EXCHANGE 
 
THE CELEBRATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE NEW YORK 
 
 Academy of Medicine 
 
 HELD AT 
 
 CARNEGIE MUSIC HALL 
 JANUARY 29, 1897 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY 
 1903 
 

 
 CXCH 
 
 »^IQ' 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The following pages contain a full account of the 
 semi-centennial celebration of the New York Academy of 
 Medicine, held on January 29, 1897, together with a copy 
 of the original constitution of the Academy and a list of 
 the officers of the Academy from the time of its organiza- 
 tion, in 1847, down to January i, 1897. 
 
 The celebration began with exercises in the large audi- 
 torium of the Carnegie Music Hall, Fifty-seventh Street 
 and Seventh Avenue, at 8.30 p.m. A brilHant assembly 
 of the Fellows of the Academy and their invited guests 
 filled the hall to overflowing. 
 
 After the eloquent address of the President of the 
 United States, the Hon. Grover Cleveland, which closed 
 the formal part of the exercises, a reception was held in 
 the building of the Academy of Medicine, No. 17 West 
 Forty-third Street. Here all were presented to the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, who graciously delayed his 
 departure to Washington for the purpose of meeting the 
 Fellows of the Academy and their guests. 
 
 At a stated meeting of the New York Academy of Medi- 
 cine, held November 5, 1896, the following recommenda- 
 tion from the Council was read: 
 
 "In view of the approach of the semi-centennial of the 
 New York Academy of Medicine, the Council recom- 
 mends to the Academy that the occasion be celebrated 
 in an appropriate manner, and that the details of this 
 celebration should be left to three committees — one of 
 arrangement, one of invitation, and one of entertainment, 
 to be appointed by the President, of which he shall be a 
 member ex-officio.'' 
 
 532S78 
 
4 Preface 
 
 Upon motion this recommendation of the Council was 
 accepted. 
 
 The President appointed the following committees, in 
 accordance with the resolution: 
 
 COMMITTEE ON ARRANGEMENTS. 
 
 William M. Polk, M.D., Chairman. 
 Robert F. Weir, M.D. A. Alexander Smith, M.D 
 
 Charles McBurney, M.D. Edward G. Janeway, M.D. 
 D. B. St. John Roosa, M.D. Landon Carter Gray, M.D. 
 William T. Lusk, M.D. Edward D. Fisher, M.D. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON INVITATION. 
 
 John H. Girdner, M.D., Chairman. 
 Egbert H. Grandin, M.D. Charles Inslee Pardee, M.D. 
 Clarence C. Rice, M.D. Prince A. Morrow, M.D. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON ENTERTAINMENT. 
 
 Daniel Lewis, M.D., Chairman. 
 M. Allen Starr, M.D. H. Holbrook Curtis, M.D. 
 
 Clement Cleveland, M.D. Arthur M. Jacobus, M.D. 
 Nathan E. Brill, M.D. T. Matlack Cheesman, M.D. 
 

 
 ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE COMMITTEE 
 ON ARRANGEMENTS 
 
 THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE. 
 New York, December 15, 1896. 
 
 At a stated meeting of the Academy of Medicine, held 
 November 5th, it was unanimously resolved to celebrate 
 the semi-centennial of the founding of the Academy. 
 
 The Committee of Arrangements begs to announce that 
 public exercises will be held on January 29, 1897, at 
 Carnegie Hall, to be followed later in the evening by a 
 reception at the Academy of Medicine. 
 
 The programme will be substantially as follows: 
 
 Address by President Cleveland. 
 
 Oration by Dr. A. Jacobi. 
 
 Addresses by one or more of the founders of the 
 Academy. 
 
 Each Fellow of the Academy will be entitled to two 
 reserved seat tickets (good until 8 p.m.), and also to one 
 ticket, admitting two, to the reception at the Academy. 
 
 The expenses of the celebration will be about $3,500, 
 and the committee asks from each Fellow of the Academy 
 a subscription of $5 or more. 
 
 Tickets will be issued in the order of application; you 
 will therefore kindly fill out the enclosed card, stating 
 whether you intend to be present, and also the amount 
 of your subscription. 
 
 It is hoped that all the members of the Academy 
 whether expecting to be present or not, will subscribe 
 liberally, as it is intended to make the occasion a memo- 
 rable one in the history of the Academy. 
 
 Wm. M. Polk, M.D., 
 Chairman Committee of Arrangements. 
 Edward D. Fisher^ M.D., 
 
 Secretary. 
 

 INVITATION TO THE CELEBRATION 
 
 The President and Council 
 request the pleasure of your company 
 
 at the 
 
 Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 of 
 
 The New York Academy of Medicine, 
 
 on Friday evening, January the twenty-ninth. 
 
 Joseph D. Bryant, M.D., 
 
 Reginald H. Sayre, M.D., 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON ARRANGEMENTS: 
 
 William M. Polk, M.D., Chairman, 
 Robert F. Weir, M.D., D. B. St. John Roosa, M.D., 
 
 William T. Lusk, M.D., Edward G. Janeway, M.D., 
 
 Charles McBumey, M.D., Landon Carter Gray, M.D., 
 
 A. Alex. Smith, M.D., Edward D. Fisher, M.D. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON INVITATION: 
 
 John H. Girdner, M.D., Chairman, 
 Egbert H. Grandin, M.D., Charles Inslee Pardee, M.D., 
 
 Clarence C. Rice, M.D., Prince A. Morrow, M.D. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON ENTERTAINMENT: 
 
 Daniel Lewis, M.D., Chairman, 
 M. Allen Starr, M.D., Arthur M. Jacobus, M.D., ' 
 
 H. Holbrook Curtis, M.D Nathan E. Brill M.D., 
 
 Clement Cleveland, M.D., T. Matlack Cheesman, M.D. 
 
' , c c r 
 
 r c ct c cc c t r 
 
 c'c'e*^', rr c« 
 
 r / r ,c c * ' "^ c c c * 
 
 c re c'^t' rfcttc 
 
 EXERCISES AT CARNEGIE HALL 
 
 January 29, 1897. 
 
 PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES AT CARNEGIE 
 
 HALL. 
 
 INVOCATION, 
 Right Rev. Bishop Potter, LL.D. 
 
 ADDRESS, 
 Joseph D. Bryant, M.D., 
 
 President of the New York Academy of Medicine. 
 
 Music. 
 
 ADDRESSES, 
 
 Samuel S. Purple, M.D., and Lewis A. Sayre, M.D,, 
 
 of the Founders of the New York Academy of Medicine. 
 
 Music. 
 
 ORATION, 
 
 A. Jacobi, M.D., 
 
 an ex-President of the New York Academy of Medicine 
 
 Music. 
 
 ADDRESS, 
 The President of the United States, Hon. Grover Cleveland. 
 
 Music. 
 
ADDRESS 
 BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY, 
 
 JOSEPH D. BRYANT, M.D. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 
 As presiding officer of the occasion, it gives me great 
 pleasure, on behalf of the Fellows of the New York 
 Academy of Medicine, to extend to all a cordial welcome 
 to the semi-centennial anniversary of the foundation of 
 the organization. We greet you with a keen sense of 
 appreciation of the honor your presence confers, and ven- 
 ture to express the hope of a continuance of your friendly 
 regard in time to come. And, too, we hasten to acknowl- 
 edge our profound obligations to those whose beneficent 
 aid and loyal support have reared from comparative insig- 
 nificance to sturdy manhood a medical body coequal with 
 the other learned professions of the city, in material and 
 scientific possessions. 
 
 Your attention is respectfully directed to the expres- 
 sion indicating the medical purposes of the organization, 
 which are, in the language of the constitution of the Acad- 
 emy, '' the promotion of the science and art of medicine, 
 including the maintenance of a public library." How well 
 these aims have been observed will be told to you by the 
 orator of the evening, and, therefore, needs no mention 
 at this time. Neither does it require the utterance of 
 pointed or extended statements to indicate the reason 
 for the presence of this distinguished and kindly gather- 
 ing of the friends of the Academy of Medicine, for the 
 generous regard exhibited by you at this time is a self- 
 evident expression of the natural delight experienced by all 
 
^-nir"^ 
 
 *•• • t • <>* • %« 
 
 lo ''"•'*''• '7»^^ 'S^jHi-C*ekfennial Celebration 
 
 good people in the realization of the happy outcome of 
 commendable endeavor under all circumstances. 
 
 The Fellows of the New York Academy of Medicine 
 and their friends signalize with exceeding gladness to- 
 night their appreciation of the wise conception of fifty 
 years ago, and of the magnificent issue — an issue the 
 product of continued effort, stimulated by public pride 
 and professional fidelity. The attainment by the organi- 
 zation of its grand home and scientific belongings can 
 be regarded in no other light than as an earnest of its 
 rapidly advancing importance, based on an awakened 
 professional esprit dii corps and a higher station in pub- 
 lic confidence and esteem. The cohesive efforts of mem- 
 bers of our vocation, directed to the establishment and 
 maintenance of tangible evidences of progress and en- 
 lightenment that serve to beautify and contribute to the 
 importance of the commonwealth of which they are a por- 
 tion, engender a healthy and extended consideration for 
 our profession on the part of those whose civic pride and 
 patriotism constitute them as public benefactors. 
 
 It is said, sometimes, that many of our calling regard 
 their duty to society as completed when they shall have 
 ministered to the maladies of those 07ily whose good fort- 
 une enables them to solicit the attention. Certainly, 
 there is no class of citizens that can add more to the 
 stability and moral excellence of a body politic than can 
 those whose professional duty it is to understand and 
 remedy the ill effects of the violations of law and order 
 on the physical and mental vigor of its people; and, when 
 it is recalled that the medical profession of this city alone 
 ministers annually, in the hospitals and dispensaries, to 
 the physical misfortunes of more than half a million of 
 her needy residents, without the expectation of pecuniary 
 recompense or other reward than that which attends well- 
 doing and experience, then, indeed, it can be said with 
 
Address oj the President of the Academy ii 
 
 all modesty of the medical profession, that it contributes 
 a royal part to the health and comfort of the physically 
 oppressed of the community. Nor is the zeal in the labor 
 lessened by the knowledge of the fact that the possessors 
 of plenty often so masquerade in the manner and habili- 
 ment of poverty as to secure by illicit method the ad- 
 vantage of charity's price. 
 
 The rewards of this labor are potent and far-reaching. 
 The usefulness of the distressed is extended; their self- 
 respect is increased, and gratitude is established in hearts 
 where before it had but a fickle tenure; and thus is begot- 
 ten a higher sense of accountability to the mandates of 
 good citizenship, and a firmer grasp on the minds of the 
 public of the benefits of self-government. Nor is this all 
 that the medical profession is ready and glad to do. In 
 every question and emergency of a sanitary nature that 
 relates to the corporeal and commercial welfare of the 
 people, the profession gives unsparingly and with earnest 
 desire its best physical efforts and wisest mental concep- 
 tions. Striking examples of this course of action on the 
 part of the profession, as represented by Fellows of the 
 New York Academy of Medicine, are witnessed in con- 
 nection with Quarantine, the Health Department of this 
 city, the Croton water-shed, and other instances; all being 
 matters of such recent history as to require but a men- 
 tion now to recall, not only those stirring occasions, but 
 also the character, the value, and the outcome of their 
 patient and untiring efforts. 
 
 These evidences of professional public spirit were wel- 
 come and dutiful offerings, expressive of the fact that 
 physicians, like all other citizens, hesitate at no sacrifice 
 in the interest of the public good. Although the com- 
 parative paucity of the substantial rewards of their calling 
 renders impossible the giving of munificent pecuniary con- 
 tributions, still, their special knowledge, bodily comfort, 
 
12 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 and personal safety are bestowed with a freedom that out- 
 weighs in the scale of human experience the giving of 
 the grosser gains of unprofessional endeavor. 
 
 However this may be, there yet remains the fact that 
 physicians, like other citizens, share in the favors of en- 
 lightened control, and, therefore, like them, owe an un- 
 swerving allegiance to the principles that contemplate the 
 greatest good to the greatest number, as attained through 
 every path of human exertion. Therefore, to those of 
 generous heart and benevolent purpose we say, that which 
 we have shall be joined with yours, together with a prayer 
 that both shall augment the wisdom and strength of the 
 needy in every walk of life. 
 
 Fifty years ago 184 prominent members of the medi- 
 cal profession of this city founded the New York Acad- 
 emy of Medicine. Of this number, eight are yet in the 
 ranks of the living, two of whom will honor this occasion 
 — ^as all have honored the profession — with words of wise 
 significance. 
 
 ADDRESS OF SAMUEL S. PURPLE, M.D. 
 
 Mr. President, Friends, and Fellows of the Nezv York Acad^ 
 
 emy of Medicine: 
 
 Occasions like the present naturally call up remem- 
 brances of the past; these, in detail, I will leave for those 
 who follow me, and will confine my remarks briefly to 
 the spirit, scope, and needs of this institution. 
 
 The inspirations of the midnight hour of November 18, 
 1846, when the cause of the widows and orphans of medi- 
 cal men pleaded not in vain, will ever be remembered 
 as the initial point of this institution. The spirit of that 
 benevolent occasion, fostered and encouraged by the good 
 and true men of the medical profession there assembled, 
 
Address oj Samuel S. Purple, M,D, 13 
 
 culminated on January 13, 1847, in the adoption of the 
 constitution and by-laws of the New York Academy of 
 Medicine, which in spirit and power have for the past 
 fifty years fulfilled nobly the purpose for which they were 
 created. They still remain a bulwark for the future guide 
 and protection of this institution. 
 
 The motives which moved the founders of this Academy 
 in their work were the creation of an institution which 
 should be a barrier between quackery and medical in- 
 tegrity — the establishment of a stringent motive for ethical 
 observance — a desire to stand well among one's fellows, 
 and a determined step toward professional harmony and 
 sentiment in the suppression of pretension and the sup- 
 port of purity of medical character. May these motives 
 be ever the same in this Academy, their course ever on- 
 ward, and in the language of another, may this institu- 
 tion ever exist a shelter for the good, a warning and 
 terror to the vicious, a stimulus to and a reward for high 
 and holy action, and a defender of our one faith and 
 common altar. 
 
 But there were other motives that moved the founders 
 of this Academy, and which have been constantly kept in 
 view; these are embraced in the cultivation of the science 
 of medicine, the elevation of the standard of medical edu- 
 cation, the promotion of public health, the procurement 
 of a building to be devoted to the Academy, one in which 
 all the regular members of the profession could meet on 
 common ground. These objects have, in the main, been 
 realized. But there was still another, which was early 
 entertained by the founders, but which did not take on 
 formal development until 1876, and this was the estab- 
 lishment of a great medical library, free to all, one that 
 would fully meet the present and future wants of the 
 medical profession in this great city. It does not, per- 
 haps, become me to enter even upon a general description 
 
14 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 of the methods by which these results have, in the main, 
 been accomplished. Suffice it to say that the New York 
 Academy of Medicine has now a free library at the service 
 of the profession and the public of 50,000 volumes, a medi- 
 cal library which is only excelled in this country by that 
 of the Surgeon-General's office in Washington, and that 
 is cared for and sustained by the general government. 
 Our library, to adequately fulfil the requirements of the 
 present and the demands of the future, greatly needs the 
 early enlargement of the library fund. The present year 
 offers to the friends of this institution the opportunity to 
 aid in this particular the good work in which it is engaged. 
 
 In 1877 the honorable the Legislature of the State of 
 New York, on the application of the founders of this 
 Academy, granted a special charter, conferring certain 
 powers and privileges upon the Academy, in the nature 
 of a trust. By this charter the trust funds are completely 
 protected, and the knowledge of this fact, we hope, will 
 lead our friends to aid in the completion of the library 
 endowment fund. When this is accomplished, the library 
 will be able to meet the wants of its thousands of readers. 
 
 The marked interest that the wise, the good, and the 
 wealthy men of our city are manifesting in literary facili- 
 ties, show that New York is fast becoming the literary 
 centre of America. Who of the many thousands that 
 travel on the elevated railway that winds along the eastern 
 slope of Morningside Park, has failed to observe that 
 grand structure which looms up in the western horizon, 
 which Columbia's noble benefactor is erecting and endow- 
 ing as a home for her library? Such munificent acts of 
 private benevolence call for the admiration and gratitude 
 of the public, alike to that rendered him who wielded 
 armies for the public good. 
 
 Casting my eye over this vast assembly and observing 
 the thousands of ladies that grace this occasion, I am 
 
Address oj Samuel S. PurplCy M,D. 15 
 
 reminded of the fact that they are our best patrons and 
 our warmest friends. No stronger illustration is needed 
 to confirm the truth of this assertion than is found in 
 the history of this Academy. The special charter of 1877 
 places all the personal and real estate of the Academy 
 in the hands of its five trustees, in the form of a general 
 permanent trust fund. The amount of this fund at the 
 present time slightly exceeds $300,000; of this amount, 
 three lady friends (and God bless them) have contributed 
 more than $100,000. May their good example be fol- 
 lowed in the coming half-century by some of those who 
 are here to-night. 
 
 But Mr. President, I will close these desultory re- 
 marks. In looking back upon the career of this Academy 
 for the past fifty years, its founders, who, it has been said, 
 "builded better than they knew," observe with pleasure 
 and becoming pride that their highest anticipations have 
 been reahzed. They still recognize the inspirations of that 
 benevolent occasion when the cause of the widow and 
 orphan pleaded not in vain, and they most fervently pray 
 that that God who guided and protected the children of 
 Israel in their passage through the Red Sea will, in his 
 own good time and way, guide and protect this institution 
 in efforts to prepare the best means to relieve the down- 
 cast, heal the sick, and to encourage and guide the junior 
 members of the medical profession of this great city to 
 good work and good deeds. 
 
 Mr. President, I thank you for the privileges of this 
 occasion. 
 
1 6 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 ADDRESS OF LEWIS A. SAYRE, M.D. 
 
 Mr. President, Fellows of the Academy, Ladies and Gentle- 
 men: 
 
 I remember very well the evening when the idea of 
 forming the Academy of Medicine was first suggested. 
 
 It was after the annual dinner of the Society for the 
 Relief of the Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, or- 
 ganized by the late Dr. Edward Delafield, and which, up 
 to that time, had always held its annual dinners at the 
 Astor House. 
 
 This occasion afforded the only opportunity the pro- 
 fession had for social intercourse. It is true that there 
 were various small medical clubs in different parts of the 
 city at that time, but their members never met at a com- 
 mon gathering, except at this yearly banquet, when the 
 large dining-room and spacious parlors of the Astor House 
 offered a delightful opportunity for professional discus- 
 sions after the dinner was over. On this particular occa- 
 sion we did not meet at the Astor House, as usual, but 
 at Peteler's, a fashionable restaurant on Broadway, near 
 Prince Street. During the course of the evening, the 
 subject of forming a new society was discussed, which 
 should have a building of its own, in which the various 
 departments of the profession could have a permanent 
 home, and in which could be collected a library which 
 should be worthy of the profession, and an honor as well 
 as an ornament to the city. The County Medical Society 
 was, at that time, the only organization that could grant 
 the legal power to practise medicine in this city; it had, 
 however, fallen into disrepute through having failed in the 
 discharge of its official duties, and in maintaining the honor 
 and dignity of the profession. 
 
 It was therefore thought best by many of its mem- 
 
Address oj Lewts A. Sayre^ M.D. 17 
 
 bers to organize a new society, which should be governed 
 by a code of ethics, similar to that subsequently adopted 
 by the American Medical Association, at its organiza- 
 tion in Philadelphia. 
 
 We elected for our first president Dr. John Stearns, 
 on account of his great ability as a presiding officer, his 
 agreeable, affable manners, his sterling integrity, and high 
 sense of professional honor. 
 
 This wise choice of a president did much to raise the 
 Academy in the public estimation, and put it on a proper 
 basis for future usefulness. 
 
 One of the first acts of the Academy was to petition 
 the Legislature to establish a Board of Commissioners 
 of Health, to look after the sanitary condition of the city; 
 this board to consist of scientific physicians of experience, 
 and practical sanitary engineers, who were to be appointed 
 irrespective of politics, and to be given almost unlimited 
 control of everything pertaining to the public health. 
 
 The wisdom of this action is very apparent at the pres- 
 ent time, for, on referring to our table of vital statistics, 
 we find that the death-rate of the city of New York com- 
 pares most favorably with that of any other city, either 
 in this country or in Europe. 
 
 As the good sanitary condition of the city has a direct 
 influence on its commerce, we at once see the immense 
 importance of the medical profession to the city's wel- 
 fare. When pestilence or epidemics prevail, trade and 
 commerce are immediately suspended, and millions on 
 millions of money lost. Then comes the scientific phy- 
 sician to the rescue, with the knowledge which he has 
 acquired in his bacteriological laboratory and his practical 
 sanitary experience; the city is saved and commerce re- 
 sumes its sway. 
 
 After fifty years of steady growth in membership, in 
 social influence, and in scientific advancement, the Acad- 
 
1 8 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 emy stands to-day an efficient bulwark and protection to 
 the public health, not alone of this city and State, but 
 of the whole country. 
 
 A committee of twenty-one of its most distinguished 
 members has for two years recommended to Congress 
 legislation which, if adopted, would save thousands of 
 lives annually, and eventually stamp out tuberculosis and 
 certain other infectious diseases from our midst. While 
 the committee has not yet succeeded in securing a 
 National Board of Health, it feels certain that this re- 
 form cannot be delayed much longer, and I take this 
 opportunity, on behalf of the committee, and of the Acad- 
 emy itself, to thank the President of the United States, 
 who honors us with his presence to-night, for the advice 
 and support he gave our committee at all times, in its 
 efforts to induce Congress to adopt its suggestions. 
 
 The President then introduced the orator of the occa- 
 sion, A. Jacobi, M.D., who delivered the following oration: 
 
 THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL OF THE NEW YORK 
 ACADEMY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Mr. President! 
 
 Mr. President and Fellows of the Nezu York Academy 
 of Medicine, Ladies and Gentlemen: One century has ex- 
 panded this nation of three millions into its present popu- 
 lation of seventy. Its democratic constitution attracted 
 Europeans weary of class differences, prejudices, and suf- 
 ferings. Liberty and equality, inscribed on its flag, opened 
 opportunities to intelligence and diligence, roused legiti- 
 mate rivalry, and developed inventive genius and inde- 
 pendence of character. While inventive genius, coupled 
 with industry, led to prosperity, independence of char- 
 acter found or fought its way out of political errors or 
 
Address oj A, Jacohij M.D, 19 
 
 actual calamities, sometimes without, other times with the 
 guidance of clear-headed, unselfish, determined, and con- 
 sistent leaders. But a young nation in its infancy has, 
 properly speaking, no preconceived designs. It is like 
 a product of nature, unfolding spontaneously. In evolv- 
 ing its organic life it rises to self-consciousness, and possi- 
 bly to the development of an ideal. 
 
 It was on the same democratic basis that one-half of 
 a century ago the New York Academy of Medicine was 
 founded. But it differed from the national commonwealth 
 in this, that it required no time to exhibit concerted aims 
 or definite plans. Nor was it without an ideal from its 
 beginning. It was well understood that our Academy was 
 to differ materially from what is called an academy of 
 medicine in Europe. A European academy is always a 
 government institution, in some way or other supported 
 by centralized national means. Its members comprise the 
 intellectual and sometimes the social heads of the pro- 
 fession only. Young faces are but seldom seen among 
 its fellows. Membership is, as a rule, obtained after a 
 long life of successful scientific pursuits only. Their labors 
 and efforts are not intended for practical aims or objects, 
 but they become beneficent by the action of that logical 
 force which ordains that there is no scientific result, no 
 truth ever so abstruse, but will finally terminate in some 
 tangible application. Though all this be true, the limita- 
 tion and exclusiveness of membership results in a sort of 
 aristocratic estrangement from the masses of the profes- 
 sion, and still more from the community at large. 
 
 The New York Academy of Medicine has a broader basis. 
 The high and lowly, the old and young, the mature and 
 ^the youthfully ambitious, though they represented the 
 most different and various types, combined for the same 
 purposes. 
 
 According to a circular issued years ago, in the pos- 
 
20 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 session of many, the Academy is not connected with any 
 school or college. It is self-supporting-, and carried on 
 in the interest of the whole profession. There are no fees 
 or emoluments of a private or individual nature. It is a 
 democratic community, with equal duties and rights. It 
 is not subsidized by the State or municipal corporation. 
 Its aims are the elevation of the profession to a higher 
 scientific standard for increased public usefulness. We 
 claim that these aims concern the public as much as they 
 do the profession. Increased scientific attainments on the 
 part of the medical men of the country secure to the peo- 
 ple great advantages and more effective service. Here 
 it is that the interests of the nation and of the profession 
 meet. Ay, I shall prove to you that the immediate inter- 
 ests of the whole community have for many years been 
 uppermost in the creed and in the deeds of the Academy. 
 Indeed, there is abundance of evidence to demonstrate that 
 the Academy deserves the general interest and sympathy 
 exhibited to-night by so many distinguished, not only in 
 society but in all the professions, and in literature and 
 science; ay, by the Chief Magistrate of the nation. 
 
 The history of the New York Academy of Medicine as 
 a scientific institution is contemporaneous with that of 
 modern medicine as created by Virchow and the Ger- 
 man school which rapidly rose and broadened into scientific 
 cosmopolitanism. In this wonderful evolution the Acad- 
 emy has freely participated. It was fully prepared for 
 it by its ancestry. That ancestry was Anglo-Saxon medi- 
 cine, which, since Sydenham, never swerved for any length 
 of time nor suffered from philosophical theories built on 
 clouds, nor from the chaos of mysticism which reigned 
 supreme in a part of the European continent dur- 
 ing the first half of this century. The American medical 
 profession, like its Anglo-Saxon ancestry, was penetrated 
 by the spirit of intelligent scrutiny. The best of the one 
 
Address oj A, Jacobiy M.D. 21 
 
 hundred and eighty-four founders of the Academy de- 
 veloped it, the plainer men shared it. The fifty years of 
 its existence have furnished wonderful proof of the facile 
 adaptation of Anglo-Saxon clinical empiricism to the 
 equally solid results of modern pathology, histology, and 
 bacteriology. 
 
 The very first paper printed in 1847 for the Academy 
 was a historical sketch, by Pliny Earle, of the institutions 
 for the insane in the United States of America. Much 
 later, in 1861, Parigot read his paper on moral insanity 
 in relation to criminal acts. The interest in that all-im- 
 portant subject, so replete with dangers both to the actual 
 or alleged criminal and to human society, has never died 
 out in the Academy, until it could sustain a few years 
 ago the movement to transfer our insane to State care, 
 with which the name of Louisa Lee Schuyler will forever 
 be indelibly connected. The report of a committee upon 
 the comparative value of milk formed from the slops of 
 distilleries and other food, in 1848, was followed by one 
 on solidified milk, in 1854, and another one on city milk, 
 in 1859. William H. Van Buren's and Gurdon Buck's 
 papers on tracheotomy in croup, and Van Buren's on hip- 
 joint amputation, were read in 1850. Valentine Mott's 
 (the first to operate for aneurism of the innominata) re- 
 marks on the importance of anaesthesia from chloroform 
 date from 1848; his case of aneurism and ligature of the 
 left subclavian artery from 185 1. Not long after, C. E. 
 Isaacs communicated his original work on the structure 
 and physiology of the kidney, 1856; and John C. Dalton 
 his memorable researches on the anatomy of the placenta 
 in 1858. 
 
 Some time previously the accessibility of the larynx and 
 bronchial tubes was first proven in the Academy by Hor- 
 ace Green; that was more than forty years ago. The 
 cholera epidemics of previous times were the subjects of 
 
22 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 papers, thoroughly enjoyable to-day, by John W. Francis. 
 The diphtheria discussion of January, i860, was an in- 
 centive to observation and study all over the States and 
 beyond. Gurdon Buck invented his and our present 
 method of treating femoral fractures, in 1861. J. Marion 
 Sims, whose statue adorns Bryant Park, benefited man- 
 kind by his silver sutures, by improved and by new opera- 
 tions, and by many papers and discussions. John Watson 
 wrote for the Academy his learned history of medical men 
 in ancient times in 1856. On the floor of the Academy 
 J. T. Leaming, after P. Camman had faciHtated diagnosis 
 by the double stethoscope, still in use, taught his brilliant 
 theories of the functions of the pleura and of the respira- 
 tory murmurs. 
 
 Not long after (1863), Louis Elsberg instructed the pro- 
 fession in the topical medication of the larynx and neigh- 
 boring organs under sight. John C. Dalton spoke on 
 "Vivisection, What it Is, and What it Has Accomplished," 
 in 1866; and the Academy published Robert T. Edes's prize 
 essay, 1869, on the physiology and pathology of the sym- 
 pathetic or gangUonic nervous system; also a report of 
 William C. Roberts on the causes of death and disease in 
 the metropolis, 1868. There were also notable discussions 
 on cholera, on chronic metritis, on ventilation, and on sani- 
 tary police in 1866, and the paper in 1867, by A. C. Post, 
 on the curative effects of blood-letting. There were con- 
 tributions by Willard Parker, Alonzo Clark, Austin Flint, 
 and a host of others, whose names will not be forgotten, 
 though they be not mentioned here. For it cannot be 
 my intention to review all the Academy has accomplished 
 during its lifetime. What I have told you refers to those 
 whose faces and voices are known to our memories only. 
 Indeed, while I was glancing over the sacred list of the 
 one hundred and eighty-four founders, my eye was ar- 
 rested by at least forty names of men who, by original 
 
Address of A. Jacohiy M.D, 23 
 
 investigations and contributions, have deserved well of the 
 science and art of medicine. 
 
 As to those still living, a single allusion must suffice. 
 One of the later great results of academic work was the 
 memorable discussion on intubation of the larynx in croup, 
 on June 2, 1887. It followed the discoverer's long-contin- 
 ued labors and his paper on ''Intubation versus Trache- 
 otomy," and carried the renown and influence of American 
 ingenuity all over the globe. Let me also mention the 
 debates of last year on the diphtheria antitoxin, which 
 have contributed much to the study and dissemination 
 of the employment of that beneficent antidote. 
 
 Such are the method and line of work by which this 
 American institution has exhibited its power, enlarged its 
 sphere of influence, and rivalled the countries of old 
 Europe. Such is the kind of competition that is bid a hearty 
 welcome all over the world. That is the only kind of 
 interference with and combination against Europe which, 
 without collision, but with co-operation, is worthy of the 
 great American people. There is your reciprocity with- 
 out a treaty, indeed, not only reciprocity of mutual giving 
 and taking, but the proof of intellectual solidarity and 
 fraternity of civilized mankind. 
 
 The distinctive feature, however, of the New York 
 Academy of Medicine, as a peculiarly American institu- 
 tion, is not its merely scientific work. This it has in com- 
 mon with similar organizations in monarchical countries. 
 Its characteristic superiority consists in this, that it is com- 
 posed of citizens. The American is or ought to be the 
 ''soon politikon,'' the political creature of Aristotle, a co- 
 operative cell in the organism of society. From that 
 point of view let me glance over the fields on which you 
 will find the members of this association in full activity; 
 let me indicate what they are doing for you individually 
 as practitioners; for you as a community as sanitarians. 
 
24 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 to the utter neglect of self-interest; let me also show the 
 relation of the Academy to its own members and to other 
 scientific bodies. Finally, let me consider what it and you 
 combined may be capable of achieving for the future of 
 medicine and of mankind. 
 
 As practitioners, the members of the profession, acade- 
 micians and others, have amply satisfied the reasonable 
 expectations of the sick in the community. In former 
 times almost every man, the most illustrious surgeon of 
 the day not excepted, was a general practitioner. Special- 
 ists were not so numerous as they are to-day; indeed, there 
 existed but few. These were men of ripe, general expe- 
 rience, who would confine their work to a special organ 
 or line of practice. When medical science broadened out 
 and its progress depended on thoroughly specialistic study 
 and research, the big old tree divided up into branches 
 and branchlets; and in the practice of medicine the num- 
 ber of specialists, both mature and immature, justifiable 
 or otherwise, increased almost incredibly. Time will be 
 demanded to correct the mistakes and incongruities of 
 overgrowth. Meanwhile, I am glad to be able to assure 
 you that general practitioners still exist, and also that 
 many specialists, known or unknown, as the case may be, 
 have not ceased to be doctors. You know them well and 
 intimately. Your doctor is summoned night or day, by 
 your servant, or your telegram, or telephone. You order, 
 there he is. He is expected to aid you with therapeutical 
 and other means — therapos means servant; and to cure — 
 the very word means care. If ever there is a class of 
 persons who deserve to be decorated with the device ''Ich 
 dien" "I serve," it is your doctor. He must not know, 
 he does not know, the difference between night and day. 
 With doleful jealousy he might hear of the efforts of 
 philosophers, philanthropists, statesmen, and even of poli- 
 ticians, in favor of an eight-hour or ten-hour day. He is 
 
Address of A. Jacobi, M.D. 25 
 
 expected and willing to work indefinitely to lighten some- 
 body's burden, like sun, or moon, or stars, that know of no 
 rest. If anybody, your doctor is not the lily in the field 
 that does not spin. 
 
 The same doctor goes a few streets to a hospital or to 
 a dispensary. There he serves the poor, or the alleged 
 poor. One of the hundreds of necessary and unnecessary 
 institutions of the kind with which different grades of 
 exigency, or philanthropy, or officiousness, or greed, or 
 the wants of a teaching institution, have suppHed the city 
 claims his service. He meets the poor and also those who 
 don the clothing of their servants to appear poor, some- 
 times those who leave their carriage and footman around 
 the corner. He must not complain. He has heard of the 
 woman in the Gospel who, before she appHed to the Mas- 
 ter Healer, is said to have "suffered many things from 
 the physicians"; and concludes that the time has now come 
 when the physician is to suffer from the many. Thus he 
 aids, though ever so unwiUingly, in robbing himself and 
 his professional brethren, and in demoralizing and pauper- 
 izing a goodly part of the community. That is another 
 unwelcome outgrowth of modern science and phi- 
 lanthropy, to correct which time and thought, and the co- 
 operation of the profession and the public, are urgently 
 demanded. 
 
 Thus he works on and on. It is but a few weeks ago 
 that an old practitioner told me of his life. It was all 
 work and never so much as a vacation. Exhausted he 
 was at night, tired in the morning. He lived on the stimu- 
 lants of duty performed, and on the intellectual and 
 moral interest he took in his work, complaining only that 
 he could not do it to his own satisfaction. Perhaps some 
 of you remember having gazed at a statue in Munich. 
 It represents a youth climbing upward, passing disdain- 
 fully the golden calf to attain what he evidently believes 
 
26 The Seini-Centennial Celebration 
 
 to be a crown of laurel in the hands of the goddess. What 
 he finally snatches is a crown of thorns. Still he climbs, 
 maybe to reach the stars, to which Ralph Waldo Emerson 
 bids us hitch our wagons. In spite of failures, I say to 
 my young friends, hitch your wagon to the stars. Not 
 everybody falls like Icarus, and the horizon enlarges from 
 the heights. This your horizon, let it be vast; unless it 
 be so, both the morals and the science and art of medicine 
 will suffer. It is from that point of view also that I exhort 
 my friends, either pure scientists or practitioners, never 
 to forget that there is no antagonism between the two 
 classes. The time is past, and partly through the efforts 
 of your Academy, when the pure scientist looked upon 
 practice as inferior, and the practitioner on pure science 
 as beyond the pale and unpractical. Helmholtz, than 
 whom this century has produced no more intense worker 
 in pure science, proclaimed that mere knowledge is not 
 the aim of man ; that you may dignify it in two ways only, 
 either by applying or by enlarging it. Knowledge with- 
 out its application in the service of mankind, is like a 
 Hbrary without readers, a museum without visitors, a sym- 
 phony without hearers. Apply what you know and daily 
 learn in the community's service. Do not forget that there 
 is no power more worth possessing and inestimable than 
 life and health. That truth is certainly in the minds of 
 the American public, misguided though it be, when it feels 
 like paying $200,000,000 annually for proprietary drugs. 
 Nor should you be discouraged by what Pliny said and 
 others credulously accept: ''Say you are a physician, and 
 you will be believed. Detract from your neighbor, and you 
 will be considered superior." Mind what you may have 
 read over the gate of a Swiss hospital, ''Res sacra miser.'* 
 So your community, when in danger of health or life, is 
 ''res sacra'' to you. 
 
 What has the Academy done for its members? As a 
 
Address oj A. Jacobi, M.D, 27 
 
 previous practice of three years in the city is required of 
 a candidate, and the scrutiny of the committee on admis- 
 sion is always painstaking and fearless, the average stand- 
 ing and proficiency of the fellows is high and their moral 
 tone elevated. The committee on ethics of former de- 
 cades has, therefore, been abolished, together with the 
 abrogation of the official code. No authoritative body of 
 rules is required or recognized in place of the unwritten 
 law of gentlemen. Alleged cases of transgression are rele- 
 gated to the decision of the Council, but none was required 
 for years. In the Academy of Medicine there are no pro- 
 fessional politics. It is considered neutral ground, and the 
 differences of schools, cliques, and combinations are sup- 
 posed to be left behind when a fellow passes the entrance 
 gate. Still, we are not all angels. That secret will come 
 out some day, and may as well be whispered in public. 
 That is why questions beyond the domain of the Academy 
 are, however, forced in sometimes. That is to be deplored. 
 Battle-fields there are as many in New York City as in 
 the Virginia Wilderness, or about Lake George or ancient 
 Rome; but Rome had its temples of Vesta and Peace. Let 
 the profession of New York remember and revere the 
 Academy as the one temple of safety, impartiality, and 
 neutrality. 
 
 To none has the Academy been of more service than 
 to the younger members. To become fellows after a fair 
 examination of their claims to admission is in itself an 
 honor and improves their standing. Besides, all of the 
 eleven sections have been in working order these twelve 
 years. That means that eleven times as many fellows 
 found a direct encouragement for work, both in private 
 and in public. In the section meetings, the future officers 
 of the Academy and teachers of the profession find a new 
 incentive to labor and research, and are always certain of 
 an appreciative audience. 
 
28 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 Our relations to the public at large and to the city and 
 State have frequently been the subject of discussion. You 
 may have been told that we demand special class legisla- 
 tion. If that were true, we, democratic American citi- 
 zens, should be on the level of German students before 
 they were deprived of their clannish jurisdiction, or of the 
 Prussian military officer, whose morale is based on his 
 sword, and sense of justice on the prerogatives of his de- 
 generate nobility. In a few words, the public may learn 
 the attempts on the part of the profession to secure a so- 
 called special legislation. These twenty years we have 
 been fighting in Albany for a preliminary education of 
 matriculants, also for State examinations as a condition 
 upon which alone the license to practise should be 
 awarded. We, the Academy, in conjunction with the rest 
 of the profession, have worked to increase the duration 
 and the number of college courses. The profession, par- 
 ticularly as it is represented in the Medical Society of the 
 State of New York, has secured laws against quackery, 
 and the Medical Society of the County of New York has 
 undertaken to extinguish it in this city. This committee 
 sacrifices its time, and the society its own money, to com- 
 bat frauds, quacks, and diploma mills. That does not look 
 like class egotism. You should admit it is something 
 entirely different unless you wish a low grade of knowl- 
 edge in your medical advisers. 
 
 Your Academy and your profession were ever of the 
 opinion that there must be no free trade in human flesh. 
 Many of your old doctors were abohtionists when this 
 nation was still disgraced by slavery. All of the old and 
 young members who are imbued with respect for human 
 Hfe and health, and with the sense of their own responsi- 
 bility, have combined to do your fighting, the com- 
 munity's fighting, against the dangers of quackery. It 
 is not the existence of the profession, it is the safety of 
 
Address oj A. Jacohij M.D. 29 
 
 you, the public, that is enhanced by your special legisla- 
 tion. Two things I have been told: sometimes one was 
 that, no matter how low the standard of medical men was 
 in some parts of the country, they were always superior 
 to their community; the other word was, doctors were 
 generally better than the public deserved or deserves. You 
 can prove that such is not the case by co-operating with 
 your doctors. We beg of you, we insist upon it, that 
 you and your delegates, the legislators in Albany, may 
 continue to protect you and yours from the inroads of 
 charlatanry and ignorance. Do not forget, however, I 
 speak here of the battle against positive ignorance, as- 
 sumption, and downright illegal quackery. 
 
 The Academy does neither recognize nor fear, as in 
 times long gone by, isms and sects, and for that very 
 reason does not propose to war against them or even to 
 denounce them. In its whole history of the last quarter 
 of a century and perhaps longer, I fail to read of a case 
 of persecution of a man or of a body of men directed 
 against their scientific principles or prejudices. Moreover, 
 to discuss honest scientific errors, alleged or real, in an 
 inimical spirit is to endow them with new life. If there 
 was animosity, it has been dying fast. Not that I mean 
 to say that the medical world was always just. Semmel- 
 weiss, who was driven by his alleged peers into an insane 
 asylum because he preached and practised upon the knowl- 
 edge of the contagion of puerperal fever, about the same 
 time that our own Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote his won- 
 derful essay on the same subject, or our own Atlee, who 
 was vilified and harassed because of his leading in an 
 operation that at present is of daily occurrence, are evi- 
 dences of shortsightedness and impressibility. Still, after 
 having observed and co-operated with the profession in this 
 city these forty-three, and with the Academy of Medicine 
 these forty years, I know, though errors may have crept 
 
30 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 in, that none but the purest and most altruistic motives 
 have governed the actions of the profession. Least of all 
 is Herbert Spencer correct when he says that "the in- 
 corporation of authorized practitioners has developed a 
 trades-union spirit which leads to jealousy of the unincor- 
 porated practitioners, that is, the irregulars; and, like the 
 religious priesthood, the priesthood of medicine persecutes 
 heretics and those who are without diplomas." I trust the 
 great philosopher's sympathy with heretics and those who 
 are without diplomas will never revenjsfe itself upon him 
 and his health. 
 
 Great questions of the day have always inspired the 
 medical profession. Both old Socrates and modern Kant 
 expected the light pre-eminently from medicine. It is 
 true that in the politics of our country we have but few 
 medical combatants, compared with the good done by 
 medical statesmen in Europe; but that of Benjamin Rush 
 outweighs many names not belonging to his and our pro- 
 fession; and until the latest time physicians have partici- 
 pated in your reform movements. The Committee of 
 Seventy of 1872 had among its most active members one 
 of the most prominent men the New York Academy of 
 Medicine ever counted among its own, Ernst Krackowizer. 
 In public concerns the Academy was always interested. 
 It took the initiative in many movements, the realization 
 of which had long to wait. Medical school inspection, 
 inaugurated just now, was urged by the profession in open 
 meetings twenty-five years ago, and again by members 
 of the Academy half a dozen years ago. The Willard 
 Parker Hospital was planned and its organization pushed 
 by a member of the Academy. Again it was a fellow of 
 the Academy who renewed, if not instigated, the agitation 
 for the new factory laws in behalf of women and children 
 in 1882. Clean streets, or rather, muddy and unhealthy 
 streets, also the tenement-house question, also school- 
 
Address of A, Jacobi, M.D, 31 
 
 houses, and the reception hospital, were the subjects of 
 many debates. It was a committee appointed, at the re- 
 quest of the Board of Health, which originally started in 
 the Academy, and which, under the leadership of C. R. 
 Agnew, whose mind and heart have immortalized him 
 in the memory of those who were so fortunate as to live 
 and work with him, reformed the quarantine of the port 
 of New York, and elaborated the plans and estimates ac- 
 cording to which the Legislature finally restored Hoff- 
 man and Swinburne Islands to their present condition. 
 Another committee of the Academy looked after the 
 Croton water and the water-shed. 
 
 It was through a committee of the Academy that medi- 
 cal inspection of the eyes of all the inmates was intro- 
 duced in public institutions. If that practice were contin- 
 ued conscientiously, and attention to the eyes of the newly 
 born suffering from the same contagious ophthalmia were 
 made compulsory, there would be many vacancies in our 
 future blind asylums. 
 
 The Academy's efforts, joining those of other medical 
 bodies of the land in favor of the establishment of a 
 National Board of Health, were, however, not successful. 
 They will prove so in future. For just as certainly as this 
 nation means to continue "now and forever, one and in- 
 separable," its most sacred boons, viz., health and life, 
 interdependent as they are over the vast area of the coun- 
 try, should be secured by uniform legislation. It was the 
 Academy of Medicine, again, which was called upon to 
 protect the port and the city against the invasion of 
 cholera. That was four years ago — a long time, perhaps, 
 for republican memories; but it is not forgotten that the 
 committee men, though among the busiest of the city, 
 were always at their post; that their efforts were success- 
 ful and at that time appreciated; that they aided in keep- 
 ing cholera out, and, at the same time, protected the com- 
 
32 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 mercial interests of the country. We trust the Chamber 
 of Commerce has not forgotten its own estimation, as 
 then expressed, of the Academy's services. Nor have the 
 poor of this city, and of others that imitated its example, 
 a reason to forget the Academy. The agitation for the 
 estabHshment of free public baths was begun by one of 
 its fellows in 1890, and has resulted in the erection of four 
 such institutions. Two hundred and fifty thousand people 
 availed themselves of the opportunities thus offered in a 
 single year. 
 
 The responsibility toward both the public and the pro- 
 fession was always deeply felt by the Academy. Its library 
 is free to the whole profession, fellows or not, and to the 
 public at large. Besides medical works, it has many of in- 
 terest to the legal profession. By both it will be readily 
 admitted that there are more useful and more congenial 
 relations between them than when they meet in a court 
 of justice, where the medical man, clad with the mantle 
 of partisan expertship or expert partisanship, does not 
 shine to advantage, and is apt to contribute less to the 
 honor and dignity of his profession than to the miscar- 
 riage of justice. 
 
 The Academy's hospitality is constantly exhibited in 
 the cases of the numerous national medical societies which 
 convene gratis under our roof. The Society for the Relief 
 of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, the Saturday 
 and Sunday Hospital Association, the Ladies' Protective 
 Health Association, are made welcome on the same condi- 
 tions. 
 
 The Academy is recognized as their head centre by 
 other medical societies which cluster around it. It is in 
 its section rooms or in Hosack Hall where they hold their 
 regular meetings; one at least gave up its independent or- 
 ganization to become a section of the Academy. It can- 
 not be avoided, however, that the generosity of the Acad- 
 
Address of A, JacoU, M.D, 33 
 
 emy is occasionally abused. Now and then we hear of 
 desirable men who refuse to join and pay the annual con- 
 tribution, on the plea that without personal membership 
 they enjoy the privileges of those who pay their dues, that 
 is, access to the building, the meetings, the papers, and 
 the free library and reading room. Such occurrences do 
 not prove much, while exhibiting the broad-mindedness of 
 the Academy, except the occasional presence in the medi- 
 cal ranks of selfish men. Fate made a mistake when it 
 admitted them to American citizenship and to a liberal 
 vocation. Membership in a profession is by itself not suffi- 
 cient to ennoble a man; it is the noble man who adorns 
 and exalts his profession. 
 
 Nor do the academicians confine their labor to their 
 own institution or to the city. There is no national asso- 
 ciation in which they are not interested and co-operating. 
 It was a fellow of the Academy who established a section 
 for diseases of children in the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation. Its members are largely represented in the Asso- 
 ciation of American Physicians, and in the American 
 Surgical, Paediatric, Climatological, Gynaecological, and 
 other societies. In the transatlantic congresses, the Brit- 
 ish Medical Association, and the international medical 
 congresses, their names are frequently met with. 
 
 What I could say, fragmentary though it be, should 
 have convinced you that the best individual and collective 
 efforts of the profession, as represented in the Academy, 
 are being spent in the service of the community. In the 
 same degree that the intellectual and scientific develop- 
 ment of medicine and of the profession has been progress- 
 ing, that service became more valuable. Now, on all your 
 lips I am reading the question: What can the community 
 do for the science and art and the profession of medicine, 
 and particularly for that of the city? 
 
 The monarchies of Europe, particularly continental 
 
34 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 Europe, have had medical schools these five hundred 
 years; in this century their number increased. The facili- 
 ties for teaching and learning were enlarged. In the last 
 twenty-five years laboratories and clinics and libraries 
 grew steadily with growing demands. The professors are 
 salaried, their future is secured by pensions, their inci- 
 dental expenses are paid, their lives are allowed to be 
 dedicated exclusively to scientific research; for they and 
 their children will not go hungry. All this is done with- 
 out individual exertion or contributions. No matter 
 whether wars crippled the means of the people, or whether 
 militarism sucked the marrow of the land, or the sterile 
 soil did not even feed the mostly agricultural population, 
 the universities were provided for more or less generously 
 by the government, at public expense. 
 
 With us the community is its own providence. The 
 democratic citizens are their own sovereigns, and their 
 means permit them to give way to their generosity. 
 Schools, churches, nurseries, hospitals, libraries, have been 
 its main beneficiaries. Medicine, however, has not yet 
 received its full share. Still the benefactor of Johns Hop- 
 kins University and Hospital, the New York family that 
 erected and endowed college buildings, laboratories, and 
 hospitals for a medical school, the donors of the Carnegie 
 and the Loomis laboratories, the founder of the Pepper 
 Laboratory in Philadelphia, and of the Bender Laboratory 
 of Hygiene in Albany, have accomplished exactly and 
 often most generously, what is carried out by the sacrifices 
 and exertions of whole monarchies. Again, only a week 
 ago, we learned of the offer of $1,000,000, made by a 
 fellow-citizen, to whom our Academy also is under obHga- 
 tions for powerful aid, for purposes both of relief and 
 instruction. You call that "royal"? No, ladies and gen- 
 tlemen, that is not royal; it is the spirit of republican citi- 
 zenship, dreamt by a Plato, realized by an American. Nor 
 
Address of A. Jacobi, M.D, 35 
 
 am I disposed to forget what we, the New York Academy 
 of Medicine, owe to the New York public. It is with its 
 spontaneous and valuable aid that we were enabled to 
 erect the spacious and commodious building in which we 
 hope to meet you again to-night. Though I am forbidden 
 to mention the names of the living, I cannot abstain from 
 recalling the ample bequest of the late Celine B. Hosack. 
 It is to that liberality of the community that we have 
 again appealed lately in our efforts to raise our library fund 
 to $100,000. The response elicited thus far appears to 
 justify our hope of attaining our ends in the nearest future; 
 it certainly proves that a generous public appreciates the 
 additional factors of learning and erudition in its skilled 
 medical advisers. 
 
 Nor does the Academy appeal to you in its own behalf 
 only. Every advance in the standard of medical educa- 
 tion is a new ally to the Academy. The medical schools 
 need endowments, like ourselves. Medical teachers are 
 not rich; they should not be expected or made to look for 
 a livelihood to the fees obtained from the students; that 
 is a fact now acknowledged, and an ideal realized in the 
 medical department of Columbia University. Laboratories 
 of hygiene, chemistry, physics, botany, biology, should 
 not be supported by the contributions of medical men only, 
 or perhaps not at all. What monarchy is in the old world, 
 that is democratic in the new, namely, the evidence and 
 representation of the condition of its political and moral 
 civilization? Hospitals you have built in large numbers, 
 and in some instances more than required, and still some 
 more are demanded. No scholar is imaginable without 
 a library, no anatomist without a dissecting-room and a 
 museum, no chemist or physicist or physiologist without 
 experimentation, no medical graduate \vho is to practise 
 on you and yours without instruction in a clinical hospital 
 intimately connected with the medical school, and situated 
 
3^ The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 on or near its grounds. Imagine, mothers, that every year 
 hundreds of men and women begin the practice of medi- 
 cine without ever having seen a baby sick in bed. 
 
 There is many another way in which the community 
 may render itself useful to the medical profession. See 
 to it that no personal interest, vanity, or misapprehension 
 interfere with the progress of medicine. It is through our 
 own efforts that we overcame the lack of knowledge on 
 the part of legislators, and the opposition of medical 
 schools, when we enforced a certain amount of preliminary 
 education and the establishment of State examinations. 
 See that these your gains, for they are yours, be not taken 
 away from you; they were conquered in your behalf. See 
 that scientific study and progress are not shorn of their 
 prerogatives, that is, experimentation, and that your legis- 
 lators are not influenced except by facts. When, for in- 
 stance, agitators speak to you of the cruelties of vivi- 
 section, remember that they select that hard word in order 
 to conceal what it means, that is, animal experimentation, 
 which is already secured and protected against barbarous- 
 ness and cruelty by a well-adjusted and satisfactory law, 
 that was passed by former legislatures and ought to be 
 left intact. Tell them also that you know that the action 
 of many therapeutical remedies useful to them and their 
 children could be studied by animal experimentation 
 only; that one of the most formidable calamities of former 
 times, the terror of every woman who was to become a 
 mother, childbed fever, has been reduced to the very low- 
 est figure wherever the teachings of animal experimenta- 
 tion have been headed; that hydrophobia, always fatal, 
 has been made accessible to treatment with at least fair 
 results; that tuberculosis may be and is in part confined 
 within certain limits; that the prevention of cholera, even 
 that of the plague, is no longer a dream; that the mortality 
 of diphtheria is reduced to nearly one-half of what it was; 
 
Address of A. Jacobiy M.D, 37 
 
 that quite certainly the future therapeutics of scarlet fever, 
 measles, typhoid fever, and other scourges of mankind 
 will be based on antitoxins; that the success of surgical 
 operations under the influence of antisepsis and asepsis 
 is simply marvellous; and that all these blessings are the 
 direct result of animal experimentation. Tell them also 
 that the horse or sheep that furnishes the antitoxin which 
 is to save American children does not even suffer, and if 
 it comes to the worst, if rabbits and guinea-pigs have to 
 be sacrificed by humane men armed with skill and anaes- 
 thesia, that the future ought to belong as much to man- 
 kind, ay, more to mankind, than to rabbits and guinea- 
 pigs, or to those animals that you hunt over fences and 
 brooks, and, with the permission of the law, shoot to death 
 amidst the excited laughter of sport, but pretend to shed 
 tears over, when science tries to fathom new wonders, to 
 establish more firmly the foundations of health and life 
 for old and young, and to discover new means of salvation 
 for this republic and mankind. 
 
 In what I state I identify the demands of the profession 
 at large and of medical science with those of the New 
 York Academy of Medicine. Ours is ''Una fides, altare 
 commune" one faith and a common altar. That shibboleth 
 you will find is the sole inscription on our home in Forty- 
 third Street. What you will do for one you will be doing 
 for all. Whatever you do, you will contribute to the medi- 
 cine of the present and of the future, and to the great 
 work in store for it. We know that it is levity only that 
 makes empty hypotheses, sometimes, unfortunately, even 
 laws; that much labor, however, and hard work are re- 
 quired to obtain great results. In all humility, but with 
 earnestness, medical men tender you their labor in practice, 
 in hospitals, on the teachers* platform, in the laboratories. 
 What they expect and look forward to is appreciation, not 
 of the individual, but of the aggregate work, and co- 
 
38 The Semi-Centennial Celebration ' 
 
 operation on the part of the public, for the immediate 
 results of our work are at the same time humane and 
 practical. The reduction in your death-rate of one in a 
 thousand means, beyond the saving of one life, a lower- 
 ing of more than thirty in the total number of cases of 
 sickness, and therewith prevention of much anxiety, 
 wretchedness, and financial loss or ruin in as many families. 
 Results like these are liable to be accepted as natural; 
 they are claimed, as it were, as the normal appendages 
 of modern civilization. It should not be forgotten, how- 
 ever, that they are obtained only by the work of medical 
 men who labor for the good they can do, often as hermits, 
 unknown, and unappreciated, always bent upon the 
 diminution of the number of problems which hitherto were 
 deemed hopeless. The medical searcher is like the astron- 
 omer who differentiates in nebulous distances stars big 
 and small, luminous and dark, fixed and migrating. More 
 than any other man, he spies for the relation and con- 
 nection of things and phenomena, and becomes the true 
 philosopher and physician, who was called godlike by a 
 great poet three thousand years ago. 
 
 Much of what I touched upon has been, or is being, 
 accomplished. The rapidly increasing facilities of investi- 
 gation have changed the methods and aspects of modern 
 medicine to such an extent as to make me anxious to 
 know what the orator of the next semi-centennial cele- 
 bration will have to say to you. Part of it I know, and 
 you will know it too when I beg you to consider with me 
 during the last minute of my address the possibilities and 
 the certainties of medicine. Its methods of investigation 
 will never be changed, for they have become those of 
 natural science, and these, because they are based on ob- 
 servation and experimentation, are unalterable. Indeed, 
 medicine is a part of the natural sciences; the human or- 
 ganism, well and sick, physical and spiritual, is the subject 
 
Address 0} A, Jacobi, M.D, 39 
 
 of its scrutiny. Man's nature, both normal and abnormal, 
 belongs to the domain of medical inquiry. Psychology 
 has for some time past become a branch of physiology. 
 The sound mind, its aberrations and freaks, the soul with 
 its holiness or turpitude, no matter whether considered 
 by the believing philosopher or the searching materialist, 
 are topics of biological study. The explanation and rela- 
 tions of most intimate physical and psychical processes 
 are sought for, will always be sought for, by the sanitarian, 
 the teacher, the clergyman, the judge, the statesman. It 
 is in medicine that they will find them. The time will 
 soon come when the culture of a nation will be estimated 
 according to the mutual relations of medicine and the 
 people. 
 
 Is this an ideal? It is, but no Utopia. Indeed, much of 
 what was an ideal twenty-five years ago has been achieved. 
 It is probably true, however, that no ideal will ever meet 
 with its entire consummation, and ideals will be modified 
 or expanded. Nor do I believe that even the star guid- 
 ing the three sages of the East shone always with equal 
 splendor. Thus it is possible that what I earnestly hope 
 for in the next half-century will not be completely ful- 
 filled; but woe to the man, to the profession, to the nation, 
 without an ideal as a guiding star. To medicine in its 
 legitimate and just meaning that star is the improvement 
 of man both individually and collectively. It demands 
 and promises the combination of scientific research into 
 the wants of mankind, with the application of preventives 
 and remedies for its physical, intellectual, and moral 
 dangers and defects. To keep and fortify medicine on 
 that platform is the ideal of our calling. By working 
 for it, medicine and medical men may create that power 
 which alone protects individuals against hebetude or 
 despair, and nations against wreck and perdition. That 
 power is benevolence, beneficence, and mutual assistance. 
 
40 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 In introducing the President of the United States, the 
 President of the Academy said: 
 
 "It is now our distinguished honor to welcome a gentle- 
 man whose deep interest in the affairs of the Academy 
 of Medicine has caused him to lay aside for a brief time the 
 duties of his great office, that he might join with us in 
 the ceremonies of the occasion. It is my great pleasure to 
 present to you one for whom sincere men have a profound 
 respect, patriotic people a high esteem, and intimate 
 friends an abiding affection." 
 
 Mr, President and Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 
 I have anticipated the share assigned to me on this 
 occasion with considerable trepidation, for various rea- 
 sons. I have been chiefly disturbed, I believe, because 
 of my inability to discover sufficient ground for my right 
 to join those who celebrate the semi-centennial of a medi- 
 cal association. 
 
 If, in passing through that period in boyhood when the 
 desirable choice of future activity seemed to rest between 
 running away from home to be a sailor and staying at 
 home to be a doctor, I inclined toward the more quiet 
 and orderly of these pursuits, this surely furnishes no basis 
 at this late day for a claim of relationship to the medical 
 fraternity. Nor do I forget that less than seven years 
 ago I was accorded the privilege of participating in the 
 exercises when the comer-stone was laid of the building 
 which is now the home of the organization which to-night 
 celebrates its half-century of useful and honorable exist- 
 ence. But this incident which aroused an interest, still 
 undiminished, in the welfare of the Academy of Medicine, 
 hardly entitles me to a share in the felicitations of those 
 who have since borne the heat and burden of its work 
 while I have enjoyed the ease and happy surroundings of 
 public station. 
 
Address of President Cleveland 41 
 
 Confessing, therefore, that I have no right to even 
 standing-room within the inner circle of the profession, I 
 have boldly and without the least authority determined to 
 speak to you as a representative of the vast army of 
 patients and laymen. 
 
 At the outset I desire to remind you that you owe us 
 much. Though largely in the majority and with plenty 
 of members to spare, those who are well-conducted among 
 us do not vex you with hurtful competition. Instead of 
 making life hard for you by an observance of the laws of 
 health, we assist you by indulging in all sorts of irregu- 
 larities. We are obedient and submissive to your com- 
 mands, that is, when we are sick, and we sometimes pay 
 your bills even after a recovery to health, which we are 
 always certain would have resulted without your inter- 
 ference. 
 
 In these circumstances, if when in perfect health we 
 venture to assert ourselves and tell you what is in our 
 minds, it is not fair to liken us to a certain personage who 
 when sick a saint would be, though very differently in- 
 clined when well. 
 
 We begin by conceding most heartily and without the 
 least reservation the learning and skill of those now con- 
 stituting the medical profession, and the wonderful ad- 
 vance that has been made through their untiring labors 
 and investigations, in the alleviation of human suffering 
 and the saving of human life. 
 
 It may be that this seems to you an acknowledgment 
 so much your due as to be hardly worth making. You 
 should, however, value it because it is sincerely made by 
 those who were not born yesterday, but who hold in last- 
 ing and tender memory the ministrations of the village 
 doctor of fifty years ago, and are now the living monu- 
 ments of his faithful care. He, too, alleviated suffering 
 and saved human life. We know that it was not given to 
 
42 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 him to see the bright lights that now mark the path of 
 medicine and surgery, but you cannot convince us that 
 he groped entirely in the dark. We remember with ab- 
 horrence his ever-ready lancet, and the scars of his blood- 
 letting found in every household. We endure with com- 
 placency the recollection of his awful medicine-case, con- 
 taining bottles, powders, and pills, which, whatever might 
 be thought of them now, seemed then to be sufficient for 
 all emergencies, to say nothing of the tooth-pulling tools 
 and other shiver-breeding instruments sometimes exposed 
 to view. If he was ignorant of many of the remedies and 
 appliances now in use, he in a large measure supplied the 
 deficiency by hard-headed judgment, well-observed expe- 
 rience, and careful nursing. Besides, it was in his favor 
 that he did not have to bother his head with many of the 
 newly invented and refined diseases that afflict mankind 
 to-day. He had no allotted hours for his patients, but 
 was always on duty, and we knew the sound of his gig 
 as it rattled past in the night. 
 
 Your ways are better than his; but we desire you to 
 regard this admission as all the more valuable because it 
 is carved out of our loyalty to our old village doctor, 
 who brought us through the diseases of childhood with- 
 out relapse, who saved from death our parents and our 
 brothers and our sisters in many a hard combat with ill- 
 ness, and who, when vanquished and forced to surrender, 
 was present in the last scene to close the eyes of his dying 
 patient and sympathize with those who wept. 
 
 I hasten to say that we do not for a moment suppose 
 that advancement in the science of medicine and surgery 
 has smothered the faithfulness and tender consideration 
 which characterized the practitioner of former days. If 
 we seek charitable service to the sick and suffering, a noble 
 appreciation of obligation to humanity, and self-abnega- 
 
Address of President Cleveland 43 
 
 tion in the discharge of professional duty, we must look 
 for them among our physicians and surgeons of to-day. 
 
 If we have now arrived at an understanding, you are, I 
 hope, prepared for a suggestion quite in keeping with the 
 extremely moderate and reasonable disposition that char- 
 acterizes the patient and layman. You have invaded our 
 benighted contentment and led us out into broad fields 
 of scientific discovery. This has inspired us with a new- 
 born spirit of wisdom and criticism, which demands that 
 new and larger fields be opened to our complacent gaze. 
 You have penetrated the places where the germs of dis- 
 ease are hidden. We are quite certain that you should 
 be required to destroy the origin of disease and ultimately 
 usher in the day when the only escape from the world 
 will be through a passage-way marked "Old-age exit." 
 If this has the appearance of exacting too much, or if 
 business considerations present obstacles to its accom- 
 plishment, I think we ought, perhaps, to reduce our claims, 
 or at least give our doctors time to find other employment. 
 
 In the meantime those of us who are conservative must 
 be allowed to hope that further investigation will con- 
 tinue to point the way to the prevention of disease. For 
 this investigation we must still rely upon the efforts of 
 those who have already 6,onc so much in that direction, 
 encouraged and stimulated by such effective organizations 
 as the Academy of Medicine. We are sure that this work, 
 having arrested the attention of the world's brotherhood 
 of medical science, will not be neglected, nor need we fear 
 that America's contribution to splendid results will be 
 deficient. 
 
 In some instances, however, investigation has performed 
 its part, and only effective action in other quarters is 
 necessary to supply needed remedies. In such cases, of 
 course, you are absolved from all responsibility in your 
 professional character by exhibiting dangers and warning 
 
44 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 against them. Thus, certain diseases which you deem con- 
 tagious, yet remain imperfectly isolated. You have 
 demonstrated the peril to health of unwholesome water 
 and noxious surroundings, and yet much remains to be 
 done by way of protecting our people against these dan- 
 gers. You have established a code of ethics which con- 
 demns charlatanism in all its forms, and yet ignorant 
 pretenders roam over the land offering to perform mir- 
 acles, or are located in our towns and cities, preying upon 
 the weakness of the sick and afflicted, while men and 
 women are allowed to die without medical attendance, 
 deluded with the hope that faith will save them in their 
 last extremity. Within the limits of your professional 
 power and influence you seek to restrain any approach 
 to criminal malpractice, yet newspapers disgustingly, 
 though covertly, advertise the way to such crimes, and 
 startle their readers with sensational tales of death and 
 misery to which they are directly accessory. 
 
 I need not suggest that such evils are allowed to exist 
 by reason of the insufficiency of our laws or a laxity in 
 their execution. I have intimated that for this condition 
 you are not responsible, in a professional sense; but are 
 you sure that as citizens you are doing all in your power 
 to remedy the situation? 
 
 The village doctor was not only our physician, but he 
 was a man of influence in all neighborhood affairs. In every 
 matter that concerned the good of the community he was 
 at the front. He was President of the Village or repre- 
 sented his town in the County Board of Supervisors; and 
 if he was ever late in visiting a patient it was because he 
 lingered at the post-office to discuss the political situa- 
 tion. Thus he joined with the performance of professional 
 duty a discharge of the obligations of citizenship. 
 
 We cannot but think that the discoveries and improve- 
 ments in medical practice which we now enjoy are dearly 
 
Address oj President Cleveland 45 
 
 bought if the members of the profession in their onward 
 march have left behind them their sense of civic obUga- 
 tion and their interest in the general public welfare. We 
 cannot accuse you of utter neglect of your duty to the 
 country; and yet we cannot keep out of mind the sus- 
 picion that if your professional work in exposing evils 
 was more thoroughly supplemented by labor in the field 
 of citizenship these evils would be more speedily corrected. 
 
 If laws are needed to abolish abuses which your pro- 
 fessional investigations have unearthed, your fraternity 
 should not be strangers to the agencies which make the 
 laws. If enactments already in force are neglected or 
 badly executed, you should not forget that it is your priv- 
 ilege and duty to insist upon their vigorous and honest 
 enforcement. Let me also remind you of the application 
 to your case of the truth embodied in the homely injunc- 
 tion: "If you want a job well done, do it yourself." If 
 members of your profession were oftener found in our 
 national and State legislative assemblies, ready to advo- 
 cate the reformatory measure you have demonstrated to 
 be necessary, and to defend your brotherhood against 
 flippant and sneering charges of impracticability, the pros- 
 pect of your bestowal upon your fellow-men of the ripened 
 results of your professional labor would be brighter and 
 nearer. 
 
 While thus suggesting the need of your influence in 
 legislative circles for the accomplishment of reforms re- 
 lated to your profession, you will, I hope, permit me in 
 conclusion to enjoin upon you the duty of an active and 
 general interest and participation in public affairs for the 
 promotion of your country's good in all phases. Our 
 Government was founded in the faith and anticipation 
 that those who loved it most and were best able to hold 
 it steady would be at its helm. Without this it would 
 surely go astray. Never did patient need your medical 
 
46 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 treatment more than the body pohtic now needs the watch- 
 ful care of your patriotic and disinterested citizenship. 
 
 No object of personal ambition and no activity of pro- 
 fessional life should be permitted to withhold from our 
 Government the tithe of devotion and service due from its 
 thoughtful, intelligent, and educated citizens. The reward 
 of a willing recognition of our obligation to watch and 
 protect our free institutions and preserve them from weak- 
 ness and decay will surely come when a just government, 
 supported by the patriotism of a loving people shall 
 bestow with equal hand, upon us and all our country- 
 men, the blessings of national peace, contentment, and 
 happiness. 
 
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COPY OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION OF 
 THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 ADOPTED JANUARY 6, 1847. 
 
 Extract from the Minutes of a Meeting of 
 
 The New York Academy of Medicine, 
 
 Held January 6, 1847. 
 
 Dr. John Stearns in the Chair. 
 constitution. 
 
 Art. I. This Association shall be called the "New York 
 Academy of Medicine," and be composed of Resident and 
 Corresponding Fellows. 
 
 Art. 2. The objects of the Academy shall be: 
 
 First. The separation of the Regular from Irregular 
 Practitioners. 
 
 Second. The association of the Profession Proper for 
 purposes of mutual recognition and fellowship. 
 
 Third. The promotion of the character, interests, and 
 honor of the fraternity, by maintaining the union and har- 
 mony of the regular profession of the city and its vicinity, 
 and aiming to elevate the standard of Medical Education. 
 
 Fourth. The cultivation and advancement of the 
 science, by our united exertions for mutual improvement, 
 and our contributions to Medical Literature. 
 
 Art. 3. The Resident Fellows shall be regular Practi- 
 tioners of Medicine or Surgery in the City of New York, 
 or its vicinity; shall be proposed by a Fellow of the Acad- 
 emy to the Committee on Admissions, which shall satisfy 
 itself of the regular standing of the candidate, by cre- 
 
 57 
 
58 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 dentials or otherwise, and upon its recommendation, he 
 may be admitted by a vote of the Academy, at a regular 
 meeting. A residence of three years in this city or vicinity 
 shall be necessary to eligibility in the Fellowship of the 
 Academy. 
 
 Art. 4. No Proprietor or Vender of any patent or 
 secret remedy or medicine, nor any Empirical or Irregu- 
 lar Practitioner, shall either be admitted to or retained 
 in the Fellowship of this Academy. 
 
 Art. 5. Corresponding Fellows may be elected on the 
 nomination of the Committee on Admissions, which shall 
 vouch for their being duly qualified Practitioners; but the 
 votes of three-fourths of the Fellows present, at a regu- 
 lar meeting, shall be necessary for such election. The 
 number of Corresponding Fellows shall be limited to one 
 hundred. 
 
 Art. 6. The officers of the Academy shall be a Presi- 
 dent, four Vice-Presidents, a Recording Secretary, two 
 Corresponding Secretaries, designated for Domestic and 
 Foreign Correspondence, a Treasurer, and a Librarian; 
 who shall be elected annually by ballot at the regular 
 meeting in January. They shall severally perform the 
 duties indicated by the title of their respected offices. 
 
 Art. 7. The President shall appoint, immediately after 
 his election, the following Standing Committees, each of 
 which shall consist of five Resident Fellows: 
 
 First. A Committee on Admissions. 
 
 Second. A Committee on Finance. 
 
 Third. A Committee on Medical Ethics. 
 
 Fourth. A Committee on Publication. 
 
 Fifth. A Council of Appeal. 
 
 Art. 8. Alterations of this Constitution shall not be 
 made except at a meeting subsequent to that at which 
 such alteration shall have been proposed in writing. 
 
 I 
 
A LIST OF THE OFFICERS OF THE NEW YORK 
 ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, 
 
 FROM 1847 TO 1897. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1847. 
 
 President John Stearns, M.D. 
 
 fFrancis Upton Johnston, M.D. 
 
 Vice-Presidents \ R^^^^f ^PJ'K H;^i ^t t^ 
 
 I John Brodhead Beck, M.D. 
 
 I John Wakefield Francis, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Ferdinand Campbell Stewart, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary.. William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. .. Benjamin Drake, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Roberts Watts, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Thomas Masters Markoe, M.D. 
 
 Orator John Wakefield Francis, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1848. 
 
 President John Wakefield Francis, M.D. 
 
 'Thomas Cock, M.D. 
 
 Vice-Presidents J John Brodhead Beck, M.D 
 
 John Kearny Rodgers, M.D. 
 . William W. Miner, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Ferdinand Campbell Stewart, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Marcus Lorenzo Taft, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary. .William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. . . Gurdon Buck, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 Orator James Robert Manley, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1849. 
 President Valentine Mott, M.D. 
 
 r Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents \ J?mes Robert Manley, M.D. 
 
 I Galen Carter^ M.D. 
 
 iThomas Cock, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary John Ledyard Vandervoort, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Thomas Morris Franklin, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary. .William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. . .John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 Orator Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 
 59 
 
Trustees 
 
 60 . The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 OFFICERS~i8so. 
 
 President Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 r Galen Carter, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents \ Joseph Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 I James Cotton Bliss, M.D. 
 
 I Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Jackson Bolton, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary .. William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. .. Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'James Anderson, M.D. 
 Galen Carter, M.D. 
 Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 Willard Parker, M.D. 
 John Kearny Rodgers, M.D. 
 John Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 Orator Joseph Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1851. 
 
 President Alexander Hodgdon Stevens, M.D. 
 
 r Galen Carter, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents \ Joseph Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 John Kearny Rodgers, M.D. 
 Ijohn Putnam Batchelder, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Jackson Bolton, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary.. William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. .. Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 ''James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Galen Carter, M.D. 
 
 Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 Willard Parker, M.D. 
 
 John Kearny Rodgers, M.D. 
 
 , Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1852. 
 President Thomas Cock, M.D. 
 
 {Joseph Mather Smith, M.D. 
 James Anderson, M.D 
 John Putnam Batchelder, M.D. 
 Gurdon Buck, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Jackson Bolton, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary George Absalom Peters, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary .. William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. .. Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 Trustees 
 
List 0} Officers 61 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Trustees 
 
 Galen Carter, M.D. 
 
 Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 Willard Parker, M.D. 
 
 John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Jsaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 Q . [-Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1853. 
 President Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 {Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 Ferdinand Campbell Stewart, M.D. 
 William Detmold, M.D. 
 Willard Parker, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Samuel Augustus Purdy, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary John Foster Jenkins, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary.. Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. .. Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 ''James Anderson, M.D. 
 Galen Carter, M.D. 
 William Nelson Blakeman, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -l William Rockwell, M.D. 
 
 Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D. 
 Benjamin Ogden, M.D. 
 .Samuel Pomeroy White, M.D. 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1854. 
 
 President Joseph Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 r James Anderson, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents .-! Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 I William Detmold, M.D. 
 Ijohn Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Samuel Augustus Purdy, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Edwin Bolles Stimson, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary .. Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. ..Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Galen Carter, M.D. 
 
 William Nelson Blakeman, M.D. 
 Trustees -^William Rockwell, M.D. 
 
 Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D. 
 
 Benjamin Ogden, M.D. 
 
 .Samuel Pomeroy White, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 Orator John Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 
62 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 OFFICERS— i8ss. 
 President John Wakefield Francis, M.D. 
 
 j Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D, 
 
 Vice-Presidents \ Ferdinand Campbell Stewart, M.D 
 
 Gurdon Buck, M.D. 
 
 I William Detmold, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary John Winantz Greene, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary. . Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. . .John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 ^James Anderson, M.D. 
 Galen Carter, M.D. 
 William Nelson Blakeman, M.D. 
 
 Trustees i William Rockwell, M.D. 
 
 Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D. 
 Benjamin Ogden, M.D. 
 Samuel Pomeroy White, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 Orator John Watson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1856. 
 
 President Willard Parker, M.D. 
 
 {John Watson, M.D. 
 Jackson Bolton, M.D. 
 Gurdon Buck, M.D. 
 Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Frederick Holcombe, M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary. . Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. ..John Winantz Greene, M.D. 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Galen Carter, M.D, 
 
 William Nelson Blakeman, M.D. 
 Trustees i John Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 
 Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D. 
 
 Benjamin Ogden, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Pomeroy White, M.D. 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1857. 
 President Valentine Mott, M.D. 
 
 (James Rushmore Wood, M.D. 
 Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 John Watson, M.D. 
 Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Charles Frederick Hey wood, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Francis Upton Johnston, Jr., M.D. 
 
List of Officers 63 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary.. Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. ..John Winantz Greene, M.D. 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Galen Carter, M.D. 
 
 Trustees 
 
 William Nelson Blakeman, M.D. 
 John Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D, 
 Benjamin Ogden, M.D. 
 Samuel Pomeroy White, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Thomas Ferris Cock, M.D. 
 
 Orator James Marion Sims, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1858. 
 President John Putnam Batchelder, M.D. 
 
 (Charles Edward Isaacs, M.D. 
 It — ~' ~ 
 
 \r;,^^ T3^«o;^or,fo J William Holme Van Buren, M.D. 
 
 Vice-Presidents ^ j^j^^ ^^^^^^^ ^33 
 
 (^Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Charles Frederick Hey wood, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Francis Upton Johnston, Jr., M.D. 
 
 Domestic Corresponding Secretary. . Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Foreign Corresponding Secretary. ..John Winantz Greene, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Galen Carter, M.D. 
 
 William Nelson Blakeman, M.D. 
 
 Trustees ■{ John Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 
 Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D. 
 Benjamin Ogden, M.D. 
 Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Samuel Rotton Percy, M.D. 
 
 Orator Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1859. 
 President John Watson, M.D. 
 
 {Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 Joel Foster, M.D. 
 Gurdon Buck, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Francis Upton Johnston, Jr., M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Winantz Greene, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'Joseph Mather Smith, M.D. 
 Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -[ James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Jsaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 Librarian , Samuel Rotton Percy, M.D. 
 
 Orator William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 
64 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 OFFICERS— 1860. 
 
 President John Watson, M.D. 
 
 rjoel Foster, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents \ Gurdon Buck, M.D. 
 
 t Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Winantz Greene, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 ^James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Jacob Harsen, M.D. 
 Trustees \ Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Jsaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Samuel Rotton Percy, M.D. 
 
 Orator John Watson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1861. 
 President James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 rJoel Foster, M.D. 
 
 Trustees 
 
 Vice-Presidents \ Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 
 I Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Winantz Greene, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 Jacob Harsen, M.D. 
 Richard Sharp Kissam, M.D. 
 Benjamin Ogden, M.D. 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Jsaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS^i862. 
 
 President James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 {Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Fessenden Nott Otis, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 Jacob Harsen, M.D. 
 John Robert Van Kleek, M.D. 
 Ooel Foster, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Orator Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 
 Trustees 
 
List of Officers 65 
 
 OFFICERS— 1863. 
 
 President James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 /-Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 
 Vice-Presidents i Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 lAlfred Underbill, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Fessenden Nott Otis, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary John Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 Trustees i John Robert Van Kleek, M.D. 
 
 Joel Foster, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Librarian James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 Orator John William Draper, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1864. 
 
 President James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 (Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 Vice-Presidents \ Alfred Underbill, M.D. 
 
 I Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Mellen Chamberlain, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D, 
 
 John Robert Van Kleek, M.D. 
 Trustees a Joel Foster, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 Librarian James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1865. 
 
 President James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 fAlfred Underbill, M.D. 
 
 Vice-Presidents \ Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 
 i Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Mellen Chamberlain, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Edward Houghton Janes, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'John Robert Van Kleek, M.D. 
 Joel Foster, M.D. 
 
 Trustees i Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 Jared Linsly, M.D. 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
66 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 OFFICERS— 1866. 
 
 President James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 (-Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents \ Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 I Oliver White, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Mellen Chamberlain, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Edward Houghton Janes, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 I Joel Foster, M.D. 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 Jared Linsly, M.D. 
 Alfred Underbill, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator John Ordronaux, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1867. 
 
 President Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 
 {Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 Oliver White, M.D. 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Mellen Chamberlain, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Edward Houghton Janes, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Jamas Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 i Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 Jared Linsly, M.D. 
 Alfred Underbill, M.D. 
 William Burr Bibbins, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator Stephen Smith, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1868. 
 
 President Alfred Charles Post, M.D. 
 
 rOliver White, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents .•...-! Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 lEdmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Edward Houghton Janes, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary William Faulds Thoms, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
Trustees 
 
 List oj Officers 67 
 
 'Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 Jared Linsly, M.D. 
 Alfred Underbill, M.D. 
 William Burr Bibbins, M.D. 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Librarian .John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS--1869. 
 President Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 
 Joseph Chrisman Hutchison, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary , Edward Houghton Janes, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary William Faulds Thoms, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 Jared Linsly, M.D. 
 Alfred Underbill, M.D. 
 
 Trustees William Burr Bibbins, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D, 
 
 OFFICERS— 1870. 
 President Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 {Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 Joseph Chrisman Hutchison, M.D. 
 William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Edward Houghton Janes, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary William Faulds Thoms, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer ,.... James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'Alfred Underbill, M.D. 
 
 William Burr Bibbins, M.D. 
 Trustees ; < Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1871. 
 President Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 
 {Joseph Chrisman Hutchison, M.D. 
 William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
68 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 Recording Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Henry Beers Post, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary , . .John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary William Faulds Thorns, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D, 
 
 Trustees -( James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 James Anderson, M.D. 
 Alfred Underhill, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1872. 
 
 President Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 
 ( William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents -[ Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 ( Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Henry Beers Post, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary William Faulds Thoms, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 Trustees ■{ James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Alfred Underhill, M.D. 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator Edward Swift Dunster, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1873. 
 
 President Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 {William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Henry Beers Post, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Bradford Smith Thompson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 Trustees < Alfred Underhill, M.D. 
 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator John Call Dalton, M.D. 
 
List of Officers 69 
 
 OFFICERS— 1874. 
 
 President Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 {Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 John Call Dalton, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Allan McLane Hamilton, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 James Anderson, M.D. 
 Oliver White, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -{ Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1875. 
 
 President Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 {Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 John Call Dalton, M.D. 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Allan McLane Hamilton, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 'Oliver White, M.D. 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -v Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 
 James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 ^Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator Erasmus Darwin Hudson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1876. 
 
 President Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 /-John Call Dalton, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents ^ Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D, 
 
 ^Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Allan McLane Hamilton, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
70 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 f Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 , Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -I james Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 I Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Librarian John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 Orator William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1877. 
 President Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 rGouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents "j Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 
 '•William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Edwin Fletcher Ward, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Allan McLane Hamilton, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D. 
 ^ Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 Trustees ........-{ James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
 Orator Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1878. 
 President Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 {Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 William Thomas White, M.D. 
 Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Edwin Fletcher Ward, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary , Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 James Lenox Banks, M.D. 
 
 Austin Flint, M.D. 
 Trustees -I Samuel Thomas Hubbard. M.D. 
 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D, 
 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D, 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees ....James Rosebrugh Learning, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
 Orator William Hanna Thomson. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1879. 
 President Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 
 I William Thomas White, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents •< Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 
 (James Rosebrugh Leaming, M.D. 
 
Lisl oj Officers 71 
 
 Recording Secretary Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Edwin Fletcher Ward, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 Austin Flint, Sr., M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Trustees -{ Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Charles Wright, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
 Orator Leroy Milton Yale, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1880. 
 
 President Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 
 (Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents A James Rosebrugh Leaming, M.D. 
 
 ^ Frank Hastings Hamilton, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Edwin Fletcher Ward, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Henry Katzenbach, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 I Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 I Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 Trustees \ Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 I William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Charles Wright, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1881. 
 
 President Benjamin Fordyce Barker, MiD. 
 
 (James Rosebrugh Leaming, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents \ Frank Hastings Hamilton, M.D. 
 
 ( Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Edwin Fletcher Ward, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Henry Katzenbach, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 Trustees Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 William Thomas White, M.D. 
 t Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Charles Wright, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
72 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 OFFICERS— 1882. 
 
 President Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 
 {Frank Hastings Hamilton, M.D. 
 Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Edwin Fletcher Ward, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary William Henry Katzenbach, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 I Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 I Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 Trustees , \ Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 I William Thomas White, M.D. 
 t Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Charles Wright, M.D. 
 
 Librarian » Erasmus Darwin Hudson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1883. 
 
 President Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 
 ( Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents \ Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 ' Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Henry Katzenbach, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Trustees 
 
 William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Charles Wright, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Erasmus Darwin Hudson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1884. 
 
 President Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D. 
 
 {Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Henry Katzenbach, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
Trustees 
 
 List oj Officers 75 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 ^ William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -I Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Cornelius Rea Agnew, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Erasmus Darwin Hudson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1885. 
 President Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 (Horace Putnam Famham, M.D. 
 Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 Charles Carroll Lee, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary William Henry Katzenbach, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary Paul Fortunatus Munde, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 Cornelius Rea Agnew, M.D. 
 ; Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Erasmus Darwin Hudson, M.D. 
 
 Orator Henry Drury Noyes, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1886. 
 
 President Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 j Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 
 Vice-Presidents -j Charles Carroll Lee, M.D. 
 
 ' Henry Drury Noyes, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Richard Kalish, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary Wesley Mannen Carpenter, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 Trustees Cornelius Rea Agnew, M.D. 
 
 Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D. 
 
 George Absalom Peters, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Erasmus Darwin Hudson, M.D. 
 
 Orator William Henry Draper, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1887. 
 President Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 j Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents -j Charles Carroll Lee, M.D. 
 
 ( Henry Drury Noyes, M.D. 
 
74 The Se mi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 Recording Secretary ,.. Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Richard KaHsh, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary Wesley Mannen Carpenter, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 [Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 I Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 Trustees ■{ Cornelius Rea Agnew, M. D. 
 
 I Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D. 
 
 (.George Absalom Peters, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Charles Huntoon Knight, M.D. 
 
 Orator Andrew Heermance Smith, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1888. 
 President - Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 ( Charles Carroll Lee, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents -j Henry Drury Noyes, AI.D. 
 
 ' William Henry Draper, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Richard Kalish, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary Wesley Mannen Carpenter, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 Trustees -I Cornelius Rea Agnew, M.D. 
 
 Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D. 
 
 George Absalom Peters, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Charles Huntoon Knight, M.D. 
 
 Orator Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1889. 
 President Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D. 
 
 (Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, 
 WillbnPkenry Draper, M.D. 
 Andrew Heermance Smith, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Richard Kalish, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 [Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 I Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -j George Absalom Peters, M.D. 
 
 I Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 t Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
List oj Officers 75 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Charles Huntoon Knight, M.D. 
 
 Orator William Mecklenberg Polk, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1890. 
 
 President Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D. 
 
 I Andrew Heermance Smith, M.D. 
 . I Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, 
 
 Vice-Presidents -j M.D. 
 
 Richard Channing Moore Page, 
 
 [ M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Richard Kalish, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Editor of the Transactions George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 George Absalom Peters, M.D. 
 Trustees i Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Charles Huntoon Knight, M.D. 
 
 Orator Edward Lawrence Keyes, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1891. 
 President Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D. 
 
 Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, 
 M.D. 
 
 Richard Channing Moore Page, 
 M.D. 
 
 Edward Lawrence Keyes, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Richard Kalish, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Editor of the Transactions George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 [Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 _ I Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -{Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
 Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Timothy Matlack Cheesman, M.D. 
 
 Orator Charles Frederic Chandler, Ph.D. 
 
 Vice-Presidents 
 
Trustees 
 
 76 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 OFFICERS— 1892. 
 President Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D. 
 
 (Richard Channing Moore Page, 
 M.D. 
 Edward Lawrence Keyes, M.D. 
 Charles McBurney, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Richard KaHsh, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Reginald Hall Sayre, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Editor of the Transactions George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 Laurence Johnson, M.D. 
 
 Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Timothy Matlack Cheesman, M.D. 
 
 Orator Lewis Atterbury Stimson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1893. 
 President Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, M.D. 
 
 I Edward Lawrence Keyes, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents ) Charles McBurney, M.D. 
 
 I Lewis Atterbury Stimson, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Richard Kalish, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Reginald Hall Sayre, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Editor of the Transactions George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 I Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 _ I Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 Trustees ^ Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 [Daniel Lewis, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Edward Sprague Peck, M.D. 
 
 Orator William Hanna Thomson, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1894. 
 President Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, M.D. 
 
 i Charles McBurney, M.D. 
 Lewis Atterbury Stimson, M.D. 
 Joseph Decatur Bryant, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Richard Kalish, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary Reginald Hall Sayre, M.D. 
 
List of Officers 77 
 
 Corresponding Secretary M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Editor of the Transactions George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 Daniel Lewis, M.D. 
 Trustees \ Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 
 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 1^ Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Librarian Egbert Henry Grandin, M.D. 
 
 Orator Charles Loomis Dana, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1895. 
 President Joseph Decatur Bryant, M.D. 
 
 j Lewis Atterbury Stimson, M.D. 
 Vice-Presidents "j Daniel Lewis, M.D. 
 
 ' William Mecklenberg Polk, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Reginald Hall Sayre, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary John Frederick Erdmann, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Editor of the Transactions George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 Frederick Augustus Castle, M.D. 
 Trustees -j Everett Herriclc. M.D. 
 
 Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 George Livingston Peabody, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees V/illiam Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Librarian George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Orator Edward G. Janeway, M.D. 
 
 OFFICERS— 1896. 
 
 President Joseph Decatur Bryant, M.D. 
 
 i Daniel Lewis, M.D. 
 William Mecklenberg Polk, M.D. 
 Egbert Henry Grandin, M.D. 
 
 Recording Secretary Reginald Hall Sayre, M.D. 
 
 Assistant Secretary John Harvey Girdner, M.D. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 Statistical Secretary Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 Editor of the Transactions George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Treasurer Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 Trustees -I Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 George Livingston Peabody, M.D. 
 Joseph Edward Janvrin, M.D. 
 
78 The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 Treasurer for the Trustees William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 Librarian George Thomas Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Orator George Ryerson Fowler, M.D. 
 
 LIST OF PRESIDENTS OF THE ACADEMY FROM ITS 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Elected. 
 
 1847 *John Stearns, M.D. 
 
 1848 ♦John Wakefield Francis, M.D. 
 
 1849 *Valentine Mott, M.D. 
 
 1850 *Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 185 1 * Alexander Hodgdon Stevens, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1852 *Thomas Cock, M.D. 
 
 1853 *Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 1854 *Joseph Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 I8SS *John Wakefield Francis, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1856 *Willard Parker, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1857 *Valentine Mott, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1858 *John Putnam Batchelder, M.D. 
 
 1859 *John Watson, M.D. 
 
 1861 *James Anderson, AI.D. 
 
 1867 *Alfred Charles Post, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1869 *Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 1871 *Edmund Randolph Peaslee, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 ' 1873 *Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 1875 .Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 1879 *Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1885 Abraham Jacobi, M.D. 
 
 1889 *Alfred Lee Loomis, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1893 Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 189s Joseph Decatur Bryant, M.D. 
 
 LIST OF VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE ACADEMY. 
 
 1847 *Francis Upton Johnston, M.D. 
 
 1847 *Thomas Cock, M.D. 
 
 1847 *John Brodhead Beck, M.D. 
 
 1847 *John Wakefield Francis, M.D.. LL.D. 
 
 1848 *John Kearny Rodgers, M.D. 
 
 1848 *William W. Miner, M.D. 
 
 1849 *Isaac Wood, M.D. 
 
 1849 *James Robert Manley, M.D. 
 
 1849 *Galen Carter, M.D. 
 
 1850 *Joseph Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 1850 *James Cotton Bliss, M.D. 
 
 1850 *Alfred Charles Post, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 • Deceased. 
 
List of Officers 79 
 
 Elected. 
 
 1851 *John Putnam Batchelder, M.D. 
 
 1852 *James Anderson, M.D. 
 
 1852 *Gurdon Buck, M.D. 
 
 1853 *Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 1853 Ferdinand Campbell Stewart, M.D. 
 
 1853 *William Detmold, M.D. 
 
 1853 *Willard Parker, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1854 *John Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 
 1856 *John Watson, M.D. 
 
 1856 *Jackson Bolton, M.D. 
 
 1857 *James Rushmore Wood, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1857 *Benjamin Fordyce Barker, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1858 *Charles Edward Isaacs, M.D. 
 
 1858 *William Holme Van Buren, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1858 *Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 
 1859 *Joel Foster, M.D. 
 
 i860 *Moses Depew Van Pelt, M.D. 
 
 1862 *Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 1863 * Alfred Underbill, M.D. 
 
 1864 *Alfred Cotton Post, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1865 *Henry Daggett Bulkley, M.D. 
 
 1866 *01iver Wbite, M.D. 
 
 1867 *Isaac Ebenezer Taylor, M.D. 
 
 1868 *Edmund Randolpb Peaslee, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1869 *Josepb Cbrisman Hutchison, M.D. 
 
 1870 * William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 
 1871 *Austin Flint, M.D. 
 
 1872 Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 1873 *Samuel Thomas Hubbard, M.D. 
 
 1874 *John Call Dalton, M.D. 
 
 1875 Gouverneur Mather Smith, M.D. 
 
 1876 *Fordyce Barker, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1877 *William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 1878 Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 
 1879 *James Rosebrough Leaming, M.D. 
 
 1880 *Frank Hastings Hamilton, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 1881 Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 
 1882 Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 1883 *Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 1884 Robert Fulton Weir, M.D. 
 
 1885 *Charles Carroll Lee, M.D. 
 
 1886 Henry Drury Noyes, M.D. 
 
 1887 William Henry Draper, M.D. 
 
 1888 Andrew Heermance Smith, M.D. 
 
 1889 Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, M.D. 
 
 • Deceased. 
 
8o The Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 Elected. 
 
 1890 Richard Channing Moore Page, M.D. 
 
 1891 Edward Lawrence Keyes, M.D. 
 
 1892 Charles McBurney, M.D. 
 
 1893 Lewis Atterbury Stimson, M.D. 
 
 1894 Joseph Decatur Bryant, M.D. 
 
 1895 William Mecklenberg Polk, M.D. 
 
 1895 Daniel Lewis, M.D. 
 
 1896 Egbert Henry Grandin, M.D. 
 
 1897 Everett Herrick, M.D. 
 
 LIST OF RECORDING SECRETARIES OF THE ACADEMY. 
 
 1847 Ferdinand Campbell Stewart, M.D. 
 
 1849 *John Ledyard Vandervoort, M.D. 
 
 1850 *John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 1852 *Jackson Bolton, M.D. 
 
 1853 *Samuel Augustus Purdy, M.D. 
 
 1855 *Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 
 1857 *Charles Frederick Hey wood, M.D. 
 
 1859 Theodore Gaillard Thomas, M.D. 
 
 1862 John Henry Hinton, M.D. 
 
 1865 *William Mellen Chamberlain, M.D. 
 
 1868 *Edward Houghton Janes, M.D. 
 
 1871 *William Thomas White, M.D. 
 
 1877 Horace Tracy Hanks, M.D. 
 
 1880 Edwin Fletcher Ward, M.D. 
 
 1883 William Henry Katzenbach, M.D. 
 
 1885 Arthur Middleton Jacobus, M.D. 
 
 1892 Richard Kalish, M.D. 
 
 1895 Reginald Hall Sayre, M.D. 
 
 LIST OF TREASURERS OF THE ACADEMY. 
 
 1847 *Robert Watts, M.D. 
 
 1848 *James Otis Pond, M.D. 
 
 1877 *Horace Putnam Farnham, M.D. 
 
 1883 William Floyd Cushman, M.D. 
 
 1892 Orlando Benajah Douglas, M.D. 
 
 LIST OF CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES OF THE 
 ACADEMY. 
 
 1847 *Benjamin Drake, M.D. 
 
 1848 *Gurdon Buck, M.D. 
 
 1849 *John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 1850 *Edward Langdon Beadle, M.D. 
 
 • Deceased. , ^ 
 
List of Officers 8i 
 
 Elected. 
 
 1853 *Samuel Conant Foster, M.D. 
 
 1855 *John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 1856 John Winantz Greene, M.D. 
 
 1862 *John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 1868 *William Currie Roberts, M.D. 
 
 1871 *John Glover Adams, M.D. 
 
 1885 *Loiiis Elsberg, M.D. 
 
 1886 * Wesley Mannen Carpenter, M.D. 
 
 1889 M. Allen Starr, M.D. 
 
 LIST OF STATISTICAL SECRETARIES OF THE 
 ACADEMY. 
 
 1863 *John Hoskins Griscom, M.D. 
 
 1863 Samuel Smith Purple, M.D. 
 
 1868 William Faulds Thoms, M.D. 
 
 1873 *Bradford Smith Thompson, M.D. 
 
 1874 Allan McLane Hamilton, M.D. 
 
 1878 *Francis Varian White, M.D. 
 
 1886 Adoniram Brown Judson, M.D. 
 
 * Deceased. 
 
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