage of troops ordered to a designated 
 point for a specific purpose it is better to avoid the house by 
 marching around it. 
 
 (b) Isolated. — However, if a house so occupied would be a 
 menace in the rear of the troops, or an obstacle to their retreat 
 in case of defeat, it would be better to isolate or blockade it, or 
 the square in which it is located. 
 
 (c) Attacked. — But if a house is occupied as a place of refuge 
 or defense by defeated rioters, or as a flank defense of a barri- 
 caded position, or as a vantage ground for fighting; or if for 
 any other reason it becomes necessary to dislodge the occupants, 
 the house must be attacked. A direct attack should never be 
 made if it can be avoided, but if made the interior defenses 
 should first be destroyed by artillery fire. Infantry can also be 
 used against ordinary buildings with good effect. 
 
 If the houses occupied are a part of a block of houses, posses- 
 sion is obtained of the first unoccupied house on the block. If 
 the roofs are flat, the first occupied house is attacked by way of 
 the roof, gaining access through the scuttles or by cutting holes 
 in the roof. If the roofs are steep, holes are made through the 
 walls of the top story. It is infinitely better to fight downward 
 than upward, and the latter should not be attempted if there is 
 any way of avoiding it. 
 
 Hand grenades or light dynamite bombs dropped down the 
 roof scuttles or chimneys are good preliminaries to the descent 
 of the troops. 
 
 After getting into a house there must be no pause in the at- 
 tack ; the defenders must be closely followed from room to room 
 
44 
 
 and floor to floor until resistance ceases or they have been driven 
 into the hands of the troops in the streets. 
 
 Troops attacking a house should, if possible, always approach 
 from the right and keep close to the wall, as this will compel the 
 defenders to expose a large part of their own bodies in order to 
 fire, thus affording a better target for the sharpshooters in the 
 building opposite. 
 
 To force an entrance into a house under these conditions, 
 small bags of gunpowder nailed against the doors and windows 
 and exploded are very effective, but, of course, artillery is the 
 best means with which to open a passage into a block of houses. 
 The occupants can be starved out. 
 
 A very strong door, even if barred and bolted, can be blown 
 open by 10 pounds of powder. A rifle bullet fired into a lock 
 will generally destroy it. 
 
 BARRICADES. 
 
 90. When it becomes necessary for troops in order to save life 
 and property to use barricades or other defensive works, they 
 may be erected from almost any available material. If time 
 permits, this is often accomplished with the consent of the owner 
 of the material, for this same property may be destroyed if not 
 so used. 
 
 91. Barricades should be constructed of plankings, filled with 
 earth, cement, stones, etc. ; wagons with their wheels removed 
 filled with earth, barrels, boxes, and bales of merchandise; 
 casks filled with stones ; counters ; trees ; signs ; rolls of carpet 
 or matting ; filled sacks ; mattresses, etc. It is important, how- 
 ever, that whenever practicable earth or similar substances 
 should be used. Stones and like material, which would be likely 
 to chip off upon being hit by a bullet, should always be covered 
 by some material that will prevent splinters from flying and 
 injuring the defenders. In constructing barricades it should 
 always be attempted to make the outer side difficult for attackers 
 to climb. Telephone, telegraph, or other poles and trees should 
 be felled. They will be useful in erecting the barricades, and 
 those to the front might afford cover to the attackers. Barri- 
 cades should be on high ground, and in city streets should be 
 somewhat removed from the street corners. Barbed wire is the 
 military barricade on the battle field. 
 
 If it becomes necessary to make a direct attack on a barri- 
 cade artillery is indispensable. The artillery is supported by 
 
45 
 
 the infantry designated to make the assault and which is kept 
 under cover as much as possible. The artillerymen are pro- 
 tected from the fire of rioters on overlooking houses by im- 
 provised epaulements. Sharpshooters properly stationed pre- 
 vent any return fire from the barricade and any attempt by its 
 defenders to repair breaches. Detachments of infantry are 
 started from the first available house on each side of the street, 
 fighting their way from house to house until they reach the 
 houses flanking and overlooking the barricade. When they have 
 reached that point the infantry in support of the artillery makes 
 a direct assault on the barricade, unless it has been abandoned 
 by this time. 
 
 92. An enterprising commander, with a small force of coura- 
 geous men, may sometimes surprise and capture a barricade in 
 the night by watching the opportunities offered through lack of 
 discipline and improper guard duty on the part of its defenders. 
 
 93. In defending a barricade the probable method of attack 
 must be considered. It is important that no opportunity be 
 afforded attacking parties to gain positions from which they can 
 fire accurately on the defenders. Therefore buildings, roofs, 
 platforms, etc., which are in the street immediately in front 
 of the barricades must either be made untenable, destroyed 
 entirely, or occupied by friendly troops. 
 
 Barricades should be flanked or taken from the rear or fire 
 may be directed upon defenders in many cases by troops placed 
 in high windows or on roofs nearby. 
 
 94. Captured barricades are immediately removed or de- 
 stroyed. The troops should keep the streets clear of all material 
 suitable either for use in erecting other barricades or for 
 missiles. 
 
 DEFENDING BUILDINGS. 
 
 95. " No building should be defended from within itself until J 
 all its outlying defenses have been forced." 
 
 96. Industrial and commercial buildings can best be protected 
 by outguards (varying in size with conditions) at some little dis- 
 tance from the building, while a line of sentries may be placed 
 nearer as an interior guard. No persons should be allowed to 
 pass either the outguards or the sentries unless they are recog- 
 nized as having the proper authority. When considered neces- 
 sary the outguards may construct barricades and sharpshooters 
 may be posted in positions of advantage. 
 
46 
 
 97. If it is probable that the attackers will be well armed, all 
 things near the building which would afford them cover should be 
 destroyed and in any case cover, not of great value, should be 
 removed. The destruction of public or private property in such 
 cases should depend upon the seriousness of the situation. 
 Buildings near that to be attacked may be occupied by the 
 defenders and protected. In extreme cases they may be de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 98. Provision should be made in advance for sufficient food 
 and water for the period in which the house may reasonably be 
 expected to be besieged, as well as for ammunition, lighting 
 facilities, and means of heating. It is not safe to count on re- 
 ceiving any of these needed things from an outside source. 
 
 99. The interior of a building may be prepared for defense by 
 erecting barricades at all doors and windows. Entrances must 
 be left open for the admission of the outguards and sentries, 
 when they may be driven in, but the material for immediately 
 closing these entrances should be placed in such manner as to 
 lose no time. Furniture, books, matting, carpets, mattresses, 
 piles of clothing or cloth may be used for barricades, such ma- 
 terial as books or rolls of cloth being the best protection against 
 the fire of the attackers. Loopholes should be left in the barri- 
 cades and constructed in needful places in the walls. Loopholes 
 situated on the first floor should be at such height that the 
 attackers can only fire through them at considerable angle. 
 
 100. Usually it is advisable to defend a building from the 
 upper windows. This can only be effectively done, if the crowd 
 is not permitted to approach closely to the lower doors and win- 
 dows. Troops may be stationed on the roof, especially when the 
 roof will afford a higher position than any which can be oc- 
 cupied by those attacking. Height is always an advantage. 
 
 101. Buildings forming part of a city block or street can be 
 defended in general better than a more isolated structure. Out- 
 guards must provide for the occupation of near-by buildings in 
 order to be effective against any well-planned attack. If this is 
 not done, those attacking will take possession of such buildings 
 and fire upon the defenders from the points of vantage thus 
 afforded. 
 
 102. Buildings which have a common wall with the one ad- 
 joining present conditions under which it is well to loophole the 
 wall. When the separating wall is only a plaster and wood 
 partition it is essential to occupy all the houses of the row. 
 
47 
 
 Portions of such walls should be demolished for the purpose of 
 communication. When the force is small it is not advisable to 
 select houses having such a wall, as entrance into one gives 
 access to all. 
 
 103. To prevent a roof attack when a single roof is common 
 to a row of houses, the trapdoors and skylights of all but the 
 house defended should be fastened down and a force stationed 
 on the roof. This force should prevent any of the attackers 
 from gaining the roofs through other houses. It may also fire 
 upon those in the street. The roof of the house being defended 
 should > be barricaded to afford cover in case the roof detail 
 should be driven back. 
 
 104. In pursuing a single criminal or a small group of them 
 into a. house which has been used as a place of refuge, or to make 
 an arrest indoors, rapidity of attack is all important ; once begun, 
 the advance should never be allowed to stop. The first step is to 
 surround the house, keeping careful watch on every possible 
 point of egress. If the roof can be reached, eitjier from adjoin- 
 ing roofs or by ladders, the attack should begin at the top and 
 work down. In a large building the attacking party should be 
 careful not to scatter, but should operate as a unit. Two or 
 three good axes may prove of great value if locked doors are 
 encountered. If the house is isolated, or can not be approached 
 with good cover, sharpshooters should protect the advance, watch- 
 ing every window from which a shot could be fired. When the 
 entrance must be made from below it is often advisable for the 
 attacking party not to wait to investigate the downstairs room, 
 but to proceed at once to the attic or roof and then work down 
 floor by floor. 
 
 PROTECTION OF STREET RAILWAYS. 
 
 105. ( a ) In street railway riots the commanding officer should 
 not weaken his force by numerous detachments or by detailing 
 small parties to guard each train or car. Strong bodies of troops 
 may be stationed at points from which they can best reach the 
 most troublesome districts. When additional troops are avail- 
 able they may be used to patrol as much of the system as it is 
 deemed best to operate, or such portions as are in the most 
 dangerous sections of the city. 
 
 (b) The duty of arresting individuals, who, at isolated points, 
 throw some missiles at a car and the breaking up of this practice 
 and other minor disorders, should usually be left to the police 
 force. 
 
48 - 
 
 (c) The commanding officer may well place bodies of troops at 
 suitable points and use no patrols at all, until it is ascertained 
 that the police can not put down the minor disorders. When 
 this is apparent patrols should be put on the streets, first in the 
 localities giving most trouble, and increasing these patrols to 
 such parts of the system as may be found necessary. If the 
 disorder previous to the arrival of the troops be great, patrols 
 may be placed in the worst localities immediately and gradually 
 withdrawn as conditions better. 
 
 (d) Patrols in riots of this kind should, be strong enough to 
 keep the streets clear of all persons not occupied or seemingly 
 using them as a means of communication; to break up small 
 parties before they increase and form a mob and to hold their 
 own until a larger body can arrive. The district covered by a 
 patrol should be small enough to permit the performance of its 
 duties without undue exertion. 
 
 (e) The reserve bodies stationed at various points should not 
 be less than a platoon, or company of four squads. The number 
 of such bodies and the distances between them will vary with 
 the seriousness of the rioting and the success of police or patrols 
 in preventing disorder. 
 
 (f) One or two men should not be placed upon cars as guards. 
 Unless they fire, such a small force is almost useless, especially 
 against large crowds. Such an act either results in a great 
 deal of firing upon the part of the troops or in ineffective pro- 
 tection and injury to the men placed upon the cars. When it 
 becomes necessary to move cars under guard, there should be a 
 strong force which should stay without the car. Cavalry is 
 desirable for such purposes. 
 
 (g) Power plants and car barns should always be well pro- 
 tected. 
 
 (h) Detectives, or scouts, in civilians' clothes, can be a great 
 aid to the commanding officer by mingling with the public and 
 learning the intentions of rioters. 
 
 PROTECTING RAILROADS. 
 
 106. (a) The protection of a steam railway requires a large 
 number of troops and efficient management. 
 
 (b) The stations, freight depots, roundhouses, car shops, 
 etc., should be protected, as provided for buildings. The rolling 
 stock not in use should be protected by being placed in these 
 buildings, as far as their capacity will permit. 
 
49 
 
 (c) Teamsters', express wagon, and taxicab drivers' strikes, 
 or similar rioting in connection with city transportation may be 
 best handled as is prescribed for street railways. Certain streets 
 should be designated upon which these vehicles may move and 
 these traffic routes properly guarded by the troops as are the 
 lines of a street railway. 
 
 (d) Freight cars when in danger of being destroyed should 
 be placed in mass on parallel tracks and then guarded as a 
 building. 
 
 (e) Open or flat cars should be placed on outer tracks piled 
 with bales of hay, barrels, or boxes of merchandise forming 
 breastworks. 
 
 (f) Tracks may best be guarded by constantly running back 
 and forth a train of 2 or 3 open cars, carrying sharpshooters 
 and a detachment of troops. In order to guard against dyna- 
 mite on the tracks, a couple of unoccupied flat cars should 
 precede the first car carrying troops. 
 
 GUARDING BRIDGES. 
 
 107. Bridges and trestles must be well guarded. They should 
 be inspected at regular intervals to make sure that no damage 
 has been done to them by persons who elude the guard. At night 
 light is an essential for abutments of bridges and entrances of 
 tunnels. 
 
 108. Tracks may be protected by a patrol consisting of an 
 engine and cars with a detachment of troops. Flat cars or the 
 steel coal cars with flat bottoms, when available, are most suit- 
 able. When dumping devices are in the bottom of the cars, mak- 
 ing the floor uneven, a floor of planking or other suitable mate- 
 rial may be constructed. 
 
 109. Infantry patrols should also be maintained on the sec- 
 tions of the road where trouble is most likely to occur, including 
 the sections in and near cities and towns. These patrols should 
 be accompanied either by the regular trackwalkers or some 
 other persons competent to inspect the track. 
 
 110. The trains carrying patrols or troops may push some 
 empty flat cars ahead of the engine as a precaution against dyna- 
 mite or other explosives on the tracks. When disorder is serious 
 all passenger trains should be under guard by a suitable de- 
 tachment. When the commanding officer deems that the condi- 
 tions warrant it, passenger trains may be preceded by a " patrol 
 
 128298 — 19 4 
 
50 
 
 train " carrying troops and pushing flat cars, as an additional 
 precaution to prevent the wrecking of the regular train. Flat 
 cars pushed ahead might not save a train from being wrecked 
 but would in all probability prevent or lessen loss of life. 
 
 111. When the troops are few it will become necessary to 
 reduce the number of trains run by the railroad. If conditions 
 are serious, it is well to reduce the speed called for by the 
 schedules, in which case fewer but longer and heavier trains may 
 
 RESERVES WITH FIREARMS. 
 
 112. Always prepare for mob violence and show the crowd 
 that you are ready for it by having your rifle and shotgun men 
 where they can be used instantly. If the situation looks serious, 
 arrange for a supply of rifles, bayonets, ammunition, and 
 machine guns to be held ready for instant delivery. 
 
 THE MOMENT FOR MOB TACTICS. 
 
 113. There is no absolute rule whereby the commander can 
 tell when the efficacy of crowd tactics is at an end and the need 
 for mob tactics begins; but in general the use of firearms 
 against the troops will be the determining factor. Practically 
 every disorderly assembly that has not reached the shooting 
 stage is a crowd, not a mob, and should be dealt with by crowd 
 tactics. Once the bullets begin to fly, however, the further 
 maintenance of crowd tactics is nothing short of a criminal risk 
 of life. Of course, a single shot does not make a mob ; such a 
 case is the proper opportunity for a sharpshooter. It is when 
 the commanding officer sees that many of the men facing him 
 have firearms and are ready to use them that the time for mob 
 tactics has arrived. 
 
 O. Open Country Tactics. 
 
 114. These are nearly identical with the infantry principles 
 regarding scouting and patrolling; they do not differ greatly 
 from the prescribed methods of combat (see Infantry Drill 
 Regulations). 
 
 D. Interior Tactics. 
 
 115. The establishment of garrisons in buildings, hunting for 
 criminals in houses and other forms of indoor service — the prin- 
 ciples are few and simple, although their application is im- 
 
51 
 
 mensely varied, difficult, and dangerous, and has been covered 
 with sufficient fullness under (a) and (&). See also Manual of 
 Interior Guard Duty. 
 
 116. Written orders and reports. — All orders should, when- 
 ever possible, be in writing, or, still better, typewritten. This 
 applies equally to orders from the commanding officer to his bat- 
 talion or company commanders and to orders from a lieutenant 
 to a squad leader. Orders delivered by telephone or orally 
 should be confirmed in writing at the first opportunity. In a 
 similar way, all reports should be made or confirmed in writing. 
 For this purpose a portable typewriter, such as the Corona, is 
 of very great value, as carbon copies of orders can then easily 
 be made. All officers and noncommissioned officers should be 
 furnished with printed order and report blanks and instructed 
 as to the proper manner of using them. 
 
Chapter XI. 
 
 INTELLIGENCE. 
 
 117. The service of information. — The service of informa- 
 tion is of the utmost importance in this duty; a commander 
 who does not know exactly what is going on is sure, sooner or 
 later, to commit the unpardonable blunder of being caught by 
 surprise. He should at all times keep himself thoroughly 
 posted as to conditions in his district, particularly as regards 
 the unemployed, food and fuel shortage, labor unrest, the pres- 
 ence in the community of undesirable outsiders, and activities 
 below the surface inimical to the Government. For this purpose 
 the commander should be in close touch with the local police 
 and sheriff's offices and with the Federal and military secret 
 service. Every man should be instructed to keep his eyes and 
 ears open at all times and to report to headquarters anything 
 coming to his attention which might indicate possible disorder. 
 It is well to have affiliated and under the orders of its officers 
 a considerable number of men out of uniform who, particularly 
 when trouble has actually started, can secure information be- 
 yond the reach of uniformed men. The proper maintenance of 
 the service of information is the duty primarily of the field 
 officers, and strict attention to it in time of apparent quiet may, 
 when the emergency comes, result in the saving of many lives 
 and the prevention of a vast amount of property damage. 
 
 To develop military-intelligence work the following idea is 
 suggested for development in each organization of the United 
 States Guards: 
 
 (a) A chief with three assistants (preferably sergeants) 
 known only to the chief and not to each other. Each assistant 
 to select three helpers known to each other, to their own assist- 
 ant, and to the chief. 
 
 (6) This entails the use of 12 men. The chief may direct an 
 assistant to investigate or secure evidence upon any subject and 
 direct another assistant to investigate the same subject. Com- 
 pare results obtained from the two separate sources. 
 
 L52} 
 
53 
 
 (c) Reports should state clearly what was actually seen; 
 what was heard; the time, place, and date; what was actually 
 heard from principal and impression made by delivery. 
 
 The chief draws conclusions. The scheme is shown in the 
 following diagram : 
 
 Assistants — 
 A.B.C. 
 
 Chief 
 
 Selected 
 men— def 
 ghi, klm 
 
 k 1 m 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 (d) An emergency signal known to all members of the group 
 should be selected to identify intelligence men. The chief 
 should be the company commander or a trusted, loyal, capable 
 subaltern. 
 
V 
 
 y 
 
 Chapter XII. 
 
 LEGAL. 
 
 118. Laws that govern military forces may be divided into 
 three classes: 
 
 (a) Martial law. 
 
 (b) Military law. 
 
 (c) Civil law. 
 
 A. Martial Law. 
 
 119. Martial law is the assumption of military over civil au- 
 thority. The authority of the President of the United States to 
 declare martial law is clearly set forth in Army Regulations 
 (1913), Article XLVII. Under these statutes he may declare 
 any prescribed part of the country to be in a state of insurrec- 
 tion and may thereafter exercise martial law within a district 
 without reference to any civil authority whatever. Its existence 
 may be recognized by proclamation issued either by the Presi- 
 dent or by the proper military commander, in which is an- 
 nounced the purpose of making use of such measures, involving 
 the use of such military force as may be necessary to restore 
 civil order. 
 
 120. The proclamation describes the emergency and defines the 
 limits within which it exists and prescribes such rules of con- 
 duct for individuals as are Warranted by the necessities of the 
 case. It is customary in such proclamation to call upon all law- 
 abiding citizens to assist in the restoration of order by strict 
 observance of the laws by continuing in the quiet pursuit of 
 their usual avocations and by refraining from participation in 
 assemblages which are or are likely to become tumultuous or 
 otherwise unlawful (see Appendix *B). 
 
 121. Martial law is divided into — 
 
 (a) The law of hostile occupation. (Military government.) 
 
 ( b ) Martial law as applied to the Army. 
 
 (c) Martial law at home. 
 
 (54) 
 
55 
 
 The third of the above cases (c) has the greatest bearing on 
 riot duty. It is treated in the following paragraphs : 
 
 122. Martial law (c) can not be said to exist, in the strict 
 sense of the term, unless the control of the military commander 
 is absolute. When any civil authority directs or limits the 
 powers and scope of the military proceedings a degree of civil 
 law exists, with troops as an aid, rather than any degree of 
 martial law. 
 
 123. Under martial law it becomes the duty of the command- 
 ing officer to assume the entire government of the district in 
 which such law is declared. He, or his subordinates acting 
 under his direction, are temporarily the legislative, judicial, and 
 executive branches of the government combined, and while in 
 such control the power of a military commander is practically 
 unlimited. The commanding officer may direct certain civil 
 officers and courts to carry on their regular duties under direc- 
 tions of the military authorities. 
 
 124. The chief military officer should, where not inconsistent 
 with the purposes for which troops are in the field, enforce the 
 existing civil laws and such additional special regulations as 
 he may see fit to make. Where neither of these applies the laws 
 and customs of war are applied. 
 
 125. Upon assuming command of a military district under 
 martial law, it is the duty of the senior officers to issue an order, 
 or proclamation, setting forth in a brief manner the fact that 
 he has assumed control of the government, giving some idea 
 of what civil laws will remain in force, announcing a few of the 
 most important special regulations that he intends to put into 
 effect, etc. 
 
 Such an order may contain one or more of the following pro- 
 visions and such others as circumstances may require : 
 
 (a) For the arrest and detention or deportation of all persons 
 found in the district and appearing not to have any employment 
 if found on the streets. 
 
 (&) Prohibiting the sale of firearms. 
 
 (c) Prohibiting the public from having firearms in their 
 possession. 
 
 (d) Closing saloons. 
 
 (e) Prohibiting loitering on the streets. Persons found on 
 the streets who appear to be habitually idle and without visible 
 means of support should be placed under arrest. 
 
J 
 
 56 
 
 (f) Prohibiting the gathering of more than a certain number 
 of persons. 
 
 (g) Prohibiting persons without passes from being on the 
 streets after dark, or a certain designated hour. 
 
 (h) Closing certain streets, squares, or other places to the 
 public. 
 
 (i) Regulating the performances in theaters. 
 
 (;) Prohibiting certain matter in newspapers, or preventing 
 the publication of these papers. 
 
 (k) The publication of pamphlets, handbills, or newspaper 
 items tending in any way to influence the public mind against 
 military authority, or reflecting upon the United States or its 
 officers should under no circumstances be permitted. 
 
 126. The commanding officer is responsible to his military 
 superiors alone while the tour of duty continues, and, unless 
 prevented by such superiors, may make any temporary laws 
 (subject to the laws and customs of war) that he sees fit. 
 
 127. From this, therefore, we see that the fundamental ques- 
 tion for the immediate commanding officer to decide is : Whether 
 the taking of life is necessary for the effectual performance of 
 the duty imposed upon him. 
 
 128. He must bring to the solution of the question an honest 
 determination to do his duty ; he must not act " from reckless- 
 ness or a love of power or to gratify any passion " ; he must not 
 be influenced by a desire to retaliate or to inflict punishment. 
 He must also bear in mind that the mere use of insulting or 
 abusive words is not of itself enough to justify extreme force. 
 
 129. Remember that an officer who is by law authorized to 
 suppress a mob is by the nature of things given discretionary 
 power, and can not therefore be held responsible for errors of 
 judgment or mistakes of law as long as he acts in good faith 
 and without malice, corruption, or cruelty and keeps within the 
 scope of his authority. 
 
 130. No more firing should be employed than is necessary to 
 accomplish the object in view — that is, if in the opinion of the 
 commanding officer the firing of two or three men or a squad 
 can accomplish his purpose, then only two or three or a squad 
 are ordered to fire; if in his opinion the whole company is 
 necessary in order to accomplish his purpose, then the whole 
 company is ordered to fire. 
 
 Remember, whatever the number firing may be, all firing must 
 cease the very instant it is no longer necessary — the moment 
 the commanding officer's object has been accomplished. 
 
57 
 
 Every endeavor should first be made to induce the rioters to 
 disperse before ordering the troops to fire on them. 
 Now to sum up what has been said on this subject : 
 The law and Army Regulations give only four concrete cases 
 where troops may, fire on rioters: 
 
 (1) To prevent the perpetration of a felony if it can not be 
 stopped otherwise. 
 
 (2) To arrest one who has committed a felony if he can not 
 be arrested otherwise. 
 
 (3) In case any individual rioter fires upon the troops, he 
 may be shot down. 
 
 (4) In case any individual rioter throws missiles at the 
 troops, he may be shot down. * 
 
 131. Safe conducts. — In the exercise of absolute martial law, 
 intercourse between a certain district and the surrounding 
 vicinity may sometimes be prohibited. It will then be neces- 
 sary to issue safe conducts to trustworthy persons whose lawful 
 business requires them to pass through barred zones. 
 
 These safe -conducts should be numbered and registered. 
 
 132. The martial law thus established does not cease until 
 express proclamation or order restores the civil authorities. 
 
 Martial law consists in the suspension, by the occupying 
 military authority, of the criminal and civil law and of the 
 domestic administration and government in the occupied terri- 
 tory and in the substitution of military rule and force for the 
 same, as well as in the dictation of general laws, as far as 
 military necessity requires this suspension, substitution, or 
 dictation. 
 
 133. The military commander may proclaim certain laws. 
 (a) No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be 
 
 inflicted on the whole population on account of the acts of 
 individuals unless the entire population is collectively re- 
 sponsible. 
 
 (&) No taxes shall be collected except under a written order 
 and on the responsibility of a commander in chief. This col- 
 lection shall only take place, as far as possible, in accordance 
 with the rules in existence and the assessment of taxes in force. 
 
 (c) Neither requisition in kind nor services can be demanded 
 from civilians except for the necessities of the army of occupa- 
 tion. They must be in proportion to the resources of the country 
 and demanded only on the authority of the commander in the 
 locality occupied. Receipts must be given in every instance. 
 
58 
 
 (d) The commander of an attacking force, before commenc- 
 ing a bombardment, except in the case of an assault, shall give 
 fair warning. 
 
 (e) Railways, telegraphs, telephones, ships, and all kinds of 
 war material may be used for military service, but shall be 
 restored at the conclusion of peace and compensation paid for 
 their use. 
 
 (f) Family honors and rights, individual lives, and private 
 property, as well as religious convictions and liberty, must be 
 respected. Private property can not be confiscated. 
 
 (g) Edifices devoted to religion, art, science, and charity r 
 especially all hospitals and places where sick and wounded are 
 collected, should be protected. These may be indicated by some 
 particular and visible sign. 
 
 (h) Pillage is absolutely prohibited even where a town or 
 place is taken by assault. 
 
 (i) No property will be destroyed or seized unless such de- 
 struction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the necessities 
 of war. 
 
 (j) All personal belongings of prisoners of war, except 
 arms, horses, and military papers, shall remain their property. 
 Prisoners must be humanely treated. A prisoner of war is a 
 public enemy armed or attached to the hostile army for active 
 aid, who has fallen into the hands of the captor, either fighting 
 or wounded, on the field or in the hospital, by individual sur- 
 render or by capitulation. 
 
 134. Under martial law ordinary civil suits, etc., may be 
 directed to await the reopening of the civil courts, or may be 
 tried by a military commission. Offenders who are in the 
 military service or attached thereto are tried by a court- 
 martial under the military law. Other offenders are tried by 
 military commissions. 
 
 135. A military commission, or such commissions as may be 
 deemed necessary, may be formed by order of the commanding 
 officer of a district under martial law, or by the commander in. 
 chief of the troops. Military commissions are habitually con- 
 stituted of not less than three capable officers. Members of a 
 court-martial or an entire court-martial may, by orders, also 
 be constituted a military commission. 
 
 136. Military courts and commissions and the commanding 
 officers of troops enforcing absolute martial law in the United 
 States, should avoid taking action that may appear to trespass 
 
59 
 
 on the rights of the civil authorities, who will succeed the 
 military when law and order are restored. As it is unusual for 
 the military to remain long in power in this country, it should 
 be the policy of its officers to delay civil suits, the trial of 
 criminals, etc., until the civil authorities can properly perform 
 their duties. On the other hand, when the exigencies of the 
 occasion require it, the use of military commissions should not 
 be neglected. 
 
 By inducing or allowing certain civil courts and incidental 
 officers to perform their usual functions, the military authori- 
 ties may save considerable trouble and annoyance. 
 
 PUNISHMENTS. 
 
 137. Punishments will never be unnecessarily cruel, but are 
 occasionally unusual. Unusual punishments are sometimes re- 
 quired by stress of circumstances, and at other times are 
 resorted to as deterrents in lieu of more severe punishments. 
 It was necessary to break up the practice of selling vino to 
 soldiers in the Philippine Islands. A woman was caught re- 
 peatedly in this trade. A military judge sentenced the woman 
 to have her hair cut short. As Filipino women are vary vain 
 of this luxuriant hair, the sentence seemed terribly severe to 
 the culprit. Her insolence vanished and she began to beg for 
 another chance. The sentence was immediately executed, and, 
 thereafter, not another woman in Manila sold vino to the 
 soldiers. 
 
 138. While it should be the constant endeavor of the military 
 authorities to exercise the powers of martial law moderately, it 
 must not be supposed that its enforcement will not be as firm and 
 vigorous as the occasion may demand. 
 
 HABEAS COKPUS. 
 
 139. Federal troops can not properly be served with a writ of 
 habeas corpus, issuing from a State court, for the protection of 
 the person of a civilian witness held under a warrant of attach- 
 ment or of an enlisted man or military convict. 
 
 140. Army Regulations require that officers make respectful 
 returns, in writing, to all writs of habeas corpus served on them. 
 Should the writ be issued by a State court or judge and served 
 upon an Army officer, commanding him to produce an enlisted 
 man or a general prisoner and show cause for his detention, the 
 officer will decline to produce in court the body of the person 
 
J 
 
 60 
 
 named in the writ, but will make respectful return in writing 
 to the effect that the man is a duly enlisted soldier of the United 
 States or a general prisoner under sentence of court-martial, as 
 the case may be, and that the Supreme Court of the United 
 States has decided that a magistrate or court of a State has no 
 jurisdiction in such a case. 
 
 141. A writ of habeas corpus issued by a United States court 
 or judge will be promptly obeyed. Further information on this 
 subject will be found in Army Regulations and in the Manual 
 for Courts-Martial. 
 
 142. Should a United States court issue a writ of habeas 
 corpus it will be promptly obeyed and the facts reported by wire 
 to The Adjutant General of the Army and such other persons as 
 are designated by the Army Regulations. 
 
 Note. — For habeas corpus, writs of attachment, see General 
 Courts-Martial Manual, 1917, pages 387-394. 
 
 LIABILITY OF OFFICERS. 
 
 143. In the enforcement of the laws, Federal troops are em- 
 ployed as a part of the military power of the United States and 
 act under the orders of the President as Commander in Chief. 
 The commanding officers of troops so employed are directly re- 
 sponsible to their military superiors. Any unlawful or unau- 
 thorized act on their part would not be excusable on the ground 
 of an order or request received by them from a marshal or any 
 other civil officer. 
 
 144. The strictest kind of orders should be given that no one 
 shall fire a single shot except upon an order from an officer, but 
 in individual cases of self-defense soldiers would not have to 
 wait for orders to fire. 
 
 145. Paragraph 489 of the 1917 Army Regulations says : " The 
 fire of troops should be withheld until timely warning has been 
 given to the innocent who may be mingled with the mob. Troops 
 must never fire into a crowd unless ordered by their command- 
 ing officer, except that single selected sharpshooters when so 
 instructed may shoot down individual rioters who have fired 
 upon or thrown missiles at the troops. As a general rule the 
 bayonet alone should be used against mixed crowds in the first 
 stages of a revolt. But as soon as sufficient warning has been 
 given to enable the innocent to separate themselves from the 
 guilty, the action of the troops should be governed solely by the 
 tactical considerations involved in the duty they are ordered to 
 
61 
 
 perform. They should make their blows so effective as to 
 promptly suppress all resistance to lawful authority, and should 
 stop the destruction of life the moment lawless resistance has 
 ceased. Punishment belongs not to the troops but to the courts 
 of justice." 
 
 146. These are the general principles of the common law on 
 the subject: 
 
 (a) The justification allowed by the common law to the taking 
 of life in cases of riot is limited to the necessity of the case. 
 
 ( b ) The infliction of death or bodily harm is not a crime when 
 it is done " for the purpose of suppressing a general and dan- 
 gerous riot which can not otherwise be suppressed." 
 
 (c) " The taking of life can only be justified by the necessity 
 for protecting persons or property against various forms of 
 violent crime or by the necessity of dispersing a riotous crowd 
 which is dangerous unless dispersed." 
 
 147. Before issuing any order which may be questioned in 
 future an officer should make certain of two things : 
 
 (a) That proof exists which shows conclusive justification for 
 giving the order. 
 
 (b) That the proof will be available when needed. / 
 The question of whether or not certain measures were un- 
 necessarily severe is sometimes left to a jury. 
 
 148. If rioters are followed and needlessly cut down after^ 
 they have dispersed, it is murder. In cases where rioters stand 
 their ground and the riot can not be suppressed or the mob can 
 not be dispersed without killing one or more persons, under such 
 circumstances, homicide will be justifiable. 
 
 149. If an officer is justified in giving an order, his right to 
 issue the same will hardly be questioned afterwards in a crimi- 
 nal or civil proceeding, if it is known that the officer possesses 
 proof showing his justification. The importance of preparing 
 proof before an officer takes any arbitrary action can not be 
 emphasized too strongly. 
 
 150. The Supreme Court of the United States has decided that 
 in order to obtain judgment against an officer for acts alleged 
 to have been done while on duty, the burden of proof is upon the " 
 party complaining to show that the officer whose acts are pre- 
 sumed to be legal exceeded his authority, was corrupt, unneces- 
 sarily cruel, or committed a malicious and willful error It is 
 sometimes necessary to seize, use, or destroy private property ; 
 for example, it may be necessary to seize food or means of trans- , 
 
\ 
 
 62 
 
 portation for the troops, to convert the nearest suitable material 
 into barricades, or to destroy a building occupied by rioters. If 
 the danger is great or the necessity urgent, the commanding 
 officer should not hesitate. While it is true that he may thus 
 render himself liable to civil action, he need have no fear if he 
 has not exercised his power in a corrupt or malicious manner. 
 
 POWER OF TROOPS IN AID OF THE CIVIL AUTHORITIES. 
 
 y/ 151. Unless an executive officer, having the power, declares a 
 city, county, State, or other portion of the country to be in a 
 state of insurrection, the civil authorities remain supreme. 
 
 152. In case of a riot or rebellious assembly, the peace officers 
 and their assistants, endeavoring to suppress the riot or disperse 
 a mob, are justified by the common law and by most State stat- 
 utes in proceeding to the last extremities in case the riot can 
 not be otherwise suppressed ; and it has been held that the kill- 
 ing of rioters in such cases is justified. Even private persons 
 are often justified in killing participants in such riots, especially 
 in self-defense. The troops on duty are likewise justified in 
 taking life in carrying out the orders of the civil authorities, 
 but only when such extremities are necessary in the opinion of 
 the commander. As it is impossible to distinguish between 
 guilty and innocent persons in a mob, all who are present and 
 who do not disperse when commanded to do so are held to be 
 members of the mob. 
 
 153. It is a well-established principle that troops can not use 
 any more force than is necessary to accomplish the desired re- 
 sults. In the determination of the force needed the officer in 
 command is, of necessity, allowed a great deal of latitude, the 
 principle being that he must have acted in good faith and with- 
 out malice or evil intent. 
 
 h 154. Troops have no authority to punish rioters or others for 
 any acts committed, no matter how heinous the crime and no 
 matter what losses the troops may have suffered. No force can 
 be used by the troops after resistance ceases. 
 
 155. Orders are disobeyed at the peril of the one who dis- 
 obeys and should an order be questioned by a subordinate and 
 afterwards prove to have been legal the subordinate could be 
 punished for his failure to obey. On the other hand, if an order 
 is obeyed and later proved not to have been legal, the person 
 obeying can only be punished if any average man would have 
 
 J 
 
63 
 
 seen at once that the order should not have been obeyed. It is 
 a safe rule to obey orders when in doubt. 
 
 156. The military officer is at all times at liberty to act as 
 lie sees fit and when he does obey the directions or requests of 
 a civilian, he does so on the assumption that he agrees with all 
 that is done and takes full responsibility as though all acts had 
 •originated under his order. 
 
 157. As Federal troops can not take orders from civil author- 
 ities and can not be arrested by them when on duty in time of 
 riot, etc., it can not strictly be said that such troops ever serve 
 in aid of the civil authorities in the same sense that the State 
 troops do. A degree of martial law actually exists whenever 
 Federal troops go on duty for such a purpose. 
 
 158. A sentry on duty with troops, in aid of the civil author— 
 ities, may fire at any time, in obedience to his special or general 
 orders, and is protected by the principles covering enlisted men 
 w r ho fire at the command of a superior. A sentry is protected 
 by all principles covering the firing by troops and by the State 
 statutes exempting soldiers from liability for acts done in the 
 performance of their duty. 
 
 159. A soldier who sees a felony or a breach of the peace com- 
 mitted, may arrest, without a warrant, the person or persons 
 committing the act. Also, a soldier who knows positively that 
 a felony has been committed and has reasonable grounds to 
 believe that a certain person or persons committed the act, may 
 arrest that person or persons without a warrant. 
 
 160. If a person who has committed a felony takes refuge in a 
 building, a soldier who has seen the felony committed may pursue 
 the felon into such building for the purpose of making an arrest. 
 Should admittance be refused, an entrance may be forced. 
 
 161. When troops have arrested civilians they may hold them 
 in custody only as long as conditions make necessary, after 
 which all civilian prisoners should be turned over to the civil 
 authorities. It is lawful for the military authorities to hold a 
 civilian prisoner, when there is not a proper number of civilian 
 officials present, for the protection or retention of such prisoners, 
 or when the good faith of a subordinate civil officer present is 
 doubted and it is desired to receive word from the chief civil 
 officer, under whom the troops are acting, as to the disposition 
 to be made of the prisoner. As soon as such conditions or other 
 similar conditions that warrant the troops in holding such 
 prisoners cease the military authorities must at once surrender 
 the prisoners to the proper officials. / 
 
64 
 
 162. The fact that the civil authorities are unable to protect 
 prisoners or that they fear their escape and troops are placed on 
 guard over them does not take such prisoners from the hands of 
 the civil authorities. 
 
 163. The commanding officer may place in arrest disorderly 
 persons within the confines of camp grounds, parade grounds, 
 armory, or barracks, or any persons who disturb troops in the 
 performance of any duty. This applies to civilians as well as to 
 soldiers. Civilians so arrested can not be detained for an un- 
 reasonable length of time. At the first convenient opportunity, 
 or at the close of the duty, they should be turned over to the civil 
 authorities, if it is desired that they be punished. 
 
 PRIVATE PROPERTY OF PRISONERS. 
 
 164. The commanding officer may appoint an officer in charge 
 of prisoners who may, with martial-law prisoners, be required 
 to follow military law, as follows: 
 
 "He (this officer) will have charge of the property, money, 
 and valuables belonging to prisoners, which they are not per- 
 mitted to keep in their possession and will disburse said money, 
 when desired by the owner, for such purposes as may be ap- 
 proved by the commanding officer." 
 
 When martial law is being exercised in a military district this 
 officer in charge of prisoners may perform the duties mentioned, 
 with other functions, under the title of provost marshal or pro- 
 vost officer. 
 
 165. Immediately upon the completion of the tour of duty and 
 the return of the troops to their home stations, with the conse- 
 quent resumption of power by the civil authorities, the troops 
 may be held to answer before the civil courts for acts which ap- 
 pear to be in excess of the powers given to a commander under 
 martial law or in violation of the laws and customs of war, but 
 it is only when the powers of an officer were manifestly and 
 maliciously exceeded that it is probable that he would receive 
 any punishment or have damages awarded against him. 
 
 PROVOST MARSHALS. 
 
 166. Officers may be detailed as provost marshals for matters 
 involving the details of martial law administration and may be 
 supplied with certain judicial machinery and made judges of 
 provost courts in certain districts. Orders appointing provost 
 
 
65 
 
 marshals usually fully outline their duties and may provide for 
 provost guards to act under their direction. The provost mar- 
 shal may be authorized to arrest persons accused of certain 
 offenses and to perform many other details of martial law ad- 
 ministration. He may be charged with the care of all prisoners, 
 prison regulation of express packages, protection of certain 
 classes of property, press censorship, railway passenger control, 
 regulation of certain business houses, and numerous other mat- 
 ters. In Federal service he might be given charge of the mails. 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF CROPS. 
 
 167. The burning and destruction of crops and supplies, to 
 prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy, has been au- 
 thorized on the ground of the public safety. But this rule ap- 
 plies only to insurrection where some of the insurgents compose 
 armed bands and these bands are in the field against govern- 
 mental troops. 
 
 168. Billeting troops without consent of the owners of the </ 
 property is prohibited. But this provision does not prevent 
 quartering the troops in public buildings (not in private build- 
 ings) by contract with the owners. Assembly halls, vacant 
 business blocks, and other large buildings with large rooms are 
 the best means of quartering troops, because they permit of 
 sleeping a company or more in each room and the property for 
 which the company commander is responsible can be more 
 readily guarded. In some rare instances private houses may 
 
 be used as quarters. These instances arise where, in extreme 
 weather, use of such habitations is absolutely necessary to pre- 
 serve the men and where inhabitants have fled and where the 
 inhabitants are known insurgents and under surveillance. 
 
 169. Receipts. — When private property is used for any reason, v 
 provision must be made for the determination of the amount of 
 damage or compensation that properly belongs to an owner. 
 
 Whenever practicable receipts in detail should be given for 
 supplies and property seized and transportation or labor requisi- 
 tioned; such receipts will assist materially in adjusting claims 
 that are sure to follow. 
 
 GROUND FOR ENCAMPMENTS. 
 
 170. The power to take property does not include the power 
 to encamp on the private lands of civilians without their con- 
 sent except in time of war. 
 128298—19 5 
 
 • 
 
Chapter XIII. 
 
 AIDS TO PROTECTION AT NIGHT. 
 
 171. Protective lights. — An object is revealed to the eye 
 either because light falling upon it is reflected back or because 
 it is outlined as a shadow against a lighter background. 
 
 If everywhere around property to be protected, one of these 
 conditions is obtained through a sufficient quantity of light, 
 properly directed and diffused, guarding becomes simple. To 
 see an object readily requires strong contrast between such 
 object and its background. 
 
 This principle is the exact reverse of camouflage, where it is 
 desired to make objects invisible by blending them with their 
 backgrounds. 
 
 172. An armed guard on a fixed post is able to protect prop- 
 erty effectively in the daytime, but night renders this protec- 
 tion materially less effective and his enemies have more oppor- 
 tunities to operate unobserved because there are generally fewer 
 persons about. Darkness therefore is a great aid to the doer 
 of crime. A few simple rules are worth remembering : 
 
 (a) Illuminate every point in the guarded area. 
 
 ( b ) A rifle bullet can travel faster than a fleeing enemy. 
 
 (c) Conceal the source of light from the eyes of the guard. 
 If anyone is to be blinded by light let it be the trespasser. 
 
 (d) Safeguard the supply of electricity by rendering it inac- 
 cessible and by providing duplicate supply systems. 
 
 (e) Keep the guards in deep shadow watching bands of light 
 which must be crossed to effect damage. 
 
 173. Protective lighting loses much of its effectiveness in fog. 
 This fact should be borne in mind by the commanding officer 
 and additional guarding precautions should be taken in case of 
 fog. Patrols may be of great importance. 
 
 174. Yellow light possesses a slight advantage in fog over 
 white light and a guard will experience some slight advantage 
 by wearing yellow glasses when looking from behind a search- 
 light along the beam of light. 
 
 (66) 
 
67 
 
 175. Lighting* of boundary fences. — A high fence around the 
 boundary of a property is an important feature of protective 
 methods. This fence should be preferably of barb wire or wire 
 netting so constructed as to make it necessary for a trespasser 
 to expend considerable time in surmounting or passing through 
 it. If the fence is solid or opaque, it may with advantage be 
 painted white or whitewashed, and should be topped by barb- 
 wire fence several wires high. 
 
 (a) A boundary fence should be illuminated at night in order 
 to ward off intruders to simplify patrolling. Adequate illumina- 
 tion of the boundary fence not only makes for safety but also 
 works for economy, in that it lessens the need for extensive 
 patrol. There are two general practices of lighting such 
 boundary fences, both of which have certain advantages and 
 either of which may be applied to advantage in most cases. 
 
 ( b ) The best method of illuminating boundary fences or walls 
 of rectangular buildings or inclosures is by placing double 
 flood lights at the diagonal corners, the beams of light being 
 thrown along the two walls at right angles to one another. It 
 is well to adjust the beam so that it falls just outside the fence 
 or wall, its edge corresponding with the fence. 
 
 (c) If the wall or fence is too long for the beam of light to 
 adequately cover the distance supplementary arc lights may be 
 provided at intermediate points. They should be supplied from 
 independent electric circuits. 
 
 (d) It may be advantageous to locate a sentry upon a raised 
 platform which mounts the flood-lighting unit or is located in a 
 deep shadow. 
 
 (e) In protective lighting, care should be taken to see that 
 all nooks and corners are illuminated to obliterate dangerous 
 shadows. 
 
 (/) At all places of entrance or exit comparatively brilliant 
 illumination is required over a small area. 
 
 (g) Where material is stored it is difficult to avoid shadows. 
 In this case illuminants should be mounted relatively high and 
 with short spacing intervals. 
 
 176. It is not the intention of this manual to discuss ex- 
 tensively the many and diversified problems of protective light- 
 ing, but merely to give a few of the principles to be observed. 
 For a more detailed consideration of the subject the reader is 
 referred to War Department Document No. 800 on the subject 
 of " Protective Lighting," prepared by the committee on war 
 
68 
 
 service of the Illuminating Engineering Society and published 
 in May, 1918, by the War Department. Officers and enlisted 
 men who have special enthusiasm for military science and ex- 
 pect to remain in Federal service may profitably devote addi- 
 tional time to the study of applied minor tactics, map reading 
 and map making, military hygiene and sanitation, first aid, 
 trench warfare, Army paper work, military law, and others of 
 the scores of subjects concerning which the Army officer of to- 
 day should be informed, but which subjects have no direct place 
 in this work. 
 
 177. Good hearing is a great help at night. Where silence 
 reigns at night a listening post may be established at some 
 elevation above the ground with excellent results. 
 
Chapter XIV. 
 
 WEAPONS. 
 
 178. The following are deemed essential for the use of forces 
 engaged upon the preservation of property and life and in the 
 handling of crowds, riots, etc., when mounted men are not 
 available : 
 
 (a) Riot stick. 
 
 (b) Rifle and bayonet. , 
 
 (c) Shotgun of the sa wed-off or riot type. 
 
 (d) Revolvers. 
 
 (e) Suitable ammunition for each weapon. 
 
 (f) Machine guns. 
 
 (g) In some emergencies, field guns with projectiles. 
 (h) Electric pocket lights. 
 
 For local transportation, motorcycles with side cars, police 
 patrol wagons, auto trucks, or passenger autos are desirable. 
 
 179. The riot stick should be of hardwood, turned, and of 
 uniform pattern, not less than 30 inches long and 1 inch in 
 diameter, with a handle so shaped as to aid in thrusting. A 
 rawhide thong of 16 inches length should be attached securely 
 to the stick without weakening it in any part and be so placed 
 as to permit the thong to be wrapped around the hand so that 
 the stick can not be wrested away from the holder. 
 
 The thrust is the most desirable use of a riot stick. 
 
 180. Machine and field guns. — For troops the machine gun 
 is, of course, a weapon to be held in reserve until there is every 
 reason to believe that no less destructive force will avail. It 
 should never be brought out as a mere menace, and only an 
 extraordinary situation would warrant its use. Their moral 
 effect is often added to by circulating reports as to their ex- 
 treme destructiveness. For defending buildings and property 
 the location of the gun should be changed at nightfall and day- 
 light. Where no barriers are constructed, each gun crew 
 should station sentries about 200 feet in front of the gun and 
 allow no assembling of persons within that distance. Field 
 artillery is of value for local defense chiefly in attacking a 
 
 («9) 
 
70 
 
 strongly intrenched and barricaded position. In the city its 
 employment is almost out of the question. In open country, 
 however, there have been cases where outlaws have fortified 
 themselves in an isolated house or in some similar position so 
 strong as to defy rifle fire. Under such circumstances a few 
 shells from a field gun may save a good many lives. 
 
 181. Shotguns. — For troops or police forces the shotgun is 
 normally far more effective than the rifle, particularly in the 
 city, its moral force being nearly as great and the dangers 
 attending its discharge being very much less. Gen. Pershing's 
 order for 10,000 shotguns and the adoption by the Army of a 
 shotgun with bayonet for sentries, the protest of Germany as 
 to their use by United States troops, show that the possibilities of 
 this weapon are coming to be more and more fully recognized. 
 The 12-gauge shell loaded with No. 1 shot is particularly effect- 
 ive and is not excessively dangerous. Buckshot, however, may 
 also be used. While the pump-gun type is, on the whole, the 
 most serviceable, automatic, double-barreled, or even single- 
 barreled shotguns may be used. Shotguns with sawed-off bar- 
 rels — about 23 inches long — are better than those with long ones. 
 As in the case of rifles, the number of shotguns in the service 
 equipment should be absolutely limited by the number of men 
 fully qualified by experience to handle them. 
 
 182. Riot sticks. — For police purposes the whole question of 
 proper arms for crowd or mob duty may be summed up in two 
 words: Never Muff. 
 
 Under ordinary service conditions in the city, or anywhere 
 where a disorderly assembly may be forming, the riot stick is 
 a most valuable offensive weapon for policemen. Properly used 
 by disciplined bodies of men, it will suffice to overawe any 
 crowd not extensively equipped with firearms and will disperse 
 an unlawful gathering or break up a meeting without bloodshed 
 when a single shot or bayonet thrust might entail the most dis- 
 astrous consequences. 
 
 There is no element of " bluff " about the riot stick, for any 
 trouble maker knows that it will be used freely and without 
 hesitation, whereas, unless the situation is acutely serious, no 
 commanding officer wants to give his men the order of fire, 
 and the crowd is perfectly well aware of his attitude. A man 
 is in an awkward position when he is equipped only with a 
 weapon which he hestiates, and quite properly, to put to its 
 correct use. 
 
Chapter XV. 
 POLICE FUNCTIONS. 
 
 183. Military forces having been called upon by proper au- 
 thority to aid in suppressing riotings or violations of the law 
 it is their duty simply to carry out the legal orders of their 
 superior officers. 
 
 184. A police force is organized for five specific purposes : 
 
 (1) To preserve the peace. 
 
 (2) To enforce the law. 
 
 (3) To protect life and property. 
 
 (4) To prevent and detect crime. 
 
 (5) To arrest lawbreakers. 
 
 No man can be a success as a police officer unless he knows 
 those five fundamental principles. 
 
 185. Upon arrival at the scene of a crime there are three 
 things to do : 
 
 .(a) Arrest the perpetrator of the crime. 
 
 (b) Safeguard the evidence. 
 
 (c) Procure witnesses. 
 
 If these three things are done completely, systematically, and 
 intelligently, the chances of successfully completing the case 
 are assured. 
 
 186. Arrests may be made under three instances only: 
 
 (1) With a warrant. 
 
 (2) When a crime is committed in the presence of the person 
 arresting. 
 
 (3) When a felony has in fact been committed and reason- 
 able grounds exist for believing that the person to be arrested 
 has committed it. / 
 
 187. It is not infrequent for occasions to arise when the 
 police, for various reasons, fail to properly perform their duties 
 in times of riot. It then becomes necessary for the troops to 
 look after the more trivial disorders incident to the riots. In 
 such cases a large number of men is required, it being not only 
 necessary to have sufficient troops present to defeat a mob, but 
 it also being desirable to stop absolutely all disorder without 
 
 (71) 
 
 y 
 
J 
 
 72 
 
 using the extreme power which a soldier's arms and training 
 afford. When the police thus fail in their duty the commanding 
 officer should request sufficient troops to supply patrols to take 
 the place of the police and at the same time maintain larger 
 bodies at advantageous points in case of more serious trouble. 
 
 188. Closing saloons. — Should an affected area be not placed 
 under martial law and the military authorities believe that it is 
 to the best interest of the community that saloons or other 
 similar places be closed, they should suggest the fact to the civil 
 officers. It does not fall within the province of the military com- 
 mander to issue this or other similar orders. 
 
 (a) Not only do saloons afford an opportunity for intoxication 
 and consequent disorders, but they also offer a place for rioters to 
 congregate, talk, and plan. 
 
 (&) Whenever a saloon keeper harbors disorderly crowds that 
 become a menace to the public peace, the commanding officer in 
 person or a duly authorized officer should visit the saloon with a 
 detachment of soldiers and notify the proprietor that the place is 
 a disorderly one and that unless he rid his place immediately of 
 all disorderly and undesirable characters and then maintain it in 
 a peaceful, orderly, law-abiding manner he, the officer, will have 
 the place closed by the civil authorities or lay the matter before 
 the proper authorities with a view to having his license rescinded, 
 depending upon the law of the State. 
 
 (c) The closing of saloons must, as a rule, be done by the civil 
 authorities. Should the military commander consider the closing 
 of saloons advisable, he should request the civil authorities to 
 issue the necessary orders. 
 
 (d) As soon as practicable after the command arrives, saloon 
 keepers should be instructed not to sell liquor to soldiers. If, 
 however, they should do so after such instructions have been 
 given, then steps should be taken to have the saloons closed. 
 
 189. Public meetings, especially at night, are almost in- 
 variably a source of trouble. They afford splendid opportunity 
 for trouble-making oratory. They should be prohibited, but, as 
 in the case of closing saloons, the order must come from the 
 civil authorities. 
 
 Unnecessary hardships will only tend to create public senti- 
 ment against the military and, in many cases, arouse sympathy 
 for the rioters. 
 
 190. Ministers, from the pulpit and otherwise, are very often 
 able to assist materially in restoring law and order, and, when 
 
73 
 
 necessary, their good offices should be sought. However, should 
 a minister endeavor to assist the rioters in any way, he should 
 then be treated like any other rioter. 
 
 191. Conduct, appearance, and force used. — The conduct of \ 
 troops on riot duty is a matter of extreme importance. The 
 good or bad effect resulting from the actions of soldiers on such 
 duty is not confined to mere sentiment lasting a few days or 
 weeks, but permanently affects public sentiment toward military 
 forces. 
 
 (a) The appearance of the men is important. An untidy 
 appearance, dirty or improperly worn uniforms, will have a bad 
 result. As the troops are more prominent and a topic of much 
 greater interest during the time that they serve on riot duty, 
 these seemingly trivial matters are correspondingly more im- 
 portant than when in camps, barracks, or in the armory. 
 
 ( h ) The troops should be strictly impartial, especially in 
 labor disturbances. They should absolutely prevent all dis- 
 order, no matter from what source, but should take extreme 
 care to show no favors to any side of the controversy. 
 
 (c) The attitude of individual officers and men toward per- 
 sons with whom they come in contact is important. A firm, 
 courteous demeanor will arouse respect, while an insolent en- 
 forcement of power leaves the civilian with an everlasting feel- 
 ing of resentment against military power. 
 
 (d) "Cockiness" among soldiers off duty must not be 
 allowed. 
 
 192. Troops should be especially courteous to civilian officials. 
 Troops should never jostle or lay hands upon any persons who 
 are obeying the orders given and such orders should be given 
 courteously to citizens who are peaceful and inoffensive. 
 
 193. Sentries. — Every man on sentry duty is measured by his 
 individual performance of duty. He should therefore conduct 
 himself in such manner as to merit the approval of the people 
 with whom he has to deal. If four men are standing in a group 
 on the street, three of whom are in civilian clothes and one in 
 uniform, the average person will take no particular note of 
 the three in civilian clothes but the man in the uniform is 
 noticed and remembered. Why? Because men in civilian 
 clothes are an everyday sight and their actions ordinarily do 
 not attract attention, but the man in uniform is instinctively 
 watched. If he enters a saloon he attracts attention imme- 
 diately, and should a soldier be seen coming out of a place where 
 
74 
 
 he should not be, the public is very quick to draw its own 
 conclusions and brand not only the man himself but the 
 organization to which he belongs as inefficient and not attend- 
 ing to business. 
 
 (a) Sentries perform a duty calling for extreme authority 
 over all persons, military or civilian, excepting their imme- 
 diate superiors on the guard. For a sentry to receive orders 
 from, or allow orders to be violated by any person without 
 proper authority, would be a most serious military offense. 
 However, civilians can not understand these strict military 
 requirements and they should be treated accordingly. The most 
 influential and law-abiding citizen has no more right to pass 
 a sentry without proper authority than has one of the riot lead- 
 ers, but the fact should be explained to such civilians politely 
 in order not to create offense. 
 
 (&) United States Guard duty is, among other things, a think- 
 ing job ; it is not a posing job, and soldiers are not paid for the 
 purpose of going out and posing ; they are there for specific pur- 
 poses. They should so conduct themselves that the impression 
 left with the general public is that they are gentlemen, that they 
 are intelligent and understand exactly what they are about and 
 know their job. 
 
 (<?) Both officers and men should take into consideration the 
 great difference between the classes of riots and rioters in deter- 
 mining the amount of force to be used. Riots may *be divided as 
 follows : 
 
 (1) Those participated in by citizens, usually law abiding but 
 temporarily crazed through real or fancied wrongs. 
 
 (2) Those in which the participants are entirely vicious and 
 criminal. 
 
 (3) Those assuming the nature of a rebellion against the law- 
 ful government, whether the participants be of the lawful or 
 criminal classes. 
 
 Though from a military viewpoint all may be the same, and 
 from a legal viewpoint the first two may be the same, it is obvi- 
 ous that every effort should be made to refrain from wounding 
 or killing participants in the first class of rioters, while in the 
 second and third cases greater force is necessary. 
 
 194. The principles here given should be called to the subordi- 
 nate's attention as well as the legal and military requirements, 
 after which his orders should be merely to use as little force as is 
 possible in properly performing his duty. It is for the senior 
 
75 
 
 present on each occasion to determine just how much that force 
 is, not the commanding officer some distance away. 
 
 195. Officers should never alarm the troops by telling them 
 what might possibly occur in the way of attacks, surprises, etc., 
 but should give only the necessary information, making the or- 
 ders and instructions broad enough to cover emergencies with- 
 out assigning alarming reasons therefor. At night the indis- 
 criminate firing of sentries should be promptly stopped. 
 
 196. Discipline. — The one way in which troops can offset 
 the numerical superiority of the crowd is by its discipline. One 
 hour of effectively applied crowd tactics will more than justify 
 all the weeks spent in executing Squads Right, for it is only 
 through the discipline and precision acquired in rigorous close- 
 order drill that the unit can be sure of fulfilling its mission. This 
 point should be particularly impressed on all the men. The 
 minute a command, coming face to face with a crowd which has 
 in it the elements of a dangerous mob, loses its military cohesion 
 it sinks almost to the level of the crowd, and it has every right 
 to expect failure. 
 
 197. Arrests. — In dealing with- a crowd, the making of arrests 
 requires a considerable amount of good judgment. Arrests 
 should, of course, be made whenever possible in case of actual 
 violence ; there should be no delay in capturing any man seen 
 to throw a stone, display a firearm or other dangerous weapon, 
 or to damage property. On the other hand, it is undesirable to 
 make arrests for mere stubbornness in obeying orders, if the 
 desired result can be attained by simpler means. It is needless 
 to say that every order, once given, must be absolutely enforced ; 
 but in dealing with the initial stages of a disorderly crowd, a 
 combination of tact, coolness, and determination will render 
 many an arrest unnecessary. At times, however, an arrest is 
 exceedingly desirable, either to remove a persistent trouble 
 maker from the scene or for its effect on the crowd. An arrest, 
 if ordered, should be made at once. The more rapidly the order 
 is executed the greater will be the effect on those who witness it. 
 The arrested person should be at once conveyed away from the 
 scene and promptly turned over to the proper civil authorities ; 
 the man making the arrest, together with at least one witness, 
 should always accompany the prisoner to the police or sheriff's 
 office in order to give a clear account of the reasons for his 
 arrest. An arrest should be followed up by legal action. A 
 citizen may make an arrest for a crime attempted or committed 
 in his presence. / 
 
76 
 
 198. The troops should not be divided up into small details 
 and sent out each time that a few stones are thrown by indi- 
 viduals, such work being left to the police force. 
 
 199. The troops may often advantageously take entire control 
 of a certain district or districts where the disorder is greatest, 
 thereby permitting the larger part of the police force from such 
 districts to be otherwise distributed throughout the city. 
 
 200. Arresting rioters in private houses. — If during the 
 actual progress of a riot a rioter commits a felony or breach of 
 the peace, or a felony is committed and there are reasonable 
 grounds to believe a particular rioter has committed it, any 
 member of the troops on duty may, without warrant, arrest the 
 rioter at once. If the rioter, after committing a felony, flees to 
 a private house he may be pursued and an entrance may be 
 forced to make the arrest, but as a matter of lawful caution a 
 demand for the surrender of the culprit should be made before 
 forcing an entrance. If necessary to force an entrance, before 
 doing so the person seeking to make the arrest should announce 
 to the inmates his official character and his business and 
 demand admission, unless it is quite certain these are already 
 known, in order that, knowing his official character, there may 
 be no resistance to him. If, however, an interval of say a 
 number of hours or a day elapses between the commission of the 
 felony and the effort to apprehend, then a warrant should be 
 obtained from the civil authorities, and the civil authorities, 
 supported by the troops, would have every power to make the 
 arrest. 
 
 201. Rig'ht of search. — Should admission on a search war- 
 rant be refused, you demand in the name of the law that the 
 door be opened — that you hold a warrant. Then wait a reason- 
 able time, and if the door is not opened use sufficient force to 
 enter. 
 
 202. Arrest of minors. — Whenever a person under 16 is ar- 
 rested, except for murder, it is best to charge such person with 
 juvenile delinquency, no matter what he did. Then turn him 
 over to the civil authorities. 
 
 203. Disposition of persons arrested. — Civilian prisoners 
 should always be turned over to the civil authorities without 
 unnecessary delay, charge should be stated, and list of witnesses 
 furnished. Should it not be practicable to turn the prisoner 
 over to the civil authorities immediately, he may be detained by 
 the military so long, and so long only, as the necessity of the 
 situation requires. 
 
> 
 
 77 
 
 These restrictons upon the detention of civilians as prisoners 
 by the military do not apply where by the declaration of martial 
 law the civil power has been superseded by military authority. 
 
 204. Difference between a felony and a misdemeanor. — A 
 felony may generally be defined as an offense that is punishable 
 by imprisonment in a penitentiary or State prison — for example : 
 Homicide, assault with a dangerous weapon, highway robbery, 
 burglary, larceny, rape, arson. Crimes that are not punishable 
 by imprisonment in a penitentiary or State prison may be gen- 
 erally defined as misdemeanors — for example : Drunkenness, dis- 
 orderly conduct, carrying of concealed weapons, trespassing, vio- 
 lation of city ordinances, etc. 
 
 (a) A person is not sentenced to a State prison for less than a 
 year. A person is not sentenced to a county jail, city prison, or 
 penitentiary for more than a year. In the penal law crimes 
 which are punishable by imprisonment for more than a year 
 indicate those offenses which are felonies; when the crime is not 
 punishable by imprisonment for more than a year such crime is 
 a misdemeanor. , 
 
 ( b ) Foreigners come to this country ; the Government guaran- 
 tees to such persons when they land here first protection, police 
 protection, and use of its streets, etc., and in return the only 
 thing the Government asks is that the alien behave himself 
 properly and that he pay his taxes, if he has any to pay, and, if 
 he is called upon to assist a police officer, that he shall do it. 
 If he does not, he is guilty of a misdemeanor. 
 
 205. Leg"al definitions of crimes. — The following legal defini- 
 tions will give officers a practical idea of the meaning of the 
 terms defining crimes. A criminal act committed in one State 
 might be a felony as defined by the laws of that State, while 
 the same act performed in another State might be only a mis- 
 demeanor under the laws of the second State. It would require, 
 in order to completely define these terms as they are used in 
 State laws, a separate statement of the definitions prevailing 
 in each State. For this reason the word " felony " is explained 
 here only as it is defined in relation to crimes denounced by the 
 Federal Government. *. 
 
 Felony. — All offenses which may be punished by death or im- 
 prisonment for a term exceeding one year shall be deemed 
 felonies. (Federal Penal Code.) 
 
 Examples of felonies. — Murder, manslaughter, assault with 
 intent to kill or with intent to commit a felony, burglary, rob- 
 
78 
 
 bery, grand larceny, rape, arson, forgery, suffering prisoner held 
 under laws of the United States to escape, etc. 
 
 Misdemeanor. — Misdemeanors comprise all offenses lower than 
 felonies which may be the subject of indictment. (1 Wharton 
 Criminal Law, sec. 28; Federal Penal Code.) 
 
 Example of misdemeanors. — Simple assault, larceny of prop- 
 erty under $50 (Federal law), aiding escape from internment 
 (Federal law), obstructing officer in serving process of United 
 States court. 
 
 Burglary. — At common law burglary was the breaking and 
 entering the dwelling house of another in the night time with 
 intent to commit a felony therein. By statute many States have 
 extended the same to include breaking and entering buildings 
 other than dwelling houses, and also in the day time. (Bishop, 
 Criminal Law, vol. 1, sec. 559.) 
 
 Larceny. — (1) Grand larceny is the taking and carrying away, 
 with intent to steal or purloin, any personal property of another 
 of a value exceeding $50. Petit larceny is the taking and carry- 
 ing away, with intent to steal or purloin,' any personal property 
 of another of the value of $50 or less. (Federal Penal Code.) 
 
 (2) Larceny by the common law is the felonious taking and 
 carrying away by any person of the personal goods of another. 
 By State statute larceny is divided into petit and grand ac- 
 cording to the value of the goods taken, the dividing line being 
 frequently placed at $25. (Bishop, Criminal Law.) 
 
 Assault. — (1) Felony. Whoever assaults another with intent 
 to commit murder, rape, or any felony ; or whoever, with intent 
 to do bodily harm and without just cause or excuse, assaults 
 another with a dangerous weapon, instrument, or other thing is 
 guilty of a felony. (Federal Penal Code.) 
 
 (2) Misdemeanor. Whoever, without felonious intent, unlaw- 
 fully strikes, beats, or wounds another or unlawfully assaults 
 him is guilty of a misdemeanor. (Federal Penal Code.) 
 
 (3) Assault is any unlawful physical force, partly or fully 
 put in motion, creating a reasonable apprehension of immediate 
 physical injury to a human being. Standing alone, it is a mis- 
 demeanor ; but when combined with a felonious intent or offense, 
 a felony may result. (2 Bishop, Criminal Law, sees. 23, 56.) 
 
 Arson. — At common law, arson is the malicious burning of 
 another's house. By statute in most States, the offense is ex- 
 tended to include the burning of shops and other structures not 
 
79 
 
 used for habitation. (1 McClain, Criminal Law, p. 507; Bishop, 
 Criminal Law, vol. 1, p. 559.) 
 
 Breach of the peace. — A breach of the peace may consist of a 
 criminal act of the sort which disturbs the public repose, or of 
 acts of public turbulence, in violation of the public peace, such as 
 a public prize fight ; of an invasion of the citizen's right of per- 
 sonal security ; or of acts such as tend to excite violent resent- 
 ment. Actual personal violence is not always necessary to cre- 
 ate the offense, but when not necessary, the conduct and lan- 
 guage of the wrongdoers must be of such a character as to induce 
 terror or fear of personal violence. (Bargar, Law or Riot Duty, 
 sec. 108.) 
 
 206. Traffic regulations. — When there is traffic to be regu- 
 lated don't overregulate it. If traffic is going along smoothly 
 and safely, leave it alone. Give the people the most possible 
 freedom in the use of streets consistent with safety. Some per- 
 sons who are supposed to regulate traffic actually retard and 
 impede it. They have their arms swinging around like wind- 
 mills and nobody knows what they are doing. Never argue with 
 drivers. Nothing shows weakness quicker than arguing with a 
 driver. You have no right to rebuke anybody for violating law 
 or orders. You arrest a person for violating the law, but you 
 have no authority or right to rebuke him. If you are going 
 to arrest him, do so. Have no argument — because if you are 
 arguing with him he has stopped and you are retarding traffic. 
 In the regulation of traffic you will have the moral support of 
 everybody except the person who is violating the traffic laws 
 or the unruly element. Everyone else is with you. Do not 
 attempt to bulldoze people. You can get just as much action 
 by speaking in a firm, courteous manner to a driver as you can 
 by attempting to bulldoze him. Losing your temper generally 
 means losing effectiveness. When necessary to stop traffic of 
 vehicles in one direction, select a driver far enough away to 
 make it possible for him to stop in the place you desire. 
 
 f 
 
 
Chapter XVI. 
 
 PRINCIPLES FOR OFFICERS. 
 
 207. In an admirable pamphlet by Maj. Gen. David C. Shanks, 
 entitled " Management of the American Soldier," a number of 
 excellent principles are given, based on practical knowledge in 
 the handling of men. Some of this valuable advice is here re- 
 produced for the information of those concerned. 
 
 ( a ) The best grip any officer can have on the American soldier 
 is on his pride. Therefore do everything possible to build up 
 the soldier's pride in himself and in his record. Constantly 
 appeal to him to keep a clean and an honorable record. 
 
 (&) Treat the American soldier as a man, look him squarely 
 in the eye when you talk to him, and treat him justly. 
 
 (c) Never do anything to lessen the respect of the soldier for 
 himself. Never put a young soldier in the guardhouse if it is 
 possible to avoid it. Many a young soldier gets started wrong 
 by being kept in the guardhouse with bad men who are confined 
 there because they can be managed in no other way. 
 
 (d) As far as possible use company punishment. Men respect 
 an officer more who is able to handle his men without having to 
 use outside means for discipline. To be able to run your com- 
 pany yourself is a great asset ; be careful not to lose it. 
 
 (e) Give short talks to men on subjects which they ought to 
 know. Be sure the talks are short. Have something to say; 
 say it ; then stop. 
 
 (f) Teach the soldier to have proper respect for his uniform. 
 Teach him that if he becomes reeling drunk in his uniform or 
 wears it to low dives he brings discredit upon himself and upon 
 the uniform of his country. 
 
 (g) Be extremely careful about your manner in dealing with 
 soldiers; they are entitled to a respectful and patient hearing. 
 Some officers seem to go on the theory that military efficiency 
 consists in a loud voice and an impatient manner. 
 
 (h) Don't attempt to gain cheap popularity by unofficerlike 
 acts. Soldiers are not slow to size up an officer. They soon 
 learn whether his interest in his men is feigned or real. They 
 
 (80) 
 
81 
 
 respect and admire the officer who requires a strict performance 
 of duty. The true rule for handling soldiers is : Don't nag them ; 
 don't neglect them ; don't coddle them. 
 
 (i) Put responsibility for the squad squarely upon the 
 shoulders of the corporal of the squad. Make him look after 
 every detail — instruction, equipment, dress, neatness, general 
 appearance, behavior. 
 
 (j) If any company officer can not call every man of his com- 
 pany by name, he should get busy at once. 
 
 (k) The officer who wants to succeed must be loyal to those 
 above him. He is then on solid ground for expecting it from 
 those below him. 
 
 (I) The value of any officer to the Government depends in 
 large part upon how much attention he gives to duty. It is not 
 how much ability an officer has, but how well he uses what he 
 does have, that determines his value to the Government. 
 
 (m) It is the duty of the officer to prove his title and his 
 worth by exhibiting superior knowledge. No organization will 
 long respect an officer who has not the knowledge properly to 
 instruct his men. 
 
 (n) Justice and promptness are the foundations of military 
 discipline and military efficiency. It takes a level-headed man 
 to maintain discipline and yet have every man feel that he has- 
 had a square deal. 
 
 (o) Teach the soldiers to be neat in person and clean and 
 sober in their lives. Force of example is the greatest of all aids 
 in this respect. 
 
 (p) There is something to be done; the efficient officer sets to 
 work earnestly and loyally to do it, overcoming obstacles as he 
 goes along. The inefficient officer either does nothing or spends 
 his time discussing difficulties or in suggesting some other plan 
 more to his liking. 
 
 128298—19 6 
 
Appendix A. 
 
 Sample of an Order from a Civil Official to a Military Officer 
 Specifying the Acts Which the Troops Are to Perform. 
 
 The Commanding Officer, 
 
 Detachment, 91st N. J. Infantry. 
 
 Sib: 
 
 You are hereby directed to protect the lines of the 
 
 Street railway on Clinton Street, between State and 
 
 Perry Streets, and on State Street, between Clinton and Mon- 
 mouth Streets, in the city of 
 
 You will please prevent the blocking or delaying of traffic or 
 the injury of the passengers, employees, or damaging of property 
 of the said company ; w T ill prevent lounging or idling in the as- 
 signed district and the formation of crowds and will arrest and 
 turn over to the civil authorities all persons committing or at- 
 tempting to commit acts which you are instructed to prevent 
 and all other disorderly persons. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 John Doe, Sheriff. 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 Sample of an Order, or Proclamation, Issued by an Officer 
 Assuming Command of a District Placed Under Martial 
 Law. 
 
 Headquarters, 
 
 The county of having been declared by 
 
 the governor of the State of to be in a state of 
 
 insurrection and rebellion and the military forces of the State 
 having been ordered by the governor and commander in chief to 
 assume charge and restore order in said county, the commanding 
 officer of said military forces hereby proclaims the following 
 rules and regulations, which will be in force until further 
 orders : 
 
 (82) 
 
83 
 
 (1) AH persons in the possession of arms, equipments, and 
 munitions of war are required to surrender the same on or 
 before to the (indi- 
 cating the officer or officers) at , taking 
 
 receipt for the same. 
 
 (2) All persons who may heretofore have given aid to or 
 otherwise supported the lawlessness Hitherto existing in this 
 county who shall return to peaceful occupations, holding no 
 communication of any kind with a lawless person or persons, 
 will not be disturbed. 
 
 (3) All rights of property of whatever kind will be held 
 inviolate and will not be disturbed, except as the exigencies of 
 the public welfare may necessitate, by direct command of the 
 commanding officer of the district. 
 
 (4) All shops and places of business, except as hereinafter 
 provided, will be kept open as usual in times of peace, and all 
 persons are enjoined to continue their customary peaceful occu- 
 pations. 
 
 (5) Excepting as herein provided or where the existence of 
 martial law implies the contrary the usual laws of the com- 
 munity will be in force. Crimes will be subject to proper au- 
 thority. Civil cases will await the ordinary tribunals. 
 
 (6) No publication, either by newspaper, pamphlet, handbill, 
 or otherwise, reflecting in any way upon the United States or 
 
 the State of , or their officers, or tending 
 
 to influence the public mind against the United States or the 
 
 State of , or their officers, and no article 
 
 commenting in any way on the work or action of the military 
 authorities will be permitted. 
 
 (7) All assemblages in the streets, either by day or by night, 
 are prohibited. 
 
 (8) Any persons found on the streets who appear to be 
 habitually idle and without visible means of support will be 
 placed under arrest. 
 
 (9) While it is the desire of the authorities to exercise the 
 powers of martial law mildly, it must not be supposed that they 
 will not be vigorously and firmly enforced as occasion arises. 
 
 By command of 
 
 Adjutant _- Military District. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Absence of leadership 29 
 
 Aids to protection at night 66 
 
 Appendix A 82 
 
 Appendix B 82 
 
 Arresting rioters in private houses 76 
 
 Arrests 75 
 
 Arrest of minors 76 
 
 Arson 78 
 
 Assault 78 
 
 Assemblage of troops 10 
 
 Attacked 43 
 
 Attack of cities when armed resistance is expected or when in possession of the 
 
 enemy 23 
 
 Attack of houses 43 
 
 Attack on a mob, The 42 
 
 Avoided 43 
 
 Barricades 44 
 
 Billeting troops 65 
 
 Breach of the peace 79 
 
 Burglary 78 
 
 Closing saloons 72 
 
 Concentration 41 
 
 Conduct, appearance and force used 73 
 
 Crowd 28 
 
 Crowd tactics— A 30 
 
 Decision 40 
 
 Defending buildings 45 
 
 Definition of crowds and mobs 28 
 
 Deployed line, The 36 
 
 Destruction of crops 65 
 
 Diagonal, The 33 
 
 Difference between a felony and a misdemeanor 77 
 
 Discipline 75 
 
 Disposition of persons arrested 76 
 
 Division 41 
 
 Electric pocket lights 69 
 
 Employment, of the wedge 37 
 
 Examples of felonies 77 
 
 Example of misdemeanors 78 
 
 Felony , 77 
 
 Field guns, with projectiles 69 
 
 Figure 1— Squad wedge from line assembled 32 
 
 2— Squad diagonal (guide right) (guide left) from line assembled 34 
 
 3— Squad deployed from line assembled 37 
 
 4 — Platoon in wedge and diagonal formation with platoon in support. . 38 
 
 5 — Chief, assistants, selected men 53 
 
 (85) 
 
86 
 
 Pag«. 
 
 Flanks ; 41 
 
 Force 40 
 
 Foreword 7 
 
 Formations for crowd tactics 31 
 
 Getting there first 29 
 
 Ground for encampments 65 
 
 Guarding bridges .' 49 
 
 Habeas corpus 59 
 
 Hand grenades 43 
 
 Importance of quelling riots in their incipient stage, The 18 
 
 Important general rules of riot duty 14 
 
 Intelligence 52 
 
 Interior 28 
 
 Interior tactics— D .• 50 
 
 Isolated 43 
 
 Larceny 78 
 
 Legal 54 
 
 Legal aspects of riot duty : 9 
 
 Legal definitions of crimes 77 
 
 Liability of officers : 60 
 
 Lighting of boundary fences 67 
 
 Machine and field guns 69 
 
 Main body, The 25 
 
 Marching through and clearing city streets 20 
 
 Martial law— A 54 
 
 Meeting and dispersing a mob 26 
 
 Ministers 72 
 
 Misdemeanor 78 
 
 Mob 28 
 
 Mob tactics— B 42 
 
 Mobs as a rule are made up of cowards 19 
 
 Moment for mob tactics 50 
 
 Motor patrols 13 
 
 Mounted men : 43 
 
 Never try to bluff a mob 16 
 
 Night guards 22 
 
 One man in command 40 
 
 Open country 28 
 
 Open country tactics— C 50 
 
 Patrols -.'y. 41 
 
 Plan 41 
 
 Plenty of men needed 39 
 
 Police functions 4 71 
 
 Power of troops in aid of the civil authorities 62 
 
 Principles for officers 80 
 
 Private property of prisoners ..* 64 
 
 Protecting railroads 48 
 
 Protection of street railways 47 
 
87 
 
 Page. 
 
 Protective lights 66 
 
 Provost marshals 64 
 
 Public meetings 72 
 
 Punishments 59 
 
 Receipts 65 
 
 Reports 41 
 
 Reserves 39 
 
 Reserves with firearms 50 
 
 Revolvers 69 
 
 Rifle and bayonet 69 
 
 Right of search 76 
 
 Riot sticks 70 
 
 Roof detachment, The 24 
 
 Ruffian element of a community, The 28 
 
 Safe conducts 57 
 
 Sample of an order from a civil official to a military officer specifying the acts 
 
 which the troops are to perform 82 
 
 Sample of an order or proclamation issued by an officer assuming command of a 
 
 district placed under martial law * 82 
 
 Searching detachment, The 24 
 
 Sentries 73 
 
 Service of information, The 52 
 
 Shotguns 70 
 
 Street detachment, The 23 
 
 Street railways, protection of 47 
 
 Suitable ammunition for each weapon 69 
 
 Supports .-, 38 
 
 Surprise 40 
 
 Tactics 28 
 
 Traffic regulations • 79 
 
 Transition from crowd to mob 28 
 
 Transportation of troops 11 
 
 Use of bayonet 21 
 
 Verbal abuse .' 58 
 
 Weapons , 69 
 
 Wedge , The : 32 
 
 Written orders and reports 51 
 
 O 
 

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