CLARKE ^68.^8TREMONTST., _ 30 COURT SO. BOSTON OUR NORTHERN SHRUBS BOOKS BY HARRIET L. KEELER PUBLISHED BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Our Garden Flowers. Or. 8vo, . . net, $2.00 Our Northern Shrubs. Cr. 8vo, . . net, $2.00 Our Native Trees. Cr. 8vo, . . . net, $2.00 Each volume profusely illustrated Panicled Dogwood, Cornus caiididissinia. OUR NORTHERN SHRUBS AND HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM bankbook for the J'3aturc=ILotoer By HARRIET L. KEELER AUTHOR OF "OUR NATIVE TREES" WITH 205 PLATES FROM PHOTOGRAPHS AND WITH 35 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK :::::::::::: 1910 COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Published, April, 1903 PREFACE THE shrubs described in this volume are those which find their most congenial home in the region extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and from Canada to the northern boundaries of our Southern States ; together with those imported shrubs which have so long adorned our yards and gardens that we have almost forgotten their foreign origin. The volume is prepared not only for the amateur botanist who seeks a more complete description of plants than the text-books in common use afford ; not only for the lover of nature who desires a personal ac- quaintance with the bushes that grow in the fields and the fence corners ; but also to serve those who are engaged in the establishment and decoratipn of city parks, roadways and boulevards; those who are seek- ing to beautify country roadsides, school-yards and railway stations, as well as those who, in the decora- tion of their own home grounds, would gladly use our native shrubs were their habits and character better understood. It is hoped that this volume may lead to a clearer appreciation of the wonderful variety, the exquisite beauty and the real value of that neglected part of our native flora, the shrub. V 2051553 PREFACE The author is glad to acknowledge her indebtedness to the following books of reference : Britton and Brown's "Illustrated Flora of the United States and Canada," Bailey's " Cyclopedia of American Horticul- ture," Emerson's Report on the Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts, Gray's " Manual of Botany," Britton's " Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada," Bailey's " Evolution of Our Native Fruits," Card's " Bush Fruits," and the magazine Garden and Forest. The extracts from the works of Lowell, Emerson, Whittier, Torrey, Thoreau, and Higginson are used with the permission of the publishers, Messrs. Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. ; that from Fred W. Card, with the permission of the Macmillan Co. ; that from Joseph Y. Bergen, with the permission of Ginn & Co. The quotations from the writings of Professor L. H. Bailey, Mr. J. G. Jack and Mr. Jackson Dawson are made by the kind consent of the authors. Especial acknowledgment is due to Professor Charles S. Sargent, who so generously placed the magnificent resources of the Arnold Arboretum at the service of the author ; and also to Mr. Alfred Rehder, whose ex- pert knowledge has been invaluable in deciding every case of doubt. The full page illustrations are from photographs, many of which were made by Mr. Alfred Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, the remainder by Decker & Co., and by the Edmondson Studio Co., both of Cleve- land, Ohio. The outline pictures are the work of Miss Mary Keffer of Lake Erie College, Painesville, Ohio. PREFACE Thanks for specimens kindly sent upon request are due to Mr. Watson of Plymouth, Mass. ; Gen. G. W. Shurtleff, of Oberlin, Ohio, and Mr. Michael H. Ho- varth, landscape gardener and forester of the parks of Cleveland, Ohio. Tfl CONTENTS Page Preface , v Genera and Species xi Illustrations xix Guide to the Shrubs , xxv Introduction The Shrub xxvii Description of the Shrubs 3 Glossary of Botanical Terms . . . . 499 Glossary of Latin Specific Terms . . . 507 Index of Latin Names . . . . . -511 Index of English Names 5/6 GENERA AND SPECIES RANUNCULACEJE Xanthorrhiza apiifolia MAGNOLlACEvE . Magnolia conspicua Magnolia obovatu . Magnolia soulangeana Magnolia stellata . , Magnolia kobits BERBERIDACE/E . Berber is -vulgar is . Berberis canadensis Mahonia aquifolia CISTACE^: . Hudsonia totnentosa Hudsonia ericoides HYPERICACE^E Hypericum prolificum Hypericum densiflorum Hypericum kalmianum Ascyrum stans Ascyrum crux-andrece Stuartia pentagyna Gordonia pubescens MALVACEAE . . . . Hibiscus syriacus , PAG E . 3 . 6 . 8 . 8 . 8 .10 CROWFOOT FAMILY Shrub Yellow-root MAGNOLIA FAMILY Yulan Magmlia Purple Magnolia Soulange's Magnolia Star Magnolia .. Kobus Magnolia . BARBERRY FAMILY Common Barberry . .12 American Barberry . .14 Mahonia . . . .16 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY Woolly Hudsonia . .19 Heath-like Hudsonia . . 22 ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY Shrubby St. John's-wort . 23 Dense-flowered St. John's- wort . . . .24 Kalm's St. John's-wort . 26 St. Peter 's-wort . . 28 St. Andrew's Cross . . 28 TEA FAMILY Stuartia . . . .31 Gordonia . . . -34 MALLOW FAMILY Shrubby Althaea . . 36 GENERA AND SPECIES TAMARISK FAMILY Tamarix Tamarisk .... 39 RUTACE^E .... . RUE FAMILY Xanthoxylum americanum . Prickly Ash 43 Ptelea trifoliata . . . Wafer Ash . . 45 ILICACE^E .... . HOLLY FAMILY Ilex verticillata . . Winterberry 48 Ilex Icevigata . . . Smooth Winterberry 52 Ilex glabra . . Inkberry .... 54 Ilicioides mucronata . Mountain Holly 56 CELASTRACE^E . . . STAFF-TREE FAMILY Euonymus obovatus Running Strawberry Bush . 58 Euonymus americanus Strawberry Bush , , 60 RHAMNACE^E . . BUCKTHORN FAMILY Rhamnus alnifolia Alder-leaved Buckthorn 62 Rhamnus lanceolata Lance-leaved Buckthorn 62 Rhamnus cathartica . fit Rhamnus frangula . Alder Buckthorn 68 Ceanothus americanus . New Jersey Tea 68 HlPPOCASTANACEjE . . HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMIL\ Aesculus parviflora Dwarf Buckeye . 7i STAPHYLEACE. . . . BLADDER-NUT FAMILY Staphylea trifolia . . American Bladder-nut 74 ANACARDIACEJE . . SUMACH FAMILY Rhus glabra . . Smooth Sumach 78 Rhus copallina Dwarf Sumach . . 80 Rhus vernix . Poison Sumach . 82 Rhus radicans Poison Ivy 84 Rhus microcarpa . . Northern Poison Ivy . 86 Rhus aromatica . Fragrant Sumach 88 Rhus trilobata . Ill-scented Sumach . . 90 Cotinus cotinus . Smoke-tree . . , 90 PAPILIONACE^E . . PEA FAMILY Amorpha fruticosa . False Indigo . . . 95 Atnorpha canescens . Lead Plant 98 xii GENERA AND SPECIES PAPILIONACE^; Continued. Genista tinctoria . . Robinia hispida . . Laburnum vulgar e . DRUPACE^E . Prunus maritima . . Prunus grave sii Prunus spinosa Prunus pumila Prunus cuneata Prunus virginiana Primus japonica . . ROSACES . Spir&a salicifolia Spirtza tomentosa . Spircea thunbergii Spircea prunifolia . Spircea vanhouttei Spircea anthony-waterer Opidaster optilifolius Exochorda grandiflora . Kerria japonic a Rubus .... Rubus odoratus Rubus strigosus Rubus occidentalis Rubus nigrobaccus Rubus randii Rubus argutus Rubus canadensis . Rubus allegheniensis Rubus procumbens Rubus hispidtis Potentilla fruticosa Rosa .... Rosa setigera Rosa blanda . Rosa arkansana Woad Waxen . . Rose Acacia Golden Chain . PLUM FAMILY Beach Plum . . . Graves' Beach Plum . Blackthorn . Sand Cherry Appalachian Cherry . Choke Cherry . . Flowering Almond . ROSE FAMILY Meadow Sweet . Steeple-bush Thunberg's Spiraea Plum-leaved Spirasa . Van Hout's Spiraea Anthony Waterer's Spiraea Ninebark .... Exochorda Kerria .... Bramble PAGE 100 103 103 1 08 no 110 no 112 112 114 118 120 12 5 126 126 126 129 I 3 2 134 136 Purple-flowering Raspberry 137 Wild Red Raspberry . . 140 Black Raspberry . .143 High-bush Blackberry . 146 Rand's Blackberry . . 153 Leafy-bracted Blackberry . 154 Thornless Blackberry . 1 54 Mountain Blackberry . . 1 56 Dewberry . . . . 1 58 Running Swamp Blackberry 158 Shrubby Cinquefoil . .161 Rose . . . .163 Climbing Rose . . . 164 Meadow Rose . . .167 Arkansas Rose . , 68 xiii GENERA AND SPECIES ROSACES Continued. Rosa Carolina Rosa humilis Rosa lucida . . . Rosa nitida . . . Rosa rubiginosa . . Rosa canina . . . Rosa rugosa . . Rosa wichuraiana POMACES ... . . Aronia arbutifolia . Aronia atropurpurea . . Aronia nigra Amelanchier botryapium Amelanchier spicata . Amelanchier oligocarpa . Cotoneaster pyracanthus Pyrus japonica CALYCANTHACE.* Butneria florida . Butneria fertilis . HYDRANGEACE^E . ' . Hydrangea arborescens . Hydrangea pantculata . Philadelphus coronarius Philadelphus grandiflorus SAXIFRAGACE^E . Deutzia gracilis Deutzia scabra . . iTEACEiE .... I tea virginica . GROSSULARIACE^E . - ; . Ribes cynosbati . . Ribes uva-crispa , . Swamp Rose PAGE 170 Pasture Rose 173 Glossy Rose 176 Northeastern Rose 176 Sweetbrier . . 178 Dog Rose .... 181 Japanese Rose . 184 Trailing Japanese Rose 184 APPLE FAMILY Red Choke-berry . 187 Purple-fruited Choke-berry . 190 Black Choke-berry . . 190 Shadbush . . . _ ' . 192 Low June-berry . 4 , 196 Oblong-fruited June-berry . 196 Evergreen Thorn . . 198 Japan Quince * . 200 STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY Strawberry-shrub 203 Strawberry-shrub . . 204 HYDRANGEA FAMILY Wild Hydrangea . " 208 Hardy Hydrangea . 210 Syringa . . . " . 212 Great- flowered Syringa 2l6 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY Deutzia . . . 217 Deutzia . . . . 217 VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY Virginia Willow 221 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY Wild Gooseberry 224 Garden Gooseberry . 228 GENERA AND SPECIES GROSSULARIACEJE Conttmted. Kibes rotundifolium Ribes oxyacanthoides Ribes lacustre Ribes prostratum . Ribes rubrum Ribes floridum Ribes aureum HAMAMELIDACEJE Hamamelis virginiana . CORNACE^E .... Cornus .... Cornus florida Cor H us Cornus Corn MS Cornus Cornus Cornus Cornus Cornus circinata . amomum . asperifolia . stolonifera candidissima bailey i alternifolia alba . CAPRI FOLIAGES .... Sambucus canadensis Sambucus pubens . Viburnum alnifolium Viburnum opulus . Viburnum opulus sttrilis Viburnum acerifolium . Viburnum pubescens Viburnum dentatum Viburnum cassinoides . Viburnum Ian tana Symphoricarpos racemosus . Symphoricarpos symphoricar- POS ..... Lonicera .... Lonicera oblong if olio, Lonicera ccerulea PAGE Eastern Wild Gooseberry . 228 Northern Gooseberry . 229 Swamp Gooseberry . .231 Fetid Currant . . .231 Red Currant . . . 232 Wild Black Currant . . 233 Golden Currant . . . 235 WITCH HAZEL FAMILY Witch Hazel . . .238 DOGWOOD FAMILY Dogwood . . . .241 Flowering Dogwood . . 244 Round-leaved Dogwood . 246 Silky Dogwood . . . 248 Rough-leaved Dogwood . 250 Red-osier Dogwood . .251 Panicled Dogwood . .254 Bailey's Dogwood . .256 Alternate-leaved Dogwood . 256 Red-stemmed Dogwood . 258 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY American Elder . . 262 Red-berried Elder . . 266 Hobble-bush . . . 270 Cranberry-tree . . . 273 Snowball .... 275 Maple-leaved Viburnum . 278 Downy Viburnum . . 280 Arrow-wood . . . 282 Withe-rod .... 284 Wayfaring Tree . . .285 Snowberry . . . 287 Indian Currant . . . 290 Honeysuckle . . . 292 Swamp Fly-honeysuckle . 294 Mountain Fly-honeysuckle 296 GENERA AND SPECIES CAPRI FOLI AC EJE Continued. Lonicera ciliata . . Lonicera tartarica Lonicera involucrata Diervilla diervilla Diervilla rosea , RUBIACE/E . Cephalanthus occidentalis COMPOSITE .... Baccharis halimifolia , VACCINIACE^E Gaylussaciafrondosa Gaylussacia resinosa Gaylussacia dumosa Gaylussacia brachycera Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Vaccinium vacillans Vaccinium corymbosum Vaccinium ccespitosum . Vaccinium uliginosum . Vitis-Idcea vitis-idcea Polycodium stamineum Chiogenes hispidula Oxycoccus macrocarpus ERICACE/E .... Leduin groenlandicum . Azalea nudiflora . . Azalea canescens . Azalea lutea . Azalea arborescens Azalea viscosa . . Rhodora canadensis Rhododendron maximum Menziesia pilosa . . . Dendrium buxifolium . Chamcecistus procumbens Kalmia latifolia . .' Fly-honeysuckle . . 298 Tartarian Honeysuckle . 300 Involucred Fly-honeysuckle 302 Bush Honeysuckle . . 304 Weigela . 306 MADDER FAMILY Button-bush . . : 308 COMPOSITE FAMILY Groundsel-tree . =311 HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY Dangleberry . . 318 Black Huckleberry . . 320 Dwarf Huckleberry . . 322 Box Huckleberry . . 323 Dwarf Blueberry . . 324 Low Blueberry . . . 328 Swamp Blueberry . . 329 Dwarf Bilberry . . . 334 Bog Bilberry . , . 334 Mountain Cranberry . . 335 Deerberry .... 340 Creeping Snovvberry . . 341 American Cranberry . .341 HEATH FAMILY Labrador Tea . . . 343 Wild Honeysuckle . . 346 Mountain Azalea . . 350 Flaming Azalea . . 352 Tree Azalea . . -354 Clammy Azalea . ' . -354 Rhodora . . ; . 360 Great Laurel . . . 362 Alleghany Menziesia . 364 Sand Myrtle . , .366 Trailing Azalea . . 367 Mountain Laurel . . 367 xvi GENERA AND SPECIES ERICACEAE Continued. Kalmia angustifolia . Kalmia glauca . . Phyllodoce c&rulea Cassiope hypnoides Leucothoi? raceinosa Leucothoe Catesbcei Andromeda polifolia Pieris floribunda . Picris mariana . , Xolisma ligustrina Chamadaphne calyculata Epigiea repens Gaitlthcria procumbens . Arctostaphylos nva-ursi Mairania alpina Calluna vulgaris . . CLETHRACEJE Clethra alnifolia . . OLEACE/E .... Syringa vulgaris . . Syringa persica Syringa josikaa Lignstrum vulgare . Forsythia viridissima . Forsythia suspcnsa LAURACE^E .... Benzoin benzoin . . THYMELEACE^E . Dirca palustris Daphne mezereum . Daphne cneorum , EL^EAGNACE^E Elaagnus argentea Elaagnus angustifolia . Lepargyrtea argentea Lepargyrcea canadensis . PAGB Lambkill 3?o Swamp Laurel . . 372 Mountain Heath . 374 Moss Plant . . . 375 Swamp Leucothoe . 375 Catesby's Leucothoe . . 378 Wild Rosemary . 380 Mountain Fetter-bush . 384 Stagger-bush . 386 Privet Andromeda . 388 Cassandra . 390 Trailing Arbutus 39^ Wintergreen 395 Red Bearberry . - 396 Black Bearberry . . 400 Heather . 400 WHITE-ALDER FAMILY Sweet Pepperbush . . 402 OLIVE FAMILY Lilac .... . 406 Persian Lilac . 408 Josika's Lilac . 408 Privet . 410 Forsythia . . . 412 Forsythia . 4i3 LAUREL FAMILY Spice-bush . 415 MEZEREUM FAMILY Leather-wood . . 419 Mezeron . . 422 Daphne . 424 OLEASTER FAMILY Silver Berry . 427 Garden Elaeagnus . 428 Buffalo-berry 43o Canadian Buffalo-berry 432 GENERA AND SPECIES LORANTHACE^E . Phoradendronflavescens MYRICACEJE . . . Myrica gale . . . Myrica carolinensis Comptonia peregrina FAGACE.E . Castanea pumila . BETULACE^E Corylus americana Corylus rostrata Betula pumila Betula grandulosa Alnus incana Alnus rugosa Alnus alnobetula , SALICACE^E . Salix balsamifera Salix glaucophylla Salix cordata . . Salix adenophylla . Salix myrtilloides . Salix humilis Salix tristis . Salix Candida Salix sericea . Salix petiolaris EMPETRACE^E Empetrum nigrum Corema conradii , . TAXACE^E . Taxus canadensis . Taxus baccata MISTLETOE FAMILY American Mistletoe . BAYBERRY FAMILY Sweet Gale ., . Bayberry . . . Sweet Fern PAGE 434 437 440 443 BEECH FAMILY Chinquapin . 446 BIRCH FAMILY Hazel-nut . . 449 Beaked Hazel-nut 454 Low Birch 45 6 Glandular Birch . 458 Speckled Alder . . 460 Smooth Alder . . 464 Mountain Alder . . 468 WILLOW FAMILY Balsam Willow . . . 472 Broad-leaved Willow . . 474 Heart-leaved Willow . . 476 Furry Willow . . . 477 Bog Willow . . . 478 Prairie Willow . . . 478 Dwarf Gray Willow . . 482 Hoary Willow . . . 484 Silky Willow . . .486 Slender Willow . . .486 CROWBERRY FAMILY Black Crowberry . . 488 Conrad's Broom Crowberry 492 YEW FAMILY American Yew European Yew 493 495 ILLUSTRATIONS PANICLKD DOGWOOD, Frontispiece SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT, Flowering Spray of, 2 SOULANGE'S MAGNOLIA, Flowering Spray of, 7 STAR MAGNOLIA, Flowers of, 9 KOBUS MAGNOLIA, Flower of, 9 COMMON BARBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 13 AMERICAN BARBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 15 MAHONIA, Fruiting Spray of, 17 DOWNY HUDSONIA, Tuft of, 21 SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT, Flowering Spray of, 25 KALM'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT, Flowering Spray of, 27 ST. ANDREW'S CROSS, Flowering Spray of, 29 STUARTIA, Flowering Spray of, 32 GORDONIA, Flowering Spray of, 33 SHRUBBY ALTHAEA, Flowering Spray of, 37 TAMARISK, Flowering Spray of, 41 PRICKLY ASH, Leaf of, 43 PRICKLY ASH, Flowering Spray of, 44 WAFER ASH, Samaras of, 45 WAFER ASH, Flowering Spray of, 46 BLACK ALDER, Flowering Spray of, 49 BLACK ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 51 SMOOTH WINTERBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 53 INKBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 55 MOUNTAIN HOLLY, Fruiting Spray of, 57 RUNNING EUONYMUS, Fruiting Spray of, 59 ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN, Spray of, 63 COMMON BUCKTHORN, Flowering Spray of, 65 ALDER BUCKTHORN, Fruiting Spray of, 67 NEW JERSEY TEA, Flowering Spray of, 69 DWARF BUCKEYE, Flower Spike of, 73 AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT, Flowering Spray of, 75 AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT, Fruiting Spray of, 77 SMOOTH SUMACH, Spray of, 79 MOUNTAIN SUMACH, Fruiting Spray of, 81 POISON SUMACH, Fruiting Spray of, 83 ILLUSTRATIONS POISON IVY, Plant of, 85 NORTHERN POISON IVY, Thicket of, 87 FRAGRANT SUMACH, Spray of, 89 ILL-SCENTED SUMACH, Spray of, 91 SMOKE-TREE, Flowering Spray of, 93 SWEET PEA, Flower of, 94 SWEET PEA, Banner, Wings, and Keel-petals of, 94 SWEET. PEA, Stamens and Pistil of, 94 SWEET PEA, Young Pod of, 94 FALSE INDIGO, Flowering Spray of, 97 LEAD PLANT, Flowering Spray of, 99 WOAD WAXEN, Flowering Spray of, 101 ROSE ACACIA, Flowering Spray of, 104 GOLDEN CHAIN, Flowering Spray of, 105 BEACH PLUM, Flowering Spray of, 109 BEACH PLUM, Leaves of, no SAND CHERRY, Fruiting Spray of, in APPALACHIAN CHERRY, Spray of, 113 CHOKE CHERRY, Flowering Spray of, 115 FLOWERING ALMOND, Flowering Spray of, 117 MEADOW SWEET, Flowering Spray of, 119 STEEPLE-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 121 THUNBERG'S SPJKA:A, Flowering Spray of, 123 PLUM-LEAVED SPIRAEA, Flowering Spray of, 124 VAN HOUT'S SPIRAEA, Flowering Spray of, 127 ANTHONY WATERER'S SPIRAEA, Flowering Spray of, 128 NINEBARK, Flowering Spray of, 130 NINEBARK, Fruiting Spray of, 131 EXOCHORDA, Flowering Spray of, 133 EXOCHORDA, Leaf of, 134 KERRIA, Double Flower of, 135 KERRIA, Single Flower of, 135 PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 130 RED RASPBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 141 BLACK RASPBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 145 HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 147 LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 151 LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 155 DEWBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 157 DEWBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 159 RUNNING SWAMP BLACKBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 160 SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL, Flowering Spray of, 162 MICHIGAN ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 165 EARLY WILD ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 169 SWAMP ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 171 ROSE-HIPS, 172 PASTURE ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 174 ILLUSTRATIONS GLOSSY ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 175 NORTHEASTERN ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 177 SWEETBRIER, Flowering Spray of, 179 DOG ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 182 JAPANESE ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 183 JAPANESE TRAILING ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 185 RED CHOKE-BERRY, Flowering Spray of, 188 PURPLE-FRUITED CHOKE-BERRY, Flowering Spray of, 189 BLACK CHOKE-BERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 191 SHADBUSH, Flowering Spray of, 193 Low JUNE-BERRY, Flowering Spray of, 195 OBLONG-FRUITED JUNE-BERRY, Flowering Spray of, 197 EVERGREEN THORN, Flowering Spray of, 199 JAPAN QUINCE, Flowering Spray of, 201 STRAWBERRY-SHRUB, Flowering Spray of, 205 SMOOTH STRAWBERRY-SHRUB, Fruiting Spray of, 207 WILD HYDRANGEA, Flowering Spray of, 209 HARDY HYDRANGEA, Flowering Spray of, 211 SYRINGA, Flowering Branch of, 213 LARGE-FLOWERED SYRINGA, Flowering Spray of, 215 DEUTZIA, Flowering Sprays of, 218, 219 ITEA, Flowering Spray of, 222 WILD GOOSEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 225 EASTERN WILD GOOSEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 227 NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 230 RED CURRANT, Leaf of, 232 WILD BLACK CURRANT, Flowering Spray of, 234 GOLDEN CURRANT, Flowering Spray of, 237 WITCH HAZEL, Flosvering and Fruiting Sprays of, 239 DOGWOOD, Flower of, 242 FLOWERING DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 243 ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 245 SILKY DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 247 ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD, Flowering Sprajr of, 249 RED-OSIER DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 251 PANICLED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 253 BAILEY'S DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 255 ALTERNATF-LEAVED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 257 RED-STEMMED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 259 RED-STEMMED DOGWOOD, Fruiting Spray of, 261 AMERICAN ELDER, Flowering Spray of, 263 RED-BERRIED ELDER, Flowering Spray of, 267 VIBURNUM, Flower of, 269 HOBBLE-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 271 HIGH-BUSH CRANBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 274 SNOWBALL, Flowering Spray of, 275 MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM, Flowering Spray of, 277 ILLUSTRATIONS DOWNY VIBURNUM, Flowering Spray of, 279 ARROW-WOOD, Flowering Spray of, 281 DOWNY VIBURNUM, Leaf of, 282 WITHE-ROD, Fruiting Spray of, 283 SOFT-LEAVED VIBURNUM, Leaf of, 284 LARGE WITHE-ROD, Leaf of, 285 WAYFARING TREE, Flowering Spray of, 286 SNOWBFRRY, Fruiting Spray of, 289 INDIAN CURRANT, Fruiting Spray of, 291 SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLK, Flowering Spray of, 293 BLUE FLY-HONEYSUCKLE, Leafy Spray of, 295 FLY-HONEYSUCKLE, Leafy Spray of, 297 TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Flowering Spray of, 299 TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Fruiting Spray of, 301 INVOLUCRED FLY-HONEYSUCKLE, Leaf of, 302 BUSH HONEYSUCKLE, Flowering Spray of, 303 WEIGELA, Flowering Spray oi, 305 BUTTON-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 309 GROUNDSEL-TREK, Sprays of Flowers, 313 GROUNDSEL-TREE, Fruit of, 314 DANGLEBBRRY, Fruiting Spray of, 317 HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBBRRY, Fruiting Spray of, 319 DWARF HUCKLEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 321 HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 322 Box HUCKLEBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 323 DWARF BLUEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 325 DWARF BLUEBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 326 Low BLUEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 327 HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 331 DWARF BILBBRRY, Leafy Spray of, 333 BOG BILBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 334 MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 337 DEERBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 339 CREEPING SNOWBERRY, Trailing Stems of, 341 AMERICAN CRANBERRY, Sprays of Fruit and Flowers, 34* LABRADOR TEA, Flowering Sprays of, 345 WILD HONEYSUCKLE, Flowering Sprays of, 347 WILD HONEYSUCKLE, Leaves of, 348 MOUNTAIN AZALEA, Flowering Spray of, 349 FLAMING AZALEA, Flowering Spray of, 351 TREE AZALEA, Flowering Spray of, 353 CLAMMY AZALEA, Flowering Spray of, 355 RHODORA, Flowering Spray of, 359 RHODORA, Leaf of, 360 GREAT LAUREL, Flowering Spray of, 361 HYBRID RHODODENDRON, Flowers of, 363 SAND MYRTLE, Flowering Spray of, 365 ILLUSTRATIONS MOUNTAIN LAUREL, Flowering Spray of, 369 LAMBKILL, Flowering Spray of, 371 SWAMP LAUREL, Flowering Sprays of, 373 MOUNTAIN HEATH, Flowering Spray of, 374 CASSIOPE, Flowering Tuft of, 375 SWAMP LEUCOTHOE, Flowering Spray of, 377 CATESBY'S LEUCOTHOE, Flowering Spray of, 379 WILD ROSEMARY, Flowering Sprays of, 381 MOUNTAIN FETTER-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 383 STAGGER-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 385 PRIVET ANDROMEDA, Fruiting Spray of, 387 CASSANDRA, Flowering Spray of, 389 TRAILING ARBUTUS, Flowering Spray of, 393 WINTERGREEN, Flowering Stems of, 395 RED BEARBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 397 HEATHER, Flowering Tuft of, 399 CLETHRA, Flowering Spray of, 403 LILAC, Flowering Spray of, 405 PERSIAN LILAC, Flowering Spray of, 407 PRIVET, Flowering Spray of, 409 FORSYTHIA, Flowering Spray of, 411 FORSYTHIA, Leaves of, 413 SPICE-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 416 SPCE-BUSH, Fruiting Spray of, 417 LEATHER WOOD, Fruiting Spray of, 421 MEZERON, Flowering Spray of, 422 MEZERON, Leafy Spray of, 423 DAPHNE, Flowering Spray of, 425 SILVER BERRY, Leafy Spray of, 429 GARDEN EL^EAGNUS, Flowering Spray of, 431 BUFFALO-BERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 433 MISTLETOE, Cross-section of Root, 435 MISTLETOE, Fruiting Spray of, 436 SWEET GALE, Fruiting Spray of, 438 SWEET GALE, Flowering Spray of, 439 BAYBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 441 SWEET FERN, Leafy Spray of, 445 CHINQUAPIN, Fruiting Spray of, 447 HAZEL-NUT, Fruiting Spray of, 450 HAZKL-NUT, Catkins of, 451 HAZEL-NUT, Winter Branch of, 452 BEAKED HAZEL-NUT, Fruiting Spray of, 453 Low BIRCH, Fruiting Spray of, 455 DWARF BIRCH, Leafy Spray of, 457 SPECKLED ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 459 SPECKLED ALDER, Catkins of, 461 SMOOTH ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 465 ILLUSTRATIONS MOUNTAIN ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 467 PUSSY WILLOW, Catkins of, 470 BALSAM WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 471 BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 473 HEART-LEAVED WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 475 BOG WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 479 PRAIRIE WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 480 DWARF GRAY WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 481 HOARY WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 483 SILKY WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 485 SLENDER WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 487 BLACK CROWBERRY, Fruiting Branch of, 489 CONRAD'S CROWBERRY, Leafy Branch of, 492 AMERICAN YEW, Fruiting Spray of, 494 EUROPEAN YEW, Fruiting Spray of, 496 GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS PAGE LEAVES DECIDUOUS, COMPOUND, ALTERNATE ON THE STEM : 1. Stems biennial, with spines or prickles; leaves 3 to 5 foli- ate ; flowers white, five-petaled ; fruit an aggregation of drupelets. a. New shoots red, covered with bloom, clothed with weak, glandular hairs ; older stems with small, weak prickles ; fruit red. Wild Red Raspberry 140 b. New stems slender, recurved, purplish, densely covered with bloom ; prickles few, small, hooked ; fruit black. Black Raspberry 143 c. Stems erect or recurved, angular, furrowed, green, reddish or purple, covered with bloom ; prickles stout, curved ; fruit black. High Blackberries 146 d. Stems of blackberry type ; fruit black. d\ . Stout, prostrate. Dewberry 158 d2. Weak, trailing. Running Swamp Blackberry 1 58 2. Stems usually prickly ; leaves 3 to 9 foliate ; flowers pink, five-petaled ; fruit a hip. Roses 163 3. Stems with stout prickles ; leaves 5 to 1 1 foliate, leafstalks prickly ; flowers greenish, small, appearing with the leaves. Plant sometimes a small tree. Prickly Ash 43 4. Young stems and new shoots covered with clammy, glandular bristles ; leaves 5 to 9 foliate ; flowers of pea type, pink, in racemes. Rose Acacia 104 5. Stems without spines or prickles. a. Flowers small, greenish yellow, borne in loose terminal spikes or axillary clusters ; fruit a small drupe. Sumach Family 78 a\. Fruit red, hairy, acid, borne in large terminal spikes. Leaves 7 to 31 foliate, margins serrate. Smooth Sumach 78 Leaves 7 to n foliate, margin entire, petioles winged. Mountain Sumach 80 XXV GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS PAGE a2. Fruit grayish white, smooth, borne in axillary panicles. Leaves 7 to n foliate, margin entire, petiole not winged ; plant very poisonous to the touch. Poison Sumach 82 Leaves 3 foliate, stems trailing or climbing ; plants poisonous to the touch . Poison Ivies 84 #3. Fruit red, globose, downy, borne sparingly in short clustered spikes. Leaves 3 foliate, aromatic. Fragrant Sumach. ... 88 Leaves 3 foliate, unpleasantly odorous. Ill-scented Sumach 90 b. Flowers cream-white, small, borne in terminal cymes ; fruit a drupe. b\. Stems with white pith, swollen at the joints; leaves 5 to 1 1 foliate ; cymes flat, spreading ; fruit dark purple, pleasant. American Elder 262 b2. Stems with brown pith; leaves 5 to 7 foliate; cymes pyramidal, appear early ; fruit scarlet. Red Elder . 266 c. Flowers of pea type. c\. Flowers deformed, only the banner petal remaining; bright purple, borne in slender terminal spikes. Leaves 1 1 to 21 foliate. False Indigo 95 Leaves 15 to 49 foliate, crowded on the stem. Downy Amorpha 98 C2. Flowers yellow, in loose terminal spikes ; leaves i foliate. Woad Waxen 100 3. Flowers yellow, in drooping racemes ; leaves 3 foliate. Laburnum 103 d. Flowers small, star-like, prune purple, appearing before and with the leaves ; leaves 5 foliate, sometimes bipin- nately foliate. Shrub Yellow-root 3 2. Blooming in midsummer. Stuartia 31 3. Blooming in autumn. Gordonia 34 c, Flowers of hollyhock type, solitary or clustered, white, red, crimson, or scarlet ; frequently double. Often a small tree. Blooms in late summer and autumn. Althea 36 d. Leaves silvery; flowers yellowish, often fragrant. Ole- aster Family 427 e. Flowers white, sometimes pink, of the rose type, borne in umbels or corymbs or racemes. e\. Pistil solitary ; fruit a drupe. Flowers appearing before the leaves ; usually in umbels. Plums. Cherries 107- 1 1 1 Flowers appearing after the leaves, borne in ra- cemes ; fruit of marked astringent quality. Choke Cherry 112 Ornamental shrub ; flowers double white or pink, appearing before the leaves. Flowering Almond. . 114 62. Styles 2 to 5, more or less united ; fruit a berry-like pome. Flowers white or purplish tinged ; appearing after the leaves ; fruit rather dry. Chokeberries 187 Flowers appearing before or with the leaves ; fruit delicious. Juneberries 192 xxviii GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS PAGE s 469 Shrubs with alternate leaves not mentioned above: Tamarisk, Forsythia, Exochorda, Kerria, cultivated Spiraeas, Mezeron, Red-root. LEAVES EVERGREEN : 1. Leaves resembling those of the hemlock; fruit a seed, al- most enclosed in a red fleshy cup. Yeu , " leafy wall. PEARL BUSH. EXOCHORDA Exochorda grandiflbra. Exochorda, from exo, external, and chorda, a cord ; sug- gested by the placental cords supposed to be external to carpels. Exochorda, which appears in our gardens both as tree and shrub, undoubtedly ranks high among the orna- mental plants that we have received from China. It inclines to long, slender spray, which very quickly grows out of bounds and becomes straggling, naked stems; but if properly pruned a compact and bushy form may easily be produced and just as easily re- tained. The flowers somewhat resemble cherry blossoms, but where the cherry blossom shows a yellow centre, the Exochorda is curiously green, with a tew white sta- mens set on the throat of the calyx. The plant is more 132 EXOCHORDA Exochorda, Exocborda grandiflora. Flowers i' to \Y 4 ' across. ROSE FAMILY closely allied to the spirseas than to the cherries or the roses. The buds look like buttons ; the flowers come out about the middle of May, and there is a charm- ing contrast between the tender green of the young leaves and the snow white of the abundant bloom which crowds upon the end of every twig. Mr. J. G. Jack, writing of Exochorda, says: " It is sometimes complained that the flowers lack individual interest, are cold and without anything to excite sentiment or admiration, except by the almost daz- zling effect of the full bloom. But al- though the blossoms are formal and al- most bold in effect and lack agreeable fra g rance > the y appear after apple blos- soms have faded and before Deutzia and Philadelphus flower, and certainly at this season we have nothing surpassing them in beauty. The flowers themselves are most interesting just as the buds are opening." The fruit of Exochorda is composed of five small bony carpels adhering, in the form of It star, around the central axis. Young plants are often sterile, but as they get older they fruit abundantly ; the seeds ger- minate quickly. KERRIA. CORCHORUS. GLOBE FLOWER Kerria japonic a. Named after Bellenden Ker, a British botanist. This is the old-fashioned Corchorus of our gardens, a name originally applied through a misapprehension of 134 KERRIA Kerria. Double- flowered Form. the botanical affinities of the plant; a name that should be supplanted by Kerria, which sounds quite as well and is correct. Botanically the plant is allied to the spiraeas. The double-flowered form was the first introduced from Japan, and im- mediately became a great favorite. The blossoms are bright yellow and so very double that the name Globe Flower does not seem inappropriate. The single form from which the double was developed came later, and is the more beautiful of the two. It is an error to suppose that a double flower is always better than its type, for the multiplication of petals is frequently gained at the ex- pense of grace and delicacy. In this single form the flowers, often an inch and a half across, are solitary, on slender stalks, and look not unlike great buttercups, only the petals are an orange yellow and not lustrous. The plant does best where it can have partial shade, as the petals, curiously enough, bleach white in the sunlight, and in a sunny location it is rare to find a flower with- out one or more white petals. The leaves are broad-lanceolate, long- pointed, deeply serrate-toothed, bright green above and paler beneath. There is a variety with single flowers and va- riegated leaves, but it is not the equal of either of the others. In winter the stems are such a brilliant green that they attract atten- tion standing among the stems of other plants. Kerria. Single-flow- ered Form. ROSE FAMILY BRAMBLE Rubus. Rnbus, the Roman name, kindred to rttber, red. The Bramble is allied to the roses, and in many respects the likeness between them is marked ; but the growth of the stem and the character of the fruit are personal and characteristic, and fully distinguish the genus from any other. In it are included the raspber- ries, black and red, also the blackberries. The Bramble is a sort of compromise between a per- ennial herb and a shrub. The stems are indeed woody, but instead of living on from year to year and bearing an indefinite number of crops, as the currant or the gooseberry, they live but about a year and a half, and perish after maturing their fruit; while the roots live on indefinitely. The young stems make very rapid growth until they have attained their normal stature, then growth ceases. These stems are called canes, and are very noticeable in any vigorous black raspberry or blackberry bush, but not quite so marked in the reel raspberry. The fruit, likewise, will repay careful examination. In the centre of a Rulms blossom is a group of carpels set upon a slightly convex receptacle. After the petals fall and the seed vessels begin to enlarge, this convex receptacle enlarges too, and bears upon its sides and apex the numerous tiny drupes; one for each carpel of the blossom. They find themselves considerably crowded, and unite rather by pressure than by growth. In the case of the raspberries, the union of the re- 136 PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY ceptacle with the calyx is stronger than its union with the drupes; so when the so-called berry is ripe the aggregation of little drupes slips off the recep- tacle and leaves it behind grown fast to the calyx. In the blackberry the conditions are reversed ; the union of the receptacle with the drupes is stronger than with the calyx, so when the berry is ripe the drupes carry the receptacle with them. This is the explanation of the white core always found at the centre of a black- berry. PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY Ritbus odoratus. Raspberry, from the Italian raspo, rough, on account of the roughness of the stem and leaves. A straggling shrub with upright stems, three to five feet high, found by roadsides, in mountain paths and moist, shady places. Spreads rapidly by underground stems. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Ten- nessee. ark.O\\ old stems pale, dull yellow, becoming loose and stringy. The recent shoots and flower branches are thickly covered with purplish glandular hairs, which continue up the petiole, along the midrib and primary veins on the under sur- face of the leaf, and thickly invest the flower-stalk and the calyx. Leaves. Alternate, simple, large, seven to nine, sometimes twelve inches broad, palmately three to five-lobed, cordate at base. Lobes serrate, acuminate ; the middle one longer than the others. They come out of the bud plicate; shining, red- dish, glandular-pubescent ; when full grown are bright green, rough, hairy above and beneath. They remain unchanged until destroyed by the frost and storms. Petiole long, very pubescent, enlarged at base ; stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate. ROSE FAMILY Flowers. May to September. Perfect, borne in loose corymbs or panicles, rose purple, showy, one to two inches across; bracts membranous. Calyx. Deeply five-parted, densely covered with red glan- dular hairs ; lobes tipped with a long slender appendage. Corolla. Petals five, rose purple, coming crumpled from the bud, inserted on the disk of the calyx. Stamens. Many, inserted on the calyx ; filaments purple ; anthers dull yellow, two-celled. Pistil. Many carpels inserted on a convex receptacle ; style purplish ; stigma white. Fruit. Each carpel ripens into a tiny red drupe, and together they form an aggregate fruit, depressed, hemispherical, acid. July, September. The Purple-flowering Raspberry is very attractive as its pretty rose-like blossoms look out from a dense thicket by a mountain path ; it is equally attractive when transferred from its wild-wood home to the gar- den. When permitted, a single bush will very quickly form a clump, for the underground stems send up abundant shoots. The young stems and shoots are clothed in velvet, so dense are the red hairs which beset them ; but the bark of the oldest stems is a thing of shreds and patches. The blooming period extends from June to October, but there is never any great number of blossoms at one time. The spherical un- opened buds are crowned with a flowing tassel made of the five long points of the calyx. The blossoms come out from the bud a soft rose purple, but quickly fade in the sunshine. In cultivation the plant should be given a shady place. The fruit is a red raspberry that sits in a calyx-cup . about it is a fringe of dry stamens. Each little drupe 138 PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY Purple-flowering Raspberry, Rtibus odoratus. Leaves 7' to $ broad. Flowers i' to ifa' across. ROSE FAMILY is bright red, velvety with white hairs and crowned with a style. The drupes readily separate from one another and also from the receptacle; in flavor area sharp acid. The marked personal characteristic ot Rubus odo- ratiis is the astonishing abundance of glandular hairs upon the recent shoots, the leaves, the petioles, the flower-stalk and the calyx. Botanically, glands are cellular bodies containing some peculiar secretion, and situated on or below the cuticle, which covers the sur- face of a plant. Stalked glands are these little bodies elevated upon a stalk or stem. WILD RED RASPBERRY J\'ubns strigbsus. Low, erect, three to six feet high, loving dry or rocky situ- ations. Ranges from Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia, south in the Alleghanies to North Carolina and south- west to New Mexico. Suckers freely. Steins. Biennial, branched ; new shoots densely clothed with weak glandular bristles and older stems with small hooked prickles. New shoots and branchlets red with a bloom; old stems pale, dull yellowish brown. Leaves. Alternate, pinnately compound ; leaflets five in lower leaves, three in upper leaves, two and a half to three inches long ; ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at base, coarsely and ir- regularly serrate or slightly lobed, acute or acuminate at apex ; lateral leaflets are sessile and bilateral ; midvein, primary and secondary veins depressed above, prominent beneath ; when full grown the leaves are a bright yellow green, smooth above, pale green or whitish, downy beneath. In autumn they become a rich vinous red, sometimes touched with yellow, or fall with little change of color. Petiole armed with tiny bristles and prickles. Stipules narrow and deciduous. 140 RED RASPBERRY Red Raspberry, Rubus strigosus Leaflets i' to 3' long. ROSE FAMILY flowers. May. Perfect, rose-like, about half an inch broad, borne in terminal or axillary, loose racemose or paniculate clus- ters, white ; pedicels slender. Calyx. Persistent, tube short and broad ; border deeply five- parted ; segments acuminate. Corolla. Petals five, white, imbricate in bud, inserted on the disk that lines the calyx tube. Stamens. Numerous, inserted with the petals on the calyx. Pistil. Carpels numerous, crowded upon a convex receptacle, ripening into drupelets. Fruit. Consists of many drupelets that adhere and form an aggregate fruit, which falls away from the white spongy recep- tacle when ripe. Red, delicious. July. The Red Raspberry of our hillsides and fence cor- ners is the progenitor of all the cultivated varieties found in our gardens ; and they really differ very little from it. At first the effort was made to acclimate va- rieties of Rubus idceiis, the Red Raspberry of Europe, but this was not a success. Our climate seemed like the woodman's historic trap, especially adapted " to ketch 'em comin' and goin'." If the carefully imported plants survived our summers for a few years, they finally succumbed to our winters. Or, if sheltered from the se- verity of our winters, one hot dry summer finished them. They simply could not live here. Professor Card con- siders that over one hundred varieties have been plant- ed, of which not more than eight or ten survive, and these in the gardens of amateurs. All the commercial varieties are either chance seedlings, careful hybridiza- tions, or sports, of Rubus strigosus, and their name is legion. It is believed, however, that in several of the best there still lingers a strain of the European rasp- berry which never fails to improve the quality of the 142 BLACK RASPBERRY fruit at the same time that it affects the hardiness of the plant. The root of all the raspberries belongs to that type which is called travelling ; that is, the suckers run out in every direction away from the central root, so that the new stems come up each year in fresh soil. This is nature's plan for providing " green woods and past- ures new." It is evident that the raspberry in its wild state is continually changing its situation, and when domesticated it should be frequently taken up and re- planted in fresh soil. The seeds are said to retain their vitality for a long time. The white raspberry of cul- tivation is probably a sport of the common red rasp- berry. BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLE-BERRY. BLACK-CAP Riibus occidentalis. Straggling, prickly, with long arching stems; growing by bowlders, in fence corners, by falling trees ; common throughout our range and widely cultivated. Stems. Biennial, slender, terete, recurved, ten to twelve feet long, purple, densely covered with whitish bloom ; often root- ing at the tip ; sparingly armed with small hooked prickles. Old stems dull maroon. Leaves, Alternate, pinnately compound. Leaflets three, rare- ly five, two to five inches long ; terminal leaflet ovate ; lateral leaflets bilateral ; margins coarsely cut and irregularly serrate, apex acute or acuminate. They come out of the bud plicate, pale yellow green above, downy and glaucous beneath ; when full grown are bluish green above, whitish beneath. In autumn they remain unchanged until destroyed by the early winter storms. Petioles armed with small prickles. Stipules decid- uous. ROSE FAMILY Flowers. May, June. Perfect, white, borne in terminal corymbose clusters, on branchlets apparently borne on one side of the stem. Calyx. Five-parted, persistent ; tube short ; sepals acute, usually reflexed. Corolla. Petals five, white, small and fugitive, often emargi- nate. Stamens. Many, inserted on the calyx. Pistil. Carpels many, inserted on a convex receptacle ; style slender. Fruit. Each carpel ripens into a small drupe and together they form an aggregate fruit, which is black, shining, hemispher- ical, delicious ; when ripe this falls a\vay from the receptacle, leaving that with the calyx. July, August. In late summer the Black Raspberry bush shows clearly its bramble nature. The fruiting stems which in June were so vigorous, so crowded with clusters of ripening berries, are now faded, dishevelled, disheart- ened ; the corymbs of dried calyxes show where the berries were ; the life-impulse is departing from the stem, its vitality is exhausted, it is dying of old age. Beside the dying stem stands youth and life and vigor in the person of the young cane springing from the centre of the bush and by a graceful arch meeting the ground two or three feet away. Its strong stem bears the bloom of youth ; its leaves fairly glow with life. Its poise is one of exquisite beaut} 7 ; but its nat- ure is somewhat feline withal, for it resents disturb- ance and upon occasion will scratch. It has started on its full career; this summer it will mature the buds which next year will produce the leaves and flowers and fruit of the plant, and then it, too, will go the way of its predecessors. The King is dead ! Long live the 144 BLACK RASPBERRY Black Raspberry, Rubtis occidentals. Leaflets j' to 5' long. ROSE FAMILY King! The root of the bramble lives on indefinitely but its life functions in consecutive and ever renewed stems. HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY. COMMON BRIER Rubus nigrobdccus. Riibus villbsus. A straggling prickly bush with stems, both erect and recurved, three to eight feet high ; found throughout the eastern portions of the United States and far northward in British America ; known by its peculiar and pleasant fruit. Grows in thickets, along roadsides, in neglected fields. Multiplies abundantly by creeping roots. Stems. Biennial, shrubby, erect or recurved, angular, fur- rowed, three to eight feet high, armed with stout curved prickles, green or dark purple, with a bloom. Young branches, pedun- cles, stipules, petioles and veins beneath, pubescent and bearing numerous glandular-tipped hairs. Leaves. Alternate, compound, three to five-foliate. Leaf- lets ovate or lance-oblong, two to four inches long, rounded at base, unequally serrate, acute at apex; terminal leaflet somewhat heart-shaped and conspicuously stalked ; the side leaflets also stalked ; midrib and petiole armed with stout prickles. They come out of the bud plicate, dull reddish green, shining, hairy ; when full grown are dark green above, paler, hairy and glandular beneath. In autumn they turn a rich vinous red, varying to bronze, purple or fading to orange. Stipules linear or lance- olate. Flowers. May, June. Of the rose type, white, showy, three- fourths to an inch and a quarter across, borne mainly in termi- nal, racemose, leafless panicles. Calyx persistent, deeply five- parted, its tube short and broad ; petals white, obovate, much longer than the sepals ; stamens inserted on the calyx. Pedicels glandular-hairy, an inch or two long, standing out at obtuse angles to the main axis. Fruit. An aggregate fruit consisting of many small, black, shining drupes borne on a long white axis which is the elonga- tion of the receptacle. The drupes do not separate from the 146 HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY High-bush Blackberry, Rubus nigrobaccus. Flowers %' to iJi' across. ROSE FAMILY receptacle, but both fall from the calyx together. Sweet and aromatic. August, September. The tangled blackberry, crossed and recrossed, weaves A prickly network of ensanguined leaves. JAMKS RUSSELL LOWELL. If you wish to enjoy the richness of the fruit you must not be hasty to pluck it. When the children say with a shout, "The blackberries are ripe!" I know that I can wait. When the children report, " The birds are eating the berries ! " I know that I can wait. But when they say, "The bees are on the berries ! " I know they are at their ripest. Then with baskets we sally forth. * * * Even now we gather those only which drop at the touch, these in a brimming saucer, with golden cream and a soup9on of powdered sugar are Olympian nectar ; they melt before the tongue can measure their full roundness ; and seem to be mere bloated bubbles of forest honey. " My Farm at Edgewood. " DONALD G. MITCHELL. Every one knows the Blackberry, the Common Brier, because of its marked tendency to inhabit and possess the earth. It springs up in any neglected place and, if undisturbed, takes possession and holds its own against all intruders. It loves the sea-shore, flourishes on the mountain side, is especially thrifty at the edge of woods, fairly riots in fields lately cleared or recently burned over, holds to the fencerows, and wanders along the roadside. The species varies greatly in habit, but each and all forms possess a sturdy vitality which enables them to live in spite of discouragement. Sometimes, indeed, they discourage the farmer, for simply to cut them down is useless; they promptly scramble up again and can be eradicated only by uprooting. When the waste land is to be reclaimed, transformed into past- ure, or meadow, or cultivated field, to uproot is praiseworthy ; but to destroy this wild luxuriant 148 HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY growth, beautiful in leaf and in flower, grateful in fruit, glorious in its rich autumnal coloring, simply to make a desolation, or to provide more space for rag- weed and plantain and beggar-ticks, is zeal without knowledge. Yet this is what happens nine cases out of ten when the rural street commissioner starts out upon his devastating career to improve the country roadside. Rubus nigrobaccus is the prevailing form of the high- bush blackberries of the woods and fencerows of the north ; from this wild, untamed, hardy stock has sprung the blackberry of cultivation. The well known Lawton, Kittatinny and Wilson varieties originated from wild seedlings found by the wayside and trans- ferred to the garden. The botanical history of this High-bush Blackberry is entangled and confused. The plant is really Rubns villosus of American botanists. It so appears in Gray's Manual, sixth edition. But in following out the rules of nomenclature adopted by the American Association for the Advancement of Science it was discovered that the name Rubus villosus belonged to another plant. Prof. L. H. Bailey was able to determine this by per- sonally examining the herbaria of Linnaeus and of Aiton. As a consequence our wild-wood brier became nameless, and finally received the Latin synonym of its common name nigrobaccus, blackberry. In study- ing the plant it is well to remember that the five- foliate leaves are found usually on young and sterile stems, the three-foliate upon the fertile ones. Professor Bailey, in " The Evolution of our Native Fruits," published in 1898, writes as follows: I4Q ROSE FAMILY " Of the high-bush blackberry there are three general types or categories: " (i) The common high-bush blackberry of the north, which has large, pointed, villous leaves and long, open, pubescent racemes. This is the plant which is ordi- narily taken as the type of Rubus villosus, but strangely enough, although the common blackberry, it now has no scientific name. I, therefore, propose to call it Rubus nigrobaccus. "(2) The leafy-cluster type of blackberry, which is characterized by a stiffer and mostly shorter growth, by smaller and usually narrower leaves, short and leafy flower clusters and the general, although not complete absence of villousness. This plant must now receive the name Rubus argutus, and its synonyms are Rubus frondosus, and Rubus subercctus. "(3) The thornless blackberry type which must now be called Rubus canadcnsis, a synonym of which is Rubus millspaugliii" Professor Bailey writes further as follows : " Another form of the high-bush blackberry is a plant which Porter has named Rubus allcglicnicnsis or the Mountain Blackberry. * * * Since Professor Porter has studied the plant in its native state for many years I shall accept the plant as a distinct species. I am the more inclined to this opinion since if the common high-bush blackberry were to be united to the Moun- tain Blackberry, Rubus allegheniensis would have to be taken as the type of the species ; and I should con- sider it unfortunate to take a mountain form as the type of a common continental plant. This arrange- ment gives an analytical and perspicuous treatment to 150 LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY Leafy-bracted Blackberry, Ri(bns argutus. Flowers Ji' to i&' across. ROSE FAMILY the high-bush blackberries and should be the means of making the various forms better known. It goes without saying that in plants which are so confused as rubi, intermediate and perplexing forms will be found; but even these forms can be best understood when the plants are broken up into their reigning types." In Britton's " Manual of the Flora of the United States and Canada " Rubus argutus and Rubus frondosus are considered as separate ; R. argutus being the gla- brate species, with the more southern habitat ; and R. frondosus the Leafy-bracted Blackberry. Rubus nigrobaccus sativus, the Short-cluster Black- berry, differs from the type in that it is lower, the leaflets broader, less distinctly long-pointed, fruits rounder and looser. It is the nondescript blackberry of open fields and is the parent of the larger part of the short-cluster or garden blackberries. Although the Blackberry group is very confusing to an amateur, a few marked types can easily be deter- mined ; the High-bush, R. nigrobaccus, with its mountain form, R. allegheniensis, and its unkempt poor relation, R. nigrobaccus -saliva, are not difficult to recognize. The corymbose R. argutus, synonym R. frondosus, can also be distinguished both .in flower and fruit. The straggling Dewberry, R. procumbcns, which once was one but now is many, can be readily recognized in its type. But to distinguish among the varying and connect- ing forms which, grouped about these types, are now considered species, is the task of the expert. More- over, the experts do not altogether agree among them- selves. It is probable that the group will always be 152 RAND'S BLACKBERRY more or less of a problem to the classifying botanist. The fact that so many varieties have come into culti- vation that their seeds are scattered by the birds in out-of-the-way places ; that the seedlings so produced will vary, returning to their type with modifications obviously, will continue to confuse the situation. In the meantime, the great types stand out clear enough for the amateur to enjoy ; and if the variabil- ity of the family tends to drive the botanist to distrac- tion, it also makes possible the production of a fruit unique in character and most delicious in flavor. As a cultivated plant the blackberry is a purely American fruit ; all the varieties have been developed from native wild plants; and we alone of all peoples prize " The blackberry that was the bramble born." RAND'S BLACKBERRY Rubus rdndii. This is a native of northern woods, ranging from New Brunswick to Maine and west to northern Michi- gan. Low and diffuse in habit ; stems nearly glabrous and so soft and slender as to appear almost herba- ceous; prickles few and weak, often wanting. Leaves are very thin, three or five-foliate. The flower cluster is long, many-flowered ; the flowers about half the size of those of Rubus nigrobaccus ; the fruit small, dry and seedy. 153 ROSE FAMILY LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY. LEAFY-CLUSTER BLACKBERRY Ritbus argutus. Ritbus frondbsus. "A plant of comparatively stiff and straight growth, usually shorter than R. nigrobaccus, with narrower and more rigid leaf- lets. Stems stout, angled, with rather stout straight prickles, and the whole plant glabrous or only slightly villous, except in some of the very young parts. The flower clusters are short and leafy ; flowers about the size of those of R. nigrobaccus. Its range is wide, extending from New Brunswick and Lake Superior to Florida, Mississippi and Kansas. It is less common in the north than R. nigrobaccus but is more abundant in the south, and there is a southern variety." L. H. BAILEY. THORNLESS BLACKBERRY. MILLSPAUGH'S BLACKBERRY Riibus canadensis. Rub us millspaughii. " This plant has the general habit of R. nigrobaccus, but is dis- tinguished by its long and slender petioles, mostly narrow and long acuminate leaves, long stipules, and especially by its lack of pubescence and general absence of thorns. It is apparently a well-marked species, showing throughout the country in the higher elevations froir the Carolinas northward to Lake Supe- rior." L. H. BAILEY. The following account of this Blackberry is quoted by Professor Bailey in " The Evolution of our Native Fruits " from notes made by Mr. Kofoid, of North Caro- lina. " It seems to be very abundant where it occurs, forming dense thickets of upright stems five to eight ^54 LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY Leafy-bracted Blackberry, Rubits argiitus. ROSE FAMILY feet in height. As late as the 2gth of August we found the fruit just turning a faint reddish tinge and quite pal- atable and sweet to a hungry man. Natives say that the fruit becomes ripe and black in September. The berries are large, long and slender and very sweet, lacking the sharply acid or bitterish quality of the berries of the lower mountains. There are no thorns or prickles. One can go through the patches unscathed. * * There are several botanical characters which distin- guish this species from the common blackberry, aside from the absence of thorns. It lacks almost entirely, except on some of the young shoots, the conspicuous- ly pubescent character of the common species. The leaves are thin, and the leaflets sharply toothed and prominently long-pointed. One of the most prominent characters lies in the leaflet stalks. Upon vigorous shoots the leaflets are five, and the three upper ones have stalks from one to three inches long." MOUNTAIN BLACKBERRY Rubus alleghenitnsis. Ritbus villbsus, var. montanus. Similar to Rubus nigrobaccus, though smaller, stems more slender, very prickly, branches commonly red- dish, the younger parts glandular-pubescent. Fruit dry with a somewhat spicy flavor, three-fourths to an inch long, thimble-shaped, narrowing toward the tip; drupelets small and numerous. Found on mountains and high lands of the Atlantic states, throughout the Alleghany region. In its typical iorms this blackberry is very well marked, but it frequently seems to grade back to the type. 156 DEWBERRY Dewberry, Rnbiis procnmbens. Flowers i' to \yS across. ROSE FAMILY LOW RUNNING BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY Rubus procumbens. Rubus canadensis. " A strong-growing prickly plant, mostly with glabrous sterns, which sometimes rise a foot or two above the earth and are then prostrate ; leaves medium to rather large, firm and thick, of three to seven oval or ovate, rather long-pointed and sharply doubly- toothed leaflets; racemes erect, with leaf-like bracts and from one to three-flowered, the central flowers opening first ; fruit va- riable, but usually globose or ovoid, with a few large and rather loose drupelets, shining black, sour, but becoming sweet at full maturity. This is the common dewberry of the northern states growing along the roadsides and on banks, the strong stems often reaching a length of five to eight feet. The species has a wide range, occurring as far south as Florida and west and southwest to Kansas, Oklahoma and Arizona. It is a very variable species, and it is probable that future observations may show that it should be broken up into two or three specific types. L. H. BAILEY. This plant has had many names. It is the Rubus villosus of Aiton, the Rtibus canadensis of authors, not Linnasus, and now it seems to have the name Rubus procumbens. Rubus hispidus. " Stems scarcely woody but lasting over winter, perfectly prostrate and beset with small, reflexed, weak bristles, sending up many short and leafy flowering shoots ; leaflets mostly three, obovate, blunt and shining, firm and thick in texture, and tend- ing to be evergreen ; flowers small and few on leafless peduncles ; fruit of few grains, red or purple and sour." L. H. BAILEY. 158 DEWBERRY Dewberry, Rnbiis procumbent. Leaflets 2' to 3' long. ROSE FAMILY Running Swamp Blackberry, Rubus hispidus. Leaflets %' to \%' long. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL "Few trailing plants combine a better effect of flower and foliage than our Swamp Blackberry. Its common name suggests wet places as its chosen home, but it is also found in dry sandy soil. It blooms through the most of June. The foliage looks evergreen although it is not, and in the autumn it ranks with woodbine in the brilliancy of its changing tints." Garden and forest. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL Potentilla fruticbsa. Potentilla, diminutive of potens, powerful, from the medic- inal properties of some species. Cinquefoil, in reference to the five leaflets of some species. Erect or ascending, much branched, very leafy, bark shreddy, six inches to four feet high ; found in swamps, also in moist, rocky places. Ranges from Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, in the Rocky Moun- tains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevadas to California. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Leaves. Alternate, pinnately compound. Leaflets five to seven, oblong or somewhat oblanceolate, entire, acute or acutish at each end, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, silky pubescent, margins revolute. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire. Flowers. June to September. Cymose or solitary, bright yellow, about half an inch across. Calyx five-lobed, five-brac- teolate ; corolla of five nearly orbicular petals ; stamens fifteen to twenty; style lateral, threadlike; achenes, disk and recep- tacle long-hairy. The Shrubby Cinquefoil can very easily become a weed, for it has learned how to live under adverse conditions and its natural range is enormous. Con- trolled, however, it is an excellent plant to mass in 161 ROSE FAMILY Shrubby Cinquefoil, Potentate fmticosa. Leaflets y 2 r to ^' long. Flowers ^' to ^' across. THE ROSE parks, as an undershrub, to brighten the dull places. Its midsummer bloom, is also in its favor for garden planting. THE ROSE Rosa. Rosa is the ancient Latin name of the flower. Erect or climbing shrubs, generally with subterranean root- stocks, which send up suckers at some distance from the parent. Stems usually prickly ; stalks and foliage often bearing aromatic glands ; flowers usually fragrant. Leaves. Alternate, odd-pinnate, with stipules which grow fast to the petioles. Leaflets vary in number from three to eleven. Flowers. Solitary or in loose corymbs; pink, red, or white in our species. Calyx. Cup-shaped, or urn-shaped, constricted at the throat, becoming fleshy in fruit, five-lobed ; lobes spreading, deciduous or persistent. Corolla. Petals five, obovate or obcordate, inserted upon the edge of the disk that lines the calyx-tube. Stamens. Many, inserted with the petals at the edge of the calyx-disk. Pistil. Made up of many separate carpels seated within the urn-shaped cup ; ovaries hairy; styles distinct or united. Fruit. Achenes, numerous, enclosed in the berry-like fruiting calyx-cup, called a hip. This hip becomes pink or red or orange at maturity. Six species of native wild roses are common within tlie range covered by this volume, besides two or three that "come out of the west" and frequently cross the border ; there are in addition two acclimated species. The specific characters that differentiate them refer principally to the habit, the leaves, and the stem, rather 163 ROSE FAMILY than to the flower. All our native roses are single ; all are pink. White flowers occasionally occur, but rather as an inconstant variation than as a specific character. The pink of the rose is unstable; it fades so quickly in the bright sunlight that in order to know the real color of the flower one must see it when opening. The blossom secretes no nectar; its fragrance-call to the bee is an invitation to gather pollen. The fruit, which is peculiar and characteristic, con- sists of a hollow cup within which are closely packed many achenes, and protruding through a hole at the top are the remnants of the styles, one style for each achene. It is called a hip, and is the invariable fruit of the rose. Two views exist concerning it. Some con- sider it to be the calyx-tube which has become fleshy ; others regard the fleshy part of the hip as the recepta- cle enlarged and hollowed so as to embrace and pro- tect the achenes. MICHIGAN ROSE. CLIMBING ROSE. PRAIRIE ROSE Rosa se tiger a. A climbing rose found in thickets and on prairies. Ranges from Ontario to Ohio, South Carolina and Florida, west to Wis- consin and Nebraska and southwest to Texas; has escaped from cultivation in New Jersey and Virginia. Grows rapidly; strong shoots reaching ten to twenty feet in a single season. Stems. Climbing or sprawling, several feet long, armed with scattered, straight or curved prickles, not bristly. Twigs, peti- oles, and peduncles often glandular-pubescent. Stems green or reddish, often dark purple with a bloom. Leaves. Leaflets three to five, one and a half to two and a half inches long, oval or ovate, acute or obtuse at apex, sharply 164 MICHIGAN ROSE Michigan Rose, Rosa setigera. Leaflets three to five. Flowers 1%' to }' across. ROSE FAMILY serrate, rounded at base ; texture thick, veins and veinlets deeply depressed. Autumnal tints are a combination of bronze- purple, red, pink, orange and yellow. Stipules extremely nar- row. Petiole prickly, glandular-pubescent. Flowers. June, July. Corymbose, varying from deep to pale pink, two and a half to three inches across, destitute of fragrance. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, glandular, finally decidu- ous ; petals obcordate ; styles cohere in a protruding column, as long as the stamens. Fruit. Hip, red, globose, more or less glandular, three- eighths to half an inch in diameter. Rosa setigcra is our only native climbing" rose and is the parent of the Baltimore Belle and other double climbing varieties. In its single state it is one of our most beautiful roses, with its clean handsome foliage and full clusters of flowers, deep rose pink as they first expand but very pale before they fall. Only one defect can be found, they are nearly scentless. The blooming season is late; when the flowers of nearly all other species have faded, these are in their prime. Left to grow in a natural way, the stems will climb twelve or fifteen feet among the branches of other shrubs and small trees, and lift their flower clusters far above ordinary reach. If, however, the bush is planted alone and allowed to develop, the stems will rise three or four feet, then arch and bend over with tips trailing on the ground, presenting a unique and attractive appearance. The colors that the leaves take on in autumn when the long arching stems turn purple and are coated with a glaucous bloom, present a bewildering confu- sion of green and purple bronzes, brightened with pink and rose and dull red, with yellow and orange. 166 MEADOW ROSE The flowers are delightfully decorative. Cut the branches when the blossoms begin to appear, supply them abundantly with water and the buds will unfold day after day for a week, giving a most charming suc- cession of opening roses ; for the little branch seems scarcely conscious that it has severed connection with the root. In cultivation, this child of the prairies requires a deep rich soil and generous treatment. Gardeners recommend that it be planted on the top of a bank that its long, vigorous and graceful shoots may grow in their own wild-wood fashion to cover it. So treated it is a thing of beauty throughout the summer. Rosa sctigera may be easily recognized among its companions at any season of the year by its long trailing stems; in summer by its three leaflets; in the blooming season by the rich flower clusters and also by the peculiar upright column which the styles make in the centre of the flower. MEADOW ROSE. EARLY WILD ROSE. SMOOTH ROSE Rosa bldnda. Low, erect, one to four feet high ; found mostly in rocky places. Ranges from Newfoundland through New England to central New York, west to Illinois along the region of the Great Lakes. Stems a dark venous red ; slender prickles sometimes present but not abundant ; no spines. Leaves. Leaflets five to seven, an inch to an inch and a half long, oval or obovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, simply and somewhat irregularly serrate, obtuse or acute at apex, short- 167 ROSE FAMILY stalked ; pale green above and slightly paler beneath. Stipules broad, dilated, entire or slightly glandular-toothed. Flowers. June, July. Stems one to three-flowered, rarely more, pink, two and a half to three inches across. Calyx-lobes acuminate, entire, hispid-pubescent, persistent and erect upon the fruit ; petals obovate or obcordate, erose ; styles distinct. Fruit. Hip, bright scarlet, globose or pyrifbrm or obpyri- form, glabrous, half to five -eighths of an inch long, crowned with the calyx-lobes. The distinctive characters of Rosa blanda are its low habit, its unarmed stems, and its broad dilated stipules. The hip is globose or pyriform or obpyriform, wholly destitute of glandular hairs, and when mature still re- tains the calyx-lobes, which approach each other. The Arkansas Rose, Rosa arkansana, was formerly considered a variety of Rosa blanda but is now re- garded as a distinct species. Like the type it is low, and loves the meadows ; but the stems, instead of being smooth, are densely prickly with very sharp and very slender bristles. The leaflets frequently number eleven. The stipules are narrow and the pink blos- soms appear in corymbs, rarely if ever solitary. In habit and general appearance it is like the Meadow Rose, but it varies considerably in what are consid- ered the specific characters. It is a rose of the prairies, ranging from Minnesota and Iowa to Ne- braska, Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. The hips are little globes three-eighths to half an inch in diameter. 168 EARLY WILD ROSE Early Wild Rose, Rosa blanda. Leaflets five to seven- Flowers 2%' to 3' across. ROSE FAMILY SWAMP ROSE. CAROLINA ROSE Rosa Carolina. Erect, stiff, five to seven feet high with rather distant, stout, commonly recurved spines, often with prickles scattered along the stem; old stems dull purple; common in low wet grounds and borders of streams and swamps. Ranges from Nova Sco- tia to Florida and Mississippi, westward as far as Minnesota. Suckers freely; makes clumps. Leaves. Leaflets five to nine, usually seven, varying consid- erably in outline, oval, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, one to two inches long, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate, acute or obtuse at apex, often pubescent beneath. In autumn they turn dull red of varying tints and shades ; frequently darken in midsummer. Stipules dilated. Petioles often prickly. Floiuers.]\tf\z. to August. Bright pink, two to two and one- half inches across, borne in corymbose clusters. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, often dilated above, hispid-pubescent, spreading; after flowering deciduous; petals obcordate ; styles distinct. Fruit. Hip, scarlet, globose or depressed-globose, three- eighths to one-half an inch long, glandular-hispid. Clings all winter and remains in good color until March. The Carolina Rose is one of the most abundant of our native roses. At the blossoming time it seems to possess the swamps and waste lowlands. It suckers freely ; the underground stems travel fast and travel far, and no plant is companionless after the first year. This is an excellent rose for park lanes and road- sides. It is hardy, and will grow in good soil with only a moderate amount of water, and the flowering season is long. 170 SWAMP ROSE Swamp Rose, Rosa Carolina. Leaflets five to nine. Flowers 2' to i l j' across. ROSE FAMILY Rose-hips. Upper, Rosa blanda ; lower, Rosa Carolina. LOW ROSE LOW ROSE. PASTURE ROSE. DWARF WILD ROSE A'dsa hum His, Erect, bushy, six inches to three feet high ; stems usually armed with sharp, slender, straight spines just below the stipules, and also more or less prickly. Found in dry or rocky soil from Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, Georgia, Kansas, and Louisi- ana. Suckers freely. Leaves. Leaflets five, seven, one-half to one inch long, rather thin, ovate, oval or obovate, rounded or pointed at base, coarse- ly serrate, acute at apex, short-stalked or sessile, glabrous or pubescent beneath ; not shining above. Autumnal tints red and orange, brilliant. Stipules narrow, entire. Petioles, pedicels and calyx usually glandular. Flowers. May to July. Solitary, or two to three together, fragrant, two to two and a half inches across, pink ; pedicels and calyx usually glandular. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate or dilated at apex, usually lobed, spreading and deciduous: petals obovate or obcordate ; styles distinct. Fruit. Hip, red, globose or depressed-globose, about one- third of an inch long, glandular-hispid, without the calyx-lobes. Clings to the branch throughout the winter. In the middle west this little bush frequently be- comes an undershrub and is often found almost entirely shaded. The flowering season is long ; for it blooms very deliberately and has, moreover, the pleasant habit of putting forth a few stray blossoms in early autumn. The stem is not very strongly armed, the spines are few, but sharp as 'needles, and go straight to their aim. This rose is well adapted for coast planting ; loves the cool moist air of the sea ; is perfectly hardy and able to withstand the rigor of winter. 173 ROSE FAMILY Pasture Rose, Rosa bumilis. Leaflets five to seven. Flowers 2' to 2^' across. GLOSSY ROSE Glossy Rose, Rosa Incida. Leaflets seven to nine. Flowers i' to 1%' across. ROSE FAMILY GLOSSY ROSE. DWARF SWAMP ROSE Rosa lucida. Bushy, from three to six feet high ; found in wet places. Ranges from Newfoundland to New Jersey and westward. Suck- ers very little. Leaves. Leaflets seven to nine, one-half to one and one-halt inches long, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, coarsely serrate, most- ly acute at both ends, thick, shining above, slightly pubescent beneath. Stipules somewhat dilated, often glandular-toothed; prickles rather stout and flat, straight or slightly curved. Flowers. June, July. Few or solitary, about two inches across. Calyx-lobes usually entire. Fruit. Hip, scarlet, depressed globose, glandular-hispid, one- third of an inch long. This rose and Rosa Jiumilis so approach each other that much confusion exists with regard to them. In comparison with Rosa nitida the leaves are a lighter green ; in comparison with Rosa humilis, of thicker text- ure. The bush is adapted for borders of shrubberies; the bright shining foliage and abundant bloom com- mend it in summer, and in winter a glow of color is diffused by its red fruits and its brownish red stems. NORTHEASTERN ROSE Rbsa nitida. Bushy, one to two feet high ; stems and branches very densely covered with slender straight prickles nearly as long as the slen- der infrastipular spines ; found in low grounds and borders of swamps. Ranges from Newfoundland to Massachusetts ; often along the sea shore. Suckers freely. Leaves. Leaflets, seven to nine, short-stalked, one-half to an inch and a half long, oval or narrowly oblong, sharply serrate, 176 NORTHEASTERN ROSE Northeastern Rose, Rosa nitida. Leaflets seven to nine. Flowers I %' to 2%' across. ROSE FAMILY acute at both ends ; terminal leaflet sometimes slightly obovate and obtuse at the apex ; thick, bright green and shining. Au- tumnal tints orange and red, brilliant. Stipules usually broad, often glandular. Flowers. June, July. Spray one to three-flowered, roses .deep pink, one and a half to two and a half inches across. Calyx and pedicels usually glandular. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi- nate, entire, hispid or glandular, finally spreading, deciduous; petals often obcordate. Styles distinct. Fragrant. Fruit. Hip, scarlet, globose, about one-third of an inch high, glandular-hispid. Clings to the branches through the winter. Rosa nitida is one of our most beautiful native roses. Its range is not very extensive and the plant seems not to be generally known. Although damp swamps and low moist grounds are its native home, transferred to the garden it grows freely, making a broad mass of bright foliage, and blooming with great profusion. One character which may aid to identify it are the red shoots thickly beset with slender red spines barely stouter than the red prickles. No other of our native roses has just this combination. SWEETBRIER EGLANTINE Rosa rubiginbsa. Slender, four to six feet high, wands often longer, destitute of prickles but armed with stout, recurved spines. Naturalized from Europe; found along roadsides from Nova Scotia to Vir- ginia. Leaves. Leaflets five to seven, one to one and a half inches long, elliptical or oblong-ovate, rounded at base, doubly serrate, obtuse at apex ; smooth above, densely glandular-pubescent and resinous beneath ; very aromatic. Stipules one-half to five- eighths of an inch long, rather broad. Petioles prickly. 178 SWEETBRIER Sweetbrier, Rosa rubiginosa. Leaflets five to seven. Flowers iJi'to \%' across. ROSE FAMILY Flowers. May, June. Solitary or in twos, an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half across, pink varying to white. Pedicels and calyx glandular-hispid. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, usually much-lobed, spreading, deciduous ; petals obcordate or obovate ; styles distinct. Fruit. Hip, scarlet, oval or pyriform, one-half to one inch long, glandular, without the calyx-lobes. I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows, Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows ; Quite over-canopied with lush woodbine, With sweet musk roses and with eglantine. "Midsummer Night's Dream." SHAKESPEARE. With fairest flowers I'll sweeten thy sad grave ; thou shall not lack The flower that's like thy face, pale primrose ; nor The azure harebell, like thy veins ; no, nor The leaf of eglantine, who not to slander Out-sweetened not thy breath. "Cymbeline." SHAKESPEARE. If the Sweetbrier did not come over in the May- flower it certainly followed hard upon ; for we know that it bloomed in Pilgrim gardens long before the close of the seventeenth century. We can well under- stand that it was dear to the homesick wanderers, for this is the Eglantine of Chaucer, of Spenser, and of Shakespeare; the rose that is embedded in the very warp and woof of English life and so of English litera- ture. In spite of its fierce armament there is a certain del- icacy about the Sweetbrier which gives it a charm peculiarly its own. The blossom is small and pale and in itself not fragrant ; the delightful fragrance of the plant resides in the pale, amber, resinous glands which so thickly cover the under surface of the leaves as well as pedicel and calyx. 180 DOG ROSE The long, thorny branches sprawl and scratch and seize and hold ; and because of this the bush has very generally been banished from lawn and garden. It has fled to the roadside and there when June is young it unfolds its delicate blossoms and yields its delicious fragrance for the pleasure of any who pass by. Of late years the gardeners have been at work upon the plant and they say they have hybrids much finer than the type. It may be so ; but my allegiance holds fast to the wild creature of Chaucer and of Shake- speare, to "the jaws that bite" and "the claws that catch " of the old English gardens. DOG ROSE. CANKER ROSE. WILD BRIER Rdsa canlna. Erect or straggling, four to six feet high, wands sometimes ten feet long, usually armed with stout, short, hooked spines, not bristly but sometimes glandular. Native in northern Asia; nat- uralized from Europe. Escaped to roadsides and waste places from Nova Scotia to Virginia; abundant in the valley of the Delaware. Called Cat-whin and Canker-bloom. Leaves. Leaflets five to seven, an inch to an inch and a half long, oval or ovate, obtuse or rounded at base, serrate, obtuse at apex; smooth, rather thick, sometimes downy beneath. Stip- ules broad, glandular. Flowers. June, July. Solitary, or two to four in a cluster, pink, varying to white. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, much-cut, re- flexed, deciduous ; petals obovate or obcordate ; styles distinct. Fruit. Hip, scarlet, long-ovoid, half to three-fourths of an inch long, usually glabrous, without the calyx-lobes. The Dog Rose, naturalized from Europe, is common throughout New England and greatly resembles the Sweetbrier except that it lacks fragrance. 181 ROSE FAMILY Dog Rose, Rosa canina. Leaflets five to seven. Flowers i^' to ij' across. JAPANESE ROSE Japanese Rose, Rosa rttgosa. Flowers 2%' to ROSE FAMILY JAPANESE ROSE Rosa rugbsa. The Japanese Rose is one of the best of our recent importations ; its virtues are many, its defects few. It takes care of itself, requires very little attention, grows up strong and sturdy, makes a good hedge row. The large single flowers, both pink and white, bloom off and on from June to October; in fact they can be found in favored locations in early November. The great red hips are nearly as ornamental and effective as the roses themselves. The stout stems are thickly beset with prickles and bristles ; the leaflets are five to seven, rough, dark green and shining above, whitish and pubescent beneath. The flowers are two and a half to three and a half inches across. Varieties with double flowers have been developed, and several good hybrids are offered by the dealers. JAPANESE TRAILING ROSE Rosa wichuraiana. This is distinctly a trailing plant, but may be so trained on a trellis as to figure as a climbing rose. It grows with astonishing rapidity, and will throw out wonderfully long shoots in one season. When the mul- titude of single white roses appear in June, against the background of shining, dark green foliage, the effect is exceedingly fine. The individual flower is exquisite; petals of the purest white surround a golden centre, and the whole gives forth a delicious fragrance. Mr. 184 JAPANESE TRAILING ROSE Japanese Trailing Rose, Rosa u'icburataiia. Flowers 1%' to 1%' across. ROSE FAMILY J. G. Jack, writing shortly after the introduction of this rose, says of it: "As a rule, the stems trail closely along the ground, but the new stems of each succeeding year grow over the preceding ones, and where the tips get a chance to climb through the branches of some other shrub they take advantage of the support and become more or less raised. In fact, its habit is more like that of a trailing blackberry or dewberry than any other familiar object. 'Considering that its importation was undesigned or without a knowledge of its peculiar habit or value, the introduction of this rose has proved a very fortunate circumstance. Its dark, shining, evergreen-looking foliage will form a splendid covering for any rough piece of ground, and sandy or gravelly areas are likely to prove very congenial to the growth of the plant." Many hybrids have been developed from the species; some double, some bearing larger clusters than the type, others really evergreen, and some admirable dwarf plants suitable for borders. 186 POMACE/E APPLE FAMILY RED CHOKE-BERRY Arbnia arbntijblia. Aronia, modified from Aria, the Beam-tree of Europe. An erect shrub, two to eight feet high, with slender branching stems and grayish brown bark ; grows in swamps and wet woods, also in dry soil. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Leaves. Alternate, simple, one to three inches long, oval, ob- long or obovate, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, serrulate- crenulate, obtuse or abruptly pointed at apex ; when full grown are bright shining green above, pale, sometimes pubescent, often densely tomentose beneath. The mid vein is glandular along the upper side. In autumn they turn a dark scarlet and orange or fall with little change of color. Petioles short; stipules decid- uous. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, rose-shaped, white, or purple- tinged, one-half to five-eighths of an inch across; borne in ter- minal, compound, downy corymbs which are finally over-topped by the young shoots. Calyx. Urn-shaped, five-lobed, tomentose, adnate to the ovary. Corolla. Petals five, white, concave, spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens. Numerous, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments white, anthers pinkish purple. Pistil. Inferior, tomentose, five-celled ; styles three to five, united at the base. 187 APPLE FAMILY Red Choke-berry, Arania arbtitifolia. Leaves i' to 3' long. PURPLE-FRUITED CHOKE-BERRY Purple-fruited Choke-berry. Aronia atropurpurca. Leaves i' to 3' long. APPLE FAMILY Fruit. Pome, sweetish, rather dry, one-quarter of an inch in diameter, globose, or somewhat depressed, red, not lustrous, bearing the remnants of the calyx-lobes and stamens. Septem- ber, October; persistent until early winter. The Choke-berries are distinctly ornamental plants. Their foliage color is good, being a rich shining green, so that the plant is attractive for its color alone. Three species are now recorded ; and the specific differences lie in the fruit rather than in the leaves or flowers. The red-fruited species is the one most abundant in the south ; the other two are northern. Why these berries are not attractive to birds is something of a puzzle : the flesh is somewhat dry, to be sure, but the flavor is agreeable ; and yet the fact remains that birds pass them by, for others distinctly inferior and unpleasant. All the Choke-berries are excellent, country roadside shrubs. Purple-fruited Choke-berry, Aronia atropurpnrca^v^s long confused with Aronia nigra, from which it differs in habit, and in the color of its fruit. This is the tall- est of the Choke-berries, sometimes reaching a height of twelve feet. In shape and size the leaves are not distinguishable from those of the other species of the genus; and the glandular midrib is a marked character common to them all. The flowers are white, about half an inch across, borne in terminal corymbs; calyx and pedicles tomentose. The fruit is not quite black, rather a deep purple ; it remains on the bush until early winter. The Black Choke-berry, Aronia nigra, is usually a lower bush than either of the others. It is found in swamps, or low woods, sometimes in dryer soil. The 190 BLACX CHOKE-BFRRY Black Choke-berry, Aronia nigra. Leaves i' to 3' long. APPLE FAMILY leaves are obovate or oval, short-petioled, serrulate- crenulate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, shining green above, glabrous and yellow green beneath. They vary from two to two and one-half inches long, and the mid- rib is glandular along its upper surface. The flowers are white, about five-eighths of an inch across, bearing many stamens with pinkish purple anthers. The fruit is one-half to five-eighths of an inch in diameter, borne in clusters, of a shining black, and falls very soon after maturity. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida, and west to Ontario and Michigan. SHADBUSH. JUNE-BERRY A mcldnch ier botryapium . Amelanchier, the Savoy name of a different tree. A shrub or small tree, the foliage and inflorescence densely white, woolly when young; found in swamps and on river banks. Ranges from New Brunswick to Florida and westward through the Mississippi valley. Letives. -Simple, alternate, pinnately veined, oblong, oval, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, acute at apex, finely and sharply serrate. They come out of the bud conduplicate, are densely white pubescent when young, nearly or quite gla- brous when old. Autumnal tint yellow. Flowers. April, May. Perfect, white, borne in short rather dense racemes ; pedicels and calyx covered with silky white hairs. Calyx. Calyx-tube carapanulate, white, woolly, adnate to the ovary, five-lobed ; lobes narrow, reflected, persistent. Corolla. Petals white, five, inserted on the calyx-tube, spatu- late or linear, about half an inch long. Stamens. Many, inserted on the calyx -tube; filaments awl- like. 192 SHADBUSH Shadbush, Amelancbier botrt'jpiiim. APPLE FAMILY Pistil. Ovary inferior, its cavities twice as many as the styles ; styles two to five, pubescent at base. Fruit. Pome, berry-like, one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter, sweet, delicious. June, July. In northern woods the Amelanchiers are conspicuous in early spring by the colors of their unfolding leaves ; in one form these are red, in an- other silvery white, and their vernal beauty is increased by brilliant scarlet bud-scales and bracts, and by the silky white hairs which clothe the young growth. Of the delicate beauty of the flowers of this tree it is not necessary to speak, for everyone who walks abroad in early spring knows the white flowers of the Shadbush which in April and May enliven the banks of swamps and upland woods all over eastern America. Garden and Forest. The homely name of Shadbush was given to the Amelancliicr group by the early inhabitants of our eastern states, because they flower at the time when the shad begin to ascend the tidal rivers. The sixth edition of Gray's "Manual of Botany" considers most of the northeastern June-berries as varieties of Amelancliicr canadcnsis ; but later botanists are inclined to regard these varieties as species. How- ever far the genus may be divided upon botanic dif- ferences,, to the popular mind a Shadbush is a Shad- bush, for its white bloom appears among the mist of opening buds and is unmistakable. Its message is borne afar, from rocky hillside over mountain valley that spring has come. To the birds, likewise, a Shadbush is a Shadbush, for the family fruit has been preempted by the birds for ages and feeble human ef- forts to secure it have been outclassed from the first. It seems quite unnecessary to descant upon the deli- cacy of its flavor ; it is so antecedently improbable that ordinary mortals should ever have an opportunity to enjoy it. 104 LOW JUNE-BERRY Low June-berry, Amelancbier spicata. APPLE FAMILY The Low June-berry, Amelancliier spicata, rises to the height of three feet from a long root creeping among rocks. The leaves are elliptic or oval, one to one and a half inches long, rounded at both ends, sometimes subacute at apex and sometimes stibcordate at base, serrulate or dentate crenate, woolly when young. The flowers are borne in many four to ten- flowered racemes ; the pomes are about a quarter of an inch in diameter. The Round-leaved June-berry, AmelancJiicr rotundi- folia, appears as both tree and shrub, and is distin- guished by means of its leaves, which are broadly oval, ovate or nearly orbicular, serrate with large teeth, usually glabrous from the time of unfolding, though sometimes woolly. Its fruit is a little larger than that of AmelancJiier spicata. The Oblong-fr-uited June-berry, AmelancJiicr oligo- carpa, is a low, glabrous shrub. The leaves are thin, narrowly oval or oblong, narrowed at each end, finely and sharply serrate. The flowers are borne in one to four-flowered racemes : the petals instead of being narrowly oblong are obovate or oblanceolate. The pomes are pear-shaped, dark blue purple with a heavy bloom, from one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch long. All of the species are early bloomers and all fruit sparingly. 196 OBLONG-FRUITED JUNE-BERRY Oblong-fruited June-berry, Amelancbier oligocarpa. Leaves i' to 3' long. Flowers %' to 7/i' across. APPLE FAMILY EVERGREEN THORN. FIRE THORN Cotoncdster pyracdntha. Pyracdntha coccinea. Cotoneaster, from cotoneum, quince, and aster, similar ; like a quince. Pyracantha, from pyr, fire, and acanthus, thorn ; alluding to the bright red fruit. A thorny evergreen shrub, three to eight feet high, native to southern Europe and western Asia, which about Philadelphia and Washington has escaped from cultivation. Young branch- lets and petioles grayish pubescent. Leaves. Evergreen, one to two inches long, oval or oblanceo- late, narrowed at base, crenulate, acute at apex ; when full grown are dark shining green, glabrous or slightly pubescent. flowers. May. Numerous, small, one-fourth of an inch across, white, borne in terminal compound many - flowered cymes, about an inch and a half, across. Fruit. Haw, small, scarlet, depressed globose, bitter, orna- mental. A low evergreen shrub, especially handsome when loaded with its bright red haws ; these remain on the branches all winter if not eaten by the birds, who are really fond of them. It is also very pretty in spring with its numerous corymbs of white flowers. Its low habit adapts it for planting on rocky slopes or in sunny rockeries or for borders of shrubberies; also for low ornamental hedges or for wall-covering, as it bears pruning well and is easily trained into any de- sired shape. The plant thrives in almost any kind of well drained soil, but prefers sunny positions. 198 EVERGREEN THORN Evergreen Thorn, Cotoneaster pyracantba, Leaves i' to 2' Ijng. APPLE FAMILY JAPAN QUINCE Pyrus japonica. Cydbnia japdnica. Cydonia from Cydon in Crete, where the quince was first brought into notice. One of the most desirable of cultivated shrubs ; appearing in many varieties. The type has rigid thorny stems intricately branched, and bright scarlet flowers ; the variations occur more in size and color of flowers than in habit of shrub. Native of Japan. Leaves. Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, three to five inches long, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, wedge-shaped at base, crenately serrate, acute at apex. When full grown thick, smooth, leathery, dark shining bluish green above, pale yellow green beneath. Margin thickened and slightly turned inward. Petiole short, the leaf texture inclined to run down upon it. Autumnal tint deep bronze red. Stipules leaf-like, irregularly kidney-shaped, bilateral, crenately serrate ; found on growing shoots in September. Flowers. In shape and structure like apple blossoms. In color varying from deep reds to white. Fruit. Pome, full oval or globose, two to two and a half inches long ; stein deeply sunken in fruit. Olive green with reddish cheek, covered with white dots, hard, acid with typical quince flavor. The brilliant bloom of the Japan Quince in the early spring always attracts attention ; the closely packed bright red blossoms set the bush aflame, and far away in the parks it fairly lights up the path. The plant has been known in this country for nearly a hundred years but has not yet received all the appreciation that it deserves. To an unusual degree this shrub is clothed with its leaves. The branching habit is intricate ; the leaves JAPAN QUINCE Japan Quince, Pyrus japonica. Flowers i^' to t' across. APPLE FAMILY are always abundant. The leaf texture sometimes runs down the entire length of the short petiole ; and upon the new shoots, which produce the strongest foli- age, are crescent-shaped stipules, persistent and leaf- like. The bush would be desirable even if it never bore a flower. The leaves of new shoots take on a reddish tinge as they come out of the bud, and as these shoots are usually abundant, in midsummer there is often a fine display of color. As autumn comes on the bush again flames from afar; this time with the deep bronze red of its changing leaves. The plant fruits considerably, one might almost say abundantly; but this is not very generally known be- cause the fruit is so concealed by the leaves. 202 CALYCANTHACE^E STRAWBERRY- SHRUB FAMILY CAROLINA ALLSPICE. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB Butneria florida. Calycdnt/nts floridns. Butneria in honor of Butner. Calycanthns, from calyx, cup, and ant/ius, flower, referring to the closed cup whicL contains the pistils. A compact shrub, four to six feet high, native to the Alle- ghany mountains, and found along the shady banks of streams. Bark. Dull brown ; branchlets yellow brown at first ; swol- len at the nodes. Leaves. Opposite, simple, three to five inches long, oblong, ovate or oval, entire or slightly ruffled, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acute or acuminate ; midrib depressed above, all the veins prominent beneath. They come out of the bud face to face, bronze green, shining, slightly hairy above, with dense brown hairs beneath ; when full grown are bright green above, pale yellow green, slightly pubescent beneath. Their autumnal tint is a clear yellow. Petiole short, stout, grooved. flowers. May to July. Perfect, reddish chocolate brown, solitary and terminal on very short, lateral, leafy branches. Calyx. Sepals many, narrow-oblong, united below into a fleshy inversely- conical cup, with some leaf-like bractlets growing from it, chocolate brown with a reddish tinge. Corolla. Petals many, reddish chocolate brown, thickish, nar- row-oblong, in many rows, inserted on the top of the closed calyx-tube ; similar to the sepals. 203 STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY Stamens. Numerous, inserted just within the petals, short, in several rows, some of the inner ones sterile; anthers adnate, in- trorse. Pistil. Carpels several, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling the rose-hip in structure. Fruit. A large, drooping, pear-shaped receptacle two inches long and one and one-fourth inches in diameter, to which the bases of petals, sepals and bracts are adnate, and which encloses few to many smooth, shining achenes. September. The Sweet-scented Shrub has been for years a gar- den favorite because of the strawberry fragrance of its flowers; even the stems and small branches emit a spicy perfume when bruised or broken. The color of the flower is a reddish chocolate brown, but the tints are unstable and the flower fades as it gets older. Also, as it ages the petals spread and flatten so as to make a loose rosette. The behavior of the flower buds when the warm spring days come is most interesting. The scales quickly fall, leaving two tiny leaves that closely surround and thoroughly protect the little brown ball of the flower ; and as it increases in size they enlarge, but they do not give up their protective attitude until both are well on toward maturity. Many lovers of flowers have cultivated the Straw- berry-shrub in their gardens ; have delighted in the delicious fragrance of its blossoms ; and have wondered that no fruit seemed ever to follow. How the plant reproduced itself was a question; doubtless in some wonderful way which common people knew nothing about. It is true that our common garden species rarely fruits in domestication ; but there is another species native to the south which fruits abundantly ; in- deed, by so doing it has won its specific name Butneria 204 STRAWBERRY-SHRUB Strawberry-shrub, Butneria floiida. Leaves 3' to 5' long. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY fertilis. The fruit is really very curious ; it hangs from the branch like a little closed bag and contains, packed within it, the smooth shining achenes. Butneria florida was one of the earliest American shrubs taken to England and has long been a favorite there. It is easily grown ; the best location is one somewhat shaded ; and it prefers a rich sandy loam. 206 SMOOTH STRAWBERRY-SHRUB Smooth Strawberry-shrub, Butiieria fertilis. Fruit 3' to 4' long. HYDRANGEACE^E HYDRANGEA FAMILY WILD HYDRANGEA Hydrdngea arborescens. Hydrangea, of Greek derivation, meaning water vessel, so named from the shape of the small capsule. Vigorous, four to ten feet high; found on rocky, river banks in southern New York and in New Jersey, very abundant in the valley of the Delaware, ranging south to Florida and west to Iowa and Missouri. Species variable. Ascends 4,200 feet in the mountains of North Carolina. Leaves. Opposite, simple, three to six inches long, ovate, rounded or cordate or broadly wedge-shaped at base, sharply dentate, acute or acuminate at apex ; when full grown are bright green above, upper surface deeply corrugated, all the veins very prominent beneath, very reticulate, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers. -June, July. Both fertile and sterile, borne together in terminal corymbose clusters. Exterior flowers of the clusters often without petals, stamens or pistils, but with enlarged and very conspicuous calyx-lobes ; sometimes these sterile flowers are very abundant ; sometimes there are none. Fertile flowers are small. Calyx. Tube obconic, adnate to the ovary, four to five- toothed, teeth minute, persistent. Corolla. Petals four or five, valvate in bud, pinkish cream. Stamens. Eight to ten, inserted on the disk; filaments threadlike, exserted ; anthers pink ; pollen abundant. Pistil. Ovary inferior, two to four-celled ; styles two to four ; ovules many. Fruit. Capsule small, two-celled, ribbed, many-seeded. 208 WILD HYDRANGEA Wild Hydrangea, Hydrangea arborescent Leaves 3' to (/ long. Flower clusters 3' to 4' across. HYDRANGEA FAMILY The general effect of our northern Hydrangea in bloom is a group of strong erect stems, each crowned by a pale, salmon pink cluster, made up of a multitude of tiny blossoms each about an eighth of an inch across. The stamens are exserted, and there are so many of them that in the flower cluster the stamens are much more prominent than the petals. The fra- grance is pleasant, possibly a trifle heavy. The blos- soms open irregularly, so that for some time any cluster will have a goodly number of buds mingled with the open flowers. While the flower cluster does not reach the regulation standard of an hydrangea, a standard based upon the abnormal development of sterile flowers in our cultivated species, nevertheless it does come up to no mean -measure of beauty. Now and then a cluster shows a few marginal sterile flow- ers after the fashion of Viburnum opulus, but it rarely wastes its vitality in that way ; its fragrance and pollen are ample resources to attract its insect friends. Our favorite, hardy, garden Hydrangea is Hydrangea paniculata grandi flora, a species developed by the Japanese from their wild form, Hydrangea paniculata. It is, indeed, a superb plant. The panicles are of enor- mous size and of great beauty ; in the best known form all the flowers are sterile. They run through a charm- ing range of color: pale green, cream white, pale pink and lastly dull red. As this magnificent bloom appears in August and does not complete its color scheme until October, then remains upon the branches until beaten off by the storms of winter, there are definite and sufficient reasons for the popularity of the bush. In southern Japan the shrub becomes a tree twenty- 210 HARDY HYDRANGEA Hardy Hydrangea, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. HYDRANGEA FAMILY five to thirty feet high, with stout stems and pendulous branches. The following notes from the Arnold Ar- boretum give a clear and detailed account of the plant as it now appears in its several forms : " The first is the plant commonly known as Hy- drangea paniculata grandiflora, with enormous panicles of sterile flowers. The bloom continues from late August until winter. " The second appears to be tne wild form of the first with much smaller panicles, appearing at the same time, only a few sterile flowers being scattered among the fertile flowers. " The third is intermediate between these two and flowering at the same time, the panicle being nearly as large as that of the first and more showy than that of the second, by the presence of a larger number of large sterile flowers. This as a garden plant is, perhaps, the most desirable of the whole group. "The fourth is similar to the second, from which it differs only in its time of flowering, which is during the first half of July or about six weeks earlier." GARDEN SYRINGA. MOCK ORANGE Philadelphus coronarius. Philadelphus is an ancient name applied to this genus by Linnaeus for no obvious reason. A beautiful shrub, native to central Europe, which is exten- sively cultivated and in some places has escaped from the gardens. Usually from six to twelve feet high. Stems. Young shoots pale golden brown, older twigs darker brown. 212 SYRINGA Flowering Branch of Syringa, Pbiladelpbus coronarins. Leaves 2' to 4' long. Flowers iJ4' to ij' across. HYDRANGEA FAMILY Leaves. Opposite, simple, two to four inches long, oval or elliptic, rounded or narrowed at base, sparingly denticulate, acute or acuminate at apex, three-nerved, veins depressed above, prominent below. They come out of the bud pale gray green, shining, densely covered with white hairs on the under surface ; when full grown are deep dull green above, paler beneath. In autumn they darken purplish or fall with no change of color. Petiole short, grooved. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, cream-white, very fragrant, numerous, racemose at the end of the branches and twigs, one and one-eighth to one and one-half inches across. Calyx. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary, four- lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube, spreading, per- sistent, valvate in bud. Corolla. Petals four or five, rounded or obovate, white, con- volute in bud. Stamens. Twenty to forty inserted on the disk ; filaments white; anthers pale yellow. Pistil. Qva.vy inferior, four-celled ; style four-cleft ; stigmas oblong. Fruit. A four-valved capsule, many-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and crowned by the persistent style. Au- gust, September. The Syringa has merits. It withstands the hard conditions of city life ; its blooming season is ex- tended ; the flowers are beautiful and deliriously fra- grant ; it holds its leaves late into the autumn. Each flower as it opens is a bell, maturing it becomes a star. The blooming season is that of the roses, together they are the last of the procession of spring flowers ; when they have cast their petals to the wind, summer has come. Many shrubs fulfil their flowering duty and relapse into green insignificance to emerge again when autumn clothes them in gold and scarlet. But after June is past the Syringa charms no more ; its fruit is 214 LARGE-FLOWERED SYRINGA Large-flowered Syringa, Philadelphia grandiflorus. Garden Form. Flowers i! to 3' across. HYDRANGEA FAMILY inconspicuous; its leaves cling- late and fall with little change of color. The books give southern Europe as the native land of the plant, but as a matter of fact it has been in cul- tivation so long that its origin is unknown. In north- ern Europe, it was first cultivated in Belgium, then introduced into England about the time of Gerard, 1597, who had plants of it growing in his garden, "in the suburb of Holborne in verie great plentie." It will grow in almost any location and is easily propagated by division of the root. There is considerable confusion with regard to the two southern species, PJiiladelpJms inodorus and PJiila- delplius grandiflorus. They seem to have changed names from time to time; and the individuals in our northern gardens appearing under these names are probably hybrids. In any case, there is now in culti- vation a PJiiladelpJius producing large scentless flowers blooming a little after PJiiladclpJius coronarius which either is a native species or was derived from one. 216 SAXIFRAGACE.E SAXIFRAGE FAMILY THE DEUTZIAS No Deutzia is found native within the borders of the United States ; the plants are principally Asiatic ; of the sixteen species now known, one is found in Mexico, all the others in Asia. Their pretty name was given them by Thunberg in honor of his friend and patron Johann Van der Deutz. Nearly all are hardy shrubs, with rough bark, axillary flowers borne in racemes or corymbs, the leaves mostly ovate, acuminate, serrate, and more or less rough. Though hardy, some of them are easily forced under glass, by which means they are made to produce beautiful flowers at any time of the year, and in great abundance. Deutzia gracilis, Bridal Wreath, is one of the small- est of the genus and possibly the best known. It is a low growing shrub, fairly burdened in May with masses of the most lovely, pure white flowers. One minor characteristic adds to their beauty, the yellow stamens are borne upon white filaments. Gardeners highly prize this species, as it can be easily forced, and this little white bush is always one of the attrac- tive objects among Easter decorations. Deutzia scabra has long been in cultivation and from it several favorite varieties have been produced. The 217 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY Deutzia, Detitpa gracilis. DEUTZIA Deutzia, Dentp'a scabra. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY leaves of the type are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the panicles erect, two to four inches long, and the indi- vidual flowers white or tinged with pink. This is cultivated in different forms; Deutzia candi- dissima, a variety of pure white flowers; the Pride of Rochester, which bears ver}^ large double white flow- ers ; Deutzia purpurea plena, with double flowers, white within and purplish, without. There are other species and many varieties; all are desirable, blooming, as sc many of them do, in June and July. There are vari eties with yellow and with variegated leaves. 220 ITEACE/E VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY ITEA. VIRGINIA WILLOW jftea virginica, Itea, the Greek name for willow ; because the leaves of this plant resemble those of the willow. A stalwart shrub, four to ten feet high, growing in wet places ; twigs and inflorescence downy. Ranges from the pine- barrens of New Jersey to Florida, and west to Missouri and Louisiana. Leaves. Alternate, simple, one to three inches long, nar- rowly oval or oblanceolate, wedge-shaped at base, finely serrate, acute or acuminate at apex ; when full grown, bright green, smooth above, slightly hairy beneath ; midvein and primary veins depressed above, prominent beneath. Autumnal tints scar- let and crimson. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, white, borne in dense termi- nal racemes, two to six inches long. Pedicels short, downy. Calyx. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, five-lobed, base adherent to the ovary. Corolla. Petals five, white, linear, erect or slightly spreading, three-eighths of an inch long, the points inflexed, inserted on the disk that lines the calyx. Stamens. Five, inserted with the petals. Pistil. Ovary one, two-celled ; style slender ; stigma two- grooved ; ovules many. Fruit. Capsule two-grooved, oblong, slender, downy, many- seeded, tipped with the two-parted style. Itca Virginica is coming into cultivation in parks and gardens. The flowers are white, borne in terminal aai VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY Itea, Itea virginica. Leaves \> to 3' long. Racemes 2' to 6' long ITEA racemes ; they are small, but sufficiently abundant to make the bush very attractive during the flowering season. The leaves color early ; they change from green to scarlet and crimson in midsummer and glow in this gorgeous panoply until late autumn. Even after the leaves of other shrubs have fallen they still cling to the stems, a body of solid crimson. Five species belong to the genus, but this is the only one native to North America. GROSSULARIACE.E GOOSEBERRY FAMILY PRICKLY WILD GOOSEBERRY. DOGBERRY Rlbes cyndsbati. Ribes, of uncertain origin, the name of a plant supposed by the older botanists to be the Gooseberry ; possibly from riebs, a German popular name for the currant. A fine bush, three to four feet high, found in rocky woods from New Brunswick to North Carolina and west to Manitoba and Missouri. Thrives in all soils and exposures. Stems un- armed or prickly. Leaves. Alternate, often fascicled, three to five-lobed, nearly orbicular, one to two inches broad, heart-shaped at base, irregu- larly serrate or crenate; palmately veined, primary and second- ary veins depressed above, very prominent beneath. They come out in clusters of three or four from a single bud ; plicate, bright green, densely covered with white hairs ; when full grown are bright green above, paler green beneath. In autumn they turn an orange, slightly touched with red, or drop with little change. Petioles slender, downy with glandular hairs. A sharp, slender, reddish brown spine is usually found just below the leaf cluster ; sometimes two or three are together, sometimes none. Fre- quently spines are scattered along the stem ; prickles are few or weak or none. flowers. April to June. Perfect, produced from the same bud as the cluster of leaves, solitary, or two to three in a group, bell-shaped, green, small, rich in nectar ; peduncles slender, pubescent. 324 WILD GOOSEBERRY Wild Gooseberry, Ribes cvnosbati. Leaves i' to 2' broad. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY Calyx. Coherent with the ovary ; tube bell-shaped, slightly contracted at mouth, five-lobed ; lobes roundish, shorter than the tube, green sometimes touched with red ; when mature lobes recurve against the tube. Petals. Five, minute, green, obscurely three-lobed, obovate, borne on the calyx-tube, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Stamens. Five, inserted in the calyx-tube, slightly included, opposite the calyx-lobes ; filaments and anthers green, converg- ing to the stigma. Pistil. Ovary one-celled, adnate to calyx ; style relatively large, undivided, hairy at base ; stigma capitate. Fruit. Berry, globose, several - seeded, brownish purple, prickly, rarely smooth, one-half an inch in diameter, crowned with the remains of the calyx ; of a pleasant flavor. August. The Prickly Wild Gooseberry is a common under- shrub in northern woods. It reaches the height of four feet and defends itself from man and beast by the many prickles on the lower part of the stems. Sometimes, however, the stem is entirely smooth save for the spines at the base of the leaves. The flowers are little green bells, rich in nectar, borne on slen- der one to three-flowered peduncles. The fruit is a brownish red berry, covered with prickles like a bur, though occasionally smooth. Reports from the Ar- nold Arboretum state that seedlings from the same plant may produce either smooth or prickly fruit. The berries when mature are sweet and pleasant, but the prickles are often very sharp. This is the com- monest wild gooseberry east of the Mississippi River. 226 EASTERN WILD GOOSEBERRY Eastern Wild Gooseberry, Ribes rotitndtfolintn. Fruit yj to %' in diameter. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. EUROPEAN GOOSEBERRY Kibes iiva-crispa. Kibes grossularia. Rigid, stocky, of thick branches, the fruiting ones without prickles ; the spines are mostly triple, heavy and thick at the base, the central one three-eighths to one-half an inch long. Leaves. Orbicular, three to five-lobed, thick and very glossy, pubescent ; petioles sometimes sparsely set with glandular-tipped hairs. Flowers. Peduncles short, one to two-flowered, pubescent or glandular. Calyx very pubescent, greenish ; tube broad, bell- shaped ; lobes broadly ovate, thickish, reflexed, petaloid. Petals inserted on the calyx-tube, obovate, reaching to the base of the anthers. Stamens shorter than the calyx-lobes. Ovary pubes- cent or glandular ; style commonly two-cleft, hairy at base. Fruil. Berry, oval, large, yellowish green or red, minutely but roughly pubescent, often with scattered prickles or glandu- lar tipped hairs. This gooseberry is native to Europe, northern Af- rica and western Asia. It is the parent of the Eng- lish gooseberries, and is widely cultivated throughout Europe ; from it many varieties have been produced. ROUND-LEAVED GOOSEBERRY Kibes rotund if blinm. Low shrub, branches commonly straight, with light colored bark ; thorns mostly single, but very short, gray like the outer bark. Ranges from western Massachusetts and New York south- ward to North Carolina along the Alleghanies. Leaves. Orbicular, palmately veined, three to five-lobed, wedge-shaped at base, glabrous or slightly downy, ciliate on margin and veins ; vernation plicate. 228 NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY Flowers. May, June. Perfect, greenish purple, borne on two to three-flowered short peduncles. Calyx-lobes narrow or oblong, spatulate, greenish or dull purplish, seldom reflexed ; petals obo- vate, small ; stamens longer than the calyx-lobes ; style two- cleft, downy. Fruit. Small, several-seeded, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, smooth, purplish, of an agreeable flavor. July, August. NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY. HAWTHORN GOOSE- BERRY Rlbes oxyacant holdes. Low shrub, two to four feet high, branches slender, reclined, often crooked, reddish brown, commonly smooth, but sometimes with scattered prickles ; spines single or triple, rather slender and sharp, sometimes wanting ; found in wet woods and low grounds. Ranges from Labrador and Newfoundland to the North West Territory and south to New Jersey and Nebraska. Leaves. Solitary or in fascicles, alternate, simple, palmately veined, orbicular, wedge-shaped or heart-shaped at base, deeply three to five-lobed ; lobes incised and coarsely toothed, finely pubescent above and beneath, but commonly glossy when grow- ing ; vernation plicate. Flowers. May to July. Small, perfect, greenish white or dull purplish, bell-like ; peduncles short, one to two-flowered. Calyx. Greenish white ; tube bell-like, coherent with the ovary, five-lobed ; lobes oblong or obovate, thin and petaloid, when mature recurved. Corolla. Petals five, dull purplish, broadly ovate or spatulate, inserted on the calyx-tube, alternate with the sepals, reaching half way to the anthers. Stamens. Five, inserted on the calyx-tube, slightly included. Pistil. Ovary coherent with calyx, one-celled, style single or slightly two-cleft, pubescent below, slightly longer than the stamens. Fruit. Round, several -seeded, perfectly smooth, with a deli- cate bloom, one-half inch in diameter, yellowish green or red- dish when ripe, of an agreeable flavor. July, August. 229 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY Northern Gooseberry, Ribes oxyacantboides. FETID CURRANT SWAMP GOOSEBERRY Rlbes laciistre. Upright, the twigs and branches densely bristly, with straight slender prickles; spines weak, single, or several in a whorl, es- pecially on young growth. In swamps and cold, wet woods. Ranges from Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, west across the continent. Leaves. Nearly orbicular, heart-shaped at base, thin, pubes- cent along the veins beneath, deeply five to seven-lobed, one to two inches wide ; lobes incised-dentate, acutish ; vernation plicate. Flowers. May, June. Small, perfect, greenish, borne in a nodding many-flowered raceme. Pedicels short, bracted at the base. Calyx greenish white, saucer-shaped, glandular-bristly ; the lobes short, broad, and spreading. Petals fan-shaped, red- dish, nearly as long as the calyx-lobes. Stamens short ; anthers very short, each half-divided. Pistil cleft at summit ; ovary glandular-hairy. Fruit. Berry, about one-sixth of an inch in diameter, reddish, covered with weak prickles, unpleasant. July, August. FETID CURRANT. PROSTRATE CURRANT Kibes prostriitum. A shrub with recumbent or prostrate stems, trailing and root- ing ; branches erect, thornless and without prickles ; found in cold, damp woods. Ranges from Labrador, throughout New England and along the mountains to North Carolina, and west- ward to the Pacific Ocean ; also in northeastern Asia and upon the islands of Japan. Leaves. Alternate, orbicular, two to three inches wide, cor- date at base, palmately veined, five to seven-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, dentate-serrate ; vernation plicate. Petioles slender, one to three inches long, base dilated. 231 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY Flowers. May, June. Small, perfect, greenish, bell-shaped, borne in erect, slender racemes which appear from the same buds as the leaves. Pedicels short, glandular, bracted at base. Calyx. Coherent with the ovary, broad, bell-shaped, five- lobed ; lobes obovate or roundish, greenish white or purplish. Corolla. Petals five, small, spatulate or fan-shaped, greenish purple, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens. Five, inserted on the throat of the calyx, alternate with the petals, short; anthers often purple. Pistil. Ovary coherent with the calyx, one-celled ; style two- cleft. Ovary, peduncle and pedicels covered with glandular- tipped hairs. Fruit. Small, pale red berry, glandular, bristly. This is one of the intercontinental plants, found both in America and Asia. It may be recognized by its long, prostrate, trailing stems, its deeply heart-shaped leaves, its small greenish flowers borne in erect ra- cemes, and its pale red currants, bristly glandular. Both plant and fruit emit a disagreeable odor when bruised. It does not take kindly to cultivation ; it loves the cold, damp woods and languishes in warmth and sun- shine. RED CURRANT Ribes rubrunt. The Red Currant of our gardens is undoubtedly of European origin and has been modified by cultiva- Red Currant, Kibes rubrum. J tion ; nevertheless in essentials it differs very slightly from our own wild form. The parent bush was unquestionably an inhabitant of cool, moist, shady northern haunts, and to-day the self-same 232 WILD BLACK CURRANT bush is found in Europe, Asia and America. With us Ribes rubrum inhabits a belt extending across the con- tinent from Labrador to Alaska, and southward to New Jersey, Indiana and Minnesota. In New England and the Middle States, however, the wild currant bush by the roadside is much more likely to be an escape from the gardens than a direct member of the ancient line. WILD BLACK CURRANT Ribes fldt idnm. Rides americanum. Erect, three to five feet high. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, and southward to Kentucky, Iowa and Nebraska. Leaves. Alternate or clustered, three to five-lobed, nearly or- bicular, two to three and one-half inches wide, palmately veined, heart-shaped at base, glabrous above, downy and resinous-dotted beneath ; lobes coarsely dentate-serrate, depressed above, ridged below. They come out of the bud plicate, pale green and downy; when full grown are bright green above, paler beneath. In autumn they take on a deep bronze, or fall with little change of color. Floivers. April, May. Perfect, greenish white or yellow, bell-shaped, three-eighths to one-fourth of an inch long, borne in pendulous, loosely -flowered, downy racemes, which appear from the same buds as the leaves. Calyx. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary, border four to five-lobed ; lobes short, rounded, petaloid, green- ish white. Corolla. Petals four to five, inserted on the throat of the calyx, greenish white. Stamens. Four to five, inserted on the throat of the calyx, alternate with the petals, included. Pistil. Ovary inferior, one-celled ; styles two. Fruit. Berry, globose-ovoid, black, smooth, one-fourth of an inch in diameter ; crowned with the remnant of a calyx. 233 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY Wild Black Currant, Ribes floriditm. Leaves 2' to 3%' broad. GOLDEN CURRANT This species is rarely cultivated. In general ap- pearance, and in flavor of fruit it resembles the Black Currant, Ribcs nigruin, of the garden. It forms a graceful spreading bush, with luxuriant foliage and long, drooping racemes both of flowers and of fruit. GOLDEN CURRANT. BUFFALO OR MISSOURI CURRANT Rlbes aureum. A bush of long, slender, upright or curving stems, growing along streams. Ranges from Minnesota to Missouri and Texas, westward to Oregon and California. Common in cultivation. Leaves. Alternate or tufted, one to one and a half inches long, simple, palmately veined, three to five-lobed, often broader than long, wedge-shaped or heart-shaped, or rounded at base; lobes rounded, toothed or entire ; midvein and primary veins con- spicuous. They come out of the bud convolute, pale green, downy and shining; when full grown are bright yellow green above, paler green beneath. Leaves of bearing shoots are commonly three lobed ; lobes often short, broad, and entire. The autumnal tint is yellow dashed with red, and they change and drop compara- tively early. /&aw/y.T- April, May. Perfect, yellow, cylindrical, borne in short, loose, leafy-bracted racemes. Fragrant, charged with nectar. Calyx. Coherent with the ovary ; bright yellow, smooth ; tube cylindric, one-half to an inch long, with five, spreading, re- curved lobes. Corolla. Petals five, small, yellow with pink tips, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens. Five, inserted on the calyx throat and alternate with the petals, slightly exserted. Pistil. Ovary inferior, one-celled ; style long and slender, ex- serted ; stigma capitate. Fruit. Globose berry, black, sometimes yellowish black, glabrous, shining, crowned with the remnant of the calyx, in- sipid. August. 235 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY This tall, vigorous, upright bush, found in unnum- bered dooryards, is most attractive in early spring. The flowers and leaves start together, but the flowers get ahead, and the wand-like branches are thickly clothed with the flower clusters before the leaves make much headway. Its flame of yellow is due to the brilliant calyx ; the tiny petals of the corolla are not very much in evidence. The plant is graceful and hardy, sprouting freely from the roots. The leaves are inclined to drop early, which is its only defect as an ornamental plant. 236 GOLDEN CURRANT Golden Currant, Ribes aiiieum. Flowers %' to $i' long. HAMAMELIDACE^E WITCH HAZEL FAMILY WITCH HAZEL Hamamelis virginiana. Hamamelis is an ancient name with no obvious application to this plant. Witch is a modern spelling of the Saxon wick or wych. The meaning of the word in this connection is doubtful ; it is good opinion, however, that it means pendu- lous, drooping ; two trees are so named, wych elm and wych hazel. Through the gray and sombre wood, Against the dusk of fir and pine, Last of their floral sisterhood, The hazel's yellow blossoms shine. JOHN G. WHITTIEK. Amid the wild-wood pomp and circumstance of our northern autumn there is no more remarkable object than the Witch Hazel, which at the very moment of parting with its leaves breaks forth into an abundant bloom that clusters thickly about the stems and gives to November the aspect of April. The flower buds appear in August, they expand rarely in September^ normally in October and November; and the flowers appear three or four together at the end of a short, brown, downy pedicel in the axil of a falling or fallen leaf. The flower is in fours; four lobes to the calyx; four long, crumpled, yellow petals; four fertile stamens 238 WITCH HAZEL Witch Hazel, Hamamelis vfrgim'ana. Leaves 4' to 6' long. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY alternating with four scale-like, imperfect ones ; only the pistil varies from the four-fold plan ; the ovary is two-celled and two-styled. This late flowering of the plant seems an excess of zeal, for no growth takes place in the ovary until the following spring, and the ripen- ing period is not forwarded thereby. The tiny last year's nuts slowly ripen as this year's flowers bloom, and are finally sent out from their woody pods with a projectile force which carries them several yards. The Witch Hazel is to be looked for on the sides of deep ravines and at the edges of woodlands through- out our range. 240 CORNACE^E DOGWOOD FAMILY DOGWOOD. CORNEL C6rnus. Cornus, horn, from cornu, referring to the toughness of the wood. The Cornels with showy floral leaves are confined to the New World, the group being represented by the two flowering Dogwood trees, one in the east and the other in the west ; also by the pretty little herbaceous Bunch- berry, a familiar flower of our northern woods, and by another species re- sembling the last, a Bunch-berry native to Alaska and the far northern parts of the continent. These are all that have come down to us from a very pe- culiar group of plants, which in earlier times were more widely scattered over the earth's surface than they are now. For the ancestors of our Flow- ering Dogwood occurred in Europe, where, however, their descendants have been unable to obtain a foothold. Garden and Forest. The Dogwood makes a very attractive family group which consists of herbs, shrubs and trees. The trees are small and sometimes play at being shrubs ; the shrubs now and then try to be trees ; and the herbs are woody at base and apparently hope some day to be shrubs. The highest and the lowest in the family produce flowers and fruit that are very similar. Cornus florida, the tree, and Cornus canadcnsis, the herb, wrap around their clusters of small flowers the superb white involu- 241 DOGWOOD FAMILY ere which makes the Dogwood tree the glory of the woods in spring-time, and the Bunch-berry the prize of the seeker. In the case of Cornus florida the flowers usually appear on the bare branches, but sometimes under favoring conditions the great white involucres linger until the leaves are nearly grown ; but they never outstay their welcome, for few sights are pret- tier than a Dogwood tree bearing both leaves and flowers. The other tree, Cornus alternifolia, and all the shrubs bear their flowers in flat cymose clusters, one to three inches across. The individual flower is a four-pointed star with four exserted stamens. The only flowering shrubs with which the dogwoods could be confused are the vi- burnums, but their flower is a star with five rounded divisions and five stamens. If it is remembered that the dogwoods are a i wa y S j n fours and the viburnums larged. J always in fives, the difficulty is removed. The fruits of the family come in assorted colors ; they range through bright scarlet, dark blue, pale steel blue, bluish white and pure white. In flavor they vary simply in degrees of unpleasantness, all being more or less acid, bitter and aromatic, and the bitter is of a particularly persistent and pervading kind. Another family characteristic is the brilliant stems of many of the species. The most marked example is the White-fruited Dogwood, Cormts alba of Siberia, which is the species most generally cultivated in this country. The blood-red twigs and stems which glow throughout the winter, and deepen and flame as winter 242 FLOWERING DOGWOOD Flowering Dogwood, Cornns flor.da. Spread of the Flower- bracts 2' to tf. DOGWOOD FAMILY merges into spring, are well known to even the most casual observer. This species is marked in many deal- ers' catalogues as Cornus sanguinca, but this is wrong. The real Cornus sanguined is a European species having little of interest in the color of its bark, which be- comes gray when old. The color of its fruit is black. Our own Cornus stolonifera possesses the beautiful red twigs in so marked a degree as to give it the com- mon name Red-osier Dogwood. Cornus bailcyi and Cornus aspcr ifolia have twigs of reddish brown; those of Cornus alternifolia and Cornus circinata are green ; those of Cornus ainonum dull purple. An extensive and pleasing range of winter coloring can be had by means of dogwoods alone. FLOWERING DOGWOOD Cdrnus fldrida. The Flowering Dogwood is both tree and shrub, and its value as an ornamental plant is not exceeded by any other denizen of our gardens. Its flowers are sui generis ; the real flowers are the little green bunch in the centre of the four petaloid bracts which enwrap and protect them. The genesis of these great white bracts is interesting. They are simply four bud-scales and may be seen upon the flower buds which develop in late summer at the tips of the branches of any fruitful and flourishing individual. They endure the buffetings of storms; they brave the cold, the ice, the snow of winter ; and when spring comes and other bud-scales, having completed their service, pass away unregarded, these simply take on a second growth, 244 ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD Round-leaved Dogwood, Corntts circinata. Leaves 2' to (/ long. Cymes \%' to 3' across. DOGWOOD FAMILY carrying the weather-beaten winter portion of the old on the apex of the new. The notch on the end of the broad white bract is the bud-scale of the past winter. vSearch as you may, you can never find one without the dark scar. This is the insignia of service, the sign of work well done. The original form of the Red-flowering Dogwood so frequently seen in parks and gardens came from Virginia ; but the trees whose flower bracts vary from pure white are not rare. The bracts are not pretty or showy until fully developed, then they assume the pink of the wild rose. ROUND-LEAVD DOGWOOD Cornns circinata. A compact shrub six to ten feet high, in shady, often rocky, places, in rich or sandy soil. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Man- itoba, south to Virginia, west to Iowa and Missouri. Stem. Twigs and branches green, warty-dotted. Leaves. Opposite, simple, two to six inches long, orbicular, or broadly ovate, sometimes broader than long, rounded or truncate at base, entire, acute or acuminate at apex. They come out of the bud slightly involute, pale green tipped with red, densely covered with white hairs ; when full grown are bright pale green, slightly pubescent above, densely hairy beneath. In autumn they turn a dull yellow. Petioles one-half to three- fourths of an inch long. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, small, white, borne in rather dense flat cymes, one and a half to three inches across ; pedicels downy. Calyx. Tube bell-like, four-toothed, coherent with the ovary. Corolla.- Petals four, white, ovate, valvate in bud, inserted on a disk within the calyx. 246 SILKY DOGWOOD Silky Dogwood, Cornus amomum. Leaves }' to 5' long. Cymes \%' to 2%' across. DOGWOOD FAMILY Stamens. Four, exserted, filaments threadlike; inserted with the petals. Pistil. Ovary inferior, two-celled ; style slender ; stigma capitate. Fruit. Drupe, globose, very pale blue or white with a bluish tinge, three-eighths of an inch in diameter; stone sub-globose, ridged. Bitter, aromatic. September. This is one of the most attractive of the cornels. It reaches the height of six or ten feet ; the branches are green and warty-dotted, the bright green leaves, large and roundish. It should be sought for in open rocky woods, and in cultivation will do best in a shady loca- tion. The flowers are rather large for a dogwood, and the fruit, light blue or bluish white, is too scanty to be effective, but the general effect of the plant is ex- cellent. SWAMP DOGWOOD. SILKY DOGWOOD. KINNIKINNIK Cornus amomum. Counts sericea. A shrub six to ten feet high, found in wet soil, low woods and along streams. Ranges from New Brunswick to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas. Bark bitter and tonic. Stems. Shoots downy, green with reddish tinge. Winter twigs and branches purple ; stems brown. Leaves. Opposite, simple, three to five inches long, oval, nar- rowly-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at base, entire, acuminate at apex ; midvein and primary veins depressed above, ridged below. They come out of the bud slightly invo- lute, pale green, with white woolly hairs ; when full grown are bright shining green above, pale green, silky downy, often glau- cous, beneath. Autumnal tints dull purple to deep red. Flowers. May, July. Perfect, cream-white, borne in flat cymes, one and a half to two and a half inches across. Calyx. Tube bell-like, four-toothed ; coherent with the ovary. 248 ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD Rough-leaved Dogwood, Conius asperifolia. Leaves i %' to 5' long. Cymes 2' to 3' ac. oss. DOGWOOD FAMILY Corolla. Petals four, white, narrowly oblong, acute, valvate in bud. Stamens. Four, exserted, filaments threadlike; inserted on disk, with the petals. Pistil. Ovary inferior, two-celled; style slender; stigma cap- itate. Fruit. Drupe, globose, pale blue, one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter ; stone oblique, ridged. Bitter, aro- matic. September. The Silky Dogwood is the latest of the family to flower, usually coming into bloom about the twentieth of June. The leaves are slender, ovate, pointed, silky downy on the under side, especially when young. The flower cymes are rather smaller than those of the other dogwoods. The fruit is bright blue and usually abun- dant. The plant is very common at the north along the borders of swamps and in other low, wet places, where it forms a wide spreading bush eight to ten feet high. Its colored twigs and branchlets suffuse a purplish tint over the bush in winter, thus giving it a decided orna- mental value. ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD Corn us asperifblia . Three to fifteen feet high, found in wet ground or near streams. Ranges from southern Ontario to Florida and west to Iowa, Kan- sas and Texas. Stems. Reddish brown ; branchlets very rough, downy. Leaves. Opposite, simple, one and a half to five inches long, ovate-oval or elliptic, rounded at base, entire, acuminate at apex ; when full grown densely rough-hairy above, pale and downy beneath. Petioles slender, rough-hairy. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, cream- white, borne in loose cymes ; pedicels are rough -hairy. 250 RED-OSIER DOGWOOD Red-osier Dogwood, Cornm stoloiiifera. Leaves 4' to ' across. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY clothed with a soft velvety pubescence. Autumnal tints deep purple brightening to red. Petioles short. Flowers. June. Perfect, white, borne in loose pedunculate cymes, one to three inches across, abundant. Calyx. Tube adnate to the ovary ; border five-toothed, acute. Corolla. White, rotate, five-lobed ; lobes spreading. Stamens. Five, inserted on corolla-tube, exserted. Pistil. Ovary inferior, style short, three- Leaf of Downy Vibur- Jo^g^J num. Typical form. Fruit. Drupe, ovoid or oval, dark purple, one-fourth of an inch long; pulp thin. Stone slightly two- grooved on both faces. August. The Downy Viburnum is one of the smaller species of the genus, but it flowers superbly when grown in the open with abundance of light and air. The plant is also very fine in autumn, as the leaves turn a rich dark purple brightened with vinous red. The leaves vary greatly in shape, character of margin, and degree of pubescence. ARROW-WOOD Viburnum dentatum. A compact shrub, six to ten. feet high with ash-colored bark, smooth, obtusely angular branches ; the young shoots slender and very straight ; found in low moist grounds and on the bor- der of rivers. Ranges from New Brunswick to Georgia and west to Michigan and Minnesota. Takes kindly to cultivation. Leaves. Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, one and a half to three inches long, broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at base, coarsely and sharply serrate, acute at apex ; strongly veined ; veins depressed above, prominent below. They come out of bud involute, green, slightly tinged with reddish brown, shining and 282 WITHE-ROD Withe-rod, Viburnum cassinoidts. Leaves tf to 4' long. downy ; when full grown are bright dark green above, paler be- neath, with tufts of hair in the axils of the veins. The autumnal tint is dark bronze red. Petioles short. Flowers. June. White, perfect, borne in broad, flat peduncu- late cymes, two to three inches across. Calyx. Tube adnate to the ovary ; limb five-toothed. Corolla. White, rotate, five-lobed ; lobes spreading. Stamens. Five, inserted on the corolla-tube, exserted. Pistil. Ovary inferipr, style short, three-lobed. Fruit. Drupe, globose ovoid, dark blue, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, flesh thjn, dry, somewhat acid ; stone grooved on one side, rounded on the other. September. Viburnum deniatum is no\v extensively planted in parks. In June when covered with great flat clusters of snowy flowers, and later when these are succeeded by dark, shining, blue berries, the bush is most attractive and ornamental. These shining blue ber- ries are eaten by birds, although it is hard to understand why ; they are dry, dull, tasteless, seedy things. Uaf of yiburttum molle - Viburnum molle", the Soft - leaved Arrow-wood, is a southern bush greatly resembling Viburnum dentatum and is sometimes found in Penn- sylvania. It is perfectly hardy at the north and well worthy of cultivation. WITHE-ROD Viburnum cassinoides. A somewhat straggling bush, two to twelve feet high, with gray branches : twigs sometimes scurfy, sometimes glabrous ; found in swamps and wet soil. Ranges from Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and Alabama. Takes kindly to cultivation. 284 WITHE-ROD Lfaves. Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, ovate or oval, narrowed or rounded at base, crenulate, acute at apex, thick in texture, glabrous or nearly so. Autumnal tint first purple, then turns to a rich vinous red. Flowers. June, July. Perfect, white, borne in broad flat pedunculate cymes two to four inches across. Calyx. Tube adnate to the ovary ; border five-toothed. Corolla. White, rotate five-lobed ; lobes spreading. Stamens. Five, inserted on corolla-tube, exserted. Pistil. Ovary inferior, style short, three-lobed. Fruit. Drupe, globose to ovoid, dark blue, one-fourth of an inch in diameter, stone round or oval, flattened. September. The best garden plant among our viburnums is Vi- burnum cassinoidcs. An inhabitant of northern swamps, it is distributed from Newfoundland to the Saskatche- wan and southward to New Jersey. In its wild home it is a loose, straggling shrub, but in cultivation it takes on the graces of civilization and be- comes compact, symmetrical, an ornament to the race and the flower of the family. The leaves are thick, leathery and rather dull green; the flowers, which are cream-white, are borne in broad five-rayed cymes four or five inches across. They are succeeded by Leaf of num nudum. abundant fruit which melts from pale green into bright rose, and then darkens into blue-black; berries of the three colors often appearing at the same time. Viburnum nudum, the Large Withe-rod, is a bush of southern range which sometimes crosses our border. It resembles Viburnum cassinoides, but blooms a little later. Viburnum lantana, the Wayfaring Tree of Europe, is 285 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Wayfaring Tree, Viburnum lantana. SNOWBERRY the first of the viburnums to bloom ; appearing early in May. The inflorescence is a flat cyme two to three inches across ; the individual flowers do not vary from the type, the leaves are thick dark green, and the fruit when ripening gives a succession of beautiful color through the range of pale green, glowing scarlet and dark blue-black. It has long been in cultivation, and is valuable because of its early bloom ; in other re- spects it does not excel our native species. SNOWBERRY Symphoricdrpos raccmbsus, Symphoricarpos, fruit grown together ; named from the clustered berries. An erect shrub three to five feet high, with smooth, slender branches. Found in rocky places and on river banks from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania and Ken- tucky. Widely planted as an ornamental shrub ; suckers freely ; prefers limestone soils. Leares. Opposite, simple, short-petioled, one to two and one-half inches long, oval or ovate, rounded at base and rounded or slightly acute at apex, entire or undulate; those of young shoots sometimes dentate. They come out of the bud involute, dull pale green, smooth, when full grown are dull dark green above, paler green below. In autumn they remain unchanged until caught by the heavy late frosts. Flowers. June to September. Perfect, small, white or pink bells, in axillary few-flowered clusters and in terminal clusters which are often leafy. Calyx. Tube nearly globular, adnate to the ovary, the border four to five- toothed. Corolla. Bell-shaped, one-fourth of an inch long, four to five- toothed, slightly gibbous at base, l>earded at the throat, pinkish white. 287 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Stamens. Four to five, included, inserted on corolla, alter- nate with its lobes. Pistil, Ovary inferior, four-celled, two cavities contain abort- ed ovules, other two contain each a single ovule; style smooth, included. Fruit. Globose, pure white berry, loosely cellular, one- fourth to one-half an inch in diameter, four-celled, two-seeded, crowned with the remnant of the style which appears as a black spot, borne in clusters ; berries of varying sizes. August to No- vember. The Snowberry is one of the favorites of old-time gardens, and is holding its own fairly well in the new. Throughout the spring-time it is simply a clean, bright little bush with a tendency to enlarge its circumfer- ence. Early in July it begins to put forth its clusters of tiny pink bells, which do not attract any particular attention ; but which possess the power of transform- ing themselves as time goes on into clusters of snowy balls varying in size from small peas to small marbles; packed away among the leaves in charming confusion. These white berries are the effective feature of the plant, and the bush is fairly well covered with them by the middle of August ; although the blooming period continues for a month longer. At this time a border combination of Snowberry with Rosa rugosa is extremely good ; the white berries of the one contrast- ing with the red hips of the other. The bush laden with its white burden is beautiful throughout the au- tumn, and holds its berries intact until they are de- stroyed by the frosts and storms of November. The gardeners are in a way to develop the fruit at the expense of the beauty of the bush as a whole. The stems are extremely slender and delicate, and when 288 SNOWBERRV Snuwberry, Sytupborimrpos racemosus, Leaves i' to 2^' Ion* HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY the weight of the berries is too great for the stem to hold erect it is overburdened and its beauty is im- paired. INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY Symphoricdrpos symphoricdrpos . Symphoricdrpos vulgaris. A shrub two to five feet high, branches erect or slightly curved, twigs purplish brown, usually pubescent. Found in rocky places and on river banks, from the banks of the Delaware in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia and Texas, and west to Dakota. Cultivated. Leaves. Opposite, simple, short-petioled, one to one and one- half inches long, oval or ovate, rounded at base, rounded or acute at apex, margin entire or undulate, smooth above, softly downy beneath. They come out of the bud involute, dull pale green ; when full grown are dull dark green above, paler below. In autumn they remain unchanged until destroyed by the heavy frosts. Flowers. August. Perfect, small, greenish pink-tipped bells; borne in dense clusters in the axils of the leaves; filled with nectar. Calyx. Tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed ; teeth short, persistent. Corolla. Bell-shaped, greenish pink, downy within, five- lobed. Stamens. Four or five, inserted on corolla-tube, and alternate with its lobes. Pistil. Ovary inferior, four-celled, only two of the cells with a fertile ovule, style bearded. Fruit. Berry, purplish red, ovoid-globose, three -sixteenths of an inch in diameter, four-celled, two-seeded, crowned by the remnants of the calyx, insipid, persistent after the leaves have fallen. The abundance of fruit on the Indian Currant is lit- tle short of marvellous. The slender stems are fruit bearing for five or ten inches from the tip; the clusters INDIAN CURRANT Indian Currant, Symfiboricarpos vulgaris. Leaves i' to \%' long. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY of fruit appear in the axils of the opposite leaves and are so full and crowded that they surround the stem. As an example of this remarkable prolificness, a single fruiting stem seven inches long was found to bear fif- teen double clusters, and each cluster had from seven to nine berries, making the total production about two hundred and fifty currants upon an average stem ; many stems produced more. In autumn these drooping wands of crimson berries adorned with leaves are most beautiful, a bed of them enchanting. Moreover, these berries have great stay- ing powers; the first heavy winter storms destroy the leaves which remain brown and curled .until the winds carry them away, but the clusters of berries are ap- parently undisturbed ; they neither darken nor shrivel. Each tiny berry has a crimson skin, thin white mealy flesh, and two white bony seeds. The birds find noth- ing desirable about them and leave them entirely un- touched. LONICERA. HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera. Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, a German herbalist of the sixteenth century. The Lonicera group commonly called honeysuckles are best known by the climbing vines which adorn our piazzas. Of erect shrubs Lonicera tartarica, the Tar- tarian Honeysuckle in its many varieties, is a favorite and deservedly so. It was brought to this country from Asia, as its name indicates; and has only here and there escaped from cultivation. Lonicera xylosteuin, the Fly-honeysuckle of our gardens, is also an Asiatic spe- 292 SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE Swamp Fly-honeysuckle, Lonicera oblongifolia. Leave; %' to 2' long. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY cies ; and it, too, has sparingly escaped. It looks not unlike Lonicera tartarica, and bears its red berries well 1 past midsummer. Lonicera fragrantissima is a species recently introduced whose value chiefly lies in its fragrant flowers which are produced in April. Mid- summer finds it a leafy bush of rather pale green foliage. Our northern Lonicera bushes are interesting but not so conspicuous in flower and fruit as to bring them very generally into cultivation. To be known they must be sought in their native wilds. There are four of them, Lonicera cozrulea, Lonicera oblongifolia, Lonicera ciliata, and Lonicera involucrata. Lonicera involucrata is the largest of the four, and bears the largest leaves ; its personal characteristic is the involucre which surrounds the fruit. It is really a Canadian plant and rarely crosses our northern boun- dary. Lonicera ccerulea is probably named for the curi- ous, two-eyed, blue berry which it bears. Lonicera cili- ata has a very downy leaf in early spring and a very glabrous one in midsummer. Lonicera oblongifolia has no marked distinguishing character, but is doing fairly well in cultivation, and gardeners are recommending it. The Lonicera fruit is a berry ; it may be sweet or sour, but never fails to be bitter. SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera oblongifolia. An erect shrub, two to five feet high ; found in' bogs and swamps. Ranges from Quebec to Manitoba, south to Pennsyl- vania, and west to Michigan. 294 BLUE HONEYSUCKLE Blue Honeysuckle, Lonicera caritlea. Leaves i}4' to 2' long. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Leaves. Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, three-fourths to two inches long, oval-oblong. Margin not ciliate, myrtle green above and gray green beneath, downy, pubescent when young, glabrous when mature. Flowers. May, June. Greenish yellow, perfect, half an inch long, slightly purple within, borne on a two-flowered peduncle in the axils of the leaves; peduncles long and slender; bracts mi- nute or deciduous ; fragrant, full of nectar. Calyx. Tube adnate to the ovary, ovoid ; border slightly five-toothed. Corolla. Yellowish or purplish within, funnel-form, gibbous at base; border deeply two-lipped, lower lip linear, upper lip erect with four short lobes. Stamens. Five, inserted on the corolla. Pistil. Ovary two-celled, ovules many ; style slender ; stigma capitate. Fruit. Berry, crimson or purplish, one-fourth of an inch in diameter ; two ovaries do not usually unite to form the fruit, although sometimes they do. BLUE FLY-HONEYSUCKLE. MOUNTAIN FLY-HONEY- SUCKLE Lonicera cceridea. An erect dwarfish shrub one to three feet high ; found in bogs and low lands. Shoots often bluish purple, pubescent with a bloom. Ranges from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Rhode Island, and west to Wisconsin ; also in Europe and Asia. Leaves. Opposite, simple, pinnately veined ; one to one and one-half inches long, oval or obovate, rounded or narrowed at base, entire, obtuse at apex ; when full grown sparingly hairy above, ciliate at margin, pubescent beneath. Petioles short. Flowers. June. Pale yellow, perfect, irregular, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, borne on a two-flowered peduncle in the axils of the leaves ; peduncles short ; bracts awl-like. Calyx. Tube adnate to the ovary, ovoid ; border slightly five-toothed. 296 FLY-HONEYSUCKLE Fly-honeysuckle, Lonicera canadensis. Leaves i' to V long. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Corolla. Funnel-form, gibbous at base ; border five-lobed, nearly regular ; lobes longer than the tube. Stamens. Five, inserted on the corolla. Pistil. Ovary two-celled, ovules many ; style slender ; stigma capitate. Fruit. Ovaries of the two flowers unite and form an oblong or globose, bluish, two-eyed berry, half an inch long and about five-eighths of an inch across ; dark blue with a pale blue bloom ; bitter acid. July. Loniccra ccerulca has this unusual characteristic ; it produces two perfect flowers in order to make one berry. The flowers are twins, but the pistils are sep- arate, yet after the corollas have fallen the two ovaries enlarge and begin to grow toward each other and finally unite into a single berry, which shows its duplex origin by the two tiny so-called " eyes " at its apex, each of which is the remnant of a flower calyx. The double structure of the berry is clearly seen by a cross section, the line of cleavage between the two parts being very distinct. The fruit is drooping and usually hidden under the leaves. Jn taste a bitter acid, with the bitter much stronger than the acid. In midsummer the new shoots have a bluish purple cast, which gives a certain bluish effect to the bush. It takes kindly to cultivation, and is recommended by gardeners. FLY-HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera canadensis. Lonfcera cili&ta. Three to five feet high, bran chiefs glabrous and marked with elevated lines which descend from the bases of the petioles ; found in moist woods. Ranges from New Brunswick to Mafti- toba, south to Connecticut and west to Pennsylvania and Mich- igan. TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE Tartarian Honeysuckle, Lonicera tartarica. Leaves i' to 3' long. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Leaves. Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, ovate or oval, rounded or cordate at base, entire, acute or acutish at apex. Villous-pubescent when young, with margin strongly ciliate, glabrous when mature. Flowers. May. Greenish yellow, three-fourths of an inch long, perfect, borne on a two-flowered peduncle in the axil of the leaves ; peduncles slender; bracts minute. Calyx. Calyx-tube ovoid, united with the ovary ; border five-toothed. Corolla. Greenish yellow, funnel-form almost spurred at the base ; border five-lobed ; lobes nearly equal. Stamens. -Five, inserted on tube of corolla. Pistil. Ovary two-celled, ovules many ; style slender ; stigma capitate. Fruit. Berries separate, red, one-fourth of an inch in diam- eter, borne in pairs ; the ovaries do not unite. TARTARIAN BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera tartdrica. A glabrous erect shrub three to ten feet high. A native of Asia and common in cultivation ; has escaped quite extensively. Leaves. Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, one to three inches long, oval, oblong or ovate, rounded or heart-shaped at base, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acute or obtuse. Flowers.- May. Pink to white, three-fourths of an inch long, perfect, solitary or in pairs, borne on a long, slender peduncle in the axils of the leaves ; bracts linear, often as long as the corolla tube. Calyx. Tubular, five- toothed. Corolla. Pink to white. Tube slender, with a peculiar en- largement at the base which is dark pink when the rest of the tube is pale pink ; border irregularly and deeply five-lobed and somewhat two-lipped ; upper lip three-lobed, lower lip two-lobed. Stamens. Five, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Pistil. Ovary two to three-celled ; style slender ; stigma cap- itate. Fruit. Berries separate, red or yellow, abundant, ornamental. July, August. 300 TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE Tartarian Honeysuckle, Lonicera tarta/ica, in fruit. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY The Tartarian Honeysuckles are most attractive bushes. One of their best features is the graceful out- line of a finely-grown individual when the branches bend outward and downward almost to the grass. The flowers of the different varieties are white, pink, rose, or deep red, and possess a pleasant fragrance. They come into leaf early ; the foliage is luxuriant and re- mains until late in the autumn ; and the red or orange berries are very abundant and extremely ornamental. The berries have the translucent appearance of cur- rants ; in flavor they are a sweetish bitter, with the bitter inclined to remain somewhat unduly in the mouth. The birds seem to eat them very little, con- sequently they adorn the bushes for a considerable period. INVOLUCRED FLY-HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera invohtcrata. Northern shrub, three to five feet high ; branches four-angular ; found in deep woods. Ranges from Quebec to British Columbia and Alaska, rarely comes within the borders of the United States. Stems. Oldest stems are gray and ragged, the growing shoots yellow. Stems gray. Leaves. Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, two to six inches long, oblong, ovate, oval or obovate, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, en- tire, acute or acuminate at apex ; pubescent when young. Petioles short, dark green above, paler beneath. flowers. June, July. Yellowish, perfect, borne on a two to three-flowered peduncle in 302 Leaf of Involucred Fly-honeysuckle. BUSH HONEYSUCKLE Bush Honeysuckle, Diercilla diercilla. Leaves 2' to 5' long. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY the axils of the leaves. Involucre of four conspicuous and leafy bracts which at length surround the fruit. Calyx, Tube adherent to the ovary, slightly five-toothed. Corolla. Yellowish, funnel-form, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, viscid-pubescent ; border five-lobed. Stamens. Five, inserted on tube of corolla. Pistils. Ovary two or three-celled, style slender ; stigma capi- tate. Fruit. Berries separate, globose or oval, nearly black, about one-third of an inch in diameter. DIERVILLA. COMMON BUSH HONEYSUCKLE Diervilla trifida. Diervilla diervilla. Diervilla, in honor of Diervilla, a French surgeon who sent the plant to Tournefort. A low shrub, two to four feet high. Often forms dense, low masses of shrubbery on the borders of the forest. Ranges from Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan, and through the northern states to North Carolina and Michigan. Leaves. Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, two to five inches long, ovate or oval, rounded at base, irregularly crenulate-ser- rate, slightly ciliate, acuminate at apex. Dark green, glabrous above, paler green and glabrous beneath ; midvein and primary veins prominent. Flowers. -May, June. Perfect, small, yellowish, mostly in three- flowered clusters which are either terminal, or in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx. Tube long, slender, adnate to ovary ; border with five linear, persistent lobes. Corolla. Narrowly funnel-form, tube slightly gibbous at the base ; border nearly regular, five-lobed, honey yellow or green- ish yellow, downy externally, hairy within. Stamens. Five, exserted, inserted on the corolla ; anthers Hnear. 304 WEIGELA Weigela, Dier-cilla rosea. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Pistil. Ovary inferior, two-celled ; ovules' numerous ; style thread-like ; stigma capitate. Fruit. Capsule, glabrous, linear-oblong, three-fourths of an inch long, slender, beaked, crowned with the five calyx-lobes; two-valved, many-seeded. September. There are three species of Diervillas native to east- ern United States, of which the Bush Honeysuckle is the northern species. It does not equal the cultivated forms in attractiveness and consequently is neglected. WEIGELA Diervllla rosea. Weigela, in honor of Weigel, a German botanist. The Weigela of our gardens was discovered in China in 1844 by Robert Fortune. The first specimen which he saw is described as growing in a Mandarin's garden on the island of Chusan and characterized as a bush covered with rose-colored flowers which hung in clus- ters from the axils of the leaves and the ends of the branches. " I immediately marked it as one of the finest plants in northern China and determined to send plants of it home in every ship until I should hear of its safe arrival." From this beginning the Weigela has made its way until now it is one of the most prized of ornamental shrubs. The bush has a tendency to straggling growth which may be wisely suppressed ; but to get the best results it should be allowed a fair degree of freedom, and then its graceful, curving branches laden with flowers al- most if not quite reach the ground. 306 WEIGELA The dealers' catalogues now advertise varieties in great numbers, but Dicrvilla rosca, the plant of Mr. Fortune's devotion, is still the best known, and although the varieties differ from the type they have not yet surpassed it. RUBIACE^E MADDER FAMILY BUTTON-BUSH. HONEY BALLS Ccphalanth us occidenlalis. Cephalanthus, of Greek derivation, from cephale, head, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers growing in heads. Strong, vigorous, erect shrub, varying from four to fifteen feet high ; stem often contorted ; found on the banks of slow-flowing streams and growing in swamps. Ranges from New Brunswick to western Ontario and south to Florida, Texas and Arizona ; also on the Pacific coast. Root large, stout, often contorted. Bark. Dark gray, cracked, flaky, surface plates thin and loose, even on small branches. Branchlets at first brownish green or reddish brown, later pale dull brown, finally dark ashen gray. Leaves. Opposite or in threes, simple, three to six inches long, oblong-oval or ovate, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, entire, acute or acuminate at apex ; midvein, primary and secondary veins depressed above, very prominent beneath ; when full grown are thick, dark shining green above, paler, sometimes downy, beneath. In autumn they turn a dull yellow or fall with little change of color. Petioles one-half to one inch long, stout, grooved, sometimes twisted. Stipules short, connecting the bases of opposite leaf stems. Flowers. July, August. Perfect, white, fragrant, tubular, sessile, borne in dense spherical heads at the extremities of the branches ; often in groups of threes ; heads exclusive of styles about an inch in diameter ; filled with nectar. Peduncles one to two inches long. Remain in bloom a long time. BUTTON BUSH Button Bush, Cepbalantbits ocddmtalis. Leaves }' to (/ lonj. Flower balls i' to in diameter exclusive of styles. Calyx. Tubular, four-sided, four-toothed, hairy. Corolla. White, tubular, twice as long as the calyx, hairy within, four-toothed ; teeth imbricate in bud. Stamens. Four, borne on the tube of the corolla, alternate with the lobes, scarcely exserted; anthers bicuspidate at base. Pistil. Ovary adnate to the calyx, two to four-celled ; style much exserted, long and thread-like ; stigma capitate. Fruit. A ball made up of many small capsules crowded to- gether and each containing one or two seeds. The Button-bush is a widely distributed plant, found growing by the side of standing water, often ventur- ing in, and always loving the water about its roots. The leaves are large, rather coarse in texture, bright green and shining. The flowers are the plant's distinctive attraction. It is apparent that the sphere is a common type of fruit-forms, the apple, the cherry, the grape, the num- berless capsules and seed-cases of spherical form attest the fact ; but it is not often that nature achieves a sphere in a flower or flower cluster. Yet the flower cluster of the Button-bush is a perfect globe, with thread-like styles protruding from every side. This little globe is made up of scores of tiny cream-white blossoms all crowded upon a central axis, and each one so full of nectar and so loved by the bees that one of the common country names of the bush is Honey Balls. The plant is much used in European gardens, where the singularity of its flowering habit and its late season of bloom recommend it to planters. With us it is found by almost every roadside and should be pro- tected and cherished. 3SO COMPOSITE-COMPOSITE FAMILY GROUNDSEL-TREE Bdccharis halimifblia. Baccharis, the name of a shrub anciently dedicated to Bac- chus ; without significance in its present use. A branching glabrous shrub, three to nine feet high, the branchlets angled, sometimes minutely scurfy ; found on the sea- beaches, along salt marshes and tidal rivers, extending inland beyond saline influences. Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Leaves. Alternate, simple, three-nerved, midvein most promi- nent, one to three inches long, obovate or oblong, short-petioled or sessile, entire or few-toothed toward the apex. Leaves on the flowering spray smaller than the others ; when full grown are thick, bright green, glabrous. In autumn ney turn yellow or fall with little change of color; persist until beaten offby first winter storms. Flowers. September, October. Dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary, the limb bristled; corolla tubular, five-lobed ray flow- ers absent; stamens five ; ovary one-celled ; style of fertile flow- ers two-cleft. In heads of terminal peduncled clusters of two to five ; those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young ; the bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, obtuse, glutinous, appressed; the inner ones of the pistillate heads lanceolate, acute or acutish. Fruit. Achenes, with bright white pappus, one-fourth to one- half an inch long; in two series of capillary bristles, much ex- ceeding the involucre. The Groundsel-tree, Baccharis halimi/olia, is now conspicuous with its long, white, silky pappus. Although it belongs to the largest order of flow- 311 COMPOSITE FAMILY ering plants, it is the only one in this vast order in our temperate climate that attains the dignity of treehood. In the Pines it grows from ten to fif- teen feet in height, and in autumn is a very marked feature of the landscape. The abundant pure white pappus with which the plant is enshrouded at a little distance looks like a mass of white flowers strangely out of season in their rich setting of autumnal foliage. MARY TREAT, in Garden and Forest. Vineland, N. J., November 17, 1888. Shrubs which are in full bloom during the first weeks of October are not plentiful in our climate ; the mus- ter roll includes the althaeas, the hardy hydrangeas, the witch hazel and the groundsel-tree, together with sundry late blooming roses. The Groundsel-tree is valued for its fluffy fruit rather than for its inconspicu- ous flowers ; but any bloom at this period is welcome. It belongs to the Composite, the family of the asters, the daisies, the goldenrods and the sunflowers. The individual blossoms are minute and are gathered to- gether in small heads without ray flowers, conse- quently are inconspicuous. The plant is dioecious, that is, the pistillate and the staminate flowers are borne on different bushes. This is a kind of division of labor in the vegetable world; many trees are of this nature, notably the willows. The particular and gratifying characteristic of the Groundsel-tree is that it is possible to plant two bushes side by side, watch them flourish throughout the sum- mer and when blooming time comes in September, see one put forth its clusters of tiny pistillate flowers which look like little green buds with a pale top ; and the other put forth its staminate clusters which differ from the first only that the tops are a little more conspicu- ous. In the course of time, one green bush bears a 312 GROUNDSEL-TREE Groundsel-tree, Baccbaris balinnfolia. Leaves i' to 3' long. Spray at the lift, pistillate ; at the right, starriiute. W& COMPOSITE FAMILY few dry remnants of flowers, the other bursts into a mass of fluffy white. All this can go on by the side of the garden walk and so clearly that he who runs to catch a suburban car may note and understand. This fluffy appearance is due to the fact that each small seed after the fashion of so many of its family is a wind traveller; and is provided with means for its long journey in the shape of a feathery parachute made up of many white hairs, which makes a brave show upon the bush and finally takes the wings of the wind and sails away bearing the seed to " distant homes and unpeopled lands." The shrub is a native of sea-beaches and salt marshes, yet will grow almost anywhere; obviously, after a plant has acquired the ability to live on the seacoast, any other location must be an improvement. It bears close pruning and is a good ornamental shrub. Fruit of Groundsel-tree. 3*4 VACCINIACE^E HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY HUCKLEBERRY " The huckleberries and cranberries take the place throughout the northern part of this continent of the heaths of the corre- sponding climates of Europe; and fill it with not less of beauty, and incomparably more of use." GEORGE B. EMERSON. " The huckleberry grows a second crop a crop of color. It is twice blessed it blesses him that eats and him that sees." BRADFORD TORREY. . 11 The name huckleberry is applied as a generic term to cover the fruit of all species of the two genera, Gaylussacia and Vac- ciniitm. In a restricted sense it is used locally to designate one or more species of the former genus, the name blueberry being then applied to fruit of Vacdnium species. In other cases the term huckleberry is applied to black-fruited species of either genus. The more general custom is to apply the name huckle- berry to the fruit of all. "The most important difference between these two genera is that in Gaylussacia the fruit is ten-celled, each cell containing a single seed, or properly a little stone, while in Vaccinium there are several seeds in each cell, these being small, and the fruit forming a pulpy berry. The seeds of the former, while less numerous are far more troublesome than those of the latter. The leaves and branchlets of Gaylussacia are clammy with resinous dots when young." FRED. W. CARD. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY The Huckleberry family does not differ widely from the Heath family in respect to its leaves or its flowers; but in respect to its fruit, bird and beast and man will assert in chorus that the difference is very great. For the huckleberry and the blueberry have ministered to the comfort of the birds and the refreshment of mankind for ages. The obvious differ- ence between the two in popular estimation is that the huckleberry fruit is more "seedy" than that of the blueberry and consequently not so desirable for table use. As Professor Card so admirably explains, this popular opinion is based upon a structural difference in the fruit of the two genera. The Vacciniacece seem, so far, to have successfully 7 re- sisted all efforts at domestication. From time to time we read that some one has transferred a few bushes to his garden and that they have done well there ; but oftener we hear and sometimes we see that trans- planted bushes do not do well. It is probable that the untamed spirit of these wild creatures might be broken, were it worth while ; but there is a more excellent way. The farmers have learned this in Michigan and in Maine and possibly elsewhere. The method is very simple it consists in withdrawing grazing animals from fields where the Vacciniace&tte, native, permitting the bushes to take undisturbed possession ; and then about once in five years burning the tract. Of course, the first year after the burning there is no crop, but in the second year the crop is enormous. As the demand for the fruit is steady, there seems no reason in the nature of things why careful and systematic treatment of natural blueberry lands should not be profitable. 316 DANGLEBERRY Dangleberry, Gaylnssacia frondosa. Leaves ij' to ^y^' long. Fruit J// i.i dumeter. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY DANGLEBERRY. TANGLEBERRY Gaylusscicia frondbsa. Gaylussacia, named in honor of the chemist, Gay-Lussac. A spreading bush, three to six feet high, found in moist situa- tions by the side of lakes and at the edge of woods. Ranges from New Hampshire to Florida, westward to Ohio and south- west to Louisiana. Stems. Branches slender and divergent ; recent shoots and fruit stalks pale green or pale reddish yellow ; branches and stems are of a mahogany or bronze color, covered with a pearly epidermis. Leaves. Oblong, oval or obovate, one and one-half to two and one-half inches long, wedge-shaped at base, entire, slightly revolute, obtuse or acute, with a callous point at apex. When full grown are thin, pale green, glabrous above, glabrous or downy, pale or glaucous below, and sprinkled with minute resinous dots; midvein, primary and secondary veins prominent beneath. Autumnal tints are scarlet, crimson, and orange. Petioles short. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, few, greenish pink bells, borne on drooping pedicels one to three inches long which form a loose raceme. Each pedicel has a bract at base and two minute opposite bracts half way up. Calyx. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed. Corolla. Broad, bell-shaped, one-eighth of an inch long, with five short angular teeth completely reflexed. Stamens. Ten, included ; filaments smooth, shorter than the anthers; anthers awnless, tapering upward into tubes; cells opening by a terminal pore. Pistil. Ovary adnate to calyx, ten-celled, with one ovule in each cell ; style as long as the corolla. Fruit, Berry-like drupe, globose, dark blue with a glaucous bloom, about one-third of an inch in diameter, sweet; nutlets ten. July, August. The Dangleberry may be easily known by its large pale leaves which are glaucous beneath, and its loose 318 HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY High-bush Huckleberry, Garliissacia resinosa. Leaves i' to 2' long. Fruit #' in diameter. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY drooping racemes of flowers or of fruit. When neither in flower nor in leaf the reddish yellow wood of the new growth and the peeling, ashy gray bark serve as determining characters. The fruit has little value at the north, but in a milder climate is said to improve considerably in quality. BLACK OR HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY Gaylussdcia resinbsa. An erect shrub one to three feet high, branching freely with irregular straggling spray. Found on rocky hills and sandy ridges from Newfoundland to Georgia, westward to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Flowers and leaves densely covered with res- inous dots. Species varies considerably. Steins. Young shoots downy, often deep red. Stems mahog- any color beneath a pearly epidermis. Winter buds small, bright red. Leaves. Oval or oblong, rarely obovate, one to two inches long, wedge-shaped at base, entire, obtuse or acute at apex, mucronulate. They come out of the bud involute, shining, covered with minute resinous globules, pale green above and below ; when full grown they are profusely covered with dots of yellow resin which give a yellowish flush to the tinder-sur- face. Autumnal tints are purplish, crimson and orange. Petiole short. Flowers. May, June. Reddish yellow bells, borne on short one-sided racemes, on terminal and axillary branches. Flower buds heavily covered with resinous dots. Calyx. Resinous; tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed. Corolla. Ovoid conical or cylindric, five-angled, contracted at the mouth, dull red sometimes touched with yellow, five- toothed ; teeth acute, slightly recurved. Stamens. Ten, included, filaments ciliate, anthers awnless, two-celled ; cells prolonged into tubes opening by a pore al apex. 320 DWARF HUCKLEBERRY Dwarf Huckleberry, Garlussacii dumosa. Leaves i' to \%' long. Fruit %' to >/$' in diameter. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY Pistil. Ovary inferior, ten-celled, one ovule in each cell, many of which abort in fruit. Fruit. Berry-like drupe, black, shining, without bloom, sweet, one-fourth of an inch in diameter; nutlets ten. July, August. Gaylussacia rcsinosa produces the common huckle- berry of the markets. The fruit is sweet, firm, and shining black in color. There are .varieties which vary considerably from the type in respect to fruit ; one has very sweet pear-shaped ber- ries ; another has glaucous leaves, and fruit covered with a glaucous bloom ; a third has large bluish ber- ries ; and a fourth has white berries. A species that so naturally divides into varieties would probably yield very readily to cultivation and pro- duce a variety of superior fruit. The bush is now offered for sale as an ornamental shrub and gardeners report that it is growing in favor. DWARF HUCKLEBERRY Gaylussacia dumbsa. A shrub one to two feet high, from a creeping base, found in swamps. Ranges from Newfoundland to Florida and Louisiana. Stems. Recent branches brownish downy, and somewhat viscid with a few glandular hairs. Stems and older branches ashen gray. Winter buds red. Leaves. Sessile, obovate-oblong, or oblanceolate, an inch to an inch and a half long, wedge-shaped at base, entire, ciliate with glandular hairs, obtuse or acute at apex, and ending in a small awl-like point ; when full grown are bright green, thick 322 High-bush Huckleberry, in flower. BOX HUCKLEBERRY and shining above, pale green, glabrous or downy beneath, and conspicuously sprinkled with resinous dots above and below ; midvein and primary veins deeply depressed above. Autumnal tints purplish, scarlet, and orange. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, white, pink or red bells, borne in rather loose racemes. Bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels. Calyx. Glandular, adnate to the ovary, five-toothed ; teeth acute and fringed. Corolla. White, pink or red, bell-shaped, five-angled, five- toothed ; teeth short and somewhat recurved. Stamens. Ten ; filaments downy ; anthers long, awnless, two-celled ; cells prolonged into tubes opening at the apex. Pistil, Ovary inferior, ten-celled, each cell containing one ovule ; style long and slender. Fruit. Berry-like drupe, depressed globose, black and shin- ing, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, rather insipid ; nutlets ten. August. The Dwarf Huckleberry, a small shrub from a creep- ing base, is not very abundant, nor is its fruit very good. Leaves, branchlets, flower stems and calyx are sprinkled with glandular and resinous dots. BOX HUCKLEBERRY Gaylussacia brachycera. A low shrub, six to fifteen inches high ; branches erect ; twigs smooth ; leaves resembling those of the box. In dry woods, from Delaware and Pennsylvania to Virginia. Leaves. Evergreen, thick, leathery, smooth, not resinous, oval or oblong, one-half to one inch long, wedge-shaped at base, crenate-serrate, some- what revolute, obtuse or acute at margin. Petioles short. ^ x Huckleberry, .. . . i i 11 Gaylussacia bra - Flowers. May. Small white or pink bells, in e fyeera. After few-flowered racemes. Bntton& Brown. 323 HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY DWARF BLUEBERRY. LOW-BUSH BLUEBERRY Vacdnium pennsylvanicum. A low bush, six inches to two feet high, found in dry, rocky, or sandy soil and often fringing wet lands. Ranges from New- foundland to southern New Jersey and westward to Illinois and Michigan. Stems. Shoots green, branchlets a little angular, bark light green, warty with whitish dots ; stems reddish purple. Winter buds quite large, reddish purple. Leaves. Oblong or ovate-lanceolate, three-fourths to an inch and a half long, acute at both ends, minutely serrate, rather thick texture, terminating in a callous tip. They come out of the bud revolute, deeply tinged with red, which color they retain for a considerable time ; when full grown are glabrous and shining above, smooth or slightly downy on the veins below ; finely and markedly reticulate. Autumnal tint scarlet and crimson ; fall early. Flowers. May, June. White bells, borne in few-flowered racemes. Bracts reddish. Calyx. Adnate to ovary, five-toothed. Corolla. Oblong, bell-shaped, slightly contracted at the throat, white or pinkish, five-toothed : teeth acute ; slightly reflexed. Stamens. Ten ; filaments short, hairy ; upwardly prolonged into tubes ; cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary inferior, ovules several ; style even with corolla. Fruit. Globular berry, one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter, blue with a bloom; very sweet. The earliest of the blueberries. This lowest and earliest of the blueberries delights in a thin, sandy soil, and carpets the ground in the openings in the pitch-pine woods with beds of rich soft green, which in May and June are decked with a profusion of beautiful flowers ; in July and August are loaded with delicious fruit, and in October turn to deep scarlet and crimson. From its situation and exposure the berries ripen earlier than those of any other species. They are soft and easily injured in bringing to market, and liable when in mass to speedy decay. GEORGE B. EMERSON. 324 DWARF BLUEBERRY Dwarf Blueberry, Vaccimum pennsvl-oanicnm. t-eaves K' 1 'H' long Fruit VS ' H' in diameter. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY Vaccinhini pcnnsylvanicum is a dwarf, straggling bush, climbing to rocky heights or carpeting dry, sandy places. In winter its large, scaly, flower buds are easily distinguished from the leaf buds. The flowers appear a little before the leaves and are followed by large, pale blue, delicious berries, ripe by the last of June or in early July. The immature clusters of fruit crowding at the very tips of the branches form a most enchanting combination of green, pink, pur- ple, and blue. The Canadian Blueberry, Vac- ciniitin canadcnse, is a dwarf shrub resembling Vaccinium pennsylvani- cum, but with broader and more downy leaves. The fruit is blue- black and ripens later than the Dwarf Blueberry, in flower. T-> i i T .. , i i common Blueberry. It is the last Blueberry to appear in the market and is most abun- dant in the British provinces. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum angustifolium is a subarctic form with narrower leaves, found on the summits of the White Mountains, on the Adirondacks, at Quebec and northward. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum nigrum is a variety with a rounder bell than that of the type ; the berry black without bloom. It flowers a little earlier than the type. 326 LOW BLUEBERRY Low Blueberry, l/actininm vacfllaiis. Leaves i' to 2%' long. Kruit ,V to #' in diameter. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY LOW BLUEBERRY. BLUE HUCKLEBERRY Vaccinium vacillans. A stiff shrub, six inches to four feet high, found in dry, sandy soil. Ranges from New Hampshire to North Carolina and west to Michigan. Stems. Branchlets and smaller spray red or pink and con- trasting in color with the yellowish green or pale gray of the twigs and branches. Winter buds red. Leaves. Obovate, oval or broadly oblong, one to two and one-half inches long, narrowed or rounded at base, entire or sparingly or minutely serrulate, acute or acuminate, with a small bristle at apex. They come out of the bud revolute, dull green tinged with red, which color they remain for some time ; when full grown are dull light green, glabrous above, pale or glaucous beneath. Autumnal tint scarlet and crimson. Flowers. May, June. Pink or greenish white bells about one-fourth of an inch long, borne in racemose clusters ; appear before the leaves are half-grown. Calyx. Tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed. Corolla. Pink or white, oblong-cylindric, somewhat con- stricted at the throat. Stamens. Ten. filaments slightly hairy, anthers extending into long tubes ; cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary inferior; ovules several. fruit. Globular berry, blue with a bloom, sweet, delicious flavor. Ripening somewhat later than Vaccinium pennsylvani- cum. July to September. A variety with white fruit is known. Mr. Jackson Dawson of the Arnold Arboretum de- scribes this Blueberry as follows : " The Low Blueberry, Vaccinium vacillans, is a shrub from one to three feet high, with a yellowish green stem and glaucous leaves, usually growing on high rocky ground and at the edge of woods. It bears an abundance of large sweet berries which are chiefly 328 HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY covered with a blue bloom, though I have found black varieties. The fruit and flowers are formed at the ex- tremities of the last year's growth, which is from one to four inches long without leaves, so that a large part of the plant seems leafless. The ends of the branches are covered with fruit, however, which can be stripped off by the handful. As it is very prolific, the flowers of this species in May look much richer and more abundant than those of any of the others. The fruit is ripe from late July to September. The plant is well worth cultivation as an ornamental shrub, and for its valuable fruit." Vaccinium racillans may be distinguished from Vac- cinium pcnnsyhanicnm as a larger bush. The leaves are twice as large at least, dull green above, paler or distinctly glaucous beneath. The fruit begins to ripen when the best of Vaccinium pcnnsyk'anicujn is past. The berries are very similar; possibly those of Vaccinium vacillans are not quite so juicy or so sweet as the others. HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY. TALL BLUEBERRY. SWAMP BLUEBERRY Vaccinium corymbbsum. A shrub six to fifteen feet high, forming large, handsome clumps in swamps and moist woods. Ranges from Newfound- land to Virginia, west to Minnesota. Has many varying forms ; produces the last market blueberry. Stems. Shoots and twigs yellowish green, somewhat angular when young. Stems and branches are bronze or copper color or tinged with purple or red or bleached to a gray; gradually the bark cleaves off, giving the stems a mottled look. 329 HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY Leaves. Alternate, simple, oblong or oval, one to three inches long, wedge-shaped at base, entire, acute at apex. They come out of the bud pale green or purplish, downy ; when full grown are dark green, glabrous and shining above, paler and downy beneath. Autumnal tint brilliant scarlet and orange. Petiole short. Flowers. May, June. White or pale pink bells, borne in short pendent or nodding racemes, which appear on almost leaf- less branches of last year's wood. Bracts deciduous. Calyx. Adnate to the ovary ; five-lobed. Corolla. White or pinkish, cylindric or slightly constricted at the throat, one-fourth to one-half an inch long, five-toothed. Stamens. Ten, anthers upwardly prolonged into tubes ; cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary inferior, ovules several, stigma small. Fruit. Berry one-fourth to one-third an inch in diameter, variable in color but typically blue with a bloom ; pleasantly acid. July, August. This Blueberry is described by Gray in three vari- eties, two of which Britton & Brown regard as suffi- ciently distinct to be considered species. These are Vaccinium corynibosum atrococcum, which differs from the type, principally, in more downy leaves, smaller and rounder flowers and berries black without bloom ; and Vaccinium corynibosum pallidujn which differs in having paler serrulate leaves, whitish or glaucous be- neath. This form is common in the Alleghanies and has a southern habitat. Mr. Jackson Dawson of the Arnold Arboretum writes of this Blueberry as follows : " The High Bush Blueberry, Vaccinium corynibosum, forms handsome clumps of shrubbery from four to ten feet high in deep swamps and moist woods, but sel- dom reaches more than four feet in open pastures. 330 HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY High-bush Blueberry, Vaccinium forynibostim. Leaves i' to )' long. Fruit }' to %' in diameter. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY The young branches are usually yellowish green, turning to a light gray when old or much exposed, while the bark on old stems becomes rough and peels off in shreds. " The flowers are pretty, white bells, borne at the ex- tremity of the branches of the previous year's growth. They appear in May and early June, and the fruit is ripe from August to late September. The latter is variable in shape, size, flavor, and color. Of many well marked varieties, one has large black fruit of a pleasant acid which seems exactly the flavor to add to a bowl of new milk. Another, a large one, has a deli- cate sugary flavor. I chanced upon a bush one day \vhich was twelve feet high, loaded with berries of a beautiful blue, rich, juicy variety and half an inch in diameter, while some were even larger. In this swamp ten or twelve good forms of fruit might have been found and by careful selection and hybridization there is no reason why the High Bush Blueberry should not become an excellent and abundant fruit, as it is more easily cultivated than any of the others. A dwarf form of Vacciniuin corymbosum which rarely grows more than eighteen inches high has large, fine, abundant fruit of a bluish black color." The High-bush Blueberry has many virtues, and by no means the least is the gorgeous coloring that it assumes in late October. Then it becomes indeed a burning bush of the most brilliant scarlet and holds its leaves late into November. It should be more generally planted, for it is beautiful at all seasons, is not difficult to transplant, and will grow in any good garden soil. 332 DWARF BILBERRY Dwarf Bilberry, Vaccinium caespitosum. Leaves %> to i' long. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY DWARF BILBERRY Vaccinium c&spitbsum. A low much branched shrub, three to seven inches high ; found on the summits of the White Mountains. Ranges from Labrador westward through subarctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Leaves. Obovate, one-half to one inch long, wedge-shaped at base, serrulate with small blunt teeth, obtuse or acute at apex, nearly sessile, shining green above and beneath. In autumn the leaves fall early. flowers. June, July. White or pink bells ; mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves; calyx five or four-toothed; corolla obovoid or oblong-obovoid, pink or white, five, rarely four- toothed ; stamens ten, rarely eight. Fruit. Berry, globular, blue with a bloom, sweet, about one- fourth of an inch in diameter. August. BOG BILBERRY. BOG WHORTLEBERRY Vaccinium uliginbsum. A low, stiff, much branched shrub, six to twenty-four inches high. Found on the summits of the high mountains of New England and New York mainly above the timber line, along the shore of Lake Superior and northward to Alaska. Also found in northern Europe and northern Asia. ob- Bog Bilberry, Vaccinium uliginosum, in flower. Leaves. Oval, obovate or uu- long, one-half to one inch long, wedge-shaped at the base, entire, ob- tuse or retuse, nearly sessile; when full grown thick, bright green above, dull, pale, or glaucous beneath. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY Flowers. June, July. Pink bells, solitary or in clusters of two to four. Calyx four-lobed, rarely five-lobed ; corolla pink, ovoid or urn-shaped, four-toothed ; stamens eight, two-awned at the back, included. Fruit. Berry, globular, about one-fourth of an inch in diam- eter, blue with a bloom, sweet, not abundant. July, August. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. CROWBERRY Vltis-Idaa vitis-idaa. Vaccinium vltis-idaa. A low evergreen shrub, three to eight inches high, with creep- ing stems and erect branches. Ranges from the higher moun- tains of New England and the coast of Maine to I^abrador, west- ward to Lake Superior, British Columbia and Alaska ; ascends 5,300 feet in the Adirondacks. Native in northern Europe and northern Asia ; prefers peat soil ; seeks the shelter of pine woods; makes beds and mats. Leaves. Crowded on the stem, one-fourth to two-thirds of an inch long, obovate or oval, obtuse at base, margin entire or sparingly serrate, slightly revolute, rounded or slightly retuse at apex: when full grown are thick, leathery, dark shining green above, paler, and dotted with blackish points underneath, gla- brous or minutely ciliate toward the base. Petioles short. Flowers. June, July. White or pinkish bells, in short, ter- minal, secund racemes, nodding, longer than their pedicels. Bracts reddish. Calyx. Adnate to ovary, four-toothed. Corolla. White or pink, open bell-shaped, four-lobed. Stamens. Eight ; anthers without awns, upwardly prolonged into tubes; cells opening by terminal pores. Fruit. Berry, globular, dark red, bitter-acid, about one-third of an inch in diameter; edible when cooked and used as a sub- stitute for cranberries in the extreme north. August, September. The Mountain Cranberry is one of those plants which since the glacial period has returned apparent- ly unchanged to its northern home ; and is found in 335 HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY Europe, Asia, and America, well up toward the limit of the timber line. Like all the alpine and arctic plants it is dwarfed in stem and branch, although its flowers are lovely and fruit abundant. This dwarfing of plants native to high mountains or northern latitudes is interesting from a physiological point of view. Professor Correvon, Director of the Alpine Garden of Geneva, Switzerland, writes con- cerning it as follows : " In the first place physiological experiments have proved that it is during the night that the lengthen- ing of tissues and the gradual expansion of the plant occurs. In the daytime the greater the insolation the less growth they accomplish, and, the Alpine night being so extremely cold, there can scarcely be any nocturnal development of mountain plants. It is un- der the influence of attenuated solar rays and dur- ing the warm dusks that the plants are able to in- crease. The hot and powerful sun of high latitudes causes the brilliancy and size of the corollas, but also prevents the equal expansion of stems and leaves. These latter have only the very short space of time be- tween the setting of the sun and the beginning of the glacial night for their growth, and in addition they also profit by the short, cloudy, moist and tepid days that precede the setting in of winter to put forth new leaves and buds." Mr. J. M. Macoun, of Ottawa, Canada, writing in Garden and Forest says : " The fruit of the Mountain Cranberry is consid- ered of no value in the warmer parts of Canada; but in the cold rocky woods of the north, along the 336 MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY Mountain Cranberry, 1/accininm vttis-idaa. Leaves %' to %' long. Fruit J/j' in diameter. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY shores of Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean, it seems to gain size and flavor out of the very conditions that dwarf and destroy its less hardy competitors. For there it is acid, not acrid, and pronounced to be the equal, by those who have eaten it there, of the Cran- berry. May not something be due to the appetite of the eater in that northern clime ? " It is true, however, that on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence the fisher folk gather it in large quantities for their own use, calling it the Low-bush Cranberry. " In some places together with Empetrum nigrum it forms the sole food of the larger migratory birds as they return to the north in the spring. In the spring it is eagerly sought by the black bear, and on the islands in Hudson Bay and along the Arctic coasts the polar bear spends much of his time in tearing up the low evergreen plants in order to get at the fruit more easily ; for it is on the under side and almost touching the earth that the berries are found in greatest num- bers. Immense patches of ground covered with the dead plants may often be found, telling where bruin has been at work. All summer long the last season's fruit may be found mixed with the flowers or with the green berries, and is then eaten by many birds in pref- erence to anything else." 338 DEERBERRY Deerberry, Polycodium stantiiteum. Leaves i' to 4' long. Fruit yV to Ji' in diameter. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY Polycbdium stamineum. Vaccinium stamineum. Polycodium, many bells, referring to the abundant flowers. A widely branching shrub two to five feet high, found in dry gravelly soil and under the shade of deciduous trees. Ranges from Massachusetts to Kentucky and Florida, west to Minnesota. Stems. Branches slender, green, downy at first, finally brown. Leaves. Oval, ovate, oblong or obovate, one to four inches long, rounded or heart-shaped at base, entire, slightly revolute at margin, acute or acuminate at apex; when full grown are light green above, pale or glaucous or slightly downy beneath ; mid- vein and primary veins very prominent beneath. Autumnal tints scarlet and crimson, or the leaves fall with little change of color. Petiole short, downy. Flowers. April, June. Very numerous, pure white bells, borne in graceful, leafy-bracted racemes. Calyx. Tube adnate to ovary, five-toothed. Corolla. Open bell-shaped ; white, or white with a purplish tinge, or yellowish green, about one-quarter of an inch long, five- lobed. Stamens. Ten, exserted, anthers upwardly prolonged into tubes ; cells opening by a terminal pore. Pistil. Ovary inferior, five-celled ; style exserted. Fruit. Berry globose or pear-shaped, greenish white, yellow- ish or dull red, three to five-eighths of an inch in diameter, in- edible. September. The Deerberry is a plant of wide distribution, but is principally a bush of the Alleghanies. When removed from its wild-wood surrounding's, given good soil and generous treatment, it develops into a charming garden plant. Its flowers may be distinguished by their very long, straight stamens, which project far beyond the short, spreading, corolla bells. The fruit is inedible. 340 AMERICAN CRANBERRY CREEPING SNOWBERRY Chidsencs serpyll/fblia. Cliid^enes hispidula. Chiogenes, snow born, in allusion to the white berries. A trailing and creeping evergreen, with slender hairy branches and alternate two-ranked, oval or ovate, small leaves and solitary, axillary, small, greenish white flowers on short recurved peduncles. A na- tive of cold, wet woods, it ranges across the continent from New- foundland to British Columbia and southward to Michigan and North Carolina. The flowers appear in May and June, are bell-shaped; calyx four-cleft; corolla four-lobed ; stamens eight; ovary four-celled. The berry is snow white, aromatic, many-seeded, rather mealy; usual- Cr * e P |n s snowberry, ci,, 0ff J ' btsptdula. Leaves j'j' to ly minutely bristly. lon t- AMERICAN CRANBERRY Oxycoccus macrocdrpus. Oxycoccus, sharp berry, of Greek derivation, referring to the sharp acid of the fruit. Cranberry is referred to a fan- cied resemblance between the stem, calyx, and petals, as the bud is about to unfold, and the neck, head, and bill of a crane ; hence craneberry, soon corrupted into cran- berry. A trailing evergreen shrub with short, erect fruiting branches, alternate, nearly sessile leaves, and nodding slender peduncles, pale pink flowers. The leaves are 34t HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY dark green above, white or pale beneath, the margins revolute. Flowers appear in June in few-flowered clusters, slightly racemose. Calyx is four-parted ; corolla four-parted, anthers exserted with very long terminal tubes ; berry four-celled, red, acid. Found in bogs from Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory and southward to North Carolina, Michigan, and Min- nesota. Extensively cultivated ; produces the cran- berry of the market. The Small or European Cran- berry, Oxy coccus oxycoccus, also occurs in the extreme north, de- scending as far south as New Jer- sey and Michigan. A southern form appears in the mountains of Virginia and southward. Professor Bailey, in " The Evo- lution of Our Native Fruits," writes of the cranberry as follows: " The cranberry, the most unique of American horticultural products, was first cultivated, or rescued from mere wild bogs, about 1810. Its cultivation began to attract attention about 1840, although the difficulties connected with the growing of this new crop did not begin to clear away before 1850. Cape Cod was the first cranberry-growing region, which was soon fol- lowed by New Jersey, and later by Wisconsin and other regions. The varieties now known are over a hundred, all having been picked up in bogs, and the annual product from tame bogs in the United States is more than 800,000 bushels." 342 American Cranberry, Oxycoccus macrocarpus. Leaves J^' to %' long. ERICACEAE HEATH FAMILY LABRADOR TEA Ltdum groenldndicum. Lhium latifblium. Ledum is without significance as applied to this plant. A low, evergreen, undershrub one to four feet high, growing in bogs and swamps and cold, damp, wooded glens. Ranges from Greenland to British Columbia and southward to Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Juices bitter, astrin- gent and narcotic. Root or subterranean stem very large. Stems. Recent shoots densely covered with rusty tomentum. Older branches reddish brown or copper-colored ; main stem very dark. Leaves. Alternate, simple, thick, one to two inches long, one-fourth to one-half an inch wide, oblong, pointed or rounded at base, obtuse at apex, margin entire, strongly revolute ; when full grown are pale green, slightly rugose, sparingly dotted with amber dots above, densely covered with soft brown wool beneath. Those growing on branches near the ground are sometimes destitute of tomentum and are flat, short, elliptical and scattered, bearing resinous dots beneath. Fragrant when crashed. Petioles short. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, white, three-eighths to one- half an inch broad ; borne in dense terminal umbels one to one and one-half inches across ; pedicels nearly an inch long, recurved in fruit, brown-hairy or tomentose, bracted at the base ; bracts deciduous. Calyx. Small, five-toothed, persistent. Corolla. Petals five, white, nearly or quite distinct, oval, ob- tuse, imbricate in bud. 343 HEATH FAMILY Stamens. Five to ten, hypogynous, exserted, filaments thread- like, white ; anthers white, cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary superior, ovoid, scaly, five -celled; ovules many ; style threadlike, persistent ; stigma five-lobed. Fruit. Capsule, a quarter of an inch long, oblong-oval, crowned with the style, downy, nodding, five-celled, five-valved, opening from the base. Seeds many. Labrador Tea is an interesting example of a plant fitted to hold its own in a subarctic climate. In the first place, it is clothed in wool ; it carries a thick woolly coat over its stems and on the under-surface of its leaves. This woolliness lessens the loss of water through the stomata. Then, too, the leaves are partly rolled up with the upper surface outward, so as to give the lower surface a deeply grooved form. This plant ranges far north into regions where the temperature even in summer often falls so low that the absorption of water by the roots ceases, since it has been shown that this stops a little above the freezing point of water. Exposed to cold dry winds the plant would then often be killed by complete drying up, if it were not for the protection afforded by the woolly, channelled, under-surfaces of the leaves. JOSEPH Y. BERGEN. The name Labrador Tea is more than a botanist's fancy, the resinous, astringent, and slightly bitter leaves really have been used at the north as a substi- tute for tea. There is no record that it is a good sub- stitute ; and in Russia where the leaves of an allied species are used instead of hops in the manufacture of beer, the beer so made causes headache and vertigo. Like all subarctic plants the roots are large in propor- tion to the spread of stem and foliage. The leaves are curiously recurved, a concession to the severity of the climate in its chosen home. The handsome clusters of white flowers are produced in May and June. It prefers a peat soil, and like most broad-leaved ever- greens in our climate is the better for a slight winter covering, not as protection against winter cold, but against winter sunshine. 344 LABRADOR TEA Labrador Tea, Ledum grvnlandicum. Leaves i' to 2' bng. HEATH >FAMILY WILD HONEYSUCKLE. PINXTER FLOWER. PINK AZALEA Azalea nudiflbra. Azalea, dry, arid, of Greek derivation, refers to the habi- tat of the plant. Pinxter is Dutch for Whitsunday and re- fers to the time of flowering. A spreading shrub, two to six feet high, branched above, often simple below ; grows in dry sandy or rocky woods, also loves the banks of sluggish streams and borders of swamps. Ranges from Maine to Florida, westward to Missouri and Texas. Vari- able in habit and in choice of location. Leaves. Alternate, crowded toward the end of the branches, simple, two to four inches long, oblong or obovate, acute at both ends, serrate, margin finely ciliate. They come out of the bud revolute, pale dull green, slightly hairy; when full grown are bright green, glabrous above, paler green and downy be- neath. In autumn they turn dull yellow. Petioles short. Flowers. April, May, before or with the leaves. Perfect, showy pink or nearly white, faintly odorous, borne in terminal umbels developed from cone-like scaly buds which were formed the previous autumn. Pedicels hairy, erect, about three-fourths of an inch long. Calyx. Small, five-parted, persistent. Corolla. Varying from rose-color more or less intense to white, funnel-form, somewhat irregular; tube dark pink, scarcely longer than the lobes of the corolla, hairy, slightly glandular ; border paler pink, five-lobed, somewhat two-lipped, one and a half to two inches broad. Stamens. Five, much exserted, declined ; filaments slender, pink, often an inch and a half long ; anthers awnless ; cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary superior, five-celled ; style slender, pink; two to two and a half inches long, declined ; ovules numerous. Fruit. Capsule, linear-oblong, erect, five-celled, opening down from the top, many-seeded. 346 WILD HONEYSUCKLE Wild Honeysuckle, Azalea nudiflora. HEATH FAMILY Azaleas flush the island floors And the tints of heaven reply. RALPH WALDO EMERSON. Martha Bockee Flint in "A Garden of Simples' writes of Azalea nndi flora as follows : " In secluded forest dells where the wood soil is rich and damp, on the verge of black, peaty swamps, and even on rocky hillsides, there blooms the most beautiful of the Azaleas, the Rhododendron nudiflora. No ' tree ' in its sub-arborescent growth, it is truly a rose flower, for the exquisite tints of the wild-rose and the peach-blossom color its clusters of airy bloom. . . . This peerless azalea is familiarly known in New England as the honeysuckle, the swamp pink and the May apple. The latter name comes from the ir- regular excrescence, pale green and glaucous, growing on the leaves when stung by an insect, which there deposits its eggs. Cool, crisp, and juicy, they are the delight of children, and put for a day in spiced vinegar, make the first pickles of the year. " But the name by which this May Queen of our northern flora is dearest to New Netherland families is Pingster-bloem, the flower of Pingster or Whitsun- day. In the seventeenth century, the rocky glens and woodland glades of the island of Manhattan were all aglow with this pink azalea, blooming over a period long enough to connect it with that movable feast, by 348 Leaves of Azalea nudiflora. MOUNTAIN AZALEA Mountain Azalea, Azalea canescens. Leaves i %' to ?' lon^. HEATH FAMILY the Dutch revered only less than the festival of their own patron saint. With the prescribed religious ob- servances the Pingster days had man}'- features of the Saturnalia and were in that staid community a time of unwonted license. The slaves then had their holiday and held riot, awakening on the banks of the Hudson the wild echo of strains which had been chanted on the Congo and the Gambia. But the custom in Nieuw Amsterdam which is fairest in retrospect, and which lingered longest, was the gathering of the Ping- ster-blocm. . . . From the day's woodland revels, the youths and maidens returned laden with the branches of the Pingstcr-blocm, to adorn the houses. This yearly gathering of the Azalea is the nearest spontaneous approach to a May Day celebration which has ever thrived in our capricious climate. This may be explained not only by the matchless beauty of the sylvan spoil, but by the great rever- ence with which Whitsunday was regarded in every branch of the Christian church." MOUNTAIN AZALEA Azalea canZscens. A mountain form, native to the Catskill and Shawangunk mountains and southward along the Alleghanies. A branching shrub, four to fifteen feet high, the twigs glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves oval, elliptic or sometimes obovate, wider and shorter than those of Azalea nudi flora, more or less soft canescent and pale beneath, and stiff hairy or pubescent on the veins, varying to nearly glabrous, the margins ciliolate- 35o FLAMING AZALEA I/ Flaming Azalea Azalea liitea. Leaves 2' to )%' long. HEATH FAMILY serrulate; pedicels glandular; flowers rose-color to white, very fragrant, expanding with or before the leaves; corolla border of two inches across; the tube rather stout, densely glandular but scarcely viscid ; stamens exserted ; capsule linear-oblong, narrowed above, glandular, one-quarter to one-third of an inch long. FLAMING AZALEA Azalea liitea. Azalea calcndulacea. Four to fifteen feet high ; erect, branches and twigs mostly smooth ; in dry woods. Ranges from southern New York to Georgia on the slopes of the Appalachian mountains. Attrac- tive in cultivation. leaves. Alternate, simple, oblong, oval or obovate, wedge- shaped at base, margins serrulate and ciliolate-serrulate, some- what revolute, acute at apex ; when full grown bright green, glabrous or slightly hairy above; more or less downy or tomen- tose beneath. Petioles short. Flowers. May, June, with the leaves. Perfect, orange, yel- low or red, very showy, slightly fragrant, borne in terminal um- bels developed from cone-like scaly buds, which were formed the previous autumn. Calyx. Small, five-parted. Corolla. Varying from lemon to orange and red, funnel-form, somewhat irregular. Tube glandular-hairy, about the length of the corolla-lobes ; border five-lobed, about two inches broad. Stamens. Five, long-exserted, declined, filaments slender, yellow ; anthers awnless, cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary superior, five-celled ; style slender, three inches long, yellow. Fruit. Capsule, linear-oblong, erect, more or less downy. Hardly inferior to any of the garden varieties is our native Azalea calen- dulacea ; and one of the great sights of this continent for the lover of flowers is the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains when they are blazing in June with the great flame-colored masses of this splendid plant. Garden and forest. 352 TREE AZALEA Tree Azalea, Azalea aborescens Leaves i' to 2' long. HEATH FAMILY SMOOTH AZALEA. TREE AZALEA Azalea arborescens. The Tree Azalea under favorable conditions attains the height of six to ten feet. Although found in the mountains of Pennsylvania the plant is really southern and finds its most congenial home in the Carolinas and the Gulf states. The leaves are one to two inches long, obovate or oval, acute or acuminate at apex, margin entire and ciliate, bright green above, pale green beneath, fragrant in drying. The flowers, which appear in June and July, are of the azalea type, white or tinged with pink, fragrant. The border is nearly regular, and the tube slender and glandular; stamens and style are red, long-exserted. The fruiting capsule is densely glandular, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long. This is one of the most beautiful and most fragrant of the azaleas, and the length of its blooming period makes it desirable in cultivation. WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. WHITE AZALEA. CLAMMY AZALEA Azalea viscbsa. Four to six feet high, with numerous spreading branches, grayish bark and hairy twigs ; the whole plant sticky and clammy ; found in swamps, at the borders of ponds, on moist highlands. Ranges from Maine to Florida and from Ohio to Texas, not far from the coast. Variable. Leaves. Alternate, simple, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, two to four inches long, short-petioled, wedge-shaped at base, entire, ciliolate at margin, obtuse or acute and bristle pointed at 354 CLAMMY AZALEA Clammy Azalea, Azalea -ctscosa. Leaves if to 4' long. HEATH FAMILY apex ; when full grown, light green above, often glaucous, more or less hairy, beneath. Flowers. June, July, after the leaves. Perfect, white, some- times touched with pink, borne in terminal umbels developed from cone-like scaly buds which were formed the previous autumn ; all the parts viscid and glandular ; fragrant. Calyx. Minute, five-parted, glandular-bristly. Corolla. White, varying to pale pink, funnel-form, tube slender, very viscid, densely glandular; border five-lobed, more or less two-lipped, one to two inches broad, shorter than the tube. Stamens. Five, exserted, declined; filaments white, pubes- cent; anthers orange, awnless, opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary superior, glandular-bristly, five-celled ; style white, slender, pubescent, exserted. Fruit. Capsule, linear-oblong, about half an inch long, glandular-bristly. The Clammy White Azalea is found abundantly on the borders of swamps, although it sometimes climbs the mountain side. The books report its color as white, but this is not always the case; for some plants bear pure white flowers while others have pink or pale rose-colored blossoms; sometimes the tube of a white one shows a flush of pink. The blossom is thickly covered with glandular hairs; they are on pedicel, calyx, corolla, each one white crowned with a minute crimson ball. It is late in August before the last blossom has faded on the White Honeysuckle that lives in a shaded nook by a northern swamp. Transferred to the garden the flowering period is shorter, but the bush belongs to the group of summer bloomers. The flowers are de- liciously fragrant and this fragrance seems to reside in every part. 356 CULTIVATED AZALEAS CULTIVATED AZALEAS It is well known that the charming Azaleas which glorify our lawns in the early spring are the product of the gardener's art. Their range of color is nothing less than marvellous. Through all the tints of buff and sulphur and primrose, through all the range of salmon and crimson and vermilion, fading from rose into white and deepening from lemon to orange, they make their bewildering way. Every morning is a fresh revela- tion of what subtle and varied color these gorgeous creatures can command ; and as the day ends the hawk moth, which looks like a humming-bird, poised upon wings whose motion is like the sleep of a top, hovers in the twilight above the blossoms seeking the nectar stored in the long tubes; and so makes sure there shall be more Azaleas in days to come. The story of their origin is most interesting, and in this life history our own plants bear a distinguished part. The entire American group possesses the char- acteristic known as variability. That means simply that a plant is in a state of " unstable equilibrium," and will respond to influences so subtle that our gross senses cannot divine what they are. The result is that in minor characters the plant is continually vibrating back and forth. It loves the swamp, but grows on the dry rocky hillside as if it desired no other home. Usually each flower has five stamens; some fine day a plant produces a cluster in which each flower has ten. Here the beautiful corolla-tube is smooth ; there it is covered with clammy hairs. These characters, more- over, do not persist with any degree of certainty. 357 HEATH FAMILY Such a plant is the joy of the gardener, for its char- acters are not fixed and he can easily mould them to his purposes. Our American Azaleas, notably Azalea nudiflora, Azalea lutea and Azalea arborescens, were sent to the Belgian horticulturists at Ghent early in the eighteenth century. They were first crossed with the Azalea pon- tica of southern Europe strains from India, from China, from Japan, were introduced, and by a process of hybridization and selection a wonderful group known as the Ghent Azaleas was produced. What the gardeners of Ghent began the horticult- ural world has continued ; and now, in the selection of hardy Azaleas, one is embarrassed by the number of varieties from which to choose. Azalea mollis, a rather recent introduction from Japan, is a form which is winning its way to favor be- cause of its hardiness, its low spreading growth and its well-shaped, symmetrical head. The flowers of the type are flame-colored, but seedlings and hybrids fur- nish gorgeous blossoms of white, yellow, and orange. The plant is an early bloomer and is a very desirable species. The Azaleas, like the rhododendrons, are intolerant of lime. It is futile to expect flourishing plants in a calcareous soil, for however well a bed may be pre- pared it is only a question of time when the surround- ing lime leaches through. Nor is a stiff clay soil really suitable for the plant ; although by digging wide and deep and filling in with sand and loam and leaf humus, suitable conditions can be created. 358 RHODORA Rhodora, Rbodora canadfnsii. Leaves i' to j' long. HEATH FAMILY RHODORA Rhodbra canadensis. Named from the Greek rhodon, a rose. Early flowering, low, thin little shrub, one to three feet high, growing in cool bogs, by the side of sluggish streams, in damp woods and on wet hillsides. Ranges from Newfoundland to New Jersey, westward to central New York and Pennsylvania. Stems. Recent shoots straight, erect, pale yellowish brown, hairy. Older stems covered with an outer bark which peels off early and leaves a bright, copper-colored, smooth bark ; leaf-buds minute ; flower-buds terminal, scaly, yellowish brown. Leaves. Alternate, simple, one to three inches long, oval or oblong, narrowed at base, entire, slightly revolute, obtuse or acute, often with a bristle at tip ; when full grown pale green above, paler and glaucous and downy beneath. In au- tumn they fall early with little change of color. Petioles short. Flowers. April, May, just before or with the leaves. Perfect, rose-purple, varying to white, Rhodora Leaf. borne in corymbose terminal clusters. Pedicels short, hairy. Calyx. Minute, five-toothed. Corolla. Rose-purple, an inch to an inch and a half broad, two-lipped ; upper lip unequally two to three-lobed ; the lower divided to the base ; the segments recurved. Stamens. Ten, as long as the corolla ; filaments somewhat hairy ; anthers short, roundish, purple ; cells opening by ter- minal pores. Pistil. Ovary superior, five-celled, bristly ; style slender, purple, exserted ; stigma capitate. fruit. Capsule, linear-oblong, five-celled, five-valved, many seeded. 360 GREAT LAUREL Great Laurel, Rhododendron maximum. Lravcs 4' to 7' long. HEATH FAMILY Rhodora ! if the sages ask you why This charm is wasted on the marsh and sky, Dear, tell them, that if eyes were made for seeing, Then beauty is its own excuse for being. Why thou wert there, O rival of the rose, I never thought to ask ; I never knew, But in my simple ignorance suppose The selfsame Power that brought me there brought you. RALPH WALDO EMERSON. On the margin of some quiet swamp a myriad of bare twigs seem sud- denly overspread with purple butterflies, and we know that the Rhodora is in bloom. Wordsworth never immortalized a flower more surely than Emerson this, and it needs no weaker words ; there is nothing else in which the change from nakedness to beauty is so sudden, and when you bring home the great mass of blossoms they appear all ready to flutter away again from your hands and leave you disenchanted. THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. The Rhodora grows from one to three feet high, with each stem divided into four or five branchlets which are terminated by the encircling flower clusters. A native of swamps, it accepts the garden and will grow and spread if provided with a peaty soil and an open position. Like many others the flowers in order to be effective should be seen in masses. This is a genus of a single species; so far as known there is but one Rhodora. GREAT LAUREL. ROSE BAY Rhododendron mdximum. A tall shrub, sometimes a tree ; found in low woods and along streams from Nova Scotia to Ontario and south to Georgia, chiefly along the mountains, often forming almost impenetrable thickets. Leaves evergreen, alternate, four to seven inches 362 HYBRID RHODODENDRON ..* Hybrid Rhododendron. HEATH FAMILY long, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, dark green above, slightly paler beneath, acute or short-acuminate at apex, wedge-shaped at base. Flowers appear in June and July, pale rose varying to white, borne in corym- bose clusters from scaly, cone-like buds formed the au- tumn before. Pedicels are glandular, viscid pubes- cent ; corollas rather deeply five-cleft into oval obtuse lobes, rose-colored varying to white, sprinkled with yellowish or orange spots within ; calyx-lobes oblong- obtuse ; capsule oblong, puberulent. Notwithstanding the many beautiful hybrids now in cultivation, our native Rhododendron is still a plant that charms by its most commended beauty. Its chosen home is a shaded nook by the side of a moun- tain stream ; its pale pink flowers ere they fall are overtopped by the shoot that started with the flower- bud, and the blooming period, beginning with us at the north in July, extends into late August. Lapland Rose Bay, Rhododendron lapponiciun a dwarfed subarctic form, still lingers on the summits of the higher mountains of New England and New York. ALLEGHANY MENZIESIA Menziesia pilbsa. Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, surgeon and natu- ralist, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the first known species from the northwest coast. Erect shrub, two to five feet high ; found in mountain woods from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Twigs hairy and chaffy. Leaves. Alternate, simple, oval, oblong or obovate, one to two inches long, narrowed at base, margin entire, ciliate, obtuse 364 SAND MYRTLE Sand Myrtle, Dendriiun buxtfoliitm. Leaves #' to J4' l n g- HEATH FAMILY or acute with a glandular bristle at apex. When full grown rough-hairy above, slightly glaucous and often chaffy on veins below. Petioles short, downy. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, small, greenish purple bells, borne on slender pedicels, in few-flowered terminal umbels, de- veloped from scaly buds. Pedicels threadlike, glandular. Calyx five-lobed, downy ; corolla urn-shaped ; stamens eight, included, filaments smooth, anthers awnless ; ovary four-celled. Capsules beset with short glandular bristles. Seeds many, pointed at each end. SAND MYRTLE Dendrium biixifblium, Leiophyllum buxifblium. Dendrium, a tree, named according to the law of opposites. Leiophyllum, smooth leaf. A low, evergreen shrub with box-like foliage, widely branch- ing, four to eighteen inches high. Native of the sandy pine- barrens of New Jersey and farther south. Leaves. Opposite, crowded, evergreen, simple, coriaceous, one-fourth to one-half an inch long, oval or oblong, acute at base, entire, somewhat re volute margin, obtuse at apex ; dark green and shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath ; mid- vein conspicuous ; other veins obscure. Floivers. -April to June. Numerous, small, white or rose- colored, borne in small terminal umbel-like clusters. Bracts per- sistent. Calyx. Five-parted ; segments rigid, acute, persistent. Corolla. Petals five, ovate, spreading, white or pink. Stamens. Ten, exserted ; anthers reddish purple, two-celled. Pistil. Ovary superior, two to five-celled ; style slender, straight. Fruit. Capsule, ovoid, two to five-valved, splitting from the top. This is an odd little evergreen bush which in blos- soming time covers itself profusely with corymbs of tiny white flowers conspicuous for their purplish an- thers. It fruits just as profusely as it blossoms. 366 MOUNTAIN LAUREL ALPINE OR TRAILING AZALEA Chamieclstus procumbcns. Chamacistus, meaning ground-cistus. A tufted, much-branched, trailing, dwarf, evergreen shrub with branches two to four inches long. Subarctic, found on the summits of the White Mountains, in Labrador, arctic America, Alaska. Leaves. Mostly opposite, crowded, evergreen, linear-oblong, one-sixth to one-fourth an inch long, margin entire, revolute, obtuse at apex ; dark green and shining above, paler beneath ; midrib prominent below. Petioles short. Flowers.- -July, August. Small, pink or white bells, solitary or clustered, from terminal buds. Calyx. Five-parted, segments purplish, ovate-lanceolate, per- sistent. Corolla. Broad bell-shaped, pink or white, with five obtuse lobes. Stamens. Five, included, inserted on corolla ; anthers didy- mous. Pistil. Ovary superior, two-celled, style short ; stigma cap- itate. Fruit. Capsule, subglobose, two to three-celled, many- seeded. MOUNTAIN LAUREL K Aim ia latifblia. Kalmia commemorates the labors of Peter Kalm, a pu- pil of Linnaeus who was an enthusiastic admirer of the plant and who travelled in this country early in the eigh- teenth century. A dense, broad shrub, five to ten feet high, with many stiff, crooked branches and a round, compact head; tolerant of many locations and all soils except those containing lime. Ranges from Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, and along highlands and 367 HEATH FAMILY mountains southward to Georgia and Michigan. Root fibrous, matted ; easily cultivated ; foliage has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Leaves. Alternate or in pairs, or in threes, simple, evergreen, three to four inches long, oblong, wedge-shaped at base, entire, acute or rounded at apex and tipped with a callous point. They come out of the bud conduplicate ; pale green slightly tinged with pink and covered with glandular white hairs ; when full grown are thick and rigid, dark shining green above, pale yellow green beneath. They remain green and fall the second summer. Petioles stout, short, slightly flattened. Flowers. May, June, from buds which are found in autumn in the axils of the upper leaves in the form of slender cones of downy green scales. These buds develop a compound many- flowered corymb, four or five inches across, and overlapped at the flowering time by the leafy branches of the year. Buds and new flowers bright rose pink, afterward fading to pale pink or white and only lined with pink. Pedicels are red or green, hairy or scurfy and furnished with two bracts at base. Calyx. Five-parted ; lobes imbricate in bud, narrow, acute, covered with glutinous hairs. Disk prominent, ten-lobed. Corolla. Saucer-shaped, rose-colored, white or pink, about one inch across. Tube short, with ten tiny sacs just below the five-parted border ; lobes ovate, acute, imbricate in bud. The border is marked on the inner surface with a waving rosy line and is slightly purple above the sac. The buds are ten-ribbed from the sacs to the acute apex. Stamens. Ten, hypogynous, shorter than the corolla ; at first held in the sacs of the corolla ; filaments threadlike ; anthers oblong, adnate, two-celled ; cells opening longitudinally. Pistil. Ovary superior, five - celled ; style threadlike, ex- serted ; stigma capitate ; ovules many in each cell. Fruit. Woody capsule, many-seeded, depressed, globular, slightly five-lobed, five-celled, five-valved ; crowned with the persistent calyx, covered with viscid hairs. Seeds oblong. The Laurels possess a remarkable adaptation for cross-fertilization. As each curious, angular, pocketed corolla-cup opens, the stigma appears erect in the very 368 MOUNTAIN LAUREL Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia. Leaves 3' to 4' long. Corymbs 4' to $' across. HEATH FAMILY centre of the flower. The anthers are all hiding their youthful heads ; in fact, every one of them is tucked into a pocket which fits it perfectly. The filaments are strained to a bow, and so delicately is the mechan- ism adjusted that a jar will release the anthers. Now comes the wandering bee, " voluble, velvety, vehe- ment," and enters the flower. The soft body covers the stigma, the weight and the motion set the filaments free and the bee departs " a dusty fellow " whose legs are " powdered with gold." In fact the bee carries off the greater part of the pollen of that flower and deposits some of it upon the stigma of the next flower visited ; and so the process goes on through all the summer day. The Laurel flourishes in gardens if only there be no lime there. The plant may be brought from the mountain side and if the roots are uninjured and the stems pruned back a little it will grow. It prefers leaf mould, but will grow in any good soil. Laurel wood is very hard and solid, and in great de- mand for various purposes, one of which is indicated by the common name Spoon- wood. Kalmia angustifolia, the Sheep Laurel or Lambkill, is found growing in company with Kalmia latifolia. It is a smaller bush, with narrower leaves and smaller blossoms. The blossom is of the kalmia type, with the saucer-shaped corolla, and the anthers caught in tiny pockets. Possibty it prefers moister soil than Kalmia latifoha, and is found in more open places. The flower clusters are lateral and a stem in full bloom looks like a flowery cylinder. All the laurels are credited with poisoning young 370 LAMBKILL Lambkill, Kalmia angiistifolia. Leaves 2' to 5' long. HEATH FAMILY animals. Older cattle know enough to let them alone, but in early spring when the tender leaves are appear- ing, calves and young cattle, eager for green things, eat, and unless promptly treated, die. The plants are a constant menace to the farmers on the mountains of Virginia, and the common names Lambkill, Calf Kill, Sheep Poison, clearly voice the "deep damnation " of rural opinion concerning them. SWAMP LAUREL. PALE LAUREL Kdlmia glauca. Low, slender-stemmed, evergreen, six to eighteen inches high ; native of bogs and swamps. Ranges from Newfoundland to Alaska, southward to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Stems. Smooth, yellow brown; branchlets two-ridged; ridges change position at each node. Leaves. Evergreen: opposite or sometimes in threes, an inch and a quarter to two inches long, a quarter of an inch wide, nearly sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, margin entire and revo- lute, apex acute, bright shining green above, glaucous or whitish beneath; midvein depressed, whitish above, prominent beneath. Flowers. April, May. Of kalmia type, bluish pink, borne in simple terminal umbels of one to thirteen flowers. Pedicel an inch long, slender, madder red ; each subtended by a bract. Calyx. Five -parted; segments scarious margined, pink- tipped, imbricate in bud, persistent. Corolla. Saucer-shaped, about half an inch across, five-lobed, ten-keeled in bud, with ten tiny sacs in the saucer, into which the stamens are thrust. Stamens. Ten, shorter than corolla, filaments pink, stamens dark reddish brown, pocketed in the corolla sacs, springing forth by means of pressure and delivering pollen from terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary five-celled, ovules numerous ; style slender, ex- serted ; stigma depressed-capitate. Fruit Depressed-globose capsule, glabrous about an eighth of an inch across. 372 SWAMP LAUREL Swamp Laurel, Kalmia glauca* Leaves ij' to i! long. HEATH FAMILY This exquisite little evergreen is found in company with Andromeda polifolia, and they bloom together. The flower is bright rose lilac, as it comes from the bud, fading later after the fashion of all the kalmias, but always beautiful. The blossoms are similar to those of the well known Mountain Laurel, but the flower cluster is much smaller, containing not more than a dozen flowers ; each with a long slender pedi- cel. In northern Michigan this plant covers acres of swamp land and during the blooming period produces magnificent color effects. Transferred to the garden the little Laurel improves in habit, is less straggling, but never becomes a com- pact shrub. It blooms much earlier than either Kal- mia latifolia or Kalmia angustifolia, and is worthy of cultivation for that reason alone. MOUNTAIN HEATH. BRYANTHUS Phyllodoce cceriilca. Brydnthus taxifblius. Bryanthus, from bryon, moss, and anthos, flower, because growing among mosses. Phyllodoce, a sea- nymph. Low, evergreen, arctic-alpine undershrub, with yew-like leaves ; found on the summits of the high- Mountain Heath, pbyiiodoce ^ mountains of Maine and New /. After Brinon & Hampshire. Leaves alternate, lin- Brown. ear, crowded, about a quarter of an inch long. Flowers pink or purplish bells, in nodding terminal umbels. Corolla oblong urn-shaped, five- 374 SWAMP LEUCOTHOE toothed, contracted at the throat. Stamens ten, in- cluded ; ovary five-celled, style included; capsule sub- globose. CASSIOPE Cassiope hypnoldcs. Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda. The name has no obvious application to the plant. An arctic-alpine, tufted, evergreen shrub with the aspect of a moss; stems rising two to four inches high. Leaves loosely imbricate, linear, acute, flat above, convex be- neath, one-twelfth to one-sixth of an inch long. The flowers are open bells, white or rose-color, one-fourth to one-third of an inch across, solitary, nod- ding on slender erect peduncles. Found on the sum- mits of the higher mountains of New England and the Adirondacks of New York ; throughout arctic Amer- ica, also in arctic Europe and Asia. SWAMP LEUCOTHOE Leucdthoe racembsa. Leucothoe, a sea-nymph, one of the fifty daughters of Ne- reus : possibly referring to the plant as loving wet places. Five to twelve feet high ; found in swamps and moist thickets. Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Suckers freely. 375 Cassiope, Cassiope bypnoides. After Britton & Brown. HEATH FAMILY Leaves. Alternate, simple, one to three and a half inches long, oblong to ovate, acute or rounded at base, serrulate, acute at apex, usually with a glandular point ; when full grown are glabrous, bright shining green above, paler, slightly pubescent on the veins beneath. In autumn they become a brilliant scarlet or vary through purple and scarlet and orange ; and remain until beaten off by storms. Petioles very short. Flowers. May, June, with or before the leaves. Perfect, white, bell-shaped, borne in one-sided racemes three to four inches long, which are mostly terminal, solitary or clustered ; pedicels short, bracted, jointed with the rachis. Fragrant. Calyx. Sepals five, distinct, acute, persistent, imbricate in bud, bracted. Corolla. White, oblong-cylindrical, contracted at the mouth, about three-eighths of an inch long, five-toothed. Stamens. Ten, included ; filaments white, awl-shaped ; an- thers oblong, two-awned ; cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary superior, five-celled, five-valved ; style slender, exserted, stigma capitate. Fruit. Capsule, depressed-globose, surrounded by the per- sistent calyx and bracts. August, September. Garden and Forest says: "The value of the northern native plant Leucothoe racetnosa for the decoration of the parks and gardens of the northern states is very great. It is a hardy, fast - growing shrub which sometimes attains the height of ten feet ; its slender branches are covered with dark green leaves which late in the autumn, long after those of every other tree and shrub cultivated in gardens have fallen, assume a brilliant and beautiful scarlet color. Its handsome, waxy, white, cup-shaped flowers are produced in long, erect, or slightly curved terminal racemes from buds formed the previous autumn, and covered during the winter with closely imbricated bracts. The splendid color of the leaves of this shrub in the late autumn 376 SWAMP LEUCOTHOE Swamp Leucothce, Leucolboe raeenrosa. Leaves i' to 3J4' long. Racemes 3' to 4' long. HEATH FAMILY makes it one of the most desirable hardy plants for our northern gardens." Although a swamp plant, Leucotlioe racemosa can be readily cultivated ; it needs peat soil or sandy loam, and a rather moist situation ; given these it grows rapidly and becomes a broad bush. It is a tall, ele- gant, clean-limbed plant, attractive in winter because of the deep red of its twigs and branchlets. In spring- time it bears racemes of small, fragrant, heath-like flowers, but its time of glory is late November, when it flames, a torch of scarlet, lighting up the swampy thickets, within sight of the sea, from Massachusetts to Florida. CATESBY'S LEUCOTHOE Leucothoe catesbaei. An evergreen shrub, three to six feet high, found on the banks of streams. Ranges from Virginia to Georgia, westward to Tennessee. Is easily cultivated. Leaves. Alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, three to six inches long, rounded at base, sharply serrulate, acuminate at apex ; when full grown are dark shining green above, paler green below ; midvein and primary veins conspicuous. Petioles greenish brown, about half an inch long. Flowers. April. Perfect, white, narrow bell-shaped, borne in axillary, densely-flowered racemes ; central axis and pedicels white. Calyx, Sepals five, distinct, not imbricated in flower. Corolla. White, narrowly cylindric, constricted at throat, five-toothed. Stamens. Ten, included, filaments white, anthers yellow. Pistu. Ovary five-celled, style white, stigma green. Fruit. Capsule, depressed-globular, five-celled, five-lobed. Seeds many. 378 CATESBY'S LEUCOTHOE Catesby's Leucothoe, Leiicotbot catesbai. Leaves 3' to (/ long. HEATH FAMILY Although Catesby's Leucothoe is a bush of southern range it is perfectly hardy at the north and is a valu- able addition to our cultivated shrubs. It blooms early ; the flower buds are developed in autumn in the axils of the persistent leavps of the year and look like cylindric cones about half an inch long, with close imbricate scales. As the weather grows cold these scales turn a deep red, the same color suffusing in a slighter degree the ends of the zigzag stems ; at the same time the upper leaves with their petioles often color as richly as the flower buds. The lower leaves for the most part retain their deep lus- trous green color, and the contrast between the upper and the lower parts of the plant only adds to its beauty. The recurved stems are three to six feet high, the evergreen leaves are thick and leathery ; and the white waxen bells are borne in crowded spike-like racemes. The plant prefers peat soil and damp situations, but will make the best of almost any location. WILD ROSEMARY. MARSH HOLY ROSE. Andrdmeda polifblia. Andromeda, a mythological name of fanciful application. Slender, with stems but little branched, one to three feet high, foliage acid; found in bogs. Ranges from Labrador and New- foundland through arctic America to Alaska and British Amer- ica, southward to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Leaves. Alternate, simple, linear-oblong or lanceolate, one and one-half to three inches long, narrowed at base, margins revolute, apex acute or obtuse, often with a small point ; when 380 WILD ROSEMARY Wild Rosemary, Andromeda Leaves ij' to )' ' on g- HEATH FAMILY full grown are dull green, smooth above, white-glaucous beneath; midvein very strongly ridged beneath, petioles short. flowers. May, June. Perfect, tiny globes, white or tinged with pink, borne in few-flowered terminal umbels. Bracts small, persistent. Pedicels one-fourth to one-half an inch long. Calyx. Deeply five-pointed, persistent ; lobes triangular- ovate, acute. Disk ten-lobed. Corolla. White, globose, urn-shaped, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, five-toothed ; teeth recurved. Stamens. Ten, included ; filaments bearded ; anthers ovate, obtuse, awned, fixed near the middle ; cells opening by a termi- nal pore. fruit. Capsule, globose, five -celled, five-valved, many- seeded. This plant is always fixed in some turfy hillock in the midst of swamps, as Andromeda herself was chained to a rock in the sea which bathed her feet as the fresh water does the roots of this plant. "Tour of Lapland." LlNN/EUS. The lonely position of this little shrub in the midst of its native swamps seems to have impressed Linnaeus to a wonderful degree ; and consequently he named it Andromeda the rock-bound maiden. It is a semi- aquatic, subarctic plant, and like so many of its kind knows no distinction between Europe, America or Asia, but is native to all. Although it loves the cold deep swamps that border the limits of eternal snow, nevertheless when transferred to the garden border it will grow and flower as freely as in its native wilds. The flowers are clusters of small globes usually white, but sometimes flesh-colored, and sometimes tipped with red ; they retain their beauty for nearly a month. 382 MOUNTAIN FETTER-BUSH Mountain Fetter-bush, Pifris Jloribmida. Leaves ij' to 3' long. HEATH FAMILY MOUNTAIN FETTER-BUSH .' Pier is floribtinda. Pieris, from Pieria, a town in Thessaly. Evergreen, native to the Alleghanies, found in Virginia and southward ; also hardy in northern gardens. From two to six feet high ; with stems nearly erect and with very leafy branches. Leaves. Alternate, simple, evergreen, one and one-half to three inches long, leathery, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, serrulate and bristly-ciliate, acute or acuminate at apex ; when full grown dark shining green above, paler and black-dot- ted below. Petioles short, bristly when young. Flowers. April, May. Perfect, white, five - angled bells, borne in terminal, slender, clustered, dense racemes about three inches long. Calyx. Five-lobed ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, valvate in the five-angled bud, persistent. Corolla. White, urn-shaped, slightly five-angled, five-saccate at base ; five-toothed ; teeth recurved. Stamens. Ten, included, filaments without appendages ; an- thers oblong, each with a slender awn on its back, two-celled ; cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary superior, five-celled ; style slender, ovules many. Fruit. Capsule, ovoid-globose, sitting in the calyx and crowned with the slender style. Seeds many. Pieris floribunda is one of the hardiest of the broad- leaved evergreens peculiar to the Alleghany moun- tains, and is a most charming ornamental shrub. The foliage is so dense that the stems and branches are concealed from sight. The flower buds practically mature the previous autumn, and stand all winter above the evergreen foliage, apparently without the slightest protection, ready to burst into bloom when the almanac says it is time. What is currently re 384 STAGGER-BUSH Stagger-bush, Fieri s manana. Leaves 2' to )' long. Flowers ,y to V long. HEATH FAMILY garded as a late spring has little effect upon these flow- ers ; the sun is up and so are they ; sometimes they seem fairly to force the season. They are white, urn-shaped, five-angled cups, borne in long, branching racemes. The plant is worth cultivating, however, even if it should never bear a flower; the leaves are so green, clean, bright and glossy. Gardeners recommend that the shrub be protected with evergreen boughs to prevent winter burning. STAGGER-BUSH Pleris mariana. Pieris, from Pieria, the town in Thessaly where the Muses congregated ; of no application to this plant. Mariana, because it was first described as a " Maryland shrub." Stagger-bush refers to its reputation for poisoning cattle. A low shrub, one to four feet high ; found in low, wet, sandy locations. Ranges from Rhode Island to Florida, mostly near the coast. Hardy throughout the north. Leaves. Simple, alternate, tardily deciduous, two to three inches long, oval or oblong, narrowed or rounded at base, mar- gin entire, slightly revolute, acute or obtuse at apex ; when full grown are shining dark green, coriaceous, smooth above, spar- ingly pubescent on the veins and black-dotted beneath. In autumn they turn an intense scarlet, and cling late. Flowers. April, May. Perfect, white, bell-shaped, borne in nodding lateral umbels on the many leafless branches of the pre- ceding year, so forming a long compound inflorescence. Pedi- cels bearing one to three bracts. Calyx. Deeply five-parted ; lobes lanceolate, acute, valvate in bud, persistent ; disk ten-lobed. Corolla. White, or faintly pink, ovoid-cylindric, about half an inch long, five-toothed ; teeth recurved. Stamens. Ten ; filaments hairy on the outer side, two- toothed near the apex ; anthers awnless, two-celled ; cells open- ing by a terminal pore. 386 PRIVET ANDROMEDA Privet Andromeda, Xolisma lignstritta, in fruit. HEATH FAMILY Pistil. Ovary superior, five-celled ; style columnar ; stigma truncate. Fruit. Capsule, ovoid-pyramidal, small five-angled, five- celled. Seeds many. The Stagger-bush is of somewhat straggling habit, yet very pretty and useful as a border shrub, blossom- ing profusely" in early spring. The flowers are snow white waxen bells which appear in clusters from axil- lary buds crowded on the naked branches of last year's wood. The branches are wand-like ; and the leaves in autumn become intensely scarlet. The plant was well known to our earlier botanists, and was first described as a Maryland shrub with the leaves of a euonymus and the flowers of an arbutus. It was sent over to England in 1736, and has been cul- tivated there for many years. PRIVET ANDROMEDA Xottsma ligihtrina. Lybnia ligiistrina. Andrdmeda ligustrina. Ligustrin, the bitter principle of the Privet. Otherwise, these names seem to be without meaning. Bushy, three to twelve feet high, growing in swamps and wet soil ; stem and branches light ash-colored with stringy bark. Ranges from New England to Florida and west to Arkansas. Leaves. Alternate, sometimes tufted, simple, oblong, obo- vate, oval or ovate, one to two and a half inches long, wedge- shaped at base, minutely serrulate or entire, acute or acuminate at apex ; when full grown glabrous or pubescent above, usually downy beneath. Petioles short, downy. Flowers. May, July. Perfect, small, white globes, borne in terminal or axillary, panicled leafless racemes. Pedicels thread- like, downy. Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate ; corolla an eighth of an inch in diameter ; stamens eight or ten, included ; ovary five- celled ; capsule depressed-globose, obtusely five-angled. 388 CASSANDRA ^ Cassandra, Cbamcrdapbne calyculata, Leaves JjJ' to i' long. HEATH FAMILY Most plants furnish at least some provocation for the Latin names which they bear, but the Privet An- dromeda seems most unfortunate of its class. The botanic name of this shrub appears in the books as " unexplained ; " its English one is simply appropri- ated from those of two other plants. Apart from its ill luck as to names it seems fortu- nate enough, for it is really a very pretty bush. In early spring it is conspicuous for its long panicles of tiny, white, globe-like flowers borne at the very end or upon the upper part of the branching stems. It is rare that a corolla so nearly attains a sphere. The flowers are borne upon leafless stems, and these con- tinue leafless so that the fruit apparently is upon a dry branch. CASSANDRA. LEATHER-LEAF Chamceddphne calyculata. Andromeda calyculata. Cassdndra calyculata. Chamcedaphne , ground or low Daphne. Andromeda and Cassandra, mythical terms without obvious application. Calyculata refers to the two bracts beneath the sepals as forming a secondary calyx. Low, leafy, evergreen, from two to four feet high, forming large beds at the edge of swamps or in boggy meadows. Ranges from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, west to Michi- gan and Illinois ; also occurs in northern Europe and Asia. Stems. Recent shoots covered with minute scurfy scales ; older stems dark copper color, smooth. Leaves. Alternate, evergreen, shining, leathery, one-half to an inch and a half long, oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed at base, obscurely denticulate and revolute at margin, acute or obtuse at apex, covered with scaly dots which are rust colored 390 CASSANDRA beneath ; upper leaves gradually smaller ; the uppermost reduced to mere bracts. Petioles short. Flowers. April. Perfect, solitary, white or tinged with rose purple, urn-shaped, borne on short pedicels in the axils of the small upper leaves, forming terminal one-sided, leafy racemes. Calyx. Sepals five, persistent, bracted at base. Corolla. White, oblong-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, five-toothed, one-fourth of an inch long; teeth recurved. Stamens. Ten, included ; filaments flat, smooth ; anther-cells tapering upward into tubular beaks, awnless ; cells opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary superior, five-celled, five-grooved ; style slen- der ; ovules many. Fruit. Capsule, depressed-globose, opening by five valves, two-coated ; outer coat splitting into five parts, inner into ten ; persistent throughout the winter, many seeded. Seeds flattened, wingless. The Cassandra often blooms before the snow is gone, but this is not difficult, because the flower buds were formed the summer before, and sometimes in late autumn they show the white tips of the corolla extend- ing beyond the stiff sepals. So well prepared are they that a few days of sunshine develop the flowers. As the little bells become perfect in form and texture they droop upon their delicate slender stems and make a most charming wand-like spray. The common name Leather- leaf is appropriate though not pretty ; Cassandra, the name of the daugh- ter of Priam and Hecuba, is pretty but means nothing. The foliage effect of the plant is good, and this with its early flowers makes it worthy of cultivation. 39 i HEATH FAMILY MAYFLOWER. TRAILING ARBUTUS Epigcea repens. Epig&a, upon the earth, in reference to its trailing growth. A prostrate or trailing shrub, with short branches and ever- green and reticulated leaves; bristly with rusty hairs. Found in sandy or rocky woods and ranges from Newfoundland to the Northwest Territories and southward to Michigan, Kentucky and Florida. Frequently forms patches.. Its local distribution is governed largely by the character of the protecting vegetation, and also to a great extent by the soil ; thriving best in light sandy or gravelly soil, but sometimes found in clayey earth. But one species beside Epigcea repens is known, and that is a native of Japan. Leaves. Alternate, thick, evergreen, pinnately veined, one to three inches long, ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate or rounded at base, mostly glabrous above, hairy beneath, green both sides. Petioles short, downy, slender. Flowers. April, May. Perfect, or dioecious, pink or white, in axillary clusters at the ends of the branches. Sepals five, oblong, persistent, dry, imbricated; corolla salver-form; limb five-lobed ; stamens ten ; filaments slender ; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex forming a sort of ring and partly adnate to the five little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, five-lobed, five-celled, many seeded. The flowers appear in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fra- grance ; are dimorphous as to style and stamens, and sub-di- oecious. This is the famous Mayflower of Pilgrim devotion, and although by many supposed to be distinctively a New England plant, as a matter of fact ranges from Newfoundland to the borders of Alaska, and from Florida to Minnesota. Probably no one would claim that, our Puritan ancestors were especially sensitive to 392 TRAILING ARBUTUS Trailing Arbutus, Efriga-a repens. I .caves i' to >' long. HEATH FAMILY the beauties of nature, but this clustered pink sweet- ness, smiling under the dry leaves of the forest and blooming ere the snow banks had disappeared in the hollows of the wood, touched even them. It must be placed to their credit that they named it well ; how- ever much they might have been assisted by the month of the calendar or the ship in the harbor ; and it is not worth while to look too closely into the sources of their inspiration. So well have time and literature and imagination worked together that to most of us the Trailing Arbutus seems one of the his- toric assets of New England. Sad Mayflower ! watched by winter stars, And nursed by winter gales, With petals of the sleeted spars, And leaves of frozen sails ! What had she in those dreary hours Within her ice-rimmed bay, In common with the wild-wood flowers, The first sweet smiles of May ! Yet, " God be praised " the Pilgrim said, Who saw the blossoms peer Above the brown leaves, dry and dead, " Behold our Mayflower here ! " "God wills it; here our rest shall be, Our years of wandering o'er, For us the Mayflower of the sea Shall spread her sails no more. " O sacred flowers of faith and hope, As sweetly now as then Ye bloom on many a birchen slope, In many a pine-dark glen. JOHN G. WHITTIER. 394 WINTERGREEN WINTERGREEN Gaulthlria procumbens. Gaultheria, named in honor of Gaulthier, a physician and botanist of Canada. A small evergreen shrub, with stems creeping on or below the surface, and short, erect flowering branches three to five inches high bearing at their summits a crowded group of aromatic leaves. Found in cool, damp woods from Newfoundland to Manitoba and south- ward to Michigan and Georgia. Leaves. Alternate, evergreen, pin- nately veined, two to two and a half inches long, oval, oblong or ovate, nar- rowed at the base, serrate with low bristle-tipped teeth, acute at apex ; shin- ing; when full grown dark shining green. The young leaves are a shining yellow green, often with a reddish tinge and de- liciously aromatic. Flowers. Perfect, white or pinkish, small, bell-like flowers, axillary near the summit of the tiny erect branches. Ped- icels with two bractlets. Calyx five- parted, persistent ; corolla urn -shaped, five-toothed ; stamens ten, included, inserted at the base of the corolla ; filament dilated above the base ; anther-cells each two- awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary five- celled, five-lobed. Fruit. Capsule is enclosed by the calyx which thickens and turns fleshy so as to appear as a globular red berry ; many seeded. The leaves of the Wintergreen as they put forth from the top of the upright stem are as near ambrosia as anything our northern climate can produce. The spicy aromatic flavor appears in leaf and stem and fruit, but is most delicate and delicious in the young 395 Wintergreen, Gaultberia pro- cumbent. After Britton & Brown. HEATH FAMILY leaves. One who has sought and eaten them in child- hood may wander far from his native home, may for- get much of his youth ; but the picture of the leafy glade of the forest where he picked the Wintergreen, the carpet of shining leaves, the twin red berries hang- ing upon their stems, will never leave him. The plant has several common names, Tea-berry, Checkerberry, Box-berry, Partridge-berry ; the last is also given to Mitchclla repens. The genus is mountain born and bred ; its headquarters are the slopes of the Andes, where nearly one hundred species appear. In North America there is our own Gaultlieria procumbens and two or three other species. RED BEARBERRY. KINNIKINIC Arctostdphylos u-va-iirsi. Arctostaphylos, of two Greek words a bear and a grape. Uva-ursi means the same ; the fruit is a favorite food of bears. Evergreen, with numerous trailing and spreading branches; the sterile ones two to three feet long, the fruiting branches shorter ; twigs puberulent ; mature stems red. Found on rocky hillsides and in dry sandy soils. Ranges from Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, and westward across the continent through Pennsylvania, Illinois, Nebraska, Colorado and Califor- nia. Also found in Europe and Asia. Root large and creep- ing; juices astringent; leaves heavily charged with tannic acid. Leaves. Alternate, simple, thick, rigid, one-half to an inch long, spatulate, obtuse at apex, margin entire, base narrowed to a short downy petiole. They come out of the bud slightly revo- lute, pale, pubescent ; when full grown are dark shining green, glabrous above and beneath. Midvein prominent, secondary veins finely reticulated. 396 RED BEARBERRY Red Bearberry, /trctostapbylus uva-ursi. Leaves H' to "' lo "S- HEATH FAMILY Flowers. May, June. Perfect, small, nodding, white or pink bells, borne in few-flowered terminal racemes. Calyx. Reddish, persistent, five-parted; lobes roundish. Corolla. Ovoid, constricted at the throat, hairy within, flesh colored or white, and pink tipped ; five-toothed ; teeth re- curved, imbricate in bud ; about one-sixth of an inch long. Stamens. Ten, included ; filaments awl-shaped, hairy ; an- thers large, purple, two-awned, opening by terminal pores. Pistil. Ovary free from calyx, surrounded with three fleshy scales. Fruit. Berry-like drupe seated in the persistent calyx, glo- bose, red, glabrous, size of a large pea, with mealy insipid pulp and containing five bony nutlets. They remain on the branches through the winter and serve as food for the wild birds. July, August. This low-growing evergreen that trails in thick mats over the inhospitable ground of barren uplands possesses a goodly number of wild-wood names. Very few plants of high degree can claim as many ; among them are Foxberry, Mealberry, Bear's Grape, Barren Myrtle and Bilberry. This too is the Kinni- kinic of the * western Indians who smoke the leaves and believe the practice secures them from malarial fevers. A curious corruption or an echo of uva-ursi exists in a rural name for the plant "universe." The flowers appear in May, and the urn-shaped, flesh-colored, rosy-mouthed bells are succeeded by astringent red berries, mealy and flavorless ; but which have the virtue of staying on the bushes all winter and no doubt comfort and sustain many a hungry bird and possibly an errant bear. In winter the shining leaves darken to chocolate above, and become reddish be- neath. The plant is said to be easily cultivated and will thrive in almost pure sand, 398 HEATHER Heather, Callnna vulgaris. HEATH FAMILY Mairania alptna, Alpine or Black Bearberry, is an Alpine species closely allied to ArctostapJiylos uva-ursi. Its leaves are deciduous, its flowers white, and its drupes black. It seeks the summits of the higher mountains of New England and crosses the continent from Labrador to British Columbia. LING. HEATHER Calluna vulgaris. Calluna, Greek, from kalluno, to brush or sweep ; brooms being made of it. Low straggling evergreen forming tufts and mats ; the branches ascending three to fifteen inches. Found along the coast, in sandy and rocky soil, from Newfoundland to New Jersey ; natu- ralized or adventive from Europe. Leaves. Opposite, minute, linear, sessile, about one-sixteenth of an inch long, imbricated in four rows, usually two-auricled at the base, three-angled, grooved on the back. flowers. July, September. Perfect, bell-like, lilac-pink or white, small, borne in terminal one-sided, dense, spike-like racemes. Calyx. Sepals four, colored like the petals, oblong, about an eighth of an inch in length, concealing the corolla. Four bracts at the base. Corolla. Bell-shaped, pink or white, four-parted, slightly twisted, persistent, shorter than the sepals. Stamens. Eight, filaments short, anthers brown, oblong, at- tached to the filaments by their backs, opening by a longitudinal slit, each sac with a dorsal reflexed appendage. Pistil. Ovary depressed-globose, eight-angled ; style slender, exserted. Fruit. Capsule, four-sided, four-celled, four-valved, few seed- ed ; seeds ovoid. 400 LING Callnna indgaris is believed to be identical with the Scotch Heather, and although thoroughly established through the British maritime provinces and the coast regions of Maine and Massachusetts, is probably of remote European introduction. CLETHRACE.E. WHITE-ALDER FAMILY WHITE-ALDER. CLETHRA. SWEET PEPPERBUSH Ctithra alnifblia. Clethra, of Greek derivation, meaning alder, in reference to the resemblance between its foliage and that of the alder. Late flowering, three to ten feet high, frequently cultivated. Found in masses, growing in low or wet places, along the banks of streams, sometimes in swamps where the roots are sub- merged in early spring or after heavy rains. Ranges from Maine to Florida, mostly near the coast. Stems. Slender, straight, not much branched, at first pale green and stellate-downy, then dull, pale, brownish yellow ; finally dark, yellowish brown. Leaves. Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, three and a half to four inches long, obovate, narrowed or wedge-shaped at base, sharply serrate at least beyond the middle, acute or obtuse at apex. Midvein and primary veins depressed above, prominent below. They come out of the bud slightly involute, pale green tipped with reddish brown, glabrous and shining above, densely hairy beneath ; when full grown are deep dark green above, dull yellow green beneath. In autumn they turn a bright clear yel- lo'v. Petioles half an inch long. Flowers. August, September. Perfect, white, fragrant, borne in solitary or clustered slender racemes four to six inches long, which are either terminal or appear in the axils of the upper leaves. Central axis and pedicels pubescent, hairs in starry-like groups. 402 CLETHRA Clethra, Cletbra aini folia. Leaves J^' to 4' long. Racemes 4' to (/ long. WHITE-ALDER FAMILY Calyx. Five-lobed ; lobes oblong, obtuse, nerved, downy, imbricate in bud, persistent. Corolla. Petals five, slightly united at the base, white, obo- vate or oblong, imbricate in bud. Stamens. Ten ; filaments white, smooth, slender ; anthers sagittate, extrorse in bud but inverted in the flower, two-celled ; cells opening by pores at the base. Pistil. Ovary superior, three-angled, three-celled, downy ; style slender, exserted, three-cleft at apex ; ovules numerous. Fruit. Capsules, crowded in stiff, erect racemes, subglobose, three-lobed, three-celled, one-eighth of an inch in diameter ; each sits in persistent calyx, crowned with persistent style. Clethra alnifolia, naturally a swamp plant, takes very kindly to cultivation and possesses a peculiar value in that it shows its long spikes of fragrant white flowers late in summer when other shrubs are largely out of bloom. The buds are arranged upon a long axis, and they begin to open at the base, consequently the flowering period is extended. The blossoms have a delightful spicy fragrance, are full of nectar and are eagerly sought by the bees. Two peculiarities of the Clethra are of interest to a botanist. One is the character of the hairs found upon the stems and flowers ; under a common magnifying glass these can be seen to be arranged in very perfect stars. The other is the way that the arrow-headed anthers reverse their position ; in the bud they look out from the centre of the flower; in the blossom they look in. The bush is a favorite of gardeners because it will grow in poor soil and in shade ; thus possessing a gen- eral utility value, at the same time that it has a high personal value. 404 LILAC Lilac, Syringa vulgaris. OLEACE^E OLIVE FAMILY THE COMMON LILAC Syringa vulgaris. Syringa from sirinx, the native name in Barbary. Lilac is from lilag, the Persian word for a flower. The plant was cultivated in England in 1597. The year that the Lilac was brought to America is in doubt, but we know that as early as 1652 it, together with the Snowball, was the modest ornament of many a cottage yard. When the tide of emigration set west- ward the Lilac was the first flowering plant that bloomed by the side of the log house in the frontier settlement. Brought from New England along with the. household goods, it made one of the Penates of the new home. At the time of fullest bloom and greatest fragrance, women and children came to the country church with lilac-spray in hand, and the fra- grance of the flower mingled with the sound of prayer and of sacred song. After a little the White Lilac made its way into the new settlement, a welcome addi- tion to be sure, but never for one moment a rival in the hearts of the people of the flower they so deeply loved. As the frontier line moved on toward the setting sun, the Lilac went with it until there came a day when it reached the region of long, hot, dry 406 PERSIAN LILAC Persian Lilac, Syringa persica. OLIVE FAMILY summers, and at this point the Lilac faltered in its march. For this is a native of the highlands ; it loves cool, moist summers, and although centuries of culti- vation have inured it to many changes, it has not yet learned to flourish in heat and drought. Its native land is somewhat in doubt, but it is accredited in the books to the mountainous region of central Europe from Piedmont to Hungary. It was made known to European botanists by a plant brought from Constan- tinople to Vienna to\vard the end of the sixteenth century. Extremely showy, of easy culture and per- fectly hardy, the shrub spread rapidly throughout the gardens of Europe. In the survey of the royal gar- dens of Nonsuch, planted in the time of Henry VIII., there is mentioned a fountain " set round with six lilac trees, which bear no fruit, but only a very pleasant ,;mell." The well known White Lilac is but a variety of the Common Lilac. The Persian Lilac, Syringa persica, is native to the region extending from Caucasus to Afghanistan, and was brought into Europe in 1640. Its flowers are rose-lilac, deliciously fragrant and borne in open thyrses. This appears in a white va- riety ; also in one with cut leaves, Syringa laciniata. A third species, long known, is Josika's Lilac, Syringa Josikcea, so named in honor of the Baroness Von Jo- sika, who discovered the plant in Transylvania. It is an upright shrub with spreading branches and purple twigs ; the leaves are elliptic-lanceolate, about three inches long, bright shining green above and whitish beneath. The flowers are bluish purple. 408 PRIVET Privet, Ligustrum vulgare. OLIVE FAMILY Since the discovery of the affinity that exists be- tween the plants of northeastern Asia and northeastern America a number of north China, Japanese and Man- churian lilacs have been brought into this country. From these has been evolved an astonishing- number of varieties, double-flowered and single-flowered, in color melting from deep rose to blush and white, or running through all the changes of a lilac which, los- ing its pink by successive stages, attains at last a cool pure blue. But after all is told, notwithstanding the doubles and the singles, " my heart is in the high- lands," and there is no Lilac like the old Lilac which gave its name to the color. The French gardeners took up the Lilac upon its first appearance in Europe, and in Paris it has been for a hundred years a favorite forcing plant. PRIVET. PRIM Ligtistrtiin vulgare. The Privet of old English gardens, a native of both Europe and Asia, has been very generally introduced into this country as a hedge plant. The plant, how- ever, is so well adapted for city life that gardeners are beginning to use it not for a hedge merely, but as an ornamental shrub. Its virtues are many, it bears a smoky atmosphere with composure and increases in stature ; is remarkably free from insect pests and from disease ; the foliage, a dark handsome green, remains until destroyed by the storms of winter. On the southern shore of Lake Erie it is fresh and bright and 410 FORSYTHIA Forsytbt'a sitspensa. OLIVE FAMILY beautiful well into December ; indeed, it is the last plant to succumb to winter storms ; it just misses being an evergreen. When permitted, it will develop into a shapely bush six to ten feet high. The flower cluster is a thyrsus, in general effect a diminutive copy of a lilac cluster ; fragrant, with a rather heavy odor. The individual blossom is in shape very like a small, white, lilac blossom ; in fact, the family characters are apparent and the relationship somewhat emphasized. The fruit is a small black berry. Flowers are rarely seen in hedge rows as they appear on new wood and that is usually cut away when the hedges are trimmed. Several! species are in cultivation. FORSYTHIA Forsythia. Since the Forsythia was introduced into this country it has ever been counted a permanent and valuable addition to our ornamental shrubs. Its golden bells gleam in the April sunlight and transform the brown bush into a glowing mass of color. The bloom pre- cedes the leaves, but before its splendor has passed the leaves are half grown. Three forms of the plant appear in our gardens. One, Forsythia viridissima, a stiff, upright little bush well covered with yellow bells in the spring but not notice- able at any other time. This is the form first intro- duced into Europe, and first brought here. The second is distinguished by the long, slender, graceful branches which rise and curve and droop and sometimes trail 412 FORSYTHIA Leaf of Forsytbia viri- dissima. upon the ground. This appears in the dealers' cata- logues under whatsoever name their fancy prompts, Forsythia snspensa, Forsytliia seiboldi, Forsythia fortunci. It is good opinion that Forsythia snspensa should be re- garded as the specific form and For- sytJiia sciboldi and Forsytliia fortunci varieties. As the three stand side by side in the Arnold Arboretum the dif- ference seems to be mainly a matter of foliage ; in habit they are very much alike. The leaves of the F. suspensa group are both simple and trifoliate; those of F. viridissima are always sim- ple. There is an intermediate form, probably a hybrid, which carries the leaf of F. viridissima slightly modified and whose branches have somewhat the grace of F. suspensa; this is known as ForsytJiia intermedia. A third form is of recent introduction ; it comes from Albania, is named ForsytJiia europcea and is distinguished by small, ovate-lanceolate, quite entire leaves. As the flower buds are formed the summer before, in order to get the best results the bushes should be pruned some little time after the flowering period. Then every new shoot will be laden with flower buds which will give an excellent account of them- selves the following April. If the plants are pruned in winter the flowering spray is very largely removed. 413 Simple Leaf of For- tytbia tuspensa. OLIVE FAMILY Forsythia was introduced from China about the end of the eighteenth century and first bloomed in Eng- land in the gardens of the king at Kensington ; it was named in honor of William Forsyth, director of the royal gardens. 414 LAURACEyE LAUREL FAMILY SPICE-BUSH. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. BENJAMIN-BUSH Benzoin benzoin. Lindera benzoin. Named for John Linder, a Swedish botanist of the eighteenth century. Benzoin refers to its aromatic odor, somewhat resembling that of gum-benzoin. Tall, well-shaped, four to twelve feet high. Found in damp woods throughout New England, westward as far as Michigan and Kansas and southward. Leaves, fruit and bark are aromatic. Easily cultivated. Bark. Branchlets at first bright green, smooth, later olive green, sometimes pearly gray, finally grayish brown. Branches are long, tapering and brittle. Winter buds. Flower and leaf buds distinct. Leaf buds small, one-eighth of an inch long, acute, solitary. Flower buds globose, in groups of two to five. Leaves. Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, three to six inches long, one and one-half to three wide, oval, oblong-oval, or obovate, wedge-shaped at base, entire, abruptly acute, sometimes rounded at apex ; midvein, primary and secondary veins depressed above, prominent beneath. They come out of the bud revolute, ciliate at margin, pale green ; when full grown are dull dark green above, pale or glaucous green below. In autumn they turn a clear bright yellow. Petiole about half an inch long, terete. Flowers. March, April; before the leaves. Polygamo- dioecious, greenish yellow, small, borne in almost sessile umbel- like clusters in the axils of last year's leaves. Each cluster is made up of secondary clusters of four to six flowers, surrounded by an involucre of four deciduous scales. LAUREL FAMILY Spice-bush, Benzoin benzoin, in flower. SPICE-BUSH Spice-bush, Benzoin ben;oin, in fruit. Leaves 3' to e, above the middle, exserted, the alternate ones longer ; filaments very slender ; anthers large, ovoid. 419 MEZEREUM FAMILY Pistil. Ovary superior, one-celled, one-ovuled ; style thread- like, exserted ; stigma capitate. Fruit. Drupe, reddish, oblong-oval, pointed at both ends, containing one large, shining, brown seed. A marked peculiarity of Dirca palustris is the char- acter of its thick porous bark. This is soft and pliant and to outward appearance innocent enough, yet its tenacity and toughness are astonishing. If one wishes to know exactly how this bark behaves he has only to break a stem from the bush and attempt to go away with it. The wood is easily broken, it offers no great resistance ; it is in managing the bark that madness lies. For that bark will neither yield nor give ; it is soft, you can indent it ; it is pliant, will move as you wish ; but it simply will not part. Its fibres are a wonderful example of a natural string, and the Indians who used it for bow strings and fish lines and in the manufacture of baskets well understood its properties. Dirca blooms early and the fruit matures quickTy, but is so hidden among the leaves and falls so soon that it easily escapes notice. The books call it a drupe, but that seems a courtesy title only, for the flesh is exceedingly thin and very leathery. The petioles are swollen at the base sufficiently to conceal and protect the brown velvety buds of next year's leaves. There is no terminal bud, the stem ends in a point; the bud which will continue next year's growth is axillary. What decorative value the plant has lies chiefly in the yellow green of its foliage, which might be used advantageously to brighten a dark place. 420 LEATHERWOOD Leather wood, Dirca paliistris Leaves 2' to 3' long. MEZEREUM FAMILY DAPHNE. SPURGE LAUREL. MEZERON Ddphne me sire um. Daphne, the name of the nymph transformed by Apollo into a laurel. Low, hardy, one to four feet high ; a native of Europe and Asia which has escaped from cultivation and is now found spar- ingly in Massachusetts and New York, also in Canada. Leaves. Alternate, simple, thin, three to five inches long, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, narrowed at base, entire, acute at apex, smooth, bright green. Petioles very short. Flowers. April, before the leaves. Perfect, rose-purple, rarely white, very fragrant, borne in sessile clusters of two to five, on the shoots of the preceding year. Calyx. Salver-shaped ; tube about half an inch long, downy ; lobes four, spreading, about as long as the tube. Stamens. Eight, in two rows, included, inserted on the calyx- tube ; filaments very short. Pistil. Ovary superior, one-celled ; style short ; stigma large, capitate. Fruit. An oblong-oval red drupe, a quarter of an inch long. Daphne inczcrcnin is widely distributed, common over nearly the whole of Europe and northern Asia and found in the Arctic regions. For cen- turies it has been a favorite garden plant. in Europe, but in this country is too rarely seen. It is of erect habit, one to three feet high, with rigid branches; in summer each is crowned with a tuft of narrow deciduous leaves. The flowers appear before the leaves, in numerous clusters of two or three, along in nower. the wood of the preceding year, and are 422 MEZERON MEZEREUM FAMILY succeeded by large, red, handsome berries. This is a very attractive little shrub, which thrives in any good garden soil. A variety with white flowers is known and there is another which blooms in the autumn. The bark has medicinal properties, and is now used as one of the ingredients in the compound of Sarsaparilla, DAPHNE Daphne cnebrum. Daplme cneorum is one of the sweetest plants that grows. Its native home is the calcareous soil of the southern Alps; it is also found in Hungary and Tran- sylvania. In those rocky highlands it seems to have touched the feelings and stirred the fancy of the peo- ple, and is there known as the Pearl of the Moun- tains. The sweet-scented pink blossoms are borne in close terminal clusters on each of the many branches. In outward appearance an individual flower looks not un- like an individual lilac blossom. The apparent corolla is a long tube with a spreading four-lobed border, and is about the size of a lilac corolla. As there is but one of the floral envelopes, the perianth must be called a caly x. Under favorable conditions these blos- soms are produced from early spring until late au- tumn. The leaves are olive green, persistent, alternate, somewhat crowded on the stem, about three-fourths of an inch long. The roots are fine and threadlike and spread vigorously in a rich sandy soil. 424 DAPHNE Daphne, Dapbtu cneorum. Leaves %' to i' long. MEZEREUM FAMILY Like so many evergreens removed from their pro- tecting forests it sunburns in our winters; yet will not endure thick covering. Gardeners recommend a slight sprinkling of straw over it which will give pro- tection from the sun, and yet allow the air to circulate freely. 426 EL /EAGNACEvE OLEASTER FAMILY SILVER BERRY. EL^EAGNUS Eladgnus argtntea. Elceagmts, sacred olive ; the Greek name of an entirely dif- ferent plant. Oleaster is a Latin word, which is interpreted wild olive tree ; derivation doubtful. Silvery-scaly, much-branched, six to twelve feet high. Ranges from Minnesota to South Dakota, Utah, and Montana. Stolonif- erous. Stems. Young twigs covered with brown scurf, which finally becomes silvery. Leaves. Alternate, simple, one to four inches long, elliptic to lanceolate, wedge-shaped at base, undulate or entire, acute or obtuse at apex, densely silvery on both sides. Petioles short. Flowers. May, July. Perfect, numerous, borne solitary, or in clusters of two or three, in the axils of the leaves; silvery without, pale yellow within, fragrant. Calyx. Tube bell-shaped ; border four-lobed, silvery without, pale yellow within ; lobes ovate, valvate. Corolla. Wan ti ng. Stamens. Four, borne at the throat of the calyx-tube ; fila- ments short. Pistil. Ovary one- celled ; style linear, long. Fruit. Drupe-like, ovoid, silvery, dry and mealy, edible. The Silver Berry is one of the best of the woody plants with light colored foliage. Its range is north- ern, consequently it is rather difficult to cultivate, 427 OLEASTER FAMILY since subarctic plants seem less tolerant of heat, than plants of more temperate range are of cold. The flowers are whitish without and yellow within, not very beautiful but delightfully fragrant. The chief attraction of the bush is its silvery foliage, whose metallic lustre is due to an immense number of tiny white hairs arranged in starry groups, and so com- pactly placed that they look like a covering of silver. Of cultivated species the Garden Elasagnus or Wild Olive Tree, Elceagnus angustifolia, a native of south- eastern Europe and western Asia, is one of the best. This is believed to be the veritable wild olive of the classic authors. It is often called the Jerusalem Wil- low ; not without reason, for it certainly looks very like a willow. The Portuguese call it the Tree of Paradise, basing their admiration largely upon the rare fragrance of the flowers. These are silvery with- out and yellow within, borne in the axils of the leaves, two or three together. The silvery whiteness of the foliage renders the plant conspicuous wherever it may be. The reddish oblong fruit, which somewhat re- sembles a date, is said to be common in the markets of the Levant. In its native land the plant is a tree ; here it is both tree and shrub. The Long-stemmed Elasagnus, Elaagnus longipcs, has recently been introduced into this country from Japan, and is highly recommended by gardeners. Another excellent species for cultivation is Elceagnus mnbcllata, which in foliage closely resembles Elceagmis longipes, The specific difference is found in the fruit. The leaves of both species are a beautiful dark green above and silvery white beneath. There are many other in- 428 SILVER BERRY Silver Berry, Elceagnus argmtea. Leaves y t ' to ' long. OLEASTER FAMILY troduced species under observation in nurseries and experiment stations \vh;ch will no doubt in time give an excellent account of themselves. BUFFALO-BERRY. RABBIT-BERRY Lepargyrcea argdntea. Shephdrdia argentea. Lepargyrcea, of Greek derivation, silvery-scaly. Shepher~ dia in honor of John Shepherd, once curator of the Liver- pool Botanic Garden. Slender, growing from six to fifteen feet high, peculiar for the silvery pubescence which covers stem and leaves. Branches are covered with gray bark, twigs silvery white, often terminating in thorns. Ranges from Minnesota to Kansas and Nevada, northward to Manitoba. Leaves. Opposite, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, one to two and a half inches long, about half an inch wide, somewhat pointed at base, margin entire, obtuse at apex, silvery-stellate-pubescent above and below. Petioles about five-eighths of an inch long. Flowers. April, May. Small, yellow, dioecious, fascicled at the axils of the leaves of the preceding season. Staminate flow- ers with a four-parted perianth and eight stamens; filaments short. Pistillate flowers with a four-lobed perianth, bearing an eight-lobed disk at its mouth which nearly closes it; style some- what exserted. Fruit. Drupe-like, oval or ovoid, scarlet, sour, about one- fourth of an inch long, edible. The Buffalo-berry is an interesting plant, whose native home is the far west, but which takes very kindly to eastern cultivation, A marked characteristic is the peculiar metallic lustre of its leaves, which is produced by a starry white pubescence that so covers their surfaces as to make them look as if sheathed with silver. This pubescence is sometimes brown, but usu- ally white, and is not confined to the leaves alone, but 430 GARDEN EL^EAGNUS Garden Elseagnus, Elacagnus angustifolia. OLEASTER FAMILY covers pedicels, petioles and twigs as well. This gives the bush a very decorative effect, clothed as it is in grayish white, among the surrounding green. The flowers appear during April and May in small, compact clusters at the axils of last year's leaves. They are not especially beautiful, but by their numbers they make the plant attractive at the flowering season. The fruit is scarlet or crimson, the size of currants, and often so abundant as to redden the entire bush ; in flavor an agreeable acid, just a trifle astringent. The difficulty in cultivating the plant for its fruit lies in the fact that it is dioecious ; both pistillate and Stain inate bushes are essential to success. CANADIAN BUFFALO-BERRY Lepargyr&a canadensis. SkepMrdia canadensis. A thornless shrub, three to eight feet high ; the young shoots brown scurfy, later becoming white ; found on gravelly banks and sterile soils where little else will thrive. Ranges from New- foundland to Alaska, southward to Maine, New York, Michigan and Utah. Hardy in its native wilds under .very adverse condi- tions ; but difficult to transplant. Leaves. Opposite, ovate or oval, one to two inches long, pointed at base, margin entire, obtuse at apex. Somewhat sil- very-stellate-pubescent above, densely so beneath ; often much of this pubescence is brown. Petioles short, also stellate-pu- bescent. Flowers. April, June. Small, dioecious, yellowish, borne in clusters at the axils of last year's leaves. Staminate 'flowers with a four-parted perianth and eight stamens. Pistillate flowers with a four-lobed perianth, bearing an eight-lobed disk at its mouth which nearly closes it ; style somewhat exserted. Fruit. Drupe-like, oval, red or yellowish, about a quarter ol an inch long, the flesh insipid. July, August. 432 BUFFALO-BERRY Buffalo-berry, Lepargyra-a argeittea Leaves t' to 2%' long. LORANTHACE^E MISTLETOE FAMILY AMERICAN MISTLETOE Phoradendron flavescens. Phoradendron, tree-thief, because of its parasitic habit. A many-jointed, much branching, yellowish green shrub, six to twelve inches high, parasitic on the branches of deciduous leaved trees ; notably the tupelo and the maples. Of southern range, yet appears in the southern counties of New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, as well as throughout the south. Leaves. Opposite, obscurely three-nerved, three- fourths to one and a half inches long, oval, oblong or obovate, wedge- shaped at base, obtuse at apex, thick, yellow green above and beneath. Petioles short. Flowers. May, July. Dioecious, in short catkin -like jointed spikes, usually several to each short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, three-lobed ; in the stami- nate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of each lobe, transversely two-celled ; each cell opening by a pore or slit ; in the pistillate flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary; stigma sessile. Berry globose, white, fleshy. Our American Mistletoe is not the same species as the European Mistletoe, though greatly resembling it. Its range is southern, yet it appears sparingly within our northern lines. The name Tree-thief is well deserved, for the plant 434 MISTLETOE Cross-section of a Branch of a Maple Tree upon which a Mistletoe was established; life size. At this point the diameter of the branch is doubled. The lighter parts of the wood are Mistletoe, and the branchlets are all Mistletoe. MISTLETOE FAMILY lives upon juices that it has not elaborated and is sup- ported by root and trunk that are not its own. When a Mistletoe is fairly established upon a branch it eats into the very structure of the wood ; the branch is Fruiting Spray of American Mistletoe. enlarged at the point of contact often its diameter is doubled. Our plant has fallen heir to the sentiment and the folk-lore of Europe, and figures to a greater or less extent in our Christinas decorations. 436 MYRICACE/E BAYBERRY FAMILY SWEET GALE. DUTCH MYRTLE gale. Myrica, of Greek derivation, but of obscure application to this plant. * <" Erect, three to five feet high, and forming tangled patches; growing in places which are inundated through a part of the year. Ranges from Labrador and Newfoundland through New England and the Middle States as far south as Virginia and along the Great Lakes to Minnesota. Roots long, matted. Stems. Branches and upper part a rich dark purple, polished and shining. On old and lower stems the outer bark cracks and rolls horizontally, becoming rough, and in color pale. Winter buds. Leaf buds minute. Staminate aments in the axils of the upper leaves in short, ovoid, pointed buds. Leaves. Alternate, simple, one and one-half to two aru.1 one- half inches long, oblanceolate, wedge-sha|>ed at base, partly entire but serrate toward the apex, which is a little pointed. They come out of the bud revolute, pale green, slightly hairy, dotted with pale amber resinous dots above and below; when full grown are a dull dark green, glabrous above, downy on the veins below and sprinkled with minute, yellow, resinous dots above and below. Fragrant. flowers. April. Mostly dicecious, individual flowers solitary under a scale-like bract. Staminate flowers borne in catkins an inch or more long, terminal ; scales on short stalks, covered with resinous dots. Stamens three or four; anthers large, oj>ening with four valves. Pistillate catkins are ovoid ; scales triangular; stigmas two-lobed, purple, threadlike. 437 BAYBERRY FAMILY Sweet Gale, Myrica gale, in fruit. SWEET GALE Sweet Gale, Myrica gale, in flower. BAYBERRY FAMILY Fruit. Nuts in imbricated heads; each nut two-winged by means of two fleshy ovate scales which are attached at the base. Although a denizen of cold northern swamps, the Sweet Gale is wonderfully tolerant of changed con- ditions, and will grow on a dry, gravelly, exposed ridge. Like the Bayberry, the leaves are densely cov- ered with small resinous dots which are the source of their fragrance. BAYBERRY. WAXBERRY Myrica carolintnsis. Merica cert/era. Myrica, the ancient name of an unknown shrub. Stiff, crooked, growing in miniature thickets ; found in every variety of situation and soil ; from dry, rocky hills to sandy plains, from the border of marshes to the edge of the sea-shore ; varies from three to eight feet in height. Ranges near the coasi from Nova Scotia to Florida and Alabama ; sparingly found on the borders of the Great Lakes. Bark. Brownish gray, dark and pale irregularly mixed ; young stems golden brown, somewhat hairy and covered with resinous dots. Leaf buds minute, globular, reddish brown. Leaves. Alternate, or irregularly scattered or tufted, simple, two to three and one-half inches long, obovate or oblong, nar- rowed at the base, entire, or with three or four serrate teeth near the apex which bears a tiny point at the end. They come out of the bud revolute, pale green tinged with red, shining, covered with white woolly hairs, thickly covered with pale amber resi- nous dots ; appear rather late ; when full grown are leathery, shining, bright green, resinous, dotted on both sides, fragrant. In autumn they darken to a bronze purple or fall with little change of color. Flowers. May. Dioecious, individual flowers without calyx or corolla, solitary on a scale-like bract. Staminate flowers ex- pand with the leaves, borne in stiff, erect catkins less than an inch long, on last year's wood ; scales roundish, loose ; stamens 440 BAYBER^Y Bayberry, Myrica carolitunsis. Leaves a' to )&' long. BAYBERRY FAMILY three to four ; anthers divided. Pistillate catkins small, erect ; scales oval, pointed ; ovary bearing two awl-shaped stigmas, Fruit. Dry, waxy berries or drupes, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, borne in clusters of four to nine, on short stalks. At first green, then blackish, finally pale gray, almost whi'te, con- sisting of a stone coated with dry wax which has a slightly aro- matic taste. They persist for two or three years. At the mouths of their rivers, and all along upon the sea, and near many of their creeks and swamps, the myrtle grows, bearing a berry of which they make a hard, brittle wax of a curious green color, which by re- fining becomes almost transparent. Of this they make candles, which are never greasy to the touch and do not melt with lying in the hottest weather ; neither does the snuff of these ever offend the sense like that of a tallow candle, but instead of being disagreeable if an accident puts the candle out, it yields a pleasant fragrance to all who are in the room, insomuch that nice people often put them out on purpose to have the incense of the expiring snuff. ROBERT BEVERLY in " History of Virginia." This little shrub when planted along the shore withstands the ocean winds and storms perhaps better than any other plant known in cultivation, and can be made to do good service in establishing plantations by the sea side. It is now coming largely into use for that purpose, as it affords protection to more attractive specimens which may be planted to leeward. Beginning with a hedge of these Myricas, plantations may often be estab- lished where without something of this nature the task would be hopeless. Almost any bleak and barren exposure can be covered in this way and be- come comparatively beautiful. Lucius D. DAVIS in " Ornamental Shrubs." The fruit, leaves, and recent shoots of the Bayberry are fragrant with a balsamic odor which comes from the minute, transparent, resinous dots with which the recent shoots and under surface of the leaves are pro- fusely covered. Bayberry wax is obtained by boiling the berries in water. The .wax dissolves, rises to the surface and hardens on cooling ; it is estimated that about one- third of the weight of the berries consists of wax. In 442 SWEET FERN the early days of the settlement of this country this wax had a commercial value. In the renaming of plants according to the rules of the American Association of Science, the Bayberry has lost its specific name of cerifera and gained that of carolinensis ; cerifera is now given to a southern tree, the Wax Myrtle. SWEET FERN Comptbnia peregrlna. Myrica asplenifblia. Comptonia, in honor of Rev. Henry Compton, bishop of Oxford. Fragrant, round-headed, about two feet high, growing on hillsides and in the openings of woods. Ranges from New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, occurs abundantly throughout New England and the Middle States and on the Appalachian range. Roots long, creeping ; suckers freely. Bark. Young stems green or yellowish or reddish brown and sprinkled with tiny resinous dots; the older stems yellowish brown with shining surface, somewhat hairy ; oldest are reddish purple or coppery brown. Winter buds. Leaf buds minute, globular, hairy. Pistillate aments crowded at the summit of the stems, stiff, erect, one- fourth of an inch long, cylindrical, pale brown, hairy. Leaves. Alternate, simple, fragrant, three to six inches long, less than an inch wide, pointed, cut into obtuse or pointed lobes by sinuses reaching to the midrib, margin of these lol>es entire, somewhat reflexed. They come out of the bud conduplicate, j>ale green ; when full grown they are dark lustrous green ; mid- rib depressed above, prominently ridged and pubescent beneath, secondary veins small but also ridged. Petioles short ; stipules half an inch long, auriculate or half heart-shai>ed, often with a pair of smaller stipules below. Leaves, petioles and stipules densely sprinkled with minute, yellow shining resinous dots. 443 BAYBERRY FAMILY flowers. April, May. Dioecious, often monoecious; the in- dividual flower without calyx or corolla, solitary under a scale- like bract. Staminate catkins one-half an inch long, borne at the end of the branch. Scales kidney or heart-shaped with long point. Pistillate catkins globular, and bur-like. Ovary one- celled, surrounded by eight long awl-shaped persistent scales. Stamens two to eight; filaments somewhat united below ; an- thers two-celled. Fruit. Nut, ovoid-oblong, smooth, shining, surrounded by bristly scales. September. This is a plant that looks like a fern and grows like a bush ; fragrant even when flowerless. An inhabitant of the north, it goes south by way of the mountain tops. The pleasant spicy fragrance which it diffuses is due to the vast number of minute grains of resin which are profusely sprinkled over leaf and stem. The long slender pinnatifid leaf certainly suggests a fern ; so that the common name seems significant and appropriate. The foliage is very attractive ; the plant thrives in sterile soils, flourishes at the seaside, and is certainly worth y of cultivation. 444 SWEET FERN Sweet Fern, Conifitonta peregrina Leaves 3' to -|K' I"X- BIRCH FAMILY oval, rounded and enclose the unexpanded leaf. Petioles short, scaly, dotted. Flowers. March, April, before the leaves. Monoecious. The staminate aments are slender, cylindrical ; formed in the pre- vious autumn, and hang stiff, in terminal clusters of three, four or five together on short leafless branches or peduncles. When mature they become drooping tassels loaded with pollen. They consist of a central axis, which bears brown or purple, heart- shaped or rhomboidal scales on short stalks. Beneath each scale are three smaller ones, each containing a three to five-lobed calyx-cup, with three to five stamens from whose anthers issues a cloud of pollen. The pistillate aments are also formed during the previous autumn ; are one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch long, clustered usually in threes ; when mature they become deep purple bristling with scarlet styles. The pistillate aments look forward and downward. Fruit. Strobile of woody scales grown together, composed of the pistillate ament enlarged and hardened. Its scales have be- come woody, and each protects a wingless seed-vessel which is one-celled and one-seeded. October. The two Alders, Alnus incana and A Inns rugosa, are very much alike in habit; they enter upon the heritage of the spring-time like two Dromios, not one before the other. The change that the first warm clays in early spring produce in the Alder bushes is very grati- fying to one who is listening for the call of the robin and the song of the bluebird. It gives an added ap- preciation of the power of sunshine. Through all the black days of winter, assailed by ice and snow and cutting winds, the stiff, ungainly catkins have held their place untouched and unchanged ; but when " The hounds of spring are on winter's traces," and the March sun has warmed the earth a little, the dark, stiff cylinders begin to soften and lengthen, gradually they lose the purple and take on the yellow, the color of many stamens and much pollen. The su- 466 MOUNTAIN ALDER Mountain Alder, Alnus ahiobetula. LMVM a 7 to 5' long. BIRCH FAMILY preme moment is brief; for a da} 7 or two they are the perfection of grace and beaut} 7 , then the axis weakens and becomes lax ; they cast their pollen to the winds and pass away. GREEN OR MOUNTAIN ALDER Alnus alnobetula. Alnus viridis. A shrub of northern habitat, ranging from New- foundland to Alaska, southward to Michigan and New York, and down to the Carolinas along the Alleghany mountains. It attains a height of six feet; the young foliage is glutinous and more or less pubescent. The leaves are broadly oval or ovate, two to five inches long, minutely incised-serrulate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, acute or obtuse at apex. When mature dark green and glabrous above, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath. The next year's buds are found well grown in the axils of the leaves in July, are three-eighths of an inch long, reddish, slender, pointed, quite a marked summer character of the bush. For an alder it is a late bloomer, the catkins expand- ing with the leaves. The staminate are very large and handsome and quite abundant. Like all our alders the sterile catkins are exposed during the winter; but the small fertile ones are protected within large brown buds, thus differing from the two better known species, which have all the catkins exposed during the winter. The fruiting cones are one-half to five-eighths of an inch long ; the nut is winged. The bush gives the im- pression of lush, strong growth ; possibly it is no greener than its neighbors. 468 SALICACE.E WILLOW FAMILY THE WILLOW " The role that the willow plays in the north temperate zone is to a certain extent analogous to that of the Eucalyptus in sub- tropical regions in that it flourishes in wet ground and absorls and transpires immense quantities of water. But while most of the species occur spontaneously in wet ground or along the banks of streams, the willow may be cultivated in various locations." " Cyclopedia of American Horticulture." Salix is a genus of dioecious trees and shrubs, char- acterized by simple leaves, much longer than broad ; buds with a single bud scale ; flowers in lax scaly cat- kins ; each flower subtended by a single entire scale and nearly or quite destitute of a perianth. The stn ru- inate flowers have one, two, or three to six stamens ; the pistillate flowers consist of a single pistil, composed of two carpels and two more or less divided stigmas. At maturity the pistil opens, setting free the small seeds which are furnished with long silky down. The willow hybridizes naturally, and it is this which makes the determination of the different species so difficult. The most that an amateur can hope to do is to know the marked types. Yet we at least can know 469 WILLOW FAMILY Pussy Willow, Salix discolor* Catkins on the stem at the left are pistillate ; those on the stems at the right are staminate. BALSAM WILLOW Balsam Willow, Salix balsami/era. Leaves a' to 4' long. the shrubs that follow the watercourses, that shine and gleam in the winter sunshine ; telling by their brilliancy in February that spring is coming. One species, the Pussy Willow, meets the goddess half way, with its furry catkins creeping out from under their protecting scales. In order really to know a willow, it should be seen leafless, when bursting into bloom, in full leaf, and in fruit ; and as each species is dioecious, both pistillate and staminate forms should be studied. This can be done satisfactorily only in plantations definitely ar- ranged for the purpose. BALSAM WILLOW SdZix balsamifera. An irregularly branching shrub four to ten feet high, often growing in clumps; found in open swamps and low lands. Ranges across the continent from Labrador to Manitoba, south- ward to Maine and Minnesota; has been found in the White Mountains. Stems. Bark of old stems smooth, dull gray, branches olive ; recent twigs reddish brown, shining. Leaves. Alternate, simple, very reticulate-veined, two to four inches long, elliptic, ovate or obovate, rounded or heart-shaped at base, glandular-serrate, acute or obtuse at apex. When full grown are dark green, glabrous above, pale green or glaucous beneath. Petioles long and slender. Stipules minute or none. Flowers. May. Catkins borne on slender leafy peduncles, expanding with the leaves. The staminate densely-flowered, silky, cylindric, about an inch long ; scales rosy, anthers at first reddish, becoming deep yellow. The pistillate catkin in fruit, be- comes very lax, two to three inches long. Fruiting capsule very narrow, acute, not quite a quarter of an inch long. 472 BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW Broad-leaved Willow, Salix glaiicopbvlla. Leaves j' to 4' long. WILLOW FAMILY "With the fertile capsules opening and coalescing into huge soft balls of whitest wool almost hiding the beautiful red and maroon leaves of the grow- ing tips, it (Salix balsamifera) is certainly the handsomest willow I ever saw. TORREY BOTANIC CLUB. The Balsam Willow assumes its finest form in open swampy grounds, where it is exposed to the sun on all sides ; under these conditions it forms large broad clumps. When in flower, it is one of the most beauti- ful of willows. BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW S&lix glaucopiiylla. Two to six feet high, found on the sandy shores of the Great Lakes. Ranges from Illinois and Michigan to Wisconsin ; occa- sionally found somewhat back from the shore. Stems. Light gray ; shoots and twigs smooth and yellowish. Leaves. Alternate, simple, three to four inches long, nearly two inches wide, ovate, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded or acute at base, serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, short acuminate at apex ; when full grown dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath. Petioles stout, a quarter to half an inch long. Stip- ules large, persistent, auriculate, dentate. Flowers. April. Catkins expanding before the leaves ; very silky, leafy-bracted at base. Staminate about two inches long ; pistillate often three inches long in fruit. Bracts densely white, downy, persistent. Fruiting capsules long-beaked from an ovoid base, acute, about a quarter of an inch long. Salix glaucopJiylla lives by choice on the sand ridges and dunes of the Great Lakes, and is especially abun- dant on the shore of Lake Michigan. Every plant that lives among shifting sands develops its own means of self-protection; and this is usually either a peculiarly fibrous root or an extremely vital stem. This willow depends largely upon its stem, which takes root 474 HEART-LEAVED WILLOW Heart-leaved Willow, Salix cor data. WILLOW FAMILY readily at the nodes and quickly sends shoots into the air while the roots take hold of the sand. In this way extensive clumps are formed which crown the low hills. HEART-LEAVED WILLOW. DIAMOND WILLOW Salix cor data. Five to twelve feet high, growing in clumps in wet soil and along the watercourses. Range from New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Virginia, Missouri and California. Hybri- dizes freely. Stems. Brown or on older stems ashy gray or yellowish brown. Branches greenish brown, or bright green or bronze yellow, smooth ; recent shoots yellowish, or pale green, or downy white. Leaves. Alternate, simple, oblong, lanceolate, narrowed, ob- tuse or heart-shaped at base, sharply serrulate with glandular teeth, acuminate at apex. They come out of the bud condupli- cate, downy ; when full grown, green on both sides or paler be- neath. Petioles half to three-fourths of an inch long. Stipules oblique, serrulate, usually large and persistent. Flowers. April, May. Catkins expanding before the leaves. Staminate about three-fourths of an inch long, about three sta- mens to a flower ; the pistillate one to two inches long in fruit. Fruiting capsule narrowly-ovoid, acute. This shrub of the watercourses grows in character- istic clumps which are formed by the development of sprouts from the original plant. In the larger clumps the first or oldest stem is usually dead or dying ; its vitality sapped by the gradual formation of the stems about it. These stems are smooth and flexible, but tough as well, and are sometimes used in basket work. The name Diamond Willow, which seems to be local to the west, is due to the peculiar way in which the bark cracks on the older stems. 476 FURRY WILLOW The plant loves water and prefers locations that are frequently submerged. The roots form large tangled masses on the sides of streams, and are much larger than the stems proceeding from them. FURRY WILLOW Sdlix adenophylla. Straggling shrub, three to seven feet high, found in the sand of lake shores and river banks. Ranges from Labrador to On- tario, southward to Pennsylvania and Illinois. Hybridizes with Salix cordata. Leaves. Alternate, simple, one to two inches long, ovate, heart-shaped or rounded at base, finely serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, acute, or short acuminate, or the lower obtuse at apex. When young densely silky tomentose, the silky hairs falling away from the leaves when old. Petioles stout, short, dilated at the base, densely silky. Stipules ovate-cordate, obtuse serrulate, per- sistent, densely silky. Flowers. April, May. Catkins expanding with the leaves, leafy-bracted at base, densely flowered. Staminate less than an inch long ; pistillate about two inches long in fruit. Fruiting capsule small, ovoid-conic, acute. The Furry Willow like the Broad-leaved Willow loves the sands. Its common name is not misapplied, for the growing shoot is densely covered twigs, petioles, stipules, and opening leaves with a furry white coat of woolly hairs which give a grayish green aspect to the bush. In order to hold its own in adverse conditions, its stems are endowed with an intense vitality, and where the sand drifts over and buries one, it there takes root and sends up other stems and so forms clumps which in time cover the barren waste. The economic value of those plants of the shore that 477 WILLOW FAMILY bind down the moving sand is very great ; for the pro- tection of valuable property from the encroachment of shifting dunes is becoming an important problem in many parts of our country. The regions most affected are the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the lake district of Michigan, and the Columbia river district of Washing- ton and Oregon. Very successful work in holding the sand by grass and shrub planting has already been done by the State of Massachusetts on a portion of Cape Cod known as the Province Lands. BOG WILLOW Sdlix my r filicides. Erect, slender, glabrous, twigs pale brown, attains the height of one to three feet, found in bogs. Ranges from New Bruns- wick and Quebec to British Columbia, south to New Jersey and Iowa; also in northern Europe. Leaves. Alternate, simple, an inch to an inch and a halt long, oblong, elliptic or somewhat obovate, mostly narrowed at the base, entire, slightly revoltite, obtuse or acute at the apex, when full grown bright green above, pale or glaucous beneath. Petioles short. Flowers. April, May. Catkins expanding with the leaves, leafy-bracted at the base, rather dense. The staminate rather less than an inch long ; the pistillate rather more. Fruiting capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glabrous, about one-fourth of an inch long. PRAIRIE WILLOW Salix hiimilis. Upland grayish willow, three to eight feet high, varying much in size and shape of leaves ;' found on dry soil. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to North Carolina and Tennessee,- and west to Nebraska. Hybridizes with Salix discolor. 478 BOG WILLOW Bog Willow, Salix myrtilloides. Leaves i' to I W long. WILLOW FAMILY Prairie Willow, Salix humilts. Leaves 2' to 4' long. DWARF GRAY WILLOW Dwarf Gray Willow, Salix tristis. Leaves Y 4 ' to a' long. WILLOW FAMILY Leaves. Alternate, simple, two to four inches long, lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, the lowest obovate, acute at both ends, or obtuse at the apex, sparingly denticulate, and slightly revo- lute. When full grown dark green, dull, puberulent or gla- brous above, glaucous and somewhat downy beneath. Petioles short. Stipules obliquely lanceolate or ovate. flowers. April, May. Catkins unfolding much before the leaves, sessile, short, dense, recurved. Fruiting capsule nar- rowly conic. SAGE WILLOW. DWARF GRAY WILLOW Sdlix trlstis. A shrub with slender tufted stems, one to two feet high, found in dry soils. Ranges from Maine to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Tennessee. Leaves. Simple, alternate, three-fourths to two inches long, three-eighths to half an inch wide, oblanceolate or linear-oblong, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, obscurely undulate and revo- lute, acute or obtuse at apex. When full grown thick, very reticulate, yellow-green above, densely woolly, pubescent be- neath. Petioles short. Stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers. March, April. Catkins expanding with the leaves, small, globular or oval, sessile, densely flowered ; bracts persist- ent. Fruiting capsule about a quarter of an inch long. The Dwarf Gray Willow obtains its common name from the grayish or olive green effect which the white pubescence of the under surface of the leaves gives to the bush. The slender stems are erect and the leaves stand up well so that much of the under surface is seen. This willow is rather common and is to be looked for on sandy plains and on the borders of hill- side thickets. 482 HOARY WILLOW Hoary Willow, Salix Candida. Lravrs i' to 4' long. WILLOW FAMILY HOARY WILLOW Salix Candida. A dwarf whitish shrub, two to five feet high, the older twigs red or purple, the younger densely white-tomentose ; found in bogs. Ranges from Labrador to the Northwest Territories, southward to New Jersey, Iowa and Montana. Leaves. Alternate, simple, very reticulate-veined, two to four inches long, narrow-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or sometimes obtuse at apex, margin obscurely repand- denticulate or entire, slightly revolute ; midvein white above, very prominent beneath. When young densely covered above and beneath with white tomentum ; when full grown are thick, green, loosely tomentose or glabrate above, densely tomentose beneath. Petioles short. Stipules ovate, very revolute, semi- persistent, green above, white tomentose beneath, about equalling the petioles in length. flowers. May. Catkins expanding before the leaves, densely- flowered, cylindric; the staminate about an inch long; the pis- tillate one to two inches long in fruit; bracts hairy, persistent. Fruiting capsule ovoid-conic, acute, one-fourth of an inch long. On its native bogs the Hoary Willow appears as a sprawling, straggling' bush, and in the garden where it readily makes itself at home it never becomes attrac- tive in habit ; yet it is always conspicuous, for its leaves as well as the young shoots are densely covered with a white weblike wool, which marks it among its com- panions. The blossoms are extremely beautiful, as what color they have is emphasized by the white down about them. The staminate catkins are at first tipped by red anthers which give a rosy color to the whole ; later as the pollen escapes they become bright yellow. The pistillate catkins are hoary at first, later the pistils are tipped by dark red stigmas. Its flowers and its foliage entitle it to a place in any garden. 484 SILKY WILLOW Silky Willow, Salix sericea. Leaves 2' to 4' long. WILLOW FAMILY SILKY WILLOW Salix sericea. A tall willow with slender, purplish, slightly downy twigs, found in swamps and along streams. Ranges from Maine to Michigan and southward to Virginia. Leaves. Alternate, simple, two to four inches long, oblong or lanceolate, narrowed or obtuse at base, serrate with glandular teeth, acuminate at apex. The young leaves are densely silky- pubescent, when full grown they become glabrous, dark green above, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath. Petioles short, sometimes glandular. Stipules narrow, deciduous. Flowers. May. Catkins expanding before the leaves, sessile, usually with a few leafy bracts at the base, densely flowered. The staminate about an inch long; the pistillate in fruit nearly two inches. Fruiting capsule small, ovoid-oblong, obtuse, pu- bescent. Salix petio /art's, the Slender Willow, is very similar in general appearance to Salix sericea, only it is of a more delicate type. Its home is the swamps, its range more northern and western. The flowers appear in May. 486 SLENDER WILLOW Slender Willow, Salix petiolaris. Leaves if to 4' long. EMPETRACE.E CROWBERRY FAMILY BLACK CROWBERRY. HEATHBERRY Empetrum nlgrutn. Empetrum, upon a rock ; an ancient Greek name, refer- ring to the growth of these plants in rocky places. A low, evergreen, much branched shrub, forming dense masses in rocky places ; branches closely beset with oblong-linear leaves. Found on the high mountains of New England and New York, on the northern shore of Lake Superior, on the banks of the Saguenay, along the international boundary to British Columbia and in Alaska. Bark reddish brown; that of branches rough- ened with the remains of petioles. Leaves. Simple, thickly scattered or whorled, three-eighths to one-fourth of an inch long, oblong-linear, entire, edges so revolute that they meet at the back ; bright green. The leaves are jointed to short pulvini, channelled on the lower side by the revolute margins. flowers. Summer; dioecious, inconspicuous, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, purplish. Sepals and petals mostly three. Staminate flowers with three stamens, the anthers in- trorse. Pistillate flowers with a globose, six to nine-celled ovary and a short thick style with six to nine-toothed segments. Fruit. Berry-like drupe, globular, black, seated in the calyx and crowned with remnants of the stigma. Flesh juicy, slightly acid, not unpleasant, containing six to nine seed-like nutlets. Eaten by birds. The Black Crowberry is a subarctic plant, found in America, Europe, and Asia, which seeks the cold thin 488 BLACK CROWBERRY Black Crowberry, Empetrum nt grunt. Leaves %' to J{' long. CROWBERRY FAMILY air of mountain tops and is not very particular as to wet or dry if only its home is cool enough. It lifts its branches three to four inches. It curves the edges of its tiny leaves backward until they meet, in order to lessen evaporation. Although it lives amid moisture, it must economize its store because so much of the time the temperature is below freezing, when no leafy plant can work. Linnaeus records that it lives on the mountains of Lapland, where other plants perish with the cold. Just over the mountains from Sitka it is found in great abundance ; also in Scotland it abounds, and is there the badge of the clan McLean. Cattle do not browse upon its foliage. The berries are rather pleasant to the taste ; are eaten by man and eagerly sought by the arctic birds. The plant will grow in northern gardens, but requires a moist, boggy soil and a shaded situation. The seeds are slow to germinate, and the seedlings are slow in growth. ,v Among its many local names are Crakeberry, Crow- pea, Black-berried Heath, Wire Ling, and the Cana- dians call the berries Camerines. In a certain way an arctic plant appeals to the imag- ination more than other plants. It has by variation and natural selection, through ages unmeasured and immeasurable, adapted itself to the harshest climate that this earth produces; and looking out toward the limit of everlasting snow, it apparently calls life good and the earth enjoyable. Most of the distinctively arctic plants encircle the globe with little or no varia- tion in form. There seems to be no distinct Asia, Europe, or America, along those higher latitudes; all are alike in their pitiless cold. 490 CONRAD'S BROOM CROWBERRY Conrad's Broom Crowberry, Corema conradii. Leaves ?J to ^' long. CROWBERRY FAMILY CONRAD'S BROOM CROWBERRY Cotema conrddii. Corema, broom, in allusion to the bushy habit. Low, evergreen, much branched, densely leafy ; growing in large patches on rocky or sandy soil. Ranges from Newfound- land to New Jersey, near the coast ; has been reported on the Shawangunk mountains in Ulster County, New York. Leaves. Crowded, narrowly-linear, three-sixteenths to one- fourth of an inch long. Thickened, obtuse, bright green, puberu- lent when young, glabrous when mature. Leaves are jointed to short pulvini, and channelled on the lower side by the meeting of the revolule margins. flowers. April, May. Dioecious, small, borne in terminal heads. Corolla none. Staminate flowers with three or four long exserted purple stamens with brown anthers, occasionally with a rudimentary or a perfect pistil. The pistillate flowers have a two to five-celled ovary, a slender two to five-cleft style, and are almost concealed by the upper leaves. Fruit. A very small, globose drupe, nearly dry, usually with three nutlets. This is one of the rarest of North American shrubs ; as a matter of fact it does not look very much like a shrub, but wanders over the ground as if it were a Christmas-green ; and in the regions where it abides will often densely cover vast sandy stretches. The leaf is apparently linear, but what has really happened is that each half of the leaf has turned itself backward until the opposite edges have met, and the channel at the back shows the line of union. The well known Labrador Tea turns the edges of its leaves backward, but they do not meet ; in the Crowberries the edges meet. 4Q2 TAXACE.E YEW FAMILY AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK Jdxus canadtnsis. Taxus, said to be derived from taxon, the Greek word for bow ; on account of the use made of the wood of the European species. Low, straggling, evergreen bush, one to four feet high, with wide-spreading branches, common in northern woods, often covering large areas of low, moist, shaded land. Ranges from Newfoundland to Lake Winnipeg and southward to Virginia and Iowa. Leaves. Evergreen, alternate, linear, sharp-pointed ; dis- posed in asubspiral and appearing two-ranked by the twisting of the short compressed petioles. Dark green above, somewhat paler beneath. Flowers. Dioecious or monoecious, solitary, axillary. Stami- nate-flowers have four to eight stamens collected into a globular head. Pistillate flower consists of an erect ovule on a ring-like disk, which enlarges as the fruit matures and becomes a bright red fleshy cup, and nearly encloses the ripe seed. Fruit. Nut-like seed ; nearly enclosed in a red, pulpy, berry- like cup. In various parts of the western counties of Massachusetts occurs a hum- ble, almost prostrate evergreen, conspicuous for the rich and deep green of its foliage. It is the American Yew. GEORGE H. EMERSON. The Yew at first sight looks like a seedling hemlock that perhaps has not fared quite well, and is inclined to 493 YEW FAMILY American Yew, Taxits canadensis. EUROPEAN YEW straggle and sprawl. Closer observation, however, shows a larger, stronger leaf of darker green, with its under surface a decided yellow green where the hem- lock is glaucous or a pale blue green. Then, too, the Yew leaves break ranks much oftener than those of the hemlock. In midsummer one may find, scattered and solitary, sometimes at the end of a branch and sometimes at the side, a beautiful translucent red berry, the size of a currant or a trifle larger. When one examines this red berry it is found to have a cylindrical opening down to its very heart, an opening an eighth of an inch across: and at its heart, surrounded by all this red pulpy protection, is a dark brown bony seed. In taste this berry is sweetish and rather insipid. This little bush can be made very useful in covering moist ground which is well shaded. To plant it in sunny locations is a mistake, it languishes if it does not die. EUROPEAN YEW Tdxus baccata. The Yew-tree of the poet and the historian is Taxus baccata, a plant of wide distribution, found throughout Europe, save in the extreme north, and also native to western Asia. It is not native in America, nor has the type ever really flourished here, though hybrids are abundant and fairly hardy. A few well grown Yew- trees are reported in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore where they were planted fully one hundred years ago ; but the climate of New England is too severe for them, and they will grow there only if well 495 YEW FAMILY European Yew, Taxus baccata. EUROPEAN YEW protected; which being translated means that they will not grow satisfactorily at all. In England the tree usually attains the height of thirty to forty feet with low spreading branches. The English custom of planting Yews in church- yards has never been satisfactorily explained, nor is it understood why the trees should be so closely con- nected with superstitions relating to ghosts and fairies. Possibly both may be of druidical origin. The fact that the leaves are poisonous may account for some of it ; certainly the belief that the tree was noxious was very widespread. Shakespeare did not omit the Yew in his pictures of English life, for the Clown in " Twelfth Night " lament- ing the indifference of his lady-love sings, My shroud of white, stuck all with yew, O, prepare it ! and in " Macbeth " among the contents of the witches' caldron are, * * * slips of yew Slivered in the moon's eclipse. In " Richard II." Scroop says to the fallen king, Thy very beadsmen learn to bend their bows Of double-fatal yew against thy state. Two garden forms of Taxus baccata are extensively planted under the names of Irish Yew, Taxus baccata fastigiata, and Japanese Yew, Taxus baccata adpressa. Other forms appear, but these two are the most dis- tinct and the most interesting. The Irish Yew is distinguished by its erect branches, which produce a narrow, compact, cylindrical form, 497 YEW FAMILY sometimes broadened at the apex in old age. The leaves are not two-ranked, but are spirally arranged, of large size and very dark green. The fruit is oblong, not spherical. All the individuals of this variety are pistillate. The original plant was found during the last century on the mountains of County Fermanagh, Ireland, and planted in the garden at Florence Court, a seat of the Earl of Enniskillen. It is a very beauti- ful plant, particularly in autumn, when the dark green branches are studded with scarlet berries. The Japanese Yew was long believed to be of eastern origin, but is now generally supposed to be a seedling of Taxus baccata. It is, however, fair to say that all horticulturists do not assent to this opinion. It is characterized by its numerous spreading branches and its very short, broad leaves. It, too, is pistillate and is rather hardier than other allied forms. Varieties with yellow and with variegated leaves have also been developed. 498 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS ACHENE. A dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit with the pericarp fitting close- ly around the seed. ACUMINATE. Gradually tapering to the apex. ACUTE. Sharp pointed. ADNATE. An organ adhering to a contiguous differing one. ADVE.VTIVE. Not indigenous, but apparently becoming naturalized. ALTERNATE. Applied to that form of leaf arrangement in which only one leaf occurs at a node. AMEXT. A spike of imperfect flowers subtended by scarious bracts, as in willows. Used interchangeably with catkin. AXTHER. The part of the stamen which contains the pollen. APETAI.OUS. Without a corolla. APPRESSED. Lying close and flat against. ARBORESCENT. Tree-like in size and habit of growth. ARIL. A fleshy organ growing at the point of attachment of a seed to the pericarp. ASCENDING, Growing obliquely upward, or upcurved. AWL-SHAPED. Narrow upward from the base to a slender or rigid point. A\vx. A slender bristle-like organ. AXIL. The point on the stem immediately above the base of the leaf. Axis. The central line of any organ or support of a group of organs ; a stem. Axu.LARY.^Borne at, or pertaining to, an axil. BACCATE. Berry-like; pulpy. BEAKED. Ending in a prolonged tip. BERRY. A fruit whose pericarp is wholly pulpy. BIENNIAL. Of two years' duration. BIPINNATE. Twice pinnate. BLADE. The flat expanded part of a leaf. BRACT. A leaf, usually small, subtending a flower or flower-cluster. BKACTEATE. Having bracts. 499 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS BRACTLET. A secondary bract, borne on a pedicel, or immediately be- neath a flower ; sometimes applied to minute bracts. BUD. The rudimentary state of a stem or branch ; an unexpanded flower. BUSH. A low and much branched shrub. Used interchangeably with shrub. OESPITOSE. Growing in tufts. CALYX. The outer whorl of floral envelopes. CAMPANULATE. Bell-shaped. CANESCENT. With gray, or hoary, fine pubescence. CAPITATE. Shaped like a head. CAPSULE. A dry fruit of two carpels or more, usually opening by valves or teeth. CARPEL. A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil. CATKIN. An ament. CELL. A cavity of an anther or ovary. CILIATE. Provided with marginal hairs. CLEFT. Cut about halfway to the midvein. COHERE. The union of one organ with another. COMPOUND. Composed of two or more similar parts united into a whole. CONDUPLICATE. Folded lengthwise. COMPOUND-LEAF. One divided into separate leaflets. CONNATE. Similar organs more or less united. CONNECTIVE. The end of the filament between the anther-sacs. CONVOLUTE. Rolled around or rolled up longitudinally. CORDATE. Heart-shaped. CORIACEOUS. Leathery in texture. COROLLA. The inner whorl of floral envelopes. CORYMB. A convex or flat-topped flower-cluster, of the racemose type ; the outer flowers unfold first. CORYMBOSE. Corymb-like. CRENATE. Scalloped ; with rounded teeth. CRENULATE. Diminutive of crenate. CROSS-FERTILIZATION. When the stigma of one flower receives the pollen of a different flower. CUNEATE. Wedge-shaped. CUSPIDATE. Sharp pointed. CYME. A convex or flat flower cluster in which the central flowers unfold first. CYMOSE. Cyme-like ; arranged in cymes. DECIDUOUS. Falling away at the close of the growing period. DECUMBENT. Stems or branches in an inclined position, but the end as. cending. 500 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS DECURRENT. Applied to the prolongation of an organ, or part of an organ running along the sides of another. DEHISCENT. Opening to emit the contents. DELTOID. Broadly triangular, like the Greek letter delta. DENTATE. Toothed, especially with outwardly projecting teeth. DENTICULATE. Diminuti\-e of dentate. DETERMINATE. Limited or defined. DIFFUSE. Loosely spreading. DIOECIOUS. Bearing staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate ones on another of the same species. DISK. An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle of a flower around the base of the pistil. DISTINCT. Separate from each other. DRUPE. A simple fruit, usually indehiscent, with fleshy exocarp and bony endocarp. DRUPELET. Diminutive of drupe. ECH I NATE. Prickly. ELLIPTIC. With the outline of an ellipse ; oval. E.MARGINATE. Notched at the apex. ENUOCARP. The inner layer of the pericarp. ENTIRE. Without divisions, lobes or teeth. L T sed largely with regard to margins of leaves, petals and sepals. EPIGYNOUS. Adnate to or borne on the upper part of the ovary. EROSE. Irregularly margined, as if gnawed. EVERGREEN. Bearing green leaves throughout the year. EXFOLIATING. Peeling off in layers. EXOCARP. The outer layer of the pericarp. EXSERTED. Prolonged past surrounding organs. EXSTRORSE. Facing outward. FALCATE. Scythe-shaped. FERTILE. Capable of producing fruit. FERTILIZATION. The union which takes place when the contents of the pollen cell enters the ovule. FILAMENT. The stalk of an anther, the two forming a stamen ; any thread- like body. FOLLICLE. A fruit consisting of a simple carpel opening by the ventral suture. FRUIT. The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound, or aggre- gated, of whatever form. FUGACIOUS. Falling soon after development. FUGITIVE. Plants not native, but occurring here and there without direct evidence of being established. 501 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS GAMOPETALOUS. With petals more or less united. GAMOSEPALOUS. With sepals more or less united. GENUS, //. GENERA. When several species resemble each other so distinctly that their general characters indicate relationship, the group is called a genus. GIBBOUS. Enlarged or swollen on one side. Gi-ABRATE. Nearly, or without hairs. GLABROUS. Devoid of hairs. GLAND. A secreting cell or group of cells; any protuberance or append- age having the appearance of such an organ. GLANDULAR. Bearing glands or gland-like. GLAUCOUS. Covered with a bluish-white or white bloom; hoary. GLOBOSE. Globular, spherical or nearly so. HABIT. The general appearance of a plant. HABITAT. A plant's natural place of growth. HEART-SHAPED. As applied to leaves it means a sinus more or less deep where the petiole meets the blade. HEAD. A dense round cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers. HIRSUTE. With rather coarse stiff hairs. HISPID. With stiff bristly hairs. HISPIDULOUS. Diminutive of hispid. HOARY. Grayish-white with fine close pubescence. HYBRID. Across between two species. HYPOGYNOUS. Situated on the receptacle, beneath the ovary and free from it and from the calyx. IMBRICATE. Overlapping. INCISED. Cut into sharp lobes. INCLUDED. Not projecting beyond surrour.cii j parts. INDEFINITE. In regard to stamens ; inconstant in number or very numer- ous. INDIGENOUS. Native and original to the country. INDEHISCENT. Not opening to emit the contents. INFERIOR. Lower or below. Inferior ovary, one that is adnate to the calyx. INFLATED. Bladdery. INFLORESCENCE. The flowering part of a plant, and especially its mode of arrangement. INFRA. In composition, below; infrastipular, below the stipules. INSERTED. Attached to or growing out of . INTER OR INTRA. In composition, between. INTERNODE. Portion of stem or branch between two successive nodes. INTRORSE. Facing inward ; applied to stamens that face toward the pistil. 502 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS INVOLUCRE. A whorl of bracts, subtending a flower or flower cluster. INVOLUTE. Rolled inward. IRREGULAR (FLOWER). Showing inequality in the size, form or union of its similar parts. KEEL. A central dorsal ridge ; the two anterior united petals of a papilio- naceous flower. LANCEOLATE. Considerably longer than broad, tapering upward from the middle or below. LEAFLET. One of the divisions of a compound leaf. LEGUME. A simple dry fruit, dehiscent along both sutures; is the charac- teristic fruit of the Pea Family. LIMB. The expanded part of a petal, sepal or gamopetalous corolla. LINEAR. Elongated, narrow with sides nearly parallel. LIP. Each of the upper and lower divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx. LOBE. Any segment of an organ. LOBED. Divided into lobes. MESOCARP. The middle layer of a pericarp. MIDVEIN. The central vein or rib of a leaf or other organ. MONADELPHOUS. Applied to stamens united by their filaments into a tube or column. MONCECIOUS. With stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant. MUCRONAI E. With a short, sharp, abrupt tip. NAKED. Lacking organs or parts which are normally present in related species. NATURALIZED. Plants not indigenous to the region, but so firmly estab- lished as to have become part of the flora. NODE. The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or a whorl of leaves. NUT. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a hard or bony pericarp. NUTLET. Diminutive of nut. OBCOMC. Inversely cone-shaped. OBCORDATE. Inversely heart-shaped. OBLANCEOLATE. Inversely lanceolate. OBLONG. Considerably longer than broad and with nearly parallel sides. OBOVATE. Inversely ovate. OBTUSE. Blunt or rounded at the end. ORBICULAR. Approximately circular. OVAL. Broadly elliptical. OVARY. The ovule-bearing part of the pistil. OVATE. In outline like a longitudinal section of a hen's egg. OVULE. The rudimentary seed. 503 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS PALMATE. Diverging radiately like the fingers. PANICLE.- A compound flower-cluster of the racemose type. PANICULATE. Borne in or resembling a panicle. PAPILIONACEOUS. Term applied to the irregular flowers of the Pea Family. PAPPUS. Down, as that on the seeds of some plants. PARASITIC. Growing upon other plants and absorbing their juices. PEDICEL. The stem of a flower in a flower cluster. PEDUNCLE. Stem of a flower, or of a flower cluster. PERFECT. Flowers with both stamens and pistils. PERIANTH. The floral envelopes, sepals and petals, considered collec- tively. PERICARP. The walls of the ripened ovary, the part of the fruit that en- closes the seeds. PERIGYNOUS. Borne on the perianth, around the ovary. PERSISTENT. Organs remaining attached to those bearing them, after the growing period. PETAL. One of the leaves of the corolla. PETALOID. Similar to petals. PETIOLE. The stem of the leaf. PINNA, pi. PINN/E. A primary division of a pinnately compound leaf. PINNATE. Leaves divided into leaflets or segments on each side of a com- mon axis. PISTIL. The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, stigma, and style when present. PISTILLATE. With pistils, usually in the sense of without stamens. PLICATE. Folded into plaits like a fan. POD. Any dry and dehiscent fruit. POLLEN. The fertilizing grains contained in the anther. POLYGAMOUS. Applied to plants which produce staminate, pistillate and perfect flowers all on the same plant. POME. The fleshy fruit of the Apple Family. PRICKLE. A slender sharp outgrowth from the bark of a plant PROCUMBENT. Trailing or lying on the ground. PUBESCENT. Downy, covered with soft hairs. PUNCTATE. With translucent dots or pits. PYRIFORM. Pear-shaped. RACEME. A simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers upon a common, more or less elongated axis. RACEMOSE. Resembling a raceme. RACHIS. The axis of a compound leaf or of a spike or raceme. RADIANT. With the marginal flowers enlarged. RECEPTACLE. The end of the flower stalk bearing the floral organs. 504 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS REFLEXED. Bent backward abruptly. REGULAR. Uniform in shape or structure. REPAXD. With slightly uneven and somewhat sinuate margin. RETICULATE. In the form of a network. RETRORSE. Facing outward; applied to stamens that face away from the pistil. RE VOLUTE. Rolled backwards. ROOT. The underground part of a plant which supplies it with nourish. ment. ROSTRATE. Having a beak. ROTATE. With a flat, circular, corolla limb. SALVER-SHAPED. Having a slender tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb or border. SAMARA. An tndehiscent winged fruit. SEED. The ripened ovule. SECUND. Borne along one side of an axis. SEGMENT. A division of a leaf or fruit. SEPAL. One of the leaves of a calyx. SERRATE. With teeth projecting forward. SERRULATE. Diminutive of serrate. SESSILE. Without a stalk. SILKY. Covered with close-pressed, soft and straight pubescence. SIMPLE. As applied to leaves; in one piece, undivided. SINUATE. With wavy margins. SINUS. The cleft between two lobes. SMOOTH. Without irregularities ; destitute of hairs. SPORT. A sudden variation from the normal type of structure. SPECIES. A group of individuals which possess in common such a number of constant characters ihat they may be considered to be descended from a common ancestral form. SPIKE. An elongated flower cluster. SPINE. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem. SPRAY. The ultimate division of a branch. STAMEN. The organ of the flower that bears the pollen. STANDARD. The upper dilated petal of a papilionaceous corolla. STELI.ATE. Star-like. STERILE. Unproductive ; as a flower without pistil or stamen without an- ther. STIGMA. The summit or side of the pistil to which the pollen grains become attached. STIPULATE. With stipules. STIPULE. Appendages at the base of a petiole, often adnate to it. 505 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS STOLON. A runner ; or any basal branch that is disposed to root. STOMATA, pi. The transpiring orifices in the epidermis of plants. STRIATE. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges. STROBILE. A compact flower cluster with large scales, concealing the flowers. When this cluster matures and contains seeds, it is still called a strobile. STYLE. The attenuated portion of the pistil connecting the stigma and the ovary. SUTURE. A line of splitting or opening. TERETE. Circular in cross section. THROAT. The part between the proper tube and the limb of a gamopetal- ous corolla. THYRSE, OR THYRSUS. A compact panicle. TOMENTOSE. Covered with tomentum. TOMENTUM. Dense, matted wool-like hairs. TRUNCATE. Ending abruptly as if cut off. UMBEL. A flower cluster, flat or convex, with all the pedicels arising from the same point. UMBELLATE. Borne in umbels ; resembling an umbel. UNDULATE. With wavy margins. VALVATE. Meeting by the margins ; not overlapping. VEIN. One of the branches of the woody portion of leaves or other organs. VEINLET. A branch of a vein. VENATION. Arrangement of veins. VERNATION. The arrangement of leaves in the bud. VERSATILE. Applied to an anther attached at or near its middle to the fila- ment. VILLOUS. Covered with long, soft, shaggy hairs. WHORL. A group of three or more similar organs at a node. WING. Any thin expansion bordering or surrounding an organ. The lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla. WOOLLY. Clothed with long and matted hairs. 506 GLOSSARY OF LATIN SPECIFIC TERMS THE scientific name of a plant consists of two Latin words. The first names the genus and is a noun ; the second which indicates the species is an adjective. If there is a second adjective it indicates a variety. The names of the genera often emphasize a charac- ter belonging to the entire plant-group, are frequently ancient, sometimes fanciful, and now and then immor- talize a man's name. The specific terms are intended to point out some distinctive peculiarity of the plant. These are all in Latin form ; in the main they consist of correct or cor- rupted Latin adjectives, Greek derivatives, and Latin- ized proper names. The endings of course vary with the gender of the generic noun. If a surname is used to designate a species it is usually put into the geni- tive case. acerifolium maple-leaved. alternifolia alternate-leaved, "acuminate pointed. americanus-a-um American, adenophylla furry-leaved. amomum referring to the acrid adpressed pressed together. seeds of the plant. A name of alba white. an East Indian genus, allegheniensis growing in the Al- amygdalus almond. leghanies. angustifolia narrow-leaved, alnifolia-um alder-leaved. apiifolia celery-leaved, alnobetula alder-birch. aquifolium holly-leaved, alpina alpine. arborescens tree-like. 507 GLOSSARY OF LATIN SPECIFIC TERMS arbutifolia arbutus-leaved, argentea silvery, argutus sharp. arkansana belonging to Arkansas, aromatica aromatic, asperifolia rough-leaved, asplenifolia leaf like that of a fern, atropurpureus dark-purple. baccata berry-like, balsamifera bearing balsam, blanda smooth, charming, botriapium grape-pear, brachycera short-horned ; without wax. buxifolium box-leaved. caespitosum tufted, growing in mats. calendulacea yellow, calyculata having bracts around the calyx, imitating an outer calyx, canadensis Canadian. Candida white, hoary, candidissima most white, canina canine. canescens downy with white hairs, carolinensis Carolinian, cassinoides helmet-like, cathartica purging, cerifera producing wax. ciliate marginally fringed with hairs. circinata round-leaved, cneorum ancient generic name, coccinea scarlet, coerulea blue, colchica from Colchis, copallina producing gum-copal, concinna neat, conspicua observed, showy, cordata heart-shaped. coronanus wearing a crown, corymbosum corymbed. cuneata wedge-shaped, cynosbati dogberry. crux andreae St. Andrew's-cross. densiflorum densely-flowered. dentatum toothed. discolor two-colored. dumosa found in thickets, bushy. ericoides heath-like. fascicularis tufted, or in fascicles, fastigiata with branches erect an: parallel. fertilis fruitful, flavescens yellow, floridus-a-um flowering, floribunda with abundant flowers, frangula breaking, frondosus-a leafy, fruticosa bushy. gale myrtle bush, glabra without hairs, glandulosa glandular, glauca whitish, glaucophylla white-leaved. gracilis slender, grandiflorus-a-um great-flowered groenlandicum Greenland, grossularia rough. halimifolia halimus-leaved. hispidula with minute hairs, hispidus with rigid hairs, humilis low. hypericoides hypericum-like. hypnoides -narcotic. incana hoary, involucrata involucred. 508 GLOSSARY OF LATIN SPECIFIC TERMS j aponica Japanese. laciniata cut into pointed lobes, lacustre by the lake, laevigata smooth-leaved, lanceolata lance-shaped, lantana viburnum, lantanoides lantana-like. latifolia broad-leaved, ligustrina flexible, privet-leaved, longipes long- stemmed, lucida shining-leaved, lutea yellow. macrostachya great-spiked, mariana Maryland, maritima growing by the sea. maximum greatest, microcarpus-a small-fruited, mollis soft. mucronata bristle-pointed, myrtilloides myrtle-like. nana dwarf. nigrobaccus blackberry. nigrum-a black. nitida shining. nudum bare, naked. nudiflora flowers without leaves. occidentalis western, oblongifolia oblong-leaved, obovatus-a-um obovate. odoratus-a fragrant, oligocarpa short-carpeled. opulifolius opulus-leaved. opulus cranberry, oxyacanthoides short-spined. palustris growing in the marsh, paniculata bearing panicles, parvifolia small-leaved. paucifolium few-leaved. pennsylvanicum 1'ennsylvanian. pentagyna five-fruited. peregrina spreading, wandering. petiolaris petiolate. pilosa downy, with silky hairs. polifolia many-leaved. pontica by the sea. procumbens trailing. prolificum prolific. prostratum prostrate. prunifolium plum-leaved. pubens downy. pubescens downy, with soft, short hairs. pumilis-a Jow, dwarf, purpurea purple, pyracanthus fire-blossom. racemosus-a bearing racemes, radicans striking root, repens creeping, resinosa resinous, rosea rose-colored, rostrata beaked, rotundifolium-a round-leaved, rubiginosa rusty, rubrum red. rugosa wrinkled. salicifolia willow-leaved, sanguinea bloody, scabra rough to the touch, sericea silky. serpyllifolia wild-thyme-leaved, serrulata serrate or serrulate, setigera bristly, spicata pointed, spinosa spiny, stamineum long-stemmed, stans erect, standing firm, stellata star-like. ,OQ GLOSSARY OF LATIN SPECIFIC TERMS stolonifera producing stolons, strigosus rough, scraggly, meagre, suspensa drooping. taxifolius yew-leaved, tinctoria capable of coloring, tomentosa woolly, covered with to- mentum. toxicodendron poison-tree, trifoliata three-leaved, trifida three-cleft, trilobata three-lobed. tripetala three-petaled. tristis sad-colored, gray. uliginosum growing in,mud. umbellata bearing umbels, uva ursi bearberry. vacillans unstable, unsteady, venenata poisonous, vernix varnish, verticillata whorled. villosus downy, virginiana Virginian, virginica Virginian, viridis gEeen. viscosa clammy. vitis idaea ancient name of doubt- ful meaning, vulgaris-e common. wichuraiana given in honor of Wichuray, a Russian bota- nist. xylosteum bony wood, hard-wood. 510 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES JESCVLUS MACROSTACHVA, 7! ^Esculus parviflora, 71 AInus alnobetula, 468 Alnus incana, 460 Alnus rugosa, 464 Alnus serrulata, 464 Alnus viridis. 468 Amelanchier botriapium, 192 Amelanchier canadensis, 194 Amelanchier oligocarpa. 196 Amelanchier rotundifolia, 196 Amelanchier spicata, 196 Amorpha canescens, 98 Amorpha fruticosa, 95 Amorpha nana, 100 Anacardiaceae, 78 Andromeda calyculata, 390 Andromeda ligustrina. 388 Andromeda polifolia, 380 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 396 Aronia arbutifolia, 187 Aronia atropurpurea, 190 Aronia nigra. 190 Ascyrum crux-andreas, 28 Ascyrum hypericoides, 28 Ascyrum stans. 28 Azalea arborescens, 354 Azalea calendulacea, 352 Azalea canescens, 350 Azalea lutea, 352 Azalea mollis, 358 Azalea nudiflora, 346 Azalea pontica, 358 Azalea viscosa, 354 BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA, 3"' Benzoin benzoin, 415 Berberidacea;, 12 Berberis aquifolium, 16 Berberis canadensis, 14 Berberis concinna, 16 Berberus vulgaris. 12 Betula glandulosa, 458 Betula humilis, 456 Betula pumila, 456 Betulacea;, 449 Butneria fertilis, 206 Butneria florida, 203 Byranthus taxifolius, 374 CALLUNA VULOARIS, 400 Calycanthus floridus, 203 Calycanthaceae, 203 Caprifoliacere. 262 Cassandra calyculata, 390 Cassiope hypnoides, 375 Castanea pumila, 446 Ceanothus americanus, 68 Ceanothus ovatus, 70 CelastracciB. 58 Cephalanthus occidental!*, 308 Chamsecistus procumbt- ns, 367 Chama;daphne cahculata, 390 Chiogenes hispidula. 341 Chiogenes serpyllifolia. 341 Cistaceae, 19 Clethra alnifolia. 402 Clethraceae, 402 Composita:, 311 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Comptonia peregrina, 443 Corchorus, 134 Corema conradii, 492 Cornaceae, 241 Cornus alba, 242, 258 Cornus alternifolia, 242, 256 Cornus amomum, 248 Cornus asperifolia, 250 Cornus baileyi, 256 Cornus candidissima, 254 Cornus circinata, 246 Cornus florida, 244 Cornus paniculata, 254 Cornus sanguinea, 258 Cornus sericea, 248 Cornus stolonifera, 252 Corylus americana, 449 Corylus rostrata, 454 Cotmus cotinus, 90 Cotinus cotinoides, 92 Cotoneaster pyracantha, 198 Cydonia japonica, 200 DAPHNE CNEORUM, 424 Daphne mezereum, 422 Dendrium buxifolium, 366 Deutzia candidissima, 220 Deutzia gracilis, 217 Deutzia purpurea plena, 220 Deutzia scabra, 217 Diervilla diervilla, 304 Diervilla trifida, 304 Diervilla rosea, 306 Dirca palustris, 419 Drupaceas, 107 427 Elaeagnus angusti^olia, 428 Elaeagnus argentea, 427 Elasagnus longipes, 428 Elasagnus umbellata, 428 Emp^tracese, 488 Empetrum nigrum, 488 Epigasa repens, 392 Ericaceae, 343 Euonymus americanus, 60 Euonymus atropurpureus, 61 Euonymus obovatus, 58 Exochorda grandiflora, 132 FAGACE^E, 446 Forsythia europasa, 413 Forsythia fortunei, 413 Forsythia intermedia, 413 Forsythia seiboldi, 413 Forsythia suspensa, 413 Forsythia viridissima, 412 GAULTHERIA PROCVMBENS, 395 Gaylussacia brachycera, 323 Gaylussacia dumosa, 322 Gaylussacia frondosa, 318 Gaylussacia resinosa, 320 Genista tinctoria, ico Gordonia altamaha, 34 Gordonia pubescens, 34 Grossulariaceas, 224 HAMAMELIDAC.E, 238 Hamamelis virginiana, 238 Hibiscus syriacus, 36 Hippocastanaceas, 71 Hudsonia ericoides. 22 Hudsonia tomentosa, 19 Hydrangea arborescens, 208 Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, 21 Hydrangeaceae, 208 Hypericaceae, 23 Hypericum densifiorum, 24 Hypericum kalmianum, 26 Hypericum prolificum, 23 ILEX GLABRA, 54 Ilex laevigata, 52 Ilex verticillata, 48 Ilicineas, 48 Ilicioides mucronata, 56 Itea virginica, 221 Iteaceas, 221 KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, 370 Kalmia glauca, 372 Kalmia latifolia, 367 Kerria japonica, 134 512 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES LABURNUM VULGARE, 103 Lauraceae, 415 Ledum groenlandicum, 343 Ledum latifolium, 343 Leiophyllum buxifolium, 366 Lepargyrsea argentea, 430 Lepargyraea canadensis, 432 Leucothoe catesbaci, 378 Leucothoe racemosa, 375 Ligustrum vulgare, 410 Lindera benzoin, 415 Lonicera canadensis, 298 Lonicera ciliaia, 298 Lonicera ccerulra, 296 Lonic-ra involucrata, 302 Lonicera oblongifolia, 294 Lonicera tartarica, 300 Lonicera xylosteum, 292 Loranthaceae, 434 Lyonia ligustrina, 388 MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA, n Magnolia conspicua, 6 Magnolia discolor, 8 Magnolia kobus, 10 Magnolia lennei, 8 Magnolia obovata, 8 Magnolia pttrpurea, 8 Magnolia soulangeana, 8 Magnolia stellata, 8 Magnolia tripetala, n Magnoliaceae, 6 Mahonia aquifolia, 16 Mairania alpina, 400 Malvaceae 36 Menziesia pilosa, 364 Michella repens. 396 Myrica asplenifulia, 443 Myrica carolinensis, 440 Myrica cerifera, 440 Myrica gale, 437 Myricaceae, 437 NRMOPANTHKS FASCICULARIS, 56 OI.RAC. K, 406 Opulaster opulifolius, 129 Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 341 Oxycoccus oxycoccus, 342 PAPILIONACE.T., 94 Philadelphia coronarius, 212 Philadelphia grandiflorus, 216 Philadelphia inodorus, 216 Phoradendron flavescens, 434 Phyllodoce coerulea, 374 Physocarpos opulifolius, 129 Pieris floribunda, 384 Pieris mariana, 386 Polycodium stamineum, 340 Pomaceae, 187 Potentilla fruticosa, 161 Prinos verticillata, 50 Pyracantha coccinea, 198 Prunus amygdalus, 114 Prunus cuneata, 112 Prunus gravesii, no Prunus japonica, 114 Prunus maiitima, 108 Prunus nana, 114 Prunus pumila, no Prunus spinosa, no Prunus virginiana, 112 Ptelea trifoliata, 45 Pyrus japonica, 200 RANUNCULACE-JE, 3 Rhamnaceae, 62 Rhamnus alnifolia, 62 Rhamrtus cathartica, 64 Rhamnus frangula, 68 Rhamnus lanceolata, 62 Rhododendron maximum, 362 Rhododendron lapponicum, 364 Rhodora canadensis, 360 Rhus aromatica, 88 Rhus canadensis, 88 Rhus copallina, 80 Rhus glabra. 78 Rhus microcarpa, 86 Rhus radicans, 84 Rhus trilobata, 90 Rhus toxicodendron, 84 Rhus venenata, 82 513 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Rhus vernix, 82 Ribes americanum, 233 Ribes aureum, 235 Ribes cynosbati, 224 Ribes floridum, 233 Ribes grossularia, 228 Ribes lacustre, 231 Ribes nigrum, 235 Ribes oxyacanthoides, 229 Ribes prostratum, 231 Ribes rotundifolium, 228 Ribes rubrum, 232 Ribes uva-crispa, 228 Robinia hispida, 103 Rosa arkansana, 168 Rosa blanda, 167 Rosa canina, 181 Rosa Carolina, 170 Rosa humilis, 173 Rosa lucida, 176 Rosa nitida, 176 Rosa rubiginosa, 178 Rosa rugosa, 184 Rosa setigera, 164 Rosa wichuraiana, 184 Rosaceae, 118 Rubiaceae, 308 Rubus allegheniensis, 156 Rubus argutus, 154 Rubus canadensis, 154 Rubus frondosus, 154 Rubus hispidus, 158 Rubus millspaughii, 154 Rubus nigrobaccus, 146 Rubus occidentalis, 143 Rubus odoratus, 137 Rubus procumbens, 158 Rubus randii, 153 Rubus strigosus, 140 Rubus villosus, 146 Rubus villosus montanus, 156 Rutaceas, 43 SALICACE.*:, 469 Salix adenophylla, 477 Salix balsamifera, 472 Salix Candida, 484 Salix cordata, 476 Salix discolor, 470 Salix glaucophylla, 474 Salix humilis, 478 Salix myrtilloides, 478 Salix petiolaris, 486 Salix sericea, 486 Salix tristis, 482 Sambucus canadensis, 262 Sambucus pubens, 266 Sambucus racemosa, 266 Saxifragaceae, 217 Shepherdia argentea, 430 Shepherdia canadensis, 432 Spiraea anthony-waterer, 126 Spiraea prunifolia, 126 Spiraea salicifolia, 118 Spiraea thunbergii, 125 Spiraea tomentosa, 120 Spiraea vanhouttei, 126 Staphylea colchica, 76 Staphylea trifolia, 74 Staphyleaceae, 74 Stuartia pentagyna, 31 Symphoricarpos racemosus, 287 Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos, Symphoricarpos vulgaris, 290 Syringa alba, 408 Syringa josikaea, 408 Syringa laciniata, 408 Syringa persica, 408 Syringa vulgaris, 406 TAMARISCE^E, 39 Tamarix, 39 Taxaceae, 493 Taxus baccata, 495 Taxus canadensis, 493 Theacese, 31 Thymeleaceae, 419 VACCINIACE^:, 315 Vaccinium caespitosum, 334 Vaccinium canadensis, 326 Vaccinium corymbosum. 329 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, 324 Vaccinium stamineum, 340 290 514 Vaccinium Vaccmium Vaccinium Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum uliginosum, 334 vacillans, 328 vitis-idasa, 335 acerifolium, 278 alnifolium, 270 cassinoides, 284 dentatum, 282 lantana, 285 lantanoides, 270 molle, 284 nudum, 285 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Viburnum opulus, 273 Viburnum opulus sterilis, 276 Viburnum pubescens, 280 Viburnum paucifolium, 276 Vitis-idata vitis-idaea, 335 WEIGELA, 306 XANTHORRHIZA APIIFOLIA, 3 Xanthoxylum americanum, 43 Xolisma ligustrina, 388 515 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES ACACIA, ROSE, 104 Alder, 460 Black, 48 Green. 468 Hoary, 460 Mountain, 468 Smooth, 464 Speckled, 460 White, 402 Allspice, Carolina, 203, 415 Almond, Flowering, 114 Althaea, Shrubby, 36 Amorpha, Dosvny, 98 Andromeda, Privet, 388 Apple Family, 187 Arbutus, Trailing, 392 Arrow- wood, 278, 282 Ash, 43 Prickly, 43 Wafer, 45 Azalea, 346 Alpine, 367 Clammy, 354 Cultivated, 357 Flaming, 352 Mountain, 350 Pink, 346 Smooth. 354 Trailing. 367 Tree. 354 White, 354 BARBERRY FAMILY, 12 Barberry. 12 American, 14 Common, 12 Bay, 362 Lapland Rose, 364 Rose, 362 Bayberry Family, 437 Bayberry, 440 Bearberry, 396 Alpine, 400 Black, 400 Red, 396 Beech Family, 446 Benjamin-bush, 415 Bilberry, Bog, 334 Bilberry, Dwarf, 334 Birch Family, 449 Birch, 456 Bog, 45 6 Dwarf, 458 Glandular, 458 Low, 456 Blackberry, 146 High-bush, 146 Leafy-bracted, 154 Leafy-cluster, 154 Low Running, 158 Millspaugh's, 154 Mountain, 156 Rand's, 153 Running Ssvamp, 158 Thornless, 154 Black-cap, 143 Blackthorn, no Bladder-nut Family, 74 Bladder-nut, American, 74 Blueberry, 324 Canadian, 326 Dwarf, 324 High Bush, 329 Low, 328 Low Bush, 324 Swamp, 329 Tall. 329 Bramble, 136 517 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES Brier, Common, 146 Currant, 231 Buckeye, Dwarf, 71 Buffalo, 235 Buckthorn Family, 62 Fetid, 231 Buckthorn, no Golden, 235 Alder, 68 Indian, 290 Alder-leaved, fa Missouri, 235 Common, 64 Prostrate, 231 Lance-leaved, 62 Red, 232 Buffalo-berry, 430 Wild Black, 233 Canadian, 432 Burning Bush, 61 DANGLEBERRV, 318 Bush-honeysuckle, 300 Daphne, 422, 424 Common, 304 Deerberry, 340 Tartarian. 300 Deutzia, 217 Button Bush, 308 Dewberry, 158 Diervilla, 304 CASSANDRA, 390 Dogwood Family, 241 Cassiope, 375 Dogwood, 241 Checkerberry, 395 Alternate-leaved, 256 Cherry, no Bailey's, 256 Appalachian, 112 Flowering, 244 Choke, 112 Panicled, 254 Dwarf, no Red-flowering, 246 Sand, no Red-osier, 252 Chinquapin, 446 Red-stemmed, 258 Choke-berry, 187 Rough-leaved, 250 Black, 190 Round-leaved, 246 Purple-fruited, 190 Silky, 248 Red, 187 Swamp, 248 Cinquefoil, Shrubby, 161 Clethra, 402 EGLANTINE, 178 Climath, 84 Elaeagnus, 427 Composite Family, 311 Elder, 262 Coral-berry, 290 American, 262 Corchorus, 134 Mountain, 266 Cornel, 241 Red-berried, 266 Cranberry, 273 Sweet. 262 American, 341 Euonymus, Running, 58 High Bush, 273 Mountain, 335 FERN, SWEET, 443 Cranberry-tree, 273 Fetter-bush, Mountain, 384 Cross, St. Andrew's, 28 Fly-honeysuckle, 298 Crowberry Family, 488 Blue, 296 Crowberry. 335 Involucred, 302 Black, 488 Mountain, 296 Conrad's Broom, 492 Swamp, 294 Crowfoot Family, 3 Forsythia, 412 518 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES GALE, S\VEET, 437 Globe Flower, 134 Golden Chain, 104 Gooseberry Family, 224 Gooseberry, 224 Eastern Wild, 228 European, 228 Garden, 228 Hawthorn. 229 Northern, 229 Prickly Wild, 226 Round-leaveil, 228 Swamp, 231 Gordonia, 34 Grape, Oregon, 16 Greenweed, Dyer's, 100 Groundsel-tree, 311 Guelder-rose, 273 HARDBACK, 120 Hazel-nut, 449 Beaked. 454 Heath Family, 343 Heath, Mountain, 374 Heathberry. 488 Heather. 400 Hemlock, Ground, 493 Hobble-bush. 270 Holly Family, 48 Holly, Mountain, 56 Honey Balls. 308 Honeysuckle Family, 262 Honeysuckle, 2Q2 Bush. 304 Tartarian, 302 White Swamp, 354 Wild, 346 Hop-tree, 46 Horse-chestnut Family, 71 Horse-chestnut, Dwarf, 71 Huckleberry Family, 315 Huckleberry, 315 Black, 320 Blue. 328 Box, 323 Dwarf. 322 High-bush, 320 Huckleberry, Squaw, 340 Hudsonia, 19 Downy, 19 Heath-like, 22 Hydrangea Family, 208 Hydrangea, 208 Hardy, 210 Wild, 208 INDIGO, FALSE, 95 Inkberry, 54 Ivy, 84 Northern Poison, 86 Poison, 84 JUNE-BERRY, 192 Low, 196 Oblong-fruited, 196 Round-leaved, 196 KERRIA, 134 Kinnikinnik, 248 LABURNUM, 104 Laurel Family, 415 Laurel. 367 Great, 362 Mountain, 367 Pale, 372 Sheep, 370 Spurge, 422 Swamp, 372 Lead Plant, 98 Leatherleaf, 390 Leatherwood, 419 Leucothoe, 375 Catesby's, 378 Swamp, 375 Lilac, 406 Common, 406 Josika's,-4o8 Persian, 408 White, 408 Ling, 400 Locust, Moss, 103 MADDKR FAMILY. 308 Magnolia Family, 6 519 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES Magnolia, 6 Kobus, 10 Purple-flowered, 8 Soulange's, 8 Star, 10 White, 6 Yulan. 6 Mahonia, 16 Mallow Family, 36 Mayflower, 392 Meadow Sweet, 118 Menziesia, Alleghany, 364 Mezereum Family, 419 Mezeron, 422 Mistletoe Family, 434 Mistletoe, American, 434 Mock Orange, 212 Moosewood, 419 Myrtle, 366 Dutch, 437 Sand, 366 NlNEBARK, 129 OLEASTER FAMILY, 427 Olive Family, 406 Orange, Mock, 212 Oregon Grape, 16 PARTRIDGE-BERRY, 396 Pea Family, 94 Pearl Bush, 132 Pepperbush, Sweet, 402 Pinxter-flower, 346 Plum Family, 107 Plum, 107 Beach, 108 Graves' Beach, no Poison Oak, 84 Northern, 86 Prim, 410 Privet, 410 Privet Andromeda, 388 QUINCE, JAPAN, 200 RABBIT-BERRY, 430 Raspberry, 136 Black, 143 Raspberry, Purple-flowering, 137 Thimble-berry, 143 Wild Red, 140 Red-root, 68 Rhodora, 360 Rock-rose Family, 19 Rose Family, 118 Rose, 163 Arkansas, 168 Canker, 181 Carolina, 170 Climbing, 164 Dog, 181 Dwarf Swamp, 176 Dwarf Wild, 173 Early Wild, 167 Glossy, 176 Japanese, 184 Japanese Trailing, 184 Low, 173 Marsh Holy, 380 Meadow, 167 Michigan, 164 Northeastern, 176 Pasture, 173 Prairie, 164 Smooth, 167 Swamp, 170 Sweetbrier, 178 Rosemary, Wild, 380 Rose-of-Sharon, 36 Rue Family, 43 ST. ANDREW'S CROSS, 28 St. John's-wort Family, 23 St. John's-wort, 23 Dense-flowered, 24 Kalm's, 26 Shrubby, 23 St. Peter's-wort, 28 Saxifrage Family, 217 Shad-bush, 192 Shrub, Sweet-scented, 203 Shrub Yellow-root, 3 Silver-berry, 427 Smoke-tree, 90 Snowberry, 287 Snowberry, Creeping, 341 520 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES Spice Bush, 415 Spiraea, 118, 125 Staff-tree Family, 58 Stagger-bush, 386 Steeple-bush, 120 ^ Strawberry Bush, 58 Strawberry Bush, Running, 60 Strawberry-shrub Family, 203 Strawberry-shrub, 203 Stuartia, 31 Sumach Family, 78 Sumach, 78 Dwarf, 80 Fern-leaved, 80 Fragrant, 88 Ill-scented, 90 Mountain, 80 Poison, 82 Scarlet, 78 Smooth, 78 Sweet-scented, 88 Sweetbrier, 178 Syringa, Garden, 212 TAMARISK FAMILY, 39 Tamarisk, 39 Tangle-berry, 318 Tea Family, 31 Tea, 343 Labrador, 343 New Jersey, 68 Thimble-berry, 143 Thorn, 198 Evergreen, 198 Fire, 198 VIBURNUM, DOWNY, 280 Maple-leaved, 278 Virginia Willow Family, 221 Virginia Willow, 221 WAHOO, 61 Waxberry, 440 Wayfaring-tree, 285 American, 270 Weigela, 306 White-alder Family, 402 Whortleberry, Bog, 334 Willow Family, 469 Willow, 469 Balsam, 472 Bog. 478 Broad-leaved, 474 Diamond, 476 Dwarf Gray, 482 Furry, 477 Heart-leaved, 476 Hoary, 484 Prairie, 478 Pussy, 472 Sage, 482 Silky, 486 Slender, 486 Winterberry, 48 Evergreen, 54 Smooth, 52 Wintergreen, 395 Witch Hazel Family, 238 Witch Hazel, 238 Withe-rod, 284 Woad Waxen, 100 YELLOW-ROOT SHRUB, 3 Yew Family, 493 Yew, American, 493 European, 495 Irish, 407 Japanese, 498 521 BOOKS ON GARDEN FIELD AND WOOD Our Garden Flowers By HARRIET L. KEELER Author of " Our Native Trees " and " Our Northern Shrubs." With 96 full-page illustrations from photo- graphs and 1 86 illustrations from drawings. Crown 8vo, $2.00 net; postage extra. A popular study of the life histories of familiar flowers, their structural affiliations, their native lands, that has those qualities of clearness, thoroughness, and charm of style that have made her other books famous. It is beautifully illustrated. "This book," says its author in her preface, "is the outcome of a life-long search for a volume with which one might make a little journey into the garden, and become acquainted with the dwellers therein; their native land, their life history, their struc- tural affiliations. "Among the many species of a genus it has often been neces- sary to select but one for description. As a rule the choice has been either the typical form, or the one longest in cultivation, or the greatest favorite. "While it has been the aim to make the book a fairly complete study of all the annual and perennial flowering herbs commonly found in a hardy garden, it is by no means intended to be a catalogue." Full of practical, tested, systematically arranged, and well indexed information. BOOKS ON GARDEN FIELD AND WOOD Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them By HARRIET L. KEELER With 178 full-page plates from photographs, and 162 text- drawings. Crown 8vo, $2.00 net. The trees described in this volume are those indigenous to the region extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the northern boundaries of the Southern States; together with a few well-known and naturalized foreign trees such as the Horse-Chestnut, Lombardy Poplar, Ailantus, and Syca- more Maple. "Miss Keeler has made a very commendable addition to the semi-popular treatises on American plants, in a well-written, well-illustrated, and well-printed account of native and natural- ized trees. Bits of the best from the poets and prose writers re- lieve the descriptions, and the folk-lore of a number of trees is well if briefly told." American Naturalist. "To such of the general public as habitually frequent the woods which they love, the book will be most welcome, for it is carefully classified, adequately illustrated, and most readably written." Boston Budget. "It condenses into convenient shape a fund of information spread over many volumes of older works, and blends the prac- tical and poetical in a way to delight all readers." St. Louis Globe-Democrat. BOOKS ON GARDEN FIELD AND WOOD Our Northern Shrubs By HARRIET L. KEELER With 205 photographic plates and 35 pen-and-ink draw- ings. Crown 8vo, $2.00 net. The volume is prepared not only for the amateur botan- ist who seeks a more adequate description than the text- books afford, and not only for the lover of nature who desires a personal acquaintance with the bushes that grow in the fields; but also to serve those who are engaged in the establishment and decoration of city parks, roadways, and boulevards; those who are seeking to beautify country roadsides and railroad stations as well as those who, in the decoration of their own home grounds, would gladly use our native shrubs were their habits and character better understood. "Simple, clear descriptions that a child can understand, are given of shrubs that find their home in the region extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and from Canada to the boundaries of our Southern States." Outlook. "There are over two hundred plates from photographs, and a number from drawings. The photographs, all of shrubs in flower or fruit, are very beautiful, and so clear as to make identi- fication perfectly simple." Dial. "An interesting feature of this book is the sparing but judicious incorporation of quotations from those authors among us who have best interpreted nature." Churchman. BOOKS ON GARDEN FIELD AND WOOD How to Know the Wild Flowers By MRS. WILLIAM STARR DANA With 48 colored plates and new black-and-white drawings, enlarged, rewritten, and entirely reset. A guide to the names, haunts, and habits of our native wild flowers. With 48 full-page colored plates by ELSIE LOUISE SHAW, and no full-page illustrations by MARION SATTERLEE. Crown 8vo, $2.00 net. " Readers will find that even a bowing acquaintance with the flowers repays one generously for the effort expended in its achievement," says the author in her introduction. "Such an acquaintance serves to transmute the tedium of a railway journey into the excitement of a tour of discovery. It causes the monot- ony of a drive through an ordinarily uninteresting country to be forgotten in the diversion of noting the wayside flowers, and counting a hundred different species where formerly less than a dozen would have been detected. It invests each boggy meadow and bit of rocky woodland with almost irresistible charm." "She has systematized her facts in a compact and convenient form. She is practical and terse, and is also alive to the things which are not entirely matters of fact." New York Tribune. Miss C. W. Hunt, Superintendent of Children's Department, Brooklyn Public Library, says: " Get this book if you only carry one flower book on your vacation." "Particularly noteworthy for its beautiful colored plates, about fifty in number. So beautifully were these made that in many cases the actual flower seems starting from the page, and one can almost fancy the perfume, too, is in evidence." New York Times. BOOKS ON GARDEN FIELD AND WOOD According to Season By FRANCES THEODORA PARSONS Author of " How to Know the Wild Flowers," " How to Know the Ferns," etc. With 32 full-page illustra- tions from drawings in colors by ELSIE LOUISE SHAW. i2mo, $1.75 net. "This volume has that rarest of all qualities charm. It is an unpretentious series of talks about the flowers in the order of their appearance in the woods and fields." Boston Herald. "The chapters are not devoted to botanical analyses of 'speci- mens' but to delightful talks upon the beauty of the changing year, and the parts contributed to such pleasures by forest, grove, and stream." The Interior, Chicago. "We give thanks for the beautiful colored plates with which the book is embellished. They are well done, and so true to nature that the veriest tyro can readily identify the plants they illustrate." Baltimore Sun. "'According to Season' is a most desirable vacation com- panion." Brooklyn Eagle. BOOKS ON GARDEN FIELD AND WOOD How to Know the Ferns By FRANCES THEODORA PARSONS Author of "According to Season " and " How to Know the Wild Flowers." With 144 illustrations from photographs. Crown 8vo, $1.50 net. Written in the safhe fresh entertaining way, and with the same care and authority, that made invaluable to nature lovers her work on " How to Know the Wild Flowers." "Since the publication, six years ago, of 'How to Know the Wild Flowers,'" says the writer, "I have received such convin- cing testimony of the eagerness of nature lovers of all ages and conditions to familiarize themselves with the inhabitants of our woods and fields, and so many assurances of the joy which such a familiarity affords, that I have prepared this companion volume on 'How to Know the Ferns.'" "The charm of this book is pervading and enduring as is the charm of nature." New York Times. "This is a notably thorough little volume. The text is not voluminous, and even with its many full-page illustrations the book is small; but brevity, as we are glad to see so many writers on nature learning, is the first of virtues in this field. . . . The author of 'How to Know the Ferns' has mastered her subject, and she treats of it with authority." New York Tribune. 000037710